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91399 is an odd composite number. It is composed of three distinct prime numbers multiplied together. It has a total of eight divisors.
Prime factorization of 91399:
7 × 11 × 1187
7 × 11 × 1187
See below for interesting mathematical facts about the number 91399 from the Numbermatics database.
Names of 91399
- Cardinal: 91399 can be written as Ninety-one thousand, three hundred ninety-nine.
- Scientific notation: 9.1399 × 104
Factors of 91399
- Number of distinct prime factors ω(n): 3
- Total number of prime factors Ω(n): 3
- Sum of prime factors: 1205
Divisors of 91399
- Number of divisors d(n): 8
- Complete list of divisors:
- Sum of all divisors σ(n): 114048
- Sum of proper divisors (its aliquot sum) s(n): 22649
- 91399 is a deficient number, because the sum of its proper divisors (22649) is less than itself. Its deficiency is 68750
Bases of 91399
- Binary: 101100101000001112
- Hexadecimal: 0x16507
- Base-36: 1YIV
Squares and roots of 91399
- 91399 squared (913992) is 8353777201
- 91399 cubed (913993) is 763526882394199
square rootof 91399 is 302.3226752991
cube rootof 91399 is 45.0450577501
Scales and comparisonsHow big is 91399?
- 91,399 seconds is equal to 23 minutes, 19 seconds.
To count from 1 to 91,399 would take you about twenty-three minutes.
This is a very rough estimate, based on a speaking rate of half a second every third order of magnitude. If you speak quickly, you could probably say any randomly-chosen number between one and a thousand in around half a second. Very big numbers obviously take longer to say, so we add half a second for every extra x1000. (We do not count involuntary pauses, bathroom breaks or the necessity of sleep in our calculation!)
- A cube with a volume of 91399 cubic inches would be around 3.8 feet tall.
Recreational maths with 91399
- 91399 backwards is 99319
- The number of decimal digits it has is: 5
- The sum of 91399's digits is 31
- More coming soon!
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Cite this page
"Number 91399 - Facts about the integer". Numbermatics.com. 2019. Web. 7 December 2019.
Numbermatics. (2019). Number 91399 - Facts about the integer. Retrieved 7 December 2019, from https://numbermatics.com/n/91399/
Numbermatics. 2019. "Number 91399 - Facts about the integer". https://numbermatics.com/n/91399/
The information we have on file for 91399 includes mathematical data and numerical statistics calculated using standard algorithms and methods. We are adding more all the time. If there are any features you would like to see, please contact us. Information provided for educational use, intellectual curiosity and fun!
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In the United States, today is the day when tax returns and payments are due to the Internal Revenue Service. It is "tax day." The verb to tax appears in English usage as early as ca.1290. The word comes from the Old French taxe, which is after the Latin taxare. The noun tax appears in English sometime before 1327.
Internal revenue is the term used in the United States for taxes collected domestically, as opposed to custom duties levied on imports. The term dates to 1862, when the first Commissioner of Internal Revenue was appointed to collect income taxes to fund the U.S. Civil War. This first U.S. income tax was a wartime measure and was repealed in 1872. The income tax was re-imposed in 1894, but was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court the following year. It wasn’t until the passage of the 16th amendment in 1913 that explicitly permitted an income tax was the tax permanently instituted. In the United Kingdom, the corresponding term is inland revenue, a term that dates to 1849.
But taxes are much older than this and the oldest English word for a tax is toll. It is an Old English word, dating to ca. 1000. The word has always meant a payment or tax, although now it is primarily used to refer to a payment required for passage on a road or a charge for making a telephone call. Compare it to the German word Zoll, which is from the same Germanic root and has a similar meaning.
A relatively newer word for tax is duty. It dates to 1297 and comes from the Anglo Norman dueté, a word not found in continental French. The word originally meant an act of submission or reverence, but by ca.1386 it was being applied to payments that were owed to someone else. By 1474, duty was being used to mean a tax. Now it is used primarily to refer to a tax on imports, a customs duty.
The word custom originally meant a habitual action or usual practice, a sense that survives today. Dating to ca.1200, it is from the Old French custume. The sense meaning a tax levied on goods being brought to market is from ca.1400. This sense is a bit older in Latin, dating to 1325. The use of customs to refer to the area in a port or airport where goods are inspected and taxes levied is quite recent, only dating to 1921.
Another specialized form of taxation is a tithe. The word dates to ca.1200 and is a tax levied by the church. This is another tax word that is traced back to Old English, to the word teogotha, a tenth. The tax traditionally levied by the Christian church is a tenth of one’s goods. The idea of a tax to support the church has its roots in Mosaic law, which required all the people of Israel to support the priestly tribe of Levi.
Another tax word, probably less familiar to most than the preceding, is excise. This word, like many in English, is from an Old French root, but unlike most such terms does not come to us via the Normans. Instead, English gets the word via the Middle Dutch excijs. Ultimately, the word is from the Latin verb accensare, to tax. An excise is a tax levied during production or at the point of sale, most commonly a sales or value-added tax. The word appears in English in 1494, meaning simply a tax of any kind. The more specific, modern sense appears in 1596 in reference to excise taxes in Holland and by 1642 England was levying excise taxes as well.
Excise taxes are usually applied ad valorem, a Latin term meaning according to value. English use of this Latin phrase is from 1711.
Also less familiar is an impost, a word meaning simply a tax of some sort. The word dates to 1568 and is from the Old French. Ultimately, it is from the Latin imponere, to impose.
As we have seen, taxes have been with us a long time and will certainly be with well past our lifetimes. But you can take heart in the idea that not all types of taxes survive.
Scutage is a form of taxation that is no longer levied. Scutage is money paid in lieu of military service. The word dates to ca.1460 and is from the Latin scutum, or shield
Another is tallage, a word that dates to ca.1290. It is a tax on feudal dependents and is from Old French taillage. The word tail has a meaning of a cut, partition, or assessment and this is where the idea of a tax comes in, a count or assessment of the population.
Copyright 1997-2014, by David Wilton
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North Korea’s army announced on March 11 that the armistice that ended fighting on the Korean peninsula in 1953 is now invalid.
Although not unprecedented, the announcement reflects an unusually tough line by Pyongyang after the United Nations Security Council passed tightened sanctions in response to its February 12 nuclear test. As it usually does, Pyongyang blames current tensions on the United States.
“The United States has reduced the armistice to a dead paper,” reported North Korea’s Rodong Shinmun (Workers’ Newspaper), the news organ of the country’s Communist Party.
The announcement came from the army rather than from the government of Supreme Leader Kim Jung-un, who is also the Supreme Commander of the Korean Peoples Army (KPA). The July 27, 1953 cease-fire agreement was signed by the commanders of the three armies in the field — on one side, the United Nations Command (UNC), which represented 16 nations including the United States; and on the other side the Chinese Peoples Volunteers and the KPA. The Chinese ceased active participation in the armistice process when they withdrew their troops from North Korea in 1956. Armistice negotiations continue to take place in the Joint Security Area at Panmunjom, roughly on the border between north and south – typically, the KPA and UNC each provide a military negotiator of two-star rank, the UNC member being an American – and these negotiations will probably be stalled for now.
“Panmunjom has never accomplished much substantial,” retired U.S. Air Force Maj. Gen. Felix M. “Mike” Rogers told the Associated Press in 1975. Rogers is a World War II P-51 Mustang fighter ace and was the UNC armistice negotiator from 1970 to 1971. “At the same time, it has been effective in that we have talked. We rave at Panmunjom to let off steam.”
Ticking Time Bomb
The Korean peninsula has long been a potential tinderbox, with more than a million men under arms facing each other across the four-kilometer (2.5-mile) Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that separates North and South Korea, which was itself established by the 1953 armistice. Despite its name it is the most heavily militarized border in the world. Skirmishes and military and naval actions take place along or near the DMZ from time to time, including North Korea’s shelling of the South Korean island of Yonpyong-do and its sinking of a South Korean warship, both in 2010.
North Korea also cut off direct phone links with the UNC at Panmunjom as well as a hotline between Pyongyang and Seoul. The phone links are no longer working, a South Korean official told Agence France-Presse: “The North did not answer our call this morning.”
