Official repository: seonghyeonye/Flipped-Learning

Model Description

FLIPPED uses a unique meta-learning method to show zero-shot task generalization on classification natural language prompts, outperforming GPT-3 and T0-11B on many tasks with a 4x smaller scale. It is a series of encoder-decoder model trained on a numerous classification dataset. We show inputs and its corresponding outputs of each instances in each dataset to FLIPPED, and train it to generate its possible instruction. We add unlikelihood loss in order not to generate the instruction when given the same input, but a wrong output. To obtain FLIPPED, we fine-tune a T5 model in a given scale on a multitask mixture covering many different classification NLP tasks.

Intended uses

You can use the models to perform inference on tasks by specifying your input-output NLP query in a "input: {input}\noutput: {output}" form , and the model will predict the instruction. For example, You can try "input: this is the best cast iron skillet you will ever buy\noutput: Positive" as an input, and the model will hopefully generate "Title: Review:".

How to use

Our overall explanation models along with ablations can be found in our paper. We recommend using the FLIPPED-11B checkpoint as it leads (on average) to the best performances on a variety of NLP tasks.

Model	Number of parameters
Flipped_11B	11 billion
Flipped_3B	3 billion
Here is how to download the model in PyTorch:

import torch
from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

model = T5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("seonghyeonye/flipped_11B")
tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained("seonghyeonye/flipped_11B")

If you want to use another checkpoint, please replace the path in T5Tokenizer and T5ForConditionalGeneration. We also provide a quick Jupyter Notebook where you can inference with our method. Note: the model was trained with bfloat16 activations. As such, we highly discourage running inference with fp16.

Training procedure

FLIPPED models are based on T5, a Transformer-based encoder-decoder language model pre-trained with a masked language modeling-style objective on C4. At a high level, the input text along with output label is fed to the encoder and the instruction text is produced by the decoder. The model is fine-tuned to autoregressively generate the target. We also feed input text along with a wrong input, adding an unlikelihood loss in order not to make model produce the proper instruction in that case. Here are our training details. Training details:

Fine-tuning steps: 5'000
Input sequence length: 384
Target sequence length: 64
Batch size: 240
Optimizer: Adafactor
Learning rate: 5e-5
Dropout: 0.1
Sampling strategy: proportional to the number of examples in each dataset (we randomly sampled any dataset if it has over 500'000 examples so that it has at most 500'000 examples. Also, we randomly choose which instruction to generate for each training steps, so ideally each instruction appears num_examples/num_templates while training.)

Training data

We trained different variants T0 with different mixtures of datasets.

Model	Training datasets
FLIPPED-11B	- Multiple-Choice QA: CommonsenseQA, DREAM, QUAIL, QuaRTz, Social IQA, WiQA, Cosmos, QASC, Quarel, SciQ - Sentiment: Amazon, App Reviews, IMDB, Rotten Tomatoes, Yelp - Topic Classification: AG News, DBPedia - Paraphrase Identification: MRPC, PAWS, QQP
FLIPPED_3B	Same as FLIPPED-11B
We only choose prompts examples that has output lables, which can be found on the dataset page.

Evaluation data

We evaluate our models on following datasets:

Task category	Datasets
Natural language inference	ANLI(R1, R2, R3), CB, RTE
Coreference resolution	WSC, Winogrande
Word sense disambiguation	WiC
Sentence completion	COPA, HellaSwag, Story Cloze
QA	PIQA, ARC-Challenge, OpenbookQA
We also evaluate FLIPPED on a subset of BIG-bench benchmark:

Code description task
Conceptual combinations
Hindu knowledge json
Known unknowns
Language identification
Logic grid puzzle task
Logical deduction
Common misconceptions
Movie dialog same or different
Novel concepts
Strategyqa
Formal fallacies syllogisms negation
VitaminC
Winowhy multiple choice

Label generalization

We evaluate the robustness of models on following datasets with changing the output label of the datasets. The substitute words can be found in our paper.

Task category	(Datasets, Template name)
Unseen tasks	(WSC, does the pronoun refer to), (CB, can we infer), (RTE, MNLI crowdsource)
Seen tasks	(IMDB, Reviewer Enjoyment Yes No), (PAWS, Meaning)
The template name we used can be found in the promptsource template library.

BibTeX entry and citation info

@article{ye2022guess,
  title={Guess the Instruction! Flipped Learning Makes Language Models Stronger Zero-Shot Learners},
  author={Ye, Seonghyeon and Kim, Doyoung and Jang, Joel and Shin, Joongbo and Seo, Minjoon},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.02969},
  year={2022}
}

seonghyeonye
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flipped_11B