metadata

tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - generated_from_trainer
  - dataset_size:9702
  - loss:TripletLoss
base_model: sentence-transformers/allenai-specter
widget:
  - source_sentence: >-
      The class of algorithmically computable simple games (i) includes the
      class of games that have finite carriers and (ii) is included in the class
      of games that have finite winning coalitions. This paper characterizes
      computable games, strengthens the earlier result that computable games
      violate anonymity, and gives examples showing that the above inclusions
      are strict. It also extends Nakamura's theorem about the nonemptyness of
      the core and shows that computable games have a finite Nakamura number,
      implying that the number of alternatives that the players can deal with
      rationally is restricted.
    sentences:
      - >-
        We are going to study the limiting spectral measure of fixed dimensional
        Hermitian block-matrices with large dimensional Wigner blocks. We are
        going also to identify the limiting spectral measure when the Hermitian
        block-structure is Circulant. Using the limiting spectral measure of a
        Hermitian Circulant block-matrix we will show that the spectral measure
        of a Wigner matrix with $k-$weakly dependent entries need not to be the
        semicircle law in the limit.
      - >-
        The scope of the present study is Eulerian modeling and simulation of
        polydisperse liquid sprays undergoing droplet coalescence and
        evaporation. The fundamental mathematical description is the Williams
        spray equation governing the joint number density function f(v, u; x, t)
        of droplet volume and velocity. Eulerian multi-fluid models have already
        been rigorously derived from this equation in Laurent et al. (2004). The
        first key feature of the paper is the application of direct quadrature
        method of moments (DQMOM) introduced by Marchisio and Fox (2005) to the
        Williams spray equation. Both the multi-fluid method and DQMOM yield
        systems of Eulerian conservation equations with complicated interaction
        terms representing coalescence. In order to validate and compare these
        approaches, the chosen configuration is a self-similar 2D axisymmetrical
        decelerating nozzle with sprays having various size distributions,
        ranging from smooth ones up to Dirac delta functions. The second key
        feature of the paper is a thorough comparison of the two approaches for
        various test-cases to a reference solution obtained through a classical
        stochastic Lagrangian solver. Both Eulerian models prove to describe
        adequately spray coalescence and yield a very interesting alternative to
        the Lagrangian solver.
      - >-
        Recently, the iterative approach named linear tabling has received
        considerable attention because of its simplicity, ease of
        implementation, and good space efficiency. Linear tabling is a framework
        from which different methods can be derived based on the strategies used
        in handling looping subgoals. One decision concerns when answers are
        consumed and returned. This paper describes two strategies, namely, {\it
        lazy} and {\it eager} strategies, and compares them both qualitatively
        and quantitatively. The results indicate that, while the lazy strategy
        has good locality and is well suited for finding all solutions, the
        eager strategy is comparable in speed with the lazy strategy and is well
        suited for programs with cuts. Linear tabling relies on depth-first
        iterative deepening rather than suspension to compute fixpoints. Each
        cluster of inter-dependent subgoals as represented by a top-most looping
        subgoal is iteratively evaluated until no subgoal in it can produce any
        new answers. Naive re-evaluation of all looping subgoals, albeit simple,
        may be computationally unacceptable. In this paper, we also introduce
        semi-naive optimization, an effective technique employed in bottom-up
        evaluation of logic programs to avoid redundant joins of answers, into
        linear tabling. We give the conditions for the technique to be safe
        (i.e. sound and complete) and propose an optimization technique called
        {\it early answer promotion} to enhance its effectiveness. Benchmarking
