README.md

metadata

tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - generated_from_trainer
  - dataset_size:410
  - loss:MatryoshkaLoss
  - loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
widget:
  - source_sentence: >-
      How did the LORD respond to Sarah's laughter and doubt about bearing a
      child?
    sentences:
      - >-
        "Stay here with the donkey; the boy and I will go over there; we will
        worship, and then we will come back to you." [22:6] Abraham took the
        wood of the burnt offering and laid it on his son Isaac, and he himself
        carried the fire and the knife. So the two of them walked on together.
        [22:7] Isaac said to his father Abraham, "Father!" And he said, "Here I
        am, my son." He said, "The fire and the wood are here, but where is the
        lamb for a burnt offering?" [22:8] Abraham said, "God himself will
        provide the lamb for a burnt offering, my son." So the two of them
        walked on together. [22:9] When they came to the place that God had
        shown him, Abraham built an altar there and laid the wood in order. He
        bound his son Isaac, and laid him on the altar, on
      - >-
        you in due season, and your wife Sarah shall have a son." And Sarah was
        listening at the tent entrance behind him. [18:11] Now Abraham and Sarah
        were old, advanced in age; it had ceased to be with Sarah after the
        manner of women. [18:12] So Sarah laughed to herself, saying, "After I
        have grown old, and my husband is old, shall I have pleasure?" [18:13]
        The LORD said to Abraham, "Why did Sarah laugh, and say, 'Shall I indeed
        bear a child, now that I am old?' [18:14] Is anything too wonderful for
        the LORD? At the set time I will return to you, in due season, and Sarah
        shall have a son." [18:15] But Sarah denied, saying, "I did not laugh";
        for she was afraid. He said, "Oh yes, you did laugh." [18:16] Then the
        men set out from there, and they
      - >-
        face; perhaps he will accept me." [32:21] So the present passed on ahead
        of him; and he himself spent that night in the camp. [32:22] The same
        night he got up and took his two wives, his two maids, and his eleven
        children, and crossed the ford of the Jabbok. [32:23] He took them and
        sent them across the stream, and likewise everything that he had.
        [32:24] Jacob was left alone; and a man wrestled with him until
        daybreak. [32:25] When the man saw that he did not prevail against
        Jacob, he struck him on the hip socket; and Jacob's hip was put out of
        joint as he wrestled with him. [32:26] Then he said, "Let me go, for the
        day is breaking." But Jacob said, "I will not let you go, unless you
        bless me." [32:27] So he said to him, "What is your
  - source_sentence: What land does God promise to give to Abraham and his offspring?
    sentences:
      - >-
        for I have made you the ancestor of a multitude of nations. [17:6] I
        will make you exceedingly fruitful; and I will make nations of you, and
        kings shall come from you. [17:7] I will establish my covenant between
        me and you, and your offspring after you throughout their generations,
        for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your offspring
        after you. [17:8] And I will give to you, and to your offspring after
        you, the land where you are now an alien, all the land of Canaan, for a
        perpetual holding; and I will be their God." [17:9] God said to Abraham,
        "As for you, you shall keep my covenant, you and your offspring after
        you throughout their generations. [17:10] This is my covenant, which you
        shall keep, between me and you and your
      - >-
        and his mother prepared savory food, such as his father loved. [27:15]
        Then Rebekah took the best garments of her elder son Esau, which were
        with her in the house, and put them on her younger son Jacob; [27:16]
        and she put the skins of the kids on his hands and on the smooth part of
        his neck. [27:17] Then she handed the savory food, and the bread that
        she had prepared, to her son Jacob. [27:18] So he went in to his father,
        and said, "My father"; and he said, "Here I am; who are you, my son?"
        [27:19] Jacob said to his father, "I am Esau your firstborn. I have done
        as you told me; now sit up and eat of my game, so that you may bless
        me." [27:20] But Isaac said to his son, "How is it that you have found
        it so quickly, my son?" He answered,
      - >-
        you for a burying place, so that I may bury my dead out of my sight."
        [23:5] The Hittites answered Abraham, [23:6] "Hear us, my lord; you are
        a mighty prince among us. Bury your dead in the choicest of our burial
        places; none of us will withhold from you any burial ground for burying
        your dead." [23:7] Abraham rose and bowed to the Hittites, the people of
        the land. [23:8] He said to them, "If you are willing that I should bury
        my dead out of my sight, hear me, and entreat for me Ephron son of
        Zohar, [23:9] so that he may give me the cave of Machpelah, which he
        owns; it is at the end of his field. For the full price let him give it
        to me in your presence as a possession for a burying place." [23:10] Now
        Ephron was sitting among the
  - source_sentence: At what age did Enosh become the father of Kenan?
    sentences:
      - >-
        of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates, [15:19] the land of
        the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites, [15:20] the Hittites, the
        Perizzites, the Rephaim, [15:21] the Amorites, the Canaanites, the
        Girgashites, and the Jebusites.". Chapter 16 [16:1] Now Sarai, Abram's
        wife, bore him no children. She had an Egyptian slave-girl whose name
        was Hagar, [16:2] and Sarai said to Abram, "You see that the LORD has
        prevented me from bearing children; go in to my slave-girl; it may be
        that I shall obtain children by her." And Abram listened to the voice of
        Sarai. [16:3] So, after Abram had lived ten years in the land of Canaan,
        Sarai, Abram's wife, took Hagar the Egyptian, her slave-girl, and gave
        her to her husband Abram as a wife. [16:4]
      - >-
        to his image, and named him Seth. [5:4] The days of Adam after he became
        the father of Seth were eight hundred years; and he had other sons and
        daughters. [5:5] Thus all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred
        thirty years; and he died. [5:6] When Seth had lived one hundred five
        years, he became the father of Enosh. [5:7] Seth lived after the birth
        of Enosh eight hundred seven years, and had other sons and daughters.
        [5:8] Thus all the days of Seth were nine hundred twelve years; and he
        died. [5:9] When Enosh had lived ninety years, he became the father of
        Kenan. [5:10] Enosh lived after the birth of Kenan eight hundred fifteen
        years, and had other sons and daughters. [5:11] Thus all the days of
        Enosh were nine hundred five years; and
      - >-
        said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in
        the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; otherwise we shall be
        scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth." [11:5] The LORD came
        down to see the city and the tower, which mortals had built. [11:6] And
        the LORD said, "Look, they are one people, and they have all one
        language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; nothing
