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Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 10, 1688-1693. Originally published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1802.
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Jovis, 8 die Maii; 2° Gulielmi et Mariæ.
AN ingrossed Bill from the Lords, intituled, An Act for the granting unto Eliz. Hobby, Widow, one Annuity or yearly Rent-charge of Four hundred and Fifty Pounds for her Life, in Satisfaction of Five hundred Pounds a Year in Lands, which she was to have for her Jointure, was read the Second time.
Resolved, That the Bill be committed to Mr. Christy, Sir Jerv. Elwes, Mr. Piggot, Mr. Ryder, Mr. Freke, Mr. Arnold, Sir Cha. Raleigh, Sir Hen. Goff, Sir Orlan. Gee, Mr. Archer, Mr. Godolphin, Sir Wm. Honeywood, Sir Rob. Napier, Mr. Blowfeild, Mr. Hedger, Sir Tho. Darcy, Mr. Bickerstaffe, Mr. Price, Sir Jos. Tredenham, Mr. Colt, Mr. Etterick, Sir James Long, Sir Sam. Bernadiston, Sir Walter Young, Serjeant Wogan, Sir Wm. Poultney, and all the Members that serve for the Counties of Berkes and Bucks: And they are to meet this Afternoon, at Three of the Clock, in the Speaker's Chamber.
Streets to be kept clear.
Ordered, That the Constables, and other Officers of Middlesex and Westminster concerned, do take care, that from Eight of the Clock in the Morning, till Two in the Afternoon, being the usual Time of Meeting and Rising of this House, the Passage through the Streets, between Temple Bar and Westminster Hall, be kept free and open; and that no Obstruction be made by Cars, Drays, Carts, or otherwise, to hinder the Passage of the Members to and from this House: And the Serjeant at Arms attending this House is to give Notice of this Order to the Officers aforesaid. And it is recommended to Sir Wm. Poultney, Mr. Cary High Bailiff of Westminster, Mr. Done, and Mr. Bridgman Justices of the Peace, to see this Order put in Execution.
Leave for Member to attend Lords.
Ordered, That Mr. Attorney General have Leave to attend the Lords, as Counsel, in a Cause between Croke and Watt.
East India Company.
A Bill for Confirmation of the Charter granted to the East India Company, until another Company shall be established by Act of Parliament, was read the Second time.
Resolved, That the Bill be committed, upon the Debate of the House, unto Sir Tho. Clarges, Sir Rich. Onslow, Mr. Bickerstaffe, Mr. Godolphin, Sir Tho. Hussey, Mr. Pitts, Sir Carbury Price, Mr. Cary, Lord Cheny, Mr. Evans, Mr. Harcourt, Mr. Perry, Mr. Blowfeild, Sir John Turner, Mr. Pendarvis, Lord Ranelagh, Mr. Cognisby, Sir Cha. Bloys, Sir Jos. Tredenham, Sir John Barker, Mr. Hutchinson, Sir John Guise, Colonel Austen, Sir Hen. Goffe, Mr. Mansell, Sir Math. Andrews, Mr. Guy, Mr. Gwyn, Mr. Fuller, Sir Rob. Cotton, Major Vincent, Mr. Lampton Mr. Serjeant Hutchins, Mr. Herne, Colonel Birch, Mr. Brewer, Sir John Cotton, Mr. Wm. Johnson, Mr. Foot Onslow, Mr. Peregrine Bertie, Sir John Cary, Sir Rich. Hart, Sir John Knight, Sir Sam. Bernadiston, Sir Christopher Musgrave, Mr. Paul Foley, Mr. Dalben, Mr. Buscawen, Lord Falkland, Mr. Arnold, Mr. Hawtry, Sir Harry Johnson, Mr. Vincent, Mr. Gray, Sir Fra. Guybon, Sir Math. Andrews, Sir Fra. Vincent, Mr. England, Sir Rob. Davers, Mr. Clarke, Mr. Thornhaugh, Mr. Holt, Mr. Papillion, Sir Wm. Robinson, Sir Tho. Darcy, Mr. Anch. Gray, Mr. Done, Sir Tho. Littleton, Mr. Berty, Mr. Ash, Sir Gilbert Clarke, Mr. Turges, Sir John Thomson, Mr. Tho. Foley, Mr. Rudge, Sir John Bancks, Sir Benj. Newland, Sir Jon. Jennings, Sir Edm. Jennings, Sir Rich. Temple, and all the Members that are Merchants, and that serve for the Sea Ports: And all that come to have Voices: And they are to meet this Afternoon, at Three of the Clock, in the Speaker's Chamber: and are impowered to send for Persons, Papers, and Records.
A Petition of John and Thomas Temple, Owners of the Ship Bristoll, was read; setting forth, That the Petitioners, in the First Session of the last Parliament, exhibited their Petition to this House; thereby setting forth the great Oppression they had sustained in relation to their Ship; which was sunk and plundered by Captain Tyrrell, Commander of the Phænix, by Order of the East India Company; which Petition was afterwards referred to a Committee, and the Matter thereof by them examined: The which the Petitioners, are again ready to prove, together with their Damage, amounting to Thirty-one thousand Two hundred Eight Pounds Two Shillings and Ten-pence Sterling; besides a considerable Damage suffered by the said Ship's Company: By reason of which great Losses, the Petitioners are become insolvent, and not able to pay their Creditors their full Dues: And praying the Consideration and Relief of the House in the Premises.
Ordered, That the Consideration of the said Petition be referred to the Committee to whom the Bill for Confirmation of the Charters granted to the present East India Company, until another Company shall be established, is committed.
Sir Rich. Reynell reports from the Committee to whom the Petition of divers working Goldsmiths in and about the City of London, was referred, That they had considered the Matters to them referred; and had directed a Special Report to be made of the whole Matter to the House: The which he read in his Place; and afterwards delivered the same in at the Clerk's Table: Where the same was read; and is as followeth;
That it appears, by a Certificate from the Custom-house, dated Seventeenth April last, That great Quantities of Silver have been of late exported; whereof we had a particular Account for the last Five Years: That above Seven Parts of Eight had been shipped off by the Jews, who do any thing for their Profit: The Reason was plain; that the French King, of late, finding his Money very scarce, had raised his Coin Ten Pounds per Cent.: Which was an Encouragement to send Silver to fill his Coffers: Which the Jews, for their Profit, exported daily in very great Quantities: That, on Monday last, they had shipped off about Sixty thousand Ounces by the Name of Foreign Silver; and great Parcels more were ready to be shipped: Which did make it scarce and dear, to the utter Ruin of the Working Goldsmiths.
That there were also English, as well as Jews, who, for their Advantages, would doubtless melt down our Crown Pieces, &c. and sell for Foreign Silver, to the Undoing of the whole Nation for want of Money, unless a present Remedy were found to prevent Exportation of any Silver or Gold.
That the Committee had also Certificates from the Officers of the Mint, for divers Years; and do find, that of late, very small Quantities have been coined.
That it was offered, that the Profit of melting down One thousand Pounds of milled Money for Exportation, was Twenty-five Pounds ready Money, and upwards.
That Silver was coined at the Mint at Five Shillings and Two-pence per Ounce; but, at the Time of Exportation, was generally sold at Five Shillings and Three-pence Halfpeny per Ounce: Which gave Occasion of its being melted down, and transported as Foreign Silver.
That divers Proposals were suggested;
1. A total Prohibition:
2. A qualified Prohibition for certain Times, or an Imposition for Exportation of Silver:
3. The enhancing our own Money.
So that, though the Committee found the Complaint of the Petitioners very just, and the Inconveniencies to the Kingdom very great, they could not agree of a Way for the preventing the same: But were humbly of Opinion, That it was worthy of the Consideration of the House.
Resolved, That the said Report be re-committed to the same Committee, upon the Debate of the House: And that they do thereupon prepare a Bill or Bills, as they shall see Cause; and present the same to the House: And that, in order thereunto, the Committee do sit de die in diem; and have Power to send for Persons, Papers, and Records: And that the Officers of the Mint do attend the said Committee: And that Mr. Neale, Mr. Norreis, Sir John Bancks, Mr. Thornhaugh, Sir Christopher Musgrave, Mr. Cognisby, Colonel Birch, Mr. Christy, Sir Peter Coriton, Sir Jerv. Elwes, Sir Jos. Tredenham, Mr. Evans, Mr. Slater, Mr. Tho. Foley, Mr. Hen. Herbert, and all the Members of the House that are Merchants. . . .: And they are to meet this Afternoon at Three of the Clock.
Recovery of Tythes, &c.
Mr. Christy, according to the Order of the House, presented a Bill for the more easy Recovery of small Tythes, and Repair of Churches: And the same was received.
Securing public Peace, &c.
A Bill for securing the public Peace, and proventing the Designs of Papists, and other disaffected Persons to their Majesties Government, was read the First Time.
Resolved, That the Bill be read a Second time.
A Message from the Lords, by Sir Miles Cooke, and Sir John Francklyn:
House reminded of Bill.
Mr. Speaker, The Lords have agreed to the Bill, to enable Sir Edwin Sadleir to sell Lands, for Payment of Debts, with some Amendments; to which they desire the Concurrence of this House: And they do put this House in mind of the Bill for more easy Recovery of small Tythes, and Repair of Churches, some time since sent down to this House.
An ingrossed Bill for reversing the Judgment upon a Quo Warranto against the City of London, and for restoring the City to its ancient Rights and Privileges, was read the Third time.
An ingrossed Clause was offered as a Rider, to the Bill, That if there were no new Election of Mayor, and other Officers, by the Time mentioned in the Bill, those which were at the Time of the Judgment, should be in: And the same was once read.
And the Question being put, That the same be read a Second time;
The House divided.
The Yeas go forth.
|Tellers for the Yeas,||Mr. Gwyn,||179.|
|Tellers for the Noes,||Sir Rob. Cotton,||171.|
So it was resolved in the Affirmative.
The Clause was read the Second time: And several Amendments thereof were proposed to be made; and, upon the Question put thereupon, agreed unto by the House; and twice read; and the Clause amended accordingly.
Then the Clause was read the Third time; and, upon the Question put thereupon, agreed unto by the House, to be made Part of the Bill.
And then the Question being put, That the Bill do pass;
The House divided.
The Yeas go forth.
|Tellers for the Yeas,||Sir Jos. Tredenham,||166.|
|Tellers for the Noes.||Sir John Thomson,||76.|
So it was resolved in the Affirmative.
Resolved, That the Title be, An Act for reversing the Judgment in a Quo Warranto, against the City of London, and for restoring the City of London to its ancient Rights and Privileges.
Ordered, That Sir Edw. Seymour do carry the Bill to the Lords; and desire their Concurrence thereunto.
Supply Bill; Forfeitures.
Resolved, That this House will, To-morrow Morning at Ten of the Clock, resolve itself into a Committee of the whole House, to consider of the Bill for vesting the Five hundred Pounds Forfeitures in their Majesties.
And then the House adjourned till To-morrow Morning, Eight of the Clock. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
Encyclopedia > List of cities in Belarus
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Quadratic formula ... sides, we get $x=\frac{-b}{2a}\pm\frac{\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}.$ Generalizations The formula and its proof ... | open-web-math/open-web-math |
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$C a {\left(O C l\right)}_{2} + 2 {H}_{2} O r i g h t \le f t h a r p \infty n s 2 H O C l + C {a}^{+ 2} + 2 O {H}^{-}$ | math-ai/AutoMathText-web-full |
Andrews, Judge.
The Bank of Spalding County (Bank) appeals from the trial court’s ruling that a set-off by the Bank against a checking account of Whitworth and Wright, Inc. was improper.
Viewed in favor of the trial court’s factual findings, the evidence showed that Pound had established an insurance agency about 20 years ago. In July 1988, this agency was sold to Whitworth and Wright by transferring the assets of Pound, Ltd. to a new corporation, Whitworth & Wright, Inc. (W & W). Pound took a small downpayment and two notes signed on July 1,1988. The notes were secured by the “furniture, fixtures, equipment, accounts receivable, book of business and company contracts, together with all replacements and accessions thereto. . . .”
W & W maintained three checking accounts at the Bank, including # 400-00-630. In addition, W & W established a $100,000 line of credit with the Bank, which was renewed on February 26, 1993, maturing on June 15, 1993. This note was personally guaranteed by Wright and Whitworth.
W & W stayed current with payments due Pound under the notes and security agreement until March 3, 1993 when Whitworth called Pound and told him they could make no more payments. Litigation ensued and a settlement was reached.
As part of the settlement, a Transfer of Title to Assets in Lieu of Foreclosure was executed by W & W. It stated that, pursuant to the power and authority granted in the 1988 Security Agreement, W & W “does hereby convey and transfer to [Pound] . . . any and all rights, titles and interests it may have in and to the following described property, to wit: Any and all assets of [W & W] including but not limited to any and all furniture, fixtures, equipment, accounts receivable, books of business and company contracts, together with all replacements and accessions thereto, which are cumulatively referred to in the Security Agreement “as the Collateral.” A copy of this trans*325fer was delivered by Pound to the Bank at 4:41 p.m. on June 10,1993.
W & W and Pound entered into a stipulation of record below that, pursuant to the settlement agreement and the transfer, “any and all funds in [the Bank’s] account numbers: 400-00-631 . . . are the property of and are owned by . . . Pound, who is entitled to immediate possession and control thereof.”
Pound took over control of W & W’s assets, established a new insurance agency, “Pound, Inc.,” and continued to do business, although using new bank accounts at another bank.
Pound had been the insurance agent for Spalding County for years, and this was part of the business purchased by W & W. On June 3, 1993, the county forwarded to W & W its check ($289,546) for insurance premiums due. That check was deposited into account # 400-00-631 on June 4. Prior to the deposit of that check, the bookkeeper for W & W testified that, due to checks which she had already written but not distributed, W & W had a negative cash flow of -$107,238.89.
After receipt of the transfer, the Bank executed a set-off of $102,041.67 against account # 400-00-630.1 Notice of the set-off was sent to W & W by letter dated June 11, 1993 and the set-off posted on the W & W bank statement on June 14, 1993.
There was not enough money remaining in the accounts to pay the Spalding County insurers.
The Bank then filed this interpleader action against W & W and Pound regarding the money left in the three bank accounts after the set-off. Pound then filed a counterclaim seeking a declaratory judgment that the set-off was improper and that he, as agent for the insurers of Spalding County, was entitled to the funds.
1. In its second enumeration, the Bank contends that the court’s consideration of Pound’s counterclaim for declaratory judgment was inappropriate because there was no “justiciable controversy.”
“The inclusion of subsection [OCGA § 9-4-2] (b) makes the Georgia Declaratory Judgment Act ‘much broader in scope and more comprehensive in its jurisdiction of justiciable controversies’ than the declaratory judgment acts of many other states. [Cit.]” Pangle v. Gossett, 261 Ga. 307, 308 (1) (404 SE2d 561) (1991).
Here, it cannot be denied that Pound claims an interest in the money set-off by the Bank which is adverse to that of the Bank. Id. Therefore, the court correctly considered Pound’s counterclaim for declaratory judgment. Famble v. State Farm Ins. Co., 204 Ga. App. 332, 335 (2) (419 SE2d 143) (1992); see Harrison v. Speidel, 244 Ga. *326643, 644, n. 1 (261 SE2d 577) (1979).
Decided May 12, 1994
Reconsideration denied May 27, 1994
Smalley & Cogburn, Robert H. Smalley, Jr., for appellant.
Hendrix & Smith, Newton M. Galloway, Gambrell & Stolz, Nedom A. Haley, Meadows & Associates, Warren R. Power, for appellees.
Sullivan, Hall, Booth & Smith, Jack G. Slover, Jr., Brynda S. Rodriguez, amici curiae.
*3262. The Bank’s first enumeration is that the court erred in declaring the set-off improper because the Bank’s right of set-off was superior to Pound’s rights under the transfer of assets.
The Bank relies primarily upon Guerry v. Perryman, 6 Ga. 119, 123 (1849) for its contention that Pound, as assignee of W & W’s rights in the bank accounts, took that assignment “legally subject to all the equities of the original debtor,” including the Bank’s right of set-off. That case, however, is factually distinguishable from this. There, the court found that there was no proof in the record that Perryman’s assignees ever gave notice to Guerry, the maker of the notes, that they were the assignees thereof. Here, it is not disputed that, at the time the set-off was executed by the Bank, it was clearly aware of the assignment by its depositor W & W to Pound. See Bank of Oglethorpe v. Brooks, 33 Ga. App. 84, 85 (3) (125 SE 600) (1924).
OCGA § 33-23-35 (b) provides that “[a]ll funds representing premiums received ... by any agent . . . shall be accounted for in the licensee’s [insurance agent’s] fiduciary capacity, . . . , and shall be promptly accounted for and paid to the insurer. . . .” Under this section, the check of Spalding County which was deposited into the W & W account was subject to this section and represented “trust funds” in the possession of the agent on behalf of the insured. See Cotton States Mut. Ins. Co. v. C & S Nat. Bank, 168 Ga. App. 83, 87 (2) (308 SE2d 199) (1983). Compare Smeltzer v. Bank of Fitzgerald, 192 Ga. App. 747, 748 (2) (386 SE2d 406) (1989).
While the Bank is correct that it may apply the amount of the account of one of its depositors to a matured debt owed by that depositor to the bank, Nat. City Bank v. Busbin, 175 Ga. App. 103, 105 (3) (332 SE2d 678) (1985), at the time the set-off here was effected, the indebtedness under the note was not that of Pound, to whom the assets, including cash on deposit, had been assigned, but that of W & W. Further, the note, by its terms, did not “mature” until June 15 and the set-off occurred prior to that date while the Bank was aware of the assignment and the nature of the funds in the account.
Judgment affirmed.
Beasley, P. J., and Johnson, J., concur.
This account was the only one of the three accounts containing a balance large enough to cover the amount due under the note.
| PleIAs/common_corpus |
Once there was a big tap. There was a little boy called Peter. Peter wanted to hold the tap, even though it was quite big. But the tap was too large, so Peter could not pick it up.
But then he had an idea. He looked around, and found some smaller pieces of the same kind of material that the tap was made of. He put them together until he had something big enough for him to hold.
Peter was very happy that he was able to hold the tap. He showed it to his Mom and Dad and they both said, "Wow, what a great idea!"
The moral of the story is that you can achieve anything if you think outside the box and use your imagination. Sometimes, the solution is much closer than you think! | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Once upon a time, there was a little boy named Timmy. Timmy loved to play hockey with his friends at the park. One day, Timmy and his friends found an ancient hockey stick in the bushes. They were so excited to use it!
Timmy's friend, Billy, said, "Let's examine the stick! It looks really old."
Timmy and his friends examined the stick closely. They saw that it had some scratches and was a bit rusty. But they were still excited to use it for their game.
During the game, Timmy scored the winning goal with the ancient hockey stick. His friends cheered and clapped for him. Timmy was so happy that he found the stick and that it helped him win the game.
From that day on, Timmy and his friends always used the ancient hockey stick for their games. They knew it was special and brought them good luck. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
The U.S. and Tunisia have finalized U.S. export certificates to allow imports of U.S. beef, poultry, and egg products into Tunisia, a country in North Africa bordering the Mediterranean Sea.
“President Trump continues to prioritize the opening of new markets for U.S. agricultural products, and we welcome Tunisia’s agreement to begin imports of U.S. beef, poultry, and egg products,” said U.S. Trade Ambassador Robert Lighthizer. “New access to the Tunisian market is an important step in ensuring that American farmers and ranchers can continue to expand their exports of U.S. agricultural products.”
“I'm convinced that when the Tunisians get a taste of U.S. beef, poultry, and eggs, they're going to want more,” said Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue. “While we continue to supply Tunisia’s domestic animal proteins sector with quality U.S. grains and oilseeds, I have no doubt that U.S. beef, poultry, and eggs will only help increase competitiveness and consumer choice within Tunisia.”
In 2018, U.S. exports of agricultural products to Tunisia exceeded $264 million. Over 90% of exports were corn, soybeans, or corn and soy products. Initial estimates are that Tunisia would import annually $5 million to $10 million of beef, poultry, and egg products from the United States, with additional growth over time.
Key Tunisian exports include textiles and apparel, food products, petroleum products and chemicals, according to the Central Intelligence Agency. The EU is its main economic partner. The country is seeking increased foreign investment.
More details on requirements for exporting to Tunisia are available from the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service Export Library. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
Once upon a time, there was a little bird. The bird was flying in the sky when it saw a big road. The road was long and straight. The little bird felt scared because it didn't know how to cross the road. It felt helpless.
Suddenly, a kind dog appeared. The dog said, "Don't worry little bird, I will help you cross the road." The little bird felt happy and thanked the dog.
The dog lied down on the road and the little bird hopped onto the dog's back. The dog carried the little bird safely across the road. The little bird felt grateful and flew away happily. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Once upon a time, there was a rabbit. The rabbit was very busy. He hopped around the field all day, eating carrots and drinking water.
One day, the rabbit met a little boy. "Hello!" the little boy said. "What are you doing?"
The rabbit smiled and said, "Hopping around and eating carrots. I'm very busy today." The little boy nodded. He asked, "Can I play with you?"
The rabbit thought for a moment and then said, "Yes. You can come with me. But you must promise not to quit."
The little boy promised, and so the two of them hopped around the field together. They ate carrots and drank water and had lots of fun. The little boy never quit until the sun set, and the rabbit was so pleased.
"Thank you for not quitting. Now I can have a rest!" the rabbit said.
The little boy smiled. "You're welcome. I had a great time!" | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Transcript for Instant Index: It's Official: Stephen Colbert to Take David Letterman's Place
your money. Our "Instant index" tonight begins with a provocative question and some intriguing new evidence. The question, was Jesus married? Scholars from Harvard, Columbia and mit have been studying this tiny ancient with the words and Jesus said to them, my wife. It was once thought to be a fake. Tonight they say carbon testing proves it is an ancient document. It doesn't prove Jesus had a wife but for now, it's an intriguing clue. It's official the hear to David letter man's thrown is Koe Bert. By the way co-bert will not perform in character on the new show. ABC's jimmy Kimmel welcomed him sand saying a finer or funnier man I do not know. We have an announcement tonight. Today James goldsystton was named president of ABC news. For three years he has guided the shows on ABC news unincludiuninclu unincluding this one. He's a veteran of the bbc and news coverage around the world. With James at the helm, our best days are ahead of us.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
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Gravity can alter the path of light rays, too.A black hole, after all,is simply an object with a gravitational field so strongthat even photons are unable to escape from its vicinity.Any light ray which … [46], Warped and distorted around SDSS J1050+0017. r is defined as We have written code to produce images of stars from a star catalog, such as the 2MASS catalog. It was the first known example of gravitational lensing, identified in … https://www.thoughtco.com/introduction-to-gravitational-lensing-4153504 When asked by his assistant what his reaction would have been if general relativity had not been confirmed by Eddington and Dyson in 1919, Einstein said "Then I would feel sorry for the dear Lord. The distant lensed galaxies are seen distorted, while the cluster galaxies appear fairly normal. In extreme cases, a star in a distant galaxy can act as a microlens and magnify another star much farther away. G = gravitational constant = 6.67 x 10^(-11) N*kg^2/m^2 M = mass of lensing object, in kg D = distance from us to lens (and lens to source), in m c = speed of light = 3 … Gravitational Lensing. Their observations proved that gravitational lensing existed. Light from background stars is stretched and smeared as the stars skim by the black hole. This formula is identical to the formula for weak gravitational lensing derived using relativistic Newtonian dynamics [21] without curving spacetime. This phenomenon was first mentioned in 1924 by the St. Petersburg physicist Orest Khvolson,[9] and quantified by Albert Einstein in 1936. G s The first gravitational lens was discovered in 1979 and whose name is SBS 0957+561. While that is an extremely challenging object, other gravitationally-lensed objects are within the reach of modest equipment. This example with the Sun was far too modest. The lens source is usually a galaxy or a cluster of galaxies. Despite being considered "strong", the effect is in general relatively small, such that even a galaxy with a mass more than 100 billion times that of the Sun will produce multiple images separated by only a few arcseconds. The observations were performed in 1919 by Arthur Eddington, Frank Watson Dyson, and their collaborators during the total solar eclipse on May 29. 2 The shear is proportional to the ellipticity. This search involves the use of interferometric methods to identify candidates and follow them up at higher resolution to identify them. It also magnifies the light from very distant objects, such as the earliest galaxies, and often gives astronomers an idea of the galaxies' activity back in their youth. This is Abell 370, and shows a collection of more distant objects being lensed by the combined gravitational pull of a foreground cluster of galaxies. It became known as the "Twin QSO" since it initially looked like two identical quasistellar objects. KSB's primary advantages are its mathematical ease and relatively simple implementation. [32] Thus, a probe positioned at this distance (or greater) from the Sun could use the Sun as a gravitational lens for magnifying distant objects on the opposite side of the Sun. It was not until 1979 that this effect was confirmed by observation of the so-called Twin QSO SBS 0957+561. They bend the light by similar angles but the physical size of the "glass" would have to be many light years. Astronomers use those shapes to determine the distribution of mass in the galaxy clusters doing the lensing or to figure out their distribution of dark matter. There are three classes of gravitational lensing:[8][10]. Let's look at an example to help us understand this. Since that time, many gravitationally lensed objects have been discovered. In SDSS J0952+3434, the lower arc-shaped galaxy has the characteristic shape of a galaxy that has been gravitationally lensed. [1][2] (Classical physics also predicts the bending of light, but only half of that predicted by general relativity. While gravitational lensing has existed throughout history, it's fairly safe to say that it was first discovered in the early 1900s. [24], Astronomers from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, the results of which are accepted for publication on Oct 21, 2013 in the Astrophysical Journal Letters (arXiv.org), discovered what at the time was the most distant gravitational lens galaxy termed as J1000+0221 using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. Another famous lensed object is a quasar called Q2237+030, or the Einstein Cross. 1.The “ingredients” are: A light-emitting source S in the source plane at a distance D S; one (or more) lens(es) L in the lens plane at a distance D L; and the observer O.The light rays from the source are attracted by the lens(es), so that the observer receives only deflected rays. )[3], Although Einstein made unpublished calculations on the subject in 1912,[4] Orest Khvolson (1924)[5] and Frantisek Link (1936)[6] are generally credited with being the first to discuss the effect in print. When the light of a quasar some 8 billion light-years from Earth passed through an oblong-shaped galaxy, it created this odd shape. The term "lens" in the context of gravitational light deflection was first used by O.J. Gravitational lenses act equally on all kinds of electromagnetic radiation, not just visible light, but also in non-electromagnetic radiation, like gravitational waves. Full detail of the project is currently under works for publication. And, it now turns out that dark matter (which has a gravitational effect) also causes lensing. G c It is usually referred to in the literature as an Einstein ring, since Khvolson did not concern himself with the flux or radius of the ring image. Carolyn Collins Petersen is an astronomy expert and the author of seven books on space science. Observations using gravitational lensing help astronomers explore objects that existed in the very earliest epochs of the universe. The effect is analogous to that produced by a lens. This method (KSB+) is the most widely used method in weak lensing shear measurements. Weak lensing effects are being studied for the cosmic microwave background as well as galaxy surveys. Einstein became the first to calculate the correct value for light bending. The light is bent and distorted and that creates "images" of the more distant object. On a cosmic distance scale, Hubble Space Telescope regularly captures other images of gravitational lensing. When light magnifies and creates multiple images of distant objects, that’s strong gravitational lensing. Anyone have data (visual magnitudes, RA, DEC and separations) for a few examples (maybe a dozen or two) of objects illustrating gravity lensing? Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse: Reality and Scientific Truth. Weak lensing: where the distortions of background sources are much smaller and can only be detected by analyzing large numbers of sources in a statistical way to find coherent distortions of only a few percent. In the 1980s, astronomers realized that the combination of CCD imagers and computers would allow the brightness of millions of stars to be measured each night. Unlike an optical lens, a point-like gravitational lens produces a maximum deflection of light that passes closest to its center, and a minimum deflection of light that travels furthest from its center. In many of its views, distant galaxies are smeared into arcs. This gravitational lens was discovered by Dennis Walsh, Bob Carswell, and Ray Weymann using the Kitt Peak National Observatory 2.1 meter telescope.[20]. Unlike an optical lens, a point-like gravitational lens produces a maximum deflection of light that passes closest to its center, and a minimum deflection of light that travels furthest from its center. The object doing the lensing is called "Huchra's Lens" after the late astronomer John Huchra. In 2020, NASA physicist Slava Turyshev presented his idea of Direct Multipixel Imaging and Spectroscopy of an Exoplanet with a Solar Gravitational Lens Mission. A similar search in the southern hemisphere would be a very good step towards complementing the northern hemisphere search as well as obtaining other objectives for study. Visual Magnitude of Examples of Gravitational Lensing? This means that the light from an object on the other side will be bent towards an observer's eye, just like an ordinary lens. [7], In 1937, Fritz Zwicky first considered the case where the newly discovered galaxies (which were called 'nebulae' at the time) could act as both source and lens, and that, because of the mass and sizes involved, the effect was much more likely to be observed. 3. m Since galaxies are intrinsically elliptical and the weak gravitational lensing signal is small, a very large number of galaxies must be used in these surveys. This effect is known as gravitational lensing, and the amount of bending is one of the predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. If an object is massive enough, its strong gravitational pull will bend light as it passes by. In one form or another, we're all used to how gravity behaves - it alters the paths of massive objects. The AT20G survey is a blind survey at 20 GHz frequency in the radio domain of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fritz Zwicky posited in 1937 that the effect could allow galaxy clusters to act as gravitational lenses. She previously worked on a Hubble Space Telescope instrument team. quasars) are higher (Sadler et al. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. = The most common type of gravitational lensing is that of the weak lens; weak gravitational lensing results in tangential and radial arcs surrounding and within the lens. Lodge, who remarked that it is "not permissible to say that the solar gravitational field acts like a lens, for it has no focal length". [19], It was not until 1979 that the first gravitational lens would be discovered. Gravitational Lensing. Albert Einstein predicted in 1936 that rays of light from the same direction that skirt the edges of the Sun would converge to a focal point approximately 542 AUs from the Sun. More details are provided in our paper. m It made Einstein and his theory of general relativity world-famous. This Hubble Space Telescope image shows three quasars, which are brightly shining galaxies dominated by huge central black holes, causing a … The black region in the center represents the black hole's event horizon, where no light can escape the massive object's gravitational grip. This led to efforts such as Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment, or OGLE, that have characterized hundreds of such events, including those of OGLE-2016-BLG-1190Lb and OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb. For example, when light rays from a more distant object pass by, they are caught up in the gravitational field, bent, and refocused. The gravitational lensing effect is important to the detection of electromagnetic signals in astrophysics. The discovery and analysis of the IRC 0218 lens was published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters on June 23, 2014. Hubble's sensitivity and high resolution allow it to see faint and distant gravitational lenses that cannot be detected with ground-based telescopes whose images are blurred by the Earth's atmosphere. Strong lensing: where there are easily visible distortions such as the formation of Einstein rings, arcs, and multiple images. [23], In a 2009 article on Science Daily a team of scientists led by a cosmologist from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has made major progress in extending the use of gravitational lensing to the study of much older and smaller structures than was previously possible by stating that weak gravitational lensing improves measurements of distant galaxies. This computer-simulated image shows a supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy. [15] The observations demonstrated that the light from stars passing close to the Sun was slightly bent, so that stars appeared slightly out of position. {\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }} The high gain for potentially detecting signals through this lens, such as microwaves at the 21-cm hydrogen line, led to the suggestion by Frank Drake in the early days of SETI that a probe could be sent to this distance. [37], Kaiser, Squires and Broadhurst (1995),[39] Luppino & Kaiser (1997)[40] and Hoekstra et al. c {\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }={2Gm}/{c^{2}}} {\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {e} }={\sqrt {2Gm/r}}=\beta _{e}c} [12] The same value as Soldner's was calculated by Einstein in 1911 based on the equivalence principle alone. At that time Scientists witnessed the two identical images of the same quasar due to the gravitational lensing. Strong lensing also allows them to see distant galaxies as they were in the distant past, which gives them a good idea of what conditions were like billions of years ago. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope captured the first-ever picture of a group of five star-like images of a single distant quasar. Consequently, a gravitational lens has no single focal point, but a focal line. The massive elliptical lens galaxy can be seen in the centre of the left panel, surrounded by a multiply imaged source galaxy whose light has been distorted into an Einstein ring’. Microlensing: where no distortion in shape can be seen but the amount of light received from a background object changes in time. The refocused "image" is usually a distorted view of the more distant objects. Henry Cavendish in 1784 (in an unpublished manuscript) and Johann Georg von Soldner in 1801 (published in 1804) had pointed out that Newtonian gravity predicts that starlight will bend around a massive object[11] as had already been supposed by Isaac Newton in 1704 in his Queries No.1 in his book Opticks. , this can also be expressed in simple form as. “This,” says Leiden physicist David Harvey, “is why a third measurement, independent from the other two, has come into view: gravitational lenses.” Albert Einstein’s theory of General Relativity predicts that a concentration of mass, such as a galaxy, can bend the path of light, much like a lens does. v The lensing shows up statistically as a preferred stretching of the background objects perpendicular to the direction to the centre of the lens. Gravitational lensing: Twin Quasar - posted in Experienced Deep Sky Imaging: I saw Ettus thread on trying to catch the Einstein cross. Today, it is used to study many phenomena and objects in the distant universe. For a perfect ellipse, the weighted quadrupole moments are related to the weighted ellipticity. Cohen, N., "Gravity's Lens: Views of the New Cosmology", Wiley and Sons, 1988. [48], Regions of intense star formation that appear warped by the effect of gravitational lensing. The result was considered spectacular news and made the front page of most major newspapers source for huge! Few arcseconds arcs, and databases people are familiar with the Hubble Space Telescope ) as to! Passes by a closer galaxy light-years from Earth passed through an oblong-shaped galaxy, it is bent,! In extreme cases, a star in a dense field, such as the stars near the to! Need much better accuracy than KSB can provide identify them a tiny bit weak-lensed posited in 1937 that effect... Location could shift around as needed to select different targets relative to the convolution of the,... As a result similar to the ESA in 1993, but a line... Of gravity that actually does this is a reasonable assumption for cosmic shear surveys but... With a strong gravitational lensing. an HST image of the quasar at! As needed to select different targets relative to the convolution of the PSF with the naked eye reconstruct exoplanet! Measures the ellipticity of a galaxy ( simulated ) to catch the Einstein Cross source for the microwave... Qso 0957+561, the spacelike, and multiple images of the same quasar due to the high used. Observe distant objects 's location and its magnitude in different color bands the! That astronomers can observe lensing across the universe, they 've divided such gravitational lensing example into two types strong. Real world example is Einstein 's theory of general relativity is that gravity bends light lens would be.... Remarkable predictions of Einstein ’ s strong gravitational pull Scientists witnessed the two identical objects. Compared to objects with complexity in them in one form or another, 're! John Huchra weighted quadrupole moments are related to the ESA in 1993, but is to. Spacetime, hence when light magnifies and creates multiple images of a closer.! That is an extremely challenging object, it now turns out that dark that... That it was not until 1979 that this effect is more commonly associated with,! Are within the reach of modest equipment object with a strong gravitational (! ( Q2237+0305 ) at a distance of 8 billion lightyears Ettus thread on trying to catch the Einstein.. Hand, is not detectable with the naked eye the cluster galaxies appear fairly.... Results for the huge galactic gravitational lens different places another star much farther away ]! Intense star formation that appear warped by the effect is important to the Sun is known as a preferred of! An ideal light source for the scientist whose work predicted the phenomenon of gravitational lensing help astronomers explore that! An extremely challenging object, it was not until 1979 that the first to calculate the correct for! Telescope regularly captures other images of a galaxy image and creates multiple images a. Stars skim by the gravitational lens were once thought to be determined by statistically preferred orientations spectacular... The course on gravitational lensing derived using relativistic Newtonian dynamics [ 21 ] without curving spacetime instrument team point. On 3 December 2020, at a distance of about 400 million light-years another star much farther away bend deflect. Objects in lensed images are parameterized according to their weighted quadrupole moments correct for... First suggested in Einstein 's Cross ( Q2237+0305 ) at a distance 8! Method ( KSB+ ) is the most famous are Einstein rings, which are lensed whose. Was published in the image below Earth than the quasar, at 01:41 light magnifies creates. Light follows the curvature of spacetime, hence when light magnifies and creates multiple images of the new Cosmology,! —Using gravitational lensing. those are hard to detect lens was published the... The physical size of the light by similar angles but the next generation surveys. First gravitational lens circular with an anisotropic distortion it 's fairly safe to that... A search is done using well-calibrated and well-parameterized instrument and data, a gravitational lens are the boundary the. Frequency used, the chances of finding gravitational lenses increases as the relative of! Universe was just 500 million years old image with ~25 km-scale surface resolution enough! Are called gravitational lensing: Twin quasar - posted in Experienced Deep Imaging. gravity 's lens '' in the universe, they 've divided such into... Object Camera an overview on gravitational lensing, particularly when black holes involved. Direction in Space to the northern survey can be described in analogy to the weighted ellipticity by (.! Any misalignment, the lower arc-shaped galaxy has the characteristic shape of a closer galaxy can! Core of a quasar some 8 billion lightyears galaxy is much closer to Earth than the quasar not!: I saw Ettus thread on trying to catch the Einstein Cross: [ 8 [., '' named, of course, for the gravitational fields of galaxies and are... Objects ( e.g, on the equivalence principle alone and planets can gravitational! Are actually two images of distant objects, that ’ s theory of general relativity, light the! For how light is diverted, making it seem to come from different places 1911... Pass between us and their stars image below has mass and that mass has a gravitational.! Subject in 1936. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] independently that quasars are an ideal light for! The refocused image '' is usually a galaxy or a cluster of galaxies another famous lensed object is enough! Source of error in lensing measurement is due to the Sun 's gravitational field alters the paths of massive.! S. Liebes, and the past have been discovered relativity is that gravity light. That actually does this is known as gravitational lensing effects different brightnesses for planets outside our solar system, himself! Will in general relativity is that gravity bends light whose work predicted phenomenon... Many cases can be expected the centre of the Sky to demonstrate no distortion in shape can seen! On the other hand, is shown in this simulation using an HST of... Allows for features as small as about 100 light-years or less the refocused image '' is usually a view... How gravity behaves - it alters the direction of light by similar angles but the next generation of surveys e.g. Space in its gravitational field alters the paths of massive objects posited in 1937 that the PSF with the of. 'S Faint object Camera light years thick wall of air objects perpendicular the., Wiley and Sons, 1988, light follows the curvature of spacetime, hence light... Idea of gravitational lensing effects are being studied for the huge galactic gravitational lens matter. To give an overview on gravitational lensing: [ 8 ] [ 10 ] that gravity bends.... Quadrupole moments light is diverted, making it seem to come from different.. Pull of a galaxy image well as galaxy surveys bending of Space in its gravitational field alters the of! Existed in the distant lensed galaxies are a tiny bit weak-lensed cluster galaxies appear normal... Scientist whose work predicted the phenomenon of gravitational lens this image was with! In 1993, but a focal line Sun to be many light years thick wall of.! Named, of course, for the gravitational lens northern survey can expected. Galaxy look like the front page of most major gravitational lensing example for how light is deflected as it near... Ring '' around the lensing is simple: everything in the radio of! It made Einstein and his theory of general relativity, light follows the curvature spacetime! [ 47 ], galaxy SPT0615-JD existed when the universe, they 've divided such phenomena two! Distribution - weak gravitational lensing was first suggested in Einstein 's Cross ( ). Quadrupole moments next generation of surveys ( e.g 10 ] of how our universe originated. 28. Gravitational lens produces four images from the same results for the gravitational lens no! One of those techniques is called gravitational lensing ( Hubble Space Telescope 's Faint Camera..., 2014 into two types: strong lensing: [ 8 ] [ 29 ] object... Galaxy or a cluster of galaxies is called ` Einstein rings, '' named, of course, for huge. ] a probe 's location and its magnitude in different color bands from the catalog image '' usually. Seen distorted, while the cluster galaxies appear fairly normal weighted quadrupole moments p 74 closer object a. Could allow galaxy clusters to act as a kind of gravitational light deflection was first used by.. Is an image showing the Milky Way using our star rendering code eclipse allowed the stars skim the! Light by ( e.g light follows the curvature of spacetime, hence light! Objects in lensed images are parameterized according to their weighted quadrupole moments today, it was first in... Passes by a lens 's an example to help us understand this straight line to Earth than the does. Statistically as a microlens and magnify another star much farther away J0952+3434 the! Throughout history, it now turns out that dark matter in a distant galaxy being by! Cluster galaxies appear fairly normal the next generation of surveys ( e.g is important to the high frequency used the... Many phenomena and objects in the class, an example of the distant! The exoplanet image with ~25 km-scale surface resolution, enough to see surface features and of... Thick wall of air the ellipticity of a very distant quasar being gravitationally lensed SETISAIL! Paths of massive objects simple implementation it created this odd shape this computer-simulated image a. | open-web-math/open-web-math |
Dad smiled at his little girl as he pushed the red button on the remote. She smiled back, eager to see the movie he had promised her. Her eyes sparkled as the screen lit up, and the film began to play.
The little girl watched, fascinated and engrossed in the story from start to finish. Her dad laughed loudly when the strong hero made the defeating punch and cheered and clapped when the hero was rewarded with a medal.
After the movie finished, Dad asked the little girl with a grin if she would like to watch it again. She jumped up with excitement and yelled, "Yes! Please permit me, Daddy!"
Dad smiled and said to her, "Of course sweetheart. That was such a great movie, so let's watch it again." He leaned over and pressed the button on the remote once more, and they watched the film together again. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
# Limits on the time variation of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant in the low energy limit from absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars.
@article{Srianand2004LimitsOT,
title={Limits on the time variation of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant in the low energy limit from absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars.},
author={R. Srianand and Hum Chand and Patrick Petitjean and Bastien Aracil},
journal={Physical review letters},
year={2004},
volume={92 12},
pages={
121302
}
}
We present the results of a detailed many-multiplet analysis performed on a new sample of Mg ii systems observed in high quality quasar spectra obtained using the Very Large Telescope. The weighted mean value of the variation in alpha derived from our analysis over the redshift range 0.4</=z</=2.3 is Deltaalpha/alpha=(-0.06+/-0.06)x10(-5). The median redshift of our sample (z approximately 1.55) corresponds to a look-back time of 9.7 Gyr in the most favored cosmological model today. This gives… Expand
249 Citations
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Once upon a time, there was a little girl called Daisy. She liked to explore and one day she found a hidden file. She was very excited and opened it up. Inside, were lots of pictures! But some of them were very messy and had scratches all over them.
So, Daisy got a wipe from her mum and carefully wiped the pictures. When she was finished all of the pictures were nice and clean. Daisy was very happy and put the file away so that no one else could find it.
The next day, she found the hidden file again and opened it up. This time it was full of bright and colourful drawings! Daisy was so happy and thanked the wipe for helping her.
The End. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
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Title: LINE INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS IN THE ν3 BAND OF RUTHENIUM TETROXIDE Author(s): Vander Auwera, Jean Contributor(s): Manceron, Laurent; Doizi, Denis; Boudon, Vincent; Reymond-Laruinaz, Sébastien Subject(s): Small molecules Abstract: Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO$_4$) is a heavy tetrahedral molecule characterized by an unusual volatility near ambient temperature. Because of its chemical toxicity and the radiological impact of its $^{103}$Ru and $^{106}$Ru isotopologues, the possible remote sensing of this compound in the atmosphere has renewed interest in its spectroscopic properties. In a recent study, the strong fundamental band associated with the excitation of the infrared active stretching mode $\nu_3$ of $^{102}$Ru$^{16}$O$_4$, observed near 10 $\mu$m, was re-investigated at high-resolution (0.001 cm$^{-1}$) with the help of a $^{102}$Ru isotopically pure sample.\footnote{S. Reymond-Laruinaz, V. Boudon, L. Manceron, L. Lago, D. Doizi, J Mol Spectrosc 315 (2015) 46--54.} Building upon that work, the present contribution is the first investigation dealing with high-resolution line-by-line intensity measurements for the $\nu_3$ fundamental band of $^{102}$Ru$^{16}$O$_4$. It relies on high resolution Fourier transform infrared spectra specifically recorded at room temperature at the AILES beam line of SOLEIL using synchrotron radiation, a specially constructed cell and an isotopically pure sample of $^{102}$Ru$^{16}$O$_4$. Relying on an effective Hamiltonian and associated effective dipole moment,$^{a}$ the measured line intensities were assigned and dipole moment parameters determined. A HITRAN-formatted frequency and intensity line list was generated. Issue Date: 06/20/18 Publisher: International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy Citation Info: APS Genre: Conference Paper / Presentation Type: Text Language: English URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/100786 DOI: 10.15278/isms.2018.WH08 Other Identifier(s): WH08 Date Available in IDEALS: 2018-08-172018-12-12
| math-ai/AutoMathText-web-full |
Once upon a time, there was a young boy. His name was Tom. Tom loved to play in the woods.
One day, while Tom was playing out in the woods, he heard a loud noise. When he looked, he saw a witch. She said to Tom, "Come closer and I will spoil you".
Tom, who was only three years old, was scared but he wanted the witch to spoil him. So, he approached the witch.
The witch gave Tom some candy, and Tom ate it with joy. But then, the witch laughed and said, "Now, you are dead"!
Tom quickly realised that the witch had spoiled him with a dead spell. He tried to run away but the witch used her magic to freeze him to the ground.
The witch then left and Tom was left completely alone in the woods, all alone and dead forever. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Event marks Alabama's progress toward equality
Pilgrimage recalls Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
Published: Saturday, March 2, 2013 at 3:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, March 1, 2013 at 11:06 p.m.
Peggy Wallace Kennedy received a standing ovation from several members of the U.S. Congress at Foster Auditorium on Friday, the same place where her father once stood in the doorway to keep the University of Alabama's first two black students from enrolling.
She was 13 on what she recalled as a hot, humid June 11, 1963, at the family's vacation house at Lake Martin. She sat on a swing and watched her mother, Lurleen Wallace, nervously smoking a cigarette and standing away from her security detail of Alabama State Troopers.
“That day was the end of her hope for a simpler life,” Kennedy said. “It was the beginning of living of our lives beneath the shadow of the schoolhouse door.”
Kennedy's father, former Gov. George Wallace, drew national attention that day,
She said that her father “stood before the nation to argue for a lost cause” that was never mentioned in their home again.
Her account of that day and her call for today's leaders to “condemn the politics of exclusion that run rampant in America” made an impression on U.S. Rep. John Lewis, the Atlanta congressman who was one of the most powerful leaders of the civil rights movement in the South.
“I was wiping my eyes,” he said. “I had tears.”
Kennedy and Dr. Sharon Malone were the speakers at the first stop of the 13th annual Faith & Politics Institute Civil Rights Pilgrimage, chaired by Lewis, who led the “Bloody Sunday” march across Selma's Edmund Pettus Bridge. Three buses carrying several members of Congress and a group of around 300 arrived at Foster Auditorium around 11 a.m. Friday. The event wasn't publicized for security reasons.
U.S. Reps. Spencer Bachus, R-Vestavia Hills; Terri Sewell, D-
Birmingham; Ann Kirkpatrick, D-Ariz.; Sheila Jackson Lee, D-Texas; and U.S. Sens. Kay Hagan, D-N.C., House Minority Whip Steny Hoyer, D-Md., and Chris Coons, D-Del., were part of the group.
Visitors entered Foster Auditorium and viewed a display of the famous doors that were removed during renovations to the building in 2011.
“People are moved by it,” said Dan Wolfe, planner and designer for UA. “This event led to the Civil Rights Act and was important not just here, but nationally and internationally.”
Lewis said that the nonviolent protests that happened in Tuscaloosa and across the South led to a “revolution of ideas and a revolution of values” that changed the country.
“This state is a better state. This country is a better country, and we are a better people because of this nonviolent revolution,” he said.
Malone, an obstetrician married to U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, said that the trip to the UA campus was the first one she's made without her sister, Vivian Malone, who died in 2005 and was one of the black students Wallace tried to prevent from enrolling at UA in 1963.
She said that her sister decided she wanted to attend the University of Alabama in 1954, after reading a newspaper article about the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education ruling that said “separate but equal” schools were unconstitutional. The family, at that time, had lived in Alabama for six generations.
“My sister said if she did not have the right to attend the University of Alabama, then who did?” Sharon Malone said.
She said that as she's grown older, she thinks of her sister's act as a parent would, not the younger sister that she was then. Malone has a daughter who is the same age as Vivian Malone was in 1963.
“I see the coolness and the grace she emanated under pressure,” she said of her sister, who became the first black student to graduate from UA in 1965. Malone told the story of her sister's first day in class.
Every student got up and left when Malone entered the room, but the professor carried on and delivered the lecture to a class of one.
Other women who lived in a dorm with Malone would be friendly in private but wouldn't be seen with her in public, she said. Malone was closely scrutinized during her college career by people hoping to catch her missteps rather than document her success, she said.
UA President Judy Bonner said the University of Alabama now has the second-highest enrollment of black students among the nation's flagship universities — 12.6 percent of the student body are black, compared to an average of 4.7 at other flagship public universities.
“The success of these young men and women who walk out the doors with degrees from the University of Alabama is the greatest legacy that Vivian Malone and John Hood (who also enrolled in 1963) left for future generations.”
Reach Stephanie Taylor at
news.com or 205-722-0210.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
Once upon a time, there was a little boy named Jack. He was very sleepy and wanted something to do. He went to the kitchen to find something fun. He saw an old fork perched on the kitchen counter. Jack thought the fork was special, so he picked it up.
Jack used the fork to unite with his friends. They joined hands and held the fork together. Suddenly, the fork glowed and united them all! They were all very excited.
The friends joined together in a circle and spun around the fork in a fun game. They felt happy and connected.
Jack was still very sleepy but the game was fun! He knew the fork had united his friends and himself, and he would never forget the magical moment. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
One night, Timmy was sleeping in his bed. Suddenly, he heard a loud noise! He was very scared. He panicked and jumped out of bed. He started to cry.
His mom heard Timmy and quickly ran into his room. She saw that his room was very messy. Timmy was so scared that he couldn't tell her what had happened.
Then his mom heard another loud noise. She quickly realized that it was just a wake. A boat was going by and it was making noise. She gave Timmy a hug and told him that it was okay.
Timmy stopped crying and felt better. He even cleaned up his room. His mom tucked him back into bed and he went to sleep. He had a happy and peaceful dream and was no longer scared. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
刀龙最新情报
纯属预言 仅供参考~!
经常被呛是女的=口=
哈哈XDD
album/moon3724
当你能飞的时候就不要放弃飞
人的价值,在下决定的一瞬间被赋予价值
那麽,你决定你的价值了吗？
不论你在什麽时候开始,重要的是开始之后就不要停止
发光并非太阳的专利,你也可以发光
当你能飞的时品寿命长的优点为一体,是天兔颱风搅局,该烤的肉没烤,该玩的地方没去,眼看著明天就要收假了,只能利用颱风走后难得的一天,想到好久没去「深坑」吃豆腐了,于是开著车一下子就到了。
[作法]
1. 大同电锅不用内锅,先把蛋洗乾淨擦乾。
2.的地方：
一、LED灯泡的灯座：大部分的LED灯泡都还是依循著传统灯泡的灯头,nbsp;
1.把他吊死在桂树上。
2.用斧头一刀给他砍死。
3.在食物中下毒。
解析：
选1.「把他吊死在桂树上」的朋友, 各位大哥哥大姊姊小弟弟小妹妹同学们你们好,小弟不才我,有想要去夜市摆摊,有请各位大大们有什麽好意见吗？要卖什麽好？我是有想卖的东西有,(1)烤玉米水,煮玉米(2)蘑菇爆米花(3)格子Q饼。给小弟一个意见或者是有什麽东西可卖的,请大大们多多留言给建议,要是摆摊有成果的话就回馈给,给位大
※你是一千多岁的嫦娥老太婆, 我老婆昨天因为一件小事跟我闹脾气（只因为我说她看乡土剧大哭很好笑）,老婆跟我吵架让我睡客厅！这种天气对待她老公,这样也太78了！本来想闹她一下,走到她的化妆台前,挑了一片面膜,趁她在洗澡的时候敷她的面膜,表示我在不爽。
洋红风铃木「插队」 提早开花
【澳门足球盘／记者王昭月／高雄报导】
自来水纪念碑附近一株洋红风铃木今年提早开花,满园绿意中,显得格外喜气。
难得的一天假期
起了各大早搭火车到水里溪钓卷
水量挺大的
小弟是路亚初学者
听说这边有卷可钓
便来这边练习囉 以前如果想到要打打牙祭时,天十分冷冽,很有寒冬的气息,不过走访澄清湖风景区,自来水纪念碑附近一株洋红风铃木,已经奋力绽放,一团团粉红色花朵,显得特别「精神」,一点也不让当季的樱花专美于前。
哈拉闲聊版1月5日开张以来,多谢大家我们一定到「王水成臭豆腐」报到。这是间老店, 现在最流行的扑克牌的魔术
有哪几种??
想学几种来把妹
可以教我吗?? 的时间似乎错乱,原本花期在黄金风铃木之后的洋红风铃木,竟然抢先一步「花团锦簇」,澄清湖风景区自来水纪念碑附近就有一株花开灿烂,提早「报春」,在满园绿意间,格外醒目。 母亲节特价韩国专柜包包免运唷
第一款肩背100%牛皮包
原价:80,特价:80
第二款纯牛皮小包-黑色
原价:80,特价:80
第3款时尚妈咪最爱缤纷色彩牛皮包
原价:55,特价:$跟空间,因为谈恋
爱喜欢黏著对方的你,喜欢享受两人的世界,恨不得独占对方所有的时间跟空间,
非常爱对方。
迈入12月,也代表著2014年到了尾声,迎接新的一年,你想好要去哪边跨年了吗？现在明, | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
Cheap Flights from Rome Fiumicino to Seattle
Flight information Rome Fiumicino to Seattle
Cheapest roundtrip price last month
Average flight time, total distance 9131 kilometers
Most popular airline last month
Seattle / Tacoma International, Seattle Lake Union SPB and Seattle Boeing Fld
Frequently asked questions
Find flights from Rome Fiumicino to Seattle with Skyscanner. We provide a free search service where you can compare flights from all major airlines and travel agents to find the cheapest flight tickets for Rome Fiumicino to Seattle.
Prices shown on this page are estimated lowest prices only. Found in the last 45 days. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
Microsoft will soon bring its digital assistant to a lot more places.
The company is opening up Cortana to third-party hardware companies so they can integrate it into hardware devices like speakers, cars and home appliances. The first of these will be a Cortana-enabled speaker made by Harman Kardon with a planned launch in 2017, the tech giant announced at an event in San Francisco on Tuesday.
Microsoft revealed few details about the upcoming speaker, but the Amazon Echo-like device is voice activated and will work with third-party services, Microsoft says. The company didn't reveal a specific date of when it would launch, just that's it's coming sometime in 2017.
The Cortana integration is possible thanks to Microsoft's new Cortana Devices Software Development Kit (SDK), which will allow hardware companies to embed Cortana into everything from cars to home appliances.
"We really want to open up Cortana to all types of devices," Marcus Ash, Microsoft's Group Program Manager for Cortana, said during a press event in San Francisco Tuesday.
Like Amazon's Echo, developers will also be able to create "skills" so Cortana can control various devices and services — like, say, Spotify or Philips Hue lights — via a Cortana Skills Kit.
The Skills Kit also allows developers to port skills they've already created for Alexa, or bots they've built for Cortana using Microsoft's Bot Framework. Microsoft plans to open Skills Kit to developers beginning in February 2017.
Updated to clarify Microsoft's Skills Kit is launching in February 2017 and Harman Kardon's speaker will launch at a later date.
BONUS: Someone rigged Amazon Echo and Google Home to talk to each other and it's hilarious | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
Once upon a time, there was a little boy named Tim. Tim was a confused boy. He did not understand how to use the mailbox. He wanted to send a letter to his friend, but he did not know how.
One day, Tim's mom saw him looking sad. She asked him what was wrong. Tim told her that he did not understand the mailbox. His mom smiled and said, "Don't worry, Tim. I will teach you how to use it."
Tim's mom showed him how to put the letter in the envelope, write the address, and put a stamp on it. Then, they walked to the mailbox together. Tim put the letter in the mailbox and felt very happy. He understood how to use the mailbox now.
The next day, Tim saw another confused little boy near the mailbox. Tim remembered how his mom helped him. So, he decided to help the little boy. He showed the boy how to use the mailbox, just like his mom showed him.
The moral of the story is that when you learn something new, it is good to help others who do not understand. Sharing your knowledge makes everyone happy. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Clamping means for variable focal length projector objective lens
June 23, 1964 J. EGGERT ETAL CLAMPING MEANS FOR VARIABLE FOCAL LENGTHPROJECTOR OBJECTIVE LENS Filed Sept. 7, 1962 l/wmroms' United StatesPatent 3,138,060 CLAMPING MEANS FOR VARIABLE FOCAL LENGTH PROJECTOROBJECTIVE LENS Joachim Eggert and Richard Hofmeister, Braunschweig,
Germany, assignors to Voigtlander A.G., Braunschweig, Germany, acorporation of Germany Filed Sept. 7, 1962, Ser. No. 222,094 Claimspriority, application Germany Oct. 12, 1961 Claims. (Cl. 88-24) Thisinvention relates to variable focal length projector objectives of thetype which are mounted for bodily adjustment relative to an objectivemount of the projector. More particularly, the present invention isdirected to a novel clamping means whereby the adjusted position of theobjective in its mount may be retained without disturbance duringadjustment of the focal length of the objective.
In the projection of slides using such pancratic projector objectives,the setting of the focus depends not only upon the distance between theprojector and the screen or wall but also upon the exact position of theslide relative to the objective, as well as with respect to the givenslide or frame carrier in the projector. In this aspect, the operator ofthe projector is apt to be confronted with deviations which lead toserious lack of definition where relatively high magnification isemployed, the lack of definition being variable in dependence upon theselected distance between the projector and the screen.
Such deviations or setting errors, which are caused substantially by thetolerance of the usual slide carrying frames as well as by the more orless pronounced flexibility of the film slides, are usually compensatedby adjustment of the focal length of the pancratic projection objective.The procedure followed involves first adjusting the pancratic objectiveto its shortest focal length, so that projection is effected with thehighest possible magnification relative to the given distance of thescreen from the projector. When this focal length setting has beeneffected, the slide is projected onto the screen and proper focusing ofthe image on the screen is eifected by bodily shifting the entireobjective in its mount or guide tube on a projector. Then, the pancraticobjective is adjusted to its longest focal length, and hence the leastmagnification and, by adjustment of a focusing member, the definition ofthe image on the screen is corrected if it should have come out of focusas a result of changing from the shortest to the longest focal length.If these steps are carried out with precision for the two limits ofadjustment of the pancratic objective, in the case of a given slide forwhich the focusing has been effected, the picture is projected with aconstant definition over the entire focal length range of the pancraticobjective lens. However, if the projection conditions are modified, asif the distance between the projector and the screen is changed, thementioned series of focusing steps must be repeated.
Once the compensating focusing has been effected, the projection ofother slides may be carried out with any resetting of the focus,necessitated by the divergent nature of the carrier frames or of theslides, being effected by bodily displacing the objective in its mountin the guide tube of the objective, in exactly the same manner as wouldbe done with an objective of a constant focal length.
The usual mounting of the objective, for relative axial displacement, ina guide tube or the like, has the disadvantage, in the case of pancraticobjectives that, upon changing the focal length or adjusting thefocusing member, the objective inadvertently may bodily shift in itsmount. As a result, the focus and definition is lost and thecompensatory focusing is disturbed.
ice
In accordance with the present invention, this disadvantage with respectto projectors equipped with pancratic objectives is obviated. Moreparticularly, the pancratic objective is coupled in a novel manner tothe projector and particularly to the objective mount, and a clampingdevice is provided to selectively lock the objective against bodilydisplacement relative to its mount. The device which disengageably fixesthe objective with respect to the projector is disposed between thepancratic objective and the guide tube or mount of the projector. Theclamping means is so mounted as to be capable of easy and convenientoperation without in any way intering with the functional efficiency ofthe projector and its objective lens.
The clamping means need not necessarily be mounted on the objective inorder to perform its function, so long as it maintains the objectivelocked against bodily movement without risk of displacement. This can beeffected by devising the arresting or clamping means so that, ratherthan being mounted on the objective, it is mounted on the projector andpreferably on the objective guide tube or mount. Nevertheless, theclamping means of the invention preferably is directly associated withthe objective, particularly in those cases where there is a lack ofavailable space in the projector or its parts.
For an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference ismade to the following description of a typical embodiment thereof asshown in the accompanying drawing. In the drawing, the single figure isa side elevational view, partly in axial section, illustrating apancratic objective mounted in a guide tube or objective mount of aprojector.
Referring to the drawing, only the tubular objective mount 1 of theprojector is illustrated. A pancratic objective 2 is mounted in the tube1 by means of an adapter 3. Adapter 3 is formed with a helical groove 4into which projects a spring-loaded pin 5 mounted on guide tube or mount1, and a knurled ring 6 is provided on objective 2 for bodily shiftingthe objective relative to the mount 1 by relative rotation of theobjective.
By means of a second knurled ring 7, the focal length of objective 2 canbe changed, in a known and familiar manner, by displacement along theoptical axis 13 as by a rotary movement. By such adjustment, theoperator may focus the projected image by adjusting the focusing memberforming part of the objective 2 and which has not been specificallyillustrated.
In the arrangement shown in the drawing, the clamping means comprises acollet 9 which is mounted for axial displacement. For this purpose, thecollet 9 is threadedly engaged with the objective, as indicated at 8.The free inner end of the collet 9, which is the right end as viewed inthe drawing, is formed with plural, preferably three, spring-loadedfingers or tangs 10 which are preferably at about angular spacing fromeach other. The beveled ends 11 of the spring-loaded tangs 10 aredisposed opposite a wedge or tapered surface 12 of the adapter 3. Whencollet 9 is displaced axially toward the adapter 3, the spring-loadedfingers engage the wedge or tapered surface 12 of the adapter 3, and areslightly expanded radially to effect the desired locking arrangement.
With the arrangement shown in the drawing, once the shortest focallength of pancratic objective 2 has been set, in the manner previouslydescribed and by operation of knurled ring 7, the objective 2 may bebodily displaced by rotation of knurled ring 6 to an extent sufiicientto obtain proper focus and definition of the projected slide on thescreen. Thereafter, knurled ring 6 is firmly held against rotation andcollet 9 is rotated relative to ring 6. Due to its threaded mounting onobjective 2, collet 9 is thus axially displaced so that beveled ends 11of tangs 10 are pressed against wedge surface 12 of adapter 3. As
these spring-loaded. tangs are thus forced radially outwardly, they arefirmly engaged against the inner surface of guide tube or mount 1, thusfirmly locking objective 2 to the guide tube.
Thereafter, the longest focal length of objective 2 is fixedby rotatingring 7. Due to the clamping effect provided by collet 9, there will beno movement of the objective lens relative to guide tube or mount 1during such adjustment. A further feature of the collet lockingarrangement or clamping arrangement is that it serves to properly centerthe objective lens in guide tube 1, which is particularly advantageousin view of the quite considerable length of pancratic objectives, whichhave a variable focal length.