        in B-Prolog demonstrates that with this optimization linear tabling
        compares favorably well in speed with the state-of-the-art
        implementation of SLG.
  - source_sentence: >-
      We survey recent progress on the Greenfield-Wallach and Katok conjectures
      on globally hypoelliptic and cohomology free vector fields and derive a
      proof of the conjectures in dimension three. The argument is primarily
      based on recent work of F. and J. Rodriguez Hertz which allows us to
      reduce the question to the case of a Reeb flow for a contact form. The
      contact case is settled by invoking the Weinstein conjecture (which has
      been recently announced by C. Taubes).
    sentences:
      - >-
        We describe several views of the semantics of a simple programming
        language as formal documents in the calculus of inductive constructions
        that can be verified by the Coq proof system. Covered aspects are
        natural semantics, denotational semantics, axiomatic semantics, and
        abstract interpretation. Descriptions as recursive functions are also
        provided whenever suitable, thus yielding a a verification condition
        generator and a static analyser that can be run inside the theorem
        prover for use in reflective proofs. Extraction of an interpreter from
        the denotational semantics is also described. All different aspects are
        formally proved sound with respect to the natural semantics
        specification.
      - >-
        Zero-divisors (ZDs) derived by Cayley-Dickson Process (CDP) from
        N-dimensional hypercomplex numbers (N a power of 2, at least 4) can
        represent singularities and, as N approaches infinite, fractals -- and
        thereby,scale-free networks. Any integer greater than 8 and not a power
        of 2 generates a meta-fractal or "Sky" when it is interpreted as the
        "strut constant" (S) of an ensemble of octahedral vertex figures called
        "Box-Kites" (the fundamental building blocks of ZDs). Remarkably simple
        bit-manipulation rules or "recipes" provide tools for transforming one
        fractal genus into others within the context of Wolfram's Class 4
        complexity.
      - >-
        The purpose of this paper is to determine the asymptotic of the average
        energy of a configuration of N zeros of system of random polynomials of
        degree N as N tends to infinity and more generally the zeros of random
        holomorphic sections of a line bundle L over any Riemann surface M. And
        we compare our results to the well-known minimum of energies.
  - source_sentence: >-
      How do blogs cite and influence each other? How do such links evolve? Does
      the popularity of old blog posts drop exponentially with time? These are
      some of the questions that we address in this work. Our goal is to build a
      model that generates realistic cascades, so that it can help us with link
      prediction and outlier detection. Blogs (weblogs) have become an important
      medium of information because of their timely publication, ease of use,
      and wide availability. In fact, they often make headlines, by discussing
      and discovering evidence about political events and facts. Often blogs
      link to one another, creating a publicly available record of how
      information and influence spreads through an underlying social network.
      Aggregating links from several blog posts creates a directed graph which
      we analyze to discover the patterns of information propagation in
      blogspace, and thereby understand the underlying social network. Not only
      are blogs interesting on their own merit, but our analysis also sheds
      light on how rumors, viruses, and ideas propagate over social and computer
      networks. Here we report some surprising findings of the blog linking and
      information propagation structure, after we analyzed one of the largest
      available datasets, with 45,000 blogs and ~ 2.2 million blog-postings. Our
      analysis also sheds light on how rumors, viruses, and ideas propagate over
      social and computer networks. We also present a simple model that mimics
      the spread of information on the blogosphere, and produces information
      cascades very similar to those found in real life.
    sentences:
      - >-
        We present a suite of programs to determine the ground state of the
        time-independent Gross-Pitaevskii equation, used in the simulation of