North Korean authorities have declared the armistice nullified six times previously – in 1976, 1994, 1996, 2003, 2006 and 2009 – but never before in a statement directly from the KPA and never in such strong language, with Rodong Shinmun saying the agreement was “blown apart” and at a “complete end.”
Bombs or Bombast?
The KPA’s announcement that the armistice becomes invalid could be a sign of greater willingness by Kim and his regime to take risks amidst an ongoing military confrontation that Rogers said “has the potential to be a ticking time bomb.” American officials say they take the announcement seriously. But it could also be less than it appears.
“It’s hyperbole,” said Andrew F. Antippas, who is a retired State Department expert on East Asia and a former infantryman in the Korean War. “It’s like them claiming they’re going to fire a missile at us, which they don’t have the means to do. They love to pull the chain of the western media.”
Pyongyang has thus far refrained from direct attacks on South Korea’s newly elected president, Park Geun-Hye. She is the daughter of Park Chung-Hee, the South Korean president who was the target of a North Korean commando raid on Seoul in 1968. And despite the strident language, routine operations continue at the North Korean-run Kaesong industrial complex where South Korean workers continue to come and go.
Asked about the KPA announcement, the Department of State referred Defense Media Network to a statement made by Gen. James D. Thurman, the UNC and Combined Forces Korea commander, after the recent nuclear test but before the announcement about the armistice:
“North Korea’s recent announcement of a nuclear test is a highly provocative act that threatens peace and security in the region and directly violates the United Nations Security Council resolutions,” said Thurman. “North Korea continues to isolate itself from the international community, and its nuclear and ballistic missile programs are a serious threat to international peace and stability. We remain vigilant in the face of North Korean provocations and are fully committed to working closely with our Republic of Korea ally to maintain security on the peninsula.”
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Five Southern African countries are establishing a regional science centre that will support cross-border research into climate change and land management.
Ministers from Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Germany met in Windhoek on Wednesday, 18 April, 2012 to sign a Joint Declaration that effectively inaugurates the Southern Africa Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management (SASSCAL).
SASSCAL aims to strengthen trans-boundary science and technology development in the SADC region using regional and international expertise.
The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) has provided seed funding and technical support for the initiative. Participating Southern African countries are committed to ensuring that current and future investments for the initiative will sustain its operations in the long term.
Budget of R500 million
The German Government has committed a budget of about €50 million (R500 million) to fund operations for the first four years, with activities set to begin in August this year. Funding will be divided between the signatory countries.
According to the Minister of Agriculture, Water and Forestry in Namibia, Honourable John Mutorwa, research shows that climate change has already resulted in unprecedented floods and drought in Southern Africa.
“It is forecast that the region will be hard-hit by the effects of climate change, leading to the spread of deserts, water shortages, loss of fertile soil, biodiversity and agricultural output. Hundreds of thousands of people could be displaced, aggravating poverty and increasing the spread of vector-born diseases and epidemics such as malaria, meningitis and cholera,” he said.
“Clearly, nations need to co-ordinate and communicate across political borders to jointly prepare for climate change,” Mutorwa stated.
Focusing on innovation and knowledge exchange
The Centre, to be established in August this year, aims to equip regional researchers and decision-makers with scientific data and services that will address:
• future trends of global climate change
• the vulnerability of societies and ecosystems and
• the potential for improved natural resource management and services.
“SASSCAL will focus on innovation and knowledge exchange for enhanced adaptive land use and sustainable economic development in Southern Africa,” Mutorwa explained.
The region stands to benefit from the initiative through comprehensive service provision, capacity building and improved research.
For example, a regional open-access data centre with satellite offices will be set up to avoid duplication of research and to improve knowledge management. This will document research projects and translate scientific recommendations into suitable formats for various user groups.
SASSCAL will also offer information support, advisory services, networking and innovation management.
Scholarship systems and graduate programmes will form part of capacity development, along with research strengthening and non-academic training.
Early warning for floods and drought
Enhanced research capacities of SADC countries will assist with the creation of trans-boundary early-warning systems for floods and drought, regional climate change projections and scenario development as well as improved forecasting and observation networks.
Stakeholders across the region identified climate, water, forestry, agriculture and biodiversity as focus areas for the initiative.
The Centre’s Secretariat is based in Windhoek, Namibia. Country co-ordinators will be appointed in the participating countries in the region and will work with the Secretariat.
Image: Sand dunes in Kunene, Namibia. Scientists believe southern Africa will be particularly hard hit by global warming. Photograph: Per-Anders Pettersson/Getty Images
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Tomorrow is the Fast of Asara b’Teves. This Ta’anis is different than the others in certain aspects. The other three fasts, 17th of Tammuz, 9th of Av and Tzom Gedalia all commemorate events that revolve around the destruction of the Second Beis HaMikdash. In contrast, the primary reason for fasting the 10th of Teves is due to the commencement of the siege around Yerusholayim during the waning days of the First Temple. In fact, the walls of Yerusholayim were breached during the siege of the first Beis HaMikdash on the 9th of Tammuz, and nevertheless we fast on the 17th, which was the corresponding date in the second one. This indicates the superior status of the events closer in proximity. Furthermore, while we are aware of the dates of the breaching of the walls for both Temples as well as the day of their destruction, no commemoration is made of the date the siege began in the second Beis HaMikdash. Why the discrepancy?
The Avudraham makes an interesting pronouncement. He claims that Asara b’Teves, in one specific aspect, is more serious that all of the other fasts. While the other three fasts, even Tisha b’Av, are delayed when they coincide with Shabbos, he claims that the 10th of Teves is not. Numerous Poskim challenge this statement, and some of them even cite an interesting contradictory source. In the Shabbos Zemer “Ki Eshmera Shabbos” we sing that it is forbidden to fast on Shabbos, with the sole exception of Yom Kippur. This appears to indicate that Asara b’Teves is delayed by Shabbos. I’m not completely convinced by this proof, after all the song was written to instruct the common folk of the basic Halachos of Shabbos, and since the construction of our current calendar nearly 2000 years ago, Asara b’Teves cannot fall out on Shabbos. Its omission from the Zemer may be a practical consideration, and not a Halachic one.
However, this anomaly itself raises a question. If the 10th of Teves can never occur on Shabbos, what is the relevance of the Avudraham’s statement? Why should we care if it would supersede Shabbos or be superseded, if it will never happen? Some Poskim suggest that if Asara b’Teves is so severe as to override the Shabbos meals, it presumably would have other ramifications. They propose that even an ill individual would be obligated to fast on Asara b’Teves, despite his exemption from other fasts. While the majority of authorities dismiss this distinction, it sharpens the need to explain the significance of this earliest fast.
In fact, I saw it suggested that the severity of Asara b’Teves is precisely due to its predating the others. Since Yetzias Mitzraim, the Jewish People underwent close to a thousand years of relative success. Sure there were frequent downturns, the Nevi’im are full of lost battle against the Plishtim and others. However, until the destruction of the First Beis HaMikdash, there was no serious threat to Jewish sovereignty and to the vitality of the Temple. The problems were always temporary, and afterwards we reverted to our original state.
Nevuchadnetzar’s siege of Yerushalaim was a turning point in Jewish history. From that point on we have been denied complacency. We know now that there will be serious consequences for our misbehavior. The maintenance of a status quo is never guaranteed.
From that point on, our history has taken a totally different direction. We have had no stability at all. Even the return from Bavel was short lived and lacking independence; between the Greeks and Romans, even the period of the Second Beis HaMikdash was never stable. Certainly, over the two thousand ensuing years we have shuttled from country to country and from continent to continent. Tomorrow reminds us of the starting point of this new reality.
May we be Zoche to the beginning of a new and stable period with the coming of Mashiach.
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Butler, Jocelyn A., 1987. "Homework." Published as part of School Improvement Research Series by Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Portland, Oregon. (November)
Chavkin, Nancy, Editor, (1993).Families and Schools in a Pluralistic Society.Albany, New York: SUNY Press.
Clark, Faith, and Clark, Cecil, with Marta Vogel, (1989).Hassle-free Homework.New York, New York: Doubleday.