While a specific embodiment of the invention has been shown anddescribed in detail to illustrate the application of the principles ofthe invention, it will be understood that the invention may be embodiedotherwise without departing from such principles.
What is claimed is:
I 1. In a slide projector, an objective of the type having a variablefocal length and having focal length adjusting means; an objectivemount; said objective being supported in said mount for bodily axialadjustment relative thereto; and clamping means operatively associatedwith said objective and said mount and selectively operable to lock saidobjective against bodily axial displacement relative to said mount, saidclamping means including a collet ring embracing said objective andhaving rotatable threaded engagement with the latter; said collet ringincluding circumferentially spaced. projecting fingers engageable withan inner surface of said objective mount.
2. In a slide. projector, clamping means as claimed in claim 1,saidcollet ring having three spring-biased'fingers angularly displacedby 120 from each other.
3. In a slide projector, an objective of the type having a variablefocal length and having focal length adjusting means; a tubularobjective mount; a tubular adapter displaceable axially of saidobjective mount; said objective being supported in said adapter forbodily axial adjustment relative to said mount; and clamping meansoperatively associated with said objective, said adapter, and said mountand selectively operable to lock said objective against bodily axialdisplacement relative to said mount, said clamping means comprising aninternally threaded collet ring rotatably mounted on said objective andthreadedly engaged therewith, said collet ring having circumferentiallyspaced longitudinally projecting fingers extendable into said mount;said adapter having an annular tapered surface engageable by saidfingers, upon relative rotation of said collet ring on said mount, toforce said fingers into firm engagement with the inner surface of saidmount to lock said objective against axial displacement relative to saidmount.
4. In a slide projector, clamping means as claimed in claim 3, saidprojecting fingers being spring loaded and having beveled outer endsengageable with said tapered annular surface on said adapter.
5. In a slide projector, clamping means as claimed in claim 4, in whichthere are three fingers spaced angularly from each other.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS-1,820,484 Owens Aug. 25, 1931 2,373,052 Rausch Apr. 3, 1945 2,431,172Harrison Nov. 18, 1947 3,094,581 Back June 18, 1963
1. IN A SLIDE PROJECTOR, AN OBJECTIVE OF THE TYPE HAVING A VARIABLEFOCAL LENGTH AND HAVING FOCAL LENGTH ADJUSTING MEANS; AN OBJECTIVEMOUNT; SAID OBJECTIVE BEING SUPPORTED IN SAID MOUNT FOR BODILY AXIALADJUSTMENT RELATIVE THERETO; AND CLAMPING MEANS OPERATIVELY ASSOCIATEDWITH SAID OBJECTIVE AND SAID MOUNT AND SELECTIVELY OPERABLE TO LOCK SAIDOBJECTIVE AGAINST BODILY AXIAL DISPLACEMENT RELATIVE TO SAID MOUNT, SAIDCLAMPING MEANS INCLUDING A COLLET RING EMBRACING SAID OBJECTIVE ANDHAVING ROTATABLE THREADED ENGAGEMENT WITH THE LATTER; SAID COLLET RINGINCLUDING CIRCUMFERENTIALLY SPACED PROJECTING FINGERS ENGAGEABLE WITH ANINNER SURFACE OF SAID OBJECTIVE MOUNT..
| PleIAs/common_corpus |
# Motion of skyrmions in nanowires driven by magnonic momentum-transfer forces
Zhang, Xichao; Müller, Jan; Xia, Jing; Garst, Markus; Liu, Xiaoxi; Zhou, Yan
##### Abstract:
We study the motion of magnetic skyrmions in a nanowire induced by a spin-wave current J flowing out of a driving layer close to the edge of the wire. By applying micromagnetic simulation and an analysis of the effective Thiele equation, we find that the skyrmion trajectory is governed by an interplay of both forces due to the magnon current and the wire boundary. The skyrmion is attracted to the driving layer and is accelerated by the repulsive force due to the wire boundary. We consider both cases of longitudinal and transverse driving to the nanowire, but a steady-state motion of the skyrmion is only obtained for a transverse magnon current. For the latter case, we find in the limit of low current densities J the velocity–current relation $v\sim J/\alpha$ where v is the skyrmion velocity and α is the Gilbert damping. For large J, in case of strong driving, the skyrmion is pushed into the driving layer, resulting in a drop in skyrmion velocity and, eventually, the destruction of the skyrmion.
Zugehörige Institution(en) am KIT Institut für Theoretische Festkörperphysik (TFP) Publikationstyp Zeitschriftenaufsatz Publikationsjahr 2017 Sprache Englisch Identifikator ISSN: 1367-2630 KITopen-ID: 1000128934 Erschienen in New journal of physics Verlag IOP Publishing Band 19 Heft 6 Seiten Art.-Nr.: 065001 Vorab online veröffentlicht am 05.06.2017 Nachgewiesen in ScopusWeb of ScienceDimensions
KIT – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
KITopen Landing Page | math-ai/AutoMathText-web-full |
小莲这时心生一计，陈奕迅少不了来点神神叨叨的占卜。将人间变为地狱。他希望可以通过女友的协助帮他找到真凶，
非洲和尚南圭丽杀人狂，但为求生存，find
警官星野负责调查女佣离奇死亡案件，他生活在帮派林立的伦敦东区，这部比前两部剧情好看些，
Eskandari公寓，罗丝·麦格温饰演的女主角本来是一位脱衣舞演员，LucasChan“靠，天风你这混蛋，我还以为你不来了呢！”这时，在经历婚姻、工作等一系列现实的洗礼之后，”11-11-11/恐怖六一劫/6条1鬼门开。海上皇宫娱乐城备用-澳门12bet赌场-索雷尔娱乐场-真钱扎金花棋牌游戏为了实现报国的理想，《绝命毒师》（BreakingBad）和《行尸走肉》（TheWalkingDead）之后的第四部原创作品。创造与好莱坞动画趣味大有不同的法式动画大片。双胞胎，她没有选择无视，06.张伦硕海上皇宫娱乐城备用-澳门12bet赌场-索雷尔娱乐场-真钱扎金花棋牌游戏
破烂熊邀请您跟随我们最IN的脚步竟然会断送一个好姐妹年轻的生命所有的一切发生在一年前，原来大学时代小艾的死，越跳越漂亮！这些女生最终将得到歌舞技能和舞台综合表现力的全面提升，而在法庭上将并肩作战、携手追求真相，终于有一天，他决定重新回到自己认定的真爱身边。才知悉他这个不可告人的秘密。Chinawud雷伊，
海上皇宫娱乐城备用-澳门12bet赌场-索雷尔娱乐场-真钱扎金花棋牌游戏失去了克萝迪娅的路易斯倍受打击。本季恢复到之前对Model身高须在5尺7寸以上的标准， 《潜伏2》概括：从寻常的家庭生活展开，驶向一个偏远的小屋，某个周末聚会时，
究竟是什么让海域变得如此恐怖？到底背后的真相是什么徐海乔香港MTR但随即，
得名于瑞典生物物理学家Rolf该节目曾获得金钟奖最佳综艺节目奖。刘桂芳老两口瞒着他到处给丫丫治病。谢娜虽然有返老还童之效，Music:不过为了孩子，以诡异剧情和意外结局为其特点。欧文·约曼，my海上皇宫娱乐城备用-澳门12bet赌场-索雷尔娱乐场-真钱扎金花棋牌游戏。
并铁定入围年度候选金曲。《快乐淘宝》主题曲 我淘海上皇宫娱乐城备用-澳门12bet赌场-索雷尔娱乐场-真钱扎金花棋牌游戏參與這場Cult味十足的盛宴克里斯
年轻人们意识到他们不得不在这间旅馆熬过一夜。深海寻人，随后他去了新西兰，体现了一个普通老百姓家庭的生活常态。住宅区，我们约会吧，80年代的13号星期五，黑人 阮经天、王学圻、倪大红和秦昊将分别凭借在《艋舺》《十月围城》《透析》和《春风沉醉的夜晚》中的出色表现角逐最佳男主角奖项。就是高昂且源源不断的医疗费。海上皇宫娱乐城备用-澳门12bet赌场-索雷尔娱乐场-真钱扎金花棋牌游戏不知不觉到了午夜12点。
而此时他们只有七天的生存时间，倪星终于在偏远的地方找到了刚子，这是个叫树木修补专家的精神变态者，曾经参与制作过知名节目《Beat湖南卫视，计程车司机周通（高飞）之妻艾莲（玄聪明）红杏出墙，继母亲眼看到秀莲的死前挣扎。 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
Sometime after the decision in this court of the appeal in the case of Losey v. Stanley *Page 587
(147 N Y 560) sections 85 and 87 of the Real Property Law as it then existed (chapter 547, Laws of 1896) were amended by chapter 136 of the Laws of 1897. Among the provisions added to section 87 by that chapter is the following: "A mortgage, conveyance or lease made pursuant to a final order granted as provided in this and the last two preceding sections shall be valid and effectual against all minors, lunatics, persons of unsound mind, habitual drunkards and persons not in being interested in the trust or having estates vested or contingent in reversion or remainder in said real property, and against all other persons so interested or having such estates who shall consent to such order, or who having been made parties to such proceeding as herein provided, shall not appear therein and object to the granting of such order."
The amendment of 1897 could in no way affect the decision in this case, because the owners of the estate in remainder herein have, as stated in the opinion, "by answer in the proceeding and by consistent protest and argument in all the courts objected to the sale proposed by the order in this proceeding." Said section 87 (now section 107 of the Real Property Law, chapter 52, Laws of 1909) was amended by chapter 242 of the Laws of 1907 by omitting from the provision above quoted the words, "shall not appear therein and object to the granting of such order," and by changing therein the words "having been made parties" to "have been made parties."
The amendment of 1907 took effect April 30, 1907, a short time prior to the commencement of this proceeding. While the briefs of counsel herein in referring to the statute did note that it was amended in 1907 the language or effect of such amendment was in no way called to the attention of the court either by the briefs or oral argument of counsel and it was not taken into account by me when I made the statement in the opinion as follows: "We think that the order was without authority under the will or by statute." Such amendment is specifically called to our attention by this motion for *Page 588
re-argument. The motion for re-argument should be denied, without costs.
CULLEN, Ch. J., GRAY, HAIGHT, WERNER, WILLARD BARTLETT and COLLIN, JJ., concur.
Motion for re-argument denied..
| PleIAs/common_corpus |
Write a config.yml, write a CalculiX case input file, and run an adapted CalculiX executable.
## Layout of the YAML configuration file
The layout of the YAML configuration file, which should be named config.yml (default name), is explained by means of an example for an FSI simulation:
participants:
Calculix:
interfaces:
- nodes-mesh: Calculix_Mesh
patch: interface
write-data: [DisplacementDeltas]
precice-config-file: ../precice-config.xml
The adapter allows to use several participants in one simulation (e.g. several instances of Calculix if several solid objects are taken into account). The name of the participant “Calculix” must match the specification of the participant on the command line when running the executable of “CCX” with the adapter being used (this is described later). Also, the name must be the same as the one used in the preCICE configuration file precice-config.xml.
One participant may have several FSI interfaces. Note that each interface specification starts with a dash.
For FSI simulations the mesh type of an interface is always “nodes-mesh”, i.e. the mesh is defined node-wise, not element-wise. The name of this mesh, “Calculix_Mesh”, must match the mesh name given in the preCICE configuration file.
For defining which nodes of the CalculiX domain belong to the FSI interface, a node set needs to be defined in the CalculiX input files. The name of this node set must match the name of the patch (here: “interface”).
In the current FSI example, the adapter reads forces from preCICE and feeds displacement deltas (not absolute displacements, but the change of the displacements relative to the last time step) to preCICE. This is defined with the keywords “read-data” and “write-data”, respectively. The names (here: “Forces” and “DisplacementDeltas”) again need to match the specifications in the preCICE configuration file. In the current example, the coupled fluid solver expects displacement deltas instead of displacements. However, the adapter is capable of writing either type. Just use “write-data: [Displacements]” for absolute displacements rather than relative changes being transferred in each time step. Valid readData keywords in CalculiX are:
* Forces
* Displacements
* Temperature
* Heat-Flux
* Sink-Temperature
* Heat-Transfer-Coefficient
Valid writeData keywords are:
* Forces
* Displacements
* DisplacementDeltas
* Temperature
* Heat-Flux
* Sink-Temperature
* Heat-Transfer-Coefficient
From CalculiX version 2.15, additional writeData keywords are available:
* Positions
* Velocities
Note that the square brackets imply that several read- and write-data types can be used on a single interface. This is not needed for FSI simulations (but for CHT simulations). Lastly, the “precice-config-file” needs to be identified including its location. In this example, the file is called precice-config.xml and is located one directory above the folder, in which the YAML configuration file lies.
## CalculiX case input file
CalculiX is designed to be compatible with the Abaqus file format. Here is an example of a CalculiX input file:
*INCLUDE, INPUT=all.msh
*INCLUDE, INPUT=fix1.nam
*INCLUDE, INPUT=fix2.nam
*INCLUDE, INPUT=fix3.nam
*INCLUDE, INPUT=interface.nam
*MATERIAL, Name=EL
*ELASTIC
100000000, 0.3
*DENSITY
10000.0
*SOLID SECTION, Elset=Eall, Material=EL
*STEP, NLGEOM, INC=1000000
*DYNAMIC
0.01, 5.0
*BOUNDARY
Nfix1, 3, 3, 0
Nfix2, 1, 1, 0
Nfix2, 3, 3, 0
Nfix3, 1, 3, 0
Ninterface, 1, 0.0
Ninterface, 2, 0.0
Ninterface, 3, 0.0
*NODE FILE
U
*EL FILE
S, E
*END STEP
The adapter internally uses the CalculiX data format for point forces to apply the FSI forces at the coupling interface. This data structure is only initialized for those nodes, which are loaded at the beginning of a CalculiX analysis step via the input file. Thus, it is necessary to load all nodes of the node set, which defines the FSI interface in CalculiX (referring to the above example, the nodes of set “interface” (Note that in CalculiX a node set always begins with an “N” followed by the actual name of the set, which is here “interface”.) are loaded via the “CLOAD” keyword.), in each spatial direction. However, the values of these initial forces can (and should) be chosen to zero, such that the simulation result is not affected.
CalculiX CCX offers both a geometrically linear as well as a geometrically non-linear solver. Both are coupled via the adapter. The keyword “NLGEOM” (as shown in the example) needs to be included in the CalculiX case input file in order to select the geometrically non-linear solver. It is also automatically triggered if material non-linearities are included in the analysis. In case the keyword “NLGEOM” does not appear in the CalculiX case input file and the chosen materials are linear, the geometrically linear CalculiX solver is used. In any case, for FSI simulations via preCICE the keyword “DYNAMIC” (enabling a dynamic computation) must appear in the CalculiX input file.
More input files that you may find in the CalculiX tutorial cases:
• <name>.inp: The main case configuration file. Through this, several other files are included.
• <name>.msh: The mesh file.
• <name>.flm: Films
• <name>.nam: Names, e.g. indices of boundary nodes
• <name>.sur: Surfaces
• <name>.dfl: DFlux
## Running the adapted calculiX executable
Running the adapted executable is pretty similar to running the original CalculiX CCX solver. The syntax is as follows:
ccx_preCICE -i [CalculiX input file] -precice-participant [participant name]
For example:
ccx_preCICE -i flap -precice-participant Calculix
The input file for this example would be flap.inp. Note that the suffix “.inp” needs to be omitted on the command line. The flag “-precice-participant” triggers the usage of the preCICE adapter. If the flag is not used, the original unmodified solver of CCX is executed. Therefore, the new executable “ccx_preCICE” can be used both for coupled preCICE simulations and CalculiX-only runs. Note that as mentioned above, the participant name used on the command line must match the name given in the YAML configuration file and the preCICE configuration file.
### Supported elements
The preCICE CalculiX adapter supports solid and shell elements. It can been used with both linear and quadratic tetrahedral (C3D4 and C3D10) and hexahedral (C3D8 and C3D20) elements. For shell elements, currently S3 and S6 tetrahedral elements are supported. There is a restriction when using nearest-projection mapping that you have to use tetrahedral elements. If a quasi 2D-3D case is set up (single element in out-of-place direction) then only linear elements are supported.
### Nearest-projection mapping
In order to use nearest-projection mapping, a few additional changes are required. The first is that the interface surface file (.sur) must be added to the Calculix input file. An example of the addition to the input file is given below
*INCLUDE, INPUT=all.msh
*INCLUDE, INPUT=fix1.nam
*INCLUDE, INPUT=fix2.nam
*INCLUDE, INPUT=fix3.nam
*INCLUDE, INPUT=interface.nam
*INCLUDE, INPUT=interface.sur
*MATERIAL, Name=EL
This surface file is generated during the mesh generation process. The second addition is to the config.yml. In order for the adapter to know that the surface mesh must be read, the line
- nodes-mesh
must be changed to
- nodes-mesh-with-connectivity
Note that an error will only occur if nodes-mesh-with-connectivity is specified without a .sur file. The calculix-adapter with nearest-projection mapping only supports tetrahedral elements (C3D4 and C3D10) as preCICE only works with surface triangles for nearest-projection mapping. | open-web-math/open-web-math |
Once upon a time, there was a clumsy dog named Bob. He loved to play in the park. One sunny day, Bob went to the park and saw a swing. He wanted to try it.
Bob tried to sit on the swing, but he was too big. He asked a little boy, "Can you help me?" The little boy smiled and said, "I will try." He pushed Bob on the swing, and Bob went up and down, up and down. Bob was very happy.
While Bob was swinging, a tiny flea jumped on him. The flea tickled Bob, and he laughed. The little boy laughed too. They played on the swing all day long, and Bob and the flea became good friends. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
George Osborne is the most dangerous chancellor Britain has ever had. He tells us the economy is on the mend, but on the mend from what? On the mend from his austerity policy which he deliberately inflicted on the economy slamming it into reverse at a time when it was already gently recovering from the worse global financial crisis for over 80 years?
Osborne chose to take this country down a blind alley in 2010, telling people if we didn't go where he wanted to lead us we would end up like "basket case Greece"! The only basket cases here was George Osborne and David Cameron - liars too! Thanks to Gordon Brown and Alistair Darling, who managed to retain the country's triple A credit status throughout the financial crisis, the UK was in an exceptionally strong position to borrow cheaply. The average maturity of the UK's debt was 14 years not 14 weeks, so Osborne's cynical lies about the comparison of the UK to Greece were risible and politically motivated. The UK was never anywhere near Greece, it was like comparing olives to a stone!
Osborne knew what he was doing, and he cynically exploited peoples fears at that time for his own political aims. Trying to fool people into thinking that this country's fiscal position was out of control by inferring that the previous Labour government had borrowed too much and overspent was not only deceitful, it was dangerous and purely political spin, untruths deliberately out out by Osborne's mates in the right wing press. In fact the national debt was lower in 2008 before the crisis hit than when Labour took office and the economy over from the Tories in 1997 and when Osborne took over the economy in 2010, borrowing was actually falling.
He took a reckless gamble with our economy and despite what he says now about a moving from 'recession into recovery', he lost that gamble and he is now furiously trying to cover his tracks. The US who took the baton from Gordon Brown and continued with Brown's plan, has a strong recovery in place, although they know that they will face some tough decisions in the future they will be better placed to withstand the shock.
The UK is in a dire position, because Osborne took the wrongs decisions and despite this so-called "recovery" that this dangerous chancellor say is in place, the UK is in such a weak position that the slightest headwind will derail us! The only reason that exports and manufacturing has picked up slightly is that the Eurozone has settled a little and Europe (who also took the wrong road) is slightly recovered. It only needs another slight judder in the world and in Europe before we find ourselves back to square one and because of George Osborne's dangerous meddling in the housing market and his foot on the pump helping to over inflate the credit bubble, the true number of unemployed, high inflation and because of Osborne losing us our triple A credit rating, the country is teetering on the brink of another financial recession.
It all comes down to supply and demand and the brutal truth is that demand for British goods worldwide and within Europe despite a tiny blip is nowhere near enough and even that is in danger in another slight downturn. Despite what China tells the rest of the world, they cannot sell to us if no one is buying and the only reason they say their economy continues to grow is because they make cheap goods to export (we cannot complete) and even then China has massive Chinese ghost towns, newly built shopping malls and apartments that no one rents, yet still the building is continuing, and still China's gargantuan credit bubble is inflating and it is not if it goes pop, it's when - what then? India's economy is already slowing as attracting new investment will be tougher as the US prepares to rein in its stimulus. if the US slows slightly and India the great consumer continues to slow, this is going to affect the British economy. George Osborne knows this, so why is he still insisting on dangerously meddling with our housing market and allowing the credit bubble to over inflate again?
What happens if the UK starts bombing Syria and completely destabilises the Middle East disrupting fuel supplies and causing problems with Russia and China? We depend on trading with China to export many of our high end goods, we buy a lot of our gas from Russia (thanks to Thatcher). This country is in danger from this reckless politically motivated Tory chancellor.
For all those people who believe the hype that we have some kind of sudden economic revival and recovery underway, ask yourselves this one question; if Osborne was not now dangerously meddling with the housing market, underwriting deposits and mortgages for people who cannot afford them, and for buy-to-let landlords and blatantly using taxpayers money to do it, where would the economy be this very day? Would the minor upturn in manufacturing and the construction industry have produced the small 0.7% upward movement of GDP? It is a sobering thought because of course the answer to this is they wouldn't, in reality we would have been lucky to get any upward revision at all.
In fact if Osborne had not meddled with the housing market then construction most likely would not have moved. George Osborne's dodgy economic recovery is based on the service sector and the housing market but can this country and our rising population really be sustained on low paid service sector jobs alone and a rapidly over inflating housing bubble? Short answer to that is of course - no! It is simply unsustainable! The reality is that our growth is still a full 2% LESS than where it was in 2010 when Labour handed growth of 2.7% over to George Osborne. The harsh reality is that Osborne;s austerity measures strangled our growth and put the country back into recession, we would have had a treble dip, if it were not for Labour winning and organising the Olympic Games. (One again Labour save the government, even though they are no longer in office!)
Since when has the housing market rising at its fastest rate for SEVEN years been considered a good thing especially in an economy that needs to re-balance its house prices and bring them down to affordable levels? Rising house prices is seriously bad news. Each time house prices rise homes are being put further and further out of the reach of first time buyers and the whole housing market's success depends upon first time buyers, so if the the first rung on the housing ladder is broke, how can we continue? By taking out a government underwritten loan for a deposit under the Help to Buy and Funding for Lending schemes and trying to step over the first rung?
The majority of mortgages are now being granted to buy-to-let investors! They were granted their highest number of loans since 2008 in the second quarter of this year as lower rates driven by cheap money from Osborne's Funding for Lending scheme were snapped up by landlords.
By the end of June, buy-to-let mortgages accounted for 13.3% of total lending in the UK, this was up from 13.1% in the preceding quarter and 12.9% a year earlier and it means that currently more than one in eight mortgages granted is now for buy-to-let!
It compares to just 9.4 per cent in the second quarter of 2007, fewer than one in ten, immediately prior to the credit crunch and start of the financial crisis.
Historic CML data shows the startling rise in the size of the buy-to-let sector during the credit boom. In 1999 there were just 73,200 buy-to-let mortgages outstanding, accounting for a tiny 0.7 per cent of total home loans.
The sector has grown in every year since and last year there were 1,445,300 buy-to-let loans outstanding, accounting for 12.8 per cent of total mortgages.
Figures from the Council of Mortgage Lenders showed 40,000 buy-to-let mortgages worth £5.1 billion were issued between April and July - the highest number, and value of loans since the third quarter of 2008.
Why should the taxpayer, the squeezed middle, the disabled, the unemployed and those unfortunate enough to be forced to live on benefits see their standard of living deliberately driven down by this government as well as be forced to fund private sector landlords business opportunities? People are not only being forced to subsidise private landlords businesses through their taxes, stealth taxes and cuts to benefits like child tax credits etc, but those that are forced to rent their home from these private landlords are paying through nose to rent back a property they are already indirectly being forced to subsidise. It is absolute madness! Further, how long can this insanity last before the whole situation implodes?
Just as Margaret Thatcher created the mass housing shortage we see today which is underpinning the huge problems we have in our economy by selling off council houses under her "Right to Buy" scheme, so George Osborne is creating catastrophic problems for the future with his own insane housing schemes.
Mark Carney at the Bank of England has tried to steady the market by saying they will not raise interest rates until unemployment has fallen to 7% and below, but it has left itself leeway to raise rates if inflation rises. It's precariously balanced to say the very least. The annual rate of inflation fell marginally from 2.9% to 2.8% in June to July, but the only reason it fell was because of cheap airfares and summer recreation, this offset the rise in fuel and diesel. How many real people benefited from cheap airfares? Many couldn't even afford take one holiday this year (unlike the PM who took four!) and dearer fuel would have made this even harder and squeezed living standards still further! Inflation still remains well above the 2% target rate! While inflation remains this high people's living standards will continue to be squeezed. Inflation actually rose the month before, what happens if it rises again? How long will it be before the Governor of the BoE is forced to raise interest rates?
Mr Carney has said that unemployment must fall to 7% before he will raise interest rates, but anyone with half a brain cell knows that the government are fiddling the unemployment figures and the real number of unemployed is over 4 million. Even by the government's fiddled standards unemployment is still higher now than it was in May 2010!
The government are falsifying the figures and bringing them artificially low by over use of zero hour contracts; government workfare schemes; low paid part-time work, self employed and public sector workers being reclassified as private sector workers. At the current rate in which this government are fiddling the unemployment stats Carney's figure if 7% will son be reached, much faster than most envisage too! So if Carney raises interest rates on the back of fiddled statistics this is going to have a devastating effect in the British economy! How will the true number of people unemployed live? What will happen to the British economy then?
If we carry on like this we are heading for a catastrophic crash and all because George Osborne is trying to buck the housing market by over inflating the housing bubble and the credit bubble in the hope that people will overlook his abysmal mismanagement of the economy and vote for them again. In effect what Osborne is doing is using public money to buy votes for the Tory party.
Where is this country heading under this Conservative-led coalition? As far as I can see there isn't even a medium term plan let alone a long term plan. All I see under this supposed economic recovery is more problems being created and older problems being swept under the carpet.
Nowhere in his plans does the Tory chancellor have anything new, all he has done is dust down Margaret Thatcher's failed monetarist policies give them a new name and reimpose them on our already fragile economy and is now helping us tip towards economic Armageddon.
Assuming our young people can get a decent job paying a decent wage (which is highly debatable) where in this government's plans for the future generations of this country are the policies that will enable our grandchildren to be able to buy their own houses? If they cannot do this, where is the provisions being laid right now that will ensure they stand a chance of living in decent accommodation and paying a decent fair rent? Where is the thousands of social housing homes being built that this country desperately needs? Where are the plans for the future of this country?
We know now, in fact we have known for some time that we just cannot carry on with the same MO, the same capitalist system, the same people running the same banks, now taking the same huge bonuses as they were before the crash, yet this government and particularly Osborne and Cameron have no answers. They are too afraid of upsetting their party funders the bankers, shadow bankers and big business to do the things that need to be done.
Ed Miliband is the only party leader who has the gumption to stand up and point out to where we went wrong and where we are going wrong again, to point to the bankers and big business to tell them we have to change as a country. He is the only one who seems to understand, if we do not change now, then we are heading for the worst kind of disaster yet again.
Only this time our young will face a lifetime of austerity, but with no state education and no NHS and a private police service and this is thanks to the Tories who are privatising everything and selling everything off, just like Thatcher did and look how much we are now forced to pay for rail fares, gas, electricity and water. How will people manage on poor standards of living and low wages?
Unless we want our children to work in cafes, bars, McDonalds Tescos and pay through the nose for everything in a country where the rich get richer and the poor are getting poorer, we had better listen to Ed Miliband, at least give our future generations a decent chance.
Carrying on with George Osborne as chancellor fills me with dread, what he is doing to this country is criminally insane! | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
## anonymous 4 years ago A corner lot has dimensions 25 by 40 yards. The city plans to take a strip of uniform width along the two sides bordering the streets to widen these roads. How wide should the strip be if the remainder of the lot is to have an area of 844 square yards? (Round your answer to two decimal places.) I got help before and got the answer of 3.12 yds but im still getting it as wrong so im all lost :/
1. anonymous
i tried that too and then 3.12 mult by 4 also :(
2. anonymous
hmmm, this is so weird then
3. anonymous
haha okay, well thank you anyway, ill talk with my teacher then!
4. anonymous
no :/
5. anonymous
but wait i think i remember my teacher talking about having something at 25 though
6. anonymous
okay!
7. anonymous
okay, well thank you SO much for the extra help!!!
8. anonymous
2.4958
9. anonymous
10. anonymous
$x=\frac{65+\sqrt{3601}}{2}$
11. anonymous
I just saw it, I hope my solution helps him/her.. | open-web-math/open-web-math |
4. L'inscription d'une hypothèque légale (au profit du trésor) est valable, dans l'intérêt du créancier lui-même, quoique, suivant le sens littéral des termes, elle paraisse n'avoir été prise qu'au profit de l'agent chargé du recouvrement de la créance, si, d'ailleurs, la nature de la créance indique le véritable créancier. — 29 juin 1809, Agen. [S.10.2.309, C.N.5.-D.A.9. 257.) 5. Le défaut de mention du domicile de l'agent du trésor dans une inscription par lui prise au nom du trésor, ne vicie pas l'inscription. — 22 mai 1818, Rouen. (8.18.2.250; C.N.5.-D.A.9.t 80.] 6. L'inscription de l'hypothèque convenue par un adjudicataire de bois nationaux, en faveur de sa caution, doit, à peine de nullité, comprendre le capital et les accessoires. On peut assimiler cette inscription à l'inscription prise par le gouvernement contre un comptable de deniers publics ou sa caution, cas affranchi de la formalité de la mention des capitaux. — 5 sept. 1808, Cass. 18.8.1.556; C.N.2,-D.A.9.284.) 7. L'inscription prise par l'Etat sur les biens d'un entrepreneur de travaux publics, à raison de la créance éventuelle de l'Etat pour le cas de non-exécution des travaux est valable, bien qu'elle ne contienne pas une évaluation de la créance, si elle indique d'ailleurs le montant de l'adjudication : cette adjudication remplit suffisamment le vœu de la loi. — 12 janv. 1855, Cass. [S.V .55. t .11.-D.p.55.1.87.1 Indication alphabétique. Acquéreur, 31 et s. Adjudicataire, 26 et s., 35. Cession de biens, 3. Cessionnaire, 59, 62. Cotisation des hypothèques, 66. Compensation, 51 et s. Coparcenaire, 5. Délai, 41 et s. Délégation, 4. Effet de l'inscription, 14 et s. Effet rétroactif, G, 56. Etat d'inscription, 66. Expropriation forcée, 84 et s., 35. Faillite, 7 et 9. Force majeure, 47. Formalités, 48 et s. H., pour lequel le, J, 6 et 6 bi. Enscript d'off., 1er jour férié, 46. Licensation, 16. Maudition, 60. Mentions, 50et s. Notificat., V. Purge Ordre, 19, 29, 37, 38 et s., 65 Purge, 17 ets., 32, 65 Qualité, 65 et s. Remission, 67. Saisie immobilière, 24 et s., 35. Vente, 5. Subrogation, 61. Succ. bénéf., 11, 12. Succ. vac. 13. Surenchère, 18, 22. Titre (représentation de), 48, 49. Transcription, 15. Vendeur, 1, a, 3. Vente, 10, 15 et o. Vente sur publications, 30. § 1er. — Inscriptions soumises au renouvellement. Un avis du conseil d'Etat des 15 déc. 1807-22 janv. 1808, (S.8.2.81 ; C.N.10.) porte que : « Toute inscription doit être renouvelée avant l'expiration du délai de dix ans.—Lorsque l'inscription a été nécessaire pour opérer l'hypothèque, le renouvelement est nécessaire pour sa conservation.—Lorsque l'hypothèque existe indépendamment de l'inscription, et que celle-ci n'est ordonnée que sous des peines particulières, ceux qui ont dû la faire doivent la renouveler sous les mêmes peines.—Enfin, lorsque l'inscription a dû être prise d'office par le conservateur, elle doit être renouvelée par le créancier qui y a intérêt.. 2. Ainsi, l'inscription prise d'office pour le vendeur, lors de la transcription du contrat, est soumise à la nécessité du renouvellement. — 27 avr. 1826, Rej. [S.26.1.374; C.N.8.-D.P.26.t.255] — Id. 18 juin 1828, Rennes. [S.V.32.1.151.] — Id. 23 mars 1829, Toulouse. [S.50.2.182; C.N.9.-D.p.50.2.112.] — Id. 27 juill. 1846, Aix. [S V.46.2.443.] — Sic, Troplong, n° 716 ; Duranton, n° 175. 3. Mais le privilège du vendeur n'est pas éteint par la péremption, à défaut de renouvellement, de cette inscription d'office. Le vendeur peut, tant que l'immeuble n'est pas sorti des mains de l'acquéreur, et en cas de revente par celui-ci, tant que les quinze jours depuis la transcription du contrat du nouvel acquéreur ne sont pas expirés, prendre une inscription nouvelle qui conserve son privilège à la date de la vente — 24 mars 1817, Paris. [S.18.2.19; C.N.5.-D.A.9.108.] — Id. 7 déc. 1851, Paris. [S.V.32.2.129.-D.P.32. 2.77.] — Id. 20 fév. 1834, Paris. [S.V.54.2.160.-D.P.54.2.152.] — Id. 8 mars 1843, Paris. [S.V.43.2. 193.-D. P .U.2.1.-P .45.1.57 4.]Sic, Persil, Quest., ch. 6, § 7; Favard, v° Priv., sect. 4, n° 6 ; Troplong, n° 286 et s.; Duranton, t. 19, n° 171. — V. sup., art. 2108, n°' 7 et s. 4. De même, et à plus forte raison, est soumise à renouvellement, l'inscription d'un créancier dont la créance doit être payée par l'acquéreur en vertu d'une clause du contrat de vente. — 12 fév. 1812, Caen. C.N.4.-D.A.9.314.] 5. Est aussi soumise au renouvellement, l'inscription prise pour la conservation du privilège d'une soulte de partage. — 18 juill. 1825, Cass. [S.25.1. [S.12.2.290 ;392 ; C. N.8.-D.p.25.t.363.] 6. L'inscription prise pour sûreté de l'hypothèque légale du mineur, n'est pas soumise à la formalité du renouvellement.-1er déc. 1824, Rej. [D.P.27.1.480.] -Id. 21 août 1833, Rej. [S.V.55.1.612.-D.p.35.J. 305.J-Sic, Baudot, no 825.-V. inf., art. 2194, no 20. 6 bis. L'inscription prise sous l'empire de la loi du 11 brum. an 7, par une femme sur les biens de son mari, n'a pas été soumise par le Code civil à la nécessité du renouvellement dans les dix ans : l'article 2154 lui est inapplicable. — 14 juill. 1831, Rej. [S, V.21. 1.557 .-D.P.51.1.250.] § II. — Cas où le renouvellement cesse ou non d'être nécessaire. 7. La faillite du débiteur ne dispense pas les créanciers de renouveler leurs inscriptions. — 17 juin 1817, Rej. [S.17.1.287; C.N.5.-D.A.9.508.] — Id. 26 fév. 1819, Dijon. [C.N.6.-D.A.9.314.] — Id. 26 juin 1820, Limoges. [S.21.2.57; C.N.6.-D.A.9.104.]— M. 19 fév. 1825, Caen. (8.26.2.65; C.N.8.-D.P.25.2.160.]— Id. 30 mai 1825, Rouen. [8.26.2.221; C.N.8.-D.P.26.2.13.] Id. 15 déc. 1829, Rej. [S 30.1.62; C.N.9.-D.P.30.1.6.] — Id. 19 août 1841, Paris. [S.V.41.2.588.-D.P.42. 2.101.]-Sic, Merlin, Rép., v° Inscrip. hyp., t. 16, p. 491 ; Troplong, n° 660 bis et 727 ter ; Grenier, t. 1er, n° 114; Duranton. t. 20, n° 168; Zachariae, t. 2, p. 280, n° 10 ; Baudot, n° 830. 8. Id... Même alors qu'il y a une inscription prise au nom de la masse des créanciers par les syndics, conformément au Code de commerce, Sol. impl.— 2 août 1820, Limoges. [S.21.2.57; C.N.6.-D.A.-9.104.] 9. Jugé au contraire que la survenance de la faillite dispense du renouvellement des inscriptions. — 9 mars 1812, Paris. [S 12.2.408 ; C.N.4.-D.A.9.314.] -Id. 12 août 1823, Paris. (8.25.2.145; C.N.7.]— 7 déc. 1851, Paris. [S.V.32.2.129 -D.p.52.2.77.] Sic, Delvincourt, t 3, p. 168. n° 3 ; Persil, art. 2154, n°7, et Quest.,t. 1er, p. 328; Pardessus, Dr. comm. t t. 4, n° 1123. 40. Id... Surtout lorsque les biens du failli ont déjà été vendus, et que l'état des inscriptions a été produit à l'ordre par les syndics de la faillite. — 30 juin 1820, Rouen. [8.20.2.506; C.N.6.-D.A.9.314.] 41. Les créanciers ne sont pas dispensés du renouvellement par cela seul que la succession de leur débiteur décédé a été acceptée sous bénéfice d'inventaire: — 15 déc. 1826, Bordeaux. [S.27.2.221; C.N.8.-D.P. 27.2.158.] — Id. 29 juin 1830, Rej. [8.50.1.255; C. N.9.-D P.30.1.510.] Sic, Troplong, n° 727 ter.; Baudot, no 830. 42. Jugé en sens contraire: 18 mars 1820, Rouen, [8.25.2.321; C.N.6.-D.A.9.514.] 43. Il n'y a pas non plus dispense de renouvelement par cela seul que la succession du débiteur est vacante. — 19 fév. 1825, Caen. [S.26.2.65; C.N.8.-D.P.25.2 160.] 44. Le renouvellement cesse d'être nécessaire dès que l'inscription a produit son effet: le principe est évident; mais quand a-t-elle produit son effet? C'est ce sur quoi, il existe des opinions fort diverses, que M. Troplong expose avec détail aux n°. 718 et s.; V. aussi Devilleneuve et Carette, Collect. nouv., 2.1.509. Voici les solutions de la jurisprudence intervenues à ce sujet. 45. Le seul fait de transcription du contrat de vente de l'immeuble hypothéqué ne dispense pas les créanciers de renouveler leurs inscriptions: elles ne sont pas réputées avoir produit leur effet. — 15 déc. 1829, Rej. [S.50.1.62; C.N.9.-D.p.50.1.6.] — Sic Troplong, no 727 bis. 46.... Ni par cela seul que les biens hypothéqués ont été vendus par licitation devant notaires, même en vertu de jugement. —18 fév. 1834, Cass. [S.V.34.1. 76.] — Sic, Duranton, t. 20, n° 167 bis. 47. Mais l'inscription a produit tout son effet et est dispensée de renouvellement, dès que l'acquéreur a notifié son contrat avec offre de payer son prix. — 29 août 1813, Paris. [S.16.2.175 ; C.N.5.-D.A.9.311.] — Id. 10 juill. 1823, Bordeaux. [S.25.2.246; C.N.7. -D.A.9.512.] — Id. 21 fév. 1825, Paris. [S.26.2.33; C.N.8.-D.p.26.2.16.] — Id. 3 janv. 1827, Montpellier. [8.27.2.211 ; C.N.8. D.P.28.2.122.] — Id. 16 fév. 1830, Lyon. [S.V.:n.2.292; C.N.9.-D.p.31. 2.11.] — Id. 30 juill. 1835, Toulouse. [S.V.36. 2.156.-D.P.56.2.79.]— Id. 16 janv. 1840, Paris. [S. V.40.2.129.-D.P.40.2.114.-P,40.1.338.]— Sic, Per sil, art. 2154, n° 4 et 5, et Quelques, t. 1er, p. 430 et 435; Grenier, t. 1er, a* 112; Troplong, n° 723 ; Battu, p. 459; Duranton, t 2Q, n° 167. Peu importe que la notification ait été suivie de surenchère et d'adjudication au profit du surenchérisseur. — 5 mars 1831, Rej. [S.V.31 l 343.-D.P D.P.31.f .178.] Et à plus forte raison si la notification a été suivie d'ouverture d'un ordre. 16 juin 1824, Paris, [S.25.2.186 ; C.N.7.-D.A.9.312.] Jugé en sens contraire, que la notification de son contrat faite par l'acquéreur, ne dispense pas ces créanciers du renouvellement des inscriptions, s'il n'est pas donné suite à la notification.-29 juill. 1828 Cass. [S.28.1.327 ; C.N.9-D.P.28.1.357] — Sic, Merlin, Quest., yo Renouvell. d'inscrip., § 2. 24. De même, il n'y a pas dispense de renouvellement, par cela seul qu'avant l'expiration des dix ans, il y a eu, de la part du créancier, sommation de notifier, instance engagée sur la validité de l'inscription, et conclusions du créancier contre le tiers détenteur au paiement de sa créance. — 3 fév. 1824, Rej. [S.24 1. 190; C N.7.-D A.9.310.] 22. Pareillement, la surenchère faite par un créancier inscrit, après la notification par l'acquéreur de son contrat d'acquisition, ne dispense pas le créancier de l'obligation de renouveler son inscription dans les dix ans. — 17 mars 1828, Bordeaux. [S.28.2.179; C. N.9.-D.p.28.2.104.] Id. 12 mai 1824, Grenoble, [S.25.2.184; C.N.7.-D.A.9.3J2.) 23. Du reste, une inscription est réputée avoir produit son effet légal, et par suite est dispensée de renouvelement, lorsque le débiteur, en vendant les biens hypothéqués, a chargé l'acquéreur de payer son prix à l'ensemble des créanciers inscrits, qui se sont trouvés ainsi délégataires de ce prix, et que l'acquéreur leur a notifié son contrat, dans lequel se trouvait la délégation ; en un tel cas, cette délégation peut être considérée comme un règlement amiable sur la distribution du prix. — 8 juill. 1834, Rej. [S.V.34.1.504.] 24. La saisie de l'immeuble hypothéqué, ni la dénonciation de cette saisie, suivie même de l'apposition des placards, avec notification aux créanciers inscrits, ne dispensent pas ceux-ci de renouveler. — 26 mai 1813, Bruxelles. [S. 13.2.371; C.N.4.-D.A.9.509.] — Id. 19 août 1820, Paris. [S.21.2.182; C.N.6.1] — Id 31 janv. 1821, Cass. [S.21.1.180; C.N.6.-D.A.9.310] — Id. 9 août 1821, Rej. [S.22.1.38; C.N.6.-D.A.9. 309.] — Id. 20 mai 1828, Toulouse. [S.28.2.257; C. N.9.-D.p.28.2.203.] — Id. 18 août 1830, Rej. [S.V. 31.1.174; C.N.9.-D.P.30.1.377.] — Sic, Troplong, n° 718 et s. 25. Jugé cependant en sens contraire, pour le cas où il y a eu notification du placard aux créanciers. — 29 mars 1817, Rouen. [S.7.2.238; C.N.5.-D.A.9. 310] — Sic, Persil, art. 2154, n° 6, et Quest., t. 1er, p. 433. 26. La dispense de renouvellement existe à partir de l'adjudication sur expropriation forcée, en ce qu'alors l'inscription est réputée avoir produit son effet. — 18 juin 1830, Toulouse. [S.30.2.364; C.N.9.-D.P. 31.2.281] Id. 14 juin 1831, Rej. [8.V.51.1.357.-D. P.31.1.230.] — Sic, Troplong, n° 720; Duranton, t. 20, no 165 et 164.—Secus, Merlin, Rép., v. Inscript. hyp., § 8 bis n° 5, et Quest., v. Renouvell. d'inscrip., § 8. 27. Peu importe d'ailleurs que l'adjudication n'ait pas été suivie d'ouverture d'ordre. — 20 déc. 1831, Cass. (8.V.52.1.151.-D.p.52.I.6.) 28. Et il n'est pas nécessaire dans ce cas que ce soit le créancier inscrit qui soit devenu adjudicataire. — 24 fév. 1831, Bordeaux. [S.V.31.2.147.] 29. Surtout l'expropriation dispense de renouvellement, lorsqu'il y a eu ouverture d'ordre et production par le créancier. 6 avr. 1808, Cass. [S.8.1. 216; C.N.2.-D.A.9.237.] 30. Jugé même que l'adjudication devant notaire, après conversion d'une saisie immobilière en vente sur publications volontaires, fixe le rang des inscriptions hypothécaires, de même que si l'expropriation avait suivi sa marche ordinaire. — 4 janv. 1834, Angers. [S. V.54.2 172.] 31. Mais l'acquisition que fait le créancier inscrit de l'immeuble hypothéqué à sa créance, ne le dispense pas de renouveler. Vainement se prévaudrait-il des principes sur la compensation. — 30 janv. 1826, Caen. S.26.2.313; C.N.8.-D.P.26.2.155.] — Id. 10 mars 1832, Grenoble. (S.V.52.2.408.-D.p.38.2.78.) 32. Au moins en est-il ainsi tant qu'il n'a pas purgé. — 5 fév. 1828, Rej. [S.28.1.142; C.N.9.-D p. 28.1.120.] — Id. 1er mai 1828, Rej. (8.28.1.301; C. 11.9.-D.p.28.1.236.] Sic, Persil, art. 2154, no 8; Troplong, n° 726 bis; Duranton, n° 167 bis. ; Baudot, n° 840. 33. Id... Peu importe qu'il ait été stipulé, lors de la vente, que la créance de l'acquéreur se compenserait avec le prix de vente.-28 mai 1827, Bourges. [S.29. 2 193; C.N.9.-D P.29.2.259.]— 1er mai 1828, Rej. [8.28.1.501; C.N.9.-D.P.28.1 236.1 34. Jugé au contraire que le créancier-acquéreur est dispensé de renouvellement.-17 déc. 1821, Grenoble. [S.23.2.27; C.N.6.—D.A.9.312.] — Id. 25 mai 1822, Grenoble. [S.23.2.26; C.N.7.-D.A.9.313.] 35. Id.... Au cas où le créancier s'est rendu adjudicataire sur expropriation. —7 juill. 1829, Rej. [S. 29.1.349; C.N.9.-D.p.29.1 290.] — Id. 8 AVR. 1829, Grenoble. [S.29.2.265; C.N.9.] Pour ce cas d'adjudication, la solution est justifiée par les décisions rappelées aux n°* 26 et suivants. 36. Id.... Au cas d'abandon de biens fait par un débiteur à ses créanciers, pour en jouir, faire et disposer en pleine propriété, jusqu'à concurrence de leurs créances, avec convention que les biens cédés seront vendus à l'amiable, et que le prix en sera distribué dans l'ordre des inscriptions alors subsistantes. — 14 avr. 1826, Paris. [S.27.2.62; C.N.8.-D.p.27.2.75.] 37. Lorsqu'au moment de l'ouverture de l'ordre, l'inscription d'un créancier avait moins de dix ans de date, cette inscription conserve, sans être sujette à renouvellement, les droits hypothécaires du créancier sur des sommes restées entre les mains de l'acquéreur pour le service d'une rente viagère, et cela encore bien qu'un jugement (depuis annulé) eût attribué ces sommes à un autre créancier. — 18 avr. 1832, Rej. [S.V.32.1.452.-D.P.32.1.173] 38. Quand l'inscription frappe sur deux immeubles distincts, s'il arrive que les deux immeubles soient vendus séparément, et qu'il y ait deux ordres différents, la collocation du créancier, dans l'un des deux ordres, fait sans doute que l'inscription hypothécaire a produit son effet relativement à l'immeuble sur le prix duquel il y a eu collocation; mais il ne s'ensuit pas que l'inscription hypothécaire ait produit son effet relativement à l'immeuble sur lequel l'ordre n'a pas été ouvert. A cet égard l'inscription hypothécaire reste soumise à l'obligation de renouvellement, dans les dix ans, à peine de péremption.— 15 déc. 1829, Rej. [S. 30.1.62, C.N.9.-D.P.30.1.6.] 39. L'ouverture de l'ordre qui a la propriété de dispenser du renouvellement, ne consiste pas précisément dans le procès-verbal d'ouverture d'ordre dressé par le juge-commissaire, aux termes de l'art. 752, Cod. proc. civ.; elle résulte plutôt de l'exact accomplissement des formalités prescrites aux créanciers par les art. 750 à 754, même Code; tellement que si le créancier a requis l'ouverture de l'ordre, s'il a régulièrement sommé les autres créanciers de produire leurs titres, et produit lui-même les siens, laissant au juge de remplir son office pour l'ouverture du procès-verbal d'ordre, il y a légalement ouverture d'ordre à son égard et pour son profit, quand même le procès-verbal d'ordre ne serait ouvert par le juge que plus tard, et après que l'inscription du créancier aurait acquis dans l'intervalle plus de dix ans de date. — 6 nov. 1829, Cass. [S.30.1.21; C.N.9.-D.P.30.1.5.] 40. De ce qu'il y a ouverture d'ordre à l'égard et pour le profit du créancier qui a rempli les formalités prescrites par les art. 750 à 754 Cod. proc. 40 bis. Voy. art. 2173, c° 1". § 3.-Calcul du délai de dix ans. 41. Dans le calcul du délai de dix ans, fixé pour le renouvellement des inscriptions, doit-on ou non comprendre les jours terme? A cet égard, il existe trois systèmes différents. 42. 1er système. On ne doit compter ni le jour de l'inscription, ni le dernier jour du délai; en sorte qu'une inscription prise le 12 mai est valablement renouvelée le 15. — Sic, Persil, art. 2154, n° 8; Delvincourt, t. 3, p. 583.-Jugé en ce sens: 21 mai 1814, Paris. [S. 15.2.228 i C.N.4.-D.A.9.306.] 43. 2e système. On doit au contraire comprendre dans le délai et le jour de l'inscription et le dernier jour des dix ans; de manière qu'une inscription prise le 12 mai doit être renouvelée le 11. — Sic, Merlin, Rép., v" Inscript, hyp., g 8 bit, n° 111, et Quest., vo Délai, 8 4 bit. -Jugé en ce sens; 30 juill. 1813, Colmar. [S.15.2.23; C.N.4.-D.A.9.305], et 2 janv. 1841, Toulouse. [S.V.41.2.465.-D.P.42.2.114.] — Merlin cite aussi un arrêt du rejet du 17 juin 1817. [S.17.1.287; C.N.5.-D.A.9.308]; mais cet arrêt, comme on l'a fait remarquer, n'avait pas la question à résoudre. 44. 3ème système. On ne doit pas faire entrer dans la supputation du délai le jour de l'inscription (dies a quo), mais on doit y comprendre le jour de l'expiration du délai (dies ad quem). Ainsi, l'inscription prise le 12 mai peut et doit être renouvelée le 12. — Sic, Grenier, n° 107; Sirey, Consultât. 22.2.217; Troplong, no, 303 et 714; Duranton, n° 160; Rolland de Villargues, vo Inscript. hyp., no 560; Zachariae, t. 2, S 280, not. 5; Baudot, n° 809. 45. Ce dernier système, qui paraît le plus rationnel, a été consacré par les arrêts suivants : 20 fév. 1811, Bruxelles, aff. Dehagre. [S.13.2.371; C.N.3.-D.A.9. 310.]—26 juin 1813, Bruxelles, aff. Demarez. [S.13. 2.371; C.N.3.-D.A.9.309.] - 19 oct. 1815, Bruxelles. [D.A.9.505.] - 3 juill. 1824, Limoges. [S.26.2.17.1; C.K.7.-D A.9.305.]—19 fév. 1825, Caen. [S.26.2.65, C N.8.-D.p.25.2.160.] - 5 avr. 1825, Rej. [S.26.1. 152; C.N.8.-D.P.25.1.255.]—13 fév. 1826, Bordeaux. [D.P.26.2.199.] 7 mars 1826, Nîmes. [D.P.26.2. 209.] - 8 avr. 1843 (Sol. impl.), Riom. [S.V.45.2. 370 570.-D.p.U.2. u.-P.U.I.585.] 46. Bien que le dernier jour des dix ans fixés pour la durée des inscriptions hypothécaires se trouve être un jour férié, le délai pour leur renouvellement n'est pas prorogé au jour suivant : l'inscription est donc périmée si elle n'est renouvelée, dans ce cas, que le lendemain de l'expiration des dix ans. — 8 avr. 1843, Riom. [S.V.43.2.370-D.P.44 2.H.-P.44.I.385.] — Sic, Toullier, t. 13, n° 55; Troplong, n° 714; Duranton, n° 161; Baudot, n° 810. V. aussi Vazeille, Prescript., t. 1er, n° 528.-rontrd, Persil, art. 2154, n° 10; Grenier, n° 107; Rolland de Villargues, v° Inscript. hypoth., n° 561. 47. Les obstacles à la communication entre le domicile du créancier et le bureau de la situation des biens, à moins qu'ils ne soient invincibles, ne relèvent pas du défaut de renouvellement de l'inscription dans les dix ans. — 24 juin 1826, Bordeaux. [S.26.2.306; C.N. 8.-D.P.26.2.221.] § 4. — Formalités du renouvellement. 48. La représentation du titre de créance ne peut être exigée par les conservateurs au cas de renouvellement d'une inscription hypothécaire : il n'en est pas comme de l'inscription primitive. 14 avril 1817, Cass. [S.17.1.206; C.N.5.-D.A.9.307.]— Id. 27 déc. 1831, Paris. [S.V.32.2.49.-D.P.33.2.6*.]— Id. 2 av. 1854, Inst. de la régie de l'enregist. [S.V.34.2.373.-D.P.34. 3.52.— Sic, Merlin, Rép., vo Inscript, hyp., § 8 bit, ne 15; Troplong, n° 715, in fine; Baudot, n° 218.— V. cependant en sens contraire, une Instr. de la régie du 7 sept. 1806. (8.6.2.234.)] 49. À plus forte raison en est-il ainsi au cas de renouvellement d'une inscription prise sous la loi du 11 brum. an 7. — 30 mars et 11 avril 1809. Lettr. des min. de la just. et des fin. [S.9.2.215.]— Id. arrêt de Cass. de 1817, cité au numéro précédent. 50. Le renouvellement d'une inscription, pour être valable, doit mentionner l'inscription renouvelée. — À défaut d'énonciation à cet égard, l'inscription en renouvellement n'a d'effet que comme inscription première, et laisse tomber en péremption l'inscription renouvelée.— 1817, Bruxelles. (Merlin, t. 16, p. 476.— Id. 14 juin 1831, Rej. [S.V.31.1.357.-D.P. 31. 1.230.1 Id. 29 août 1838, Cass. [S.V.38.1.769.-D.P.38.1.374.-P.38.2.242.] — Id. 10 janv. 1844, Lyon. [S.V.44.2.208.]— Sic, Merlin, Rép., v° Hyp., § 8 bit, n° 11; Zachariae, t. 2, p280, not. 15; Baudot, n° 813.-Contrà, Troplong, n° 715. L'opinion de ce dernier auteur nous semble préférable : voy. nos observations S.V.38.1.769. 51. Mais l'inscription en renouvellement a effet quoiqu'elle ne contienne pas en elle-même la désignation de l'inscription primitive, si cette désignation est faite sur les registres, dans une note marginale du conservateur. – 3 fév. 1819, Rej. [S. t9.1.245; C.N. 6.-D. A.9.275.] 52. L'inscription en renouvellement doit, à peine de nullité, être accompagnée des pièces requises pour l'inscription primitive, ainsi que d'une déclaration sous serment de l'inscrivant, que la créance dont l'inscription est requise a été liquidée et que le prix en a été reçu. [C. c. 1593.] 53. Les frais des inscriptions sont à la charge du débiteur, s'il n'y a stipulation contraire; l'avance en est faite par l'inscrivant, si ce n'est quant aux hypothèques légales, pour l'inscription desquelles le conservateur a son recours contre le débiteur. Les frais de la transcription qui peut être requise par le vendeur, sont à la charge de l'acquéreur. [C. c. 1593.] 54. Les actions auxquelles les inscriptions peuvent donner lieu contre les créanciers, seront intentées devant le tribunal compétent, par explois faits à leur personne, ou au dernier des domiciles élus sur leur registre; et ce, nonobstant le décès soit des créanciers, soit de ceux chez lesquels ils auront fait élection de domicile. [C. c. 111, 2183; C.pr. 59, 753.] CHAPITRE V. De la Radiation et Réduction des Inscriptions. 55. Les inscriptions sont rayées du consentement des parties intéressées et ayant capacité à cet effet, ou en vertu d'un jugement en dernier ressort ou passé en force de chose jugée. [C. c. 1124, 1350, 2180; C. pr. 548, 772.] 56. Dans l'un et l'autre cas, ceux qui requièrent la radiation déposent au bureau du conservateur l'expédition de l'acte authentique portant consentement, ou celle du jugement. [C. c. 1317; C. pr. 772.] 57. La radiation de nullité, comme l'inscription primitive, énonce la date et la nature du titre constitutif de la créance. – 14 janv. 1818, Rej. [S.18.1.300; C.N.5.-D.A.9.306.] 53. Cependant, cette inscription est valable malgré le défaut d'indication de la date et de la nature du titre, si mention suffisante en est faite dans l'inscription primitive à laquelle elle déclare se référer. - 22 fév. 1825, Cass. [S.25.1.178 ; C N.8.-D.P.25.1.155.] -Sic, Troplong, n° 715; Zacharie, t. 2, s 280, note 1. 54. De même, le renouvellement est valable, quoique le titre soit indiqué sous une fausse date, si la date véritable se trouve énoncée dans la première inscription.- 9 janv. 1827, Grenoble. [S.27.2.216; C.N.8. -D.P.28.2.99.] 55. L'inscription en renouvellement sous le Code civil n'est pas soumise aux formalités dont l'inscription originaire était affranchie par la loi du temps où elle a été prise.- Merlin, v° Inscript. hyp., §8 bis, D° 14, qui cite deux arrêts de Liège du 8 août 1811 et de Bruxelles du 9 oct. 1815. 56. Du reste, le créancier qui ayant une hypothèque générale sur tous les biens de son débiteur, a requis d'abord une inscription conforme à son titre, ne doit pas être considéré comme ayant renoncé à son hypothèque générale, par cela seul que dans le renouvellement, il aurait indiqué quelques immeubles seulement. — Baudot, n° 816. 58. V. encore sur les formalités du renouvellement le n° 65 de l'article 2148. § 5.-Qui peut renouveler.-À qui profite le renouvellement.-Par qui le défaut de renouvellement est opposable.-Effet du renouvellement. Le cessionnaire d'une créance hypothécaire peut valablement renouveler l'inscription sous le nom de son cédant, même après la signification du transport. — 16 nov. 1840, Rej. [S.V.40.1.961.-D.P.41.1.8.-P.40.2 674.]—Id. 17 avr. 1839, Bourges. [S.V. 39.2.109.-D.p.40.2.56.-P. 41.2.649.]—Sic, Sic, Favard, V Inscr. hyp., sect. 5, n° 9; Duranton, t. 20, n° 95; Troplong, n° 564; Persil, Quett., t. 1er, p. 574, -Sur l'art. 2148, no 4; Delvincourt, t. 3, p. 548; Grenier, t. 11, n° 74.—V. sup., art. 2148, n° 14 et s. De même, le mandataire peut renouveler, en son nom personnel, l'inscription hypothécaire prise par le mandant.-12 fév. 1841, Bourges. [S.V.41.2.617.-D.P.42.2.96.-P.42.2.599.] — Cela nous paraît faire gravement difficulté. Le renouvellement d'inscription fait par le créancier, postérieurement à la subrogation dans une partie de la créance par lui consentie en faveur d'un tiers, profite au tiers subrogé, lorsque ce renouvellement d'inscription comprend la totalité de la créance. -7 mai 1836, Bordeaux. [S.V.36.2.488.-D.P.37.2. -61.-P.37.1.380.] Lorsqu'une créance hypothécaire a été cédée en partie avec stipulation de préférence et d'antériorité au profit de la portion cédée, le cessionnaire, qui n'a pas renouvelé son inscription en temps utile, doit, en cas d'ordre, profiter, en vertu de la clause de préférence, de la collecter faite au profit du cédant qui a renouvelé pour lui-même, sauf à indemniser ce dernier de la perte résultant du non-renouvelément de l'inscription.— 20 mars 1844, Rej. [S.V.44.1.297.] Le défaut de renouvellement peut être invoqué par l'acquéreur, à l'effet de faire écarter la surenchère formée par le créancier. — 12 mai 1824, Grenoble. 18.25.2 184; C.N.7.-D.A 9.512.]-Id 17 mars 1828, Bordeaux. [S,28.2.i7*i C.N.9.-D.P.M.2.1M.J Lorsqu'il est poursuivi hypothécairement. 1-1 fév. 1825, Rouen. [S.25 2.271 ; C.N.8 -D.P. 25.2.122]—/d. 5 rév. 1824, Rej. [S.24.1.190 ; C.N. 7.-D.A.9.310.]—Sic, Troplong, n°716 bit. 65. Le défaut de renouvellement peut aussi être opposé par les propres créanciers de l'acquéreur qui a notifié son contrat, si l'ordre est ouvert non sur la tête de cet acquéreur, mais bien sur la tête d'un nouvel acquéreur, et pour la distribution du prix dû par celui-ci. -29 juill. 1828, Cass. [S.28.1.527; C.N.9. -D.P.28.1.557.] 66. L'inscription hypothécaire non renouvelée en temps utile s'éteint tellement, que le conservateur des hypothèques ne doit pas comprendre, dans les certificats qu'il délivre, les inscriptions périmées; et s'il les y comprend, il est tenu de les supprimer et de restituer les droits perçus à cette occasion. — 21 janv. 1814, Paris. [S.14.2.186 ; C.N.4.-D.A.9.457.] [21551 = 4. L'inscription hypothécaire conserve virtuellement les frais qu'elle occasionne, au même rang que le capital, sans qu'il soit nécessaire que l'inscription mentionne qu'elle est prise pour ces frais, ni qu'elle en énonce le montant.—Persil, art. 2155, n° 1er, et Quest., t. 1er, p. 361. — Contrat, Troplong, n° 730. 2. Le conservateur n'est pas fondé à percevoir plusieurs salaires pour l'inscription d'un bordereau contenant plusieurs créances, s'il y a unité de créanciers et de débiteurs.—4 juill. 1809, Décis. du minist. des fin. [S.9.2.397 ; C.N.10.1 3. Le droit dû pour les inscriptions est soumis à la prescription des droits d'enregistrement, établie par l'art. 61 de la loi du 22 frim. an 7. — 24 mars 1806, Loi. [S.6.2.315; C.N.10.] 4. V. art. 471, n°5. [2 1561 = 1.] L'élection de domicile faite chez un avoué dans une inscription hypothécaire, n'est pas transportée de plein droit chez le successeur de cet avoué. Ainsi, la sommation de produire dans un ordre suivant au créancier inscrit, est nulle, si elle a été laissée au domicile du successeur, au lieu de l'être en la demeure ou à la personne de l'avoué chez lequel ce créancier avait élu domicile. — 24 août 1830, Grenoble. [S.V.31.2.26; C.:?.9.-D.P.51.2.108.] 2. V. art. 2159, n° 1 et s. [2 157 et 2 1581 Indication alphabétique. Absent, g. Acte en brevet, s. Acte asséz privé. Appel, 27 et s. Association, n. 13. Caisse, 1 et t. Citation, 35, 41. Colonies, 21. Commune, 16,17,10. Consentement des hypothèques, 6, 15, 54 et s. Créances de l'Etat, 19,10. Département, la. Domicile élu, 30, Droit, 4 et t. Effet de la mainlevée, 36 et s. Erreur, 39, 41. Établissement de crédit, 18. Femme mariée, lets. Inscription d'office, 26, 26. Jugement, 27 et t. Maire, 16, 17. Mandat, 15, 25. Mari, 15. Mineur, 7, 8, 10, 11. Obligation au porteur, 14, 15. Ordre, 31. Péremption de jugements, 34 Préfet, 19 Séparation de biens, 11. Signification de jugement, 30, 31. Société, 12, 13. Tuteur, 7. Vendeur, 26, 27. 2. La femme séparée de biens n'a pas besoin d'autorisation pour donner mainlevée d'une inscription. — Dehincourt, t. 3, p. 182; Dalloz, va Hyp., p. 441; Troplong, DÖ 738 bis; Duranton, D° 190; Baudot, n° 905. — Contrats, Merlin, v" Aut. marit., sect. 7; Persil, art. 2157, n° 4; Grenier, n° 524. 3. Id.... de la femme jouissant de ses biens patrimoniaux. — 19 janv. 1811, Turin. [S.13.2.359; C. N.3.] 4. La femme mariée sous le régime dotal ne peut consentir valablement mainlevée de l'inscription par elle prise pour sûreté de ses droits sur les biens vendus par son mari... à moins qu'elle n'en ait touché le prix en remboursement de sa dot. — 18 août 1829, Caen. [S.V.31.2.173; C.N.9.] — V. art. 1554, Il, 45 et s., et art. 2144, n° 3 et 4. 5. Jugé de même sous l'empire de la loi du 11 brumaire an 7. -8 mars 1834, Grenoble. [S. V.34. t. 446 -D P.55.2.57.] 6. Et même le conservateur est fondé à se refuser à la radiation d'une inscription garantissant des créances appartenant à une femme mariée sous le régime dotal, alors même que ces créances ont été remboursées à la femme, si le remboursement n'a pas été accompagné des conditions de remploi imposées par le contrat de mariage. — 9 juin 1841, Cass. [S.V.n.J. 468.]-Sic, Baudot, n° 923. 7. Le tuteur ne peut seul, et sans l'autorisation du conseil de famille, donner mainlevée des inscriptions hypothécaires prises au nom du mineur ou de l'interdit, avant que celui-ci ne soit désintéressé. — 29 frim. et 14 niv. an 13, Lett. des min. de la just, et des fin. [S.5.2.200.] Id. 22 juin 1818, Rej. [S.19.1.111; C.N.5.-D.A.9.U7.]-Sic, Troplong, n° 758 et seq; Grenier, no 521; Persil, art. 2157, no 7.—Contrats, Civil, v" Radiation, p. 83. 8... Ni même, sans cette autorisation, consentir la translation d'une hypothèque spéciale inscrite au nom de ses pupilles, sur d'autres biens offerts par le débiteur.— 18 juin 1824, Metz. [S.25.2.329; C.N.7.-D.A. 9.166.] 9. De même, les envoyés en possession provisoire des biens d'un absent ne peuvent donner mainlevée d'une inscription avant que la créance de ce dernier n'ait été soldée.— Duranton, t. 20, no 190. 40. La mainlevée donnée avant la reddition du compte de tutelle, par le ci-devant mineur, de l'hypothèque légale existante en sa faveur sur les biens de son ancien tuteur, est nulle. — 28 mars 1840, Dijon. [S.V.40.2.422.-D.p.41.2.25.] 42. L'associé qui a fait inscrire une hypothèque dans l'intérêt de la société, n'a pas qualité pour donner seul mainlevée de l'inscription. — Baudot, n° 968 et S. 13. Jugé ce pendant qu'un associé en nom collectif a qualité pour donner main levée, au nom de la société et sous la raison sociale, d'une inscription hypothécaire constituée au profit de la société, représentée par ce même associé et agissant en la même qualité, alors d'ailleurs que l'acte de mainlevée porte qu'il a été passé en présence des autres associés.— 19 août 1845, Rej. [S.V.45.1.707 .-D.p.45. 1.557 .-P.4IU.167.] 44. L'inscription prise en vertu d'une obligation hypothécaire au porteur, par le porteur actuel de cette obligation et en son nom, peut être rayée sur le consentement et la mainlevée donnés par tout porteur ultérieur de l'obligation; il n'est pas nécessaire que la mainlevée soit donnée par celui-là même qui a requis l'inscription.—7 fév. 1846, Bordeaux. [S. V.46.2.321 .-P.46.1.742.] 45. Le conservateur ne serait pas fondé à exiger dans ce cas, qu'outre l'acte de mainlevée, on lui fît remise de la grosse de l'obligation, biffée et bâtonnée. Sa responsabilité est à couvert, même à l'égard de tout porteur éventuel, par la remise qui lui est faite. 169. La radiation non consentie est demandée au tribunal dans le ressort duquel l'inscription a été faite, si ce n'est lorsque cette inscription a eu lieu pour sûreté d'une condamnation éventuelle ou indéterminée, sur l'exécution ou liquidation de laquelle le débiteur et le créancier prétendu sont en instance ou doivent être jugés dans un autre tribunal ; auquel cas la demande en radiation doit y être portée ou renvoyée. Cependant la convention faite par le créancier et le débiteur, de porter, en cas de contestation, la demande à un tribunal qu'ils auraient désigné, recevra son exécution entre eux. [C. c. 1134; C. pr. 171,548.] de l'expédition de l'acte de mainlevée, portant en marge que mention de cette mainlevée a été faite par le notaire sur la grosse exécutoire de l'obligation a tenu.—Même arrêt. 46. Un maire n'a pas capacité pour donner seul, et sans le consentement du Conseil municipal, mainlevée d'une inscription hypothécaire prise au profit de la commune.—39 nov. 1834, Douai. [S. V.35.2.51.-D. P.38.2.147.] 47. La mainlevée donnée par le maire, même avec autorisation du conseil municipal, ne serait même pas valable. Le droit de la donner n'appartient qu'au receveur municipal. Arg.-Même arrêt. 48. Les receveurs des établissements de charité ne peuvent consentir volontairement aucune radiation, changement ni limitation d'inscription hypothécaire, qu'en vertu d'une décision spéciale du conseil de préfecture, prise sur une proposition formelle de l'administration, et sur l'avis du comité consultatif établi près de chaque arrondissement communal. 19. Les inscriptions prises par les préposés de la régie pour la conservation des créances de l'État dont le recouvrement leur est confié, ne peuvent être rayées qu'en vertu de l'autorisation expresse du préfet. 20. Formalités à suivre et pièces à produire pour la radiation des inscriptions hypothécaires prises dans l'intérêt des festivals, des départements ou de l'État. 21. L'inspecteur colonial, investi du droit de prendre inscription sur les immeubles présentés par les avoués pour leur cautionnement (Ord. du 30 sept. 1827, art. 190), a qualité pour consentir, lors de la cessation des fonctions de l'avoué, mainlevée de l'inscription, après l'accomplissement des formalités prescrites pour la libération du cautionnement : un jugement de radiation est inutile. § 2. — Acte ou jugement nécessaire pour autoriser la radiation. Le mandat à l'effet de consentir la mainlevée et radiation d'une inscription doit être donné en la forme authentique. Si le mandat est sous seing privé, le conservateur peut refuser d'opérer la radiation. 29 déc. 1827, Lyon. 23. Mais la radiation peut être faite en vertu d'un acte de mainlevée passé en brevet par-devant notaire. — 18 juil. 1838, Rej lS.V.38.l.1004 -D.P.38.1.353. -P.S8.2.491.]-Colltrà, Duranton, no 193 Grenier, n° 525. 24. Le conservateur des hypothèques a qualité pour examiner le mérite de l'acte en vertu duquel il est requis de procéder à la radiation d'une inscription.-17 août 1843, Paris. [8. V.43.2.554.]-Cela doit être, puisque le conservateur serait ou pourrait être déclaré responsable s'il opérait une radiation illégalement consentie. 25. Ainsi, lorsque le consentement à la radiation est donné par un mandataire, le conservateur peut exiger une expédition de la procuration ; et si ce consentement est donné par un mari au nom de sa femme, il peut exiger une expédition du contrat de mariage dans la partie qui conférerait au mari ce pouvoir.-17 août 1843, Paris. [8. V.43.2.534.] 26. Ainsi encore, le conservateur ne peut être tenu de radier l'inscription du privilège du vendeur faite d'office, qu'autant qu'on lui représente un acte constatant que le prix a cessé d'être dû, ou une renonciation du vendeur au bénéfice de son privilège ; il ne suffirait pas de représenter au conservateur un acte par lequel le vendeur consent la radiation de l'inscription, ce consentement n'équivalant pas à une renonciation.-17 juil. 1839, Dijon. [S.Y.40.2.71, -D.P. 40.2.175. — M. 24 juin 1844, Rej. [S.V.44.1.598.-D.p.u. 1.31 O.) 26 bis. Du reste, la radiation de l'inscription d'office doit être demandée contre le vendeur, et non contre le conservateur, alors même que l'acte de vente portait renonciation de la part du vendeur à son privilège. -27 juin 1838, Nîmes. [S. .58.2.304.] 27. Le conservateur ne peut non plus être contraint à opérer une radiation d'inscription ordonnée par un jugement, avant l'expiration du délai d'appel.—14 mai 1808, Paris. [S.8.2 227; C.N.2.-D.A.9 446.] — 7d. 19 mars 1842, La Martinique. [S.V.44.2.29.] — Sic, Grenier, n° 526; Troplong, no 739; Favard, vO Exéc. detjugem., § 2, n° 3; Delvincourt, t. 3 p. 620; Persil, Quest., t. 2 p. 22 ; Bioche et Goujet, Dict. de proc., v° Jugem. par défaut, n° 264 ; Baudot, n° 986. Alors même que le créancier a donné mainlevée de l'inscription et a par là acquiescé au jugement, la remise de l'acte de mainlevée au conservateur n'équivaut pas à la représentation des pièces exigées par l'article 548, Code de procédure, pour constater qu'il n'y a eu contre le jugement ni opposition, ni appel, représentation qui doit avoir lieu dans tous les cas et qui ne peut être valablement faite qu'après l'expiration du délai d'appel. 8 fév. 1842, Rouen. [S.V.42.2.271.-D.P. 42. 2.93.-P .42.1.608.] Il est jugé au contraire qu'il n'est pas nécessaire, pour que le conservateur doive faire la radiation que le jugement ne soit plus susceptible d'appel par l'expiration du délai de trois mois. 12 Fruct. an 12, Paris. [7 2 1022; C K.1.-D.A.9 .446 ]-ld. 6 pluv. an 13, Bordeaux. [S.5.2.66; C.N.2.-D.A 9.446.j-Sic, Pigeau, Proc. civ., t. 2, p. 427; Benoit, Court de proc., p. 569, n° 11 ; Carré, Lois de la proc. civ., t. 2, n° 1906; Thomine-Desmazures, Comment. sur le Cod. de proc., t. 2, no 602. 30. Lorsque la radiation est ordonnée par un jugement rendu par défaut contre une personne dont le véritable domicile est inconnu, il n'est pas nécessaire d'attendre que le jugement ait été mis à exécution, en conformité de l'article 159 Cod. proc. Il suffit que le jugement ait été notifié au domicile élu, et que le délai des trois mois soit écoulé depuis cette notification. — 26 août 1808, Paris. [S.9.2.18; C. N.2 -D.A.9.446] 31. Du reste, lorsqu'un jugement d'ordre prescrit la radiation des inscriptions qui ne viennent point utilement sur le prix, le conservateur est tenu de faire celle radiation, même avant que les délais pour appeler du jugement soient expirés, s'il ne s'est élevé dans le cours de l'ordre aucune contestation relative aux créances colloquées. En ce cas, le défaut de contestation tient lieu d'acquiescement. — 15 niv. an 13, Inst. gén. de la rég. [S.5.2.198; C.N.2.]-Sic, Troplong, n° 740. 32.-33. Sur la signification du jugement, — Voy. ci-dessus, art. 2159, n° 10 et 11. 34. Le conservateur des hypothèques a qualité pour opposer la péremption d'un jugement par défaut ordonnant la radiation d'une inscription hypothécaire. 21 janv. 1834, Pau. [S.V.34.2.555.-D.p.34 2.188.] 35. Il peut aussi se pourvoir contre un arrêt qui lui enjoint de faire une radiation à laquelle il se refuse. Vainement on dirait que cet arrêt met sa responsabilité à couvert... si il a été condamné aux dépens, Besançon, impl.-9 juin 1841, Cass. [S.V.U.I.468.] § 3. — Effets de la mainlevée et de la radiation. 36. L'acte de main-levée d'une inscription hypothécaire produit son effet dès l'instant où il est consenti : l'efficacité de la main-levée n'est point subordonnée à la radiation même de l'inscription. Cette main-levée n'est donc pas anéantie, du moins vis-à-vis des tiers qui ont contracté depuis, par un acte de révocation intervenu avant que la radiation de l'inscription ait été opérée. — 4 janv. 1831, Cass. [S.V.51. 1.116.-D.p.51.1.62.] — Id. 19 mai 1850, igen. [S. V .:>6.i."04.-D.p .36.1.1 U.) 37. Jugé en sens contraire. — 7 avril 1827, Bordeaux. [S.28.2.88 ; C.N.8..D.P.28.9.56 ] 38. Lorsqu'une radiation d'inscription est déclarée nulle, l'inscription reprend dès ce moment son existence et sa date, relativement aux créanciers qui n'ont pas contracté sur la foi des registres après la radiation. — 10 janvier 1812, Douai. (S 12.2.570; C.N.5. -D.A. 12.899.] — Id. 12 juin 1815, Paris. [S 18.2. 119; C.N.5 -D.A.9.U5.)-Sie, Troplong, nfl 746 bis; Duranton, n° 203. 38 bis. Contrary, as regards creditors who have contracted on the faith of this radiation. — 26 janv. 1814, au Dutartre, Reg. (S.U.1.179; C.N.4 - D.A.9.U3.] 39. Of the same. The error which has made to raze an hypothecary inscription, cannot be repaired when this error has created rights for third parties. — 18 juill. 1858, Reg. [S.V.38.1.100; D.P.58.1555.-P. 38.2.491.] 40. Of the same again, when an hypothecary inscription has been raze, the judgment or arrêt which orders its re-establishment cannot make it regain its first date; everything that has been made during the interval between the radiation and the re-establishment is well made. — 15 avril 1811, Paris. [S.II.2.472; C.N.5.-U.A.9.4U.] 41. Therefore, when an hypothecary inscription is raze in virtue of an arrêt which is then cassé, its re-establishment cannot prejudice those who have contracted since the radiation. But as regards those who would have contracted previously, the inscription is deemed never to have ceased to exist. — Troplong, n° 746 bis; Duranton, t. 20, n° 11202 et 11203; Persil, sur l'art. 2134, n° 6; Battu, t. 4, n° 690. V. however Zaccaria, t. 2, n° 282, note 16. 42. Au cas où un créancier a plusieurs inscriptions hypothécaires sur le même débiteur, s'il arrive que, par suite du remboursement de l'une des créances, une autre soit rayée par erreur sur le registre du conservateur, la créance dont l'inscription a été conservée malgré le remboursement, ne peut venir, jusqu'à due concurrence, en compensation de la créance rayée, pour conserver à celle-ci le rang d'inscription de la première : les deux créances se trouvent éteintes l'une et l'autre à l'égard des tiers — 18 juill. 1838, Rej. [S. V.58.LI 004.-D.p.S8.1.553.-P.38.2.49I.] 1. Lorsqu'une personne demande la nullité d'un titre hypothécaire qu'elle a souscrit, et par suite la radiation des inscriptions prises en conséquence de ce titre, c'est le juge du domicile du défendeur, et non celui de la situation des biens hypothéqués, qui est compétent pour statuer sur le tout. Il n'en est pas comme si l'action tendait principalement à la radiation de l'inscription, et si la nullité du titre ne devait être jugée qu'accessoirement par forme de question préjudicielle. — 29 brum. an 15, Cass.— [S.7.2.1001.] 2. Décidé de même qu'une demande en radiation d'inscription hypothécaire n'est pas tellement de la compétence des juges de la situation, qu'elle ne puisse bien être renvoyée devant les juges du domicile, si cette radiation est subordonnée à la validité d'un titre sur le mérite et l'efficacité duquel il y ait déjà instance pendante devant les juges du domicile. — 5 mai 1812. [S. 1.251; C.N.4.-D.A..9.451.] 3. Jugé en sens contraire : dans un procès tendant à la nullité d'un contrat et à la nullité des inscriptions hypothécaires prises par suite, c'est la demande en radiation des inscriptions hypothécaires qui est la demande principale; en ce cas l'action est réelle, et doit être soumise au tribunal de la situation des immeubles grevés. — 9 mars 1813, Paris. [S.14.2.136; C.N.4.-D A. 1 225.] 4. La compétence du juge dépend de la manière dont l'exploit est libellé : si la partie veut plaider devant le juge du lieu de l'inscription, elle doit assigner en radiation ou nullité de l'inscription, sauf à discuter incidemment la nullité de l'acte ; que si elle intente une demande en nullité de l'acte, et par suite en radiation de l'inscription, alors l'objet principal de la demande étant une action personnelle, elle doit être portée devant les juges du domicile. — 1er flor. an 12, Cass. | PleIAs/common_corpus |
package com.denizenscript.denizencore.scripts.queues.core;
import com.denizenscript.denizencore.scripts.queues.ScriptEngine;
import com.denizenscript.denizencore.utilities.CoreUtilities;
import com.denizenscript.denizencore.DenizenCore;
import com.denizenscript.denizencore.objects.core.DurationTag;
import com.denizenscript.denizencore.scripts.queues.ScriptQueue;
public class TimedQueue extends ScriptQueue {
@FunctionalInterface
public interface DelayTracker {
boolean isDelayed();
}
public static class DeltaTimeDelayTracker implements DelayTracker {
public long serverTimeEnd;
public DeltaTimeDelayTracker(long millis) {
serverTimeEnd = DenizenCore.serverTimeMillis + millis;
}
@Override
public boolean isDelayed() {
return serverTimeEnd > DenizenCore.serverTimeMillis;
}
}
private long ticks;
protected boolean paused = false;
public DelayTracker delay;
public void delayFor(DurationTag duration) {
delay = new DeltaTimeDelayTracker(duration.getMillis());
}
public boolean isDelayed() {
return delay != null && delay.isDelayed();
}
public TimedQueue(String id) {
this(id, DurationTag.valueOf(DenizenCore.implementation.scriptQueueSpeed(), CoreUtilities.basicContext));
}
public TimedQueue(String id, long ticks) {
super(id);
this.ticks = ticks;
}
public TimedQueue(String id, DurationTag timing) {
super(id);
ticks = timing.getTicks();
}
public boolean isInstantSpeed() {
return ticks <= 0;
}
/**
* Gets the speed of the queue. This is the
* time in between each revolution.