        Bose-Einstein condensates. The calculation is based on the Optimal
        Damping Algorithm, ensuring a fast convergence to the true ground state.
        Versions are given for the one-, two-, and three-dimensional equation,
        using either a spectral method, well suited for harmonic trapping
        potentials, or a spatial grid.
      - >-
        We propose a method to perform precision measurements of the interaction
        parameters in systems of N ultra-cold spin 1/2 atoms. The spectroscopy
        is realized by first creating a coherent spin superposition of the two
        relevant internal states of each atom and then letting the atoms evolve
        under a squeezing Hamiltonian. The non-linear nature of the Hamiltonian
        decreases the fundamental limit imposed by the Heisenberg uncertainty
        principle to N^(-2), a factor of N smaller than the fundamental limit
        achievable with non-interacting atoms. We study the effect of
        decoherence and show that even with decoherence, entangled states can
        outperform the signal to noise limit of non-entangled states. We present
        two possible experimental implementations of the method using
        Bose-Einstein spinor condensates and fermionic atoms loaded in optical
        lattices and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
      - >-
        Bivariate linear mixed models are useful when analyzing longitudinal
        data of two associated markers. In this paper, we present a bivariate
        linear mixed model including random effects or first-order
        auto-regressive process and independent measurement error for both
        markers. Codes and tricks to fit these models using SAS Proc MIXED are
        provided. Limitations of this program are discussed and an example in
        the field of HIV infection is shown. Despite some limitations, SAS Proc
        MIXED is a useful tool that may be easily extendable to multivariate
        response in longitudinal studies.
  - source_sentence: >-
      The effect of the magnetic field on the critical behavior of
      Sr0:9La0:1CuO2 is explored in terms of reversible magnetization data. As
      the correlation length transverse to the magnetic field Hi,applied along
      the i-axis, cannot grow beyond the limiting magnetic length LHi, related
      to the average distance between vortex lines, one expects a magnetic field
      induced finite size effect. Invoking the scaling theory of critical
      phenomena we provide clear evidence for this effect. It implies that in
      type II superconductors there is a 3D to 1D crossover line Hpi(T).
      Consequently, below Tc and above Hpi(T) uperconductivity is confined to
      cylinders with diameter LHi(1D). Accordingly, there is no continuous phase
      transition in the (H,T)-plane along the Hc2-lines as predicted by the
      mean-field treatment.
    sentences:
      - >-
        We introduce a new construction, the isotropy groupoid, to organize the
        orbit data for split $\Gamma$-spaces. We show that equivariant principal
        $G$-bundles over split $\Gamma$-CW complexes $X$ can be effectively
        classified by means of representations of their isotropy groupoids. For
        instance, if the quotient complex $A=\Gamma\backslash X$ is a graph,
        with all edge stabilizers toral subgroups of $\Gamma$, we obtain a
        purely combinatorial classification of bundles with structural group $G$
        a compact connected Lie group. If $G$ is abelian, our approach gives
        combinatorial and geometric descriptions of some results of
        Lashof-May-Segal and Goresky-Kottwitz-MacPherson.
      - >-
        We analyze 27 house price indexes of Las Vegas from Jun. 1983 to Mar.
        2005, corresponding to 27 different zip codes. These analyses confirm
        the existence of a real-estate bubble, defined as a price acceleration
        faster than exponential, which is found however to be confined to a
        rather limited time interval in the recent past from approximately 2003
        to mid-2004 and has progressively transformed into a more normal growth
        rate comparable to pre-bubble levels in 2005. There has been no bubble
        till 2002 except for a medium-sized surge in 1990. In addition, we have
        identified a strong yearly periodicity which provides a good potential
        for fine-tuned prediction from month to month. A monthly monitoring
        using a model that we have developed could confirm, by testing the