Cooper, Harris, (1989).Homework.White Plains, New York: Longman, Inc.
Corno, Lyn, "Homework is a Complicated Thing," inEducational Researcher,Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 27-39, November 1996.
Doyle, Mary Anne E., and Barber, Betsy S.,Homework as a Learning Experience,Third Edition, 1990, Washington, D.C.: National Education Association publication.
English, David A., and Flatley, Joannis K., (1985).Homework - And Why(PDK Fastback No. 218). Bloomington, Indiana: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Epstein, Joyce L., "Homework Practices, Achievements, and Behaviors of Elementary School Students."ERIC Digest, 1983, ED 250351.
Featherstone, Helen, "Homework" inThe Harvard Education Letter, (February 1985), Vol 1, No. 1.
Keith, Timothy Z. "Time Spent on Homework and High School Grades: A Large-Sample Path Analysis."Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 74, No. 2, (1982), pp. 248-253.
Keith, Timothy Z., Reimers, Thomas M., Fehrmann, Paul G., Pottebaum, Sheila M., and Aubey, Linda W. "Parental Involvement, Homework, and TV Time: Direct and Indirect Effects on High School Achievement."Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 78, No. 5 (1986), pp. 373-80.
Moles, Oliver C., and D'Angelo, Diane, (September, 1993). "Homework and Home Learning Activities" inBuilding School-Family Partnerships for Learning: Workshops for Urban Educators. U.S. Department of Education ERIC Document #364-651
Moles, Oliver, (1996).Reaching All Families: Creating Family-Friendly Schools. Produced in collaboration with the Partnership for Family Involvement in Education and the U.S. Department of Education.
Paulu, Nancy, and Perkinson, Kathy, (1995).Helping Your Child with Homework, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.
Radencich, Marguerite C., and Schumm, Jeanne Shay, (1988).How to Help Your Child With Homework, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Free Spirit Publishing Inc.
U.S. Department of Education,Strong Families, Strong Schools: Building Community Partnerships for Learning. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. (September 1994).
U.S. Department of Education, (1987).What Works: Research about Teaching and Learning, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.
Wahlberg, H.J. (April 1985). "Homework's Powerful Effects on Learning."Educational Leadership, Vol 42, No. 7, pp. 76-79.
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Immunotherapy may be an effective treatment option
Is something itching at your dog?
If an allergy is to blame, it probably falls into one of three categories, according to Dr. Scott Miller, who recently completed an internship in small animal dermatology at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Urbana. The options are flea allergic dermatitis, food allergies, and environmental allergies, also called “atopy” and “atopic dermatitis.”
“Flea allergy is considered the most common allergy affecting dogs, though that varies based on geography,” says Dr. Miller. “For example, fleas do not survive well in the Southwest. Environmental allergies are more common there.”
Food allergies are less common. When they do occur, these allergies are most often tied to a specific protein source, such as chicken or beef, rather than to a grain, like corn or rice.
Flea and food allergies are both fairly straightforward to treat. Got fleas? Control the fleas. Food allergy? Attempt to avoid that food.
Not Fleas or Food? Try Environmental
And that leaves the final category, allergies to environmental stimuli, which afflict between 10 and 20 percent of dogs. In fact, an environmental allergy—which includes allergy to grasses, pollens, insects, and more—is diagnosed only after ruling out all other possible causes of the allergic signs.
“In environmental allergies, the immune system overreacts to these allergens and causes a variety of signs, including itching, skin inflammation, skin infections, and ear infections,” says Dr. Miller.
Unfortunately, we cannot treat environmental allergies by removing grass, trees, dust, mold spores, and so on from our pet’s environment. So, instead of changing the pet’s environment, we have to mediate the pet’s allergic reaction.
“Immunotherapy, commonly known as ‘allergy shots,’ is one of the oldest and still most effective treatment options for environmental allergies in dogs,” says Dr. Miller. “It is the only natural way to truly try to change the immune system’s response to allergens, but it requires a long-term commitment on the part of the pet owner.”
How Immunotherapy Works
Immunotherapy is delivered by a specialist in veterinary dermatology working together with the pet’s general practice veterinarian to ensure continuity of care. Immunotherapy is a good choice for a dog that has not responded well to basic allergy medications or a dog that has frequent, severe allergic signs throughout the year.
“Overall, 60 to 80 percent of dogs with environmental allergy will respond very well to allergy shots, often eliminating the need for other medications the pet may have been given to control signs,” says Dr. Miller. “Young dogs may respond better to immunotherapy than do older dogs.”
Immunotherapy works by introducing small amounts of what the pet is allergic to and gradually increasing the dose over time, so that the pet builds a tolerance to these allergens. This is most often done via injections under the skin, but in some instances is completed via drops placed under the tongue, usually twice a day. Frequency of shots can vary, but most often they are given every other day initially and then decreased to once or twice weekly.
Immunotherapy must be continued for at least one year before effectiveness can be determined. During this first year, the pet will also take medication to control the allergic signs.
Skin Testing Identifies AllergensAs in human medicine, skin testing is used to identify an individualized formulation of allergens the animal reacts to. The dog is placed under sedation during skin testing. A trained veterinary dermatologist uses tiny needles to introduce small amounts of potential allergens under the skin. The dermatologist then watches for a skin reaction, indicating a positive allergy.
“Skin testing is the gold standard. Blood tests are also available, but reactions in the blood and the skin are not always the same. When investigating symptoms on the skin, we want to go directly to the skin to test reactions,” explains Dr. Miller.
Dr. Miller wants owners to understand that skin testing does not diagnose allergies. Testing is done only in the context of pursuing immunotherapy treatment. In some circumstances, a dog can be allergic yet have normal or negative allergy test results. This does not mean the dog is not allergic. Rather, it means that allergy shots are not a treatment option for that patient.
“After one year of shots, we start to wean the pet off the other allergy medication to see if any improvements have been made to the allergic signs. If there has been no change, we may stop giving shots and choose a different therapy. If the shots appear to be working, they may be continued for life,” explains Dr. Miller.
The goal of immunotherapy is to control the allergies, not to cure them. With proper treatment and owner education, many dogs with allergies can have perfectly normal, happy lives.
If you have questions about allergies and immunotherapy, contact your veterinarian or the veterinary dermatology service at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital.
By Hannah Beers
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Sri Ramakrishna would often talk about the place of the Guru or teacher in spiritual life and that only those who set high standards by their own personal life can become true preceptors. He used to narrate a story to illustrate this idea.
A physician once prescribed a medicine to a patient and told him to come the next day to receive instructions regarding the diet. There were several jars of molasses in his room on that day. The patient lived quite far away and with great difficulty visited the physician again. The latter advised him to be careful about food and avoid molasses in particular. After the patient left, a person who was present that day told the physician that he could have given him the instruction on the previous occasion itself instead of making the patient come all the way the second time. The physician replied that there was a purpose. He said that there were several jars of molasses in his room that day. If he had asked the patient then to give up molasses, the latter would not have had any faith in his words. He said that he had hidden the jars of molasses so that the patient might have faith in his words.
Thus Sri Ramakrishna would say that a preceptor should live by example and that renunciation of the world is absolutely essential for those who try to teach others. One who is a Guru or Acharya should give up lust and lucre as otherwise people will not take his advice seriously. Further, it is not enough to renounce things mentally or inwardly.
He should also practice renunciation physically or outwardly. Only then will his words have a stamp of authority. Otherwise, people will think that though the teacher advises us about renunciation, he himself is immersed in worldliness. Thus one can lead others only by the example of one’s own life.
by Swami Shantatmananda
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1 Answer | Add Yours
In the first act of the play, Lear plainly sees himself as a good king reigning over a country that is prosperous and at peace with its neighbors and using the marriage of his daughter Cordelia to enlarge his nation's foreign alliances. Yet Lear is "blind" long before he reaches the status of unaccomodated man raging on the heath. He fails to take counsel from the loyal Kent, and he fails to realize that the relinquishment of his throne will necessarily entail a reduction in the privileges he enjoys. Indeed, Lear appears to want things both ways: he wishes to unburden himself of the responsibilities of kingship while retaining the power of a king, at least insofar as his personal circumstances are concerned. Worst of all in the eyes of Shakespeare's audiences, Lear divides his own kingdom, thereby creating the conditions for civil war. Lear thinks of himself as a good king, but he is not.