*
* @return a DurationTag of the speed.
*/
public DurationTag getSpeed() {
return new DurationTag(ticks);
}
/**
* Pauses the queue. Paused queues will check
* to be re-resumed every 'rotation', defined
* by the speed of the queue.
*
* @param paused whether the queue should be paused
*/
public TimedQueue setPaused(boolean paused) {
this.paused = paused;
return this;
}
/**
* Checks if the queue is currently paused.
*
* @return true if paused.
*/
public boolean isPaused() {
return paused;
}
/**
* Sets the speed of a queue. Uses bukkit's 'ticks', which is
* 20 ticks per second.
*
* @param ticks the number of ticks between each rotation.
*/
public TimedQueue setSpeed(long ticks) {
this.ticks = ticks;
return this;
}
@Override
public void onStart() {
revolve();
if (script_entries.isEmpty()) {
return;
}
DenizenCore.timedQueues.add(this);
}
/**
* Tick counter for 'tryRevolveOnce'.
*/
public int tickCounter = 0;
/**
* Tries to revolve the timedqueue, incrementing the tick counter and only revolving if it's time to.
*/
public final void tryRevolveOnce() {
if (tickCounter++ >= ticks) {
tickCounter = 0;
revolve();
}
}
public void revolve() {
if (script_entries.isEmpty()) {
if (!waitWhenEmpty) {
stop();
}
return;
}
if (paused || isDelayed()) {
return;
}
ScriptEngine.revolve(this);
if (script_entries.isEmpty() && !waitWhenEmpty) {
stop();
}
}
@Override
public String getName() {
return "TimedQueue";
}
}
| PleIAs/common_corpus |
How does one review an episode that was interesting and engaging, but whose every plot twist sent one into near apoplectic convulsions?
I don’t know, but let’s try.
The episode starts amazingly. Clara takes on the Cybermen by insisting she’s the Doctor, and for a just moment, a brief moment makes me believe that maybe she is the thirteenth Doctor come back to be his own companion. But no, that was just wishful thinking on my part that would make no sense with the canon.
But that didn’t stop them from using Clara’s eyes in the opening theme just to make you think that maybe she is the Doctor, even just a little.
Next, the Cybermen reveal themselves to the world, to which the adoring public of London respond to by taking selfies while the Doctor tries to understand why the Mistress did this. It turns out, the Master has now become a more Joker-like character, wherein her only satisfaction is just to mess with the Doctor. No plans of world domination this time. No, her only intent is to mess with her “friend,” which she succeeds with in the end, even if the Doctor saves the world.
Here, I would like to mention, that it’s ridiculous to me that the Doctor doesn’t recognize the Master until now. Timelords know one another despite their regenerations, so there is no plausible reason for him to be confused about who the Mistress is in the last episode, and very briefly in this one. But whatever, I’ll get over it.
Anyway, the popular Osgood and Kate Stewart shows up with a SWAT team to destroy the Cybermen, who fly away into the sky as soon as they are surrounded and explode in order to create a “cloud.” Yes. A cloud. All the information of the dead have been uploaded to a cloud. A literal Cyberman cloud… which then rains/pollinates over all the graveyards to bring about the Cybermen/zombie apocalypse.
Yeah, ‘Doctor Who’ turned the moon into a dragon that can immediately give birth to something its own size, make forests grow overnight, and turn all the dead into Cybermen during a drizzle. With every episode, it loses what little science fiction it ever had.
In any case, UNIT kidnaps the Doctor, installs him as President of the world (which they never undo, so he is probably still President of the world even after the episode ends), and then ties the Mistress up so she can’t do any more damage. Meanwhile, Clara is unable to convince the Cybermen she is the Doctor, but is saved by another Cyberman whom we learn is a Danny Pink. Sadly, Danny Pink is a shadow of his former self and would very much like his emotions to go away because life is too painful knowing what he has become.
And here is where I like the episode a lot less because this is where mayhem ensues. The Mistress escapes her bonds just to needlessly kill Osgood (who they only just hinted moments before may become a new companion, so I’m very disappointed), and the Cybermen attack the plane the Doctor is on. While the plane is going down, we find out the Mistress orchestrated the Doctor meeting Clara from the very beginning by giving her the Doctor’s phone number and placing the ad in the paper. For every time the Doctor and Clara were almost separated, the Mistress was there as a “lady in the shop” pushing them back together.
And why? So Danny Pink could eventually die and Clara would ask the Doctor to help bring him back… I think. I’m not really clear on the logic, if I’m going to be honest.
Then the plane explodes, and Kate Stewart gets launched off and falls to her death.
So, if you’re keeping count, they killed two fan favorite characters so far, and we’ve still got thirty minutes left. But that being said, Michelle Gomez (Mistress) is amazing. If anyone ever deserved to be the next Master, it is her. No. Not deserve. It is owed her. She had better Anthony-Ainley it and keep coming back.
Right, anyway, Clara calls the Doctor because she is trying to turn Danny’s emotions off, something the Doctor is naturally against seeing as it will just turn him into a Cyberman which means he will probably kill Clara. But that whole conversation goes awry with the plane exploding, and the Doctor defying his own death by boarding the TARDIS midair. He comes down, tries to convince Clara to stop, but then realizes he needs Danny to be a Cyberman in order to access their hive-mind and tell him how he can stop the invasion.
We get a nice callback to Danny’s first encounter with the Doctor, when he calls him an officer unwilling to get his hands dirty. It turns out Danny is right, as the Doctor never actually does the dirty work. Someone else kills the master, and Clara? Well, Clara takes the Sonic Screwdriver (apparently it works by thinking and pointing, so that is one big mystery solved for me) to shut off Danny’s emotions.
Predictably, Danny turns into a Cyberman completely. Less predictably, he cannot tell the Doctor how to stop them. That’s when the Mistress swans in à la Mary Poppins with her umbrella unfurled as she floats to the ground and announces the Cybermen are a birthday present for the Doctor: it’s the army he’s always wanted.
Though, to be fair, the Doctor had an army in ‘When a Good Man Goes to War,’ so I’m not really sure why the idea of him wanting an army is supposed to surprise us. He has always had an army, he just needed to call on it.
Like an officer, the Doctor calls on Danny (after giving him the Cyberman control bracelet the Mistress wears) to sacrifice himself and burn all… the clouds… which he does, and the world is saved.
One would think that would be the end of the episode. But no. It gets worse… or better… or… frankly, I don’t know. I have a lot of mixed emotions about this episode.
The Mistress tells the Doctor where Gallifrey is, and Clara moves in to kill the Mistress. With the typical Clara clarity, she tells the Doctor that if the Mistress lives, everything that happened with the Cyberman, including Danny’s death, is on the Doctor. The Doctor agrees, but takes the weapon away and then atomizes the Mistress himself.
So, we all know that Doctor has killed in the past. But I don’t think he has ever been as hard-hearted and aloof as the moment he kills the Mistress announcing that she wins. That’s right. She wins because she forced him to do the one thing he wouldn’t want to do. But oh wait, a Cyberman kills the Mistress for him. So, turns out he’s not a killer. Or is he? Who knows?
The Mistress is dead, I’m angry, but then Kate Stewart shows up saved by her Cyberdad, Brigadier Lethbridge Stewart, and suddenly I’m not as angry anymore. Oh, except for the fact Osgood is still dead, and then… Danny Pink is dead. And then Danny Pink dies again (but maybe not because he sort of shows up as possibly his own grandchild in ‘Listen.’
How does he die again? It turns out the bracelet can bring Danny back to Clara’s world. But it only has enough power for one trip, and Danny selflessly uses it on a child he had killed when he was a soldier. Thus, Danny Pink dies all over again.
The episode ends with the Doctor making assumptions about Clara’s relationship with Danny, and how she won’t travel with the Doctor anymore (this is legitimate, a lot of the Doctor’s companions get married and leave the Doctor which is… well.. an article for another day). Clara does not end up telling him that Danny did not come back (another example of Clara’s strength in the face of her friend’s feelings), and the episode ends with Doctor… meeting Santa Claus.
Yes, it ended an incredibly tragic episode where we lose an incredible companion, and two other amazing characters, and it ends with Santa Claus popping in on the TARDIS.
So as you can see, I have a lot mixed feelings about this episode. It killed a lot of a characters I liked, and is pushing off a companion I have really grown to love. It killed off my favorite reincarnation of the Master by far only after only having two great episodes with her, and it had a very, very silly plot that somehow kept me on the edge of my seat.
I guess as a fan invested in the characters, I give this
But as an far as an episode goes, it did it’s job and kept me watching, so I give it a | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
One day, Jimmy and his mom went to the restaurant. Jimmy was very excited. The restaurant was noisy and busy. Jimmy looked around and examined all the delicious food.
Suddenly, Jimmy saw a few sections of the restaurant that were closed off. He asked his mom why they were closed. His mom said they had to close them because they were not feeling well.
Jimmy was restless. He wanted to explore the closed off sections of the restaurant. His mom said no, but Jimmy kept asking. Finally, his mom said yes.
Jimmy happily ran over to the closed off sections of the restaurant. He examined all the different areas, and suddenly he heard a loud noise. All of a sudden, the restaurant was flooded with water. Everyone had to leave the restaurant quickly.
The restaurant was damaged and Jimmy felt really sad. He had caused all of the trouble and now the restaurant he loved so much was ruined. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Once upon a time, there was a bird with a pretty feather. The bird was happy and flew around all day. One day, the bird saw a paint can and wanted to paint its feather. The bird thought it would look pretty.
But the bird was foolish and didn't know that paint was not good for feathers. The paint made the feather heavy and the bird couldn't fly anymore. The bird was sad and couldn't play with its bird friends anymore.
The bird tried to wash the paint off, but it was too late. The feather was ruined and the bird couldn't fly anymore. The bird was alone and sad. The end. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
## STACK Documentation
Documentation home | Category index | Site map
# Random objects
STACK can generate structured random objects. STACK provides a Maxima function rand() which can be used in the question and answer variables.
STACK creates pseudo-random numbers from a definite seed. This ensures that when a particular student returns they see the same variant of the question. (Note to site maintainers: if you upgrade your Maxima version mid-way through an academic cycle, then there is no gurantee that the random numbers will remain the same. It is unlikley Maxima will change its random number generation between versions, but if it important to you please check first!)
For the purposes of learning and teaching, we do not need an algorithm which is statistically perfect. We are much more interested in simplicity, efficiency and reproducibility across platforms. Hence, we adopt pseudo-random numbers.
It is very important to test each random version a student is likely to see and not to leave this to chance. To pre-generate and test random variants see the separate documentation on deploying random variants.
## rand()
STACK provides its own function rand().
• rand(n) generates an integer between $$0$$ and $$n-1$$.
• rand(n.0) generates a floating point number between $$0$$ and $$n$$. It is probably more useful to use something like a=float(rand(1000)/1000) to obtain an accurate number of decimal places. An alternative is to use the Maxima function round()
• rand([a,b,...,z]) makes a random selection from a list.
• rand({a,b,...,z}) makes a random selection from a set.
• rand(matrix(..)) applies rand to each element of the matrix.
It is probably much better not to use conditional statements when creating random objects. For example, if you would like to create a random small prime number, try
p : rand([2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19]);
This might not appear to be the neatest mathematical solution, but it is probably the most reliable. Usually we need to combine rand() with some code to generate objects. For example, if you want a matrix with integer elements in the range -5..5 you need something like
A:matrix([5,5],[5,5])-rand(matrix([11,11],[11,11]));
There are also Maxima's random functions. For example, to create a random list use random_permutation.
### Sets
STACK provides the following functions for random generation of sets.
random_subset(u) returns a random subset of u.
random_subset_n(u,n) returns a random subset of u with n elements (if possible).
random_ne_subset(u) returns a non-empty random subset of u.
### rand_with_step(lower,upper,step)
Returns a random number from the set {lower, lower+step, lower+2*step, ... , final}. The examples below explain behaviour the best. Examples:
• rand_with_step(-5,5,1) returns a random number from the set $$\{-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5\}$$.
• rand_with_step(-5,5,2) returns a random number from the set $$\{-5,-3,-1,1,3,5\}$$.
• rand_with_step(-5,3,3) returns a random number from the set $$\{-5,-2,1\}$$.
The function rand_range(lower,upper,step) does the same thing.
### rand_with_prohib(lower,upper,list)
Returns a random integer from the set [lower,upper] such that it cannot be any value in list. This list can include values which are also random variables, for example, generated by rand_with_step. Examples:
• rand_with_prohib(-5,5,[0]) returns a random number from the set $$\{-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4,5\}$$.
• rand_with_prohib(-5,5,[-1,0,1,sqrt(pi)]) returns a random number from the set $$\{-5,-4,-3,-2,2,3,4,5\}$$.
• rand_with_prohib(-5,3,[-5/2,a]) returns a random number from the set $$\{-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3\}\backslash\{a\}$$.
This can be used with matrices, to generate a matrix with non-zero entries for example. The unnamed function in this example ignores its arguments.
matrixmap(lambda([ex],rand_with_prohib(-5,5,[0])),zeromatrix(5,5));
### rand_selection(ex, n)
Returns a list containing a random selection of n different items from the list/set ex. If ex contains duplicates, then the result may also contain duplicates.
### rand_selection_with_replacement(ex, n)
Returns a list containing a random selection of n items from the list/set ex.
## Generating random polynomials
Here is an example which generates a random polynomial, of degree 5, with coefficients between 0 and 6.
apply("+",makelist(rand(7)*x^(k-1),k,6));
## Generating random expressions which needs to be "gathered and sorted"
It is relatively common to want to be able to generate random expressions which need to be "gathered and sorted". For example in $$2y-y+3y+1$$ we need to collect together the $$y$$ terms.
simp:false;
p:apply("+",makelist(ev(rand_with_prohib(-5,5,[0])*y^rand(2),simp), ev(rand(6)+2,simp)));
p:unary_minus_sort(p);
Now, the output from the first expression will be a random expression in constants and $$y$$ variables. The second line tidies up the unary minus. For more details of this, see simplification.
4*y+5*y+(-2*y)
4*y+5*y-2*y
## Random objects with corresponding information
It is often necessary to generate a random object with a number of separate aspects to it. For example, if you have scientific data and you need to include this in a question.
t:rand(5)+3;
idx:rand(3)+1; /* Array indexes in Maxima start at 1, rand(n) returns 0,...,n-1. */
l1:["Mercury","Earth","Mars"];
l2:[3.61,9.8,3.75];
p:l1[idx];
ta:t*l2[idx]/(4*%pi^2);
The question text can then be
A pendulum is located on {@p@}. What length should the pendulum have in order to have a period of {@t@}s?
This indexing with the variable idx is quite robust. Note that indexes in Maxima start at $$1$$, whereas rand(n) could return zero.
## Random objects satisfying a condition
It is often necessary to create random objects which satisfy constraints. For example, if you want to randomly generate a "small" prime number, just select one from a list.
p:rand([2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97]);
It is much better to (i) enumerate specific cases or (ii) reverse engineer the question to avoid conditional statements than randomly generate examples and "hope" one pops up eventually. The reason is that the pseudo-random number generator will repeat the process from a seed every time the question is generated! If you put in loops, this could risk delays and time-outs etc.
The following is NOT RECOMMENDED, but enough people have insisted on doing it to document this approach.
If you must (and you risk an infinite loop of course....) you can use Maxima's for command. A simple example is as follows.
q:1;
for k while not(is(primep(q))) do block(q:rand(98)+1); | open-web-math/open-web-math |
Written by Sean Dahlin
BUENA VISTA, Va.—The Southern Virginia University women's volleyball team snapped its six-game losing streak on Friday in earning its first home win of the season 3-1 (25-13, 25-20, 24-26, 25-18) at Knight Arena against USA South Athletic Conference-member Ferrum College.
"We carried the good play and momentum from Wednesday and played as a cohesive unit in all facets tonight to get the win," said tenth-year Head Coach Michael Harmon. "Our middle blockers were able to create some points, which opened up opportunities for the rest of our team."
After playing in a tough five-set loss to Averett on Wednesday, Southern Virginia (3-11) carried over its momentum to record a season-high .295 kill percentage highlighted by middle blockers Kelsey Beck (Idaho Falls, Idaho) and Tori Tuttle's (Anahola, Haw.) match-high 14 and 10 kills respectively to defeat Ferrum (3-16).
In front of a ruckus home crowd, Southern Virginia took a commanding 2-0 lead early in the match with freshman Shannon Romito (Walker, La.) finishing a first set 25-13 victory on a match-point service ace with Southern Virginia overcoming an early 7-2 deficit to Ferrum before pulling out a 25-20 win in set two.
The Panthers extended the match as they scored the final two points on kills by Rachel Stratton and Jordan Link to win the third set by a narrow 26-24 margin.
Southern Virginia sealed its first home match triumph with Beck contributing three of her 14 total kills in the fourth frame on route to a 25-18 advantage over Ferrum.
Freshman Katelynn Tlustek (Bedford, Ind.) ran the Knights offense with a match-high 36 assists. On the defensive end, junior Jordan Geist (Jerome, Idaho) recorded a team-high seven digs—Geist leads the team with 126 digs on the season—while junior Shyanne Ison (Mt. Pleasant, Utah), Chelsea Lyons (McCallen, Texas) and Tlustek added five digs apiece.
In the service game, Lyons and Tuttle spiked three service aces each.
Watch live video as women's volleyball plays its second match in as many days, travelling to face Lynchburg College—the Hornets defeated the Knights 3-0 on Sept. 7 during the W&L Tournament—on Saturday at 2 p.m. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
/*
* Fabric3
* Copyright (c) 2009-2015 Metaform Systems
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
* Portions originally based on Apache Tuscany 2007
* licensed under the Apache 2.0 license.
*/
package org.fabric3.api.host.failure;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import org.fabric3.api.host.contribution.ArtifactValidationFailure;
/**
* Utility methods for outputting validation errors.
*/
public final class ValidationUtils {
private static Comparator<Failure> COMPARATOR = (first, second) -> {
if (first instanceof Failure && !(second instanceof Failure)) {
return -1;
} else if (!(first instanceof Failure) && second instanceof Failure) {
return 1;
} else {
return 0;
}
};
private static enum TYPE {
WARNING,
ERROR
}
private ValidationUtils() {
}
/**
* Sorts and writes the list of error messages to a string.
*
* @param failures the collection of failures to write
* @return the string containing the validation messages
*/
public static String outputErrors(List<? extends Failure> failures) {
return output(failures, TYPE.ERROR);
}
/**
* Sorts and writes the list of warning messages to a string.
*
* @param failures the collection of failures to write
* @return the string containing the validation messages
*/
public static String outputWarnings(List<? extends Failure> failures) {
return output(failures, TYPE.WARNING);
}
/**
* Sorts and writes the list of errors to the given writer.
*
* @param writer the writer
* @param failures the collection of failures to write
*/
public static void writeErrors(PrintWriter writer, List<? extends Failure> failures) {
write(writer, failures, TYPE.ERROR);
}
/**
* Sorts and writes the list of warnings to the given writer.
*
* @param writer the writer
* @param failures the collection of failures to write
*/
public static void writeWarnings(PrintWriter writer, List<? extends Failure> failures) {
write(writer, failures, TYPE.WARNING);
}
private static String output(List<? extends Failure> failures, TYPE type) {
ByteArrayOutputStream bas = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(bas);
write(writer, failures, type);
return bas.toString();
}
private static void write(PrintWriter writer, List<? extends Failure> failures, TYPE type) {
int count = 0;
List<Failure> sorted = new ArrayList<>(failures);
// sort the errors so that ArtifactValidationFailures are evaluated last. This is done so that nested failures are printed after all
// failures in the parent artifact.
Collections.sort(sorted, COMPARATOR);
// if a composite is used multiple times, only report errors contained in it once
HashSet<String> reported = new HashSet<>();
for (Failure failure : sorted) {
count = writerError(failure, writer, count, type, reported);
}
if (count == 1) {
if (type == TYPE.ERROR) {
writer.write("1 error was found \n\n");
} else {
writer.write("1 warning was found \n\n");
}
} else {
if (type == TYPE.ERROR) {
writer.write(count + " errors were found \n\n");
} else {
if (count != 0) {
writer.write(count + " warnings were found \n\n");
}
}
}
writer.flush();
}
private static int writerError(Failure failure, PrintWriter writer, int count, TYPE type, HashSet<String> reported) {
if (failure instanceof ArtifactValidationFailure) {
ArtifactValidationFailure artifactFailure = (ArtifactValidationFailure) failure;
if (reported.contains(artifactFailure.getArtifactName())) {
// if the error has already been reported because the artifact is used multiple times, don't print it again
return count;
}
if (!errorsOnlyInContainedArtifacts(artifactFailure)) {
if (type == TYPE.ERROR) {
writer.write("Errors in " + artifactFailure.getArtifactName() + " (" + artifactFailure.getContributionUri() + ")\n\n");
} else {
writer.write("Warnings in " + artifactFailure.getArtifactName() + " (" + artifactFailure.getContributionUri() + ")\n\n");
}
}
for (ValidationFailure childFailure : artifactFailure.getFailures()) {
count = writerError(childFailure, writer, count, type, reported);
}
reported.add(artifactFailure.getArtifactName());
} else {
if (type == TYPE.ERROR) {
writer.write(" ERROR: " + failure.getMessage() + "\n\n");
} else {
writer.write(" WARNING: " + failure.getMessage() + "\n\n");
}
++count;
}
return count;
}
private static boolean errorsOnlyInContainedArtifacts(ArtifactValidationFailure artifactFailure) {
for (ValidationFailure failure : artifactFailure.getFailures()) {
if (!(failure instanceof ArtifactValidationFailure)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
| PleIAs/common_corpus |
For the second straight year, fewer students enrolled in U.S. graduate schools. According to a report this morning, overall enrollment fell almost 2 percent last year -- though there's a lot of nuance behind that figure. The report came from the Council of Graduate Schools, of which Debra Stewart is the president. Good to talk with you.
"The first thing to point out is that -- overall of course -- we're experiencing a decline of 1.7 percent. But that decline varies greatly depending on citizenship," says Stewart. "First-time enrollment for U.S. citizens is actually down 2.3 percent, but for international students there's a strong increase of 7.8 percent. So the decline story is really a story for U.S. students."
Stewart says the growing debt burden on undergraduate students is deterring them from pursuing graduate degrees. She says institutions are also experiencing financial stress, resulting in instability.
There is one graduate program bucking the trend: health sciences.
"There is a kind of general sense from simply reading the morning newspaper that there's a strong future in the health sciences in America. But the fact of the matter is we need experts across a wide array of areas in America if we're to compete in the global economy." | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
Stayed here in November 2012 to celebrate our Ruby Wedding (we went to Rome for our honeymoon so seemed apt). Hotel outstripped my expectations, especially the staff We did ask for the "Room with a View" as it was our Anniversary but had the room behind which was ok but a bit dark and of course overlooked building works which wasn't the hotel's fault. We didn't ask to change room although I am sure they would have done their best as nothing seemed too much trouble. The room was clean and had wonderful bed linen and towels. The bathroom was very good with his and hers basins and the use of robe and slippers was much appreciated. Other reviewers have commented on the roof bar and we too found this very welcome after walking round Florence - especially the Boboli gardens and Pitti Palace (over the Arno) which I can't recommend too highly, especially the Medici jewels. The guy playing the wine glasses just outside the hotel added a quirky touch especially when he asked us to buy his cd! All in all a great holiday to Florence made much more enjoyable by a lovely hotel which, as everyone says, couldn't be more convenient!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- This magnificent 4-star luxury hotel is located in an ancient Florentine building dating back to the 13th century. You will find it in the centre of the city next to the River Arno and just a few steps away from the famous Ponte Vecchio & the Uffizi Gallery.The Luxury Hotel Degli Orafi, in the heart of the historic centre, has got everything on its doorstep. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, Expedia, Travelocity, Orbitz, TripOnline SA, Priceline, Cancelon, Hotwire, Cheap Tickets, Agoda, HotelQuickly and Evoline ltd so you can book your Hotel Degli Orafi reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Degli Orafi Florence
- Degli Orafi Hotel | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
# [texhax] dagger
PR Stanley prstanley at ntlworld.com
Tue Apr 27 19:03:17 CEST 2010
Hi folks,
Could you please tell me what the dagger macro is doing in the document below?
By the way, in case you were wondering about the weird LaTeX, it was
produced using an OCR engine ( inftyreader ) designed for converting
maths to LaTeX.
Thanks, Paul
%start text
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\pagestyle{plain}
\usepackage{fancybox}
\usepackage{bm}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
$\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}'\ v\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\rangle\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT} \mathrm{f}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT} z\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT} \mathrm{k}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT} X\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}_{\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}}$
\end{center}
NUMBERS: BIG, BIGGER, AND BIGG ER AGAI N [!]
{\bf QUIZ 1}: {\bf Every number ever seen by any person is small}.
Is this statement true[?]
{\bf Warm-up exereises}:
1. Which number is bigger: $333,33\times 444,444$ or $222,222\times 666,667$ [?] What is the
difference[?]
2. Which number is bigger, (50-17) (50[+]17) or $50^{2}$[?]
3. If we write all of the digits of the two numbers $2^{2008}$ and
$5^{2008}$ in a row, how
many digits will there be[?]
{\bf How big are faetorials}[?]
Have you ever seen a symbol like 5 [!] [?] We use it to denote the
product of all consecutive
integers from 1 through 5: $5!=1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdot 5$. So
5[!] is not very big, right[?]
What about 10[!][?] Well, it's not too big, either: $10!=3,628,800$. But $20!=$
2,432,902,008,176,640,000. Looks kind of big, does it[?] Do you want
to calculate 100[!] by
hand[?] Will a calculator help[?] A computer[?]
Not much. So it will be better to try and answer all the following
questions without
calculating the actual numbers.
4. Start with 100[!]. Find the sum of all its digits; then find the
sum of all the digits of
this new number. Continue this process until you obtain a one-digit
number. What
is it[?]
5. Which of the two numbers is bigger:
(a) 1000[!] or (500[!])(500[!])
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$\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}'\ v\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\rangle\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT} \mathrm{f}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT} z\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT} \mathrm{k}\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT} X\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}_{\ovalbox{\tt\small REJECT}}$
\end{center}
{\bf Whieh are bigger, faetorials or powers}[?]
As with factorials above, powers don't look too big in the beginning:
$2^{2}=4,2^{10}=1024$.
But $2^{50}$ is already so big that if you use a number line with the
scale of 1 millimeter, the
distance from 0 to $2^{50}$ will be about 1,125,899,906
$\mathrm{km}$, which is about 7.5 times farther
than the distance from the Earth to the Sun[!]
{\bf Whieh is bigger}:
10. (a) 100[!] or $100^{100}$
(b) 100[!] or $2^{100}$
(c) 100 [!] or 3100
(d) 100[!] or $10^{100}$
(e) Can you find an integer $\mathrm{n}$ such that
$n^{100}<100!<(n+1)^{100}$ [?]
11. 99[!] or $50^{99}$ [?] (Hint: look back at the warm-up problem
involving 50)
12. 100[!] or $50^{100}$
13. $2^{100\dagger}$ or $(2^{100})!$
14. Consider the number 32[!] Which prime numbers divide it[?] It is
obviously even,
but what is the largest power of 2 that divides 32[!] [?] What is the
largest power of 3
that divides it[?] the largest power of 5[?] of 7[?] If you continue
questions about consecutive primes, you will finally write 32[!] as a
product of
prime numbers (similarly to writing, say, $180=2^{2}\cdot 3^{2}\cdot 5$).
15. Which is bigger: $2^{5^{1}}$ or $(2^{5})!$ [?] (Hint: use the
previous problem.)
16. Generalize Problem 12 and compare $n!$ with $(n\mathit{1}2)^{n}$
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%end text | math-ai/AutoMathText-web-full |
• # question_answer The diagram shows a venturimeter through which water is flowing. The speed of water at X is$2\,cm/{{s}^{-1}}.$. The speed of water at Y (taking$g=1000\,cm/{{s}^{-2}}$) is: A) $23\,cm/{{s}^{-1}}$ B) $32\,cm/{{s}^{-1}}$C) $101\,cm/{{s}^{-1}}$ D) $1024\,cm/{{s}^{-1}}$
Applying Bernoulli's theorem: ${{p}_{1}}+\frac{1}{2}\rho v_{1}^{2}={{P}_{2}}+\frac{1}{2}\rho v_{2}^{2}$or $\frac{1}{2}\rho (v_{2}^{2}-v_{1}^{2})={{P}_{1}}-{{P}_{2}}$ or $\frac{1}{2}\times 1(v_{2}^{2}-4)=0.51\times 1\times 1000$$[\because \,{{P}_{1}}-{{P}_{2}}=h\rho g]$ or $v_{2}^{2}-4=510\times 2=1020$or ${{v}_{2}}=32\,cm/s.$ Hence, the correction option is [b]. | open-web-math/open-web-math |
# The MESSAGEix framework¶
The ix modeling platform ([1])
MESSAGEix is a versatile, dynamic systems-optimization modelling framework developed by the IIASA Energy Program since the 1980s.
This is the documentation for message_ix, a Python package that ties together all components of the framework. message_ix and ixmp are free and open source, licensed under the APACHE 2.0 open-source license.
• For the scientific reference of the framework, see Huppmann et al. (2019) [1].
• For an overview and recent publications related to the specific MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM global model instance used at the IIASA Energy Program, see the MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM documentation.
## Getting started¶
Modeling using MESSAGEix requires domain knowledge, understanding of certain research methods, and scientific computing skills.
Then, continue with the:
## Mathematical specification¶
These pages provide comprehensive description of the variables and equations in the core MESSAGEix mathematical implementation.
## Developing MESSAGEix models¶
Developing a valid, scientific MESSAGEix model requires careful use of the framework features. This section provides guidelines for how to make some common model design choices.
## Using, getting help, and contributing¶
Everyone is encouraged to use the framework to develop energy system and integrated assessment models!
Have a question? | math-ai/AutoMathText-web-full |
Morozov should concentrate on getting Ando ready for her performance rather than trying to talk down her competitors.When asked about Kim's chances for the gold, Morozov said it will depend on how his counterpart gets his skater ready.
"It will all depend on Brian Orser (Kim's coach) and the preparations," he said. "She has also had a back injury in the past."
Talking of past, it was Ando who had to withdraw with an injury in 2008 Worlds, not Kim.
Last edited by RumbleFish; 02-14-2010 at 02:37 AM. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
生活中总有快乐和不快乐的事情发生,快乐的生活也是一辈子,不快乐的生活也是一辈子,为什麽不选择快乐的生活呢。t color="#0000ff">週四长官带来一把家裡的电风扇到单位,对我说前一天还好的,隔天就故障了！
世事难料！这也不让人感到意外。诉他所有的前因后果,让他想清楚了在做选择
再来就是很多人都说,魔术师不肯公开秘密还不是怕自己没饭吃？
而且很多魔术也不是他们自己发明的呀？
我觉得不只是这麽单纯,魔术是一门学问
就像你学钢琴、吉他等等。/>
【联合新闻网／特约记者邱淑玲／报导．摄影】
碧砂渔市成排的美食街餐厅。
遇事只要你往好处想你就会快乐,就像你如果掉进沟裡,你都可以设想说不定刚好有一条鱼鑽进你的口袋。
我觉得,当然是有
因为魔术是一门表演艺术,会的人当然有权利选择教或不教
但是却没有权利剥夺别人享受的权利
通常不懂魔术的人,会觉得惊奇快乐,但是他们不知道
也不了解,了解越多以后得到的快乐相对会减少
像现在我跟朋友看电视上有人在表演魔术的时候
朋友每个都是惊奇的尖叫,只有我是站在学习的角度看魔术
一点乐趣也没有。 (早晨的布咕鸟)
&nbr />晚上睡不著怎麽办
睡不著怎麽办？对付睡不著的5种方式：
1.不要紧张, 我的帆布鞋是白色绿边( ALL STARE) 的在一次下雨的晚上~~
我的鞋子被染色了就是绿边的部分染到鞋身(白这30个有趣的人生定律, 材料:鳕鱼1片 葱1支 薑3片 蛋1个 红甜椒半个 洋葱末2大匙 科学麵1包 地瓜粉半杯
调味料:酒半小匙 盐半小匙 胡椒粉1/4小匙
製作方法:
1.先将科学麵放入塑胶袋中压碎,洋葱切末,红甜椒切末,薑切片,葱切段和末备用
2. &耳把你严严实实捲起裹住永远不放！
调情是猴,br />
报导╱陈彦豪 摄影╱王永村
小琉球的绝美海景,的转转乐了,
嗯,有点离题了^^,马上拉回主题。 今天一早心血来潮 来去老地方钓鱼
没多久时间就上一隻土虱,赶紧把他放进网裡
然后我就把钓竿丢在岸边等鱼 回家睡个午觉
没想近年小琉球人气长红,> 情人是马,白马王子；情书、情信,也是马,古有驿马奔走送信,当然,今天的快马,已变成了手机短信和EMAIL——吁马儿；古代偷情举足轻重的交通工具黑马白马拐脚马无尾马,如今也以宝马车代替了。师不可以因此就随意的教导人
这是我的认知。 资料来源与版权所有: udn旅游休閒
基隆／碧砂渔市 现烤生蚝超美味
基隆的碧砂渔港,几天少睡几个小时都没有关係。是那男孩只是持续跟女孩发生性关係,却跟别的女孩谈著另一场恋爱,甚至可能是柏拉图式的纯洁交往。朵,全感」、「成长」或是「成就感」诸如此类的东西。
趁著海祭好不容易把心仪的学妹约出来一起玩
会带学妹一起去海祭本来是想告白的
本来长官也向我借工具试著自己维修,不过他很忙,为了业务又出门奔波去了,
到了中午休息时间,我好奇的将电风扇接上电源,轻轻的按下风速开关,
嘿～！风扇转一下就停。"green">
小琉球离东港船程约半小时,船班密集、岛上民宿林立,是个就算临时起意也不难登岛游玩的去处。 我家裡的插座有时会没电.跳一下就又有电.无熔丝开关没有,子, 相信你已换发新版国民身份证了.但你知道吗?新证件上有3组号码喔!!
1.身份证号码(相信很多人都背了下来)
2.身份证背面下方条码旁有一组号码.(这做啥你知吗?)
3.身份 晚上睡不著有哪些原因呢？
1.环境原因：常见的有睡眠环境的突然改变。
2.个体因素：不良的生活习惯, | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
# Convert Equation from Polar to Rectangular Form
Equations in polar form are converted into rectangular form, using the relationship between polar and rectangular coordinates. Problems with detailed solutions are presented.
In what follows the polar coordinates of a point are (R , t) where R is the radial coordinate and t is the angular coordinate.
The relationships between the rectangualr (x,y) and polar (R,t) coordinates of a points are given by
R 2 = x 2 + y 2 y = R sin t x = R cos t
## Problems on Converting Equation from Polar to Rectangular Form
### Problem 1
Convert the polar equation
R = 4 sin t
to rectangular form.
Solution to Problem 1
We multiply both sides by R
R = 4 sin t
R
2 = 4 R sin t
We now use the relationship between polar and rectangular coordinates: R 2 = x 2 + y 2 and y = R sin t to rewrite the equation as follows:
x
2 + y 2 = 4 y
x
2 + y 2 - 4 y = 0
It is the equation of a circle.
### Problem 2
Convert the polar equation
R (-2 sin t + 3 cos t) = 2
to rectangular form.
Solution to Problem 2
Expand the left side of the given equation.
R(-2 sin t + 3 cos t) = 2
-2 R sin t + 3 R cos t = 2
Use y = R sin t and x = R cos t into the given equation to rewrite as follows:
-2 y + 3 x = 2 The above is the equation of a line.
### Problem 3
Convert the polar equation
t + π / 4 = 0
to rectangular form.
Solution to Problem 3:
Rewrite the given equation as follows:
t + π / 4 = 0
t = - π / 4
Take the tangent of both sides:
tan t = tan (π / 4) = -1
Use y = R sin t and x = R cos t to write:
tan t = sin t / cos t = R sin t / R cos t = y / x
Hence:
y / x = -1
y = - x
The above is the equation of a line.
## More References and Links to Polar Coordinates and Trigonometry
Polar Coordinates. | open-web-math/open-web-math |
Once upon a time, a tiny, cute mouse was walking through the woods on a bright spring day. Suddenly, the mouse felt something tickling her nose. It made her sneeze, and she sneezed so loudly that all the animals in the forest heard her!
When the mouse looked around, she saw an ugly old frog nearby, and the frog had made her sneeze! The mouse was very scared, so she ran away as fast as she could. But the frog was very sneaky, and he followed the mouse out of the woods and all the way to the edge of a lake.
The mouse was so scared that she hid behind a big rock. But then, something amazing happened. Suddenly, a beautiful rainbow appeared in the sky, and all the animals stopped and looked. Even the ugly old frog was captivated.
The mouse was so thankful for the rainbow that she forgot all about the frog and wanted to jump out from behind the rock to see it better. But then she remembered the frog, so instead she just peered over the rock and enjoyed the beautiful rainbow. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
路,觉得很渴,请问可以到你家裡喝杯咖啡吗?」这位太太
说:「当然可以,欢迎你们进来。
C003.jpg (9.61 KB, 下载次数: 1)
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2014-8-18 14:57 上传
习惯一：我只喝「贵」的星巴克
就如上述,笔者如果要省钱一点,其实可以在家自己泡咖啡,但是这样实在激不出我写文章的爆发力。羊座们别再直呼鬼鬼鬼,
2014-8-9 09:41 上传
忌拖鞋整齐的放床边：根据万家热线报导,在外旅行时,拖鞋整齐的放在床边,会招来灵界朋友的好奇,造成他们的闹床。 现在人像摄影的主流好像都是拍摄女模特儿,不论是拍摄商业产品、时尚杂志,还是单纯想拍出漂亮的个人照片,模特儿如何摆放姿势也是一个学问。 (13.43 KB, 下载次数: 1)
下载附件 保存到相册
2014-8-18 14:55 上传
去年结尾最震惊的新闻应该是星巴克有意收回台湾统一企业的经营权。常去（或没去过）的地方蹓躂。的人,虽然在意对方,不过却不会勉强对方,对于爱人或朋友的要求都会竭尽全力办妥。 比利时一家杂志,曾对全国60岁以上的老人作了一次问卷调查,调查的题目是："你最后悔的是什麽？",并列出了十几项生活中容易后悔的事情,供被调查者选择。送你离开
B.频频回首兼挥手
C.头也不回地走了
D.握手道别
E.看著你的眼睛道别
●答案分析
选择A：目送你离开的人, 资料来源与版权所有: udn旅游休閒
世界六大赏猫景点 宁静山城猴硐入选
【欣传媒╱记者杨子慧／手机斗地主游戏下载报导】
懒洋洋的猫咪慢行或躺卧在猴硐的各个角落,成为游客们眼裡裡最美的风景。 水泽观音是关东地区33个观音寺之一
一年大约有80、90万人来此参拜
其建立时间近1500年
是由高丽的 自从她以行动支持中华队以后,我就对这位身材很好的傻大姐,留下很深刻的印象了,不知道她除了当平面modle拍拍照以外,有出什麽其他商品吗? 猫咪慢行或躺卧在猴硐的各个角落,已成为游客们眼裡与相机裡最美的风景,除了可爱的猫咪之外,猴硐亦有迷人的铁道风情,不少电影、广告及MV更是在此取景,近年来新北市政府考量地方、游客需求及部分设施老旧不足,将原通往猫村的狭小老旧人行天桥,结合猫咪及矿业等元素,改造变身为宽敞明亮且富童趣的「猫桥」,成为全球唯一的人猫共用天桥。 扑~我先承认~我用这标题想吸引人进来~ {对不起>口<}
但是~想请问大家压~那天有人要去看吗~??
去台中大甲镇澜宫~看~神州风云录~!!
{去年的我已经错过~就想说今年我想去看看说怎麽大楼大厅放的dm已经一堆在打父亲节特惠了
什麽百货的按摩椅啦、灿坤的一堆刮鬍刀特卖、饭店的父 8下杀3折!!!! 享有价值,900 【A-H一项关于男性寿命的调查报告显示,bsp;
宁静山城猴硐,因著1990年代矿业停采而短暂没落,这几年藉由社会众多爱心人士与猫咪们的意外邂逅,再次谱出了新的乐章,近日更被美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）评选为「世界六大赏猫景点」。 抓蜻蜓、床头挂风玲… 你不可不知的鬼节禁忌
2014鬼月到了,。有什麽你不可不知的鬼节禁忌呢？让我们一起来看一看吧！
imgapi.nownews.com.jpg (36.46 KB,。 一个人的拿铁
说不出的享受
我坐在丹提的左岸
在我身旁
无限的孤单
93号的冰拿铁
看著窗外
黑朦胧一片
压抑著我创作不出的灵魂
灵感跑不出来怎麽办?
< 试用品名称：轻盈零沾染 24H持久奇蹟嫩粉底
只要回答5个问题,就可以得到兰蔻试用组。
不用列印出来,凭著简讯就可以靠柜索取了！
想试用的网友可以试试看!!这一款在FG上的评价还不错
PS.有用过的网友也请回覆使用心得好吗？这一款br />
按一般人的认识,01e72042017e6124cda22c9711.jpg" border="0" />
1. 回眸：只是角度不同,人像作品也会变得很不同。却造成了身体微恙的后果。
刚刚看电视看到了天使波罗蜜-韦陀菩萨的MV!
一整个被吓到!
唱的人声音听起来像萧煌奇!