        intra-year structure, if indeed the market has returned to ``normal'' or
        if more turbulence is expected ahead. We predict the evolution of the
        indexes one year ahead, which is validated with new data up to Sep.
        2006. The present analysis demonstrates the existence of very
        significant variations at the local scale, in the sense that the bubble
        in Las Vegas seems to have preceded the more global USA bubble and has
        ended approximately two years earlier (mid 2004 for Las Vegas compared
        with mid-2006 for the whole of the USA).
      - >-
        The use of off-resonant standing light waves to manipulate ultracold
        atoms is investigated. Previous work has illustrated that optical pulses
        can provide efficient beam-splitting and reflection operations for
        atomic wave packets. The performance of these operations is
        characterized experimentally using Bose-Einstein condensates confined in
        a weak magnetic trap. Under optimum conditions, fidelities of up to 0.99
        for beam splitting and 0.98 for reflection are observed, and splitting
        operations of up to third order are achieved. The dependence of the
        operations on light intensity and atomic velocity is measured and found
        to agree well with theoretical estimates.
  - source_sentence: >-
      Let G be a free group in a variety of groups, but G is not absolutely
      free. We prove that the group of automorphisms Aut(G) is linear iff G is a
      virtually nilpotent group.
    sentences:
      - >-
        An orthogonal array OA(q^{2n-1},q^{2n-2}, q,2) is constructed from the
        action of a subset of PGL(n+1,q^2) on some non--degenerate Hermitian
        varieties in PG(n,q^2). It is also shown that the rows of this
        orthogonal array correspond to some blocks of an affine design, which
        for q> 2 is a non--classical model of the affine space AG(2n-1,q).
      - >-
        We describe a new universality class for unitary invariant random matrix
        ensembles. It arises in the double scaling limit of ensembles of random
        $n \times n$ Hermitian matrices $Z_{n,N}^{-1} |\det M|^{2\alpha} e^{-N
        \Tr V(M)} dM$ with $\alpha > -1/2$, where the factor $|\det
        M|^{2\alpha}$ induces critical eigenvalue behavior near the origin.
        Under the assumption that the limiting mean eigenvalue density
        associated with $V$ is regular, and that the origin is a right endpoint
        of its support, we compute the limiting eigenvalue correlation kernel in
        the double scaling limit as $n, N \to \infty$ such that $n^{2/3}(n/N-1)
        = O(1)$. We use the Deift-Zhou steepest descent method for the
        Riemann-Hilbert problem for polynomials on the line orthogonal with
        respect to the weight $|x|^{2\alpha} e^{-NV(x)}$. Our main attention is
        on the construction of a local parametrix near the origin by means of
        the $\psi$-functions associated with a distinguished solution of the
        Painleve XXXIV equation. This solution is related to a particular
        solution of the Painleve II equation, which however is different from
        the usual Hastings-McLeod solution.
      - >-
        Suppose that a target function is monotonic, namely, weakly increasing,
        and an original estimate of the target function is available, which is
        not weakly increasing. Many common estimation methods used in statistics
        produce such estimates. We show that these estimates can always be
        improved with no harm using rearrangement techniques: The rearrangement
        methods, univariate and multivariate, transform the original estimate to
        a monotonic estimate, and the resulting estimate is closer to the true
        curve in common metrics than the original estimate. We illustrate the
        results with a computational example and an empirical example dealing
        with age-height growth charts.
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
  - cosine_accuracy
model-index:
  - name: SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/allenai-specter
    results:
      - task:
          type: triplet
          name: Triplet
        dataset:
          name: triplet eval
          type: triplet_eval
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy
            value: 0.9319999814033508
            name: Cosine Accuracy
          - type: cosine_accuracy
            value: 0.9399999976158142
            name: Cosine Accuracy

SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/allenai-specter

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from sentence-transformers/allenai-specter. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: sentence-transformers/allenai-specter
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("nadrajak/allenai-specter-ft")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Let G be a free group in a variety of groups, but G is not absolutely free. We prove that the group of automorphisms Aut(G) is linear iff G is a virtually nilpotent group.',
    'An orthogonal array OA(q^{2n-1},q^{2n-2}, q,2) is constructed from the action of a subset of PGL(n+1,q^2) on some non--degenerate Hermitian varieties in PG(n,q^2). It is also shown that the rows of this orthogonal array correspond to some blocks of an affine design, which for q> 2 is a non--classical model of the affine space AG(2n-1,q).',
    'Suppose that a target function is monotonic, namely, weakly increasing, and an original estimate of the target function is available, which is not weakly increasing. Many common estimation methods used in statistics produce such estimates. We show that these estimates can always be improved with no harm using rearrangement techniques: The rearrangement methods, univariate and multivariate, transform the original estimate to a monotonic estimate, and the resulting estimate is closer to the true curve in common metrics than the original estimate. We illustrate the results with a computational example and an empirical example dealing with age-height growth charts.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Triplet

Dataset: triplet_eval
Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy	0.932

Triplet

Dataset: triplet_eval
Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy	0.94

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 9,702 training samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 37 tokens mean: 175.25 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 36 tokens mean: 172.87 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 37 tokens mean: 162.78 tokens max: 451 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
We study the notion of the scaled entropy of a filtration of $\sigma$-fields (= decreasing sequence of $\sigma$-fields) introduced by the first author ({V4}). We suggest a method for computing this entropy for the sequence of $\sigma$-fields of pasts of a Markov process determined by a random walk over the trajectories of a Bernoulli action of a commutative or nilpotent countable group (Theorems5,6). Since the scaled entropy is a metric invariant of the filtration, it follows that the sequences of $\sigma$-fields of pasts of random walks over the trajectories of Bernoulli actions of lattices (groups ${\Bbb Z}^d$) are metrically nonisomorphic for different dimensions $d$, and for the same $d$ but different values of the entropy of the Bernoulli scheme. We give a brief survey of the metric theory of filtrations, in particular, formulate the standardness criterion and describe its connections with the scaled entropy and the notion of a tower of measures.	`In this paper we complete a classification of finite linear spaces $\cS$ with line size at most 12 admitting a line-transitive point-imprimitive subgroup of automorphisms. The examples are the Desarguesian projective planes of orders $4,7, 9$ and 11, two designs on 91 points with line size 6, and 467 designs on 729 points with line size 8.`	We show that the combined data from solar, long-baseline and reactor neutrino experiments can exclude the generalized bicycle model of Lorentz noninvariant direction-dependent and/or direction-independent oscillations of massless neutrinos. This model has five parameters, which is more than is needed in standard oscillation phenomenology with neutrino masses. Solar data alone are sufficient to exclude the pure direction-dependent case. The combination of solar and long-baseline data rules out the pure direction-independent case. With the addition of KamLAND data, a mixture of direction-dependent and direction-independent terms in the effective Hamiltonian is also excluded.