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For a time, it seemed as though the air travel industry was headed in the direction of more supersonic options. For example, President Ronald Reagan called for a program to develop a hyperspace transport or National Aerospace Plane capable of going from New York to Tokyo in two hours.
Such planes would have to enter outer space in a suborbital flight. They would have to develop the air-breathing rocket engines necessary to achieve the appropriate speeds and deal with the intense heat of re-entry, much like the space shuttle.
However, none of these options ever became commercially viable, making the Concorde and the the Tu-144 the only SSTs that made commercial flights. For more information on SSTs and related topics, check out the links below.
Related HowStuffWorks Articles
- How Airplanes Work
- How Gas Turbine Engines Work
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- How Airline Freight Works
- How Sonic Cruisers Will Work
- How Air-breathing Rockets Will Work
- How Space Planes Will Work
- How Space Shuttles Work
- What causes a sonic boom?
- How do afterburners work?
- Can you explain pressurized airplane cabins?
- How much fuel does an international plane use for a trip?
- Why do those long white clouds form behind jets flying high overhead?
- How does an oxygen canister work?
- Do commercial jets have locks on the doors and ignition keys?
- What is a nautical mile, and how does it differ from a normal mile and a kilometer?
More Great Links
Future of SSTs
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With technology playing such a significant role in society today, at Newton Farm we believe ‘Computational thinking’ is a skill children must be taught if they are to be ready for the workplace and able to participate effectively in this digital world. The core of computing is computer science in which pupils are taught the principles of how digital systems work and how to put this knowledge to use through programming.
Children at Newton Farm have regular access to a range of technology, including laptops, iPads and interactive whiteboards, allowing them to continually practice and improve the skills they learn. This ensures they become digitally literate – able to express themselves and develop their ideas through information and computer technology.
We offer a curriculum that enables children to become effective users of technology and teach them to:
• Understand and apply the essential principles and concepts of computer science, including logic, algorithms and data representation.
• Analyse problems in computational terms, and have repeated practical experience of writing computer programs in order to solve such problems.
• Evaluate and apply information technology analytically to solve problems.
• Communicate ideas well by utilising appliances and devices throughout all areas of the curriculum.
At Newton Farm we take internet safety extremely seriously. We have an Internet Policy that provides guidance for teachers and children about how to use the internet safely. Every year group participates in lessons on e-safety and children understand how to stay safe when using technology.
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Technology can help us be better stewards of our resources and that’s a wonderful thing. But we also need to know that our technology is an extension of ourselves, and it’s vital that we use it to our best advantage. In this way, technology can help people become better stewards of our resources.
A great example of this is the NSA whistle blower Edward Snowden. For years the NSA was only concerned with stopping terrorists and spies from reaching the U.S. (at least that’s what the government had to say). Well, Snowden leaked details of how the NSA was spying on civilians without their knowledge and it forced the US government to have a much clearer view of its spy operations. It also led to a major change in how the US government interacts with foreign countries.
I’m not saying that tech companies should ignore whistle blowers. I am saying that a lot of tech companies are doing things that are really bad for people who work in this sector. The whole “don’t spy on people” thing is really a marketing ploy. People are already afraid of anything that looks like a computer (yes, even cellphones).
They should, but they dont. And it makes sense, because we’ve been conditioned to think spy agencies should be our friends, and if they’re not, then there’s no need to get all buddy buddy with them.
Sure, but in a lot of ways companies who support whistle blowers really don’t want to hear about them. If you were a whistle blower, you probably wouldn’t be working for a big company right now. You would be working for a small (usually) for-profit enterprise. And it is possible to do things that help people who work in the tech sector. We all know that our tech sector is hurting. We all know that the people who work in it are hurting.
But how do we support whistle blowers? Well, we have a lot of companies that support them who also might be against whistle-blowers.
We’ve been hearing about several large corporations doing things to help whistle blowers. Amazon, for example, recently made a donation to the hacker group WikiLeaks. Other companies, such as Microsoft, Facebook, or Google have also said that they will help out with whistle-blowers. Also, some private companies might offer incentives to employees who are willing to reveal wrongdoing. For example, Wal-Mart donated $10,000 to the hacker group Anonymous.
This is not really new, but I think it is important to highlight this. The whistle-blower movement was created in the late 1980s by government employees who said they felt they were being harassed and threatened for revealing wrongdoings to anyone who cared to listen. The whole idea was that even if whistle-blowing was considered illegal, it was necessary if you were going to save the innocent. However, this was not a new idea and it has been around for years.
In fact, in many cases it has been used to protect the guilty and save the innocent. Remember that time someone reported the theft of a bank’s money? They were told to go see the bank president and tell him that there was a “security breach” and that he needed to “shut down the whole bank”. The president then said, “I will have a security guard come out to the bank to escort you” and they left.
Or if it was a whistle blower and he was caught, he was threatened to get a long sentence. This is a great example of the importance of technology to protect whistle-blowers and protect the guilty. Technology could be used to protect the innocent too, as long as people are willing to give up information. We are in the same boat as the president of the bank who shut down the whole bank. The only difference is that there is a lot more information to protect.
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What two life supporting elements in your goldfish tank can be related to your home?
A home without a solid foundation will fall. A pH without a solid foundation of carbonates (KH) will fall.
One important factor in good goldfish care is maintaining a solid foundation of carbonate hardness (KH) in your goldfish pond or goldfish aquarium, in order to maintain a stable pH.
A fall in your pH can stress your goldfish and if low enough can even kill them ( know as a ph crash!). pH is measured on a scale of 1 to 14. A reading of 7 is neutral, below 7 your water is "Acid" above 7 your water is "Alkaline". Goldfish like "Alkaline" water. A good pH reading for goldfish is 7.5 or better.
The carbonates (KH) in your goldfish pond or goldfish aquarium
determine stability of your pH. Your goldfish and your good bacteria need and use up the carbonates in your goldfish pond and goldfish aquarium everyday. Without a good carbonate base in your water, your pH will fall below 7 and your water will be in the "Acid" range. Here at Goldfish Connection we have a pH reading of 8.4. I do not believe in lowering pH in an aged
goldfish tank unless it is very high ( 9 or over ).
You can raise your pH very quickly in your goldfish pond or goldfish aquarium without hurting your fish, however, if your pH drops even two points, from 8 to a 6 (pH crash)
over a few hours, your goldfish will become VERY stressed and could even die.
When a pH crash
strikes, many Goldfish Collectors think they have some kind of a goldfish disease
and start medicating goldfish. When all they have to do is a major water change ans add a good buffer like our Buff-It-Up
to raise their KH.
A high pH in a new
goldfish pond and goldfish aquarium with a high ammonia reading can be a problem, because ammonia is more toxic with
a high pH. I still would not drop the
pH, I would do massive water changes to bring down the
high ammonia reading.
Your goldfish pond and goldfish aquarium must have a high enough reading of KH to maintain your pH at 7.5 or higher between water changes. If your pH is dropping below a reading of 7 between water changes, you must add a buffer like our "Buff-it-Up
" which contains life supporting carbonates to give your pH a good foundation of KH.
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Achieving the Dream: Death of a Panther
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In 1968, an Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party was formed on the West Side of Chicago. The militant organization quickly recruited hundreds of young black members who connected with the Panther's strident stance against racial injustice and powerful call for black pride.
The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California to stop rampant police harassment and brutality in the city's black community. The Panthers' tactics were effective, but their militant rhetoric, revolutionary image, and repeated display of firearms (which was legal in California) caused many to define the Party as a dangerous, even a terrorist, group.
A young, charismatic community organizer named Fred Hampton was asked to head the Chicago chapter of the Party. Hampton embraced the organization's call to serve the community and established free breakfast programs for school children as the Panthers had done in other cities. He organized a free medical clinic and successfully brokered a non-aggression pact between some of Chicago's most notorious street gangs. Hampton built a multi-racial alliance among poor white, black, and Puerto Rican youths, which he called the "Rainbow Coalition."