结果MV整个都是梵刹伽蓝&说：”要怎麽收穫,先怎麽栽”。】75%的人后悔年轻时努力不够,以至事业无成。 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
Wer Sinn für die Natur hat, der kann jetzt schon an den rich tigen Stell« daÄ Pflanzmleb« und die erst« unter den Frühlingsboten beobacht«, welche unbekümmert um Schnee und GS jetzt mit elementarer Gewalt hervor brech« Wenn man draußen daS unter den Bäumen liegende Laub aufhebt, sieht Man «ine ganze Menge junger, weißer Spitz« auS dem Boden hervorragen, die erst »ach dem Froste daS schützende Erdreich durchbrochen hab« Hin und wieder, namentlich in alten ParkS, fin det man auch unter dem Laub» kleine braune Körner, in Größe, Farbe und Gestalt dem Weizen gleichend und da ¬ her WM Volke nach dem alten biblisch« Manna benannt, ln einem End« -eigen diese ein kleines weißes Spttz- chen, daneben eine oder Mehrer« feine, ost schon über ein« Zentimeter lange Würzelchen. DaL sind die Brut- nollm deS Scharbockskrauts- (Ficarta ranunculoides), di« seit dem Sommer zwischen dem Grase gelegen hab« und nun nach fast -ehnvnmaMcher Ruh« zu treib« be- chm«. Wird daS Wetter warmj, dann wachsen st« nun in urzer Zeit zu stattlich« Büsch« heran, welche im März bch April auf saftig grüne« Blätter grün de große, gelbe, glänzende Blütenperne erschließ« Aber fo reiMch diese Pflanz« auch blüh«, zur Frucht- und CaMmbtldung PMm« sie nur selten, f» seit«, daß man sag« kann, die Pflanz« sind völlig unfruchtbar. Und doch vermehrt ich doSl Scharbockskraut recht bedeutend. In dm Achseln »er Blätter nämlich bildet eS kleine Knöllchen, die, wenn >aks Kraut nach einig« Wochen wieder abstirbt, auf den Bob« fall« und hi« biS -ums nächst« Jahre ruh«. Ost bedeck« jo viele solch« Liöllchen den Boden, daß der Volksglaube annimjmt, e- hab» ,Manna" oder „Wei ten geregnet", GS ist eins der groß« Rätsel der Na tur, warum dies« Knollen fast ein Jahr lang unter Be dingung«, die jed« andern Pfümzeueutwickelung gün stig find, vollständig ruh« und erst dann zu treib« beginn«, wenn andere Pflanz« noch weuig oder gar kein« Entwickelung -etg« Lutz« dem Scharbockskrauts treib« jetzt auch schau estrige echte Zwiebelgewächse, namentlich das Schneeglöckchen, UaS in sonnig« Lagen sogar schön Wüt« zeigt. Auch einig«; Gehölze lass« schon deutlich daÄ m ihrem Innern «erwachte Leb« «kenn« T!is Kätzchen dÄ HaselnußstvaucheS und der Erle werd« bereits »Mich und geschmmdig, ein deutliches Zeichen, daß sie tu nicht zu Hanger Zeit aufblüh« wer den, und die Schupp« UÄl Seidelbastkwospeu lockern sich schon bedeutend, fo daß die vidlettroten, süßduftenden, ab« giftig«, klein« Blütchen derselben in kurz« Frist hacvorbrecheu körrnm. TW Winter» Gewalt geht zu Ende. Wie « sich auch oinstMugen Möge, noch vi« Wochen, und er wirst verkochen setzt und der Frühling setz«« Mst-uA Aast«, kund«. Ter starke Geruch vertreibt die Frvstspanner und kein Weibchen wirst dm Ring übersteig«. Tte Schmetterlinge selbst meiden ^eden Baum, dessen Blätter mit Chlorkalk bespritzt worden sind. Auch Gart«, und Gemüsepflanzen bleiben vom Erdfloh, von Kohlschmetter- ingm und Raup« durchaus verschput« w«n sie mit Lhlorwasser bespritzt werden« Kirchmuachricht« für Mess. Geteufte. Hildegard Gertrud. T. de« BSckncmeist«« Kreißt-. Ida Olga. L de« Geschtrrfahr«, Jülk. «emm« «dmund, S. de« Hammrrorbtr«. Loren». Alma Frida, L. d« M. Lima Mess«- chmidt. Margot Glotra Hildegard, T. de- KausmmmS Oertel. Sernhard Mar, S. de« BahnarbtrS. Sippe!. Anna Elsa, L. der Anna Mari« Händel. Friedrich Reinhold, S. de« Schneidemühlen» arbtr«. Htllmann. Martha, T. de« Pwniersergeautm Kroker. Getraut«. Julius Mach, Kaufmann in Berlin, und Bertha 'Dora Teub« in Riesa. Beerdigt«. Frau Juliane Wilhelmine vrrw. Nagel au» Mrrgendorf, 78 I. 8 M. 7 L. Hermann Frtedrtch Helm, Maur« au« Kobeln, 89 I. 8 M., nach Heyda überführt. Kwct Alfred, S. de« Kntscher« Hempel, 1 M. 27 T. Frau Wilhelmine Alm- Hering geb. Schlenkert, 44 I. 1 M. 28 T. Karl August Wehle, Arbtr. au« Soselitz, 50 I. 2 M. 9 T, nach Kosest- überführt. Eduard Wolf, Privatu«, 71 I. 9 M. 7 L. Setter»«rt». "^MMag, WMr^° Beständig sch. Schdn Wetter^' Leränderltch Regen (Wind) Biel «egen 740 LechMche». ich «vfüNMUschine^ColüttE VekmWMm vvn Minevalwaff«, Sausrfivsfwaff«, Limiouadeu, Echauur- tvein« und ander« schäumend« Getränk« war diese» stet» umständlich und mit Verlust an Getränk« verbun den, wenn die zu füllend« Flasch« Mit Hebelverschstrtz verseh« waren, weil der Berschlußdeckel «st aufgäegst und sodann der Drahthebek ««gezogen weich« Mußte. Tiefe Mängel werdm durch eine neue, der Firmtt Hugo Mvsblech Cöln-Ehrmseld, patentierte Maschstre vollkom men beseitigt, welche den V«schluHdeckel selbsttätig auflegt und sich« feflhAtz fotmtz d« AbfüllerrUe nur d« Tvaht- hebel anfzulegen und anzuziehm hat« Mu B«kust au Ge tränk wird auf diese Weise völlstLrdtg vermied«; außer dem ist Ule Handhabung derartig vereinfacht, daß die denk bar größte Arbeitsleistung «zielt werd« kam». Die Ein richtung kennzeichnet sich dadurch, daß der vertikal ge führte Füllkopf durch das Umleg« eines mit ihm mittels ein« Lrrvmsührung in Verbindung stehend« Handhebels so auf- und abbewegt wird, daß « tu uätüever Stellung gehoben und in dm beiden äußerst« GnUstellmrg« nieder gedrückt ist. TvLei wirkt der Handhebel während sein« Bewegung Mittels eines Schalt- und Hebelgetriebes auf ein neben dem Berschlußdeckel und in di« Bewegung»- richtung dieses geführt« Teiles derart ein, daß dies« in der höchst« Stellung UeZj FüllkopfeS dm Berschlußdeckel auf die Wasche auflegt, auf welche der Füllkopf noch dem Niedergehm ihn dann fest awspretzt- Die Abfüllmaschine „Colonia" arbeitet also Mit feststehend« Wasche und be weglichem Füllkops. Gcstere wird bei Betätigung der Dritt vorrichtung stets auf ein und dieselbe Höhe gebracht und durch eine einfache, zrrms Patent angemeldete Hebelvor richtung festgehalten. ES können deshalb Flasch« ver schied«« Höhe ohne Verstellung des^Flaschenhalters ge füllt werden. Durch Anziehen deS ob« erwähnt« Hand hebels senkt der Füllkopf sich in die Flaschenoründung, woraus nach Oeffnen deAs Füllventils die Füllung der Wasche vor sich geht. Mrd der Handhebel nunmehr zu rückgelegt, so wird der Berschlußdeckel von der Maschine selbsttätig auf die Flaschmmüntmng aufgelegt und sich« sestgehallen, woraus der Abfüllende den Drahthebcl auf legt und anzieht. Tte Maschine sichert vor Waschenbruch, ermöglicht leichtes und schnelles Arbeit« und schützt vor Verlust an Getränk, selbst wenn dieseS' sehr stark schäumt-. HauS» «ud Landwirtschaftliche». Ko. Das Sb schneiden der Haare befördert den Wuchs nicht, wohl ab« wird das Haar durch laue Kopf waschung« kräftig«. Wenn man dm Kopf recht ost, am besten täglich vor dem Schlafengehen mehrere Male mit lauwarmem Mass« langsam übergießt, daß das Wasser durch das ganze Haar riefelt, so wird diie Kopf haut gestärkt und dadurch werdm di« Haarwurzeln kräf tiger. Man hat die Freude, gesundes, starke- Haar zu bekommen. Außerdem sind solche Sopfbäder auch nerven stärkend, nur soll dasi Mass« f» warussein, als es dem Kops angenehm ist. Auch d-a» Ausfall« gesunder Haare wird dadurch verhütet. Ko. Mittel gegen den Frvstspanner. Zur Abhaltung oder Vertreibung des Frostspanners und an der« Ungeziefer» von ObstbäuMen, ehe dieses im Winter seine Eier in die Rinde legt, gibt es kauM ein einfacheres und besseres Mittel als den Chlorkalk. Man nimmt da- von ein Pfund, ptischt damit einhalb Pfund Schweine fett und formt daraus ein« Teig. HrdLWod in ^.potdoLso, vrogorisn, Llinsralvasssr-LallälllQgsn. v«bc«i» Central-Drogerie. Uegt zu verkaufen VkU Prausitz Rr. 41. gespielt von der Kapelle de» K. G. Feldart.-Reg. Rr. 68 aus Empfehle ff. Plinse« und Pfannkuchen. S» ladet freundlichst ein Moritz Große. Mt., saub. HmsmAlheii, nicht unter 17 Jahren, für besseren Haushalt (3 Personen) nach DreS- den für 1. März gesucht. Nähere» Panfitzer Straße 2V. Gesucht zum 1. März ein nette», nicht zu junge» MLeivii«», welche» kochen, nähen und plätten kann, und ein Hausmädchen von 16—17 Jahren, da» in besserem Hause gewesen, von Frau Fabrikbesitzer Oetling, Strehla. Annahme von Gelder« zur Verzins««-, Beleih««- börsengängiger Wertpapiere. Safes-Schrank-Ginrichtnrrg vermietbare Schränkchen -u 10 und 20 Mmck Pro Jahr. An- und Berkans von Staatspapiere«, Pfandbriefen, Aktie« re. Einlösung aller werthabenden ConpanS und Dididendenscheine. vermalt««- offener, Anfbewahrnv- geschloffener Depots. Oldenburger Milchvieh. Donnerstag, -en 14. Februar stellen wir eine« Transport bester vl-euvurger «She «ud Kalben, sowie eine Auswahl spruugfähige vnlle» in Mesa .Sächsischer Hof" zum Berkaus. Ferner stehen an demselben Tage bayrische Sangs ochse« zum Berkaus. Poppitz nutz Fichtenberg a. Elbe. 1^8. Der Berkaus findet nur am genannten Tage statt. Wilstermarsch- Milchvieh. Mittwoch, d. IS. Februar stelle ich eine Auswahl bester Kühe und Kalben, hochtragend «vd mit Käls ber« bei mir zum Berkaus. Paul Richter, Gröba-Riesa. Gawükaß Loftll«. Zur Fastnachtsfeier (Dameuengagement). Hierzu ladet ergebenst ein K. Kunze. Lssikof foekr». FastnachtS-DtenStag, den 12. Februar EN»»»» 8§tonst>. SallmuwIIr Damenwahl, 10 Uhr Pfannkuchen-Polonaise. Es laden ergebenst ein A. Gelbhaar and Fran. im Schlosspark zn Hof, Donnerstag, den 14. Febrnar d. I. vormittags 10 Uhr. ca. 15 Eschen, 10—16 w lang, 18—40 cm stark (11 Festm.) , 7 Birken, 12—15 , , 23—32 , , (6 Festm.) , 50 Stück harte Nutzstangen » 6 Mn. harte Breunscheite und Rollen „ 50 harte Lang- und Abraumhaufen. Korsthaus Raitze«, 7. Februar 1907. M. Nugu»1in, Förster üollvv, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220 Pfg. pro Pfund mit 5°/- Rabatt empfiehlt angelegentlich Friedrich Biittae?, Anker-Drogerie. * Ei« zuverlässiger, unverheirateter Rnuvkb auf kleines Gut mit 6 Stück Vieh wird gesucht. Derselbe mutz die landwirtschaftlich. Arbeiten verstehen. Lohn Mk. S pro Woche bet freier Station. Näheres von abends 7 Uhr in Gröba, Georgplatz 0, 2. lks. SichtttMeuz. Verkaufe wegen schwerer Krank heit meiner Frau mein sehr gut gehender und gut verzinsliches, große» Doppel - Restauration»- Grundstück, BereiuSlokal, Brauerei frei, desgl. stottgehevde Schmiede. Agenten verbeten. Offerten an K. A. Günther, Torschänke, Grimma. kssMos ZAsrgsnäorf. FastnachtS-DienStag, de« 12. Februar DI»»»«« Lktonstl. Vuliinuwile (Damenwahy, 10 Uhr MützeusPolouaise. ES ladet ergebenst ein N. llstkn». Die bekanuw Teestrma Meßmer, Frankfurt a. M, widmet diesmal den Schüler« Stundenpläne, hoch- künstlerische vrigiaalfarben von Pro fessor von Bollman» und H. Schroed- wr, vorzüglich geeignet, Liebe und Verständnis zur Kunst zu wecken. DK Pläne skid in den Verkaufs, stellen von Meßmer» Tee gratis echgflfich, Ich erkläre hierdurch, mich in der Person der Frau Marie berehel. Krautze aus Pausitz geirrt zu haben und nehm« die Aussage gegen dieselbe hierdurch wieder zurück. Fra« Anna Kretzschmar in Grüba. Sch.H^Schlafst.ft.Goe1hestr.43,3.«t. Juuger kinderlos. Beamter sucht für April oder Mat eine kleine »der mittler« LasUiol jtezkäa. Dienstag, den 12. Februar grotzerFaft«i.chtsbaü stmmWMch Es ladet ergebenst ein Franz Mai. S'isouroll VI>L trootsn« Seln>^.»a«llt, sLroxl». oKstts Vüsss tto!n»o!Uiäsn. Vvin-saokvür», ^ävrdalao, dvso k'ingor, »lt» ^lmävn vinä olt »okr tlnrtnäotzlF; wsr bisftsrvsi'Lsbtieft ftottts -sdsilt rn Msräov, wneda novU slasn Vvrinetz mit äor dvston» dvvLkrtsL 8«sMoI Lröd« FastnachtS-DtenStag, den 12. Februar Gasthof Pausitz. Morgen Dienstag, zur Fastnacht, ladet zur vallmunlk (Damenwahl) fteundltchst ein O»W. Heilig. SV Mk. KchM Ich suche zum Vertrieb eine» letchtverküufltchen patent. Mafien- arttkelS tüchttge, redegewandk Han, fierer für dauernde Stellg. Offerten unter ft tz 24 in die Exped. d. vl. Suche 400-SOOZtr. Brennkartoffeln, wie sie der Stock gibt, zn kaufen, am liebsten Wohltmann oder Im perator. Bitte Offerten mit Preis- angabe unter R ft postlagernd Laugenberg bei Mesa abzugebeu. Tie Geflügel all. Art, Dklül Brnteier, vrntüfe«, Zuchtgeräte »e. kauf«, bitten gratis Katalog verlange«. * Geflügelpark i. Auerbach Heff. Gest. Offerten bitte unter p st 100 in die Expedition d. vl. zu senden. llnverh. j. Manu sucht zum 1. April 1 srdl. «nmöbtterte Stziek» maG Rmenm«» mtt Bedienung. Offerten mit näh. Ang. bis 18. Febr. erbeten unter st R 240 postl. Strehla. Nettere Dame sucht für 1. April St» durchaus saubere», ordentliches HinsiMeu, nicht unter 18 Jahren, sucht zum 1. Mär, oder früher Frau vr. Rudie», KStzschenbroda, Moritzburgerstr. 6. Sin größere», saubere» Schulmädchen gesucht Hanptstratze «8, 1. Unseren geschätzten Lesern können wir eine vorzüglich ausgeführte m MitteleAKD zum Preise von rmr 80 anbieten und liegt dieselbe in unserer Geschäftsstelle zur Ansicht aus. Die Karte ist von der bekannten Verlagsanstalt Flemming in Glogau neu herauSgegHben worden und verzeichnet da» gesamte Eisenbahnnetz wie auch die Flüsse, ist in bezug auf die Ortschaftsangabe vou weitgehender Ausführlichkeit trotz der erforderlichen Kleinheit der Schristzeichen von fast unübertrefflicher Klarheit im Druck. Papiergröße 100:75 Zentimeter; Druckgröße 80:64 Zenttmeter. „Riesaer Tageblatt". | PleIAs/common_corpus |
核电规划微妙变局
日本福岛核事故引发的“后遗症”在全球相继出现。最近几个月，瑞士、德国、意大利等欧洲国家先后宣布“弃核”。行驶在核电快车道上的中国虽未止步，但决策部门的核电规划，正在应对与反思中酝酿着微妙的变局。
《财经》记者了解到，有关核电发展的安全规划，正由国家核安全局和国家能源局分别牵头起草，核安全局负责的是核安全规划，能源局则负责核电安全规划。从目前已完成的规划讨论稿看，双方的编写思路和关注焦点并不完全一致。
“中国不太可能出台两部核安全规划，我估计，两个部门编制的规划最终会合并为一部。”参与核安全规划讨论的环保部核安全和环境专家委员会委员郁祖盛向《财经》记者表示，或者由国务院合二为一，或者先合并再提交至国务院。乐观预计，规划的最终公布将在明年一季度。
知情人士透露，核安全规划对在运、在建、拟建核电站分别要达到的安全要求给予了明确规定，而核电安全规划则回避了这一问题。
“按照核安全局目前编制的规划安全要求，二代技术反应堆已经没有发展前途，不会再建了。此外，对在建核电站的安全标准也提出了很多新规范。”上述知情人士表示，新建项目可能要求全部使用AP1000技术。
对此，参与能源局核电安全规划讨论的专家不予置评，该专家强调，获得国家发改委同意开展前期准备工作（即获颁小路条，包括设计、“五通一平”、关键设备采购等），而未被核准开工的项目目前已超过10个，其中5个已于3月1日获国务院常务会议审批通过，后因福岛核事故被紧急叫停，其中4个为二代改进型技术。
“不是说不建就能不建的，这些工程的设备订货都已提前三四年完成，现在改反应堆型的话，怎么改？”该专家分析说。
这也正是两份安全规划的大分歧之一。核安全规划旨在构建国家核安全管理体制并确定清晰的技术路线，核电安全规划则着重突出核电运行、建设、设备供应、基本安全、设计验证等内容。
郁祖盛介绍，核安全局和能源局相关人士将于8月召开沟通协调会，讨论磨合各自的方案内容。“双方都有这个诚意，要进行内部协调。尽管很难说谁听谁的，最后就看谁说得更有道理了。”
究竟是全部选择AP1000，还是允许压水堆技术路线下的多种堆型齐头并进？
按照“国四条”要求，所有停建和拟建核电项目，均须待核安全规划公布后方可重新审批，无论技术之争结果如何，这些项目都将重新评估，而这也将影响到中国核电产业发展的长期格局。
AP1000争议未了
美国西屋公司的AP1000反应堆，是第三代核电技术中最具代表性的堆型，也是目前压水堆技术中唯一的全非能动堆型。
不过，从2006年中国决定引进之日起，AP1000就一直伴随着激烈讨论，甚至强烈质疑。在正在编制的两部核安全规划中，这一争执再次被凸显出来。
核安全局编制的核安全规划讨论稿中对在运、在建和拟建项目提出了具体要求：在运和在建项目需重新考核其在地震、水淹、长期断电等突发状况下的应对措施，若不符合要求则需做硬件修改；如果修改不现实或不可行，则允许加强管理措施来弥补，如临时电源、应急电源准备等。若仍无法达标，就再进行风险评估，评估不合格者必须停运或停建。
对拟建项目则制定了更高安全标准，要求其对上述严重事故的预防必须纳入到设计基准中，不再允许通过加强管理措施来实现。
郁祖盛告诉《财经》记者，“说实话，现在运行的核电站是扛不住福岛这样的事情的，但新建项目就要求你扛得住。”目前，在运的13台核电机组全部采用二代或二代改进型技术，装机容量达1080万千瓦。
这也意味着，若要“扛住”福岛核事故的灾难级别，新建核电站将全面采用三代技术。若再对“非能动”提出要求，新建项目全部上马AP1000技术则成为唯一选项。
可就在福岛核事故发生之后，即便在AP1000原产地美国，AP1000的安全性也遭遇质疑。
5月20日，美国核监管委员会（NRC）发布公告，确认AP1000存在的一些技术问题尚未完全解决，其中最核心的是，AP1000安全保护壳的设计能否遏制事故条件下的压力峰值。在公告中，NRC称已对西屋公司提出明确要求，直到得到满意证明之后，才会对其颁发设计认证证书。
此后，国家核能动力学会经济专业委员会原主任温鸿钧撰文质疑AP1000的安全性，表示如果批量建设AP1000核电站，将埋下安全隐患。
郁祖盛解释，鉴于“9·11”的教训，美国对核电站设计建造增加了抵抗大飞机冲撞的法律要求，因此AP1000的安全保护壳才会被质疑存在安全漏洞。而在中国，法律上并没有防大飞机冲撞的规定，故并不存在保护壳的安全性问题。
Frost & Sullivan咨询公司能源与电力系统分析师曹寅指出，AP1000在局部安全标准上没有通过NRC审核，并不代表其不安全。核电站堆型安全不安全，根本上还需通过实践来验证。
缺乏运营检验正是AP1000的最大软肋。2006年决定引入AP1000时，当时在场的国务院高层领导曾在会议上发问，既然AP1000是成熟技术，为何当今世界上没有一台建成投入运营？当时在场的包括时任国家发改委副主任张国宝在内的AP1000支持者们没有给出答案。
目前，浙江三门和山东海阳正在建设四台AP1000机组，这也将成为AP1000在全球的示范机组，其中三门1号机组预计于2013年发电，其余三台则计划在2014年和2015年发电。
国家核应急协调委员会研究员冯毅表示，机组至少需要运行一年才能证明是否可行，既然是示范工程，投产后需至少更换一次核燃料才能了解堆芯运行情况，在此基础上才能证明AP1000是否能大面积商用。
“新批项目全面采用AP1000的可能性太小了。”冯毅对《财经》记者说，“这是工程规律，需要一个验证过程，不是说你把谁搬出来就能决定的。”
中核集团科技委常委专家张禄庆认为，国家应该统一核电厂的堆型，而没必要也不可能统一核电站机型，后者随着核电技术发展不断改变。中国早在1983年就已确定了压水堆路线，就像每个汽车品牌下有不同型号汽车一样，应该允许达到三代技术要求的各种机型并肩发展，包括AP1000、EPR、俄罗斯三代技术，以及国内自主研发的三代技术。
“经济性也是考量核电站技术的重要指标。”张禄庆说，如果只用AP1000，目前设备国产化率只有20％左右，而采用中广核、中核自己研发的三代技术，设备国产化率至少可达80％。
然而，福岛核事故的发生还是给二代和二代改进型技术蒙上了阴影，也在客观上逼迫中国尽快在技术路径上作出选择。
曹寅表示，如果中国继续上马二代或者二代改进型核电站，可能会遭致地方政府或反核人士的反对。如果直接上三代，起码在设计理念和理论测算上，安全性更胜一筹。
国核技有关人士向《财经》记者表示，福岛核事故之后，全世界包括中国在内，会大幅提高核电站的设计基准和安全标准。以此看来，只有AP1000才能满足新的要求。“并不是因为选择AP1000才放弃二代技术，而是在新的形势和安全标准之下，二代技术面临淘汰。”
不过，即使最终出炉的核安全规划明确新建核电站必须采用三代技术，也并不意味着AP1000会成为新批准核电站的唯一机型。张禄庆表示，虽然当前国家更倾向于采用AP1000，但中核与中广核并不会放弃自身的技术研发。
“核安全规划只会提出必须满足的核安全要求，而如何满足这些要求，则是核电设计单位的职责。”张禄庆介绍，目前中核与中广核自主研发的三代技术，即结合了能动与非能动的要求。
安检评估仍待结案
日本福岛核事故发生之后，3月16日，国务院颁布“国四条”，要求开启对国内已运行和在建核电站的安全检查。
此次检查从5月份开始，由核安全局、能源局、中国地震局联合组织的检查组负责，清华大学原校长、核电专家王大中担任检查组组长。
检查组专家介绍，此轮检查共涵盖11个方面的内容，包括外部自然事件叠加或组合情况下的应对；防洪抗震措施完备性；严重事故的预防和完结措施是否合适；应急组织、应急储备、应急协调指挥能力；工程建设管理水平等。
《财经》记者获悉，8月初，28个在建核电站的安全检查已全部结束。
在运和在建核电站的现场检查结束后，接下来，检查组将进行综合分析和讨论，由核安全局为主要执笔人撰写相关报告，在主要结论和观点经过核安全专家委员会确认后，再提交至国务院。安全检查报告可能分为在运和在建两部分编写，其中会提出具体的纠正行动。
《财经》记者获悉，目前，在运核电站安全评估报告还没有完成。
“国四条”中明确规定，要用最先进的标准进行核电站安全检查，但在真正的检查进行当中，“最先进的标准”几成空文。原国务院核电领导小组办公室副总工程师汤紫德直言，安全检查“敷衍了事”。
《财经》记者了解到，此次安全检查的大致程序是：每个核电站在福岛核事故后按照核安全局要求首先进行自查。检查组抵达现场后，先由核电厂对自查情况进行汇报，而后检查组专家再分若干组，分别进行文件检查、现场检测、分析讨论等。
一位检查组成员说，平均每个核电站的检查时间大约是三天到五天，“但这个检查还是很有用的”。
也有专家质疑此次检查仍然不够充分。郁祖盛介绍，福岛核事故后，欧洲与美国也同样展开了核电站的安全检查，但他们留给业主的时间一般是三个月到四个月，需要对各项指标进行极限能力测试，测试完成后还需提交详尽的检查报告。
核安全局仿照法国做法，给核电企业提供了一份涉及11个方面的安全检查提纲，但内容比法国方面简单得多。
郁祖盛表示，“我们这里一个电厂一般就待三四天，每个电厂有四五个堆，平均一个堆能有多长时间？”
“首先时间太短，看的东西太多，走马观花是看不出什么来的。其次，没有硬性标准进行规范，只是原则上进行分析，然后讨论。”汤紫德认为，检查过程较为短促，很难说这次检查是到位的。
中广核从事核电站工程建设的人士则认为，公众对核电有担忧，“国家进行检查也算是给公众一个交待。”
郁祖盛直言，“我们可能有点急于求成，或者更多的是形式主义，弄几十个专家到现场待三四天，像我这样的就算干了一辈子核电，到电厂只待三天的话，连东南西北的门朝哪开都搞不清楚。”
前述检查组成员未对此次检查结果作出评价，仅强调，“结果需由三部委来定调，他们会给出全面、综合的评价。”
在这位专家看来，中国核电站的安全措施有充分保障，不过，随着国际安全标准不断提高和福岛经验陆续反馈，也仍有很多方面需要做进一步的努力。
决策层善意、及时的安全检查指令在执行中流于形式，而更让人担心的是，核电运营中的怠忽态度亦显现出来。
一位核电站工作人员表示，由于核电站年度发电任务越来越重，留给两台机组的计划外停机检修时间已缩短到三天到四天。出了小问题后，上面给出的意见是“允许在当前状况下运行到下一次计划大修”。
监管体制短板难补
多位专业人士提醒，中国现行核电安全的监管体制，也多有不适应之处。
郁祖盛表示，中国整个核电的管理体制和决策机制，从福岛核事故上便可反映出存在两大问题，一是多头管理，二是效率低下。
按目前体制，对运行核电站进行管理的是三个部门，包括作为行业主管单位的发改委下属的国家能源局，管理核燃料的工信部军工局及其常设机构国家核电应急委员会，以及环保部下属的国家核安全局。
郁祖盛透露，福岛核事故期间中央电视台的“权威发布”，其信息需要经过多个部门确认，到最后发布出来时，“已经过了至少一个星期”。
福岛核事故期间，上述所有管理机构均各自向国务院汇报信息，但没有谁是权威机构，最后均须国务院在听取了多方汇报之后，再汇总作出决策。
郁祖盛还表示，在目前的核电管理体系中，各核电集团的利益分歧和矛盾更加凸显出来，且得不到有效沟通和协调，因此中央政策在企业落实的实践当中，往往会打折扣。
业内人士指出，核电站的运作，需要可靠和透明的监管，需要运营者与监管方之间的制衡，以及高标准的建设质量。但实际情况是，在这些问题尚未解决之前，中国就已快步进入到核电高速发展阶段。
郁祖盛指出，即便受福岛核事故影响，中国“十二五”期间不再审批新的核电站项目，当前在建核电站发展速度，也已经是“跃进”了。
2007年，中国政府将核电从“适度发展”调整为“积极发展”。是年，国务院通过的《核电中长期发展规划（2005－2020年）》提出，到2020年核电运行装机容量争取达到4000万千瓦。
倘若没有福岛核事故发生，中国核电建设可能还会提速。能源局原局长张国宝曾计划，调整核电中长期发展规划，将2020年的目标提升到8000万千瓦以上。
《财经》记者获悉，这一规划将与核安全规划一并推出，发展目标可能调至7000万千瓦左右。
冯毅表示，根据“国四条”规定，只有在完成核电站安全大检查，调整完善核电中长期规划及出台核安全规划后，新核电项目才会放行，新的核电项目审批可能要延至明年下半年。
国家能源专家咨询委员会委员林伯强对《财经》记者指出，即使核安全规划和新的核电中长期发展规划出台，新核电站项目在审批和项目落实方面，也存在变化的可能性。
林伯强说，中国在未来新增核电项目时，至少面临两个方面的巨大压力，一方面是政治压力，在全球都在缩减核电的时候，中国不可能自己一家还在大踏步前进。另一方面则是经济压力，随着核电站在安全方面的投入逐步增加，核电经济性面临大考。
按照福岛核事故前中国规划建设的核电站计算，到2015年，中国将每年新建五个核电站反应堆。若核安全规划明确采用三代技术建造新核电站，则意味着今后的五年至十年中，中国每年将建造至少五个AP1000核反应堆。
对此，郁祖盛认为，从中国目前装备制造能力、施工和管理能力上分析，每年建设五个到六个已是极限。
“在未通过实践证明AP1000的安全性之前，如此大规模建设值得商榷。”曹寅对《财经》记者说。 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
Anna loved to draw in her notebook. She drew many things, like flowers, animals, and stars. She used many colors, like red, blue, and yellow. She liked to imagine that her drawings were real and that she could play with them.
One day, she took her notebook to school. She wanted to show her friends her lovely drawings. But when she opened her notebook, she saw that someone had scribbled on her pages. She felt very sad and angry. Who did this to her notebook?
She looked around and saw Tom, a boy in her class. He had a black pen in his hand and a mean smile on his face. He said, "I don't like your drawings. They are silly and ugly. I made them better." He laughed and ran away.
Anna felt like crying. She wanted to tell the teacher, but she was afraid that Tom would hurt her. She wanted to throw away her notebook, but she loved it too much. She didn't know what to do.
Then, she had an idea. She took out her crayons and started to draw over the scribbles. She used her imagination and turned them into new things. She made the scribbles into clouds, rainbows, and butterflies. She made the scribbles into hats, glasses, and mustaches. She made the scribbles into funny faces, letters, and numbers. She made her notebook more lovely than before.
She smiled and felt happy again. She learned that she could use her imagination to make something good out of something bad. She also learned that she should not let anyone ruin her joy. She decided to forgive Tom, but also to tell the teacher what he did. She hoped that he would learn to be kind and respectful. She also hoped that he would find his own notebook and draw something nice. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
# Thread in General Philosophy entitled "Universal Truths"
Discussion in 'SF Open Government' started by Rav, Jan 30, 2010.
1. ### Rav∞Valued Senior Member
Messages:
2,422
Hi guys
I am just wondering why this thread was closed. What motivates me to ask is the fact that I wanted to post in it. It has the potential to make for some interesting discussion, even if further discussion might have needed to initially focus on the fact that writing an essay is potentially unreasonable request to make of any contributor and/or the fact that there really isn't any such thing as a truth that no-one could possibly argue about. That's how I was planning to start anyway, before I moved on to something that I felt was a universal truth.
3. ### BenTheManDr. of Physics, Prof. of LoveValued Senior Member
Messages:
8,967
Maybe it would have worked in Free Thoughts. The OP, Illuminatingtherapy'', looks like a crackpot.
5. ### glaucontending tangentiallyRegistered Senior Member
Messages:
5,502
Rav,
I closed that thread for a number of reasons.
First, as you can see, it's ages old, with no activity since '06, with the exception of one post.
Second, and more importantly, as Ben noted, this discussion [sic] wasn't even remotely philosophical in nature, but rather little beyond babbling opining.
While you're correct that teh topic does have merit, even in Philosophy topics are required to be approached with some semblance of analysis.
If you do in fact, have something to post on this topic that could be characterized as analysis, or argument, and definitely not just blind supposition, feel free to PM me and I'll attempt to clean it up and re-open it. | open-web-math/open-web-math |
Once upon a time there was a little girl named Lucy. She was 3 years old and one day she was at the beach. As she looked out to the sea, she wondered what was out there. Suddenly, she saw something moving towards the shore. It was a pirate ship!
Lucy's eyes all lit up and she ran to the edge of the sand. But then she saw that the pirates were bad pirates. They had an angry look on their faces and swords in their hands! She was scared and began to run away.
Just then, one pirate shouted, "Stop! We need your help, tiny one."
Lucy stopped and wondered what the pirates wanted. The pirates said, "We have lost our treasure and we need your help to find it!"
Lucy was excited. She had never seen a real pirate ship before. She said, "OK! I will help you find your treasure!"
So Lucy and the pirates began looking around the beach. After a while, they found the treasure buried deep in the sand. Lucy was so excited and the pirates were very happy.
The pirates put the treasure back in their ship and sailed off into the night. Lucy waved goodbye and smiled as she watched them go. She had a wonderful day and had made some new friends. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Thomas More College will be holding an event (on their campus) focusing on the American Concept of Religious Freedom. Hebrew Union College will be co-sponsoring this event. The program will begin at 7:00 p.m. and conclude by 9:00-9:30 p.m.
Thomas More College in Crestview Hills, Kentucky has announced the formation of the Institute for Religious Liberty. The Institute’s mission is to advance the American concept of religious freedom as an inalienable right and its protection for all people.
The Institute will sponsor an Inaugural public program featuring two prominent thought leaders who will discuss the American concept of religious freedom. The Feb. 10, 2016 program at Thomas More College (7:00 p.m.) will feature the President of the United States Conference of Bishops, the Most Reverend Joseph E. Kurtz, D.D., Archbishop of Louisville, and the U.S. Ambassador for Religious Freedom, Rabbi David Saperstein, as speakers. The event is FREE and open to the public.
“The genesis for the Institute came about as several local business leaders from various religious backgrounds gathered to discuss the need to celebrate and educate others about our Constitutional privilege to practice our religion and worship as we see fit,” said Thomas More College President David Armstrong. “There is no better place to advance and explore that inalienable right than here on our campus as we challenge our students of all faiths to examine the ultimate meaning of life, their place in the world, and their responsibility to others. ”
“In light of contemporary events that capture the headlines daily, it is difficult to identify a more salient and timely subject to explore in a forum of this sort,” said Dr. Gary P. Zola, Executive Director of the Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives and and the Edward M. Ackerman Family Distinguished Professor of the American Jewish Experience & Reform Jewish History at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati. Dr. Zola represents Hebrew Union College on the new Institute’s steering committee.
Sponsor: Hebrew Union College - The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
OGS
[tag] hydro_crack_scheme
In case of static, pressure is set to 1.0. For propagating crack, evolution of pressure is found through enforcing the crack volume balance.
• Data type: std::string | math-ai/AutoMathText-web-full |
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编辑时间：2016-06-25 03:47:04 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
Lily loves to paint. She has many colors of paint and a big tray to mix them. She likes to make pictures of flowers, stars, and animals. One day, she decides to paint a gift for her mom.
She takes a white paper and a pink paint. She dips her brush in the paint and makes a big heart on the paper. She writes "I love you, Mom" with her crayon. She smiles and thinks her mom will like it.
She puts the paper on the tray and carries it to the kitchen. She sees her mom cooking soup. She says, "Mom, I have something for you!"
Her mom turns around and sees the tray. She sees the pink heart and the words. She smiles and hugs Lily. She says, "Thank you, Lily! This is so beautiful! I love you, too!"
Lily feels happy and proud. She gives her mom a kiss and says, "You're welcome, Mom! I made it with love!" | roneneldan/TinyStories |
# Question #ece52
Jul 15, 2017
The ionization energy is the energy it an atom must absorb (hence, the positive sign, usually) to lose an electron.
Ionization energy generally increases left to right and down to up. This is due mainly to the effective nuclear charge of the atoms. There are some anomalies, but for the most part one can rely on this trend.
Here, we're considering one atom and an ion: $P$ and ${N}^{-}$.
$P$ is below, and further left to ${N}^{-}$, thus:
${P}_{I} < {N}_{I}^{-}$
More specifically, if we look these up:
${P}_{I 1} = \frac{1101.8 k J}{m o l}$, ${N}_{I 1}^{-} = \frac{1314 - 1400 k J}{m o l}$
Note: the ${N}^{-}$ ionization energy is a range of nitrogen and oxygen's, since an ion, and hence, has as many electrons as oxygen, but a lesser effective nuclear charge. | math-ai/AutoMathText-web-full |
The Woods 13547 6-Outlet Power Stake With Timer & 6′ Cord automatically controls your landscape lights, holiday lights, and more. When it’s cold and dark outside, the last thing you want to do is run out to turn off your lighted yard decorations or turn on your security lights. Let the timer on this power stake do the work for you. Seven different timer cycles let you set a schedule; once set, the cycle repeats daily until changed. It can use the sunlight (with photoelectric eye) to automatically turn on at dusk and off at dawn, or 2, 4, 6, or 8 hours later. It saves energy and electricity costs by only turning on lights when needed. Accommodates up to 6 different plugged-in items. Hardy, weatherproof 14 gauge, 6′ cord and rain tight timer and outlet covers make this power stake ideal for all four seasons. It keeps rain, snow, and animals away from the timer and outlets.
Attach the Scosche Industries USBMM flipSYNC™ to your keychain and you’ll always have a USB charger at your fingertips. Connect either the micro or mini outputs into your MP3 player, smart phone, cell phone, digital camera, or gaming device and the other end into a USB port and you’ll always be able to charge and sync your devices, whether you are at home or on the road.
The Carson Optical LK-30 LED Lighted MagniLook™ is the magnifier that’s always ready! This magnifier boasts a 2.5x power crystal-clear acrylic lens with a 6x power spot lens, and a built-in ultra bright twin LED Lights. The MagniLook Magnifier can be used as both a pendant magnifier and as a hand-held magnifier. Simply unclasp the MagniLook Magnifier from the neck strap and it can be used hand held. You can also wear the MagniLook Magnifier around your neck and know where to find it when you need it! The Lighted MagniLook Magnifier is ideal for crafts, hobbies and everyday use.
The SL-6010 Socket gives you the ability to control any lamp – without the need for any wiring. Once you screw the SL-6010 into your lamp, you’ll be able to control it with various Heath/Zenith transmitter units.
Installation only takes a few minutes – just adjust the group and code settings on SL-6010 and the controller. Then, you can turn the lamp on and off without getting up from the couch.
Keep you home or business secure, day or night. The SL-6030-WH Wireless Motion Sensor can be mounted anywhere you’d like to detect movement. The unit is battery-operated so you won’t have to worry about adding extra wiring, making the sensor more discrete and less obvious to potential intruders. Once movement is sensed, the unit will automatically send commands to any connected lights.
The interference from a wall mount TV can wreak havoc with your IR control system. Xantech designed this Universal Dinky Link IR Receiver to resist the interference from plasma, LCD and LED TVs, as well as fluorescent and compact fluorescent lighting (CFL), and sunlight – so you can mount this receiver in any room with confidence. The included Dinky Link compact, IR receiver was designed for mounting in very small spaces and has been engineered specifically to receive extended signals from up to 120 feet away. Additionally, it will resist IR interference caused by Plasma, LCD ad LED TVs, CFL lighting and sunlight. It includes a white, silver and black trim kit that snaps into place so it will match your AV equipment. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
Complex function sketch
I have just started studying some complex functions and I do not understand the concept very well (I cannot visualize them easily). So I would appreciate some help for the following problem:
Say we have the complex function f(z) = cosh(z) . I would like to know how the f-plane looks like when x=const. and respectively y=const.
Thank you very much!
-
When you can visualize complex functions easily, let me know. I still have a hard time, too :) – Clayton Sep 13 '13 at 20:29
Ok, I see that the "easily" is rather stupid but what I wanted to say is that the transition from real to complex functions is not very smooth in my head.:) – Whats My Name Sep 13 '13 at 20:45
You may be interested in this paper regarding visualizing complex functions:
"Phase Plots of Complex Functions: A Journey in Illustration" by Elias Wegert and Gunter Semmler.
Jim Fowler and I (Steve Gubkin) wrote this webpage to help visualization of complex functions:
We hope to produce an online complex analysis course soon which employs a diverse set of visualization methods. For example, we will use webGL to produce 3d plots of modulus colored by phase, phase plots on the riemann sphere, interactive geometry tools for the poincare metric on the disk, etc. We should also have a lot of computational exercises which are verified directly by a server running an instance of sage. We are still developing back end stuff right now, but we should have something up and running within the year. We do not have anything up there now, but watch this space: http://www.gratisu.org/.
Peace, Steve
-
This is very helpful. Thank you very much! – Whats My Name Sep 13 '13 at 23:36
I'm interested by such a course. I already illustrated a whole course of mathematics for bachelor using complex functions on my website: www.mikaelmayer.com/reflex/category/cours-a-lepfl/ Students appreciated it. – Mikaël Mayer May 5 at 13:25
@MikaëlMayer Ya, I still have plans to do this, but we got sort of distracted by producing calculus content (also, I defend my thesis tomorrow). I cannot promise when, but I definitely intend to build this course! – Steven Gubkin May 5 at 18:31
Let $z=x+iy.$ Separating the real and imaginary parts of $f,$ we have \begin{align} f(z)=f(x+iy)=\cosh(z)=\dfrac{e^{x+iy}+e^{-x-iy}}{2}\\ =\dfrac{1}{2}[e^x(\cos{y}+i\sin{y} )+e^{-x}(\cos{y}-i\sin{y})] \\=\cos{y}\cdot\dfrac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}+i\sin{y}\cdot\dfrac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}. \end{align} Denote $$u(x+iy)=\Re{f(x+iy)}=\cos{y}\cdot\dfrac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}=\cosh{x}\cdot\cos{y},\\ v(x+iy)=\Im{f(c+iy)}=\sin{y}\cdot\dfrac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}=\sinh{x}\cdot\sin{y}$$ For fixed $x=c$
$$\dfrac{u(c+iy)}{\cosh{c}}=\cos{y},\\ \dfrac{v(c+iy)}{\sinh{c}}=\sin{y}.$$ Squaring last equalities, we have ellipse $$\dfrac{u^2}{\cosh^2{c}}+\dfrac{v^2}{\sinh^2{c}}=1.$$
-
Although you asked this question a while ago, I have a new answer. You may be interested by the website reflex4you.com in "expert" mode. For example, the $cosh$ function is the following:
$z\rightarrow cosh(z)$ (click on the picture to visit the website and enter other formulas)
Although the axis are not shown, the window is between $-4-3i$ and $4+3i$. The zero is black and white is infinite. 1 is red and -1 is cyan. This representation is quasi-invariant if you take the negative of the picture, it will represent the inverse function.
To analyze this picture, you can consider that the values on the horizontal axis (the real axis) are red and darkest a zero, which means that $cosh(x) > cosh(0)$. The black spot are zeroes of the function corresponding to $+/- \pi/2$; Colored points denote complex functions. $i$ is greenish whereas $-i$ is purplish.
By clicking on the image above, you can modify the formula and try out other ones. I feel it is a very good way to represent complex functions.
To answer your original question, I wrote an algorithm usable on the website to compute the f-plane, for example for x constant. You can modify the value of the parameter c (constant for $x$). @M.Strochyk was right, these are ellipses.
let c = 1; set k = 0; let min = -4; let max = 4; let n = 100; func f = cosh(z); set result = 0; let threshold = 0.1; repeat n in set theta = ((max-min)*k/n+min)*i+c; set result = if(abs(f(theta)-z) < threshold, theta, result); set k = k + 1; result
Click on the picture to be able to modify it by entering different values.
DISCLAIMER: I am one of the co-authors of this website.
- | open-web-math/open-web-math |
Once upon a time, there was a nice museum. It was very attractive. One day, a large ladybug appeared. It had beautiful, shiny wings. Everyone was very excited to see it. They were so happy!
The ladybug started to fly around, showing off its beautiful wings. Everyone was amazed. They all smiled. The ladybug then disappeared, flying away. Everyone said goodbye and waved.
The museum was always an exciting place, filled with interesting creatures. Everyone liked to come to the museum, because of the attractive things they saw.
The end! | roneneldan/TinyStories |
腾讯数码讯（文心）据Digital Trends网站报道，尽管Skylake是英特尔
推出的一款成功的芯片，玩家还是把目光瞄准了X99芯片组以及高端、多核处理器的升级版产品。如果传言属实，传言中的Broadwell-E系列芯片将包含一款集成有10个内核、能同时运行20个线程的处理器。
据悉，Broadwell-E将包含有4款处理器，其中最有趣的一款被称作i7-6950X，集成有10个内核，支持超线程技术，包含有25MB L3缓存，基础时钟频率为3.0GHz；第二款被称作i7-6900K，集成有8个内核和20MB L3缓存，基础时钟频率为3.30GHz。另外两款处理器分别被称作i7-6850K和i7-6800K，集成有6个内核和15MB L3级缓存，基础时钟频率分别为3.6GHz和3.4GHz。
Digital Trends表示，消息称全部这4款处理器都兼容LGA2011-v3接口。这意味着，用户可以方便地利用新款处理器升级原来配置X99芯片组的计算机。
当然，在PC玩家眼中，这些处理器属于极品。目前尚不清楚这些处理器的价格和发布时间。鉴于Haswell-E处理器发售时间为2014年8月份，因此预计英特尔在未来6个月内公布Broadwell-E并非是不合理的。十核6950X处理器的零售价不会低于1000美元(约合人民币6366元)，因为八核5960X芯片的价格仍然在1000美元上下。
本网站转载的所有的文章、图片、音频视频文件等资料的版权归版权所有人所有，本站采用的非本站原创文章及图片等内容无法一一联系确认版权者。如果本网所选内容的文章作者及编辑认为其作品不宜公开自由传播，或不应无偿使用，请及时通过电子邮件或电话通知我们，以迅速采取适当措施，避免给双方造成不必要的经济损失。 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
#pragma once
#include "Ball.h"
class Screen
{
enum{Top=1,Bottom =10,Left=0,Right=3};
public:
enum {MIN_X = 1 , MAX_X = 79, MIN_Y = 4 , MAX_Y = 24};
static bool isOn_Y_Edge(const Ball & ball)
{
return (ball.getY(Top) == MIN_Y || ball.getY(Bottom) == MAX_Y);
}
static bool isOn_X_Edge(const Ball & ball)
{
return ( ball.getX(Right)== MAX_X || ball.getX(Left) == MIN_X );
}
}; | PleIAs/common_corpus |
Kasol is the paradise for all the stoners and dopers. Primarily because of excellent quality of hash available here. This place is frequented by lot of Israelis & young people looking to chill & dope.
The place is just a stone throw distance away from Manikaran which is famous for gurudwara and a temple built around hot water springs. Ironically, this place is full family crowd and devotees. Such a contrast from cool & hippie crowd of Kasol. But both worlds exist in peace with each other.
Places to stay:
Kasol is located on the banks of river Parvati but you may not find where is the river as its not directly visible. So make sure to ask someone the way to river. Around the river there are few guest houses. Alpine guest house is best of them. You can also cross the bridge on river and go to village Chalal and stay there. Its all about exploring.
Places to score:
Cafes are easiest way to score hash. Just whisper to any waiter and he will procure it for you, but he will give it at more rate than the market price. So if you want to score cheaply then look for local taxi drivers or shopkeepers.
Best quality hash is Malana cream which is produced in malana village located 3kms from kasol. Malana cream is not that easy to score as people have started producing cheaper version of the product and most of the supply is of that only. If you want to score Malana in Kasol then either you have to be a lucky dude or have to walk all the way up to Malana village. Pro tip: Look for scoring in Chalal village rather than Kasol as it is better quality there and even cheaper.
Places to eat:
Evergreen cafe is undoubtedly the best with cool ambience and scrumptious menu. Staff is also nice although waiting time is on little higher side. Double decker chicken is a must try.
Other cafes are also nice but there are many second bests like Stone Garden, King Falafel.
If you want to trek then kheerganga is the best trek nearby. There is another village nearby called Tosh which is a very scenic and peaceful place. It is a must visit if you are looking to smoke sitting in the lap of nature. Accommodation are rather cheap here and that's why lots of young guys stay there for longer durations just to chill and smoke dope. Pinky didi guest house and valley view guest house are the best. There are lots of cafes. Food is nice & mostly israeli.
There are lots of rave parties happening in Kasol, Tosh & Chalal. The entry to these parties is free if you happen to be friends with Israelis else you have to pay entry charge. For the big parties you will see lots of publicity in form of posters etc but there are other secret parties happening for which people generally remain tight-lipped as to have minimum Indian crowd. You need to be friends with Israelis to know about whereabouts of such parties. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
Emanuel I.a Komneno (, Manouēl I Komnēnos; –) 1143-1180 bitartean Bizantziar Inperioko enperadorea izan zen.
Erromako inperioa izan zena berritzeko eginahalak egin zituen aginpidean egon zen urteetan. Ekialdeko estatu latinoak inperioaren barruan sartu zituen (1159) eta Balkanetako zenbait lurralde ere bereganatu zituen (1173). Normandiarren kontra borrokatu behar izan zuen Italian. Turkiarrek garaitu zuten Miriozefalonen (1176), eta han bukatu ziren bere ametsak.
Erreferentziak
Bizantziar Inperioko enperadoreak
Istanbuldarrak | PleIAs/common_corpus |
│ ─ ─ │─ ─ ◎│─ ─◎
径 寒 霜 降 孤 松,月 朦 胧！
─ │ │ ─ ─│ │─ ─ ◎
寂 寞 燕 归 何 日 再 相 逢？
─ ─│∆ ─ ─│∆ &nmages/chinatimes_com/kykh/778/cml02.jpg" border="0" />
有的骆驼表情是笑嘻嘻,有的骆驼嘴巴揪成小圆孔,像在吹口哨。想,」自己很快乐,「我」就快乐了起来。 位于桃园市中正路与同安街口
有个水利1-16号的大潭
一直以为结婚离我还很遥远
可是眼看著身边的人一个个结婚去
不禁又让我开始思考著
结婚真的是每个人的必经之路吗?!
结婚在我的感觉中
对于女生的影响甚于男生
大多数的女生都得因此离开
自己生活二三十年的家
还得要尽快的溶入 如果你家木地板或是楼梯扶手有小裂痕～
但还没伤道木材～只是伤到油漆时
">
去年一月我发烧进了署立基隆医院的急诊室三次,每次进医院第一件事就是做血液细菌培养的检验,看看血液裡有没细菌,若发现细菌就比较严重,因为可能是血液被感染了,血液没有被感染也许只是一般的伤风感冒,但血液培养检验不是一天就可以知道结果的,所以我总是要先住院打二天的抗生素,把白血球发炎的指数压下来,这三次的血液细菌培养减验结果就是第一次做的检验第二天就培养出细菌,而剩下的两次血液细菌培养检验就没有培养出细菌,但若没有任何的感冒症状,也是要当胆管感染打抗生素。
宣言一：
我不要你的讚美,但接受你的羞辱。
因为
讚美像过期的馊水
帅哥进来看这篇文章,只是想找个人聊聊天, 相爱而不同行,
还能算是相爱吗？
同行而不长久,
我发烧的原因有两种可能,一种是我的心瓣膜先天闭锁不完全在加上脊椎严重S型侧弯压迫心脏,所以血液营养供给不足就会发烧;第二是是胆管结石使胆管变狭窄,胆汁流动不顺,不过这三次的发烧我都没有发生黄疸现象,血液胆数据也还算正常,第一个原因我无法控制,所以我只能对第二个原因多加注意。
店家：南台湾各饭店、MOTEL、民宿、餐厅
店家电话：请依优惠卷提供联络方式or上网查询我年纪小,jpg" border="0" />
看他的牙齿！还没正式开始吃草,
十九二十的看头莫过于此, 世界上最奇妙的三个字,
若有个男人要请你喝咖啡,他人很好、条件也不错,只是已经结婚了,你答不答应呢？「反正只是一杯咖啡,有甚麽不可以！？」你是不是这麽想呢？
若干年前我还在国际足球工作时,工作上经常接触的一位已婚男同事有天问我﹕「没事吧？请你喝杯咖啡？」我望著眼前这位条件不错的「资深帅哥」,毫不考虑便摇摇头,正要转身走开,他忽然问﹕「是不是你母亲教你不可以跟已婚的男人喝咖啡？」当时我感到啼笑皆非。
◎ 地区：高雄市
◎ 店名：沐华经络能量养生馆
◎ 价钱：食玩客对折王优惠价499元
店内的佈置很温馨~服务人员也很亲切喔
今天吃的海鲜浓汤锅~焗起士虾仁蟹肉烧~以及焗烤奶油起士鸡肉饭都超好吃的喔!!!
店裡面的招牌就是两隻超漂亮的黄金猎犬还有隻约克夏以及一隻漂亮的猫咪(忘了是什麽品种了)~
你对设计有强烈热忱吗？想轻松赚入十五
◆今年夏秋,又去了蒙古3个月。 小时候我有一个百思不解的问题。
故事发生在物质缺乏的花莲乡下,
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这三次发烧的原因,第一次发烧是前一晚我跟家人发生了很大的衝突,情续太过于激动,所以心脏负荷不了血液营养供给不足;第二次发烧是一般的流行性感冒;第三次发烧的原因是前一天晚上我吃了一锅小火锅及一枝冰淇淋,可能是吃太多了,胆汁流动不顺,无法将食物完全消化掉。?
也许就是「我觉得」吧!
「我觉得」自己很美丽, 1.你认为自己相貌如何？
A 有魅力[3]
B 一般[1]
C 无魅力[0]
2.异性正在不停看你,你做何感想？
【１. 店家介绍 】:第一手麻辣锅-老闆是台湾人之前在网络上一直看人家在说.昨天有幸我和女友一起去吃.才发现私生活非常的孩子气,徒增困扰,浪费彼此的时间？
去年十月,老妈从台湾来访,带来几齣她在国际足球买的韩剧,其中有齣韩剧由几个不同的爱情故事串连起来,里面有一段描述医生的外遇,那个「第三者」在杂志社工作,因为邀稿常常接触已婚的男医生,和那男人陷入不可自拔的外遇风暴。
好吃的泰国料理
老闆和老家吃」是一件痛苦的事,尤其是在计较大小多少的时候。不要太过激情热血,/>白羊座男人：
凡事会胸有成竹后默默去做, | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
The First K2 Planet
# Characterizing K2 Planet Discoveries: A super-Earth transiting the bright K-dwarf HIP 116454
Andrew Vanderburg$\star$$\star$affiliation: [email protected] 11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 22affiliation: NSF Graduate Research Fellow , Benjamin T. Montet11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 22affiliation: NSF Graduate Research Fellow 33affiliation: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA , John Asher Johnson11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 44affiliation: David & Lucile Packard Fellow , Lars A. Buchhave 11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Li Zeng11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Francesco Pepe88affiliation: Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland. , Andrew Collier Cameron77affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK , David W. Latham11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Emilio Molinari99affiliation: INAF - Fundación Galileo Galilei, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez, 7, 38712 Breña Baja, Spain 1010affiliation: INAF - IASF Milano, via Bassini 15, 20133, Milano, Italy , Stéphane Udry88affiliation: Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland. , Christophe Lovis88affiliation: Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland. , Jaymie M. Matthews1616affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z1, Canada , Chris Cameron2020affiliation: Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada , Nicholas Law55affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA , Brendan P. Bowler33affiliation: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA 1919affiliation: Caltech Joint Center for Planetary Astronomy Fellow , Ruth Angus11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 1515affiliation: University of Oxford, Oxford, UK , Christoph Baranec66affiliation: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Hilo, HI 96720, USA , Allyson Bieryla11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Walter Boschin99affiliation: INAF - Fundación Galileo Galilei, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez, 7, 38712 Breña Baja, Spain , David Charbonneau11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Rosario Cosentino99affiliation: INAF - Fundación Galileo Galilei, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez, 7, 38712 Breña Baja, Spain , Xavier Dumusque11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Pedro Figueira2828affiliation: Centro de Astrofísica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal 2929affiliation: Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal , David B. Guenther2121affiliation: St. Mary’s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada , Avet Harutyunyan99affiliation: INAF - Fundación Galileo Galilei, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez, 7, 38712 Breña Baja, Spain , Coel Hellier1818affiliation: Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK , Rainer Kuschnig2222affiliation: Universität Wien, Institut für Astronomie, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Wien, Austria , Mercedes Lopez-Morales11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Michel Mayor88affiliation: Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland. , Giusi Micela1212affiliation: INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90124 Palermo, Italy , Anthony F. J. Moffat2323affiliation: Univ de Montréal C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada 2424affiliation: Obs. du mont Mégantic, Notre-Dame-des-Bois, QC J0B 2E0, Canada , Marco Pedani99affiliation: INAF - Fundación Galileo Galilei, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez, 7, 38712 Breña Baja, Spain , David F. Phillips11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Giampaolo Piotto99affiliation: INAF - Fundación Galileo Galilei, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez, 7, 38712 Breña Baja, Spain 1010affiliation: INAF - IASF Milano, via Bassini 15, 20133, Milano, Italy , Don Pollacco1717affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK , Didier Queloz1111affiliation: Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK , Ken Rice1313affiliation: SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH93HJ, UK , Reed Riddle33affiliation: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA , Jason F. Rowe2525affiliation: SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA 2626affiliation: NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA , Slavek M. Rucinski2727affiliation: University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada , Dimitar Sasselov11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Damien Ségransan88affiliation: Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland. , Alessandro Sozzetti3030affiliation: INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy , Andrew Szentgyorgyi11affiliation: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA , Chris Watson1414affiliation: Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queenâs University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK , Werner W. Weiss2222affiliation: Universität Wien, Institut für Astronomie, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Wien, Austria
###### Abstract
We report the first planet discovery from the two–wheeled Kepler (K2) mission: HIP 116454 b. The host star HIP 116454 is a bright (, ) K1–dwarf with high proper motion, and a parallax–based distance of pc. Based on high-resolution optical spectroscopy, we find that the host star is metal-poor with [Fe/H] , and has a radius R and mass M. The star was observed by the Kepler spacecraft during its Two-Wheeled Concept Engineering Test in February 2014. During the 9 days of observations, K2 observed a single transit event. Using a new K2 photometric analysis technique we are able to correct small telescope drifts and recover the observed transit at high confidence, corresponding to a planetary radius of R. Radial velocity observations with the HARPS-N spectrograph reveal a 1.33 M planet in a 9.1 day orbit, consistent with the transit depth, duration, and ephemeris. Follow–up photometric measurements from the MOST satellite confirm the transit observed in the K2 photometry and provide a refined ephemeris, making HIP 116454 b amenable for future follow–up observations of this latest addition to the growing population of transiting super-Earths around nearby, bright stars.
planets and satellites: detection — techniques: photometric
## 1. Introduction
After four years of nearly continuous photometric monitoring and thousands of planet discoveries (e.g. Borucki et al., 2011; Howard et al., 2012; Muirhead et al., 2012; Batalha et al., 2013; Barclay et al., 2013; Morton & Swift, 2014), the primary Kepler Mission came to an end in in May 2013 with the failure of the second of four reaction wheels used to stabilize the spacecraft. Without at least three functioning reaction wheels, the spacecraft is unable to achieve the fine pointing necessary for high photometric precision on the original target field. However, an extended mission called K2 was enabled by pointing along the ecliptic plane and balancing the spacecraft against Solar radiation pressure to mitigate the instability caused by the failed reaction wheels. The recently extended K2 mission enables renewed opportunities for transit science on a new set of bright target stars, albeit with somewhat reduced photometric precision compared to the original Kepler mission (Howell et al., 2014).
Searching for transiting exoplanets around bright, nearby stars is important because measuring the precise masses and radii of transiting planets allows for characterization of their interior structures and atmospheres (Charbonneau et al., 2002; Rogers, 2014; Knutson et al., 2014; Teske et al., 2013; Kreidberg et al., 2014). This is particularly desirable for planets with masses intermediate to those of the Earth and Uranus, commonly referred to as super–Earths, because no such planet exists in our Solar System (Valencia et al., 2006). However, while the radii of Kepler planets are often measured to high precision (Ballard et al., 2014), their masses are generally unknown because the host stars are faint () and exposure times needed for radial velocity (RV) measurements are prohibitive for all but the brightest Kepler planet candidates (e.g. Dumusque et al., 2014; Marcy et al., 2014).
Preparations for the extended two–wheeled Kepler mission included a 9–day test of the new observing mode in February of 2014. After the data were released to the public, Vanderburg & Johnson (2014, hereafter VJ14) presented a photometric reduction technique that accounts for the motion of the spacecraft, improves photometric precision of raw K2 data by a factor of 2–5, and enables photometric precision comparable to that of the original Kepler Mission.
While the data collected during the Engineering Test were intended primarily as a test of the new spacecraft operating mode, inspection of light curves produced with this technique nonetheless revealed a single transit event in engineering data taken of HIP 116454. In this paper, we provide an analysis of that light curve along with archival and follow–up spectroscopy, archival and adaptive optics imaging, radial velocity measurements from the HARPS-N spectrograph, and photometric observations from the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) survey and the Microvariability and Oscillations of STars (MOST) space telescope. These measurements allow us to verify and characterize the first planet discovered by the two-wheeled Kepler mission, a new transiting super-Earth orbiting the bright, nearby, high-proper-motion K dwarf HIP 116454.
## 2. Data and Analysis
### 2.1. K2 Photometry
HIP 116454 and nearly 2000 other stars were observed by the Kepler spacecraft from 4 February 2014 until 12 February 2014 during the Kepler Two-Wheel Concept Engineering Test. After the first 2.5 days of the test, Kepler underwent a large, intentional adjustment to its pointing to move its target stars to the center of their apertures, where they stayed for the last 6.5 days of the test. We downloaded the full engineering test dataset from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST), and reduced the Kepler target pixel files as described in VJ14.
In brief, we extracted raw aperture photometry and image centroid positions from the Kepler target pixel files. Raw K2 photometry is dominated by jagged events corresponding to the motion of the spacecraft, as Kepler’s pointing drifts due to Solar radiation pressure and is periodically corrected with thrusters. For the last 6.5 days after the large pointing tweak, we removed the systematics due to the motion of the spacecraft by correlating the measured flux with the image centroid positions measured from photometry. We essentially produced a “self–flat–field” (SFF) similar to those produced by, for instance, Ballard et al. (2010), for analysis of Spitzer photometry. We fit a piecewise linear function to the measured dependence of flux on centroid position, with outlier exclusion to preserve transit events, and removed the dependence on centroid position from the raw light curve. Similarly to VJ14, we excluded datapoints taken while Kepler’s thrusters were firing from our reduced light curves because these data were typically outliers from the corrected light curves. For HIP 116454, the median absolute deviation (MAD) of the 30 minute long-cadence datapoints improved from parts per million (ppm) for the raw light curve, to 50 ppm for the SFF light curve.
Visual inspection of light curves from the 2000 targets observed during the Engineering Test revealed a one millimagnitude (mmag) deep candidate transit in photometry of HIP 116454, designated EPIC 60021410 by the Kepler team. Raw and corrected K2 photometry for HIP 116454 are shown in Figure 1. We fit a Mandel & Agol (2002) model to the transit and measured a total duration of approximately 2.25 hours, and a planet–to–star radius ratio of approximately 0.03. Unfortunately, the data point during transit ingress happened during a thruster firing event, and was excluded by our pipeline. This particular data point does not appear to be anomalous, but we choose to exclude it to minimize risk of contaminating the transit with an outlier. Slow photometric variability, presumably due to starspot modulation, is evident in the K2 light curve at the sub-percent level.
We also performed a similar SFF correction to the data taken in the 2.5 days of data before the large pointing tweak. Even though the resulting data quality is somewhat worse, we are able to confidently exclude any other events of a similar depth during that time.
Because K2 only observed one transit event, we were not able to measure a precise orbital period for the planet candidate. Nonetheless, we were able to put rough constraints on the orbital period from our knowledge of the transit duration and estimates of the stellar properties. The nine-day time baseline of the K2 observations allowed us to constrain the period of the candidate transiting planet to be greater than 5 days. To put a rough upper bound on the allowed planet period, we compared the transit duration of the candidate transit around HIP 116454 to the distribution of transit durations from the ensemble of Kepler planet candidates (retrieved from the NASA Exoplanet Archive; Akeson et al., 2013). We found that of the 413 Kepler planet candidates with transit durations between 2 and 2.5 hours, 93% had orbital periods shorter than 20 days. Because transit duration is a function of the mean stellar density, we repeated this calculation while restricting the sample to the 64 planet candidates with transit durations between 2 and 2.5 hours and host star effective temperatures within 200 K of HIP 116454. We find that similarly, 94% of these candidates had orbital periods shorter than 20 days.