        that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. [11:7] Come,
        let us go down, and confuse their language there, so that they will not
        understand one another's speech." [11:8] So the LORD scattered them
        abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off
        building the city. [11:9] Therefore it was
  - source_sentence: How did the angels assist Lot and his family in escaping the city?
    sentences:
      - >-
        has become great before the LORD, and the LORD has sent us to destroy
        it." [19:14] So Lot went out and said to his sons-in-law, who were to
        marry his daughters, "Up, get out of this place; for the LORD is about
        to destroy the city." But he seemed to his sons-in-law to be jesting.
        [19:15] When morning dawned, the angels urged Lot, saying, "Get up, take
        your wife and your two daughters who are here, or else you will be
        consumed in the punishment of the city." [19:16] But he lingered; so the
        men seized him and his wife and his two daughters by the hand, the LORD
        being merciful to him, and they brought him out and left him outside the
        city. [19:17] When they had brought them outside, they said, "Flee for
        your life; do not look back or stop
      - >-
        five years; and he died. [5:12] When Kenan had lived seventy years, he
        became the father of Mahalalel. [5:13] Kenan lived after the birth of
        Mahalalel eight hundred and forty years, and had other sons and
        daughters. [5:14] Thus all the days of Kenan were nine hundred and ten
        years; and he died. [5:15] When Mahalalel had lived sixty-five years, he
        became the father of Jared. [5:16] Mahalalel lived after the birth of
        Jared eight hundred thirty years, and had other sons and daughters.
        [5:17] Thus all the days of Mahalalel were eight hundred ninety-five
        years; and he died. [5:18] When Jared had lived one hundred sixty-two
        years he became the father of Enoch. [5:19] Jared lived after the birth
        of Enoch eight hundred years, and had other sons
      - >-
        go with this man?" She said, "I will." [24:59] So they sent away their
        sister Rebekah and her nurse along with Abraham's servant and his men.
        [24:60] And they blessed Rebekah and said to her, "May you, our sister,
        become thousands of myriads; may your offspring gain possession of the
        gates of their foes." [24:61] Then Rebekah and her maids rose up,
        mounted the camels, and followed the man; thus the servant took Rebekah,
        and went his way. [24:62] Now Isaac had come from Beer-lahai-roi, and
        was settled in the Negeb. [24:63] Isaac went out in the evening to walk
        in the field; and looking up, he saw camels coming. [24:64] And Rebekah
        looked up, and when she saw Isaac, she slipped quickly from the camel,
        [24:65] and said to the servant, "Who is
  - source_sentence: What did Abraham serve to the visitors while they ate under the tree?
    sentences:
      - >-
        [21:34] And Abraham resided as an alien many days in the land of the
        Philistines.  Chapter 22 [22:1] After these things God tested Abraham.
        He said to him, "Abraham!" And he said, "Here I am." [22:2] He said,
        "Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land
        of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the
        mountains that I shall show you." [22:3] So Abraham rose early in the
        morning, saddled his donkey, and took two of his young men with him, and
        his son Isaac; he cut the wood for the burnt offering, and set out and
        went to the place in the distance that God had shown him. [22:4] On the
        third day Abraham looked up and saw the place far away. [22:5] Then
        Abraham said to his young men, "Stay here with the
      - >-
        tree. [18:5] Let me bring a little bread, that you may refresh
        yourselves, and after that you may pass on - since you have come to your
        servant." So they said, "Do as you have said." [18:6] And Abraham
        hastened into the tent to Sarah, and said, "Make ready quickly three
        measures of choice flour, knead it, and make cakes. " [18:7] Abraham ran
        to the herd, and took a calf, tender and good, and gave it to the
        servant, who hastened to prepare it. [18:8] Then he took curds and milk
        and the calf that he had prepared, and set it before them; and he stood
        by them under the tree while they ate. [18:9] They said to him, "Where
        is your wife Sarah?" And he said, "There, in the tent." [18:10] Then one
        said, "I will surely return to you in due season,
      - >-
        [30:24] and she named him Joseph, saying, "May the LORD add to me
        another son!" [30:25] When Rachel had borne Joseph, Jacob said to Laban,
        "Send me away, that I may go to my own home and country. [30:26] Give me
        my wives and my children for whom I have served you, and let me go; for
        you know very well the service I have given you." [30:27] But Laban said
        to him, "If you will allow me to say so, I have learned by divination
        that the LORD has blessed me because of you; [30:28] name your wages,
        and I will give it." [30:29] Jacob said to him, "You yourself know how I
        have served you, and how your cattle have fared with me. [30:30] For you
        had little before I came, and it has increased abundantly; and the LORD
        has blessed you wherever I turned.
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
  - cosine_accuracy@1
  - cosine_accuracy@3
  - cosine_accuracy@5
  - cosine_accuracy@10
  - cosine_precision@1
  - cosine_precision@3
  - cosine_precision@5
  - cosine_precision@10
  - cosine_recall@1
  - cosine_recall@3
  - cosine_recall@5
  - cosine_recall@10
  - cosine_ndcg@10
  - cosine_mrr@10
  - cosine_map@100
model-index:
  - name: SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
    results:
      - task:
          type: information-retrieval
          name: Information Retrieval
        dataset:
          name: Unknown
          type: unknown
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy@1
            value: 0.75
            name: Cosine Accuracy@1
          - type: cosine_accuracy@3
            value: 0.9375
            name: Cosine Accuracy@3
          - type: cosine_accuracy@5
            value: 0.975
            name: Cosine Accuracy@5
          - type: cosine_accuracy@10
            value: 0.9875
            name: Cosine Accuracy@10
          - type: cosine_precision@1
            value: 0.75
            name: Cosine Precision@1
          - type: cosine_precision@3
            value: 0.3125
            name: Cosine Precision@3
          - type: cosine_precision@5
            value: 0.19499999999999998
            name: Cosine Precision@5
          - type: cosine_precision@10
            value: 0.09874999999999998
            name: Cosine Precision@10
          - type: cosine_recall@1
            value: 0.75
            name: Cosine Recall@1
          - type: cosine_recall@3
            value: 0.9375
            name: Cosine Recall@3
          - type: cosine_recall@5
            value: 0.975
            name: Cosine Recall@5
          - type: cosine_recall@10
            value: 0.9875
            name: Cosine Recall@10
          - type: cosine_ndcg@10
            value: 0.8820698787104944
            name: Cosine Ndcg@10
          - type: cosine_mrr@10
            value: 0.8465773809523809
            name: Cosine Mrr@10
          - type: cosine_map@100
            value: 0.8472718253968254
            name: Cosine Map@100

SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
• Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 1024 dimensions
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("kcheng0816/finetuned_arctic_genesis")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What did Abraham serve to the visitors while they ate under the tree?',
    'tree. [18:5] Let me bring a little bread, that you may refresh yourselves, and after that you may pass on - since you have come to your servant." So they said, "Do as you have said." [18:6] And Abraham hastened into the tent to Sarah, and said, "Make ready quickly three measures of choice flour, knead it, and make cakes. " [18:7] Abraham ran to the herd, and took a calf, tender and good, and gave it to the servant, who hastened to prepare it. [18:8] Then he took curds and milk and the calf that he had prepared, and set it before them; and he stood by them under the tree while they ate. [18:9] They said to him, "Where is your wife Sarah?" And he said, "There, in the tent." [18:10] Then one said, "I will surely return to you in due season,',
    '[21:34] And Abraham resided as an alien many days in the land of the Philistines.  Chapter 22 [22:1] After these things God tested Abraham. He said to him, "Abraham!" And he said, "Here I am." [22:2] He said, "Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains that I shall show you." [22:3] So Abraham rose early in the morning, saddled his donkey, and took two of his young men with him, and his son Isaac; he cut the wood for the burnt offering, and set out and went to the place in the distance that God had shown him. [22:4] On the third day Abraham looked up and saw the place far away. [22:5] Then Abraham said to his young men, "Stay here with the',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.75
cosine_accuracy@3	0.9375
cosine_accuracy@5	0.975
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9875
cosine_precision@1	0.75
cosine_precision@3	0.3125
cosine_precision@5	0.195
cosine_precision@10	0.0987
cosine_recall@1	0.75
cosine_recall@3	0.9375
cosine_recall@5	0.975
cosine_recall@10	0.9875
cosine_ndcg@10	0.8821
cosine_mrr@10	0.8466
cosine_map@100	0.8473