As Hampton and the Panthers' success within the community grew, white leaders feared the rise of a militant black movement. At the urging of the FBI, Chicago police worked to destabilize and dismantle the Party.
On December 4, 1969, the Chicago police, under the direction of Illinois State's Attorney Edward Hanrahan, raided Fred Hampton's apartment at 2337 West Monroe Street with a warrant to search for weapons. Twenty-one-year-old Fred Hampton and 18-year-old Party member Mark Clark were killed in the raid. Though authorities claimed the Panthers had opened fire on police, ballistic reports revealed police fired 99 shots, against one from the Panthers. Later investigations suggest that the FBI, the Cook County State's Attorney's office, and the Chicago police conspired to murder Fred Hampton. No police officer was charged in the shooting, but 13 years later, survivors of Hampton and Clark were paid nearly $2 million by the City of Chicago, Cook County, and the federal government in settlement of a civil rights suit stemming from the shootings.
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Dehydrated vegetables, with their harder texture and wizened forms, might not be your first vegetable choice, but drying vegetables is a safe, low-fat and long-lasting method of preserving them. One of the greatest benefits is that the nutritional content of dehydrated veggies is left relatively unchanged, so you can use them to help meet your daily vegetable intake of 2 to 3 cups of vegetables per day, as set by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Dehydrated vegetables retain 100 percent of the calorie content of fresh vegetables while only taking up half of the space. Current dehydration technology can remove almost all of the moisture content in vegetables, leaving only 2 percent to 3 percent in the finished product. The removal of moisture also increases the storage life of the vegetables.
Heat and Nutrients
The dehydration process exposes the vegetables to some heat. Although the temperatures are kept fairly low, some heat-sensitive vitamins, primarily vitamin C, are lost. Vitamin A is fairly well-preserved despite the heat exposure, so long as the temperature is kept controlled. Conventional cooking processes, however, will also cause a loss or destruction in these two vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins, such as B vitamins, may be lost during the rehydration process of dried vegetables, but they can be preserved if you use the soaking liquid during cooking.
Dietary Fiber Content
Dehydration preserves the full dietary fiber content of the vegetables, ensuring they remain a high-fiber food choice. Dietary fiber provides bulk to your diet and can help reduce the effects of constipation. Vegetables are naturally high in fiber, both soluble and insoluble; the former helps create soft bulk, while the latter helps speed up the passage of waste through your bowels.
Texture and Consumption
In order to use dehydrated vegetables, you need to reconstitute them, which typically requires soaking in water. But you can add dehydrated vegetables directly into high-liquid foods, such as soups, stews and sauces. Reconstituted vegetables often have a softer texture than fresh vegetables, so they are more commonly eaten as part of a finished dish, rather than on their own. Some Asian dishes, however, make use of the unusual texture of dehydrated vegetables to provide textural contrast.
- ChooseMyPlate.gov: How Many Vegetables Are Needed Daily or Weekly?
- USA Emergency Supply: All About Dehydrated Vegetables
- Virginia Tech: Using Dehydration to Preserve Fruits, Vegetables, and Meats
- Colorado State University: Drying Vegetables
- Beyond Vegetarianism: Effects of Cooking on Vitamins
- Colorado State University: Dietary Fiber
- Joy of Cooking; Irma S. Rombauer et al.
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6. THE AIR
There are no animals thoroughly aerial, but many insects spend much of their adult life in the free air, and the swift hardly pauses in its flight from dawn to dusk of the long summer day, alighting only for brief moments at the nest to deliver insects to the young. All the active life of bats certainly deserves to be called aerial.
The air was the last haunt of life to be conquered, and it is interesting to inquire what the conquest implied. (1) It meant transcending the radical difficulty of terrestrial life which confines the creatures of the dry land to moving on one plane, the surface of the earth. But the power of flight brought its possessors back to the universal freedom of movement which water animals enjoy. When we watch a sparrow rise into the air just as the cat has completed her stealthy stalking, we see that flight implies an enormous increase of safety. (2) The power of flight also opened up new possibilities of following the prey, of exploring new territories, of prospecting for water. (3) Of great importance too was the practicability of placing the eggs and the young, perhaps in a nest, in some place inaccessible to most enemies. When one thinks of it, the rooks' nests swaying on the tree-tops express the climax of a brilliant experiment. (4) The crowning advantage was the possibility of migrating, of conquering time (by circumventing the arid summer and the severe winter) and of conquering space (by passing quickly from one country to another and sometimes almost girdling the globe). There are not many acquisitions that have meant more to their possessors than the power of flight. It was a key opening the doors of a new freedom.
The problem of flight, as has been said in a previous chapter, has been solved four times, and the solution has been different in each case. The four solutions are those offered by insects, extinct Pterodactyls, birds, and bats. Moreover, as has been pointed out, there have been numerous attempts at flight which remain glorious failures, notably the flying fishes, which take a great leap and hold their pectoral fins taut; the Flying Tree-Toad, whose webbed fingers and toes form a parachute; the Flying Lizard (Draco volans), which has its skin pushed out on five or six greatly elongated mobile ribs; and various "flying" mammals, e.g. Flying Phalangers and Flying Squirrels, which take great swooping leaps from tree to tree.
The wings of an insect are hollow flattened sacs which grow out from the upper parts of the sides of the second and third rings of the region called the thorax. They are worked by powerful muscles, and are supported, like a fan, by ribs of chitin, which may be accompanied by air-tubes, blood-channels, and nerves. The insect's body is lightly built and very perfectly aerated, and the principle of the insect's flight is the extremely rapid striking of the air by means of the lightly built elastic wings. Many an insect has over two hundred strokes of its wings in one second. Hence, in many cases, the familiar hum, comparable on a small scale to that produced by the rapidly revolving blades of an aeroplane's propeller. For a short distance a bee can outfly a pigeon, but few insects can fly far, and they are easily blown away or blown back by the wind. Dragon-flies and bees may be cited as examples of insects that often fly for two or three miles. But this is exceptional, and the usual shortness of insect flight is an important fact for man since it limits the range of insects like house-flies and mosquitoes which are vehicles of typhoid fever and malaria respectively. The most primitive insects (spring-tails and bristle-tails) show no trace of wings, while fleas and lice have become secondarily wingless. It is interesting to notice that some insects only fly once in their lifetime, namely, in connection with mating. The evolution of the insect's wing remains quite obscure, but it is probable that insects could run, leap, and parachute before they could actually fly.
The extinct Flying Dragons or Pterodactyls had their golden age in the Cretaceous era, after which they disappeared, leaving no descendants. A fold of skin was spread out from the sides of the body by the enormously elongated outermost finger (usually regarded as corresponding to our little finger); it was continued to the hind-legs and thence to the tail.
It is unlikely that the Pterodactyls could fly far, for they have at most a weak keel on their breast-bone; on the other hand, some of them show a marked fusion of dorsal vertebræ, which, as in flying birds, must have served as a firm fulcrum for the stroke of the wings. The quaint creatures varied from the size of a sparrow up to a magnificent spread of 15-20 feet from tip to tip of the wings. They were the largest of all flying creatures.
The bird's solution of the problem of flight, which will be discussed separately, is centred in the feather, which forms a coherent vane for striking the air. In Pterodactyl and bat the wing is a web-wing or patagium, and a small web is to be seen on the front side of the bird's wing. But the bird's patagium is unimportant, and the bird's wing is on an evolutionary tack of its own—a fore-limb transformed for bearing the feathers of flight. Feathers are in a general way comparable to the scales of reptiles, but only in a general way, and no transition stage is known between the two. Birds evolved from a bipedal Dinosaur stock, as has been noticed already, and it is highly probable that they began their ascent by taking running leaps along the ground, flapping their scaly fore-limbs, and balancing themselves in kangaroo-like fashion with an extended tail. A second chapter was probably an arboreal apprenticeship, during which they made a fine art of parachuting—a persistence of which is to be seen in the pigeon "gliding" from the dovecot to the ground. It is in birds that the mastery of the air reaches its climax, and the mysterious "sailing" of the albatross and the vulture is surely the most remarkable locomotor triumph that has ever been achieved. Without any apparent stroke of the wings, the bird sails for half an hour at a time with the wind and against the wind, around the ship and in majestic spirals in the sky, probably taking advantage of currents of air of different velocities, and continually changing energy of position into energy of motion as it sinks, and energy of motion into energy of position as it rises. It is interesting to know that some dragon-flies are also able to "sail."