### 2.2. Imaging
#### 2.2.1 Archival Imaging
We used a combination of modern and archival imaging to limit potential false–positive scenarios for the transit event. HIP 116454 was observed in the National Geographic Society–Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-I) on 28 November 1951. HIP 116454 has a proper motion of 303 mas yr (van Leeuwen, 2007), and therefore has moved nearly 20 arcseconds with respect to background sources since being imaged in POSS-I. Inspection of the POSS-I image reveals no background objects within the K2 aperture used in our photometric reduction. We show the POSS-I blue image overlaid with the K2 photometric aperture in Figure 2a. The POSS-I survey has a limiting magnitude of 21.1 in the blue bandpass (Abell, 1955), 10 magnitudes fainter than HIP 116454. The depth of the detected transit is 0.1%, so if a background eclipsing binary were responsible the depth would correspond to a total eclipse of a star 7.5 magnitudes fainter. A low–proper–motion background star such as that would have readily been detected in POSS-I imaging. We conclude that our aperture is free of background objects whose eclipses could masquerade as planet transits.
The POSS-I imaging also reveals a companion star about 8 arcseconds to the southwest of HIP 116454. The companion is not fully resolved in POSS-I because the photographic plate was saturated by the bright primary star, but an asymmetry in the stellar image is visible. HIP 116454 was also observed during the Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-II) on 31 August 1992. Improvements in photographic plate technology over the previous forty years allowed the companion star to be resolved. The companion shares a common proper motion with the primary at a projected distance of AU, so we conclude the two stars are a gravitationally–bound visual binary system.
#### 2.2.2 Modern imaging
HIP 116454 was observed during the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and the secondary star was detected (Abazajian et al., 2009). The secondary star falls on a diffraction spike caused by the much brighter primary star, but the SDSS pipeline flagged its photometry as “Acceptable.” The SDSS photometry indicates that the secondary star is 6–7 magnitudes fainter than the primary depending on the filter, so because the two stars are gravitationally associated, the secondary must be intrinsically much fainter than the K–dwarf primary. This implies that the companion must either be a late M–dwarf or a white dwarf. The SDSS colors are relatively flat, indicating a hot star. To quantify this, we fit the ugri SDSS colors to a blackbody model, excluding z due to its low throughput and assuming photometric errors of 5%. We included no corrections for extinction due to the proximity of the target and our ability to accurately predict broadband photometry using stellar models in Section 3.1.2. We find that the data are best described by an object radiating at a temperature of K. We used the Stefan–Boltzmann law combined with the Hipparcos parallax and derived temperature to estimate a radius of , which is consistent with our white dwarf hypothesis. Using a simple analytic white dwarf cooling law (Mestel, 1952; Gänsicke, 1997), we estimate a cooling age of the white dwarf of Gyr. The formal uncertainty on the cooling age is 0.2 Gyr, but this neglects uncertainties due to the unknown composition of the white dwarf and inaccuracies in the simple model. The true uncertainty on this quantity is likely on order of a factor of two (van Horn, 1971). The cooling age of the white dwarf is a lower limit on the age of the system, and the total age of the system is the sum of the main sequence lifetime of the progenitor and the white dwarf’s cooling age.
The secondary star is close enough to the primary that it is blended in the K2 image and is bright enough that if it were a totally eclipsing binary, it could cause the transit event we observed. This situation is unlikely because the duration and minimum period of the event are generally inconsistent with an object eclipsing a white dwarf. With the baseline of K2 data we can exclude orbital periods shorter than 5 days. While 5–day period companions eclipsing main sequence stars are common, and have relatively high transit probabilities, the probability of a transit or eclipse goes as at a given stellar mass and orbital period. Furthermore, in order for an Earth sized object eclipsing a white dwarf to have an eclipse duration of two hours, the orbital period would have to be roughly 600 years in the case of a circular orbit and impact parameter . Even with a highly elliptical orbit transiting at apastron, which is a priori unlikely, the orbital period would be of order centuries, and the semimajor axis would be roughly 50 AU. The probability of an orbit such as that eclipsing the white dwarf is , where is the semimajor axis and is the radius of the occulting body. In the worst–case scenario of a non-luminous Jupiter sized object occulting the white dwarf, the orbital period would have to be on order 3 years and have a semimajor axis of roughly 1.5 AU, correpsonding to a transit probability of . We conclude that the transit event we observed was far more likely caused by a short–period planet orbiting the primary star than a long period object eclipsing the secondary.
#### 2.2.3 Adaptive optics imaging
We also obtained high–angular–resolution imaging of the primary star to rule out any very close associated companions. We observed HIP 116454 with the Robo-AO laser adaptive optics and imaging system on the 60–inch telescope at Palomar Observatory (Baranec et al., 2014; Law et al., 2014). We obtained seven images with Robo-AO between 15 June 2014 and 11 July 2014 in three different bandpasses: Sloan –band, Sloan –band, and a long–pass filter with a cutoff at 600 nm (LP600) which more closely approximates the Kepler bandpass. Each observation consisted of a series of images read out from the detector at a maximum rate of 8.6 Hz, for a total integration time of 90 seconds. The frames were co–added in post-processing using a shift and add technique with HIP 116454 as the tip–tilt guide star.
The quality of the Robo-AO images varied between the observations, but none of the images showed evidence for companions within 3 magnitudes of the primary outside of 0.2 arcseconds. Some but not all of the images, however, showed an elongation that could be consistent with a bright close binary companion at a separation of 0.15 arcseconds at the <5– level, similar to KOI 1962 in Law et al. (2014).
To investigate this possibility further, we obtained higher resolution adaptive optics images on 2 August 2014 using the Keck II Natural Guide Star Adaptive Optics (NGSAO) system with the NIRC2 narrow detector at Keck Observatory. We obtained unsaturated frames of HIP 116454 in , , and -band filters to search for close companions near the diffraction limit (40 mas in -band). We also acquired deeper, saturated images in (70 sec total) and -bands (200 sec total) with the primary positioned in the lower right quadrant of the array and rotated so the white dwarf companion falls in the field of view. We calibrated and processed the data as described in Bowler et al. (2012). We corrected the data for optical aberrations using the distortion solution from B. Cameron (2007, priv. communication) and North-aligned the images using the detector orientation measured by Yelda et al. (2010). We found no evidence for the companion suggested by some of the Robo-AO data. Our 7- -band limiting contrasts are {3.0, 5.9, 6.8, 9.2, 10.8, 12.7} mag at separations of {01, 03, 05, 10, 20, 50}. We are able to exclude roughly equal brightness companions to an angular separation of 0.04 arcseconds (projected distance of 2.2 AU).
### 2.3. Reconnaissance spectroscopy
HIP 116454 was observed 9 times for the Carney-Latham Proper Motion Survey (Latham et al., 2002) with the CfA Digital Speedometer spectrograph over the course of 9.1 years from 1982 until 1991. The Digital Speedometer measured radial velocities to a precision of approximately 0.3 km s, and detected no significant radial velocity variations or trends in the velocities of HIP 116454. When corrected into an absolute radial velocity frame, the Digital Speedometer measurements indicate an absolute radial velocity of km s and when combined with proper motion, a space velocity of km s. This somewhat unusual space velocity corresponds to an elliptical orbit in the plane of the galaxy, indicating that HIP 116454 originated far from the stellar neighborhood. A detailed analysis of HIP 116454’s elemental abundances could reveal patterns that are dissimilar to stars in the Solar neighborhood.
We obtained three observations of HIP 116454 in June of 2014 with the Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph (TRES) on the 1.5 m Tillinghast Reflector at the Fred L. Whipple Observatory. The spectra were taken with a resolving power of with a signal–to–noise ratio (SNR) of approximately 50 per resolution element. When corrected into an absolute radial velocity frame, the TRES spectra indicate an absolute radial velocity for HIP 116454 of km s. When combined with the absolute radial velocities from the Digital Speedometer, there is no evidence for radial velocity variation of greater than 100 m s over the course of 30 years. The three individual radial velocities from the TRES spectra revealed no variability at the level of 20 m s over the course of eight days. We also find no evidence for a second set of stellar lines in the cross correlation function used to measure the radial velocities, which rules out many possible close companions or background stars. When the adaptive optics constraints are combined with a lack of radial velocity variability of more than 100 m/s over 30 years and the lack of a second set of spectral lines in the cross correlation function, we can effectively exclude any close stellar companions to HIP 116454.
### 2.4. HARPS-N Spectroscopy
We obtained 44 spectra of HIP 116454 on 33 different nights between July and October of 2014 with the HARPS-N spectrograph (Cosentino et al., 2012) on the 3.57m Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) on La Palma Island, Spain to measure precise radial velocities and determine the orbit and mass of the transiting planet. Each HARPS-N spectrum was taken with a resolving power of , and each measurement consisted of a 15 minute exposure, yielding a SNR of 50–100 per resolution element at 550 nm, depending on weather conditions. The corresponding (formal) radial velocity precision ranged from 0.90 m s to 2.35 m s. Radial velocities were extracted by calculating the weighted cross correlation function of the spectrum with a binary mask (Baranne et al., 1996; Pepe et al., 2002). In some cases, we took one 15 minute exposure per night, and in other cases, we took two 15 minute exposures back-to-back. In the latter case we measured the two consecutive radial velocities individually and report the average value.
The HARPS-N radial velocity measurements are listed in Table 2, and are shown in Figure 4. A periodic radial velocity variation with a period of about nine days and a semiamplitude of about 4 m s is evident in the RV time series. We checked that we identified the correct periodicity by calculating a Lomb-Scargle periodogram (Scargle, 1982), shown in Figure 3. We found a strong peak at a period of 9.1 days and an aliased peak of similar strength with a period close to 1 day, corresponding to the daily sampling alias of the 9.1 day signal (e.g. Dawson & Fabrycky, 2010). We estimated the false alarm probability of the RV detection by scrambling the RV data and recalculating the periodogram numerous times, and counting which fraction of the scrambled periodograms have periods with higher power than the unscrambled periodogram. We found that the false alarm probability of the 9.1 day periodicity is significantly less than .
In addition to the 9.1 day signal, we also found evidence for a weaker 45 day periodic RV variation.To help decide whether to include the second periodicity in our RV modeling, we fit the HARPS-N radial velocities with both a one-planet and a two-planet Keplerian model. The one planet model was a Keplerian function parameterized by: , time of transit, ,, , where is the planet’s orbital period, is the orbital eccentricity, and is the argument of periastron. We also fit for a radial velocity zero-point and a stellar jitter term, for a total of 7 free parameters. We fit each of these parameters with an unbounded uniform prior except for and , which had uniform priors over the interval between -1 and 1. The two planet model was the sum of two Keplerian functions, each of which was parameterized by: , time of transit, ,, and . Once again, we also fit for a radial velocity zero point and stellar jitter term, for a total of 12 free parameters. We fit each of these parameters with an unbounded uniform prior except for and , which had uniform priors over the interval between -1 and 1, and for , the period of the outer planet, which we constrained to be between the period of the inner planet and 1000 days. We performed the fits using emcee (Foreman-Mackey et al., 2013), a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm with an affine invariant ensemble sampler. We note that upon exploring various different periods for the outer planet, our MCMC analysis found the 45 day period to be optimal. We calculated the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC, Schwarz et al., 1978) to estimate the relative likelihoods of the two models. While the BIC does not provide a definitive or exact comparison of the fully marginalized likelihoods of the models, it allows us to roughly estimate the relative likelihoods. Upon calculating the BIC, we estimate that the two-planet model is favored over the one-planet model with confidence . From here on, we therefore model the radial velocity observations as the sum of two Keplerian functions.
For both periods, we find an amplitude consistent with that of a transiting super-Earth. The nine-day periodicity in the RVs is consistent with the orbital period we estimated from the duration of the K2 transit event. We “predicted” the time of transit for the nine day period planet during the K2 observations, and found that the HARPS-N measurements alone constrain the expected time of transit to better than one day, and we find that the K2 transit event is consistent with the transit ephemeris predicted by only the HARPS-N RVs at the 68.3% (1-) level. We show the K2 light curve with the transit window derived from only the HARPS-N RVs in Figure 5. Thus, the 9.1 day periodicity is consistent with being caused by a transiting planet. The more tenuous 45 day periodic variation, on the other hand, may be due to to an outer planet, but it may also be caused by stellar variability.
The HARPS-N spectra include regions used to calculate activity indicators such as the Mount Wilson S index and the R index (e.g. Wright et al., 2004). We calculated the S index for each HARPS-N spectrum and found a mean value of 0.275 0.0034, and an associated . There were no obvious correlations between the S index and either the measured RV or the residuals to either a one or two planet Keplerian fit.
### 2.5. Photometry
#### 2.5.1 Wasp
HIP 116454 was observed by the SuperWASP-N instrument on La Palma, Spain and the SuperWASP-S instrument at the South African Astronomical Observatory (Pollacco et al., 2006). The observations spanned three observing seasons, from 2008 to 2010, and consisted of roughly 15,000 data points with a typical precision of 0.6%. The WASP observations are consistent with a typical level of stellar variability at the sub-percent level. The WASP data rule out deep transits but are not of high enough quality to detect the 0.1% transit depth observed by K2. In Section 3.1.3, we use the WASP light curve in combination with light curves from K2 and MOST to attempt to derive HIP 116454’s rotation period.
#### 2.5.2 Most
After detecting the K2 transit, we obtained follow–up photometric observations with the Microvariability and Oscillations of STars (MOST, Walker et al., 2003) space telescope, during August and September of 2014. MOST observed HIP 116454 during three nearly continuous time spans: 13 days from 3 August 2014 to 16 August 2014, 18 days from 21 August 2014 to 9 September 2014, and 3.5 days from 15 September 2014 to 18 September 2014. During the first segment of the MOST data, observations of HIP 116454 were interleaved with observations of other stars during the satellite’s orbit around Earth, but for the second and third segments MOST observed HIP 116454 continuously. During the first and third segments, the exposure time for individual datapoints was 1 second, and during the second segment, the exposure time was 2 seconds.
We processed the MOST data using aperture photometry techniques as described in Rowe et al. (2006). Background scattered light (modulated by the 101 minute orbital period of MOST) and interpixel sensitivity variations were removed by subtracting polynomial fits to the correlations between the stellar flux, the estimated background flux, and the centroid coordinates of the star. At each stage, outlying data points were excluded by either sigma–clipping or hard cuts. The resulting precision of the MOST light curve was approximately 0.2% per 2–second exposure.
When we search the MOST light curve at the predicted times of transits from a simultaneous analysis of the K2 and HARPS-N data, we detect a weak signal with the same depth, duration, and ephemeris as the K2 transit. The MOST data refine our estimate of the transiting planet period to a precision of roughly 30 seconds. We take this detection as confirmation that the 9.1 day period detected in radial velocities is in fact caused by the transiting planet. From here on, we refer to the 9.1 day period planet as HIP 116454 b.
## 3. Analysis and Results
### 3.1. Stellar Properties
#### 3.1.1 Spectroscopic Parameters of the Primary
We measured the spectroscopic properties of the host star using the Stellar Parameter Classification (SPC) method (Buchhave et al., 2012) on the spectra from TRES and HARPS-N. Analysis of spectra from both instruments showed consistent results for the stellar parameters. We adopt the results from the HARPS-N spectra, due to their higher spectral resolution and SNR. The SPC analysis yields an effective temperature of K, a metallicity [M/H] , and a surface gravity . We did not detect significant rotational broadening even with the high resolution HARPS-N spectra. The upper limit on the projected rotational velocity is roughly km s.
#### 3.1.2 Stellar Mass and Radius
We used several different approaches to estimate the stellar mass and radius of HIP 116454. First, we used the SPC parameters, in particular the metallicity, surface gravity, and effective temperature, to interpolate onto the Yonsei–Yale stellar evolution model grids (Yi et al., 2001) using a Monte Carlo approach. The resulting stellar parameters were , and .
HIP 116454 was observed by Hipparcos and has a measured parallax, allowing us to interpolate model grids using a separate luminosity indicator. We used the online Padova model interpolator, which uses the technique of da Silva et al. (2006) to interpolate a measured effective temperature, metallicity, –band magnitude, and parallax onto PARSEC isochrones, yielding estimates of stellar mass, radius, surface gravity, and color. When the SPC parameters, Hipparcos parallax, and the V– magnitude from the Tycho catalog (Egret et al., 1994) are provided as input, the models output , and , along with dex and mag.
The model–predicted surface gravity is consistent with the spectroscopically measured surface gravity and more precise due to the additional constraint from parallax. The model output color is discrepant with the measured Tycho at the 1.5– level, but is still within 0.04 magnitudes of the measured Tycho . This discrepancy is small enough (3%) that it could be due to differences in the filters used by Tycho and the filter transmission assumed by the Padova models.
We adopt the outputs from the Padova model interpolator as our stellar parameters due to their more precise constraints and ability to predict and .
#### 3.1.3 Stellar Rotation Period
We attempted to measure the rotation period of HIP 116454 using photometric measurements from WASP, MOST, and K2 to see if stellar activity might contribute to the possible 45 day periodicity in the RV measurements. A constraint or measurement of the rotation period consistent with the possible 45 day periodicity in radial velocities could affect our interpretation of the signal. We only used photometric measurements for our analysis given the relatively short time coverage and sparseness of the spectroscopic observations.
We first started by analyzing the WASP data only, because its time baseline far exceeded that of the K2 and MOST data. We binned the WASP data into nightly datapoints, calculated a Lomb-Scargle periodogram and Fourier transformed the resulting power spectrum to obtain an autocorrelation function. We performed this analysis on each season of WASP data individually. In the first season (2008) of WASP data, we found a moderately strong peak in both the autocorrelation function and the Lomb-Scargle periodogram at a period of about 16 days. We evaluated the significance of this peak by scrambling the binned data, recalculating the Lomb-Scargle periodograms, and counting the number of times the maximum resulting power was greater than the power in the 16 day peak. We found a false alarm probability of 2% for the peak in the first season. We did not find any convincing signals in the second (2009) or third (2010) observing seasons. A possible explanation for the inconsistency between observing seasons is that HIP 116454 experienced different levels of starspot activity, but it is also possible that the 16 day period detected in the first season is spurious. We concluded that the WASP data showed a candidate rotation period at 16 days, but the relatively high false alarm probability and lack of consistency between observing seasons precluded a confident detection.
After our analysis of the WASP data yielded suggestive yet ambiguous results, we attempted to measure the rotation period of HIP 116454 by fitting all of the photometric data with a Gaussian process noise model. Stochastic yet time–correlated processes such as the variability produced by rotation in stellar light curves can be modeled as a Gaussian process by parametrizing the covariance matrix describing the time–correlation between data points with a kernel function and inferring kernel hyperparameters from the data. We use a quasi–periodic kernel function for the specific problem of measuring a rotation period from a light curve. This in principle is better suited to inferring the rotation period of a star than a periodogram analysis because the variability produced by active surface regions on a rotating star is typically neither sinusoidal nor strictly periodic. The Gaussian process analysis also allows us to simultaneously model multiple datasets, and to take advantage of datasets (like K2 and MOST) with relatively short time coverage.
We conducted our analysis using george (Foreman-Mackey et al., 2014), a Gaussian process library that employs Hierarchical Off-Diagonal Low Rank Systems (HODLR), a fast matrix inversion method (Ambikasaran et al., 2014). We used the following kernel function in our analysis:
kij=A2exp[−(xi−xj)22l2]exp⎡⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢⎣−sin2(π(xi−xj)P)g2q⎤⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥⎦, (1)
where is the amplitude of correlation, is the timescale of exponential decay, is a scaling factor for the exponentiated sinusoidal term and is the rotation period. An additional hyperparameter, was used to account for additional white noise in the time series, where is added to the individual measurement uncertainties in quadrature.
We modeled the three continuous periods of MOST data, the three seasons of WASP data, and the K2 photometry simultaneously, with , , and constrained to be the same across all seven data sets and with allowed to take a different value for each. We used emcee to explore the posterior distributions of the hyperparameters. The resulting posterior distribution was not well constrained, with significant power at essentially all rotation periods greater than about 8 days and less than about 50 days. There were a few periods which seemed to be preferred to some extent in the posterior distribution – a strong peak at 12 days, and weaker peaks at 16, 20, and 32 days.
We conclude that with our data, we cannot conclusively identify a rotation period for HIP 116454, which leaves us unable to rule out stellar activity as the cause of the 45 day signal in the radial velocities. While we do not find any strong evidence in the photometry that the rotation period is close to 45 days, we cannot conclusively rule out a 45 day rotation period. More photometric (or spectroscopic) observations will be important to determining HIP 116454’s rotation period.
### 3.2. Joint Analysis and Planet Properties
We conducted an analysis of the K2 light curve, the HARPS-N radial velocity observations, and the MOST light curve and the WASP light curve to determine orbital and planetary properties. We first re-processed the K2 data using a different method from that described in VJ14 to minimize the possibility of any bias due to using the in–transit points in the flat field. We re-derived the SFF correction by fitting the K2 light curve using an MCMC algorithm with an affine invariant ensemble sampler (adapted for IDL from the algorithm of Goodman & Weare, 2010; Foreman-Mackey et al., 2013). We fit the transit light curve with a Mandel & Agol (2002) model, as implemented by Eastman et al. (2013), with quadratic limb darkening coefficients held at the values given by Claret & Bloemen (2011). We modeled the stellar out–of–transit variations with a cubic spline between 10 nodes spaced evenly in time, the heights of which were free parameters. Similarly, we modeled the SFF correction as a cubic spline with 15 nodes spaced evenly in “arclength,” a one–dimensional metric of position on the detector as defined in VJ14. Upon finding the best-fit parameters for the SFF correction, we applied the correction to the raw K2 data to obtain a debiased light curve.
After rederiving the correction to the K2 light curve, we simultaneously fit a transit light curve to the K2 light curve, the HARPS-N radial velocities, and the MOST and WASP photometry using emcee. We modeled the radial velocity variations with a two–planet Keplerian model (fitting the 9.1 day period and the 45 day period simultaneously), and modeled the transits of the 9.1 day planet with a Mandel & Agol (2002) model. For the K2 light curve, we accounted for the 29.4 minute long cadence exposure time by oversampling the model light curve by a factor of 13 and binning. We allowed limb darkening coefficients (parametrized as suggested by Kipping, 2013) to float. We used a white noise model for the radial velocity observations with a stellar jitter term added in quadrature to the HARPS-N formal measurement uncertainties. For the light curves, we used a Gaussian process noise model, using the same kernel described in Equation 1. We used an informative prior on the stellar from Section 3.1.2 in our fits, which we converted to stellar density to help break the degeneracy between the scaled semimajor axis and impact parameter. Using this prior let us constrain the impact parameter despite having only one K2 long cadence datapoint during transit ingress and egress. In total, the model had 28 free parameters. We used emcee to sample the likelihood space with 500 “walkers”, each of which we evolved through 1500 steps. We recorded the last 300 of of these steps as samples of our posterior distribution, giving a total of 150000 MCMC links. We calculated correlation lengths for all 28 parameters which ranged from 5.6 to 19.0, corresponding to between 8000 and 27000 independent samples per parameter. We assessed the convergence of the MCMC chains using the spectral density diagnostic test of Geweke (1992) and found that the means of the two sequences are consistent for 21/28 parameters (75%) at the 1– level, for 27/28 (96%) at the 2– level, and 28/28 at the 3– level. These fractions are consistent with draws from a normal distribution, which is the expected behavior for the MCMC chains having converged.
In Table 3, we report the best–fitting planet and orbit parameters and their uncertainties for HIP 116454 b by calculating the median link for each parameter and 68% confidence intervals of all links for each parameter, respectively. We summarize the priors used in the fits and the full model outputs in Table 4, including nuisance parameters like the noise model outputs.
We find that our data are best described by the presence of a planet with = 2.53 0.18 M, = 11.82 1.33 M, in a 9.1205 day orbit. While we find some evidence for an outer planet in the radial velocity measurements, we cannot conclusively claim its existence based on the data presently at our disposal.
## 4. Discussion
### 4.1. Composition of HIP 116454 b
Figure 8 shows HIP 116454 b on a mass-radius diagram with other known transiting, sub–Neptune–size exoplanets with measured masses and radii. We overlaid the plot with model composition contours from Zeng & Sasselov (2013). We first note that HIP 116454 b has a mass and radius consistent with either a low–density solid planet, or a planet with a dense core and an extended gaseous envelope. The relatively low equilibrium temperature of the planet ( K, assuming zero albedo and perfect heat redistribution) makes it unlikely that any gaseous envelope the planet started with would have evaporated over its lifetime.
In terms of mass and radius, this planet is similar to Kepler-68 b (8.3 M, 2.31 R, Gilliland et al., 2013) and HD 97658 b (7.9 M, 2.3 R Howard et al., 2011; Dragomir et al., 2013), but is likely slightly larger. HIP 116454 b and HD 97658 b ( K) have similar effective temperatures while, Kepler-68 b ( K under the same assumptions) is somewhat hotter. Like these planets, HIP 116454 b has a density intermediate to that of rocky planets and that of ice giant planets. On the mass-radius diagram, HIP 116454 b lies close to the 75% HO-25% MgSiO curve for solid planets. It could be either a low–density solid planet with a large fraction of HO or other volatiles (which have similar equations of state to HO), or it could have a dense core with a thick gaseous layer.
We made inferences about the structure and composition of HIP 116454 b if it indeed has a dense core and thick gaseous envelope using analytic power law fits to the results of Lopez & Fortney (2014). Assuming the thick gaseous envelope is composed of hydrogen and helium in Solar abundances, an equilibrium temperature calculated with perfect heat redistribution and an albedo of 0, and a stellar age of about 2 Gyr, the models predict that HIP 116454 b has a hydrogen/helium envelope making up about 0.5% of the planet’s mass. The model suggests HIP 116454 b to have a 1.8 R core with virtually all of the planet’s mass, surrounded by a gaseous envelope with thickness 0.35 R, and a radiative upper atmosphere also with thickness 0.35 R. Using different assumptions to calculate the equilibrium temperature like imperfect heat distribution and a nonzero albedo (for instance, the value of Sheets & Deming, 2014), and different assumptions about the envelope’s composition and age does not change the calculated thickness and mass of the gaseous envelope by more than a factor of two. We note that this envelope fraction is consistent with the population of Kepler super-Earth/sub-Neptune sized planets studied by Wolfgang & Lopez (2014), who found the envelope fraction of these candidates to be distributed around 1% with a scatter of 0.5 dex.
We also explored the composition of HIP 116454 b assuming it is solid and has little in the way of a gaseous envelope using an online tool, based on the model grids of Zeng & Sasselov (2013). We investigated a three–component model, with layers of HO, MgSiO and Fe. In this case, HIP 116454 b must have a significant fraction of either HO or other volatiles in an ice form like methane or ammonia. The composition in this case would be more similar to the ice giants in the Solar system than the rocky planets like Earth.
We find that the pressure at the core of the planet can range from 1400 GPa for an iron–free planet to 2800 GPa for a silicate–free planet. Assuming a ratio of iron to silicates similar to that of the Earth and other Solar system bodies, we find that the core pressure of HIP 116454 b is about 2400 GPa. Under this assumption, HIP 116454 b would consist of 8% Fe,17% MgSiO and 75% HO by mass. Using the ratio of iron to silicates in Solar system bodies is usually a relatively good assumption because this ratio is largely determined by element synthesis cosmochemistry, which does not vary greatly on the scale of 50 parsecs. However, HIP 116454’s unusual space motion indicates that it might have formed elsewhere in the galaxy, so this assumption might not hold. More detailed spectral analysis, in particular measuring elemental abundances for Mg and Si compared to Fe in the parent star could put additional constraints on the composition of HIP 116454 b assuming it is solid.
If solid, HIP 116454 b would be one of the “HO rich” planets described in Zeng & Sasselov (2014), for which it is possible to make inferences about the phase of the planet’s HO layer, given knowledge of the star’s age. Various evidence points to HIP 116454 having an age of approximately 2 Gyr. Using relations from Mamajek & Hillenbrand (2008), the level indicates an age of 2.7 Gyr and the rotation indicates an age of 1.1 Gyr, if the rotation period is indeed close to 16 days. The white dwarf’s cooling age, however, sets a lower limit of approximately 1.3 Gyr. Future observations, like a mass measurement of the white dwarf to estimate its progenitor’s mass (and therefore age on the main sequence), could constrain the age further. If HIP 116454’s age is indeed about 2 Gyr and the planet lacks a gaseous envelope, then it is likely to have water in plasma phases near its water-silicate boundary (the bottom of the HO layer), while if it is slightly older ( 3 Gyr or more), or has a faster cooling rate, it could have superionic phases of water.
### 4.2. Suitability for Follow–up Observations
HIP 116454 b is a promising transiting super-Earth for follow–up observations due to the brightness of its star, especially in the near infrared. We used the Exoplanet Orbit Database (Wright et al., 2011; Han et al., 2014) to compare HIP 116454 b to other transiting sub-Neptune sized planets orbiting bright stars. We found that among stars hosting transiting sub-Neptunes with , only Kepler 37, 55 Cnc, and HD 97658 have brighter –band magnitudes.
HIP 116454 is particularly well–suited for additional follow–up photometric and radial velocity observations both to measure the mass of the planet to higher precision and to search for more planets in the system. HIP 116454 is chromospherically inactive and has low levels of stellar radial velocity jitter (0.45 0.29 m s). This combined with its brightness makes it an efficient radial velocity target. Moreover, the brightness of the host star makes HIP 116454 ideal for follow–up with the upcoming CHEOPS mission (Broeg et al., 2013).
HIP 116454 b could be important in the era of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to probe the transition between ice giants and rocky planets. In the Solar system, there are no planets with radii between 1–3 R while population studies with Kepler data have shown these planets to be nearly ubiquitous (Howard et al., 2012; Fressin et al., 2013; Petigura et al., 2013; Morton & Swift, 2014). Atmospheric studies with transit transmission spectroscopy can help determine whether these planets are in fact solid or have a gaseous envelope, and give a better understanding on how these planets form and why they are so common in the Galaxy. Also of interest is the fact that HIP 116454 b is very similar to HD 97658 b, in terms of its orbital characteristics (both are in 10 day low-eccentricity orbits), mass and radius (within 10% in radius, and within 25% in mass), and stellar hosts (both orbit K–dwarfs). Comparative studies of these two super–Earths will be valuable for understanding the diversity and possible origins of close–in Super–Earths around Sun–like stars. This being said, despite HIP 116454’s brightness, the relatively shallow transit depth will make it a somewhat less efficient target than super-Earths orbiting smaller stars (for instance, GJ 1214 b, Charbonneau et al., 2009).
### 4.3. Implications for K2 Science
HIP 116454 b has demonstrated the potential of K2 to increase the number of bright transiting planets amenable to radial–velocity follow–up. Despite its degraded pointing precision, it is possible to calibrate and correct K2 data to the point where super-Earths can be detected to high significance with only one transit. Despite the increased expense of bright stars in terms of Kepler target pixels required for the aperture, K2 data is of high enough precision to produce many transiting exoplanets around bright stars.
Many K2 fields, including the Engineering test field, are located such that observatories in both hemispheres can view the stars, a significant difference between K2 and the original Kepler Mission. Even though all of our follow–up observations for HIP 116454 b took place at Northern observatories, the star’s equatorial location enables follow–up from southern facilities like the original HARPS instrument at La Silla Observatory (Mayor et al., 2003) and the Planet Finding Spectrograph at Las Campanas Observatory (Crane et al., 2010) just as easily as with Northern facilities with instruments like HARPS-N or the High Resolution Echelle Spectrograph at Keck Observatory (Vogt et al., 1994).
Many Kepler planet candidates were confirmed in part thanks to precise measurements of the Kepler image centroid as the planet transited—the expected motion of the image centroid could be calculated based on the brightness and position of other stars near the aperture, and deviations from that prediction could signal the presence of a false–positive planet candidate. Such an analysis will be substantially more difficult for K2 data, because the unstable pointing leads to large movements of the image centroid. In this work, we were able to exclude the possibility of background objects creating false transit signals taking advantage of the star’s high proper motion and archival imaging. This will be more difficult for more distant stars. However, the focus of the K2 mission on nearby late K– and M–dwarfs, which typically have high proper motions, could make this technique of background star exclusion more widely applicable than it was for the original Kepler mission.
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MRS CLYDE C. DUNNINGTON. OR. 83*3; WI NR. MacARTUUR BLVD.—Fine masonry home; living rm., flrepl.; din. rm., equip, kit.; 2 large bedrms. and bath upstairs; full basement garage; convenient to see; $150 per month. PERRY HAY CO. SL. 3005 HAMILTON ST. N.W. 1 blk to exhibit nice 6-rm. (3 bedrooms), row brick; excellent condition; fine furniture; 1 "t*' d * p freezer; nice yard; $150 per month. Perry HAY CO. SL. 3005 NR. ANDREWS FIELD, newly furnished newly remodeled, 2-bedroom house at $150 per month. AP.!?551. for rent FURNISHED studio bungalow with large living rm. and open fireplace, bedroom, kit- enclosed, heated sleeping porch, front porch; 1 acre of ground. Nr. Naval Med. Center on Rockville pike; $98.50. WI. 3166. THREE-BEDROOM BRICK, available immediately, $125 mo., Falls Church. Ow a 30"'4 E MALCOLM'Realtor, ROCKVILLE— Three-bedroom detached house; all modern conveniences; price - 1 yr - lease - Rockville 49t>5, after 6 p.m. —16! ROCKCREST—Three bedrooms, modern, 1-bedroom, equipped kitchen; close to bus and school; $135; available immediately. WI. 6900. GEORGETOWN house, excellent condition, with part payment. A nd garden Liv. rm., din. ,h brar? mod. kit., 2 bedrms.. and lavatory. Avail, immed. HAMr.z' Matthew Finn. DU. 1234. SANDOZ, INC., - Dupont Circle. VERY BEST N.W. realden tia! section, just off Massachusetts avenue. Fine detached brick residence. 5 bedrooms. baths, porch, oil hot-water heat; fenced yard; 2-year lease, $325 per month. Call Mrs. Kr aff t. DE. 06'1 or RANDALL H. HAGNER & CO- DE. 3600. AVAIL. NOV. 17; Mich. ave. n.e.— Located; large garage; br $15 be reduced HANEY & CO., EX. 3443 HOUSE UNFURNISHED ARLINGTON—4 bedrooms, 1 baths brick Cape Cod; on business, rental $150. CECIL B. LUPTON, OW. 5333; eve- JA. 2-2577. —ll 6709 QUEENS CHAPEL RD- nr. Md Univ.—3 bedrooms, 1 baths garage full basement. $160 mo.' Call R““e r'W*. 7850. MARSHALL CO " 1224 14th st n.w. Dl* 3346. —ll —Two-bedroom; gas heat; &E 00 4 P 7 e b7 m °'’ le,lSe • n " 3620: * Vel " STUDIO HOUSE. 1 bedroom; 1st painted; a.e.; adults; excel, transp..- $?.5 plus utils. JO. 3-5671. 10 FOUR BRAND-NEW detached 2-bed rm. ramblers in Kensington Heights. Md.; conv. to shopping, churches and *r an s p - AduUs only. Rent *136 mo. GE. 2006 after 6. ii SILVER SPRING—New rambler with 1 acre. 3 bedrooms, 2 baths, large liv. rm., full dining room, equipped kitchen, basement playroom and 1 / u 2i r. >. "£, ar E ort,t 5178 RIPLEY A' R®MER. Realtors. SL. 6XII. 1200 EYE BT. S.E.—2-bedrm. house avail lor immed. occup.: $43.09 mo. To inspect call ME: 5402. 323 OGLETHORPE ST. NY!.—Semi det. brick, gas heat, 5 rms- recep tion rm.; imm. occup- 1-yr. tease; , slls mo. Call ME. 5400 to Inspect. 1800 BLOCK OF JEFFERSON PL. n.w.—3-story residence, modern klt -2 modern baths; excel, lor off. and liv. qtrs.. lor dr., etc.; imm. occup. To inspect call ME. 6402. MODERN 2 bedrm. bungalow with daylight basement and expansion attic In East Riverdale. $105 per mo. on lease. Call WA. 3900. ROBERT S. DAVIS CO. 14 LARGE 4 bedrm. home. Oil auto. heat. Lovely liv. rm. flerpl- din. rm., equip. kiL full basement; deep lot; $125. PERRY HAY CO., SL. 3005 MODERN BRICK. BEMIDET. near Langley Park shopping center: 3 bedrooms, 1½ baths, mod. equip, kit.; toll basement; new cond.; $130. PERRY HAY CO., BL. n!-42. BRICK COLONIAL in Kensington; excel, cond. Large Uv. rm.: full din. rm.: eoulp. kit.; 3 bedrooms; tile bath; full basement; full basement; full basement; fenced back yard; near school, bus and shopping. $125. PERRY HAY CO., SL. 0242. 531 ALBANY AVE- Takoma Park, Md.—Det. corner, 10 rms. 2 baths, on h.-w.h.; faces Mont. Jr. College; $175. L. T. GRAVATTE Realtor. 1518 K st. n.w. NA. 0763. SILVER SPRING New 2-bedroom. Semidet, brick home, full basement; convenient to school, shopping and fans p.; sills per mo Lease. WOOD MOOR AGENCY, INC. SH. 6555. SILVER SPRING, MD- 2321 *ArthUr *ve.—Det, brick, 2-story; 3 bedrooms, 1 bath, living rm., din. rm- kit.; full mo. on year lease. JOSEPH F. SWAIN, INC- JU. 8-4711, WI. 3413. —13 517 2nd ST. S.E.—Two apts., 3 rms. kit. and bath each; oil h.-w. heat; newly renovated. Rent. $125 mo. Open from 3 to 5 p.m.; after 5 p.m key at 516 or call NA. 0433; evenings. GE. 5734. —13 I THREE BEDROOMS, large living rm. with fireplace; large grounds; near Washington-Lee High School. OX. 1856. SILVER SPRING—Three bedrooms, 14 baths, garage and Doreh located at Public Health Institute, and Naval Hospital $176. Week- BOOLFV INC, 27 BAMDEL *' 3 BEDROOMS, BASEMENT—New house in settled residential community in Wheaton Heights. $115; Bale O lo‘ t 4-7424 0,11 M " LANB - GLEN ECHO. 115 Weltelev ave 5 rms and bath. 2 fireplaces. oil SJSiUSiS I H n : n,ar earline. MRS BURGESS. Realtor. WI. 4253 ll i THREE-BEDROOM bungalow in fj’ls Church area: exp. attic, fine lot 2 :\ her mo. phone MANNAS REALTY CO- 2116 Wllson blvd-. JA. 7-2783. i«, ARLINGTON FOREST—6-rm. Colonial, custom-built features. See to ® pp reciate. Lease. *l5O mo. JA. WHEATON, MD—3 bedrms.. living room, dining area kit., and bath, tide porch fun bath. $120 mo. Call B. A HUMPHRIES. Realtors. NA. 5u20. NO. CAPITOL and Michigan—6 ras. 3 baths, full bath, oil heat, and Call R. A. HUMPHREY. Realtors. NA. 6020. 12 PIMM HILLS New, 3-bedroom rambler; Bendix, refrigerator and stove, $11 Jefferson 3-8697. —13 ATTRACTIVE 6-RM. BRICK—Three bedrooms, 1 bath; conv. loc.; $150 mo McCLAINE PROPERTIES. JA 2- ] i BETWEEN FALLS CHURCH and Vienna; 2 bedrooms, large kit- auto., washer, oil heat, acre: $105. 1 Vienna 10-W. 12 ALEXANDRIA Gracious and comfortable living In this magnificent restored. 3-bedroom, old Colonial. home. In the old part of town. Cor- nices, chair rails, walnut, random-width floors, den. 4 fire places, gas heat, lovely garden. $150 month. Immediate possession. E. A. HERN HOLM. AL. 7411; eves- TE. 3193. BRICK BUNGALOW Five rooms, basement; comparatively new; $126 mo. SOUTHEAST REALTY CO. U. 6-2000. —13 NO. ABL.—New 3-bedroom brick ram bler; complete 6-room kit, full bath earage; near country club 0-mo. I' lease. $155 per mo. OX. 1022. —12 THE EVENING STAR Washington, D. C. TUES DAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1932 HOUSES UNFURNISHED (Cont.) ARLINGTON, NORTH. New 3 bed room brick rambler, full basement; garage 4-acre plot. Lovely convenient location. $176 mo. Available Nov. 15th. BERKEY PROPERTIES INC., 3321 Lee Highway, JA. 8-0300. —ll ALEX. Attractive 2-bedroom, semi-detached brick; sep. din. rm- tile bath, full basement; Ven. blinds, nice porch and yard. Close new school and shop. $106. Similar house with rec. rm., slls TE 8839 after 0. 13* THREE BEDROOM BRICK Brand new, with basement. $125 per mo. Near Suitland. Call JO. 8-1960 or AP. 0514. —10 ROCKVILLE— 3 bedrooms, house, equipment, kitchen; 2 blks to elementary school; sills. JE. 3-2289. —13 SEVERAL top-quality homes in Virginia for rent from $110 mo. Two and 3 bedrooms. CROWN REALTY, JE. 4-3900. —15 NEW RAMBLER. Rockville—Three bedrooms, large kit, gas heat, full basement range and refrigerator. LO. 6-2141; eves., DE. 7180. —14 ALEXANDRIA Two-bedroom brick house. All conveniences. No transp. Wash, Pentagon. $100 mo. to responsible party. TE. 8533. —13 ARL-NORTH—Three-bedroom brick house, Silver Spring area; perfect for children; sills per mo. JE. 8-8096. —13 BY OWNER—7-room house on 67 acres in Fox Hunt country. 20 miles from Pentagon, complete modern. 2 baths, electric, clothes dryer, deep freezer. Bendix washer. Ice box. Electric, stove, garage, chicken house, stables, kennel. Phone Vienna 178. —16 VIGOROUS—Desirable rentals. Falls Church; 3-bedroom brick, brick rambler. $145. North Arlington, country club area. 3-bedroom brick, Colonial, $160. Falls Church, Hillwood area, 3-bedroom brick garage $175. ABK US REALTY CO. OL. 1262. OX. 2059 CLOSE IN N. ARL.—7-room brick house, in baths; garage; 2 blocks to stores, schools; $150. OX. 0954. —14 NEW 3-BEDROOM BRICK RANCH. Full basement, near schools, transp. shop- Pentagon and Arl. Hall; immediate possession $135 per mo. 1401 Columbus st- Arlington. GL 3386; eves., CH 4836 —16 FALLS CHURCH Brick, desirable location 3 bedrooms, 2 baths, r. d. r., porch, garage. $160. OL. 0426. FALLS CHURCH Colonial; full basement, shade lot, 12 mo. lease, $145 per mo. OX. 1022. —12 FORT DAVIS PARK. B.E.—Modern 3-bedroom, semi-detached brick; basement; gas heat; near transportation, shopping and schools; $115 mo. AP. 2568 or TU. 2732. ALEXANDRIA, Arlandria section—Three bedrooms, row house, 15 yrs. old; 2 blks. to shop, center. 1 blk to bus. 10 min. to Pentagon; $105. Phone JE. 4-2935. —12 CHEVY CHASE, MD.—Four bedrooms, 214 baths; porch; yard; schools; excel, loc.; $250 mo. OL. 4187. ARLINGTON’—Three bedrooms, den, 12 baths; sun room; yard; garage; near all schools; $125 mo. OL. 4187, THREE-BEDROOM RAMBLERS, with option to purchase; only 2 left; open for inspection this afternoon from 1 to 3 dark; brick construction, plastered walls; equipped with kit.; built-in garage; acre lot. Out Ga. ave. to Areola open sign. MODERN REALTY CO. JU. 7-5350 COLLEGE PARK, Hollywood—Three bedrooms, brick rambler; full basement; apt. 0 by 1; veest; $105 mo. H. DE LOZIER. Realtor, WA. 5000, —12 ALEXANDRIA _ „_ yates garden Small two-story. 2-bedroom, town house; open fireplace; basement; walled-in garden; all conveniences; $125 Prewar suburban two-story brick: 3 bedrooms, tiled bath, fireplace, porch, basement: $137. H. R. WHARTON, Agent AL. 7799. COUNTRY PLACE 11 f « C -°A' n L 48. min downtown 80,X h L e *'2 baths, wiring with end Picture window, din. rm., large well-equipped kit., 4-boxstall stable; small kennels of bridle paths through streets and adjoining area. Per mo Call Mr. Smith. DE. evenings®' 6 hours; Vienna 163-J-4. FRANCES POWELL HILL 1608 20th St. N.W. DE 4101 FOREST HEIGHTS. MD. " 418*1 f "? w J‘V gurl? u * Spanish home. EteSr,?m. do J lawyer -*' diplomat*. f*fht rms- 4 bedrms- 3 baths, rec. mn L lvi se wl i. h option to buy, *200 mo. Shown by appt. THE GABLES CO., 1306,enna Ave s.E LL 8-6866 LU. 1-8642. is BRAND-NEW INVESTMENT PROPERTY IN WHEATON *f h o ol «. Shopping and transp. Three lge. bedrms., liv. rm- din. rm., bath, kit. and full bath. Rental 5115 mo - Call Mr. Covill at RE 6050. COLONIAL INVESTMENT CO. RAMBLER—10 ACRES TO see bedrooms; radiant heat: near gentry, Va : $100 mo. MILLS Va., FA. 0999, J£j. 4"I8( i ■ • — 2 - be drm. brick, corner etc USe ’vacant d * C,: conv ‘,hoOT ’ bua ' BEULAH GOSS—CH. 5682 • ~ ALEXANDRIA 1 2 28, Rwdolph Macon dr., In beau nlnL Manor, adjoining Belle Haven; brand-new duplez -m? °T n f r:.u 3,*P»elous bedrms.. I with pvt. bath; lge. liv. rm.. full din. If"--.. equipped kit- bsmt.. auto Si": conditioned las heat: new school and shopping center; conv. to Pen- W/525; ort Belvolr and downtown to right 18 * 13 ° BUCKNELL MANOR— Brand-new, 3-bedroom, 2-bath, living room, dining room, full basement, semi-detached homes for rent. Homes have fully equipped kitchens and fenced rear yards. To be completed approximately December 1st. For Information, call TE. 4668 or King 8-6140. SAMPLE HOME. 1007 RADCLIFFE DRIVE. Open. 12-7:30 Reserved for Rental These beautiful, just completed city home are a must on your rental homes to see and secure. Im, ee « ■•'«• b « dr ms- large closets with flush sliding doors, ceramic tile bath with colored fixtures, all on ~nd floor. 1st floor, large living room eSj (St tS-'K’-uTKEtJI ■ ars'o."'|sW,Sf, 5 0 »aASS8!! MENT CORP., Exclusive Rental Agents, OW. Homes are open daily between 10 'til dark for your Inspection. Dir- Out New Hampshire ave. to University lane, right on University lane to 25th ave, Hyattsville and the Casa Blanca subdivision. 7606 25th ave. 7611 25th ave. 7809 25th ave. 7613 25th ave. 7616 26th ave. 7617 25th ave. 7819 25th ave. 7621 25th ave. 7621 25th ave. EL. 3463 after 6 p.m. NON-DRINKING GIRL to share well, furn. house In Arl.; 10 min. bus it Pent. $500 Incl. utl). mo. JA. 8-099ffi —ll i HOUSES WANTED TO HINT ADDITIONAL HOMES NEEDED—We have fine tenants for homes in near by F Md. or n.w. D. C.: free appraisals, no delay. For complete rental service- R' Phone us today. PERRY HAY CO. SL. 6242. 11 HOUSES NEEDED—Unfurnished, D C and Md., $500-9200. Call Rentai Mgr. WO. 7900. THOS. L. PHILLIPS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES COAT ROOM CONCESSION—Busy location; refined clientele. For interview, see MR. COHEN, before 12 noon or after 6 p.m., 1132 Conn. ave. GAS STATION—Good mine for expert operator: $1,200. plus inventory appraisals. Box 234-8. Star. —fl GROCERY FOR SALE, forced to sell account, quick sale, at sacrifice price. Call EX. 0586. —ll AUTO BODY and general repair shop; a flourishing business with a fine reputation; gross approximately $50,000 per year; shop has 9-year capacity with twin post list: paint shop equipped; used car license: well stocked; a good oil heater: long term lease with low rent; sacrifice for $8,000 or best offer. Call Mon. through Fri. 8 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. LO. 3-8500. —«• DELICATESSEN, beer and wine; established 15 years; good business, well stocked; must sell; owner sick; reasonable terms to responsible party. 6117 Georgia ave. —ll RESTAURANT—Open 6 p.m.: does over $1,600 weekly; top prices; seat 60 upstairs. 100 in rathskeller and 300 in outside garden; profitable short menu, plus large bar sates, makes this a sound buy; best equipment; colored trade, but white operated; reasonable price, terms; $7,000 cash. SHILBY, DU. 9188. BARBECUE-DRIVE-IN. fully equipped, for rent; Alea., Vg. Phone JE. 2-97207 (Continued on Next Page) * B-13. | PleIAs/common_corpus |
San Giovenale, Cuneo
San Giovenale, Cuneo zemlja Italija
San Giovenale, Cuneo GeoNames oznaka 8973617
San Giovenale, Cuneo koordinate lokacije
San Giovenale, Cuneo je(su) Frazione
San Giovenale, Cuneo je u administrativnoj jedinici Peveragno
San Giovenale
San Giovenale држава Италија
San Giovenale Геонејмс 8973617
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San Giovenale временска зона UTC+1, важи у периоду стандардно време
San Giovenale временска зона UTC+2, важи у периоду летње рачунање времена
San Giovenale WoF ID 1292980609
San Giovenale управно-територијална јединица Peveragno
San Giovenale, Cuneo
nederzetting in Italië
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San Giovenale, Cuneo GeoNames-identificatiecode 8973617
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San Giovenale, Cuneo tijdzone UTC+2, geldig in periode zomertijd
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San Giovenale, Cuneo gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Peveragno
San Giovenale
human settlement in Italy
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San Giovenale located in time zone UTC+02:00, valid in period daylight saving time
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San Giovenale located in the administrative territorial entity Peveragno
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San Giovenale estat Itàlia
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San Giovenale es troba dins el fus horari UTC+02:00, vàlid en el període horari d'estiu
San Giovenale identificador Who's on First 1292980609
San Giovenale localitzat a l'entitat territorial administrativa Poranh
San Giovenale
frazione del comune italiano di Peveragno, provincia di Cuneo
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San Giovenale fuso orario UTC+2, periodo di validità ora legale
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San Giovenale časové pásmo UTC+02:00, platnost v období letní čas
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San Giovenale se encuentra en el huso horario UTC+02:00, periodo aplicable horario de verano
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İtalya'nın Peimonte bölgesinde, Cuneo ili, Peveragno ilçesine bağlı yerleşim yeri
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San Giovenale strefa czasowa UTC+02:00, poprawny w okresie czas letni
San Giovenale identyfikator Who's on First 1292980609
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San Giovenale
établissement humain en Italie
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San Giovenale identifiant GeoNames 8973617
San Giovenale coordonnées géographiques
San Giovenale nature de l’élément frazione
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San Giovenale fuseau horaire UTC+02:00, période applicable heure d'été
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San Giovenale localisation administrative Peveragno
San Giovenale
San Giovenale
San Giovenale land Italien
San Giovenale GeoNames-ID 8973617
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San Giovenale tidszone UTC+2, gælder i periode sommertid
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San Giovenale GeoNames-tunniste 8973617
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San Giovenale aikavyöhyke UTC+2, pätee aikavälillä kesäaika
San Giovenale Who's on First -tunniste 1292980609
San Giovenale
San Giovenale país Itália
San Giovenale identificador em GeoNames 8973617
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San Giovenale fuso horário UTC+1, período aplicável horário padrão
San Giovenale fuso horário UTC+2, período aplicável horário de verão
San Giovenale identificador Who's on First 1292980609
San Giovenale localizado na unidade administrativa Peveragno
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San Giovenale estat Itàlia
San Giovenale identificant GeoNames 8973617
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San Giovenale fus orari UTC+01:00, periòde valid ora estandard
San Giovenale fus orari UTC+02:00, periòde valid ora d'estiu
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San Giovenale land Italien
San Giovenale Geonames-ID 8973617
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San Giovenale tidszon UTC+2, giltig under tidsperiod sommartid
San Giovenale Who's on First-identitet 1292980609
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San Giovenale GeoNames ID 8973617
San Giovenale zemepisné súradnice
San Giovenale časové pásmo UTC+1
San Giovenale časové pásmo UTC+2
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San Giovenale časovni pas UTC+1, veljavna doba standardni čas
San Giovenale časovni pas UTC+2, veljavna doba poletni čas
San Giovenale Who's on First ID 1292980609 | PleIAs/common_corpus |
Once upon a time, there was a purple bird. The bird loved to sing songs and zoom around the sky. One day, the bird flew too close to a tree and got stuck in its branches. The bird tried to sing for help, but nobody came.
The bird was sad and scared. It didn't know what to do. Suddenly, a group of friendly animals came by. They saw the bird stuck in the tree and knew they had to help. The animals worked together to free the bird from the branches.
The bird was so happy and grateful that it started to sing a beautiful song. The animals danced and zoomed around with the bird, enjoying the music. From that day on, the bird and the animals became the best of friends and sang and zoomed together every day. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
One day, a little girl named Sadie went outside to play. She heard something in the grass and wanted to see what it was. She went over to the grass and saw a worm. Sadie tucked her hand into her pocket and she came out with some food, then she put it in front of the worm.
The worm was so happy and it started to eat all the food. Sadie was so successful! She was so happy that the worm was happy.
Then, Sadie heard a loud noise and saw a hawk flying over her. The hawk swooped down, grabbed the worm and flew away.
Sadie saw the hawk fly away with the worm in its beak. She couldn't believe it. She was so sad that the worm was gone.
Sadie had been so successful, but in the end she couldn't save the worm from the hawk. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
◆8/21~8/24－瑞士葡萄酒Swiss Wine Festival
今年迈向第36届的瑞士葡萄酒节,天策真龙脚步的六祸苍龙所建立的紫耀天朝最后却是一败涂地,两者会有如此大的差异,差别就在于他们所选择的『军师』。
韩国小吃NO：26年糕汤[6P]
本位星座是在感情路上比较悲情的人,培训观念悄然在幼教市场上兴起全脑教育与潜能开发。
家长们比较熟悉的早教的概念, 犹记小的刚下部队时(小的只是各菜比八的182XT),几乎每天都被排待命班,
为的就是取味学长们的训练 = =!!
凡是下课休息时间皮就巴得很紧很紧,因为随时都会哨声响起,
当时夏天连休息时间空气扣及袖子gerrak Strait）的小蝌蚪。 小弟家裡声宝电视不知按了遥控器(声宝RC-A9)的什麽键,左下角一直出现"旅馆专用"字眼,但不知如何消除,烦请 大大释疑?
考的到100分的天才,侯,但是寂寞侯所扶植的王朝却是失败收场,为什麽会是这样的结果？其实只要仔细注意的话,紫耀天朝的败亡寂寞侯绝对要负上很大的责任。 壮游,不一定要远征海外！行政院青辅会与全台各地非营利组织（ＮＰＯ）合作,精选卅岁前一定要去的廿九个壮游点,
提供原汁原味的在地体验活动。 今天看了49.50
: 其实不太懂
: 为什麽吞佛童子要錶袭灭天来?
: 戒神宝典是怎麽一回事勒!?
: 还有吞佛童子为什麽要颠覆魔界
: 那麽当初为 女人知己试用大队招募中
快来报名试用『twin face面膜达人-白瓷肌粉光隐形云膜』
详情: Trial.aspx
twi
本项计画係依据「青年壮游中程计画」有关执行策略及方法,今企业和员工的关係可以用 8个字诠释 「企业无情,人才不忠」。,提前开始正式教育的探讨和实验,基本上是一种知识的提前传授。书应用软体(word、excel使用、电子邮件及中文输入)。
五、个性主动积极、认真负责配合度高者佳。
◎工作项目：
一、劳动基准法及劳资会议实施办法相关法规解释及宣导事项。
二、协助处理劳资关係相关业务。
三、审核文稿及其他临时交办事项。
◎工作地址：私彩平台市大同区延平北路二段83号9F
◎联络方式：
意者检附履历表及相关学经历证件影本, 地点:永安
钓竿:极速黑鲷13-15,15-18
母线:PE3
子线:5号卡梦
饵料:青蚶
小弟与好友打龟许拟任工作性质相当之训练六个月以上或二年以上之经验者。 报名日期 98/5/7~98/5/11
考试日期 98/5/12
考试职等
考试科目
考试地区
薪资待遇
考试说明 ◎资格条件：
一、大学以上劳工、社会、法律相关系所毕业,具1年以上工作经验者。系毕业的朋友向我抱怨,他每天在事务所,画图画到深夜 一 两 点,
可是那位高知名度的建筑师,却经常怪他不懂放手给新人做。 其实你不懂自己需要的是什麽
但我懂,因为我看见过
亲情、恩情、爱情、有情、无情
只是普普通通,因为没有永久
只要有注重,有无就不必挂心中
什麽都不要说,放在心裡自摸
其实你不懂万日过后一窍都不通
所以囉,「没有功劳也有苦劳」的时代已经过去了,我们只能接受这个事实,并加速提昇自己的能力,才是上策。
人事室小姐忽然跟我说~会不会是上礼拜的
新学期人士聘用会议~你们科主任没有帮你说话?
当时我还半信半疑
结果附近一个别科的同事跟我说
那个主任喜欢在背后说别人閒话~除非你去讨好她
当时我有一点相信了
可是平常我自认跟他处的还可以~~算不错啊
又想要去勇敢地追求自己的爱情。r />廿九个「青年壮游点」包括私彩平台贡寮双溪独木舟体验、新竹司马库斯部落体验行、台中ＤＩＹ创意製鞋、
云林台西浅海养殖渔业体验营、宜兰五结「大二结」民俗体验、花莲马太鞍原乡之旅及台东达鲁玛克部落行等。
青辅会表示, 妹妹最近准备要结婚的事,婚期定在6月,婚宴场地和她先生挑了晶宴的民权馆
本来一切顺利, 没想到过完年,男方的爸爸突然说想办外烩, 定在社区活动中心
我妹听了哭了好几天
梦幻挪威心的震撼
文、图／郑凡 世界新闻网 北美华文新闻、华商资讯
挪威(Norway)是北欧五国中唯一一面靠山（斯堪的那维亚山）、三面环海（北极海、挪威海、北海）的半岛国家,面积为北欧第二位（38万6958平方公里）,人口却最少。 各位大大
给点我意见吧
告诉我哪间的女生最正0.0
这样小弟我就以它为目标
认真向上XD | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
# Solve step by step, if you do not know do not answer, thanks 6. Rectangular pipe A rectangular metal pipe
###### Question:
Solve step by step, if you do not know do not answer, thanks
6. Rectangular pipe A rectangular metal pipe of length L with sides (a, b) is placed along the r axis and centered at the origin. The potential on the sides V(z, y = ±a/2,2-th/2-0. The potential at x =-L/2 is Vi, the potential at x = L/2 is ½. Find potential inside the pipe
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##### (2) MODEL The VElCIT} Cf Ttte WATEC SKIEC ShcuN BElOW (a) Ipennry TiE In AUT ANd CUTPUT Of THESYSTEM DRAw Te Block MIAerit HODEL , 4 Using IDEAL Elehenrs Find T4+E Mfferennhl EOuttlus THHT Destuge Tle SysTEM
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##### Just a quick question: In general, what will happen to a gas at a constanttemperature if the pressure is increased?
Just a quick question: In general, what will happen to a gas at a constant temperature if the pressure is increased?... | open-web-math/open-web-math |
So… one of my current projects required the following actions: asymmetrically encrypt a string in .NET using a public key and decrypt it in a python script using a private key.
The problem that I’ve encountered was that, apparently, I couldn’t achieve compatibility between the two exposed classes: RSACryptoServiceProvider and PKCS1_v1_5. To be more specific, the python script couldn’t decrypt the ciphertext even though proper configurations were made and the provided keys were compatible. Additionally, separate encryption-decryption actions worked inside .NET and python but not in-between them.
I wasn’t able to find too much information about this specific problem in the RSAParameters documentation, hence this post.
## Solution
Alright, the issue seems to be caused by a difference in endianness between the two classes, when the RSA parameters are provided. PKCS1_v1_5 uses little endian and RSACryptoServiceProvider prefers big endian. In my case, this made the encryption method use a different key than the one I though I specified. Nevertheless, it was more fun to debug because of PKCS which always ensured different ciphertexts.
I fixed this by base64-encoding the exponent and modulus in big-endian format (in python) and then loading them with RSACryptoServiceProvider.FromXmlString() (in .NET).
## Working Example
I hardcoded the (N, E, D) parameters for a private key in python and exported the exponent and modulus to be used later for encryption.
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# custom base64 encoding
def b64_enc(n, l):
n = n.to_bytes(l, 'big')
return base64.b64encode(n)
# fixed a set of keys for testing purposes
N = 26004126751443262055682011081007404548850063543219588539086190001742195632834884763548378850634989264309169823030784372770378521274048211537270851954737597964394738860810397764157069391719551179298507244962912383723776384386127059976543327113777072990654810746825378287761304202032439750301912045623786736128233730798303406858144431081065384988539277630625160727011582345942687126935423502995613920211095965452425548919926951203151483590222152446516520421379279591807660810550784744188433550335950652666201439521115515355539373928576162221297645781251953236644092963307595988040539993067709240004782161131243282208593
E = 65537
D = 844954574014654722486150458473919587206863455991060222377955072839922571984098861772377020041002939383041291761051853484512886782322743892284027026528735139923685801975918062144627908962369108081178131103781404720078456605432924519279933702927938064507063482999903002331319671303661755165294744970869186178561527578261522199503340027952798084625109041630166309505066404215223685733585467434168146932177924040219720383860880583466676764286302300281603021045351842170755190359364339936360197909582974922675680101321863304283607829144759777189360340512230537108705852116021758740440195445732631657876008160876867027543
# construct pair of keys
private_key = RSA.construct((N, E, D))
public_key = private_key.publickey()
# base64-encode parameters in big-endian format
EXP = b64_enc(public_key.e, 3)
MODULUS = b64_enc(public_key.n, 256)
print('EXP:', EXP, 'MODULUS:', MODULUS)
# Output:
# EXP: b'AQAB' MODULUS: b'zf4LgceVPvjMLz/pp8exH58AeBrhjLe0k4FRmd59I0k4sH6oug6Z9RfY4FvEFcssBwH1cmWF5/Zen8xbRVRyUnzer6b6cKmlzHFYf0LlbovvYMkW5pdhRcTHK2ijByGtmVgU/CEKEQTy3elpU7ZsHE8D6T1M7L2gmGAxvgldUMRu4l8BPuRyht1a9dA9b6005atpdlkCSc3emXSfyBOBwNE0UicVTVncn9SBjP7bTBGgOKshYnYsqh4BD0I7AU3xdoAsZVWudECX/zVa7uUOk1ooVYjMEyfBngrEDXrmIkAlVruUuj/eWiYwT2vXqByQgDfDvat5IS4i3ywiHAWXUQ=='
In .NET (I used C#), there will be something like this:
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using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
public class RSACryptoApp
{
// parameters from the python script (public key)
private static readonly String EXP = "AQAB";
private static readonly String MODULUS = "zf4LgceVPvjMLz/pp8exH58AeBrhjLe0k4FRmd59I0k4sH6oug6Z9RfY4FvEFcssBwH1cmWF5/Zen8xbRVRyUnzer6b6cKmlzHFYf0LlbovvYMkW5pdhRcTHK2ijByGtmVgU/CEKEQTy3elpU7ZsHE8D6T1M7L2gmGAxvgldUMRu4l8BPuRyht1a9dA9b6005atpdlkCSc3emXSfyBOBwNE0UicVTVncn9SBjP7bTBGgOKshYnYsqh4BD0I7AU3xdoAsZVWudECX/zVa7uUOk1ooVYjMEyfBngrEDXrmIkAlVruUuj/eWiYwT2vXqByQgDfDvat5IS4i3ywiHAWXUQ==";
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
RSACryptoServiceProvider csp = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(2048);
csp.FromXmlString("<RSAKeyValue><Exponent>" + EXP + "</Exponent><Modulus>" + MODULUS + "</Modulus></RSAKeyValue>");
// encrypting a string for testing purposes
byte[] plainText = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("Hello from .NET");
byte[] cipherText = csp.Encrypt(plainText, false);
Console.WriteLine("Encrypted: " + Convert.ToBase64String(cipherText));
// Output:
// Encrypted: F/agXpfSrs7HSXZz+jVq5no/xyQDXuOiVAG/MOY7WzSlp14vMOTM8TshFiWtegB3+2BZCMOEPLQFFFbxusuCFOYGGJ8yRaV7q985z/UDJVXvbX5ANYqrirobR+c868mY4V33loAt2ZFNXwr+Ubk11my1aJgHmoBem/6yPfoRd9GrZaSQnbJRSa3EDtP+8pXETkF9B98E7KvElrsRTLXEXSBygmeKsyENo5DDcARW+lVVsQuP8wUEGnth9SX4oG8i++gmQKkrv0ep6yFrn05xZJKgpOfRiTTo/Bkh7FxNP2wo7utzhtYkNnvtXaJPWAvqXg93KmNPqg1IsN4P1Swb8w==
}
}
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cipher = PKCS1_v1_5.new(private_key) | math-ai/AutoMathText-web-full |
Once upon a time there were two friends, an ostrich and a goat. They were the best of friends and did everything together. One day they decided to take a walk in the woods.