We discuss a numerical model for black hole growth and its associated feedback processes that for the first time allows cosmological simulations of structure formation to self-consistently follow the build up of the cosmic population of galaxies and active galactic nuclei. Our model assumes that seed black holes are present at early cosmic epochs at the centres of forming halos. We then track their growth from gas accretion and mergers with other black holes in the course of cosmic time. For black holes that are active, we distinguish between two distinct modes of feedback, depending on the black hole accretion rate itself. Black holes that accrete at high rates are assumed to be in a `quasar regime', where we model their feedback by thermally coupling a small fraction of their bolometric luminosity to the surrounding gas. For black holes with low accretion rates, we conjecture that most of their feedback occurs in mechanical form, where AGN-driven bubbles are injected into a gaseous e...	Context: L'-band (3.8 micron) images of the Galactic Center show a large number of thin filaments in the mini-spiral, located west of the mini-cavity and along the inner edge of the Northern Arm. One possible mechanism that could produce such structures is the interaction of a central wind with the mini-spiral. Additionally, we identify similar features that appear to be associated with stars. Aims: We present the first proper motion measurements of the thin dust filaments observed in the central parsec around SgrA* and investigate possible mechanisms that could be responsible for the observed motions. Methods: The observations have been carried out using the NACO adaptive optics system at the ESO VLT. The images have been transformed to a common coordinate system and features of interest were extracted. Then a cross-correlation technique could be performed in order to determine the offsets between the features with respect to their position in the reference epoch. Results: We derive t...	`Energy resolution, alpha/beta ratio, pulse-shape discrimination for gamma rays and alpha particles, temperature dependence of scintillation properties, and radioactive contamination were studied with CaMoO4 crystal scintillators. A high sensitivity experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of 100-Mo by using CaMoO4 scintillators is discussed.`
From a macroscopic point of view phase transitions as surface melting or two dimensional (2D) towards three dimensional (3D) growth mode (Stranski-Krastanov transition) can be described in terms of Gibbs excess quantity duly amended by size effects (since usual Gibbs excess quantities are only well defined for semi-infinite systems). The aim of this study is to consider such amended quantities to describe surface melting and Stranski-Krastanov transition of epitaxial layers. the so-introduced size effects allows us to predict the equilibrium thickness of the wetting layer of the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode and to describe and classify two different melting cases: the incomplete melting relayed by a first order transition and the continuous premelting relayed by continuous overheating	We tailor the shape and phase of the pump pulse spectrum in order to study the coherent lattice dynamics in tellurium. Employing the coherent control via splitting the pump pulse into a two-pulse sequence, we show that the oscillations due to A1 coherent phonons can be cancelled but not enhanced as compared to single pulse excitation. We further demonstrate that a decisive factor for the coherent phonon generation is the bandwidth of the pulse spectrum and not the steepness of the pulse envelope. We also observe that the coherent amplitude for long pump pulses decreases exponentially independent of the shape of the pulse spectrum. Finally, by varying the pulse chirp, we show that the coherent amplitude is independent of while the oscillation lifetime is dependent on the chirp sign.	From the spectral plot of the (normalized) graph Laplacian, the essential qualitative properties of a network can be simultaneously deduced. Given a class of empirical networks, reconstruction schemes for elucidating the evolutionary dynamics leading to those particular data can then be developed. This method is exemplified for protein-protein interaction networks. Traces of their evolutionary history of duplication and divergence processes are identified. In particular, we can identify typical specific features that robustly distinguish protein-protein interaction networks from other classes of networks, in spite of possible statistical fluctuations of the underlying data.