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• Size: 410 training samples
• Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
• Approximate statistics based on the first 410 samples:

  	sentence_0	sentence_1
  type	string	string
  details	min: 10 tokens mean: 17.63 tokens max: 31 tokens	min: 6 tokens mean: 206.17 tokens max: 257 tokens

• Samples:

  sentence_0	sentence_1
  What are the main themes explored in the Book of Genesis?	The Book of Genesis
  How does the Book of Genesis describe the creation of the world?	The Book of Genesis
  What did God create in the beginning according to the Book of Genesis?	THE BOOK OF GENESIS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50  Chapter 1 [1:1] In the beginning when God created the heavens and the earth, [1:2] the earth was a formless void and darkness covered the face of the deep, while a wind from God swept over the face of the waters. [1:3] Then God said, "Let there be light"; and there was light. [1:4] And God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness. [1:5] God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, the first day. [1:6] And God said, "Let there be

• Loss: MatryoshkaLoss with these parameters:

  {
      "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
      "matryoshka_dims": [
          768,
          512,
          256,
          128,
          64
      ],
      "matryoshka_weights": [
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1
      ],
      "n_dims_per_step": -1
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 10
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
• num_train_epochs: 10
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: steps
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 10
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 5e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1
• num_train_epochs: 10
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.0
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: False
• fp16: False
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: None
• hub_always_push: False
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• include_for_metrics: []
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• dispatch_batches: None
• split_batches: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• use_liger_kernel: False
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• average_tokens_across_devices: False
• prompts: None
• batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	cosine_ndcg@10
1.0	41	0.8988
1.2195	50	0.8824
2.0	82	0.8775
2.4390	100	0.8808
3.0	123	0.8673
3.6585	150	0.8634
4.0	164	0.8735
4.8780	200	0.8730
5.0	205	0.8713
6.0	246	0.8719
6.0976	250	0.8765
7.0	287	0.8848
7.3171	300	0.8783
8.0	328	0.8892
8.5366	350	0.8881
9.0	369	0.8821
9.7561	400	0.8821
10.0	410	0.8821

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.11.11
• Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1
• Transformers: 4.49.0
• PyTorch: 2.6.0
• Accelerate: 1.3.0
• Datasets: 3.3.2
• Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}