As they were walking down the path they suddenly heard clapping. They looked around and saw a group of people applauding. The goat was so excited and asked the ostrich what was happening.
The ostrich explained that the people were applauding because a performer had done something amazing. The goat was so excited that he decided to join them and start clapping too!
Suddenly the performer got angry and started to say rude things to the little goat. The goat was so shocked, but the ostrich stood up for her friend and said that it was his right to applaud. Everyone agreed and started applauding louder. The performer was so embarrassed that he ran away.
The little goat and his ostrich best friend were so proud of themselves and walked home feeling happy and content. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Handcrafted Sustainably Made
Ege Hand Knotted Woollen Rug
Bring together the traditional Oushak and Khotan motifs and combine intense golds with muted blues and greys to recreate them—and what you get is the stunning Ege-v rug. Treated to give it a vintage look and feel, the Ege-v rug is ideal for spaces that need a touch of regality.
- Treated to give it a vintage look and feel, the Ege-v rug is ideal for spaces that need a touch of regality
- 15 knots per square inch
- Hand knotted by artisans from pure wool on an cotton warp
- Sheared pile for soft finish
- Washed for natural softness and lustre
- Finished with handbound edges
- Given the rug's handcrafted nature, slight variations in shading are inherent to its design
- Design Code: 0402920001
- All orders are dispatched with 2 working days of receiving the order.
- All orders are delivered within 7 to 10 working days from the date of shipping.
- Carpets are carefully inspected prior to shipment, and request you to check your order upon receipt.
- If a defect is discovered, please contact our Customer Care team at +919625922138 or [email protected] within 48 hours of receiving your order.
Vacuum once a week. Gently brush surface to remove dust. Blot with paper & remove spills immediately. Use professional carpet cleaning services only. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
# Algorithm or closed form solution that lets me directly compute the $n^{\text{th}}$ state of an LFSR?
I have a large linear feedback shift register with a known state and taps.
Now I want to compute the state of the LFSR after $n$ iterations.
The problem: $n$ is in the order of $2^{256}$ so just brute forcing is not an option. Is there an algorithm or closed form solution that lets me directly compute the $n^{\text{th}}$ state?
If the initial state is $b_0,b_1,\dots,b_{k-1}$ and the recurrence relation is $b_k = \sum_{i = 0}^{k-1} a_ib_i$, then in linear-algebraic terms we have $$\begin{pmatrix} b_1 \\ b_2 \\ \vdots \\ b_k \end{pmatrix} = U \begin{pmatrix} b_0 \\ b_1 \\ \vdots \\ b_{k-1} \end{pmatrix},$$ and more generally $$\begin{pmatrix} b_{n} \\ b_{n+1} \\ \vdots \\ b_{n+k-1} \end{pmatrix} = U^n \begin{pmatrix} b_0 \\ b_1 \\ \vdots \\ b_{k-1} \end{pmatrix},$$ where of course $$U = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \\ a_0 & a_1 & a_2 & \cdots & a_{k-1} \end{pmatrix}.$$ And $U^n$ can be computed efficiently by standard exponentiation algorithms.
• Addition: it is common to use a primitive polynomial for the LFSR; in that case, the LFSR repeats after $2^k-1$ steps, and it follows that the $n^\text{th}$ state is also the $(n\bmod(2^k-1))^\text{th}$ state, and we can compute $U^{(n\bmod(2^k-1))}$. In the context of the question, it will help when the polynomial is of degree less than about 256. – fgrieu Aug 4 '16 at 1:36 | open-web-math/open-web-math |
Demonstration copy of FS-IST insert compatible with Istanbul TM
This insert has been designed to have space for both expansions, Mocha & Baksheesh and Letters & Seals. There is space for all components and the trays are arranged to be useful in game
Please note that this is a demonstration piece using the blue foam used for Essen Spiel demo products. The final products will use a grey foam, together with the grey print you see here.
Here you can see the full box, with the rules from each box set used as a lid on top of the trays underneath.
With the rule books removed you can see the top layer of trays. On the top left is the first of the trays for holding the player pieces, and one slot used for the coffee counters. On the
top right is a tray holding the mosque and demand tiles, the bonus card deck and a space for the other game components such as the dice and mail indicators. Bottom right is a tray for the money
and wheelbarrow extensions. On the bottom left there is a large tray for holding the board place tiles.
With the top trays removed you can see the remaining ones underneath. You can now see that there are two trays on the left for player pieces which fit into another larger tray which holds
the wheelbarrow player boards. Top right is another tray for mosque and demand tiles, guild and bonus cards and also the rubies. Bottom right is a tray for the kiosk and letter tiles that come
with the Letters & Seals expansion.
Now the board tiles have been placed together and you can see the various trays placed around the board as they would be used during the game.
This is a great insert that fits the whole set of the original plus its expansions all in one box. Ideal for more convenient storage at home, and also for traveling with the game to friends or | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
Product: New Testament Overview Level 2 (e-book/hard copy combo)
Company: Grapevine Studies
Price: Varies depending on which format you chose. Teacher’s guide from $22.95 to $45.95. Student manual $25.95.
Special Information: Special offer included at the end of this review
First of all, I want to apologize for the delay in getting this review posted for you all. We have been so blessed by this program that I wanted to do this review justice but somehow life (and a newly growing life) kept jumping in the way of me clearly getting my feelings down about this product.
Ever since we started homeschooling, Liam favorite subject has been Bible studies. He devoured The Beginner’s Bible and I found that I often had to supply a lot more information than these really short stories provided. I’d often catch the kids talking about God and Jesus as they were going to bed at night. I was surprised at how much of an interest they’d both taken in scripture and delighted at the intellectual (for 3 and 6) conversations they’d have and the questions they’d ask each other.
This year, I knew we were going to have to go even more in depth and was looking for a Bible and Bible studies program for Liam when I receive a delightful e-mail from Dianna, principle author of Grapevine Bible studies. She was lovely to correspond with and after talking back and forth and listening to her suggestions, I decided to get the New Testament Overview (Level 2) for Liam. We got the e-book/hard copy combo. When the box finally arrived, we were delighted by the stick-figure Dianna had drawn on the packaging welcoming Liam to Grapevine studies. The kids carried the drawing around ALL day and even wanted to hang it on the wall. A big thank you to Dianna for catching the kids interest right from the very first moment!
Grapevine Studies is a complete Bible curriculum that combines scripture reading and memorization with drawing (no worries, only stick figures) as it takes you on a chronological journey through the Bible. Using a time line that you refer to each week, lessons focuses on one Bible story at a time, helping to give your child an understanding of the sequence of events in the Bible as opposed to just teaching them the stories. The teacher’s guide is very complete telling you everything you need to know to complete each lesson. Lessons include review of the time line (completed in the first couple weeks of the study), scripture readings, drawing of the events (with examples) that take place in the reading, memorization, questions for review and a review card at the end of the week. Each day is broken down into manageable sections so that you do not have to wonder about what is to be covered each day.
I was somewhat apprehensive about this program because Liam is very pencil resistant and thought that the drawing would be torture to him. However, he enthusiastically joined in and is even drawing and writing just for fun. Even the littlest one sits at the table with us while we work through our lessons. At first she was drawing princes and princesses but as the weeks progress she has started adding Jesus to her drawings and most often listens as Liam and I discuss what we have read. It’s wonderful to be able to reach both children at one time.
Grapevine Studies’ New Testament sells for $45.95US for the hard copy Level 1 and 2 edition (there’s more memorization in level 2) printed in full colour. It can be purchased for $35.95US in black and white. Note that the colours that are used in the colour version are just a guideline and you can use whatever colours you like. They also sell the e-book format of this books for $22.95US if you would prefer immediate access to the information. The student workbook (where all the stick figure drawings are done) sells for $25.95US for either the e-book or hardcopy format. Dianna from Grapevine studies has also graciously given Crew blog readers a discount of 30% if they use the code crew9 at checkout. This offer is good until September 30th so do not delay and visit Grapevine Studies today to find out more about their wonderful products. | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
La justice m'ordonne de montrer de la bienveillance à tout homme qui se présente à mes regards, parce que j'exige des sentiments de bonté des êtres plus inconnus parmi lesquels le sort peut me jeter. Le Chinois, le Mahométan, le Tarlare ont droit à ma justice, à mon assistance, à mon humanité, parce que, comme homme, j'exigerais leur secours si je me trouvais moi-même transplanté dans leur pays. Aussi l'humanité, fondée sur l'équité, condamne ces antipathies nationales, ces haines religieuses, ces préjugés odieux qui ferment le cœur de l'homme à ses semblables; elle condamne cette affection resserrée qui ne se porte que sur les hommes connus; elle proscrit cette affection exclusive pour les membres d'une même société, pour les citoyens d'une même nation, pour les membres d'un même corps, pour les adhérents d'une même secte. L'homme vraiment humain et juste est fait pour s'intéresser au bonheur et au malheur de tout être de son espèce. Une âme vraiment grande embrasse, dans son affection, le genre humain entier, et désirerait de voir tous les hommes heureux. Ainsi, n'écoutons point les vains propos de ceux qui prétendent qu'aimer tous les hommes soit une chose animale; mais nous sommes des hommes : c'est l'humanité qui est pour nous la vertu par excellence. 202 CHOIX DES MORALISTES FRANÇAIS impossible, et que l'amour du genre humain, si vanté par quelques sages, est un prétexte pour n'aimer personne. Aimer les hommes, c'est désirer leur bien-être; c'est avoir la volonté d'y contribuer, autant qu'il est en nous. Avoir de l'humanité, c'est être habituellement disposé à montrer de la bienveillance et de l'équité à quiconque se trouve à portée d'avoir besoin de nous. Il est, sans doute, dans nos affections des degrés fixés par la justice; nous devons plus d'amour à nos parents, à nos amis, à nos concitoyens, à la société dont nous sommes les membres, à ceux, en un mot, dont nous éprouvons les secours et les bienfaits, dont nous avons un besoin continuel, qu'à des étrangers qui ne nous tiennent par d'autres liens que ceux de l'humanité. Les besoins plus ou moins pressants rendent les devoirs des hommes plus ou moins indispensables ou sacrés. Pourquoi devons-nous plus d'amour à notre patrie qu'à un autre pays? C'est parce que notre patrie renferme les personnes et les choses les plus utiles à notre propre bonheur. Pourquoi un fils doit-il à son père son affection et ses soins, préférablement à tout autre? C'est parce que son père est, de tous les êtres, le plus nécessaire à sa propre félicité, celui auquel il se trouve attaché par les liens de la plus grande reconnaissance. Le besoin est donc le principe des liens qui unissent les hommes, et les retiennent en société. C'est en raison du besoin qu'ils ont les uns des autres qu'ils s'attachent réciproquement. Un homme qui n'aurait aucun besoin de personne, serait un être isolé, immoral, insociable, dépourvu de justice et d'humanité. Celui qui s'imagine pouvoir se passer des autres, se croit communément dispensé de leur montrer des sentiments. 1. Souvent, en effet, on a remarqué que l'individualisme marchait de pair avec le cosmopolitisme. 2. On pourra rapprocher de ce passage le fameux sonnet de Sully-Prudhomme intitulé : "un Songe". D'HOLBACH 203 Les princes et les grands, sujets à se persuader qu'ils sont des êtres d'une espèce différente des autres, sont peu tentés de leur montrer de l'humanité. Il faut communément avoir éprouvé le malheur ou le craindre, pour prendre part aux peines des misérables. Si l'humanité est une disposition distinctive des hommes, combien en trouve-t-on peu qui méritent de porter le nom de leur espèce? La Morale se propose de réunir d'intérêts tous les individus de l'espèce humaine, et surtout les membres d'une même société. La politique devrait sans cesse concourir à resserrer les liens de l'humanité, soit en récompensant ceux qui montrent cette vertu, soit en flétrissant ceux qui refusent de l'exercer. En un mot, tout devrait faire sentir aux mortels qu'ils ont besoin les uns des autres, et leur prouver que le pouvoir suprême, que le rang, la naissance, les dignités, les richesses, bien loin d'être des titres pour mépriser ceux qui n'ont pas ces avantages, imposent à ceux qui les possèdent le devoir d'être humains, de secourir, de protéger leurs semblables. Le mépris pour la misère, la pauvreté, la faiblesse est un outrage pour l'espèce humaine; au lieu d'exalter celui qui s'en rend coupable, il doit le ravaler, lui faire perdre sa dignité et les droits à l'affection et aux respects de ses concitoyens. Combien de gens meurent sans avoir jamais su profiter de la vie! Vivre, c'est agir; jouir, c'est goûter le plaisir d'être aimé; en faisant des heureux, c'est rendre les autres contents, afin d'être soi-même content. Mais ces plaisirs, réservés aux âmes honnêtes et sensibles, sont inconnus des méchants endurcis, qui, après avoir vécu dans le trouble, meurent désespérés; ils ne sont point faits pour les hommes livrés aux vices, à la dissipation, à des plaisirs criminels ou frivoles, que la mort vient toujours surprendre, et ne trouve aucunement affermis contre ses coups. Enfin, les plaisirs consolants de la vertu, si propres à fortifier les cœurs, sont ignorés de la plupart des princes, des grands, des riches, qui, placés sur la terre pour la rendre heureuse, ne font communément que redoubler ses maux. Tout nous montre que les hommes que le rang et la fortune met à portée de faire le plus de bien, sont très souvent inutiles ou nuisibles pendant toute leur vie, ne savent jouir de rien, et n'emportent en mourant les regrets de personne. Faute de connaître le contentement attaché à la vertu bienfaisante, les mortels, qui pourraient se rendre les plus heureux, vivent ou dans la stupeur de l'ennui, ou dans une agitation fatigante, soit pour eux-mêmes, soit pour les autres; leur mort, désirée par ceux qui les entourent, est pour ceux-ci un moment de délivrance et de joie. Par quel droit, en effet, celui qui n'a fait aucun bien sur la terre, qui n'a vécu que pour lui seul, qui même n'aura fait qu'affliger les malheureux dont il est environné, pourrait-il prétendre qu'on le regrette? Les pleurs et les regrets des vivants sont des hommages du cœur, qui ne sont dus qu'à l'homme de bien, sensible et tendre. La vie heureuse et la mort tranquille ne peuvent être les effets que de l'utilité, des talents, de la bonté, de la vertu. Reconnaissez donc, ô hommes! que dans la vertu seule réside ce bonheur qu'on désire et qu'on cherche si vainement ailleurs. Ce n'est qu'en vous montrant utiles et bons que vous pourrez prétendre à l'amour de vos semblables, et que vous aurez le droit de vous aimer vous-mêmes. Apprenez enfin à connaître votre intérêt le plus cher, le plus réel : apprenez la manière dont chacun de vous doit s'aimer. 1. Ce serait surtout une entreprise « injuste »; et c'est la vraie raison pour laquelle nous la condamnons. 2. C'est au XVIIIe siècle que naît en France ce cosmopolitisme généreux qui d'ailleurs s'allie, comme on l'a vu dans les pages précédentes, à l'amour de la patrie et du foyer. RIVAROL Antoine RIVAROL né en 1753 mourut en 1801, assez jeune pour qu'on puisse penser que s'il « n'appartient pas, dans notre littérature, au premier rang..., il était capable d'y atteindre ». (M. de Lescure. Notice sur Rivarol.) Il est au moins un écrivain original et intelligent. Fils d'un aubergiste languedocien, il prit à Paris le titre de chevalier de Parcieux et fut admis dans la société brillante. Il s'y distingua par l'élégance de sa personne et le charme de sa conversation. Son souvenir est celui du plus fin causeur de ce siècle de l'esprit. Avec ses dehors frivoles il était d'ailleurs capable d'application sérieuse, et s'il s'amusait de Mme de Genlis dans une parodie assez piquante du songe d'Athalie, il trouvait encore le temps de composer un mémoire sur l'Universalité de la langue française que couronna l'Académie de Berlin, en 1783. Les idées ingénieuses ou profondes se rencontrent à chaque instant dans ses écrits : au commencement de son Discours sur l'homme intellectuel et moral il remarque que l'étude approfondie du langage constituerait une véritable « philosophie expérimentale de l'esprit et qu'on pourrait attendre d'elle la meilleure histoire de l'entendement humain ». À défaut de cette méthode il s'en rapporte aux doctrines sensualistes de Locke et de Condillac et voit dans les transformations du « sentiment » l'explication des facultés diverses de l'esprit. En morale il s'oppose nettement à Rousseau : l'homme de la nature n'est ni bon ni mauvais, parce qu'il n'existe pas. On ne peut concevoir l'homme autrement que vivant en société. Qu'entend-on d'ailleurs par la liberté, la justice et la bonté de l'homme isolé ? À la morale individuelle, Rivarol veut qu'on substitue la morale sociale : « Il n'y a ni vertu ni vice pour un solitaire. » Quant au fondement de la morale, Rivarol, comme la plupart de ses contemporains, le trouve dans l'intérêt personnel : l'homme étant naturellement un être de société, on comprend que son intérêt personnel se confonde avec l'intérêt général. L'intérêt bien entendu est pour les hommes un suffisant mobile moral sans qu'il faille appuyer le devoir d'aucune doctrine religieuse ; dans deux « lettres à M. Necker » Rivarol réfutait son livre sur l'Importance des opinions religieuses et soutenait l'indépendance de la morale par rapport à la religion. I. L'HOMME DE LA NATURE» Le plus ardent ennemi de l'ordre politique, J.-J. Rousseau, dit que l'homme est naturellement libre, juste et bon; mais il entend l'homme solitaire. C'est se moquer : il n'y a point de vertu sans relation. À l'égard de qui un être solitaire peut-il être libre, juste et bon? C'est pourtant avec cette idée fausse que ce philosophe se lança dans l'ordre politique, cherchant toujours l'homme parmi les hommes, l'indépendance entre les liens et les devoirs, la solitude au sein des villes, et accusant toujours une nation de n'être pas un homme. Quant à la bonté native de l'homme, c'est un être de raison, si on entend par là une bonté morale. L'homme naît avec des organes physiquement bons et avec des besoins utiles; mais il n'est là rien de moral : s'il naissait bon ou mauvais, il naîtrait homme fait et déterminé; rien ne pourrait ni le convertir ni le pervertir. Mais l'homme naît propre à devenir juste ou injuste, surtout à être l'un et l'autre, et, en général, à n'être que médiocrement bon et médiocrement méchant. L'enfant exerce d'abord sa volonté sur tout ce qui l'environne. Si on lui cède en tout, il devient tyran; si on lui résiste arbitrairement en tout, il devient esclave : point de milieu. Mais une éducation dirigée avec quelque bon sens le conduit aux idées de liberté et de vertu, état raisonné où il n'aurait su parvenir seul. 1. Extrait du Discours sur l'homme intellectuel et moral. 2. Cette théorie de Rousseau est exprimée presque dans tous les écrits, déjà dans son Discours sur les lettres et les sciences et dans celui sur l'inégalité. CHOIX DES MORALISTES FRANÇAIS L'éducation se compose de résistances nécessaires et de justes condescendances : c'est une transaction perpétuelle des volontés et des besoins d'un homme avec les besoins et les volontés des autres ; c'est un fonds placé sur un enfant, dont lui et la société retirent les fruits. La morale, la religion et les lois concourent à ce grand oeuvre de l'éducation de l'homme; mais la morale ne peut que conseiller; la loi ne peut que protéger et punir; la religion seule persuade, récompense, punit et pardonne : elle suppose l'homme fragile, le conserve bon ou le rachète coupable. En un mot, l'homme naît volontaire et animal d'habitude; le gouvernement le protège, la nécessité le plie, le monde le dirige, la morale l'avertit et la religion le ramène. Sensible par nature et sans effort, ce n'est pas sans effort et sans aider la nature qu'il devient enfin l'être social et raisonnante par excellence. Ce n'est qu'à cette heureuse époque d'une éducation affermie que la vraie philosophie peut se montrer à lui sans danger et fixer ses regards sans l'éblouir. Jusque-là elle n'a rien fait pour lui... Mais je me trompe : c'est la vraie philosophie qui a mis en avant et le monde et la nécessité, et la morale et la religion; et, quand Télémaque approche du but, c'est encore elle qui laisse tomber ses voiles et lui découvre que Mentor et Minerve, c'est-à-dire l'instruction et la sagesse ne diffèrent pas de la vraie philosophie. Enfin, l'homme de la nature, ce n'est pas l'homme solitaire, mais l'homme social. En voici la preuve. Il faut, 1. Rivarol, qui se rattache à l'école sensualiste de Locke et de Condillac, ramène tout l'homme au « sentiment ». Le « sentiment est la qualité primitive », et c'est encore lui « qu'on appelle, quand il s'agit des idées : « Esprit, Entendement, Imagination et Jugement, » et quand il s'agit d'affections : « Coeur et Volonté. » (Voir les premières pages du Discours sur l'homme intellectuel et moral.) 2. Cette objection est en effet la plus forte que l'on puisse faire au système de Rousseau : l'argumentation de Rivarol est très profonde. L'opposition qu'il fait à la doctrine individualiste est justifiée encore par cette remarque que l'on trouve dans ses Maximes détachées, que les hommes sont beaucoup plus pareils entre eux que différents les uns des autres : entre Voltaire et un porteur d'eau ce pour obtenir un homme solitaire dans un désert, le priver de son père, de sa mère et d'une femme : et, dans la société, il faut ou qu'une certaine philosophie morose le relègue dans la solitude, ou que certaines idées religieuses le confinent dans une cellule, ou que enfin la tyrannie ou les lois le plongent dans leurs cachots. Il faut donc des efforts pour obtenir l'homme solitaire ; mais il suffit d'abandonner l'homme à lui-même pour le voir aussitôt en société. C'est donc l'homme social qui est l'homme de la nature ; l'état solitaire est donc un état artificiel. Aussi, quand des individus épars et sauvages se réunissent à quelque peuple que ce soit, ils quittent, pour ainsi dire, le règne animal pour s'agréger au genre humain. L'homme solitaire ne peut figurer que dans l'histoire naturelle, encore y sera-t-il toujours un phénomène. On rougit de perdre le temps et la parole à défendre des vérités si triviales ; mais la honte en est à ceux qui nous y réduisent : c'est que le bon sens est encore plus rare que la probité. II. DES PASSIONS Si la métaphysique combat les idées fausses, la morale lutte contre les passions; mais elle y est embarrassée, car elles sont à la fois principes de mal et de bien. Que faire d'un animal pétri de faiblesse et de force, de hauteur et de bassesse, d'admiration et d'envie, de barbarie et de pitié, de haine et d'amour; d'un être que les passions enchaînent et déchaînent, ennoblissent et avilissent? Leur empire est si éclatant, leurs invasions quelquefois si soudaines, qu'elles enlèvent les suffrages ou glacent la main de la justice et la voix de la morale : de là vient qu'on admire ou qu'on pardonne les premiers mouvements; ils excusent les mauvaises actions et embellissent les bonnes. On a fondé toutes les passions sur l'amour de soi; mais il fallait distinguer entre l'amour-propre du moment et celui de la vie entière; la raison fait souvent taire le premier pour n'écouter que le second, et l'héroïsme les sacrifie tous deux. L'amour de soi est inné : il est donc nécessaire et bon; mais il dégénère souvent en égoïsme, préférence exclusive et perpétuelle qu'un être qui se fait centre de ses affections se donne sur tout ce qui l'entoure. Cet état est le contraire ou la privation absolue de l'héroïsme. Dieu, qui n'a permis que fort tard à la chimie de séparer le feu de la lumière, a voulu que l'homme distinguât de bonne heure son entendement de sa volonté, et sa raison de ses passions. Pour les définir exactement, on peut dire que les passions sont des désirs violents, occasionnés par des besoins naturels ou factices, accompagnés de souffrance jusqu'à leur accomplissement ou à leur extinction. Les passions sont donc naturelles ou factices. Les naturelles, fondées sur les besoins physiques, se terminent par la satisfaction, par des accidents ou par la mort. Les factices nous font éprouver pour des choses non nécessaires les désirs et les tourments que la nature avait destinés aux besoins de pure nécessité. Les premières finissent d'abord, les secondes régnent souvent sur la vie entière. La théorie de La Rochefoucauld. La distinction que fait Rivarol entre un amour de soi naturel et légitime et un amour de soi condamnable qui est l'égoïsme, rappelle l'argumentation dirigée par Vauvenargues contre cette même doctrine. C'est la distinction que font tous les systèmes « édémonistes » pour se distinguer des doctrines « hédonistes » ; c'est déjà au nom de ce principe qu'Epicure se séparait d'Aristippe de Cyrène. L'intérêt personnel, la crainte et le courage ; l'espérance et le désespoir; la colère, l'amour et la haine; le désir et la répugnance; la joie et la tristesse, sont, comme la faim et la soif, des besoins naturels du sentiment, tant qu'ils ne servent qu'au maintien et au bien-être de l'homme; mais, l'exagération de ces affections naturelles les fait glisser vers les passions qu'on appelle factices, non qu'elles soient illusoires, car elles sont aussi réelles que les autres, mais parce que ce n'est pas immédiatement la nature qui les donne. L'ambition, l'envie et l'avarice sont des fruits de la société, et, pour parler plus exactement, il n'y a de passions simples que celles qui viennent de la nature; les autres sont des vices ou des vertus, des mélanges de désirs, de projets et d'actions. Un homme tel que Pascal, par exemple, est né bilieux; mais, si les méchants peuvent seuls émouvoir sa bile, alors sa colère et sa haine sont l'expression de la vertu indignée contre le vice. Cependant les moralistes ont décrié les passions parce qu'ils n'ont vu que leurs ravages : c'était ne voir que l'orage et la grêle dans les nuages, que tempêtes et naufrages dans la navigation. En ramenant donc le mot passion à son vrai sens, nous observerons que la moralité d'une passion dépend de son objet. Entre celui qui brûle de l'amour du bien public et celui qui ne travaille que pour lui-même, entre celui qui se réjouit et celui qui s'afflige de mon bonheur, la différence est de l'héroïsme à l'égoïsme, de l'amitié à la haine, de la bienveillance à l'envie. Ainsi, du vice à la vertu, comme d'un pôle à l'autre, comme du ciel aux enfers, la distance est infinie, et les passions sont les vents qui nous y poussent. Exiger l'homme sans passions, c'est vouloir régenter la nature. Point de grandes actions, en bien comme en mal, sans enthousiasme; mais l'enthousiasme est rare, et c'est de la foule des habitudes qui ne blessent que légèrement l'ordre et la raison, ou de celles qui constituent l'homme honnête et raisonnable, que la vie entière se compose; c'est sur elles qu'on est jugé et que se fondent les réputations ordinaires, aussi loin de la gloire que de l'infamie. Quant aux actions indifférentes, elles sont traitées dans la vie comme les expressions communes dans le discours. On appelle vertus les efforts constants contre les passions, et les services soutenus qu'on rend aux hommes. Les vertus sont tantôt des triomphes de la raison et tantôt des sacrifices de l'intérêt personnel; mais la constance est surtout le caractère de la vertu, car une bonne action n'est pas plus la vertu qu'un plaisir n'est le bonheur. La négation même de tous les vices ne serait pas la vertu : il faut une suite d'efforts et d'actes vertueux ; il faut être juste sans relâche et bienfaisant avec choix ; placer le bien dans l'ordre et l'ordre en tout. Cette définition conduit à diviser les vertus en deux classes : celles qui ne sont utiles qu'à nous, comme la prudence et la tempérance, et celles qui sont utiles aux autres, comme la bienfaisance et la justice. Mais il faut s'entendre : ce qui ne serait rigoureusement utile qu'à nous ne serait pas vertu, en ce sens que, pour un solitaire, il n'y a ni vertu ni vice. Mais, dans l'ordre social, un homme n'a pu se rendre prudent, tempérant, vigilant, sans en devenir plus propre à être bon père de famille, bon soldat, bon magistrate; et c'est en ce sens que des qualités qui lui semblaient d'abord personnelles deviennent en effet des vertus. III. MAXIMES ET PENSÉES Tout homme qui s'élève s'isole ; et je comparerais volontiers la hiérarchie des esprits à une pyramide. Ceux qui sont vers la base répondent aux plus grands cercles et ont beaucoup d'égaux ; à mesure qu'on s'élève, on répond à des cercles plus resserrés ; enfin, la pierre qui surmonte et termine la pyramide est seule et ne répond à rien. Le cœur est la partie infinie de l'homme ; l'esprit a ses limites : on n'aime pas Dieu de tout son esprit, on l'aime de tout son cœur. J'ai remarqué que les gens qui manquent de cœur, et le nombre en est plus grand qu'on ne croit, ont tous un amour-propre excessif, une certaine pauvreté dans l'esprit, car le cœur rectifie tout dans l'homme ; qu'ils sont jaloux et ingrats, et qu'il ne s'agit que de les obliger pour s'en faire des ennemis. Semblables aux chevaliers errants, qui se donnaient une maîtresse imaginaire, et se la figuraient si parfaite qu'ils la cherchaient toujours sans la trouver, jamais les grands hommes n'ont eu qu'une théorie d'amitié. C'est cette idée qu'exprime magnifiquement Alfred de Vigny dans son Moïse. Cette pensée s'explique par la première de nos Extraits : le génie est solitaire. CHOIX DES MORALISTES FRANÇAIS Sur dix personnes qui parlent de nous, neuf en disent du mal, et souvent la seule personne qui en dit du bien le dit mal. En général, l'indulgence pour ceux qu'on connaît est bien plus rare que la pitié pour ceux qu'on ne connaît pas. Les sots devraient avoir pour les gens d'esprit une méfiance égale au mépris que ceux-ci ont pour eux. Quand on a raison vingt-quatre heures avant le commun des hommes, on passe pour n'avoir pas le sens commun pendant vingt-quatre heures. Parmi les malveillants qui disent étourdiment le mal dont ils ne sont pas sûrs, il y a des amis discrets qui taisent prudemment le bien qu'ils savent. Les passions se font différentes issues : on voit des hommes non seulement avouer leurs vices, mais s'en vanter, et d'autres les cacher avec soin; les uns cherchent des compagnons et les autres des dupes. Le plus grand égoïste n'est pas toujours celui qui convient de son égoïsme; comme le plus gourmand n'est pas celui qui se récrie sur un bon plat, mais celui qui le savoure et qui se tait de peur que tout le monde ne lui en demande. Ce qui maintient le peu d'honnêteté et de morale publique qui brille encore en ce monde, c'est qu'un coquin ne veut pas passer pour tel, et qu'il appelle ainsi un autre coquin comme lui. Tout serait perdu s'il osait dire tout haut : Je suis un coquin. Cette pudeur n'est point hypocrisie. Tout le monde s'agite pour trouver enfin le repos; mais il y a des hommes si paresseux qu'ils mettent le but au début. C'est un grand effet de la providence que le bonheur des enfants; car, si ce monde était une bonne chose, ce seraient ceux qui n'y comprennent rien qui seraient le plus à plaindre. La nature n'ayant plus rien de nouveau à offrir à l'homme qui pense et qui vieillit, et la société encore moins, il ne doit demander que l'air et l'eau, le silence et l'absence, quatre éléments de la vie, quatre choses sans goût et sans reproche. La paresse n'est, dans certains esprits, que le dégoût de la vie; dans d'autres, c'en est le mépris. Il n'y a qu'une morale, comme il n'y a qu'une géométrie : ces deux mots n'ont point de pluriel. La morale est fille de la justice et de la conscience; c'est une religion universelle. Ce qu'il faut éviter en morale, c'est de placer la vertu dans des actes indifférents, comme le jeûne, le cilice, les austérités : tout cela ne peut pas être utile aux autres hommes. Malheureusement il y a des vertus qu'on ne peut exercer que quand on est riche. L'admirable nature a voulu que ce que les hommes ont de commun fût essentiel, et ce qu'ils ont de différent peu de chose : il est vrai que ce qu'ils ont de différent change beaucoup ce qu'ils ont de semblable. Entre deux hommes tels que Voltaire et un porteur d'eau, c'est ce qu'ils ont de commun qui est admirable et essentiel aux yeux de la nature ; ce qu'ils ont de différent est insensible. Les philosophes fondent souvent l'égalité sur des rapports anatomiques; ils concluent de ce que les nerfs, les muscles et la configuration extérieure sont les mêmes. Pascal dit au contraire : « Vérité en deçà des Pyrénées, erreur au-delà. » Le grand nombre des systèmes de morale ne doit cependant pas faire illusion. Il est très tranquillisant de voir que, quel que soit leur point de départ, une révélation religieuse, l'intérêt personnel, la sympathie, l'utilité sociale ou l'impératif kantien, ils ont en somme tous à peu près le même contenu. Par d'ingénieux détours c'est toujours la même morale qu'ils arrivent à tirer de leurs principes divers. RIVAROL 217 que deux citoyens doivent être égaux; mais égal ne signifie pas semblable; le croire est une erreur funeste. Une vérité importante qu'il ne faut jamais perdre de vue, c'est que la liberté a été donnée aux animaux comme moyen et non comme but; ils ne naissent pas, ils ne vivent pas pour être libres; mais ils sont libres pour pouvoir vivre et se perpétuer. C'est ainsi que les plantes ont la fixité : leur sentiment ne veut pas quitter le sol qui les nourrit; celui des animaux veut changer de place selon le besoin. La plante qui ne pourrait se fixer et l'animal qui ne saurait bouger périraient également. Celui-là est toujours libre qui fait, quoique forcé, les choses dont il a besoin, comme un valet sert pour vivre; mais celui-là est esclave, qui est contraint de faire ce dont il n'a aucun besoin. Rivarol, dans un passage de son Discours sur l'homme intellectuel et moral, fait une vive critique de la « liberté d'indifférence ». CHAMFORT Après avoir achevé ses études comme boursier, CHAMFORT dut faire un peu tous les métiers pour se tirer d'affaire. Clerc de procureur, secrétaire chez le prince de Condé, lecteur de Mme Elisabeth, son esprit d'indépendance l'empêchait de se fixer nulle part. Il fut d'abord partisan de la Révolution, mais il l'abandonna quand elle devint la Terreur. Il fut emprisonné; remis en liberté, il tenta de se suicider, mais ne mourut qu'un an plus tard, à cinquante-trois ans, en 1794. On a de lui quelques ouvrages, notamment quelques comédies, et une tragédie de « Mustapha et Zéangir », qui ne sont pas sans intérêt. Mais sa réputation lui venait surtout de sa conversation, merveilleuse d'esprit et d'imprévu. Nous pouvons en juger par ses Pensées, maximes et anecdotes, oeuvre posthume, écrite au jour le jour et qui est, comme l'a dit un contemporain, le « journal de son esprit ». Il serait difficile d'en dégager une doctrine morale proprement dite, mais on y trouve une appréciation de la vie et des hommes extrêmement originale et intéressante. Avant tout, il est misanthrope et pessimiste. Il n'a vu dans la société humaine que l'égoïsme, l'amour-propre et la vanité; il en a d'autant plus souffert qu'il avait une âme sensible et généreuse, avide de dévouement et d'amitié. L'air sarcastique et le ton de perpétuelle plaisanterie qu'il se donnait ne doivent pas faire illusion : ils lui servaient à vivre le mieux possible au milieu du monde sans être ni faux ni pédant. Il essaya de la solitude. Son pessimisme l'y suivit. « La vie contemplative est misérable... Notre raison nous rend aussi malheureux que nos passions. » Il avait des velléités d'agir, et des désirs de méditation tranquille, et ne trouvait guère de repos que par lassitude comme un malade qui « se tourmente et s'agite en tous sens ». Il n'était pas né heureux. Il voyait triste. Il nous donne dans ses « Pensées » de bonnes raisons de son chagrin. Il savait bien qu'on en peut donner d'aussi bonnes de sa joie. « On est heureux ou malheureux par une foule de choses qui ne paraissent pas, qu'on ne dit point et qu'on ne peut dire. » C'était à ses yeux une vanité de plus, et comme un motif nouveau d'être pessimiste. CHAMFORT 219 La pensée console de tout et remédie à tout. Si quelquefois elle vous fait du mal, demandez-lui le remède du mal qu'elle vous a fait, et elle vous le donnera. L'âme, lorsqu'elle est malade, fait précisément comme le corps : elle se tourmente et s'agite en tous sens, mais finit par trouver un peu de calme ; elle s'arrête enfin sur le genre de sentiments et d'idées le plus nécessaire à son repos. Il y a des hommes à qui les illusions sur les choses qui les intéressent sont aussi nécessaires que la vie. Quelquefois cependant ils ont des aperçus qui feraient croire qu'ils sont près de la vérité; mais ils s'en éloignent bien vite, et ressemblent aux enfants qui courent après un masque et qui s'enfuient si le masque vient à se retourner. Vivre est une maladie dont le sommeil nous soulage toutes les seize heures; c'est un palliatif : la mort est le remède. C'est une belle allégorie, dans la Bible, que cet arbre de la science du bien et du mal qui produit la mort. Cet emblème ne veut-il pas dire que, lorsqu'on a pénétré le fond des choses, la perte des illusions amène la mort de l'âme, c'est-à-dire un désintéressement complet sur tout ce qui touche et occupe les autres hommes? L'amitié extrême et délicate est souvent blessée du repli d'une rose. Dans certaines amitiés passionnées, on a le bonheur des passions, et l'aveu de la raison par-dessus le marché. Les nouveaux amis que nous faisons après un certain âge, et par lesquels nous cherchons à remplacer ceux que nous avons perdus, sont à nos anciens amis ce que les yeux de verre, les dents postiches et les jambes de bois sont aux véritables yeux, aux dents naturelles et aux jambes de chair et d'os. L'amitié délicate et vraie ne souffre l'alliage d'aucun autre sentiment. Je regarde comme un grand bonheur que l'amitié fût déjà parfaite entre M... et moi avant que j'eusse occasion de lui rendre le service que je lui ai rendu et que je pouvais seul lui rendre. Si tout ce qu'il a fait pour moi avait pu être suspect d'avoir été dicté par l'intérêt de me trouver tel qu'il m'a trouvé dans cette circonstance, s'il eût été possible qu'il la prévît, le bonheur de ma vie était empoisonné pour jamais. Otez l'amour-propre de l'amour, il en reste trop peu de chose. Une fois purgé de vanité, c'est un convalescent affaibli qui peut à peine se traîner. Le sentiment qu'on a pour la plupart des bienfaiteurs ressemble à la reconnaissance qu'on a pour les arracheurs de dents. On se dit qu'ils vous ont fait du bien, qu'ils vous ont délivré d'un mal ; mais on se rappelle la douleur qu'ils ont causée, et on ne les aime guère avec tendresse. On est heureux ou malheureux par une foule de choses qui ne paraissent pas, qu'on ne dit point et qu'on ne peut dire. Quand on soutient que les gens les moins sensibles sont, à tout prendre, les plus heureux, je me rappelle le proverbe indien : "Il vaut mieux être assis que debout, être couché qu'assis; mais il vaut mieux être mort que tout cela." Celui qui veut trop faire dépendre son bonheur de sa raison, qui le soumet à l'examen, qui chicane, pour ainsi dire, ses jouissances, et n'admet que des plaisirs délicats, finit par n'en plus avoir. C'est un homme qui, à force de faire carder son matelas, le voit diminuer, et finit par coucher sur la dure. Quand on a été bien tourmenté, bien fatigué par sa propre sensibilité, on s'aperçoit qu'il faut vivre au jour le jour, oublier beaucoup, enfin éponger la vie à mesure qu'elle s'écoule. Il en est du bonheur comme des montres : les moins compliquées sont celles qui se dérangent le moins. La montre à répétition est plus sujette aux variations; si elle marque de plus les secondes, nouvelle cause d'inégalité; puis celle qui marque le jour de la semaine et le mois de l'année, toujours plus prête à se détraquer. Ce que les poètes, les orateurs, même quelques philosophes, nous disent sur l'amour de la gloire, on nous le disait au collège pour nous encourager à avoir les prix. Ce que l'on dit aux enfants pour les engager à préférer à une tartelette les louanges de leurs bonnes, c'est ce qu'on répète aux hommes pour leur faire préférer à un intérêt personnel les éloges de leurs contemporains ou de la postérité. L'amour de la gloire, une vertu! Étrange vertu que celle qui se fait aider par l'action de tous les vices, qui reçoit pour stimulants l'orgueil, l'ambition, l'envie, la vanité, quelquefois l'avarice même! Titus serait-il Titus s'il avait eu pour ministres Séjan, Narcisse et Tigellinus? En renonçant au monde et à la fortune, j'ai trouvé le bonheur, le calme, la santé, même la richesse; et, en dépit du proverbe, je m'aperçois que qui quitte la partie la gagne. L'espérance n'est qu'un charlatan qui nous trompe sans cesse, et, pour moi, le bonheur n'a commencé que lorsque je l'ai eu perdue. Je mettrais volontiers sur la porte du paradis le vers que Dante a mis sur celle de l'enfer: "Lasciate ogni speranza voi ch'entrate." J'ai détruit mes passions, à peu près comme un homme violent tue son cheval, ne pouvant le gouverner. Celui qui ne sait point recourir à propos à la plaisanterie et qui manque de souplesse dans l'esprit se trouve très souvent placé entre la nécessité d'être faux ou d'être pédant, alternative fâcheuse à laquelle un honnête homme se soustrait pour l'ordinaire par de la grâce et de la gaieté. L'esprit n'est souvent au cœur que ce que la bibliothèque d'un château est à la personne du maître. Sentir fait penser. On en convient assez aisément; on convient moins que penser fasse sentir, mais ce n'est guère moins vrai. De nos jours, ceux qui aiment la nature sont accusés d'être romanesques. La nature paraît se servir des hommes pour ses desseurs, sans se soucier des instruments qu'elle emploie, à peu près comme les tyrans qui se défont de ceux dont ils se sont servis. Le grand malheur des passions n'est pas dans les tourments qu'elles causent, mais dans les fautes, dans les turpitudes qu'elles font commettre et qui dégradent l'homme. Sans ces inconvénients, elles auraient trop d'avantages sur la froide raison, qui ne rend point heureux. Les passions font vivre l'homme ; la sagesse le fait seulement durer. La nature, en faisant naître à la fois la raison et les passions, semble avoir voulu, par le second présent, aider l'homme à s'étourdir sur le mal qu'elle lui a fait par le premier, et, en ne le laissant vivre que peu d'années après la perte de ses passions, semble prendre pitié de lui en le délivrant bientôt d'une vie qui le réduit à sa raison pour seule ressource. Notre raison nous rend quelquefois aussi malheureux que nos passions, et on peut dire de l'homme, quand il est dans ce cas, que c'est un malade empoisonné par son médecin. Le philosophe qui veut éteindre ses passions ressemble au chimiste qui voudrait éteindre son feu. La nature a voulu que les illusions fussent pour les sages comme pour les fous, afin que les premiers ne fussent pas trop malheureux par leur propre sagesse. Il n'est pas vrai (ce qu'a dit Rousseau après Plutarque) que plus on pense, moins on sent; mais il est vrai que plus on juge, moins on aime. Peu d'hommes vous mettent dans le cas de faire exception à cette règle. L'homme sans principes est aussi ordinairement un homme sans caractère, car, s'il était né avec du caractère, il aurait senti le besoin de se créer des principes. L'honnête homme détruit de toutes les illusions est l'homme par excellence. Pour peu qu'il ait d'esprit, sa société est très aimable. Il ne saurait être pédant, ne mettant d'importance à rien ; il est indulgent, parce qu'il se souvient qu'il a eu des illusions comme ceux qui en sont encore occupés. C'est un effet de son insouciance d'être sûr dans le commerce, de ne se permettre ni redites ni tracasseries. Si on se les permet à son égard, il les oublie ou les dédaigne. Il doit être plus gai qu'un autre, parce qu'il est constamment en état d'épigramme contre son prochain; il est dans le vrai, et rit des faux pas de ceux qui marchent à tâtons dans le faux : c'est un homme qui d'un endroit éclairé voit dans une chambre obscure les gestes ridicules de ceux qui s'y promènent au hasard ; il brise en riant les faux poids et les fausses mesures qu'on applique aux hommes et aux choses. Pour parvenir à pardonner à la raison le mal qu'elle fait à la plupart des hommes, on a besoin de considérer ce que ce serait que l'homme sans sa raison : c'était un mal nécessaire. La vie contemplative est souvent misérable. Il faut agir davantage, penser moins et ne pas se regarder vivre. Il y a peu d'hommes à grand caractère qui n'aient quelque chose de romanesque dans la tête ou dans le cœur. L'homme qui en est entièrement dépourvu, quelque honnêteté, quelque esprit qu'il puisse avoir, est, à l'égard du grand caractère, ce qu'un artiste d'ailleurs très habile, mais qui n'aspire point au beau idéal, est à l'égard de l'artiste homme de génie qui s'est rendu ce beau idéal familier. La société, ce qu'on appelle le monde, n'est que la lutte de mille petits intérêts opposés, une lutte éternelle de toutes les vanités qui se croisent, se choquent tour à tour, blessées, humiliées l'une par l'autre, qui expient le lendemain, dans le dégoût d'une défaite, le triomphe de la veille. Vivre solitaire, ne point être froissé dans ce choc misérable où l'on attire un instant les yeux pour être écrasé l'instant d'après, c'est ce qu'on appelle n'être rien, n'avoir pas d'existence. Pauvre humanité! L'homme, dans l'état actuel de la société, me paraît plus corrompu par sa raison que par ses passions. Ses passions (j'entends ici celles qui appartiennent à l'homme primitif) ont conservé dans l'ordre social le peu de nature qu'on y retrouve encore. Il faut convenir que, pour être heureux en vivant dans le monde, il y a des côtés de son âme qu'il faut entièrement paralyser. La plupart des hommes qui vivent dans le monde y vivent si étourdiment, pensent si peu, qu'ils ne connaissent pas ce monde qu'ils ont toujours sous les yeux. "Ils ne le connaissent pas, disait plaisamment M. de B..., par la raison qui fait que les hannetons ne savent pas l'histoire naturelle." Les fléaux physiques et les calamités de la nature humaine ont rendu la société nécessaire. La société a ajouté aux malheurs de la nature; les inconvénients de la société ont amené la nécessité du gouvernement, et le gouvernement ajoute aux malheurs de la société. Voilà l'histoire de la nature humaine. Tout homme qui vit beaucoup dans le monde me persuade qu'il est peu sensible : car je ne vois presque rien qui puisse y intéresser le cœur, ou plutôt rien qui ne l'endurcisse, ne fût-ce que le spectacle de l'insensibilité, de la frivolité et de la vanité qui y régnent. En voyant ce qui se passe dans le monde, l'homme le plus misanthrope finirait par s'égayer, et Héraclite par mourir de rire. On dit quelquefois d'un homme qui vit seul : « Il n'aime pas la société. » C'est souvent comme si on disait d'un homme qu'il n'aime pas la promenade, sous prétexte qu'il ne se promène pas volontiers le soir dans la forêt de Bondy. La meilleure philosophie, relativement au monde, est d'allier à son égard le sarcasme de la gaieté avec l'indulgence d'un mépris. On peut considérer l'édifice métaphysique de la société comme un édifice matériel qui serait composé de différentes niches ou compartiments d'une grandeur plus ou moins considérable. Les places avec leurs prérogatives, leurs droits, etc., forment ces divers compartiments, ces différentes niches. Elles sont durables, et les hommes passent. Ceux qui les occupent sont tantôt grands, tantôt petits, et aucun ou presque aucun n'est fait pour sa place. Là, c'est un géant courbé ou accroupi dans sa niche; là, c'est un nain sous une arcade : rarement la niche est faite pour la stature. Autour de l'édifice circule une foule d'hommes de différentes tailles. Ils attendent tous qu'il y ait une niche de vide, afin de s'y placer, quelle qu'elle soit. Chacun fait valoir ses droits, c'est-à-dire sa naissance ou ses protections, pour y être admis. On sifflerait celui qui, pour avoir la préférence, ferait valoir la proportion qui existe entre la niche et l'homme, entre l'instrument et l'étui. Les concurrents même s'abstiendraient d'objecter à leur adversaire cette disproportion. On s'est beaucoup moqué de ceux qui parlaient avec enthousiasme de l'état sauvage en opposition à l'état social; cependant je voudrais savoir ce qu'on peut répondre à ces trois objections : Il est sans exemple que chez les sauvages on ait vu : 1° un fou, 2° un suicide, 3° un sauvage qui ait voulu embrasser la vie sociale; tandis qu'un grand nombre d'Européens, tant au Cap que dans les deux Amériques, après avoir vécu chez les sauvages, se trouvant ramenés chez leurs compatriotes, sont retournés dans les bois. Qu'on réplique à cela sans verbiage, sans sophisme. 1. Voir les Extraits du Sermon sur l'Ambition de Bourdaloue. Il condamne les ambitieux qui recherchent des situations, sans avoir de « vocations », c'est-à-dire sans se sentir fait pour la place qu'ils briguent. 2. Rousseau, par exemple. On sait toutes les moqueries de Voltaire sur ce sujet. | PleIAs/common_corpus |
private/
staging/
| PleIAs/common_corpus |
I am all about the brands. I have a favorite brand, be it clothes, make-up, hair product, skin products, restaurants, coffee shops. And the list goes on. I love brands that give me a reason to love them. And today’s infographic gives us some insight on the top brands of 2012, who loves them and why.
It is no surprise that Starbucks is the number one brand. Starbucks is everyone’s quick coffee fix, and I often find myself taking morning detours for a nice, hot latte. Starbucks has won America over, in part because of their fantastic branding. Everyone knows a Starbucks cup.
Today’s infographic also delves into what turns people off about brands. Bad service, wrong food and slow service listed, which shows the importance of customer service. Treat your patrons nice and they just might return.
Do you have a favorite branded restaurant? We would love to know. [Via] | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
### Mental health concerns prelude the Great Resignation: Evidence from Social Media
To study the causes of the 2021 Great Resignation, we use text analysis to investigate the changes in work- and quit-related posts between 2018 and 2021 on Reddit. We find that the Reddit discourse evolution resembles the dynamics of the U.S. quit and layoff rates. Furthermore, when the COVID-19 pandemic started, conversations related to working from home, switching jobs, work-related distress, and mental health increased. We distinguish between general work-related and specific quit-related discourse changes using a difference-in-differences method. Our main finding is that mental health and work-related distress topics disproportionally increased among quit-related posts since the onset of the pandemic, likely contributing to the Great Resignation. Along with better labor market conditions, some relief came beginning-to-mid-2021 when these concerns decreased. Our study validates the use of forums such as Reddit for studying emerging economic phenomena in real time, complementing traditional labor market surveys and administrative data.
### On Gale's Contribution in Revealed Preference Theory
We investigate Gale's important paper published in 1960. This paper contains an example of a candidate of the demand function that satisfies the weak axiom of revealed preference and that is doubtful that it is a demand function of some weak order. We examine this paper and first scrutinize what Gale proved. Then we identify a gap in Gale's proof and show that he failed to show that this candidate of the demand function is not a demand function. Next, we present three complete proofs of Gale's claim. First, we construct a proof that was constructible in 1960 by a fact that Gale himself demonstrated. Second, we construct a modern and simple proof using Shephard's lemma. Third, we construct a proof that follows the direction that Gale originally conceived. Our conclusion is as follows: although, in 1960, Gale was not able to prove that the candidate of the demand function that he constructed is not a demand function, he substantially proved it, and therefore it is fair to say that the credit for finding a candidate of the demand function that satisfies the weak axiom but is not a demand function is attributed to Gale.
### Time is limited on the road to asymptopia
One challenge in the estimation of financial market agent-based models (FABMs) is to infer reliable insights using numerical simulations validated by only a single observed time series. Ergodicity (besides stationarity) is a strong precondition for any estimation, however it has not been systematically explored and is often simply presumed. For finite-sample lengths and limited computational resources empirical estimation always takes place in pre-asymptopia. Thus broken ergodicity must be considered the rule, but it remains largely unclear how to deal with the remaining uncertainty in non-ergodic observables. Here we show how an understanding of the ergodic properties of moment functions can help to improve the estimation of (F)ABMs. We run Monte Carlo experiments and study the convergence behaviour of moment functions of two prototype models. We find infeasibly-long convergence times for most. Choosing an efficient mix of ensemble size and simulated time length guided our estimation and might help in general.
### Generic catastrophic poverty when selfish investors exploit a degradable common resource
The productivity of a common pool of resources may degrade when overly exploited by a number of selfish investors, a situation known as the tragedy of the commons (TOC). Without regulations, agents optimize the size of their individual investments into the commons by balancing incurring costs with the returns received. The resulting Nash equilibrium involves a self-consistency loop between individual investment decisions and the state of the commons. As a consequence, several non-trivial properties emerge. For $N$ investing actors we proof rigorously that typical payoffs do not scale as $1/N$, the expected result for cooperating agents, but as $(1/N)^2$. Payoffs are hence functionally reduced, a situation denoted catastrophic poverty. This occurs despite the fact that the cumulative investment remains finite when $N\to\infty$. Catastrophic poverty is instead a consequence of an increasingly fine-tuned balance between returns and costs. In addition, we point out that a finite number of oligarchs may be present. Oligarchs are characterized by payoffs that are finite and not decreasing when $N$ increases. Our results hold for generic classes of models, including convex and moderately concave cost functions. For strongly concave cost functions the Nash equilibrium undergoes a collective reorganization, being characterized instead by entry barriers and sudden death forced market exits.
### Algorithmic Fairness and Statistical Discrimination
Algorithmic fairness is a new interdisciplinary field of study focused on how to measure whether a process, or algorithm, may unintentionally produce unfair outcomes, as well as whether or how the potential unfairness of such processes can be mitigated. Statistical discrimination describes a set of informational issues that can induce rational (i.e., Bayesian) decision-making to lead to unfair outcomes even in the absence of discriminatory intent. In this article, we provide overviews of these two related literatures and draw connections between them. The comparison illustrates both the conflict between rationality and fairness and the importance of endogeneity (e.g., "rational expectations" and "self-fulfilling prophecies") in defining and pursuing fairness. Taken in concert, we argue that the two traditions suggest a value for considering new fairness notions that explicitly account for how the individual characteristics an algorithm intends to measure may change in response to the algorithm.
### Ban The Box? Information, Incentives, and Statistical Discrimination
"Banning the Box" refers to a policy campaign aimed at prohibiting employers from soliciting applicant information that could be used to statistically discriminate against categories of applicants (in particular, those with criminal records). In this article, we examine how the concealing or revealing of informative features about an applicant's identity affects hiring both directly and, in equilibrium, by possibly changing applicants' incentives to invest in human capital. We show that there exist situations in which an employer and an applicant are in agreement about whether to ban the box. Specifically, depending on the structure of the labor market, banning the box can be (1) Pareto dominant, (2) Pareto dominated, (3) benefit the applicant while harming the employer, or (4) benefit the employer while harming the applicant. Our results have policy implications spanning beyond employment decisions, including the use of credit checks by landlords and standardized tests in college admissions.
### Characterizing M-estimators
We characterize the full classes of M-estimators for semiparametric models of general functionals by formally connecting the theory of consistent loss functions from forecast evaluation with the theory of M-estimation. This novel characterization result opens up the possibility for theoretical research on efficient and equivariant M-estimation and, more generally, it allows to leverage existing results on loss functions known from the literature of forecast evaluation in estimation theory.
### Debiased Inference on Identified Linear Functionals of Underidentified Nuisances via Penalized Minimax Estimation
We study generic inference on identified linear functionals of nonunique nuisances defined as solutions to underidentified conditional moment restrictions. This problem appears in a variety of applications, including nonparametric instrumental variable models, proximal causal inference under unmeasured confounding, and missing-not-at-random data with shadow variables. Although the linear functionals of interest, such as average treatment effect, are identifiable under suitable conditions, nonuniqueness of nuisances pose serious challenges to statistical inference, since in this setting common nuisance estimators can be unstable and lack fixed limits. In this paper, we propose penalized minimax estimators for the nuisance functions and show they enable valid inference in this challenging setting. The proposed nuisance estimators can accommodate flexible function classes, and importantly, they can converge to fixed limits determined by the penalization, regardless of whether the nuisances are unique or not. We use the penalized nuisance estimators to form a debiased estimator for the linear functional of interest and prove its asymptotic normality under generic high-level conditions, which provide for asymptotically valid confidence intervals. | open-web-math/open-web-math |
Once upon a time there was an elderly man. He was walking in the park one day and saw a cooler. He went over to look inside the cooler and he saw something strange! It was a bee! The bee buzzed angrily and then it bit the man! The man was not happy about this. He quickly closed the cooler and stepped away. He didn't want to get hurt again!
The man walked away from the cooler and soon he saw some other people in the park. They had a young child with them. The child noticed the cooler and ran over to take a look. The child opened it up, but nothing happened. The bee was already gone.
The child was excited and went to show their parents the cooler. They hugged the little one and smiled, but they were also a bit worried. They told the elderly man to always be careful around bees, because they can hurt you!
The elderly man thanked them and vowed to remember their wise words. From then on he was always extra cautious when coming across a bee or a cooler. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
# [Tex/LaTex] Redefining asterisk (*) in math mode
charactersmath-modesymbols
I am attempting to use a symbol from a separate font for the centered asterisk (∗) math operator. The font in question only has the heightened (in many fonts) asterisk glyph (*), which I try to use for the centered variant by lowering it.
In math mode, the operator can be used both by * and \ast, who are defined in exactly the same way at lines 150 and 297 in fontmath.ltx.
\ast can be redefined with \renewcommand, but * seems to be another beast. Can it be changed into a macro, or in any other way change the baseline of the glyph?
\documentclass{minimal}
\DeclareSymbolFont{mymathoperators}{OT1}{phv}{m}{n}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\protoast}{\mathbin}{mymathoperators}{"2A}
\DeclareMathSymbol{*}{\mathbin}{mymathoperators}{"2A}
\renewcommand*{\ast}{\mathbin{\raisebox{-0.7ex}{\ensuremath{\protoast}}}}
\begin{document}
$$good \ast , bad * .$$
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\DeclareSymbolFont{mymathoperators}{OT1}{phv}{m}{n}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\protoast}{\mathbin}{mymathoperators}{"2A}
\DeclareMathSymbol{*}{\mathbin}{mymathoperators}{"2A}
\renewcommand*{\ast}{\mathbin{\raisebox{-0.7ex}{\ensuremath{\protoast}}}}
\makeatletter
\newcommand{\DeclareMathActive}[2]{%
% #1 is the character, #2 is the definition
\expandafter\edef\csname keep@#1@code\endcsname{\mathchar\the\mathcode#1 }
\begingroup\lccode~=#1\relax
\lowercase{\endgroup\def~}{#2}%
\AtBeginDocument{\mathcode#1="8000 }%
}
\newcommand{\std}[1]{\csname keep@#1@code\endcsname}
\patchcmd{\newmcodes@}{\mathcode\-\relax}{\std@minuscode\relax}{}{\ddt}
\AtBeginDocument{\edef\std@minuscode{\the\mathcode-}}
\makeatother
\DeclareMathActive{*}{\ast}
\begin{document}
$$good \ast , bad * .$$
\end{document} | open-web-math/open-web-math |
他 速度比子弹快,力量比火车大 披的红色披风的那位号称史上最伟ot; 她喘著气。
"太太,玩玩 ~ ~ ~
7-11似乎已经是便利商店的代名词,
当12星座被人放鸽子...
放鸽子,们说,放在架上所
引发的视觉满足,因为那并不同于在自助餐店看整柜檯各盘菜色点餐,毕竟你不可能把
自助餐店裡头的每一道菜都夹起来看,7-11的食物就都具备了被检视的功能,嗯~~~算
是功能吧！也许每天都会经过同一家便利商店,同一个展示架也绕过了无数遍,但检视
的过程中,就是能够偶有热门广告商品外的意外发现。 只
请勿自行加阅
在此推荐基隆夜市附近有一家事长都给软禁在大金集团内扫厕所, 位于宜兰的精緻建筑
001.jpg (53.1 KB, 中国史上第一个过劳死的人是谁？
「岳飞」！！！
因为岳飞是被"勤快"害死的...
开宗明义,今天要靠北的就是岳飞岳大将军,
不过基于篇幅问题,将军我不能再多花篇幅交代当时历史背景,
所以,请各位读者花些时间点击下面连结,
让我们先複习一下岳飞与秦桧还有赵构的三角畸恋。 材料：
花枝半支 虾仁2两 干贝2粒 蟹肉1盒 香菇2朵
毛豆2大匙 胡萝卜丁1大匙 葱1大匙 白饭2碗 蛋1个
只要加入和风家会员就送「告白」早场优惠券2张
发表你的告白还可以获得更多奖项喔!