The web-wing of bats involves much more than the fore-arm. The double fold of skin begins on the side of the neck, passes along the front of the arm, skips the thumb, and is continued over the elongated palm-bones and fingers to the sides of the body again, and to the hind-legs, and to the tail if there is a tail. It is interesting to find that the bones of the bat's skeleton tend to be lightly built as in birds, that the breast-bone has likewise a keel for the better insertion of the pectoral muscles, and that there is a solidifying of the vertebræ of the back, affording as in birds a firm basis for the wing action. Such similar adaptations to similar needs, occurring in animals not nearly related to one another, are called "convergences," and form a very interesting study. In addition to adaptations which the bat shares with the flying bird, it has many of its own. There are so many nerve-endings on the wing, and often also on special skin-leaves about the ears and nose, that the bat flying in the dusk does not knock against branches or other obstacles. Some say that it is helped by the echoes of its high-pitched voice, but there is no doubt as to its exquisite tactility. That it usually produces only a single young one at a time is a clear adaptation to flight, and similarly the sharp, mountain-top-like cusps on the back teeth are adapted in insectivorous bats for crunching insects.
Whether we think of the triumphant flight of birds, reaching a climax in migration, or of the marvel that a creature of the earth—as a mammal essentially is—should evolve such a mastery of the air as we see in bats, or even of the repeated but splendid failures which parachuting animals illustrate, we gain an impression of the insurgence of living creatures in their characteristic endeavour after fuller well-being.
We have said enough to show how well adapted many animals are to meet the particular difficulties of the haunt which they tenant. But difficulties and limitations are ever arising afresh, and so one fitness follows on another. It is natural, therefore, to pass to the frequent occurrence of protective resemblance, camouflage, and mimicry—the subject of the next article.
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UNGEI Technical Meeting Report: Summary Outcomes
26-27 November 2005
[Download word doc]
The UNGEI Technical Meeting represented an important forum in which to collectively take stock of progress towards the target of gender parity in education, originally set for 2005, which represented the first real credibility test for achieving the MDGs and the goals of EFA. The meeting provided a vital opportunity to assess how the gains made towards the 2005 target could be incorporated into the drive for gender equality within the broader EFA framework. It also provided the opportunity to examine the evolving role of UNGEI and how it can continue to be relevant in generating renewed momentum towards the goal of gender equality in education.
The Technical Meeting was held prior to the EFA High Level Group Meeting in order that recommendations would feed into the latter, both formally through integration into the Communique, and informally through participants taking forward issues for discussion into the High Level Group agenda. The EFA Global Monitoring Report (GMR) and the Gender Achievements and Prospects (GAP) review provided the backdrop to the UNGEI Technical Meeting and informed the rich basis for discussion.
This report provides a summary of the meeting outcomes, including the key discussion points, and the recommendations that were drawn up by groups for the implementation of ‘Bold Initiatives’.
Link between girls’ education and adult female literacy:
- Recognition of the urgency of girls’ education; the legacy of our past failure to invest in girls’ education has contributed to the high rates of illiteracy that we see today.
- Acknowledgement that teaching of literacy in schools needs to be effective so that children leave school with adequate levels of literacy, and do not become the next generation of illiterate adults. Teaching of initial literacy in children’s mother tongue is especially important in this respect.
- The link between formal education and literacy initiatives needs to be much clearer. Literacy policy is often not adequately integrated into national education policy and strategies.
- Stronger connections need to be made between girls’ education and adult female literacy both in terms of programming, and in advocacy efforts. In turn, greater awareness and understanding is needed of the synergy between adult female literacy and girls’ education from the point of view of mothers having the tools and confidence to make demands on the education system on behalf of their daughters.
The need for relevant data:
- There is a need to take stock of progress, or lack of it, towards achieving gender parity in education in order to assess future prospects and lay the foundations for gender equality. In order to do so effectively, we need a range of indicators that can fully capture progress, eg. policy changes, investment trends.
- Acknowledgement that broad statistics can mask the reality of inequalities, eg. rural-urban divides, and that we need to disaggregate statistics to take account of existing inequalities. The GAP review provides an important benchmark in this respect.
Support for country leadership:
- More needs to be done to create an enabling environment for country leadership. This requires better harmonisation between agencies in ensuring sustained and predictable investment in education through well-coordinated external financing, and that information and best practices are not only shared between agencies but are appropriately integrated into strategies. The role of NGOs in supporting country leadership and their contribution to sector plans also needs to be more fully acknowledged.
- Strong legal frameworks are important to underpin the drive for education for all. The Universal Basic Education law passed in Nigeria provides an example.
- Acknowledgement of the importance of a multi-sectoral approach to girls’ education; that EFA is a priority beyond the education sector. UNGEI can provide an important platform for promoting an inter-sectoral approach by strengthening coalitions that bring together government, civil society and the private sector. LIFE provides an example of employing an inter-sectoral approach in the promotion of literacy.
- Acknowledgement of the importance of promoting decentralisation of education planning and management in order to better address region-specific issues, to accommodate diversities, and to promote partnerships between government and communities.
The importance of Bold Initiatives:
- ‘Bold Initiatives’ are essential if we are to respond to the urgency of the problem of girls’ educational exclusion, and make significant progress towards the MDGs and EFA goals. The climate is right for such Bold Initiatives in terms of the ability of developing countries to lead them, and the commitment by donor countries to provide the assistance needed to underpin them.
- There is a crucial need to ensure that ‘quick wins’/quick impact solutions are balanced by longer term interventions.
- In the context of Bold Initiatives, ‘alternative’ strategies must be contemplated in order to achieve rapid progress in the run up to 2015, recognising that ‘conventional’ strategies will not keep us on track to reach targets. The preparedness to adopt short-term measures, eg. alternatives in teaching support, is important (example given of university students supporting the teaching force in Egypt), while recognising the imperative of building in a long term focus.
The role of UNGEI:
- On the basis that substantial gains have been made towards achieving gender parity in education, that significant lessons have been learned, and that a strong focus on girls’ education has been achieved, UNGEI has a responsibility for ensuring that the discourse on girls’ education moves forward so that the issue of girls doesn’t once again get sidelined. This will involve building on the lessons learned to promote a more sophisticated approach to achieving gender equality within the context of EFA, one that takes account of the different layers of inequality and the specific issues that pertain to girls.
- The strong focus on girls’ education means we now have a much keener sense of the barriers to educational inclusion and therefore an opportunity to address gender parity as it affects both boys and girls, and to tackle other disparities, eg. rural-urban and class differences. Our focus on girls has strengthened our technical capacity to deal with gender and is a leveraging strategy to deal with other disparities.
- Acceptance that Bold Initiatives eg. abolition of school fees can lead to short-term ‘fall-out’ and that we must be ready to provide the technical support to help countries cope with this ‘shock’ to the system and get back on track. UNGEI has an important role to play in ensuring that the needs of girls are fully taken into account in planning for Bold Initiatives so that girls’ vulnerability is not exacerbated in the context of quick-impact solutions.
The following recommendations were drawn up during group work to examine a set of four Bold Initiatives to accelerate progress towards education for all (the recommendations are drawn directly from group transcripts).
It was acknowledged that a 3-way partnership needs to underpin Bold Initiatives and involve: political commitment from within countries; frontloading of funds by donors; and technical assistance from UN agencies and NGOs. UNGEI has an important role to play in terms of advocacy and communication, technical support and guidance, and brokerage and partnership to include leveraging resources directly to governments.
Group 1: Abolishing School Fees and other costs of Education
It is now widely acknowledged that the abolition of user fees has had a huge impact on girls’ participation in school. The burden of school-going costs on poor families is beyond their means and is the major cause of girls’ low enrolment when poverty forces parents to choose how many and which children to go to school. The abolition of fees is a necessary precursor to the achievement of EFA.