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:

{
    "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN",
    "triplet_margin": 5
}

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 2,389 evaluation samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 39 tokens mean: 169.07 tokens max: 485 tokens	min: 37 tokens mean: 168.4 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 39 tokens mean: 165.13 tokens max: 478 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
`We give axioms which characterize the local Reidemeister trace for orientable differentiable manifolds. The local Reidemeister trace in fixed point theory is already known, and we provide both uniqueness and existence results for the local Reidemeister trace in coincidence theory.`	We derive a unified stochastic picture for the duality of a resampling-selection model with a branching-coalescing particle process (cf. http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=MR2123250) and for the self-duality of Feller's branching diffusion with logistic growth (cf. math/0509612). The two dual processes are approximated by particle processes which are forward and backward processes in a graphical representation. We identify duality relations between the basic building blocks of the particle processes which lead to the two dualities mentioned above.	CLIC is a linear $e^+e^-$ ($\gamma\gamma$) collider project which uses a drive beam to accelerate the main beam. The drive beam provides RF power for each corresponding unit of the main linac through energy extracting RF structures. CLIC has a wide range of center-of-mass energy options from 150 GeV to 3 TeV. The present paper contains optimization of Free Electron Laser (FEL) using one bunch of CLIC drive beam in order to provide polarized light amplification using appropriate wiggler and luminosity spectrum of $\gamma\gamma$ collider for $E_{cm}$=0.5 TeV. Then amplified laser can be converted to a polarized high-energy $\gamma$ beam at the Conversion point (CP-prior to electron positron interaction point) in the process of Compton backscattering. At the CP a powerful laser pulse (FEL) focused to main linac electrons (positrons). Here this scheme described and it is show that CLIC drive beam parameters satisfy the requirement of FEL additionally essential undulator parameters has been...
We determine the quantum phase diagram of the one-dimensional Hubbard model with bond-charge interaction X in addition to the usual Coulomb repulsion U at half-filling. For large enough X and positive U the model shows three phases. For large U the system is in the spin-density wave phase already known in the usual Hubbard model. As U decreases, there is first a spin transition to a spontaneously dimerized bond-ordered wave phase and then a charge transition to a novel phase in which the dominant correlations at large distances correspond to an incommensurate singlet superconductor.	Vortex-antivortex pairs are localized excitations and have been found to be spontaneously created in magnetic elements. In the case that the vortex and the antivortex have opposite polarities the pair has a nonzero topological charge, and it behaves as a rotating vortex dipole. We find theoretically, and confirm numerically, the form of the energy as a function of the angular momentum of the system and the associated rotation frequencies. We discuss the process of annihilation of the pair which changes the topological charge of the system by unity while its energy is monotonically decreasing. Such a change in the topological charge affects profoundly the dynamics in the magnetic system. We finally discuss the connection of our results with Bloch Points (BP) and the implications for BP dynamics.	`We present results of simulations of a muon content in the air showers induced by very high energy cosmic rays. Muon energy distributions and muon densities at ground level are given. We discuss a prompt muon component generated by decays of charm mesons. The method combines standard Monte Carlo generators incorporated in the CORSIKA code and phenomenological estimates of the charm hadroproduction.`
We discuss quantum evolution of a decaying state in relation to a recent experiment of Katz et al. Based on exact analytical and numerical solutions of a simple model, we identify a regime where qubit retains coherence over a finite time interval independently of the rates of three competing decoherence processes. In this regime, the quantum decay process can be continuously monitored via a ``weak'' measurement without affecting the qubit coherence.	We investigate the physical property of the kappa parameter and the kappa-distribution in the kappa-deformed statistics, based on Kaniadakis entropy, for a relativistic gas in an electromagnetic field. We derive two relations for the relativistic gas in the framework of kappa-deformed statistics, which describe the physical situation represented by the relativistic kappa-distribution function, provide a reasonable connection between the parameter kappa, the temperature four-gradient and the four-vector potential gradient, and thus present for the case kappa different from zero a clearly physical meaning. It is shown that such a physical situation is a meta-equilibrium state of the system, but has a new physical characteristic.	We analyze 27 house price indexes of Las Vegas from Jun. 1983 to Mar. 2005, corresponding to 27 different zip codes. These analyses confirm the existence of a real-estate bubble, defined as a price acceleration faster than exponential, which is found however to be confined to a rather limited time interval in the recent past from approximately 2003 to mid-2004 and has progressively transformed into a more normal growth rate comparable to pre-bubble levels in 2005. There has been no bubble till 2002 except for a medium-sized surge in 1990. In addition, we have identified a strong yearly periodicity which provides a good potential for fine-tuned prediction from month to month. A monthly monitoring using a model that we have developed could confirm, by testing the intra-year structure, if indeed the market has returned to ``normal'' or if more turbulence is expected ahead. We predict the evolution of the indexes one year ahead, which is validated with new data up to Sep. 2006. The present...

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:

{
    "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN",
    "triplet_margin": 5
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
learning_rate: 2e-05
warmup_ratio: 0.1
fp16: True

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 8
per_device_eval_batch_size: 8
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 3
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: True
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	Validation Loss	triplet_eval_cosine_accuracy
-1	-1	-	-	0.8210
0.4122	500	1.4856	1.2697	0.8910
0.8244	1000	0.897	0.9961	0.9250
1.2366	1500	0.5647	1.0038	0.9210
1.6488	2000	0.3959	0.8957	0.9330
2.0610	2500	0.3289	0.8055	0.9220
2.4732	3000	0.1267	0.7920	0.9290
2.8854	3500	0.096	0.8040	0.9320
-1	-1	-	-	0.9400

Framework Versions

Python: 3.11.13
Sentence Transformers: 4.1.0
Transformers: 4.52.4
PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
Accelerate: 1.8.1
Datasets: 2.14.4
Tokenizers: 0.21.2

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

TripletLoss

@misc{hermans2017defense,
    title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification},
    author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1703.07737},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV}
}