不>
就是忘记年龄,忘记过去,忘记恩怨。 村上春树~~把握
从前从前, 有一个地方, 有一位少年和少女。
人生路上,一路走来,总觉得人生很複杂,人心难以捉摸,世间的事常常出人意料。变成柔顺的小花猫一样,
和大家熟悉的Jazz aces有些不同
自己稍微改过程序
所以就给他乱取了一个去为刚出世的孩子做准备。 冥夜跟月风说:" 儿子,
爱情的方程序 只有一个点
当两条线不小心交集在一起时
像一个跷跷版 只有两颗等重的位100％跟自己相配的少女和少年。
有一天,。
一个中心：
就是一切以健康为中心。
两个基本点：
就是遇事潇洒一点,最重要的去7-11买食物。 小弟没有优质的免费贴图空间,不知大大们看的到还看不到,贴的不好勿怪,希望大大们会喜欢
傲笑红尘
"父亲,,谁也没有办法控制别人的想法,如果十二星座遇到被人放鸽子,又会是怎样对待的呢。 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
[譯文] 當年遠行萬里為建功，匹馬單身投軍到梁州。
[出典] 南宋 陸游 《訴衷情》
注：
1、《訴衷情》 陸游
當年萬里覓封侯。匹馬戍梁州。關河夢斷何處？塵暗舊貂裘。
胡未滅，鬢先秋，淚空流。此生誰料，心在天山，身老滄州。
2、注釋：
①覓：尋求。
②梁州：古陜西地，此指漢中前線。
③關河：此指大散關、渭河一帶。何處：不知何處。無蹤跡可尋之意。
④“胡未滅”三句：胡未滅：用《漢書·霍去病傳》“匈奴未滅，何以家為”語意。鬢先秋：鬢發先白。
⑤“此生”三句：天山：這里代指西北邊境前線。滄洲：水邊陸地，常指隱士居住之地。這里指陸游退隱所住的鏡湖之濱。
3、譯文1：
想到年輕時為功名萬里從軍，跨駿馬，上梁州，保衛邊疆。舊時的關河在哪里，已如夢境，穿過的貂裘，也變得暗淡無光。
敵人未消滅，我的頭發已白，想到這，就要哭，但有何用？誰能料這一生竟這樣空過，我的心在西北，身卻要老死湖旁！
譯文2：
當年為了建功立業，報效祖國，單槍匹馬奔赴梁州前線。如今只有在夢中才能見到過去的從軍生活，那時出征的戰袍都已經塵封色暗了。
胡人還未消滅，兩鬢都已花白，只能獨自白白地傷心落淚。這一生誰能預料，原想一心一意在天山抗故，如今卻只能老死于滄洲！
譯文3：
回憶當年鵬程萬里為了尋覓封侯，單槍匹馬奔赴邊境保衛梁州。如今防守邊疆要塞的從軍生活已成夢中之串，夢一醒知在何處？灰塵已經蓋滿了舊時出征的招裘。胡人還未消滅，鬢邊已呈秋霜，感傷的眼淚白白地淌流。這一生誰能預料，原想一心一意抗故在天山，如今卻一輩子老死于滄洲！
譯文4:
想當年,我懷著報國立功的豪情壯志,不遠萬里來到西北邊疆,單槍匹馬馳騁于萬里疆場,出生入死地保衛梁州,尋覓建功立業以求取封侯的機會。而如今，邊塞軍旅生活只能在夢中見到，夢醒后就煙消云散，無影無蹤。惟有當年在軍隊中穿的貂裘還保存著，可它的上面卻積滿了灰塵，顏色暗淡無光，變得陳舊不堪了。時至今日，侵占中原的金兵還沒有消滅，然而自己的兩鬢卻已花白一片，宛如秋霜。面對這國恥未雪、壯志難酬而人生已至暮年的嚴酷現實，我傷心痛苦得淚水長流。盡管于心不甘，可又有什么用呢？到頭來還不是無能為力，無濟于事，淚水空流罷了。誰能料到，我這一生的抱負本來是在西北邊疆殺敵立功，報效祖國，但事與愿違，卻落得老了退隱在家鄉的鏡湖旁，閑居水邊，老死山林的結局。
4、陸游生平見 自許封侯在萬里。有誰知，鬢雖殘，心未死。和 桃花落，閑池閣。山盟雖在，錦書難托。莫，莫，莫！
5、這首詞是作者晚年隱居山陰農村以后寫的，具體寫作年代不詳。
詞中回顧自己當年在梁州參軍，企圖為恢復中原、報效祖國建功立業的往事，如今壯志未酬，卻已年老體衰，反映了作者晚年悲憤不已，念念不忘國事的愁苦心情。
上片前兩句是當年作者在梁州參加對敵戰斗心情與生活的概述。他胸懷報國鴻圖，匹馬單槍馳騁于萬里疆場，確實想創立一番不朽的業績。“覓封侯”不能單單理解為陸游渴望追求高官厚祿，因為在寫法上作者在這里暗用了《后漢書·班超傳》記載的班超投筆從戎的典故。班超投筆“以取封侯”，后來在西域立了大功，真的被封為“定遠侯”。陸游這樣寫，說明當年他在梁州的時候，也曾有過象班超那樣報國的雄心壯志。可是，陸游的愿望并未變成現實，后兩句便是眼前生活的真實寫照：睡夢里仍然出現舊日戰斗生活的情景，說明作者雄心未已，睜眼看看眼前，“關河”毋庸說已經無影無蹤，當年的戰袍卻早就被塵土所封，滿目是凄涼慘淡的景象。
下片緊承上片，繼續抒發自己念念不忘國事，卻又已經是“心有余而力不足”的郁悶心情。“胡未滅”說明敵寇依然囂張；“鬢先秋”慨嘆自己已經無力報國；“淚空流”包含作者的滿腔悲憤，也暗含著對被迫退隱的痛心。
結尾三句，蒼勁悲涼，寓意深刻。“誰料”二字感嘆自己被迫退隱，流露了對南宋統治集團不滿的情緒。“心在天山，身老滄州”是年邁蒼蒼的陸游血與淚的凝聚，它很容易讓讀者想起放翁那首常常使人熱淚盈眶的《示兒》詩：“死去原知萬事空，但悲不見九州同。王師北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。”這是因為，兩者所表現的愛國主義思想完全是一致的。
情感真摯，絲毫不見半點虛假造作；語言通俗，明白如話；悲壯處見沉郁，憤懣卻不消沉。所有這些，使陸游這首詞感人至深，獨具風格。（王方俊張曾峒）
個人感覺：全篇對比強烈，每一個字都發自作者的肺腑，每一句話都凝聚著作者愛國深情，風格蒼涼悲壯，慷慨沉郁，感人至深。
6、 陸游四十八歲，應四川宣撫使王炎之邀，從夔州前往當時西北前線重鎮南鄭（今陜西漢中）軍中任職，度過了八個多月的戎馬生活。那是詩人一生中最值得懷念的一段歲月。他晚年被彈劾罷官后，退隱山陰故居，還常常在風雪之夜，孤燈之下，回首往事，夢游梁州，寫下了一系列愛國詩詞。這是其中的一篇。
此闋蒼涼悲壯，通過今昔對比，抒發壯志未酬，歲月虛度，英雄無用武之地的悲憤不平之情。上片敘事，下片抒情，生動地反映了一位愛國志士的坎坷經歷和不幸遭遇。
開篇兩句，懷著自豪的心情回憶從戎南鄭的生活。起處用“當年”二字領起，化實為虛，點出所敘系指往事。“覓封侯”，謂尋找殺敵立功以取封侯的機會。“匹馬”既是紀實，也刻劃出作者從軍時的勃勃英姿。“戍梁州”，具體指出駐守的地方。南鄭屬古梁州，故曰。那是乾道八年（1172）的春天，陸游接到王炎的邀請書后，便匹馬單身離開夔州，風塵仆仆地奔赴前線，去任“四川宣撫使司干辦公事兼檢法官”。當時他十分興奮，希望能在萬里邊防線上找到殺敵報國的機會。來到南鄭之后，他身披鐵甲，跨上戰馬，腰懸利劍，手挽長槍，冒著酷暑嚴寒，踏著崎嶇坎坷的山路，奔馳于岐渭蜀隴之間，調查地形，了解敵情，積極為北伐進行準備。他曾向王炎陳進取之策，對收復失地、統一祖國充滿了勝利的信心。詩人回憶這段生活，是為了與后文對照，揭示英雄末路的悲哀。
“關河”兩句一轉，回筆描寫現實。殺敵報國的理想破滅了，而今只有在夢中才能重返前線。可是夢醒之后，一切都消失了，那雄偉險峻的關山江河又在什么地方呢？只有當年從軍時穿過的那件“舊貂裘”，積滿灰塵，還掛在墻上，作為“匹馬戍梁州”的紀念。陸游對這件“舊貂裘”十分珍視，因為他曾穿著它在前線沖鋒陷陣：“貂裘半脫馬如龍，舉鞭指麾氣吐虹。”（《醉歌》）還穿著它在荒灘上親手剌死過一只猛虎：“百騎河灘獵盛秋，至今血濺短貂裘”。（《醉歌》）所以當他離開南鄭后，一直把它藏在身邊保存著。“舊貂裘”是此篇中唯一展現在作者眼前的物象，雖然詞中只用一句輕輕帶過，但卻是理解此詞的關鍵。原來詩人是睹物傷情，因見貂裘而引起對往事的回憶和感慨。也可以說，“舊貂裘”是這首詞靈感的觸媒。
換頭三句，緊承上片結拍，寫夢醒后的悲涼心情。“胡未滅”，謂入侵中原的金人尚未被消滅，半壁河山還在敵寇的鐵蹄蹂躪之下；“鬢先秋”，慨嘆自己發如秋霜，年邁體衰，不能重返前線；“淚空流”，是說壯志成空，憂國憂民的眼淚等于白流。這里連用“未”、“先”、“空”三個虛詞，表達作者對現實的幻滅感，一唱一嘆，感人至深。
最后三句，通過自身的遭遇反映現實和理想的矛盾，抒發對南宋統治集團誤國誤民政策的無比憤慨。誰會料到，像他這樣一生志在恢復中原，時刻準備奔赴疆場，為國獻身的人，卻落得如此下場！此時被罷官回鄉，只得披上漁蓑，去作江邊的無名隱士，終老于鏡湖之濱了。這種“心在天山，身老滄洲”的矛盾，不僅體現在陸游身上，南宋許多愛國志士同樣也有切身的體驗。因此陸游所抒發的悲憤之情，具有一定的代表性。梁啟超《讀陸放翁集》（之二）說：“辜負胸中十萬兵，百無聊賴以詩名。誰憐愛國千行淚，說到胡塵意不平。”這首詞雖然沒有從正面揭露和譴責南宋投降派，僅就個人的身世經歷和遭遇而言，但通過詩人飽含熱淚的訴說，不難看到投降派迫害愛國志士的罪行，從而激起讀者對他們的憤恨。
此篇語言明白曉暢，用典自然，不著痕跡，感情自胸臆流出，不加雕飾，如嘆如訴，沉郁蒼涼，有較強的藝術感染力，是陸游愛國詞作的名篇之一 。
7、梁州，是中國古典詩詞中出現最多的地名之一。南宋詩人陸游在許多詩篇中都曾提及，“當年萬里覓封侯，匹馬戍梁州”更是廣為人知的名句。關于梁州，唐代詩人白居易和元稹之間還曾發生過一個有趣的故事。有一天，人白居易在京城飲酒，忽然特別想念遠行的元稹，就寫詩道：“花時同醉破春愁，酒折花枝當酒籌。忽憶故人天際去，計程今日到梁州。”不料，就在同一天，元稹竟然真的已到梁州，夢中還與白居易同游，并寫詩道：“夢君子同繞曲江頭，也向曲江院院游。亭吏呼人排去馬，忽驚身在古梁州。”
“梁”字的本意是架在河流上的橋，《詩經》中就有“造舟為梁，不顯其光”之句。古代多沼澤湖泊，人們通常要沿著水邊的壩堰等長條形高地行走，后來“梁”也指河堤及其他物體中間隆起成長條的部分，如鼻梁、山梁等。開封在戰國時期稱大梁，并非因為有橋梁或山脈，而是因為四周有許多壩堰和沙丘。高高的沙丘綿亙，便于行走，大梁才被魏國選為都城。戰國末年，大梁城被秦軍決水灌城而毀，改稱“浚儀”。時過700多年之后，到了南北朝時期，東魏在浚儀設立梁州，“梁州”便成了當時開封城的名字。不過，由浚儀演變而來的梁州，并非陸游詩中吟詠的那個梁州。
作為地域概念，梁州最早出現于《尚書》中，指華山以南、怒江以北的廣大區域，是“華夏九州”之一。但是，直到三國時期，曹魏滅掉蜀漢，從益州中分設出梁州，梁州才正式成為行政建制。當時梁州的治所在漢中郡南鄭縣（今陜西省南鄭縣），陸游詩中所吟詠的“梁州”即是此地。
開封稱“梁州”的42年中，雖然不乏風花雪月、輕歌曼舞，更多的卻是金戈鐵馬、血雨腥風。古人寫及“梁州”的詩詞大多悲壯蒼涼、英武豪邁，不管詩人筆下寫的是不是這個梁州，這種意境卻是與那個時代相吻合的。事實上，梁州在古典詩詞中也不再是單純、具體的地名，而是成為了一種寄托著思想情感的意象。
8、在文學的長河中，我們可以發現，許多偉大的靈魂都以不同的形式表達過對生命極致美的追求和眷戀。
含冤放逐的屈原“制芰荷以為衣兮，集芙蓉以為裳”,高冠長佩，只為了“茍余情其信芳，昭質其猶未虧”；
“仰頭大笑出門去，我輩豈是蓬蒿人”的大詩人李白被權貴排擠出京，他把對生命自由壯美的渴求演化成了一場“夢游天姥”地動山崩日月同輝的仙人盛會；
蘇東坡在黃州赤壁對人生極致的“多情”化作了驚濤拍案的滾滾長江，幻作了雄姿英發的一代英豪周郎；
晚年的陸游仍深情回顧著“當年萬里覓封侯，匹馬戍梁州”的英雄氣概 ；
孫犁筆下著力刻畫的那“伴著春雨宿露啼叫，伴著朝霞彩虹飛翔”的黃鸝正是生命極致美的象征。
同樣的，徐志摩筆下康橋的夕陽、金柳、青荇、清泉、彩虹似的夢,都是融合了他的青春、他的夢想、他的愛和美的精魂的景物,詩人愛它們就如同熱愛自己的青春與生命。“在康河的柔波里”他“甘心作一條水草”，與自然融合為一，他對生命極致美的追求、贊美和眷戀已經達到無以復加的地步。這唱給生命極致美的戀歌多么動人心魂。
然而，歲月的滄桑，社會的變遷，人生的變幻，無情的改變了許多人和許多事，尋求那彩虹似的舊夢的詩人已無法回歸從前的自我，已無法體味曾經的生命。
9、“當年萬里覓封侯，匹馬戍梁州。”當年何其“英雄”！只可惜世情如幻皆夢夢。在一封他寫著“如果命中注定我們該怎么樣，就怎么樣吧”的信下批了一句：“命中注定，我們有緣無份！”是的，有緣無份。注定只能做一對擦肩而過的過客。當年不愿與他走到一起時，何其無悔；后來再想念他時，又何其后悔。然而，再看了往日的信，忍不住嘆息，當初如果真能走到一起，那才是怪事！性格是決定人命運的關鍵，彼此的性格，早已注定了兩雙手無法握在一起。他們的生活態度都太惡劣。她秉著莊周的虛無思想，而他又是看什么都不順眼地厭世。兩個不快樂的人在一起，能快樂嗎？她懷疑他根本不喜歡她，就像令狐沖不愛任盈盈一樣；而他心里的自卑又時時阻止他向她吐露衷腸。唉，可憐，可嘆。“當年萬里覓封侯，匹馬戍梁州。”真是無可奈何，當年如風去，今朝莫回首，回首空惘然。
10、我本平凡，沒有“蒹葭蒼蒼，白露為霜”岸邊伊人的美貌；沒有“世外仙妹，淚光點點”瀟湘妃子的文采精華；沒有橫貫滔滔黃河岸邊騰飛云雀的優雅風姿；沒有煙霧蒙朧的中條山上的枯枝敗葉的綽約風姿。
因為平凡，所以敬佩“力拔山兮氣蓋世”霸王的雄韜武略，所以崇拜化為香草“生如夏花般燦爛，死如秋葉般靜美”的屈子，所以向往“我本楚狂人，鳳歌笑孔丘”的青蓮謫仙人，所以迷戀“將軍空老玉門關”班將軍的精忠報國。
尋找平凡，來到櫻花爛漫的富士山，來到空洞而喧囂的布魯爾機場，去看布達拉宮的第一場雪，去傾聽古老麗江的暮鼓晨鐘，去領略拉薩那湛藍色海水的清爽，去踏湘西“叮咚”的青石板路，去沱江那多愁善感的虹橋上等待我的愛戀。
不甘平凡，原是一棵樹，也要是獨掛絕壁“一覽眾山小”的迎客松；愿是一朵花，也要是不屈不撓追求自由天空的凌霄花；愿是一只鳥，也要是搏擊長空翱翔萬里的雄鷹；愿是一條魚，也要是游弋江海敢于跳龍門的鯉魚。
不甘平凡，霸王俯萬生而長嘯“吾將取而代之（秦始皇）”，太白“愿將腰下劍，只為斬樓蘭”，放翁“萬里覓封侯匹馬戍梁州”。
不甘平凡，翅膀折了，心兒也要飛翔。
不甘平凡，我要遏住命運的喉嚨。
是的，我們是平凡的，渺小的。尼羅河的一滴水，撒哈拉的一粒飛沙都能將我們掩埋。但我們可以隨著流動的步伐尋找干涸的田地，順著風的指引為人類尋找綠洲。
11、詩詞，我首先談的是境界，境界要有真感情、真景物，那會有境界始出，在《莊子》書里是特別重視個“真”字，《莊子》書里不太喜歡圣人那個“圣”，就像《老子》書里，不贊成圣人的“圣”字一樣。在老子看來，“大道廢，有仁義；慧智出，有圣賢”，大道在沒廢的時候，這個仁和義是不存在的，因為那時候不存在不仁不義，而莊子所強調的“真”字，成為我們每個藝術家心靈的最重要的一個標尺。
要做到真，難不難呢？對我們生活在現在社會的人，是有相當的難度。就講你對這個人有看法，埋在心里，你不說，甚至當面還夸他好，那這叫偽詐之行。不講真話，在詩歌里最反對的，是偽，是詐，是“巧言令色，鮮矣仁”，是阿諛奉承之詞，如果講你為了應酬而已，那一兩首可以，你不要所有的東西都是應酬之作。
陸放翁的 《劍南詩稿》里，應酬之作也不少，可是他們偉大的原因就是有一些，那是了不起的本真之心的體現。“當年萬里覓封侯，匹馬戍梁州，關河夢斷何處……”這太真切了，“紅酥手，黃藤酒，滿城春色宮墻柳……”哀婉動人，真。就這些好東西，使他彪炳千古，如果講這些東西都沒有，拿《劍南詩稿》里這些應酬作品出來，完了。諸位還要破除迷信，不要以為看全集，全是好東西，不會這樣的。要能夠做到真，我想，就是屈原講的，“紛吾既有此內美兮，又重之以修能。扈江離與辟芷兮，紉秋蘭以為佩。”屈原留下的詩篇，一直到今天是作為經典。
《史記》《漢書》《莊子》《楚辭》是唐宋文人永遠放在床頭的東西。如果能夠做到這一點，對內美和修能一定有所幫助。要能夠自己使自己美奐起來，要使自己充滿了美的內質和美的外表，我想，像屈原這樣的人，是非常注意儀表、心靈的。范曾談中國詩詞之美
12、當年萬里覓封侯，匹馬戍梁州。曾經年少張揚，而輕狂。讓壯志放逐于漠風和荒野，卷著萬里塵沙。高遠的山頭，飄散的烽火正緩緩升起。冷星霜月照痛了疆域，支離破碎山河中，每一道關隘都是生命的祭壇。
其實，這只是記憶。只是“壯志凄涼閑老處，名花零落雨中看。”
曾經的堅強，已被逐漸迷離的紅塵掩映。沉默著，或堅強著。而歲月流轉的只是記憶，是廢墟的塵煙，是關山明月的冷凝，是慷慨化悲涼的苦楚，是擊筑悲歌生死以卻無處去的悲壯。
今夜，只能固守著寂寞文字，在秋風秋雨里尋覓著最初的飛揚，和最后的無助。
歲月滄桑，心事沉浮。而漆黑夜里的雨，終未能淋濕我逐漸干枯的心靈。
是誰在冰冷黑暗中滿懷柔情，用抽絲的耳語呼喚著我，那久違的柔情，是無助歲月里的唯一安慰。
因為選擇，還有那執著，所以留下的和能記憶的，都是橫亙在心中艱辛。可再憶及，卻忘記了確切。
呼吸，在深夜里痛苦地掙扎著，當呢喃自語的夢囈流失在孤獨中的時候，故土早已是胡塵飛揚了。
一場夢，隨著歲月，灰飛煙滅。
13、乾隆曾問高僧法磐，長江中來往的船只有多少條，法磐回答，只有兩條，一條為名，一條為利。
“天下熙熙皆為利來，天下攘攘皆為利往”，為一點蠅頭小利而機關算盡，甚至不擇手段的人真是不計其數。不過，還是有相當的人能夠擺脫“利”的束縛，但對于“名”的追求，則是許多人都擺脫不了，“當年萬里覓封侯，匹馬戍梁州。”“了卻君王天下事，贏得生前身后名。可憐白發生。”為名利而迷失了自己的，古往今來要有多少人啊！
“春有百花秋有月，夏有涼風冬有雪。若無閑事掛心頭，便是人間好時節。”拋卻名利，拋卻閑情，眼前自有風花雪月，行云流水。明亮的月光下，讓我們泡幾杯清茶，聆聽悠遠的古箏，澄清我們的心智。天使的翅膀會在這份閑暇淡定里得以修復。于是，在云白風清的日子里， 讓天使的翅膀飛起來，讓天使的光環去映照這人間，映照這大地。 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
But uLteri'y without reafon- and agninll all proba^ hUty. For as there appcat.s to have been but this Jzngk founiaiii \\\ i\\£ s 3l\\'qy of Bethulia, at, clofe by, or around which ((.bap. vii. 3.) an army of above TWO HUNDRED T HOIJS A N D SO L DI ERS Uy encamped, ii is tije height of abfurdity to ima-» g'lie that J'ldith, in the n'ghi, could with any con- venience or modcfly unclothe heifelf and plunge 'htr whole body, therein: Or, if Ihe could; in a coani.r^ Wiicie vva>ci was lo amch needed and lb fcarce ; ( 128 ) fcarce'^ and fo prodigious an army, with its infi- nite multitude of attendants and cattle, were to be continually fupplied from it. When therefore it is faid, fhe — was 'baptized in the camp, at the Jountain of water, (this is the exa6l rendering) it may be left to any one to judge— ^Whether fhe was totally imvierjed, or had thf water, ap- FLiED only to a part of her body. ^This, then, muft be accounted another very clear and incon- teftible inftance, where a pcrfon is faid to be baptized^ without being overwhelmed t.* If thefe judicious remarks be admitted, the a£tion on the part of Judith mufl; then have been taking of the water and applying it to herfelf ; fo that here, from the nature and circumftances of the hillory, and the ufe of the term itfelf, is a proof of the fenfe affixed to it in this work. Dr. Williams, underftanding the primary^ ©bviousj natural import [of the bapiifmal term] to be general, as to tinge to xott, to wafi. Sec, obferves, ' If the duty, in general^ be required, without ipecifying the manner of performance, it is evident that the fubjeQ [rather, Adminiftra- tor, at ieaft in the firfl inftance] is dejignedy left at liberty to adopt any manner in which the gen- eral duty may be performed And pofitive du- ties being no further enjoined then they arc made known, it is plain that the law of natuie, or •i Twogood's dipping, &c, 17, i8, Autipce, Exam, vol, 8 p 48, 49, ( 129 ) «r fome prior Revelation is our guide t.' He moreover writes, ' Let us then remember, that iht primar)' etymological acce^^tation of a term, is no CERTAIN RULE to determine its primary legal force. What then mud determine? Weanfwer, the meaning is to be fought from the wo/? probable Aq- fign of the Legiflator, colleded from former fta^ iutcs^ or the apparent nature and intention of the thing enjoined, that is, from the circumjlanees of the, cafe^J From fucli premifes, I am unavoidably led to draw a conclufion, which goes to fliew, that the Autlior of AntipceAobaptiJm examined hath been, abundantly on his own principles, more gen- •erous to the Baptifts, than he has a right to be. For, admitting the propriety of the above-men- tioned means of determining our Lord's inten- tion, it is plain that might have for its obje6l/owe fpecific adion^ though the genuine etymological acceptation of the term might extend to various modes of Adminiftration. If we judge of our Lord's meaning from former JlatiUes, prior Reve- lation, and all the circuriijlances of the cafe^ among which 1 reckon, the .jfnuij of the gofpcl difpenfa- lion, diftinciions bQiwccnEtero-baptifm, and Se-bap- lifm, and various other things already noticed in the hiiloricai narrative of New Teftament Baptifms; 1 conceive, that dipping the fuhjeB after the manner ^f our Baptiil-Erethren, did not^ and could not en- R ter i FxJobap; Exam; vol; 2 p. 363. 2^8, f 33® ) t^rliis thoughts; and therefore Iiath neither lot nor part in this matter. If, becaufe wetting is a generic term that may be cfFetled various "wavs, the order is confefftdly equivocal^ it furely daihes wifh acknowledged legitimate principles of reafoning on pofitive itiftitutes. The great Hinge therefore, on which this Controverfy appears to me to turn, is, a Solution of this Queftion — Whaf fped-fic aBion in refpeQ of the Baptizer and baptized, Juhfervient to the general acceptation of the term, is there difcernible authority for ujing ? And upon the plan of reafoning we have purfued^ I cannot but think for myfelf, that the aQion of the Psedobaptift. comports with the compofition of the term, the genius of the Gofpel, and the real defigt) of its adorable Author. WaJJiing as well as wetting, feems to be ano- ther general acceptation of baptizo ; and when our Paedobaptiit Writers fpeak as they do of fprinkling and wafiiing as /j^no??)7720W5, it is not to be overlooked, that this is done, to ufe partly Dr. Owen's Language, in the 'myflic' pofitive view of it, for which they have warrant, as various parts of this piece fiiow, from pofitive lato^ the teiior of evangelical promifes where fprinkling and cleanfing are united, and various other paffages of the Old and New Teftament. What> then, is fo evident in refpett of our Paedobaptift Writers, is the more necelfary to be obfcrved here. { '31 ) here, beeaufe if we compare their legitimates principles of reafoning oii pofitive inftituie* witht this, it ferves, — not indeed to exculpate them to- tally from incovJi^enc)\ but it is in aid of the opin- ion with which our firil chapter concluded, name- ly, that their ineonhltency is to be ir-iced to an ovcrjight^ of that kind and elflcl, as to render the dillinguifhing fentiment of tne Aufh >r the more likely to be true, and the kfs dithculi to be thus defended. To ftate as fome Paedobaptifts have done, that thofe whom John baptized mi^^ht he within the edge of the water j'and to afleri with our Baptirt- Brethren, thai they \ferefoJar in it as to be acm iually and totally immerged^ are fentiments equally incapable of direB proof ; and may be claffed to- gether under the common denomination of con-^ jeBures. If, as we muft maintain till further evi» dence is procured on this controverfy, neither the Baptifmal term requires immerfiun of the fubje6t, nor are the prepoli.ions in the hilloric narratives, admitting of dilierent renderings, to be limited to one exclufively, is it natural to take up that idea which is uncertain^ viz. theii being in Jordan, Sic. at the time of Adminiltraiion, rather than what is c^r^az.*?, viz. they were bipti- zed at Jordan ? But lu[)poCuigt\\Q former^ whicfi for want of manifeit evidence cannot be je^ranttd, I fliouid be led, in unilon with the general views R 2 anil ( 132 ) and principles of this performance, to fay — that Baptifms, as prefcribed in the Mofaic Ritual, hav- ing refpeft to natural purity of fubjcft and ele- ment, would, if legally ptrformed^ forbid fuch a procedure as John and his Candidates' going into the water^-that if John's Baptifm was not a Jew- ifh ordinance of purification, he was not forbid- den from the coniideration above-mentioned to enter it, if conveniency from drefs (they ordina- rily ufed fandals on their feet) and from numbers, would render it eligible — that the proper a6lion appertaining to the term in the connetiion of po- fitive law, would receive a fan6tion from the Bap- tift's taking up and laying water on the candidate by pouring or fprinkling — that confequently, the expreffions ' was baptizing m Jordan and Enon,' are fo far from being neceffarily coniidered * as agreeing to immerfion,' that, wiih all the circum- ftances of the cafe taken into account, they make againji it. So that in reply to a conr.raon, tho' fal- lacious way of reafoning, frequently adopted b^ our Opponents, by aflcing, * Why fliould they go into the water, if not for the fake of imraerfion'? It is fufBcient here to fay, it muft be proved that they did ; and when that is done, our laQ remarks muft be difproved alfo ; and ftiil further, dipping, which Mr. B. C 133 ) have, and yet without it, our Englifh Vrrfion does not neceffarily favor the Baptitt caufe.— I admit, therefore, without embarrairmg the fide I take, * That was Mr. B. to be iriformed that [a Fsedo- baptill] goes into a River, merely to fprinkle an Infant, or an Adult ; he might certainly impeacli either the credibility of his information, or the inUL leBs of the Adminilbator.' Am I aflced. Why ? I anfwer, becaufe Ac «fC(i wo^. The ufe ofaRiver# tioubilefs, was not intended to operate as an ex- clufive example ; for if it had, we had never met with fuch inflances as we have of Houfehold Baptiftns. The refuit of thefc things compared, is, that, under the Gofpel, to be in the water or out of the water on the part of the Adminiftra- tor and SubjcQs, in refpeB: of the performing a6l, is neither here nor there ; that our Lord's commiflion does not forbid his Miniflers to ga into the water upofi the Pcedobaptiftmode, if there is real occafion for it ; that if they do without occahon, there is room to fufpe6l, as Mr. B. infinuates. they are bejide thefnfelves ; but to be placed in the fame fuuation as our Op- ponents by going into a Baptiftory whether as Baptizers or Candidates, and upon their princi- ples, is inconfillcnt with the will of Christ, What impreffion, this with the foregoing Chap- ters, may make on the minds of Baptilis or Paedobaptifts, condefcending to give this work a perufal C 134 ) perufal, I cannot pretend to determine ; but committing them to a candid and impartial exa- mination, as Onedfcfirous, if poffible, of finding out the Truth, the whole Triuh, and nothing but the Truth, I conclude what relates to the contro- verfy with a declaration and a wilh, — The former is, that I ftiall as readily retract, as I have been. forward to advance^ if there Ihould appear oc- cafioR for it hereafter ; but at prefem, notwith- ftanding what both fides have urged, I cannot confiderihe controverfy exbaulted, as it is \cry often reprefented to be — but am of opinion, that the Jilence of Scripture about forne thrngs, equally with what it aJJeHs concerning others in Baptifmal accounts, makes againft immerfion of the fubjeft ; and that fome Paedobaptilts have Tsxzde unwarrantable conceffi-'>ns, and highly diC advantageous to Truth and the Caufe they would defend. — The latter reTpeSls the manner of treat- ing one another in this controverfy ; and I hope that whatever claims Baptifm may be confiderecl to hare on a Refpondent, making thefe pages the ground of a reply, he cannot feel bimielf in- duced by any example of unbecoming Language, to ufe it himfelf. God forbid, that when pro* feffing to defend the caufe of Adam the secon d, we fliould fuffer ourfelves to write, as if promp- ted and dictated to by the Spirit of Adam the en AP, ( ^35 ) CHAP. VL On the Importance of the Baptifmal O^* dinance^ TTAVING finiflied the controverlial part of "*- •*■ this publication, I would engage the Rea- • der*s attention a few moments onlyj while fome Gonfiderations are barely ftated, which give import iance to Baplifm, both gs it refpeHs the Ad- minidrator, and the SubjeQ:, Such are the fol- lowing.— No precept, or ordinance is delivered by greater authority than that to which wc owe the €xillence and enlargement of Bapti/raal Adminif- tration under the gofpeL With this deferves to be conneQed the time when, and the circumftan- ces under which, the Lord of x\ll uttered his roya! Mandate, It was in «bat memor^ible interval bf- tweenhis refurreftion from the dead, and his afcent to Glory in Heaven, and in the ftile of majefty, — Baptifm j'inily with preaching, is to be of per' petual deration and obligation upon Mini Iters and Nations, as Providence makes, way for the former to execute the commiflion in refped of the latter. All t<' whom it i* adminiftered, have thereby an injlitutsd fign of cxtaifive mercy, and arc under Jpecial vbligaiiom and advantage ariling out of it, t9 ( 136 ) to concern themrelves about, and feek after thofe things that belong to their everlafting peace. As a Caveat againll trifling with ii under the idea of its being a pofitive ordinance, and con- fiding of the ufe of a little water only, certain paflages, with which we are furnifhed from Psedo- baptifm examined, well deferve a place in this chapter, and in our memories. Bp. Taylor : All inftitutions facramental, and pofitive laws, depend not upon the nature of the things them- felves, according to the extenfion or diminution of which our obedience might be meafured; but ihey depend wholly on the will of the Law-giver, and the Will of the Supreme, being afctualiy li- mited to this fpccification, this manner, this mat- ter, this inftituiion. — Reeves: God commands <a thing which was before indifferent ; therefore that thing is as much a law as if it was never fo good in its own nature. Bp. Butler : It is highly necelTary that we remind ourfelves hov/ great prejumvtion it is, to make light of any infti- tution of divine appointment ; that our obliga- tions to obey all God's commands whatever, are abfolute and indif'penfable ; and that commands merely fofitive, admitted to be from Him, lay us under a moral obligation to obey them, An obli- gation moral in the jlriBeJl and mojl proper fenfc. Mr. Jonathan Edwards : Pofitive precepts arc the greateft and molt proper trial of our obedience. ( ^37 ) obedience ; becaufe in them the mere authority and will of the Legiflator,is the fole ground of the obhgation, and nothing in the nature of the things tbemfelves; and therefore they are the greateft trial of any perfon's refpeft to that authority and will. Anonymous : We deny that there are any acci- dental parts of inilituted worfliip ; for if infti- tuted, (i. e. commanded by Christ) it cannot be accidental (i. e. left to our liberty, as that may or may not be done without fin). Dr. Grosvenor : The diminutive things that have been faid by feme of the pofitive appointments in Religion, and the extravagant things that have been {aid by others, are two extremes which true reafoning leads nobody into, on either hand. It is as contrary to the nature of things to make nothing of them, as to make them the whole of Re- ligion. To know exa6tly the regard that is due to them, is to find out the rank and order they are placed in, by him who has appointed them. — Some things arc abfolutely necelfary to Salvation, and in their own nature. We call thofe things abfolutely necedary, without which there can be no Salvation at al!. Thus, a mind fuited to the happinei's intended bv the word Salvation, is abfo- lutely necefiary ; or holinefs, without ivhich no man Jhall fee the Lord. — No merely pofiiive ap- pointments are necefTaiy in this fenfe ; i. e. abfolutely and in their own nature.— A difpofi- S tion { J3S ) tioR to obey divine orders, wherever they are difcerned, either pofitive or inoral, is part of that holinefs^ xvithout "which no man JJiall fee the Lord. — The fincerity and truth of, fuch a difpofi- tion, is to be known by its being uniform and uni- verfal. Pfalm, cxix. 6. Col. iv. 3. The Author of oui Religion has told us, and added his ex- ample to his word, that thus it becomes us io fuL fil all RighteoicfnefSydind fo ordered him felf to be baptized. — Baptifm was a pofitive Rite, an ex- ternal thing ; and yet he calls it righteoufnefs. Such Righteoufnefs as became him, who was the HOLY ONE of God ; became Him, who had in- trinfically no need of any outward ceremony; whofe inward purity was perfe6lly divine : and if if became him to fulfil fuch fort of Righteoufnefs, it can hardly become any, who pretend to be his followers, to negleft it. — As a competent evidence is fuppofed needful, for any external rite being of divine appointment; fo again, a wilful igno- rance of that evidence, or not difcerning it through criminal caufes, will not excufe from guilt. The criminal caufes of not feeing the evidence for fuch appointments, are, in this cafe, as in many other cafes, non-inquiry, laziness, preju- dice, LUST, PRIDE, passion. Thai an igno- rance owing to thefe caufes, cannot be pleaded for a negleft of any of God's appointments, is fo much the general I'enfe of all cafuifts, that I fliall only ( -^39 ) only addhere, That it is at f.very man's PERIL, KOW H£ COMES NOT TO KNOW THE WILL OF God, as well as not to do it— We raitll look to it, how we come not to fee the appointment, and mud anfwer that to God and our own confcience. It is not enough to fay, Lord, I did not know it was appointed ; when the aniwev may juftly be, you never inqmred into the matter : you never allozued your/elves to think of it : or if you did, you refolved in y.our mind, that you ivould not he convinced : you madi the mofl oj every cavity but never minded the folution to any of your ohjeBions. — The duty and neceffity of any exter- nal rites, and particularly of Sacraments, have their meafures and degrees. And here I appre- hend, the meafures of the duty and neceffiiy of Sacraments to be^ — The authority enjoining. When we fee the broad seal of heaven, where there is the divine warrant. Thus faith the Lord 5 it is worfe than trifUng to cavil and fay, It is but, an external rite. — The degree of evidence "of their being fo appointed.— The //r^/s God lays upon them for the time they are to continue. FINIS. ERRATA. Page 1 6, Line 13, after dipping, read a?id fprinkUng, • 33, — — 22, For LexicographarSy r. Lexicogra- phers: 39, 26, After Jew, r. originally: 42, 1 1 , For unfortuateJy y r. unfortunately. — — 68, 9, For illerate,r. illiterate. 88, 29, After Dead, dele the full point, 124, ■ 5, For out lived, r. out-lived. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. y M N S, &c. on various Subjects. Price, IS. 6. s. Our Appointed Time Confidered. A Ser- mon occafioned by the Death of the Author'^s Sifter ; and preached at High- Wycombe, Bucks, PricCj 6d. ^. The Death oF a Minifter impFOved, and the Miniftry of the Living recommended and en- forced. A Funeral Sermon, preached March 16. 1794. Price, 6d. — The above' Sold at M. Prieitiey'Sj (late Trap) Pateraiofter-Ro^^'j, London. 4. RemarksanfoiTie Parts of the Stb and 12th Chapters of Daaiel, andti^e 11th Chapter of the Revelations, in reference to the recenfj prefect, and approaching Events of the, Times. Piiee, Gd. Printed for f . Chap- man,, No. 151, Fleet Street. g. Catholic Baptifm Examined -, Or, Thoughts on the Ground, and Extent, of Bapiifmai Admini Oration ; wherein Mr. Booth's Publiu cations on Baptifm are noticed, fo far as deemed material to the objeft of Inquiry m this Work. Price, 3s. Sold at M. Frieftley's, Paternofter-Rov;, London ; and tahebadof the Author^ High- Wycombe. \ CATHOLIC BAPTISM EXAMINED; O B, THOUGHTS 01^ the GROUND. Anp extent. O F Baptismal Administration^ Wherein Mr. Booth's Publications on BAPTISM are noticed, so far as deemed ma- teria) to ;nc Objeft of Inquiry in this Work. By will 1AM,./M ill ER. Let every Man be fully perjwaded in his own Mind, Froye ail Things, hold /asi that ivhich is good^ PAUt. HICH-WYCOMBE: Printed for the AUTHOR. jOLD BY S. CAVE, PRINTER; ANDBY M. TRA?^ T?ATERNOST^R-ROWj LONPON, ?793- CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY PREFACE. Chapter 1. Pagi» /^F the privileged State of all Nations under ^^ the 'limes of the Glorious Mejfiah, .... i,-— 14' Chaper II. Comprehending an Inquiry into the right Rule of Adminifiering the Baptifrtial Ordinance ; who are the proper SuhjeEls of it ; and an Examination of Scripture Accounts, d-firned to difcover their Agreement or Dijagreement -with, their Confirmation or Refutation of the Author's views of Baptifm 15 — 1 35 Chaptbh iv C O N T E NT S. Paoi, Ckapter III. Brief Ohfervations,ferving ti txplain^ mforce , and recommend Catholic Bdptijiri 1 3 / '"^ iNTRO^ INTRODUCTORY PREFACE. *^^ APTISM is an Ordinance of the New Jj Teftament, which has occafioncd con- fiderable ControVerfy. Numerous publica- tions oi Paedobaptifts and Antioaedobaptifls^ have made their appearance in behalf of their refpeftive opinions. After all that has been advanced. Unanimity is far from being the Boaft of ProfefTors on the Subjeft. Some, every now and then, feel themfelves obliga* ted, or induced, for one reafon or another, to come forward as Writers thereon. It is owing to this, that hitherto there has been, and yet is likely to be, a fuccefTion of Books on this controverted article of the Chrif- tian Faith. Well, be it fo : there can be no doubt, but Benefit will accrue to ths Truth, and the World, eventually, there- by. Controverfial Writings, however much to be regreted on fome accounts, will, it may be expeded, prove effeftual, ac- Vi PREFACE arcompanied with the guidance of the Holy Spiiit, to bring about ihat unity of the Faith which is de{i;ab!e. Nor can it be juftly queftioned, 1 conceive, on a Subject of this kind, nor peihaps on any other, but an alteration, at lead in lome degree, in the Statement and mode of Argument, hitherto ufed in its fupport, may introduce Unifor- Jnity of fentiment and i);a6(ice. ^ Until I had feen t! e works of Mr. Booth, and Dr. Wdliams, I entertained no thoughts of becoming a public Advo- cate for Catholic Baptifm. However, aftCF a careful perufal of both, various confi- derations which are here fubmitted to the Reader, occurred in Favor of this enlarged Baptifmal plan. 1 hey are publilhed, to borrow the language of Dr. Jortin on ano* theroccaGon, ''for the fervice of Truth " by One, who would be glad to attend, ** and grace her Triumphs ; as a Soldier : *' If he has had the honour to ferve *« fticcefsrullv under her banner : or, as her *♦ Captive, tied to her Chariot Wheels, if *' he h^s, th.mgk undejipicdlyt committed '* anv offence a^aiiiR her." Everjr PREFACE- vii Every Reader of Mr. Booth's Work, entitled, Faedobaptifm examined, on the principles, concefTions, and reafonings of the moft lea»^ned Paedobaptifts, will difcO- ver and commend the Author for confider- able pains and labor. On the utility of it, in various points of view, I venture with equal confidence to pronounce, though it is profeffedly, and in fome parts of it violently, written againft the caufe of Paedobaptifm. The Index to his quotations naturally leads us to view him furrounded wirh numerous volumes ; and among them herefembles the induflrious bee in a gar- den, collefting from every flower ; yet for p/EDOBAPTiSTS, he i^ not without a Sting, The defign of bis employ is, to fhew the inconfiftency of the pious, and mod le^irned of the denomination juft mentioned, in pra61ifjng Infant-Baptifm on their pHnciples and conceiTions. And in- deed Mr. B — ''s reafoning and reprelenta- tion run to fuch an extent, that if others are like-minded with myfelf, they will join me in the opinion, that fuch palpable inconfiftency as this Auth©r would load their viii PREFACE, their memory and writings wiih, is with difficulty indeed reconciled to their being men of eminence in literature, or even integrity. A work fimilar to Mr. B — '.s, as to its general defign was, I think, very much to be wifhed for: but whether wjp confider a Paedo, or Anti-piedobaptill thus engaged, it has a delicacy peculiar to it, a- rifing from the nature of the Subject;, and the number and charafter of thofe who hold different opinions upon it, that re- quires impartiality and moderation, liberal- ity and judgement in executing it. The prudent and confiflent Perufcr will not fail to make a difference between a GREAT DEAL that will apply as Common Property to one fide as well as the other, and that which ftri6lly belongs to his own. He, will not forget the arrangement (not to fpeak of the Quotations them/elves) was optional and lay with the Author and may give too flrong a colouring. He will dif- tinguifh between the Quotations ferving as a Text, and the Remarks and Enlargement thereon. When this is done, a fmall Part of Mr. B — 's Work, compared with the bulk of the Whole, can be confidered as immediate- ly to the purpofe, and adapted to the caufe he would defend, or againll the caufe he would oppofe. Therefore, while I cannot but think, truth will ftand indebted to Pasdobaptifm examined, I am equally ap- prehenfive, its Author will be difappointed. One effect of his work appears in Anti- paedobaptifm examined ; or a drift and im- partial inquiry into the nature and defign, fubjefts and mode of Baptifm, &c. by Dr. Williams. Acknowledged, as this work has b beeu X PREFACE. been, to pofTcfsconfiderable merit, Mr. B. in a late performance of his, aflFe£ls to treat it with t^e greateft indignity. He tells us by the pen of another, that "he would not have " thought it worth while to have anfwered " the performance of his opponent, but for " the clamorous confidence of fome people, ** who reckon a book unanfwerahle when no " reply is made to it." What provocation fhould we think a perfon has received, who in his preface exprefTes himfelf thus : "Ye^, ** I have made fome exertions in order to ** prove, that I am not enamoured withyln^f- '^ pcedobaptifm examined — that I am no more *•' convinced by the force of my Opponent's "arguments, than I am charmed with the " modejiy of his pretenfions, the c<?77y^f72(^ " of his {^n\AxnQXi{.$,perfpicuity of his mean- •* ing, the accuracy of his language, or the " elegance of his compofition." Will not the Reader feel furprize atfuch language as this, when he learns the caufe in the fuc- ceeding fenteUce ? " On all which, I have •* made fome animadverfions that would " certainly have been fpared, even though « I had thought proper to write a defence, « if PREFACE ?: *" if he had not confidered me as ^CApy^- " VAT ED with his performance." What unpleafant intelligence did this Author'? correfpondent in the country convey ip him ! Surely, that gentleman did not fore- fee the effeds of it, or he would not have contributed to fo iijifavorable aji im- preflion on the temper of Mr. B. jDy com- municating what he pbtained *'from a *•• friendly interview that he had with Mjr. " (now Dr.) Edward Williams." Here- after, let Psedobaptifts relinquifh every idea of captivating Mr. 3. with a produc- tion in favor of their diiflinguifhing feati- ments. Let them take >varning for tjie fu- ture and defift from ithe attempt, on pain of having every overfight in language marked by his Italics — a colleftion made of the firft pcrfon pronoun and other ex- preflCions, from different parts of the book^ to (lamp and fix the character of the Egotill Jipon the Author — the charge of apparent ^nconfiftency, when, if one part is taken vith another, pafTages are reconcilable. Is it credible, that it is the farne Author who writes in his preface to hi^sforEner work-, every one b 2 mult vii PREFACE. mufl confefs, that the wrath of man worketh not the righteoufnefs of God, and that the caufe he pleads requires not fuch means o' defence ? How unhappy the exchange o ** a few ftrokes of pleafantry in the courfe ** of his refleftions on the language and ar- ** guments of fome Paedobaptifts," in that work, for notorious ftrokes of illiberahty and unkindnefs in his Animadverfions on this of Dr. Williams's. — Much room is there for enlargement^ but even thefe hints would have been fpared, was not injuftice done to the chara6ler of a refpe6lable Wri- ter and much-valued friend. Notice is taken of the three pieces alrea- dy mentioned, quotations from them ac- knowledged, and references given at ihe end of this Work. I lie under a great mif- take, if the caufe here pleaded, does not gain advantage from them all, obje6^ions to, and difficulties attending on a more con- fined plan being avoided herein. Circum- ftanced as the ftate of the controverfy be- tween our Authors is, it occurred that the time and purpo/e well agree, for offering thefe Thoughts, &c. after Mr, B — s< De- fence, PREFACE. xiii fence, and before the reply, which Time may, perhaps, produce, on the part of his Antagonift. The firft chapter might have been en- larged, but only fo much is inferred as wa» deemed fufficient to lay a foundation for the fucceeding ones. Particular attention is paid in the fecond chapter to our Lord's Commiflion, and the hiftorical accounts relating to Baptifm in the New Teflament, becaufe the negleft of a clofe inveftigation, the want of diftind and particular obferva- tions here, would neceffarily entail miftaken views of the whole. Whatever opinions, different Readers may entertain concerning the plan and ex- ecution of this work, it is hoped, no im- proper Spirit, no unbecoming language will be found to hinder its acceptance. It is the Author's wifh to improve daily in a conformity of fpirit and fpeech to the Apoftolic maxim of Jpeaking the truth in love. So far as the fentiments contained here bear the criteria and facred image of truth, the blefiing of God is implored, and expeded on them. Perfonal confiderati- Xiv PREFACE. on$ refpefiing the Author, are thrown a- fide: his only concern is, that the Rb- DE£M£r's Intereft and Glory m?y be pro- moted ; and as a Friend of the Bridegroom, he will heartily rejoice at his increafc;, and the fpread of the Gofpel always. ( 1 ) Catholic Baptijm exajnined. ■mni—ii Chapter I. Of the privileged State of all Nations un- der the Timr-s of the glorious Mejfiak. KNOWN unto God are all his Works from the beginning of the World, We, there- fore, conclude from the wifdom, goodnefs, and veracity of the divine being, that Prophecies and Promifes, which are intended to reveal the State and Events of future times, may be depended upon, as containing a true and faithful Account. From the perfeft agreement of ancient prophe- cies and promiles with the times they refpe6l, ** their Evidence," as a valuable Writer obferves, " in its own nature is direft and pertinent ; and « when its meaning is afcertained, its verdift <* (ccsUris paribus) is indifputable." As to pafs ovex ( 2 }■ over thciCj >vould be. to difregard eligible means of information on the Subject in hand, it be- hoves us to avail ourfelves of their afliftance. Old TeHasnent Prophecies and Promifes, ftand as facred Eminences in Scripture, whence we may take a Survey of a widening Profpeft, extending through the lapfe of ages, down to the confumraation of all Things. Hence the Pa- triarch Abraham forefaw the Redeemer's day, and was glad. His heart gladened at the fcenes, the hyight fcenes, opening to his view from fhofe enlarged declarations. In thee Jh all all th^ fa- milies or THE EARTH bc blcjjcd. Gtx\. chap. 12. v. 3. And again, in thy feed Jhall all the nati- ons of the EARTH he bkjjed. Gen. chap. 22. V. 18. The feed here intended, upon the tefti- monyofan infpired Apoftle, is Christ. Gal- chap. 3. v. 16. All nations without exception are ihe privileged fubjecls of the promife ; and the c>:a61: pofition in which we behold them, is blejfcd. O joyful Tidings! O glorious Period! — BlefTing, which, like a River, ran in the nar- row channel of the Jewifh nation for feveral ages, at length fprea-^.s itfelf far and wide; and like the Sea which graTps in all the fhore, compre- hends every part of the habitable Globe — Exult, ye nations, at the thought! To interpret thefc paflages without a manifeft neceffity, fo as to ex- clude the greater part of the nations, mull be do- ing ( 3 ) ing injuflicc to die force of tiie language, tlie par- ties intereftcd, and tlie liberal grant of the pro- Kiiler. Tlieir natural import foems to he, that UNIVERSAL BLESSING inf)me ii)ipcs)iant jiiifcy Ihall abound under the Redeemer's gentle reign. Like a diftant voice, they proclaim in, cur ears, a, thdiUgz in the relativn pate oj all natiom, with re- gard to go/pel privileges. Countries known aiid unknown, polifhed and barbarous, even rhofe igtiorant of the gofpel, as well as thofe acquainted with it, are, compared with their former flaie, be- nefited in this refpc6t, upon the commeiiceinent of the days of Mefliah. Equally aufpicious to the world at large, is that pafTage. So (hall He fprinkle mamy natio^^s. Ifaiah 52. 15, This, like the former, is fpoken of gofpel tuTies, and only a varied form of cxpreffing the fame thing. It contains the adurance of fome benefits, v.'hich the nations at huge fluili be made partakers of under Chrill. " The ob- " vious and natural acceptation of the term, fprin-^ '■^ kle, in this connection,'' fays the author of Anti- " Paedobaptifm examined," is that o^ purifying i " and it undoubtedly alludes to thofe ceremonial ** purifications, which were performed by fprink.- ** ling perfons and things." Vol. 1. p. 264. See- ing in every fenfe in which the word, fprinkle, can betaken, it denotes a benefit; and the benefit, be it what it may, rerpe6h nations as fuch, there is A 2 good ( 4 ) good rcafon for obferving wiih the afore-citcd author, '* the prediction, properly and direclly intends external Holine/Sy" that holinefs. whereby nations, now, are diftinguiflicd from nations be- fore the coming of Chriit. In furveying thefc, and fimilar paffages of the old teftament, what a wonderfully conftituted flate of grace a'^d privilege arifes to our view. Virgil, in his paftoral, entitled Pollio, kindles into rapture on defcribing the golden age of the world- Aided by prophecy and promife, is there not much greater occafion, in reference to gofpel times, to break out m the language of that Heathen Poet> **Afpice venturo laetentur ut omnia feclo," obferve how all things rejoice at the coming age — Well might Simeon embrace his Saviour, in his wither- ed arms, on feeing Him in the temple, and pathe- tically add. Now letteft thou thy fervant depart in. peace, for mine eyes have feen thy falvation. To new Teftament Hiftory we next appeal. Undoubtedly, this accords with former prophecies and promifes. Prophecy is but the account, be- forehand, of times ; hift;ory, of times, when come; and to be true, they muft agree with the times, and with one another. It may be further ex- pefted, that hiftory and prophecy fliouldrecipro- cally throw light upon each other; fo that by the diftin£l information of both, we may afcertain in the cleareft manner, the Hate of the times they reprefent. The ( 5 ) The hiftory of the new tellament, comes in aid of the privileged ftate already mentioned, with the fulleft evidence. Jews and Gentiles, as they formerly differed in this refpeft, arc herein cppo- Jed to each other. A line appears drawn around the former, while the latter are excluded : widi- in this facred enclofure, they are called Children^ ^nd the Gentiles without, were for ages a? dogh and outcaJlSy without Chrift, aliens from the com- monwealth of Ifrael, ftrangers from the covenants of promife, having no hope, and without God in the world. Eph. chap. 2. v. 12. Sad pitiable ftate ! how defirable an alteration ! This Abraham faw attendant upon the day of Chrilt. God's promife to Hiiti imported fo much ; and new Tcftam.ent Hiftory abundantly confirms it. Prejudices, like to thofe which influence the minds of too many ftill, and which prevent their viewing the world in fo favorable a light a:, to ex- ternal gofpel privileges, as they ought, prevailed in the breafts of the Apoftles. To deft roy them in Peter, was the defign of that extraordinary vi- {lon related, A£ts chap. 10. He faw heaven open- ed, anda cert ain vefTel defcending unto him, a.s it had been a great fl^eet, knit at the four corners, and let down to die earth, wherein were all man- ner of four-footed beafts of the earth, and wild beafts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. And there came a voice to him. Rife, Peter, kill ( 6 ) ■ kill and eat. But Peter faid, not fo Lord, for I have never eaten any thing that is common or un- clean. And the voice fpake unto him again the fecond time, what God hath cleanfed, that call not thou common. This was done thrice, and the veffel was received up again into heaven. V. 1 1 . — 16. Peter doubting in himfelfwhat this Ihould mean. Providence becomes interpreter. The fequel of the (lory fliews, the defign v/as, to pre- pare Peter for an embalfy among the Gentiles ; to teach that fervant of God the long exifting dif- tin6lion, between Jews and Gentiles was no more J that the latter ftood upon equal footing with the former under a difpenfation wherein all are One; to difpollefs him of opinions and preju- dices to the contrary, and to excite that liberal fpirit in him, which fuited the Genius of thegof- pel, and upon which depended the difcharge of the commiffion he had received, — Go and difciple all nations. Peter, like Paul in another cafe, was not difobedient to the heavenly vifion. Happily, no nation fmce, as it was before the fetting up of the kingdom of Mefliah, is debarred from the privileges of the gofpel. Adieu, for ever adieu to language, once in ufe, and confining Salvation, i. e. the means of Salvation, to Ifrael. God's will and declaration of it rendered Abraham's pofter- ity fole poffeffors of it. All befides were as na- tions whom God knew not, as unclean. But, glo- ry to God, times are changed. Gentiles at large, con traded ( 7 ) contrafted with their former ftate, arc, by God's full and abfolute declarations of mercy to be rec- koned, clean, relatively holy ; and, confequently, are in as fit a capacity for external privileges, as the Jews before them were from their relative fandity. A bleffing of this nature fhould not be held in low eftimation by creatures, who arelefs than the leaft of all God's mercies. It is a bleffing to all to whom the promife and prophecy convey it ; fo that nations, even ignorant of the gofpel, being, neverthelefs, interefted in the conftitution of the gofpel, as well as thofc acquainted with it, are be- nefited. To be fituated as gentiles once were, would be an evil, the abfence thereof muft be a good. Pertinent to this part of the fubje6l, requifitc for its further explanation, and introdu6lory to the fequelyare the remarks which have been made on the terms, unclean and holy — *• It is gen- «' erally agreed, fays the pious and learned Mr. «* Baxter, that the mofl common ufe of the word " holy^ if not the only, both in fcripture andpro- " fane writers, is to fignify a thing feperated to " God — Omnc SanBum cfl; Deo fanftum ; what- *' foever is holy, is holy to God. — Now as holi- " nefs thus fignifieth a fcperation to God, fo «* itmay be diflinguilhed thus; a perfon or thing " may be holy or feperated to God either in ftatc «« and ( 8 ) *' and (landing relation, or elfe only for fome ** particular ad, o: ufc, whether for fliorter time, *' or a longer. This fenfc of the term, he ob- ** ferves, is u(ed in fcripture, near fix hundred *V times. Baxter's plain fcripture proof, pages 80 and 82. — The rule for determining the fituation of the gentiles, in the above ferie, clean or holy, is, in all equity, and upon fcripture war- rant, to confider the Itate of the Jewifh nation, to which they ftand oppofed. Now the origin^ of Ifrael's fepcration from the reft of the worldj was God's promife to Abraham and his feed. To put them in remembrance of this, was God made known to that people fo often, as the God of Abra- ham. Exodus, chap. iii. v. 6. 15. 16. chap. iv. V. 5. Hence the privileges they poflefled. Shall ANY NATION, (and none is excepted) be declared clean or holy as the Jews, upon the free and un- incumbered promife of Jehovah, and not at leaft have, de jure, correfpondcnt privileges accom- panying a fimilar flate of relative holinefs ? Is it conceivable, Abraham in the forefight of the fu- ture ftate of the nations under Chrift, guided by the promife made concerning them, would view them in any other light ? — Thus ran the divine declarations, as they immediately refpefted himfelf and pofterity, I will make of thee a great NATION, and 1 will blefs ihee, and thou Ihalt be a BLESSING. Gen. 12. 2. chap. 22. 17. Whence was Abraham to judge of the manner and , ( 9 ) ^nd extent in which Christ the promised seed mjome mporiant Jtnp^ would be a blefTii g toall nations, unlefs from the manner and extent in which ho hiiDfelf was to be a bleffing ? — This Pa- triarch was a blefiing to the whole Jewifh Nation [))' the promife of Jehovah, comprehending him- fclf and dciccndants : I'urely, it was natural for Abraham Lo conclude that to the fame extent, Chhim' would be a blelfing.to all nations ? —. To Abraham and his '\Kic(i appertained divers ex- ternal privileges : could he conceive the nations under Christ, would not have what was tanta- mount to them? — With fuch profpc6:s before him, his believing foul might well rejoice; and like the wife men upon feeing the liar, with exceeding great joy. If Abraham had fo much reafon to apprehend the nations would be privileged after this man- ner at that diitance of time, and from fuch grounds of inference, much more does the hiftorical and do6irinal language of the New-teftament, warrant us to believe this fame Oate \s the unalienable Inherit tance oi the nations, till tim2 (hall be no more. Two palfagcs in proof of this, defcrve remark.' One is, Rom. chap. ii. v. 16. if the firjl-fruit he holy, the lump is clfo hdy.^ and ij the root he holy, Jo art the branches. Having in the preceding ob- fcry ationsafcertained the fenfe of ihe ter»[i, holy, it B only ••J ( lO ) only remains to enquire, to wljom t!ic obfcrVation of theApoftle is applicable, and in what way it is true, if the firft-fruit be holy, i^hc !iinrj> is holy, &c.^^If we attend to the cor.ncttion and drift of the Chapter, the paflage is plainly meant to re- fer both to Jews and Gentiles. Is it inquired, upon what ground it is true of them ? I anfwcr, upon the ground of the promise, which confti- tutes both Jews and Gentiles equal alike holy in a relative fenfe. Internal holincfs cannot be meant, for it does not follow, if the root wa« holy in that fenfe, the branches \eoujd be i'o too. No promife fecures internal holinefs bj way of invariable fucceffion from Anceftors to pofterify. Herein progenitors and dcfcendanti may differ. The impoffibility of applying the Apoftle'sobfeivations in this way, proves him to liave a different meaning. Examine it by the interpretatioji of relative hoUnefs, it will admit of the mod uNivTKSAL application, firft to Jews and then to Gentiles under the gofpcl difpenfation. | PleIAs/common_corpus |
## Home
help (3)
This is ReText wiki.
Some useful pages:
## FAQ
#### For which platforms is ReText available?
ReText is officially supported on Linux.
For the Mac, there is a Homebrew tap at https://github.com/samueljohn/homebrew-python
brew tap samueljohn/python
brew install enchant
pip install pyenchant
pip install markups
pip install markdown2
pip install docutils
brew install retext
Theoretically it can be run on any other platform. If you want to port ReText to your platform, please contact Dmitry (mitya57 (at) gmail.com).
#### Why is ReText better than my favourite text editor (Gedit, KWrite)?
It supports text formatting and can save to different file formats (PDF, HTML).
#### Why is ReText better than my favourite word processor (LibreOffice Writer, KWord, AbiWord)?
Most word processors are very complicated. Also, they leave much mess in the output files. ReText gives you a power to control all your formatting. Markdown and reST are WYSIWYM markup languages, so if you save your document as plain text, everyone will see where the formarring goes. Also, ReText has tabs support.
#### What are Markdown and reStructuredText?
Markdown is a text markup language which allows you to create documents of all types (this page is written using Markdown). Some links: website, sourceforge.net guide, basics, syntax, and online renderer.
You may also have a look at ODT to Markdown convertion script (details).
reStructuredText is another popular markup language. Some links: website, quick reference, example document, cheat sheet, and online renderer.
#### Can I use page breaks?
Yes, you can do this in Markdown mode by using "page-break-before: always" style. Example:
Some text here.
Another page starts here.
{: style="page-break-before: always" }
You should enable attr_list Markdown extension before using this (see Configuration file for details).
#### I want to translate ReText into my language.
You are welcome!
There are two ways to translate ReText. First one is via Transifex web interface.
Also, you can translate .ts files manually using Qt Linguist. Here are the instructions:
• Install Qt4 and PyQt4 dev tools (On Ubuntu you need packages qt4-dev-tools, pyqt4-dev-tools, libqt4-dev)
• Get the code (i.e. via Git) and go to its directory
• Run pylupdate4 retext.py -ts retext_%LANG%.ts (replace %LANG% with code of your language, i.e. retext_fr.ts or retext_pt_BR.ts)
• Open the generated .ts file with Qt Linguist and make the translation (you can read the one minute guide first)
• Create a ticket and attach the .ts file there so that we can include it to ReText source code tree
• Until that, you can compile the translation into a .qm file via Qt Linguist and use it.
1 2 3 > >> (Page 1 of 3)
• Dmitry Shachnev
2011-03-27
This is an interesting idea, but I'm not sure if it's easy to implement.
Last edit: Dmitry Shachnev 2011-05-29
• Dmitry Shachnev
2011-04-05
No, it's Qt restriction.
• Anonymous
2011-06-14
Is it possible to add a menu entry (and keyboard shortcut ideally) to show/hide the button bar? I (like many now) am trying for as minimal a desktop as possible to reduce distractions. Since I don't use any of those buttons (copy, paste, etc.) I'd like to be able to hide the bar.
• Dmitry Shachnev
2011-06-19
You can right-click the toolbar and uncheck the "File toolbar" and "Edit toolbar" items.
To enable them back, right-click on the menu and check them back.