Two over-riding principles underpinned the group discussion:
- Support for the abolition of school fees is an integral part of country-led national EFA plans; and
- School fees include direct and indirect costs of education (e.g. school fees, text books, uniforms, transport)
- Prioritize the abolition of school fees on an urgent basis as a key EFA strategy
- Accompany the abolition of fees by support to governments including capacity building and the provision of resources, e.g. teachers, schools, etc.
- Abolish fees for ALL children but with specific incentives/measures to target girls and address the barriers to gender equality, e.g. early marriage, HIV/AIDS, girl child labour, etc.
- Support national efforts to reach beyond UPE and specifically to achieve 9 years of free and compulsory education. Financing should be predictable and long-term (implications for FTI).
- Ensure that adopted strategies to abolish school fees systematically address gender equality.
The role of UNGEI is to promote and mobilize efforts globally and in support of countries abolishing school fees (direct and indirect) with a specific gender equality focus.
Group 2: Equitable distribution of an “Essential Learning Package” to accelerate quality education for all
Rapid identification and procurement combined with the efficient and equitable distribution of an “Essential Learning Package” (ELP) of supplies and services, designed to boost access, consolidate retention and improve the quality of education. The initiative involves working with the existing education system to identify a package of supplies and services that are essential for getting children into school, making sure they attend regularly, that they stay to completion and that they acquire worthwhile learning and achievements from schooling. The resulting package needs to be negotiated and reviewed to ensure that it is affordable and sustainable.
- To governments to consider putting in place the ELP in their educational strategies and national programmes.
- To donors to support governments in implementing the ELP (including providing both financial and technical assistance)
- Contents of the ELP (with specific focus on girls’ education):
- ELP comprises immediate, medium term and longer-term interventions
- The contents of the ELP should be defined depending on the context and needs of each country, as well as on the regional/local context within the country and through a participatory process involving all beneficiaries (students, notably girls, teachers, school inspectors, communities);
- The following basic components of the ELP should be considered each time:
- School Infrastructure (buildings, classrooms, furniture)
- School Health, Hygiene and Nutrition (water and sanitation, school feeding, de-worming, micronutrients, etc.)
- Pedagogical material (exercise books, textbooks and other learning materials, school supplies, didactical materials)
- Educational contents to make them more gender-responsive (improvement of curriculum, textbooks, teacher training)
- Teacher training and support (class supervision included)
- Reinforcing the community participation throughout the process.
Group 3: Schools as Centres for Learning and Delivery of other services for children
Intensifying the systematic use of Schools as Centres of learning and for the delivery of essential services for children (including care and support), in circumstances where normal provision of these services by families and communities are under threat from major challenges. In particular the issue of care and support for girls and orphans and other vulnerable children is expected to be a central function of schools in these circumstances, and that countries will review and reform the function of schools including how they are financed, staffed and supported to play the critical role of institutions for learning as well as for the delivery of other essential services for children.
- Programming partnerships throughout the life cycle of the child (0-18 years):
- Inter-sectoral/Inter-ministerial linkages for the provision of school-based health education and life skills education
- Safety and security in and around school for girls and boys
- Transition from Primary to Post Primary Education
- Non Formal education for out-of-school children
- Adult literacy education
- Measures to address gender discrimination at school level (ensuring child participation)
- National and school leadership advocate for “Learning Plus”
- Early Childhood Education
- Strategy on emergency preparedness at school level (specific focus on girls’ empowerment)
- Capacity Development at all levels:
- School leadership
- School governing bodies and PTAs
- Parents and mothers clubs
- Community leaders
- Local authorities and Ministerial clusters
- Mainstreaming into PRSPs, Education Sector Wide programmes, FTI
- Social protection mechanisms:
- Abolition of school fees
- School feeding and food security
- Cash transfers
- Public work (food/cash for work)
- Recommendations on Next Steps:
- At regional level countries to work in partnerships to demonstrate programming of the initiative (baselines, documentation of practice)
- Leveraging of funds
- Technical and advocacy support
Group 4: Moving Beyond Numbers for gender equality in education and literacy
1. Mainstream gender equality into national policy development through stakeholder participation including children, and make national educational system gender sensitive at all levels.
2. UN and international organizations to provide support for developing a gender-sensitive data monitoring system for analyzing educational outcomes and improving data quality.
3. Establish “family-school-society” network, to strengthen multi-sectoral collaboration for empowerment of the most vulnerable women and children in poverty regions.
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| 0.941064 | 2,719 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Speed up your Wi-Fi with MIMO
It may sound intimidatingly hyper-technical, but you've probably run into MIMO or 802.11n wireless that supports it. MIMO stands for multiple input/multiple output, a bit of tech jargon that means multiple Wi-Fi signals are being sent and received at once, hopefully making your Wi-Fi communication faster.
Does it actually work?
Yes, MIMO really works! It's a simple technology that's actually been around for a few years.
Picture a bunch of third-graders standing in line for lunch at the school's cafeteria. If everyone is standing in one line, then not a lot of food gets served very quickly; only one person can get lunch at a time. But if the cooks open up two or three serving stations, then all of a sudden, more food can be served at once and the lines dissipate more quickly. This is the same thing that happens on Wi-Fi networks that use MIMO, which use more lines of communication to serve data more quickly. (Only the data doesn't taste as good as that pizza the lunch ladies always served on Fridays.)
One thing to keep in mind is that you need specific networking hardware to take advantage of MIMO Wi-Fi networking. But fortunately, this equipment is readily available, some of which you might already own.
How to get started with MIMO right now
You can take advantage of MIMO technology now by buying an 802.11n wireless router to run your home network. (If your router was provided by your internet service provider, give them a call.)
But even after you've bought and configured an 802.11n router, you won't see a speed increase unless the devices you're connecting to the network also support MIMO. Most gadgets (from laptops to smart TVs) you've purchased within the last year support 802.11n and thus MIMO, but check with the manufacturer. If your laptop or desktop computer isn't MIMO-capable, you should be able to buy an 802.11n Wi-Fi adapter for it, often as a USB dongle.
Another way to get on board the MIMO bandwagon is to use a phone or a wireless hotspot that's on a 4G network. 4G devices use MIMO technology to achieve the speeds that they're known for. Amazon's new Kindle Fire HD also takes advantage of MIMO networks. As of early September 2012, iPhones and iPads do not use MIMO for their Wi-Fi connections.
Again, MIMO technology isn't anything new per se; it's actually been around since the late '90s, and it's simply getting more attention as more gadgets start to support it. When buying your electronics, you can rest assured that anything that's got language on the packaging identifying it as taking advantage of MIMO means it's ready to make your Internet browsing as fast as it can be.
This story originally appeared on Tecca.
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| 0.971901 | 628 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Archeological Site of Nineveh (Iraq), attacked by ISIL since Mid-2010
Nineveh, Nergal Gate
Nineveh is the oldest and was the most populous city of the ancient Assyrian empire, situated on the east bank of the Tigris River, in the vicinity of the modern city of Mossul, about 400 km north of Bagdad. Nineveh was located at the intersection of an important north to south and east to west trade routes, and its proximity to the Khawsar River incentivized its economic growth as agricultural and pastoral land. The original meaning of the name is unclear, but possibly refers to the patron goddess Ninâ associated with fish or the river itself. Nineveh developed into a magnificent and prosperous city in the 7th century BC, when designated as the capital of the Assyrian empire. Numerous urban buildings date from this period: streets, squares, the royal palace, the elaborate system of 18 canals, and the aqueduct.
Nineveh, exterior entrance of Adad Gate
Nineveh map, City Wall and Gates
Nineveh, North Palace, King huntin lion
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https://www.unescochair.usi.ch/nineveh-iraq
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| 0.952685 | 227 | 2.8125 | 3 |
HIV Rates Rise: Know Your Status
Over 1.1 million people in the U.S. have HIV, and 25 percent of them don’t even know it (U.S. Prevention Services Taskforce). Atlanta rates continue to rise. A recent study released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that the risk of HIV diagnosis in Georgia has climbed to 1 in 51. With metro Atlanta’s population at more than 5.7 million residents, that means that over 114,000 people are infected with the HIV virus. December is World AIDS Month, an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV and show their support for people living with HIV.