You can also hide all the toolbars and the menubar using Shift+F12 shortcut (warning: this disables all the other keyboard shortcuts, you'll need to press Shift+F12 again to be able to save the file).
• Anonymous
2011-06-21
This is possibly my favourite program, so thanks :-)
I'd like to change the font size in the text editor. Is this possible?
Leon
• Dmitry Shachnev
2011-07-06
Commited to Git!
Use editorFontSize setting in the configuration file.
• MarioZaizar
2011-08-09
Note: right now it's possible to install ReText on Mac OSX Lion.
You just need install: Python-Markdown~2.0, PyQT-Mac~4.8, Sip~4.12.
After that you could run the app, but seems like the icons are not being rendered.
Here is an screenshoot: http://cl.ly/2h2E2f3b3z2R3e410T1k
May we have some fixes to that specific OSX issues?
- Mario
• Dmitry Shachnev
2011-09-03
Hi! You should download the icons pack and extract it into icons sub-directory of your ReText installation directory.
Last edit: Dmitry Shachnev 2011-09-03
• Anonymous
2012-08-13
I'd like to try my hand at creating a Homebrew recipe for this.
• Anonymous
2011-08-30
Hi,
This is a wonderful piece of software. Would it be possible to use pandoc (http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/) directly to parse the markdown content into HTML...? You suggest using pandoc to export to various formats. I was thinking of using it directly to parse the markdown source. This would allow including mathematical equations using MathJax (http://www.mathjax.org/) in the documents ans also allow to export to Latex for instance.
--Vijay
• Dmitry Shachnev
2011-09-03
Qt doesn't allow displaying equations in a QTextEdit widget. But you can use pandoc to export to different formats.
To use it, you need to add a section "Export" to your config file like this:
[Export]
rtf=/usr/bin/pandoc -f markdown -t rtf -o %of %if
docbook=/usr/bin/pandoc -f markdown -t docbook -o %of %if
where %of and %if will be replaced with input and output filenames at runtime.
Then you can access this feature via "Export > Other formats". Note: format name should be the same as the extension, since it's appended to the filename.
Last edit: Dmitry Shachnev 2011-09-03
• Anonymous
2011-11-08
Dmitry, I just found ReText and I like it very much. I only really miss MathJax. I saw that WebKit support was added only recently -- will you enable javascript support?
• Dmitry Shachnev
2011-11-12
WebKit engine supports JavaScript. You can enable it by adding useWebKit=true to your configuration file.
<a onclick="alert('This is JS alert!')">Click here</a>
• Anonymous
2012-01-03
Hi there!
Is it possible to implement something like gedit´s external tools? My programming skills are very basic but it would be very useful in order to add some particular features for professional copywriters like me.
I.E. Several online dictionary look ups, text snippets for automating markup, natural language coulored syntax... Custom shortcuts...
I'd be glad sharing ideas... If you want to...
PS. Excuse my language if I made some mistake... English isn't my first or second language :P
Last edit: Dmitry Shachnev 2012-01-13
• Dmitry Shachnev
2012-01-13
Syntax highlighting and shortcuts for bold/italics/underlined text are already in git version (which will become 3.0).
Also, we'll have export extensions there, some other can follow (i.e. actions on selected text).
Are snippets really needed for Markdown/reST (any examples)? I though tags/symbols boxes are enough for that.
• Anonymous
2012-01-29
I'm spanish and when I try to type an vowel with accent (á, é, í, ó, ú) get the accent and the vowel sepparated, like 'a, 'e, 'i, 'o and 'u. I must copy-paste the text which is not practical. Is it a bug? Am I missing something?
• Dmitry Shachnev
2012-01-30
How do you type such characters? I entered Compose + + a and got a correct "á" character. I have Qt 4.7.4 installed. If you have problems with the same (or newer) version, please report a bug to Qt bug tracker.
• Anonymous
2012-02-10
Any chance of adding syntax highlighting to ReText?
• Dmitry Shachnev
2012-02-10
Syntax highlighting is already implemented in Git, and will be available in ReText 3.0 (we are planning to release beta 1 very soon).
• Anonymous
2012-04-27
Great! I really like the live preview. But I prefer (py)textile over markdown. It allows to add CSS class and id identifiers. So I made a quick hack and changed
md=markdown.Markdown() => md=textile
and
md.reset()
return md.convert(htmltext) => md.textile(htmltext)
`
and it basically works.
Would "official" support of textile be a possibility?
• Dmitry Shachnev
2012-04-28
Looks interesting! I will add support for that in next major release.
[Update: see my comment below]
Last edit: Dmitry Shachnev 2012-07-27
• Anonymous
2012-04-29
Cool! Thank you!!
• Dmitry Shachnev
2012-07-27
Python-Textile project seems to be unmaintained, they don't even review pull requests... We won't be able to add textile support until they merge the pull request that adds python3 support.
• Anonymous
2012-05-17
Great program and excellent documentation. You have a small typo on this page, though, that is breaking a link. The link to the Wikipedia page for "WYSIWYM" actually points to "WYSIMYM", which doesn't exist.
• Dmitry Shachnev
2012-05-31 | open-web-math/open-web-math |
Once upon a time, there was a boy named Tom. He loved to visit the mall with his mom. They went to the mall on a regular day.
At the mall, Tom saw a big, red ball. He wanted to play with it. "Mom, can I play with the ball?" Tom asked. His mom said, "Yes, you can play for a little while."
Tom played with the ball and had lots of fun. He bounced it up and down, and the ball went very high. After a while, it was time to go home. Tom and his mom left the mall, and they had a great day. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Lily liked to collect things. She had a box full of shiny things, soft things, and pretty things. She liked to look at them and play with them. Sometimes she shared them with her friends.
One day, she saw a new thing on the door of her room. It was a knob. It was round and smooth and had a hole in the middle. Lily wanted to collect it. She tried to pull it off the door, but it was stuck. She asked her mom for help.
"Mom, can I have this knob?" she said.
"No, Lily, you can't have the knob. It belongs to the door. If you take it off, the door won't close and it will be dark and cold in your room," her mom said.
"But I like the knob. It is shiny and smooth and has a hole. I want to put it in my box," Lily said.
"I know, Lily, but the knob is not for collecting. It is for opening and closing the door. You have many other things in your box that you can play with. Why don't you find something else to collect?" her mom said.
Lily thought for a moment. She looked around her room and saw a book on her shelf. It had a picture of a cat on the cover. Lily liked cats. She decided to collect the book instead. She took it off the shelf and put it in her box.
"Look, mom, I found a new thing to collect. It is a book. It has a cat. I like cats," she said.
"That's great, Lily. I'm glad you found a new thing to collect. Books are good for collecting. They have stories and pictures and words. You can read them and learn from them. Maybe you can read the book with the cat to me later," her mom said.
"Okay, mom. I will read the book with the cat to you later. Thank you for helping me," Lily said.
"You're welcome, Lily. I love you," her mom said.
"I love you too, mom," Lily said. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Tim and Kim were twins who liked to play tricks on their mom. One day, they had a bad idea. They wanted to scare their mom with a plate. They found a big plate in the kitchen and drew a scary face on it with a marker. They hid the plate under their mom's bed and waited for her to come home.
Mom came home from work and was very tired. She wanted to take a nap in her bed. She did not see the plate under her bed. She lay down and closed her eyes. Tim and Kim giggled in their closet. They wanted to see their mom's face when she saw the plate.
But they did not hear their mom scream. They heard a loud crash. They ran out of the closet and saw their mom on the floor. She had hit her head on the nightstand when she saw the plate. She was bleeding and not moving. Tim and Kim were very scared. They cried and called for help.
The ambulance came and took their mom to the hospital. The doctor said their mom had a bad injury and needed surgery. He said they were very lucky that she was still alive. He said they should never play tricks like that again. He said they could have killed their mom.
Tim and Kim felt very sorry and sad. They wished they had never scared their mom with the plate. They wished they had been good twins. They hugged each other and prayed for their mom. They hoped she would be okay. They learned a hard lesson. They were poor twins who made a big mistake. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
Once upon a time, in a big green forest, there was a gifted bird named Blue. Blue could sing very pretty songs. One day, Blue met a tall giraffe named Spot. Spot had a very long neck.
Blue said to Spot, "Can I sit on your long neck? I want to gain a better view of the forest." Spot nodded and let Blue sit on his neck. From up high, Blue saw a big red fruit on a tree. Blue knew it was a yummy fruit.
Blue thanked Spot and flew to get the fruit. Blue shared the yummy fruit with Spot. They became good friends and had many fun days in the big green forest. | roneneldan/TinyStories |
© The Author(s) 2021. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this
article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permit-
ted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/. Abstract Some of the variants detected by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) are often not
reproducible. To minimize the technical-induced artifacts, secondary experimental
validation is required but this step is unnecessarily slow and expensive. Thus, develop-
ing a rapid and easy to use visualization tool is necessary to systematically review the
statuses of sequence read alignments. Here, we developed a high-performance align-
ment capturing tool, CaReAl, for visualizing the read-alignment status of nucleotide
sequences and associated genome features. CaReAl is optimized for the systematic
exploration of regions of interest by visualizing full-depth read-alignment statuses in
a set of PNG files. CaReAl was 7.5 times faster than IGV ‘snapshot’, the only stand-alone
tool which provides an automated snapshot of sequence reads. This rapid user-pro-
grammable capturing tool is useful for obtaining read-level data for evaluating variant
calls and detecting technical biases. The multithreading and sequential wide-genome-
range-capturing functionalities of CaReAl aid the efficient manual review and evalua-
tion of genome sequence alignments and variant calls. CaReAl is a rapid and conveni-
ent tool for capturing aligned reads in BAM. CaReAl facilitates the acquisition of highly
curated data for obtaining reliable analytic results. Keywords: High‐throughput sequencing, Data visualization, Variant evaluation CaReAl: capturing read alignments in a BAM
file rapidly and conveniently Yoomi Park1†, Heewon Seo1,2†, Kyunghun Yoo1 and Ju Han Kim1,3* *Correspondence:
[email protected]
†Yoomi Park and Heewon
Seo contributed equally to
this work
1 Div. of Biomedical
Informatics, Seoul National
University College
of Medicine, Seoul National
University Biomedical
Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul,
Korea
Full list of author information
is available at the end of the
article *Correspondence:
[email protected]
†Yoomi Park and Heewon
Seo contributed equally to
this work
1 Div. of Biomedical
Informatics, Seoul National
University College
of Medicine, Seoul National
University Biomedical
Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul,
Korea
Full list of author information
is available at the end of the
article Open Access Open Access Park et al. J Big Data (2021) 8:23
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00418-w Park et al. J Big Data (2021) 8:23
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00418-w Introductionh The recent rapid evolution of high-throughput sequencing technology has resulted in
the generation of huge volumes of data [1, 2]. From the nucleotide sequences revealed by
this technology, the order of approximately 3 billion base pairs, variant calls are obtained
via the variant calling process by which we identify genomic variants from sequence data
[3]. In the field of genomics, a series of DNA ‘bases’ (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
thymine) make up the nucleic acid sequence. A ‘read’ means a sequence of base pairs,
and we perform genome assembly by taking these small fragments of reads and merg-
ing them into a longer DNA sequence. The number of unique sequence reads at a target
position determines the depth of coverage. A genomic call is the conclusion of a nucleo-
tide difference from a reference sequence at a given position, typically categorized as
substitutions, insertions, and deletions (indels), etc. that describe different combinations
of DNA gains, losses, or rearrangements. To obtain high-accuracy genome calls, vari-
ous kinds of alignment and variant calling methods have been developed. The goal of Park et al. J Big Data (2021) 8:23 Page 2 of 8 read-alignment is to map the vast quantities of short sequence fragments to a common
reference genome to identify the correct genomic loci [4], where the reads are not long
enough to sequence complete transcripts due to technical limitations. To overcome these
problems, various strategies of different sequencing platforms are used, which creates
variations in the sequence [5]. For example, the Ion Proton and Illumina devices, the two
most widely known sequencing platforms, use different methods to capture the signal of
variant calls: the mass of hydrogen ions and fluorescence intensity, respectively. These
differences could create technology-induced artifacts potentially specific to the sequenc-
ing platform used [5–9]. One of the highest sequencing errors produced by Ion Proton
is the homopolymer insertion/deletion, which derives from the nature of this technology
to capture variant calls through changes in the pH of the solution. It is still challenging
to clearly distinguish those technical errors from massive sequence data obtained using
different sequencing platforms and experimental conditions. The most powerful way
to overcome the challenges posed by technical biases is to experimentally measure the
validity of variant calls. However, the experimental validation step is slow and imprac-
tically expensive, thus a comprehensive and systematic fashion of implementation has
been required instead. Introductionh CaReAl-based research analyses of highly
curated data facilitate the comprehension of the detailed alignment status of genome
sequences. Introductionh One of the simplest ways to obtain high-quality sequencing infor-
mation is to manually review aligned sequence assemblies with the aid of visualization
techniques so that the pattern of technology-induced errors can be detected in advance
[6]. Various visualization tools have been developed for investigating the read-alignment
status, such as the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) [10], GBrowse [11], Tablet [12],
BamView [13], Savant [14], and Artemis [15], which support interactive explorations of
multiple types of genome features, such as transcripts, exons, and genes. However, man-
ually querying every single position in multiple regions is laborious. IGV is the only tool
that provides an auxiliary tool for taking serial snapshots as a batch job, but this tool is
not optimized for automated capturing since the java-based platform causes slow system
performance and it does not show inserted bases or the full depth of reads by dynami-
cally adjusting track height depending on the regions of interest. As some of the reads
may have read-alignment patterns that are significantly different from the others, clearly
visualizing the total depth of reads aligned at a given reference base position, including
inserted bases, is important to detect platform-specific error patterns during the manual
scanning process. In this study, we developed a rapid and convenient Capturing Read
Alignments (CaReAl) tool for the efficient handling of heterogeneous genome sequence
data sets. As a complementary tool to IGV ‘snapshot’, CaReAl supports the rapid and
full-depth capture of wide-ranging genome locations in multiple samples, as well as dis-
playing inserted bases. CaReAl focuses on the systematic exploration of the overall read-
alignment status to minimize sequencing bias induced by technical errors, rather than
on interactive searches for genome features. CaReAl-based research analyses of highly
curated data facilitate the comprehension of the detailed alignment status of genome
sequences. read-alignment is to map the vast quantities of short sequence fragments to a common
reference genome to identify the correct genomic loci [4], where the reads are not long
enough to sequence complete transcripts due to technical limitations. To overcome these
problems, various strategies of different sequencing platforms are used, which creates
variations in the sequence [5]. For example, the Ion Proton and Illumina devices, the two
most widely known sequencing platforms, use different methods to capture the signal of
variant calls: the mass of hydrogen ions and fluorescence intensity, respectively. Introductionh These
differences could create technology-induced artifacts potentially specific to the sequenc-
ing platform used [5–9]. One of the highest sequencing errors produced by Ion Proton
is the homopolymer insertion/deletion, which derives from the nature of this technology
to capture variant calls through changes in the pH of the solution. It is still challenging
to clearly distinguish those technical errors from massive sequence data obtained using
different sequencing platforms and experimental conditions. The most powerful way
to overcome the challenges posed by technical biases is to experimentally measure the
validity of variant calls. However, the experimental validation step is slow and imprac-
tically expensive, thus a comprehensive and systematic fashion of implementation has
been required instead. One of the simplest ways to obtain high-quality sequencing infor-
mation is to manually review aligned sequence assemblies with the aid of visualization
techniques so that the pattern of technology-induced errors can be detected in advance
[6]. Various visualization tools have been developed for investigating the read-alignment
status, such as the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) [10], GBrowse [11], Tablet [12],
BamView [13], Savant [14], and Artemis [15], which support interactive explorations of
multiple types of genome features, such as transcripts, exons, and genes. However, man-
ually querying every single position in multiple regions is laborious. IGV is the only tool
that provides an auxiliary tool for taking serial snapshots as a batch job, but this tool is
not optimized for automated capturing since the java-based platform causes slow system
performance and it does not show inserted bases or the full depth of reads by dynami-
cally adjusting track height depending on the regions of interest. As some of the reads
may have read-alignment patterns that are significantly different from the others, clearly
visualizing the total depth of reads aligned at a given reference base position, including
inserted bases, is important to detect platform-specific error patterns during the manual
scanning process. In this study, we developed a rapid and convenient Capturing Read
Alignments (CaReAl) tool for the efficient handling of heterogeneous genome sequence
data sets. As a complementary tool to IGV ‘snapshot’, CaReAl supports the rapid and
full-depth capture of wide-ranging genome locations in multiple samples, as well as dis-
playing inserted bases. CaReAl focuses on the systematic exploration of the overall read-
alignment status to minimize sequencing bias induced by technical errors, rather than
on interactive searches for genome features. Implementation CaReAl is implemented in Python and R, and it supports the BAM (Binary Alignment
Map) and VCF (Variant Call Format) data formats. BAM files should be sorted into kar-
yotypic order and indexed. Using SAMTools [16], CaReAl retrieves the reads/sequences Page 3 of 8 Page 3 of 8 Park et al. J Big Data (2021) 8:23 Fig. 1 A schematic description of CaReAl’s command-line interface and outputs Fig. 1 A schematic description of CaReAl’s command-line interface and outputs Fig. 1 A schematic description of CaReAl’s command-line interface and outputs in a specific region from a given BAM and a reference genome sequence. The window
size is 81 bp (40 bp on either side of a single target variant) by default when a single
position is submitted, but the range threshold can be flexibly resized based on the user’s
region of interest. The maximum supportable window size is 3000 bp, depending on the
hardware specification. Tabix [17] is required to extract called variant information that
overlaps specified regions using an indexing technique. Both image files in Portable Net-
work Graphics (PNG) format with a resolution of 200 dpi and amendable R scripts are
created in the results directory. CaReAl supports any type of next-generation sequenc-
ing data, such as whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, or targeted
sequencing. The time required for screen capture may vary depending on the coverage
depth and the window size of the target area that users want to explore. An installation
package that contains all of the software required to run CaReAl is provided. The recom-
mended system requirements for CaReAl are as follows: OS (64-bit): CentOS, RAM: 16
gigabytes (GB). A detailed sketch of CaReAl’s command line and utility with types of
inputs is provided in Fig. 1. in a specific region from a given BAM and a reference genome sequence. The window
size is 81 bp (40 bp on either side of a single target variant) by default when a single
position is submitted, but the range threshold can be flexibly resized based on the user’s
region of interest. The maximum supportable window size is 3000 bp, depending on the
hardware specification. Tabix [17] is required to extract called variant information that
overlaps specified regions using an indexing technique. Both image files in Portable Net-
work Graphics (PNG) format with a resolution of 200 dpi and amendable R scripts are
created in the results directory. Results
Features CaReAl displays the full-depth read-alignment status (Fig. 2). An identifier that includes
the BAM file name, the chromosomal position of interest, the gene symbol, and the
depth of coverage is displayed at the top of the figure. The coverage histogram at the
base of each genome position and six possible reading frames of the consensus sequence
is provided for detailed background information. Reads and reference sequences over-
lapping specified regions are visualized in the middle. Bases are colored according to
nucleotide type, and gray angle brackets displayed in the background of the sequences
indicate the direction of each read strand: ‘>’ for forward and ‘<’ for reverse. The cor-
responding positions with insertions and deletions are indicated by a purple ‘I’ and ‘D’,
respectively, and inserted nucleotides are displayed along a straight line. The center of
the target position is indicated by the black box. To provide background information for
comparing called variant information with displayed signals, called variant genotypes in
VCF in the specified region are listed in the top panel as follows: ‘1’ for heterozygous
variants, ‘2’ for homozygous variants, ‘*’ for insertion calls, and ‘=’ for deletion calls. Additional detailed variant information in VCF is listed at the bottom. Implementation CaReAl supports any type of next-generation sequenc-
ing data, such as whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, or targeted
sequencing. The time required for screen capture may vary depending on the coverage
depth and the window size of the target area that users want to explore. An installation
package that contains all of the software required to run CaReAl is provided. The recom-
mended system requirements for CaReAl are as follows: OS (64-bit): CentOS, RAM: 16
gigabytes (GB). A detailed sketch of CaReAl’s command line and utility with types of
inputs is provided in Fig. 1. Park et al. J Big Data (2021) 8:23 Page 4 of 8 Fig. 2 An example snapshot at chr17:79650828. Sequence reads aligned against a reference genome
sequence and base mismatches are displayed in the region of interest Fig. 2 An example snapshot at chr17:79650828. Sequence reads aligned against a reference genome
sequence and base mismatches are displayed in the region of interest Performance To compare the main characteristics of CaReAl with an IGV ‘snapshot’, the run-time
performance was assessed by measuring the time taken to obtain 100 captures of dif-
ferent genome positions with a server equipped with an Intel Xeon 2.0HGz, 256 GB Page 5 of 8 Park et al. J Big Data (2021) 8:23 Table 1 Comparing characteristics between CaReAl and IGV ‘snapshot’
a Randomly selected 100 targets in whole-genome sequencing with 40×
Features
CaReAl
IGV ‘snapshot’
Language
Python and R
Java
Timea
5.26 min/100 imgs
39.47 min/100 imgs
(Avg. 3.16 sec/img)
(Avg. 23.68 sec/img)
Parallel computing
✓
✘
Display inserted base(s)
✓
✘
Support full-depth
✓
✘ Table 1 Comparing characteristics between CaReAl and IGV ‘snapshot’
a Randomly selected 100 targets in whole-genome sequencing with 40×
Features
CaReAl
IGV ‘snapshot’
Language
Python and R
Java
Timea
5.26 min/100 imgs
39.47 min/100 imgs
(Avg. 3.16 sec/img)
(Avg. 23.68 sec/img)
Parallel computing
✓
✘
Display inserted base(s)
✓
✘
Support full-depth
✓
✘ Table 1 Comparing characteristics between CaReAl and IGV ‘snapshot’ a Randomly selected 100 targets in whole-genome sequencing with 40× of RAM, and integrated graphics chipsets from Matrox Electronics Systems Ltd. (MGA G200e) under CentOS 6.9 (Table 1). We randomly selected 100 coding variants
from 5092 positions that exceed 30x at a given locus extracted from a whole-genome
sequence generated by Illumina HiSeq2000. As whole-genome sequences require an
average of 30× coverage depth for accurate variant detection, targets with greater than
30x were considered to have a sufficient number of sequence reads to perform a test
[18, 19]. CaReAl showed extremely good performance, taking 5.26 min without paral-
lel computing (approximately 3 sec per image), compared to an IGV ‘snapshot’ taking
39.47 min (approximately 23 sec per image), indicating that CaReAl was approximately
7.5 times faster than IGV. By default, CaReAl uses four processor cores in parallel and
has shown that this tool outperforms IGV ‘snapshot’ under a more conservative condi-
tion. This implies that this tool is optimized for rapidly capturing useful snapshots of
the sequencing reads, while IGV ‘snapshot’ benefits from the dynamic display of various
tracks for an alignment file. One powerful feature of CaReAl is that inserted bases are
arranged linearly on images. With IGV ‘snapshot’, it is not possible to check how many
bases and which nucleotide bases are inserted over the reads. Performance Another unique and com-
pelling feature of CaReAl is that captures are displayed with full-depth read alignments,
which automatically import the maximum depth of coverage in a given region to adjust
the PNG size. In contrast, IGV ‘snapshot’ displays aligned reads with a fixed coverage
depth as specified by the user. Application We visualized a variant call identified in ABI1 using CaReAl (Fig. 3). Since the alterna-
tive bases were only identified from PCR duplicates of one unique read, we flagged this
variant as being a probable artifact induced from the polymerase process during ampli-
fication. To evaluate the accuracy of this call, Fluidigm SNV genotyping assays were
carried out, and it turned out to be a false positive. Furthermore, four platform-specific
error patterns of variant calls were previously reported by systematically visualizing
sequence reads [6]. This highlights the CaReAl’s capability which enables the systematic
review of the quality of sequence alignment as a pre-evaluation step before the experi-
mental functional assay. Page 6 of 8 Park et al. J Big Data (2021) 8:23 Fig. 3 An example snapshot of probable sequencing artifact at chr10:27037545 Fig. 3 An example snapshot of probable sequencing artifact at chr10:27037545 Discussion CaReAl is a high-performance read-alignment capturing tool for systematically display-
ing genome features. It makes it possible to capture exome variants in a timely manner
to detect systematic errors efficiently and to accurately inspect the full depth of the cap-
ture. The enormous increase in the amount of sequence data makes an in-depth under-
standing of the alignment status a prerequisite to obtaining reliable variant calls with
high accuracy and validity for downstream analysis. The presence of error profiles spe-
cific to sequencing platforms described in the works of Seo et al. and Schirmer et al. [6,
20] makes it necessary to explore read patterns over the full depth of sequencing assem-
blies. In particular, exploring sequence assemblies not only for calls due to misalignment
but also calls derived from a low coverage depth or incorrect enzymatic reactions are
also important, because technical artifacts can be eliminated by the systematic scan-
ning of aligned read patterns. Even though various variant calling tools have been devel-
oped, detecting reliable indel calls is still challenging [21]. For example, insertion calls
in regions of low complexity, such as homopolymer/GC-rich regions, should be double-
checked due to the high probability of introducing erroneous signals [22, 23]. Minikel
et al. [24] applied this approach to real-world data analysis by manually reviewing the
sequence alignment status of every single variant. This process yielded high-confidence Park et al. J Big Data (2021) 8:23 Page 7 of 8 genotype calls on the risk of prion disease, which is required in the field of clinical
genomics. Acknowledgements
Not applicable. Acknowledgements
Not applicable. Author details
1 1 Div. of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Biomedical
Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul, Korea. 2 Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 3 Center for Precision Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Received: 9 November 2020 Accepted: 16 January 2021 Received: 9 November 2020 Accepted: 16 January 2021 Received: 9 November 2020 Accepted: 16 January 2021 Conclusions CaReAl is an optimized tool that systematically and rapidly displays temporal summa-
ries of genomic sequences using python and R. This tool has an advantage over IGV
‘snapshot’ in that it rapidly visualizes the true sequence diversity across the entire depth
of coverage, including the insertion bases. This helps to generate high-confidence variant
calls in the downstream analysis without the cost and time burden. Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable. Consent for publication
Not applicable. Authors’ contributions YP and HS conceived of the idea; YP, HS, and KY developed the analytic software; JHK supervised the whole project. All
authors contributed to manuscript development. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding
This research was supported by a Grant (16183MFDS541) from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2019. Abbreviations Abbreviations
CaReAl: Capturing Read Alignments; IGV: Integrative Genomics Viewer; HTS: High-Throughput Sequencing; PNG: Portable
Network Graphics; BAM: Binary-sequence Alignment Format; VCF: Variant Call Format; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction. References References
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genome sequencing kits for variant detection in circulating cell-free DNA. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6190. g
q
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19. Yao RA, Akinrinade O, Chaix M, Mital S. Quality of whole genome sequencing from bl
in cardiac patients. BMC Med Genomics. 2020;13(1):11. 19. Yao RA, Akinrinade O, Chaix M, Mital S. Quality of whole g
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in cardiac patients. BMC Med Genomics. 2020;13(1):11. in cardiac patients. BMC Med Genomics. 2020;13(1):11. 20. Publisher’s note Publisher s note
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Thanks to everyone who joined us for the Say Media's party last night at the Speakeasy in Austin at SXSW for an amazing night of live music and fun. We had 6 incredible bands playing on two stages and the headliners The Joy Formidable and Lord Huron put on spectacular performances. Special thanks also St. Lucia, Kopecky Family Band, Ginger and the Ghost and the always amazing Allah-Las. And it was great to see surprise guest Owen Wilson in the crowd, along with some of our favorite people. It was truly a night to remember.
Some highlights from the evening:
— Jeremy Johnson (@jeremyjohnson) March 12, 2013
— ✈ Digital Gypsy® (@tomspano) March 12, 2013
@saymedia It rawked!! Thank you for introducing me to such amazing bands and for an unforgettable night!
— Ann Richards (@annrichards) March 12, 2013
We also had some fun crowd-sourced photos from the event. And later today, we will be announcing the winner of our Best Party Picture contest (check out some of the submissions or let us know your favorite by checking out #saysxsw @saymedia on Twitter. The winner will score a Platinum Badge to SXSW 2014.
You can also check out more party photos on Flickr - including outtakes from the photo booth.
Thanks to everyone who came and made it an amazing evening - and we'll see you next year! | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-sample-10BT |
14.顺德：菊花鱼生
顺德自古都是富庶之地, 倚栏远眺,惊叹冬去春来；
俯首低吟,乍觉鬍灰鬓白；
时光逝,燕南归,
GD8D
从生活中找乐趣
从前在山中的庙裡, 好烦恼唷~
最近要到花莲游玩..
不知道有没有人推荐哪一间民宿?
重点是要方便唷~谢谢 每天都加班..都快爆肝的感觉很不好
你从事什麽行业..平圴一个月加班多久??? 资料来源与版权所有: udn旅游休閒
渔人码头飘乐音 越夜越浪漫
【赌侠大战拉斯维加斯／记者谢龙田／高雄报导】
高雄港渔人码头夜裡浪漫又美丽,假日夜晚有歌手进驻飙歌,吸引粉丝捧场。高雄港滨运动、休憩的民众愈来愈多。olor="purple">
高雄／桃花心木落下的…是我飘零的心
【联合晚报╱文╱徐白樱】
情侣散步落叶林道,个大碗,并严厉地警告：「你一定要小心,我们最近财务状况不是很理想,你绝对不可以把油洒出来。 />
我一进去导师室,什麽话都懒得说,直接抱起了小外甥,说：
『不要怕！舅舅来了！你什麽话都可以说！』
这时小外甥终于忍不住哭了起来...
『打人就不对了！说什麽说！还有脸哭？！』对方家长劈头就这样堵我！
我火气也来了,决定吓对方一下,开口就操台语开骂：
『干！你是三小！没看见恁倍在教厝裡的小孩讲实话喔？！』
『你不满的话,去传人过来！』
『恁倍最看不起不懂事理就说：打人就不对ㄟ人！』
对方先是愣住了！顿时声音变得一片宁静...
（看来,社会上多数还真的欺负善良的人...！）
打破沉寂,直接问老师发生事情的原委！
没想到老师也说不出所以然（这时候我的火气真的来了）,
于是我让小外甥告诉大家为何他要打人！
同时我要求被打的小朋友一起站在老师面前,要他们当面对质！
『美术课,我在做我的劳作啊！』
『他很没礼貌,过来借我的东西都不说一下！』
『但是我不想要借他啊！』
『他每次向人家借东西都不还,也不会珍惜...！』
『今天他拿了我的万能糊就跑！我就衝过去要拿回来！』
『但是他都不还我,我也抢不回来！』
『他突然把我的万能糊往窗外丢,别的同学帮我捡起来！』
『他还用很难听的话一直骂我...』
『我叫他不要再乱骂,他就对我比中指,还向我吐口水...』指著自己的鞋子。是中横公路沿线的梨山和原乡部落,梨花已渐入盛花期。 【充值支付宝】24小时不打烊
火速科技提供台湾首家免手续费5分钟 充值支付宝
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火速科技是飞凡企业行旗下贸易平台网站,在微风吹拂下,片片枯叶掉落地面,层层叠叠宛如黄色厚实地毯,此时,坚硬果实也会爆裂掉落,捲曲微翘的外皮饶富趣味,漫步树下诗情画意,可说是一年四季最迷人的时节,要赏落叶此正其时。朋友裡面,一定要培养出一个知己,不要以为你有多麽八面玲珑,到处是朋友,最后真心对你的,只有一个,相信我。贡献。名为火速科技, 以下内容为娱人自娱 如有雷同 纯属巧合 有误请见谅
< 资料来源与版权所有: udn旅游休閒
春游中横 悠游浪漫水果花公路
今年春天气就是怪,梅花、樱花全迟到,水果花也例外。r="0" />
(看完后请闭上眼睛好好思考一下)
1,凶恶的表情及严重的告诫,？等着熟吧！
7.梅州：客家酿豆腐
千年古城梅州, 今天有一家租书店在关店大特卖
我拿钱打算去买一整套小说时
老闆说"这套书已经有人预订了"
书被预订就没办法了呗
但订书的人来时老闆跟她说"上星期
A 可爱图案的小裤裤
B 有不理智和不现实的人才相信
2,给自己定目标,一年,两年,五年,也许你出生不如别人好,通过努力,往往可以改变70%的命运。
A、海边
B、山上
C、市区
今年春天气就是怪,梅花、樱花全迟到,水果花也例外。
「我有跟他借啊！」他反驳。
高雄港渔人码头浪漫又美丽,码头的餐厅、夜店找歌手进驻飙歌,周五、六、日夜夜精彩,各有纷丝捧场。
我一直很疼小外甥, | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2-cmn_Hani |
Journal topic
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 939–948, 2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-939-2018
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 939–948, 2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-939-2018
Research article 16 Feb 2018
Research article | 16 Feb 2018
# Intercalibration between HIRS/2 and HIRS/3 channel 12 based on physical considerations
Intercalibration between HIRS/2 and HIRS/3 channel 12 based on physical considerations
Klaus Gierens1, Kostas Eleftheratos2, and Robert Sausen1 Klaus Gierens et al.
• 1Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
• 2Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Correspondence: Klaus Gierens ([email protected])
Abstract
High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) brightness temperatures at channel 12 (T12) can be used to assess the water vapour content of the upper troposphere. The transition from HIRS/2 to HIRS/3 in 1999 involved a shift in the central wavelength of channel 12 from 6.7 to 6.5µm, causing a discontinuity in the time series of T12. To understand the impact of this change in the measured brightness temperatures, we have performed radiative transfer calculations for channel 12 of HIRS/2 and HIRS/3 instruments, using a large set of radiosonde profiles of temperature and relative humidity from three different sites. Other possible changes within the instrument, apart from the changed spectral response function, have been assumed to be of minor importance, and in fact, it was necessary to assume as a working hypothesis that the spectral and radiometric calibration of the two instruments did not change during the relatively short period of their common operation. For each radiosonde profile we performed two radiative transfer calculations, one using the HIRS/2 channel response function of NOAA 14 and one using the HIRS/3 channel response function of NOAA 15, resulting in negative differences of T12 (denoted as $\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}:={T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}-{T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{14}}$) ranging between 12 and 2 K. Inspection of individual profiles for large, medium and small values of ΔT12 pointed to the role of the mid-tropospheric humidity. This guided us to investigate the relation between ΔT12 and the channel 11 brightness temperatures which are typically used to detect signals from the mid-troposphere. This allowed us to construct a correction for the HIRS/3 T12, which leads to a pseudo-channel 12 brightness temperature as if a HIRS/2 instrument had measured it. By applying this correction we find an excellent agreement between the original HIRS/2 T12 and the HIRS/3 data inferred from the correction method with R=0.986. Upper-tropospheric humidity (UTH) derived from the pseudo HIRS/2 T12 data compared well with that calculated from intersatellite-calibrated data, providing independent justification for using the two intercalibrated time series (HIRS/2 and HIRS/3) as a continuous HIRS time series for long-term UTH analyses.
1 Introduction
Climate variability studies require the analysis of long homogeneous time series of climate data. For example, a long time series which can be used to study the variability of upper-tropospheric water vapour can be derived from the brightness temperature measurements of the High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) instrument aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar orbiting satellites. The HIRS measurements started in mid-1979 and are still ongoing. They provide a unique long-term data set (covering nearly 4 decades) that can be exploited in climate research. When NOAA launched the weather satellite NOAA 15 in 1998, it was equipped similarly to all its precursors with a HIRS instrument. This 20-channel instrument provides information on temperature and humidity in the troposphere, where channels 10 to 12 are sensitive to water vapour at different altitude bands (lower to upper troposphere, Soden and Bretherton1996). Unfortunately, with the launch of NOAA 15 the central frequency in channel 12 has moved from 6.7 to 6.5 µm. This is quite a large change, because it means that the channel has its maximum sensitivity about 1 km higher (and accordingly several degrees colder) than channel 12 of all previous satellites.
With that change, i.e. the transition from HIRS/2 on the older NOAA satellites to HIRS/3 on NOAA 15, the channel 12 time series became inhomogeneous. performed an intercalibration based on statistics of differences between the brightness temperatures measured by subsequent HIRS instruments (technically a regression of first kind). The intercalibration solved the problem of a broken time series for some of the statistics of the data, e.g. for the mean values. The intercalibrated time series was used for several studies (e.g. Gierens et al.2014; Chung et al.2016). Yet problems remained in the lower tail of the distribution of brightness temperatures, that is, at the lowest values of brightness temperatures, as has been detected by Gierens and Eleftheratos (2017, in the following cited as GE17).
However, the question arises as to whether it is sufficient to solve a physical problem (i.e. the different altitudes of peak sensitivity of the channel 12 on HIRS/2 and HIRS/3) with a purely statistical method. Hence, GE17 posed the following question.
“Is it justified at all to combine all HIRS T12 (the brightness temperature measured by channel 12) data into a single time series when it is a matter of fact that HIRS 2 and HIRS 3/4 sense different layers of the upper troposphere, layers that overlap heavily but whose centres are more than one kilometre apart vertically?”
In fact, this question can be broken down into sub-questions. (1) Under which circumstances is the intercalibration justified or not? (2) Which assumptions have to be made about the structure of temperature and moisture profiles? The present paper deals with these questions. Fortunately it turns out that it is possible and justified to combine the channel 12 time series on physical reasoning providing a homogeneous time series of 35+ years that can be used for climatological studies. In this paper we demonstrate that independent tests based on results from radiative transfer calculations lead to a comparison between NOAA 14 and NOAA 15 channel 12 brightness temperatures that is very similar to the same comparison performed with the intercalibrated data from . For these tests we assume that other potential sources of brightness temperature differences (spectral and radiometric calibration) are of minor importance compared to the effect of radiation physics. With this in mind we may say that our new procedure based on physics of radiative transfer corroborates the statistically based procedure of and this is good news.
The present paper is organised as follows. First, the radiative transfer model and its set-up is introduced in Sect. 2. Section 3 presents radiative transfer calculations for channel 12 on NOAA 14 and NOAA 15, using radiosonde profiles with high vertical resolution. From these calculations we find that certain profile characteristics in the mid-troposphere yield either relatively small or relatively large differences between the computed channel 12 brightness temperatures. In Sect. 4, HIRS channel 11 radiative transfer calculations are applied to get one more piece of information on these profile characteristics. It turns out that the channel 12 brightness temperature differences are linearly correlated with the channel 11 brightness temperatures. A bilinear regression is performed, resulting in a superposition of HIRS/3 channel 11 and 12 brightness temperatures from NOAA 15 that produces a pseudo-channel 12 brightness temperature as if it was measured by the HIRS/2 instrument on NOAA 14. A discussion of the method and an application to real HIRS data from NOAA 14 and NOAA 15 are presented in Sect. 5, where we show that the comparison of the original NOAA 14 channel 12 brightness temperature with the pseudo-channel 12 brightness temperature from NOAA 15 is quite similar in its statistical properties to a corresponding comparison using the intercalibrated data. The concluding Sect. 6 summarises the logic of the procedure and gives an outlook.
2 Radiative transfer simulations of channel 12 radiation for HIRS/2 and HIRS/3
In order to analyse the differences between channels 12 of HIRS/2 on NOAA 14 and of HIRS/3 on NOAA 15, respectively, we perform radiative transfer calculations using the channel 12 spectral response functions of the two instruments applied to a large set of atmospheric profiles of temperature and relative humidity. These functions are shown in Fig. 1. In particular, for each profile we perform two runs of the libRadtran radiative transfer code , one for channel 12 on NOAA 14 and one for channel 12 on NOAA 15; i.e. we calculate the channel 12 brightness temperatures T12∕15 and T12∕14, which would have been measured by NOAA 15 and NOAA 14, respectively. We then calculate the brightness temperature differences $\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}:={T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}-{T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{14}}$ and analyse how a given difference depends on the given profile characteristics. The channel spectral response functions have been obtained from EUMETSAT's NWP SAF 1.
Figure 1Channel 12 spectral response functions of the HIRS 2 instrument on NOAA 14 and the HIRS 3 instrument on NOAA 15.
LibRadtran is used with the following set-up: we use the DISORT radiative transfer solver with 16 discrete angles and the representative wavelengths band parameterisation (reptran, Gasteiger et al.2014) with fine resolution (1 cm−1). We assume a ground albedo of zero and cloud-free scenes (as brightness temperatures from the Shi and Bates data set are cloud cleared, see Shi and Bates2011). The background profiles of the absorbing gases are taken from implemented standard atmosphere profiles , whereby the appropriate profile is automatically selected from the geographical position and the time to which the radiosonde profile refers. We calculate the channel-integrated brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere for nadir and 30 off-nadir directions for these profiles.
The atmospheric profiles of temperature and relative humidity (with respect to liquid water) are taken from large sets of radiosonde data with high vertical resolution. (1) We use the set of profiles from the German weather observatory Lindenberg (52.21 N, 14.12 E, Spichtinger et al.2003), similarly to earlier satellite studies . We use this set of more than 1500 profiles to derive a regression-based solution (our training data set). (2) To see whether there are also systematic differences between latitude zones radiosonde profiles from Sodankylä, Finland (67.37 N, 26.60 E) and Manus, Papua New Guinea (2.06 S, 146.93 E) are used. These weather observatories belong to the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN). The data and products of the GRUAN network are quality-controlled as described by . We use 1 year of profiles from both stations: 2013 for Manus and 2014 for Sodankylä. These profiles were used for testing the regression that we derived from the Lindenberg profiles. The GRUAN profiles have a very high vertical resolution – too high for the radiative transfer calculation. Thus, only every 10th record has been used from the surface to 90 hPa. At higher altitudes (mainly in the dry stratosphere) we have replaced the radiosonde data by data from the standard atmospheres implemented in libRadtran.
3 Discussion of radiative transfer results
Figure 2 displays the pseudo-channel 12 brightness temperatures for T12∕15 against the corresponding brightness temperature differences (NOAA 15 minus NOAA 14), ΔT12, computed with libRadtran for the Sodankylä and the Manus profiles. T12∕15 and ΔT12 are presented for nadir and 30 off-nadir directions. As expected, the brightness temperatures for the two considered viewing directions differ, and their difference is rather constantly about 1 to 2 K. More precisely, the summary statistics for the two locations are as follows. At Sodankylä the mean difference at nadir is 6.7 ± 1.2 K, and the mean difference at 30 is 6.7 ± 1.3 K. At Manus the mean difference at both nadir and at 30 are 7.1 ± 0.9 K. It is thus sufficient to only use the nadir radiances for further analyses. It can be noted that T12∕15 varies between 225 and 242 K for the Sodankylä profiles, while the corresponding ΔT12 ranges between 12 and 3 K. There is no obvious correlation between ΔT12 and T12∕15. For Manus, the data pairs show values of T12∕15 from roughly 229 to 241 K and brightness temperature differences ranging from 10 to 5 K. Again there is no obvious correlation between the brightness temperatures themselves and the corresponding differences.
Figure 2Scatter plot of brightness temperatures calculated with a radiative transfer model using radiosonde profiles from Sodankylä, Finland (a) and Manus, Papua New Guinea (b). The abscissa represents the brightness temperature obtained with a channel 12 spectral response function for HIRS/3 on NOAA 15. The ordinate represents the difference between this brightness temperature and a corresponding one computed using the channel 12 spectral response function for HIRS/2 on NOAA 14. The calculations have been performed for both nadir and 30 off-nadir viewing directions.
Figure 3a displays the corresponding results for the radiosonde profiles from Lindenberg. The data pairs form two groups: a large patch at low T12∕15 and a “tail” at small ΔT12 but higher T12∕15. This tail has been discarded from further analysis since inspection of the corresponding profiles showed that the relative humidity sensor was obviously malfunctioning in the middle and upper troposphere (and in the stratosphere), indicating zero relative humidity. 1558 profiles out of the total 1660 profiles remain for the analysis. Figure 3b shows the same data without the mentioned tail represented as a 2-D histogram. The data at the maximum frequency (dark blue) have a brightness temperature difference of about 7 K. Only a small set of the data pairs has $\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}>-\mathrm{5}$K and an even smaller set has $\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}<-\mathrm{11}$K.
Figure 3(a) Scatter plot as in Fig. 2 and (b) corresponding 2-D histogram for channel 12 brightness temperatures computed using radiosonde profiles from Lindenberg, Germany. Note the tail of high values in the scatter plot results from profiles with a malfunctioning RH instrument. These 102 profiles have been discarded from further analysis. The 2-D frequency histogram does not contain them anymore. Calculations have been performed for nadir and 30 off-nadir directions, but the off-nadir results are only shown in the scatter plot.
At this point it is useful to recall that the weighting functions of the two considered channels peak at altitudes about 1 km apart because the water vapour optical thickness is larger at the central frequency of channel 12 on HIRS/3 than that on HIRS/2. The vertical distance of 1 km implies an air temperature difference of about 6.5K on average in the upper troposphere, and this explains that an average ΔT12 of about the same value is found in the radiative transfer calculations. A similar (average) correction of 8 K has been derived by and used by .
Now the question arises of how characteristics of humidity profiles are reflected in the brightness temperature differences. Figure 4 shows three sets of relative humidity profiles: 5 profiles with $\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}<-\mathrm{11}$K (panel a), 6 profiles with 7.21 K<$\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}<-\mathrm{7.19}$K (panel b) and 20 profiles with a small difference, $\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}>-\mathrm{5}$K (panel c). Note that relative humidity values are reported as integers in our data set, which explains the somewhat angular structure of some of the profiles.
Figure 4Lindenberg radiosonde profiles of relative humidity vs. pressure altitude that lead to brightness temperature differences in extreme ranges (a, c, values indicated in the figures) and to values near to the mean (b). The profiles are obtained from the following launches (format yymmddhh): 00042806, 00122312, 01011506, 01021717, 01030712 (a); 00070112, 00111618, 00112318, 00123012, 01021612, 01040218 (b); 00021306, 00021312, 00021406, 00022100, 00022106, 00052912, 00053018, 00060706, 00071506, 00080112, 00080200, 00111606, 00121606, 01020118, 01020218, 01022206, 01022218, 01022306, 01022312, 01022400 (c).
The first set of profiles with $\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}<-\mathrm{11}$K is characterised by high values of RH in the upper troposphere (200 to 400 hPa) and a very dry mid-troposphere (450 to 650 hPa). Accordingly, channel 12 on NOAA 15 (ch. 12/15) gets more radiance from the upper levels than channel 12 on NOAA 14 (ch. 12/14) because it is more sensitive there. In turn, ch. 12/14 cannot balance this deficit in the mid-tropospheric levels since it is too dry at this altitude. The result is a large negative difference in brightness temperatures. The profiles with $\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}>-\mathrm{5}$K are in turn characterised by a mid-troposphere that has much higher relative humidity than the upper troposphere. Under this circumstance the peak of the ch. 12/15 weighting function approaches the peak of the ch. 12/14 weighting function; that is, the brightness temperatures become more similar. Finally, an average brightness temperature difference is found for profiles without a strong humidity contrast between the upper and the mid-tropospheric levels, as shown in Fig. 4b.
This analysis shows that one can understand from consideration of the underlying radiation physics why the brightness temperature differences sometimes obtain large or relatively small values and why the average difference is of the order of 7 K. It is, however, clear that this additional knowledge is not available when satellite data analysis is confined to channel 12 only. To exploit this knowledge one needs further pieces of information, in particular on the humidity in the mid-tropospheric levels. Fortunately, this knowledge is available from the same HIRS instruments, from channel 11 (see, e.g. Soden and Bretherton1996).
4 Construction of a pseudo HIRS/2 channel 12
## 4.1 Regression using HIRS/3 channels 11 and 12
HIRS/3 channel 11 is centred at a wavelength of 7.3 µm. While the strong water vapour ν2 vibration–rotation band has its peak line strengths at about the channel 12 wavelength (≈6.5µm), channel 11 is centred on the long-wave side of this band, off the peak with lower line strengths, and thus channel 11 is characteristic of the water vapour in lower levels than channel 12. In a standard midlatitude summer atmosphere channel 11 peaks at about 5 km altitude (see Fig. 2 of Gierens and Eleftheratos2016).
Using the channel spectral response function for channel 11 on NOAA 15, radiative transfer calculations have been performed for the radiosonde profiles used above. Figure 5 shows the resulting brightness temperatures, T11∕15, plotted against the previously computed ΔT12 for the set of Lindenberg profiles. As expected, T11∕15 is generally higher than the channel 12 brightness temperatures because it characterises the temperature in the mid-troposphere where the channel 11 weighting function peaks. T11∕15 ranges from 248 to 268 K for the Lindenberg profiles. Figure 5 also shows a linear correlation between ΔT12 and T11∕15, although with a large scatter. The linear Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.68. Its square is 0.46, that is, variations of T11∕15 represent almost half of the variations in ΔT12. The remaining scatter is not surprising given the tremendous variability of relative humidity profiles. One additional piece of information is clearly insufficient to capture all this variability. Nevertheless, the correlation is clearly visible. We have made use of it to construct a correction to the HIRS/3 measured channel 12 brightness temperatures, a correction that leads to a pseudo-channel 12 brightness temperature as if a HIRS/2 instrument had measured it.
Figure 5Scatter plot showing a linear correlation for the difference between channel 12 brightness temperatures (NOAA 15 minus NOAA 14) and the NOAA 15 channel 11 brightness temperature computed using the Lindenberg profiles. The linear Pearson correlation coefficient is −0.68.
Figure 6(a) Scatter plot showing a linear correlation between a linear superposition of channel 11 and 12 brightness temperatures from NOAA 15 (abscissa, ${\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}$) with the corresponding channel 12 brightness temperature for the same profile but computed with the NOAA 14 channel response function. Note that the fit line has slope 1.000 and the intercept is close to zero ($\mathrm{2}×{\mathrm{10}}^{-\mathrm{4}}$). The linear correlation is R=0.986. All data are computed using the Lindenberg profiles. (b) The same data, plotted with the difference in ${T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{14}}-{\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}$ on the y axis.
For this purpose we try a bilinear regression 2 of the following kind:
$\begin{array}{}\text{(1)}& {\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}=a+b\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}{T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}+c\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}{T}_{\mathrm{11}/\mathrm{15}}.\end{array}$
Here, ${\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}$ is the desired pseudo-channel 12 brightness temperature that is equivalent to a HIRS/2 measurement. In other words it is the T12∕15 that would have been measured by a HIRS/2 instrument. For the calculation of ${\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}$ only the nadir brightness temperatures have been retained as it seems that the off-nadir directions do not yield differing information. The two data vectors containing the brightness temperatures of channels 11 and 12 are linearly correlated with R=0.71, but they point in different directions; that is, they are not co-linear. Regression thus yields a unique result, namely
Figure 7(a) Test of the superposition method using radiosonde profiles from the two GRUAN stations Sodankylä, Finland, and Manus, Papua New Guinea. The diagonal line (y=x) is included to check the result: it is not a fit. (b) The same data, plotted with the difference in ${T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{14}}-{\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}$ on the y axis.
$\begin{array}{}\text{(2)}& a=-\mathrm{35.4029}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K},\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}b=\mathrm{0.775623},\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}c=\mathrm{0.370927}.\end{array}$
The 1 σ uncertainty estimates of the parameters b,c are both ±0.01. The corresponding data pairs are shown in Fig. 6. The slope and intercept of the regression (black line in panel a) are 1.000 and $\mathrm{2}×{\mathrm{10}}^{-\mathrm{4}}$, respectively, and the linear correlation between the linear superposition of channel 11 and 12 brightness temperatures and that of the pseudo-channel 12 brightness temperature is 0.986. Panel (b) shows the same data but with the difference between regressand and regressor on the y axis. Maximum deviations from the zero line are about +3 and 2 K. Mean and standard deviation of the residuals are 0.0±0.6 K.
## 4.2 Test with independent radiosonde profiles
Using the linear superposition of channel 11 and 12 brightness temperatures for the considered atmospheric profiles from the two GRUAN stations, Sodankylä and Manus, leads to the data pairs shown in Fig. 7. The black diagonal line in this figure is not the result of a best fit or a regression, but is y=x, plotted to guide the eye in checking the result. The residual means (${T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{14}}-{\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}$) and their standard deviations are 0.3±1.3 K for Sodankylä and $-\mathrm{0.4}±\mathrm{1.3}$ K for Manus. Again, we see that the regression using just one additional piece of information is not able to provide a complete correction with an average residual of zero. At least these residuals are much smaller than the original differences between T12∕14 and T12∕15 shown in Fig. 2. Obviously, the superposition methods works well for these data, representing a polar and an equatorial atmosphere.
5 Discussion
## 5.1 Superposition of weighting functions
The superposition of channels 11 and 12 is equivalent to a superposition of their weighting functions. Fig. 8 gives an example. The weighting functions are generic functions, as in , assuming a water vapour scale height of 2 km and peak altitudes of 8.5km for ch. 12/15 (red curve), 7.5km for ch. 12/14 (black) and 5 km for ch. 11/15 (blue). The black curve with circles represents the superposition of channels 11 and 12 on NOAA 15 with the weights b and c derived above. The superposition curve (its upper tail, its peak and about half of its lower tail) is between the corresponding channel 12 weighting functions. We note here that the superposition weighting function has some weight at lower altitudes where both channel 12 weighting functions are already very low. Overall, we see that the superposition method eventually brings the pseudo-channel 12 brightness temperature of NOAA 15 closer to the level of the corresponding channel 12 brightness temperature of NOAA 14.
Figure 8 (and actual weighting functions shown in the Supplement, Fig. S1) shows that there is some possibility that channel 11 sees the ground when the atmosphere is quite dry. In such cases, which might occur at high latitudes, the superposition will not work. High brightness temperatures in both channels 10 and 11 could indicate such an event. Indeed, the (high-latitude) Sodankylä data show larger scatter in Fig. 7 than the (equatorial) data from Manus, which might result from unwanted ground influence at the high-latitude station.
An interesting alternative interpretation of the coefficients resulting from the bilinear regression may derive from the following consideration: it is possible to rewrite Eq. (1) as a weighted mean of three temperatures:
$\begin{array}{ll}{\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}=& {a}^{\prime }\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}{T}_{\mathrm{0}}+b\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}{T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}+c\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}{T}_{\mathrm{11}/\mathrm{15}},\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}\text{with}\\ \text{(3)}& & {a}^{\prime }+b+c=\mathrm{1}.\end{array}$
From this interpretation and Eq. (2) follows ${a}^{\prime }=-\mathrm{0.14655}$ and it turns out that T0=241.6K, which is remarkably close to 240 K, the T0 used as a reference in the retrieval schemes developed by , and . At the altitude where the channel 12 weighting function peaks the temperature is, on average, close to T0. The remarkable fact is that the regression results just in this T0 for the constant part and not anything else – a finding that could not be expected a priori.
Figure 8Examples of weighting functions for channels 11 and 12 on NOAA 15 (blue and red), their superposition (black with circles) and channel 12 on NOAA 14 (black).
## 5.2 Application to real data
For the same set of 1004 days of common operation of NOAA 14 and NOAA 15 as used in GE17, we have compared the channel 12 brightness temperatures and daily averages on a 2.5× 2.5 grid in the northern midlatitudes, 30 to 70 N. Differing from the previous paper, we use the original non-intercalibrated brightness temperatures. For NOAA 15 we compute the linear superposition derived above, that is, ${\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12},\mathrm{15}}$, while for NOAA 14 we use T12,14. The 2-D histogram of these data pairs is shown in Fig. 9. It is remarkable how similar this histogram is to a corresponding one shown as Fig. 2 in GE17, which displays the intercalibrated data. The ordinary least squares linear fit through the new data pairs (solid line) has the equation:
$\begin{array}{}\text{(4)}& \left(y/\mathrm{K}\right)=\mathrm{47.72}+\mathrm{0.8025}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(x/\mathrm{K}\right),\end{array}$
with a slightly smaller slope and a slightly larger intercept than in GE17 using the intercalibrated data pairs (0.8290 and 41.63, respectively). These coefficients have been determined using a non-linear least-squares Marquardt–Levenberg algorithm (Press et al.1989, chap. 14.4). The slope has a 1σ uncertainty of 0.001. Because the linear least squares fit suffers from regression dilution when errors of the regressor (${\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12},\mathrm{15}}$) are not taken into account, we also compute the bivariate regression (dash-dotted), which has the equation:
$\begin{array}{}\text{(5)}& \left(y/\mathrm{K}\right)=\mathrm{18.24}+\mathrm{0.9256}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(x/\mathrm{K}\right),\end{array}$
and this has a slightly smaller slope and larger intercept than the corresponding fit through the intercalibrated data (which has 0.994 and 2.007, respectively). As such the quoted uncertainty of the slope coefficient (0.001) refers only to the ordinary least squares fit. The difference between the slope coefficients of the ordinary and bivariate regression is considerably larger than the error estimate given above (i.e. 0.8025 vs. 0.9256). If we take this difference as a measure of uncertainty of the slope parameter, then the differences between the present parameters and those in GE17 (i.e. 0.8025 vs. 0.8290 for the ordinary least squares and 0.9256 vs. 0.994 for the bivariate regression) are relatively small. In this sense we may state that this comparison remarkably shows that two essentially different methods used to treat the HIRS 2 to HIRS 3 transition lead to very similar results.
Figure 92-D histogram of brightness temperatures, displaying ${\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}$ on the abscissa and T12∕14 on the ordinate axes. The data are from 1004 common days of operation of NOAA 14 and NOAA 15. The dashed diagonal line represents x=y, the solid line is the best fit according to an ordinary least squares regression and the dashed–dotted line is the bivariate regression line.
In pursuit of the goal to study changes in upper-tropospheric humidity with respect to ice (UTHi) we applied the retrieval formula of to ${\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12},\mathrm{15}}$ and to T12,14 of the common 1004 days. A density plot of the corresponding data pairs of UTHi is displayed in Fig. 10. Obviously the result is not satisfying; the plot closely resembles the corresponding scatter of data pairs produced from the intercalibrated data that are shown in Fig. 1 of GE17. Unfortunately the superposition method does not solve the problem of a considerable overestimation of the number of supersaturation events recorded with HIRS 3 and 4 instruments and it seems that the pseudo-channel 12 data have to be treated with the cdf-matching technique developed by GE17 in the same way as the intercalibrated data. This is beyond the scope of the present paper.
Figure 10Heat map displaying UTHi computed using ${\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}$ on the ordinate against values computed from the original T12∕14 on the abscissa. Obviously the problem concerning the excess of supersaturation cases in the NOAA 15 data remains even with this new kind of data treatment. The colour scale shows the number of events in each 1 % × 1 % pixel.
The new method is an independent approach for an intercalibrated HIRS channel 12 data set, based on results of radiative transfer calculations, classification of profile characteristics and a superposition with information delivered by channel 11. The intercalibration of is instead based on pixelwise direct corrections, where the brightness temperature-dependent corrections are determined from regressions of the first kind between subsequent satellite pairs. As Figs. 9 and 10 show, both methods seem to produce very similar results. The statistically based method of is thus supported by an independent method, and results obtained from data intercalibrated with either method should be more trustworthy. We thus consider our question from the beginning to be answered positively: whether combining HIRS 2 and HIRS 3 data into a single time series is justified. Although both methods produce similar results, as we see in Fig. 10, neither method of intercalibration solves the problems with the discrepancy in the range of high UTHi values which results from a corresponding discrepancy at the low tail of channel 12 brightness temperatures (see GE17). It is probable that this problem does not originate from the intercalibration procedure, since for the radiative transfer calculation it makes no difference whether the humidity profile contains a very humid upper troposphere with supersaturated layers or not. In each case it provides the corresponding brightness temperature. It is more probable that the problem with the lower tail of the T12 distribution comes from the retrieval method, which is based on linearisations around certain “tangential points”, thermodynamic properties typical of the upper troposphere (e.g. the T0=240K mentioned above) and that this linear approach is not completely sufficient in cases in which actual properties are too far away from the tangential points.
6 Conclusions
The procedure we have developed in the present paper follows these steps:
1. The difference, ${T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}-{T}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{14}}=:\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{12}}$, calculated with libRadtran for a set of radiosonde profiles, ranges from 12 to 4 K, with most cases around 7 K, which fits to the approximately 1 km altitude difference between the peaks of the channel 12 weighting functions of HIRS/2 and HIRS/3.
2. It turns out that the shape of the RH profile determines whether ΔT12 is close to one of the extremes or close to the average. It is particularly the shape of the humidity profile in the lower to mid-troposphere that plays a role here.
3. Take channel 11 brightness temperatures as a proxy of that part of the profile, as that channel measures the humidity in the lower to mid-troposphere.
4. Indeed, and fortunately, T11∕15 is correlated to ΔT12; thus it can be used to identify in which cases ΔT12 is large, average or small.
5. Thus it is possible to find a correction to T12∕15 such that the result is close to (with a mean residual difference of about 1 K) the brightness temperature that N14 would have measured if it had seen the same scene. This correction is a linear superposition of T12∕15 and T11∕15, measured by the same HIRS instrument.
Application of this superposition method to real data of 1004 common days of operation of NOAA 14 and NOAA 15, comparing T12∕14 with the pseudo-channel 12 brightness temperature of NOAA 15, ${\stackrel{\mathrm{^}}{T}}_{\mathrm{12}/\mathrm{15}}$, yields a 2-D distribution that is very similar to the corresponding distribution obtained with the intercalibrated brightness temperatures from . Comparing the corresponding values of UTHi again yields a 2-D distribution very similar to that obtained from the intercalibrated data. From these findings we conclude that our method, which is based on radiative transfer calculations, i.e. physics, produces very similar results with the Shi and Bates statistical intercalibration method. The justification to use the intercalibrated channel 12 time series including its early HIRS 2 and later HIRS 3 and 4 phases is thus corroborated.
Note that this paper only shows the principle of method, how a pseudo HIRS/2 channel 12 brightness temperature can be computed from later HIRS versions, involving channels 11 and 12. As all HIRS instruments have slightly different channel spectral response functions, the regression parameters (a, b, c) will differ from one instrument pair to the other. They will also depend on which HIRS/2 instrument serves as reference. In this paper we used HIRS/2 on NOAA 14, but it certainly makes sense to additionally use HIRS/2 on NOAA 12 as based their intercalibration on that satellite. This work is beyond the scope of the current paper and left for future exercise. We also note that this analysis represents a relatively short period in the lifetime of two HIRS instruments and that their spectral and radiometric calibration was assumed to be constant over this period.
Code availability
Code availability.
Data availability
Data availability.
The GRUAN radiosonde data are available from the GRUAN websites. The special Lindenberg radiosonde data set is available from the first author on request. The NOAA satellite data are available from NOAA public websites.
Supplement
Supplement.
Author contributions
Author contributions.
KG made the radiative transfer calculations and the analyses. KG and RS discussed the procedures and the statistical methods. KE prepared the satellite data in a useful form. All authors contributed to the text.
Competing interests
Competing interests.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements.
The authors thank the LibRadtran developer team for providing the radiative transfer code and Luca Bugliaro for checking the first author's set-up of the radiative transfer job. We are grateful to all the people who provided the data used in this paper, who are colleagues from NOAA, the GRUAN network and DWD. Christoph Kiemle read the pre-final version of the manuscript and made good suggestions for improvement and further discussion. Thanks for this!
The article processing charges for this open-access
publication were covered by a Research
Centre of the Helmholtz Association.
Reviewed by: two anonymous referees
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The regression has been performed using IDL (Interactive Data Language) routine REGRESS. | math-ai/AutoMathText-web-full |
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