Know Your Status
Fifty percent of new HIV infections in the U.S. come from people who don’t know their status (Know Your Status). Student Health Promotion, in collaboration with the Fulton County Health Department, offers free and confidential HIV testing to all Georgia State University students in the office. The Oraquick Rapid Test tests for the presence of HIV antibodies in saliva and is painless. Results are typically available within 30 minutes. Testing is available Monday through Thursday during office hours. To make an appointment, please call 404-413-1577.
Resources and Next Steps
Students who have been diagnosed with HIV and don’t know their next steps can call and speak with the health educator at 404-413-1577. Once a positive diagnosis has been made, Student Health Promotion offers additional resources and support and connects students immediately with the health care treatment they need.
Here is a list of resources available in the metro-Atlanta area:
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https://healthpromotion.gsu.edu/2016/12/08/hiv-rates-rise-know-status/
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| 0.953775 | 338 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Kids love cookies. Yes, most recipes will never win any healthy food awards, but an occasional treat is usually allowed by most parents. A good cookie recipe can be your ticket to reaching your students.
I’m not a big fan of cookies in class, although there may be a reason to serve them from time to time. Cookies can be a way though, to begin developing a mentoring relationship with your students. There is something about a cookie that communicates warmth and celebration.
Consider baking a batch of cookies and taking them to the home of one of your students. While you are delivering them, take a few minutes to get to know your student and his family a little better.
Host a service project outside of class time. Serve your students homemade cookies to celebrate completing your project. Talk about what happened and what your students learned while you eat.
Take your students on a class field trip. Many cities have museums that display artifacts from the places and times covered in the Bible. Have an afternoon snack picnic after your museum visit. As you snack, discuss what your students thought about the real objects compared to what they had pictured when they read the stories in the Bible.
Your cookies don’t have to be fancy, although hopefully they are edible! (Watch out for the allergies of your students.) The trick to a great cookie is more about the love with which it is made than the recipe. So get cooking and use the results to help you mentor your students outside of class time.
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http://teachonereachone.org/cookies-kids-and-god/
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| 0.964067 | 305 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Now often seen as a controversial item, the golliwogg, golliwog or golly was a popular black rag doll-like character which featured in many children's books during the late 19th century.
Originally created in 1895 by a 22-year-old, Florence Kate Upton, the golliwog character quickly spread to become a commonly reproduced item by both toy companies and by people who made toys as a hobby, and were also much loved figures which featured on products such as Robertson's jam. The company would often give away golly badges and small collectable figurines.
Golliwogs usually come in a variety of different sizes and normally wear bright and colourful costumes. Their hair is often in a thick afro style and either made out of wool or fur. Usually they have happy, smiling faces with wide white-rimmed eyes and large red lips; the male golliwogs wear bow ties, jackets, trousers and buttons, while the females are often in bright sundresses. The female golliwog is a more rare item, as most golliwogs made were male, and they were usually depicted as jovial, jolly and friendly. There was the occasional sinister and menacing golliwog, but these were an exception.
Popular throughout Europe and Australia right into the 1970s, the doll was looked upon as a suitable toy for children, especially young boys. Now a subject of heated debate, golliwogs are less commonly available, however, they are still a piece of history that you can own in various different forms, from soft toys, to solid figures and collectables. Even golliwog books and cards are still available to purchase today.
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CC-MAIN-2014-52
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http://www.ebay.co.uk/bhp/golliwog
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| 0.987574 | 350 | 3.1875 | 3 |
then they are also homographs. Kids have a lot of fun with homophones and particularly enjoy learning about homophones using fun online matching and fill-in-the-blanks games.
Kids like learning homophones thanks to online homophone games as well as online kids dictionaries. There are many homophone resources for teachers available for creating homophone lesson plans, homophone worksheets and homophone classroom activities. Also online, a kids’ thesaurus is a useful way to create homophone lists as is a kids’ dictionary.
Homophone games for elementary school students are very popular with third, fourth and fifth graders, while learning homophone definitions in sixth through eighth grade is a good precursor to playing middle school homophone games. High school students can also study homophone relationships while playing high school homophone synonym games — an excellent college prep homophone exercise leading to success on standardized tests (which feature numerous homophone questions).
ESL students also greatly benefit from using fun online homophone games as these help them differentiate English vocabulary words that sound identical but that have different meanings, whether or not they are spelled differently.
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<urn:uuid:18b582af-32c6-4b40-8b36-8c3aad82da74>
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http://www.vocabulary.co.il/homophones/
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| 0.959258 | 236 | 3.609375 | 4 |
North American Datum
The North American Datum is the official datum used for the primary geodetic network in North America. In the fields of cartography and land-use there are currently two North American Datums in use: the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Both are geodetic reference systems, but each is based on different measurements.
North American Datum of 1927
The North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) is a datum based on the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866. This Ellipsoid was created by way of manual surveying of the entire continent. The geodetic "center" of NAD27 is a base station at Meades Ranch in Kansas.
|Ellipsoid||Semimajor axis†||Semiminor axis†||Inverse flattening††|
|Clarke 1866||6378206.4 m||6356583.8 m||294.978698214|
†By definition. ††Calculated.
North American Datum of 1983
Because Earth deviates significantly from a perfect ellipsoid, the ellipsoid that best approximates its shape varies region by region across the world. Clarke 1866, and North American Datum of 1927 with it, were surveyed to best suit North America as a whole. Likewise, historically most regions of the world used ellipsoids measured locally to best suit the vagaries of earth's shape in their respective locales. While ensuring the most accuracy locally, this practice makes integrating and disseminating information across regions troublesome.
As satellite geodesy and remote sensing technology reached high precision and were made available for civilian applications, it became feasible to acquire information referred to a single global ellipsoid. This is because satellites naturally deal with Earth as a monolithic body. Therefore the GRS 80 ellipsoid was developed for best approximating the earth as a whole, and it became the foundation for the North American Datum of 1983. Though generally GRS 80 and its close relative WGS 84 are not the best fit for any given region, a need for the closest fit largely evaporates when a global survey is combined with computers, databases, and software able to compensate for local conditions.
HARN or the High Accuracy Reference Network was an effort to establish GPS control points consistent with NAD 83. The effort started in Tennessee in 1989 and continued throughout all statesCORS or the Continuously Operating Reference Stations are fixed stations at locations throughout the United States and several other locations. These CORS are equipped with GPS receivers. Individuals may use CORS data to improve GPS precision to within 2cm.
|Ellipsoid||Semimajor axis†||Semiminor axis††||Inverse flattening†|
|GRS 80||6,378,137 m||6356752.3141 m||298.257222101|
†By definition. ††Calculated.
Comparisons Between NAD27 and NAD83
A point having a given latitude and longitude in NAD27 may be displaced on the order of many tens of meters from another point having the identical latitude and longitude in NAD83, so it is important to specify the datum along with the coordinates. The North American Datum of 1927 is defined by the latitude and longitude of an initial point (Meades Ranch in Kansas), the direction of a line between this point and a specified second point, and two dimensions that define the spheroid. The North American Datum of 1983 is based on a newer defined spheroid (GRS 80); it is an Earth-centered (or "geocentric") datum having no initial point or initial direction.
- NADCON – a free utility to convert between NAD27 and NAD83
- nadcon.prl – a web-based utility for NADCON
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<urn:uuid:c7087163-c346-46d6-8bf4-6e722fa4a4c1>
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/North_American_Datum
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en
| 0.900421 | 822 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Borsch Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Borsch Name Meaning
German (Börsch): from a pet form of the medieval personal name Liborius. Possibly an altered spelling of Borsche, from a pet form of the Slavic personal name Borislav. Ukrainian and Jewish (from Belarus): nickname from borshch ‘borscht (beet soup)’.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Borich, Horsch, Brosch, Hosch, Posch, Boesch, Boruch, Bosch, Dorsch
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<urn:uuid:0d131ba3-d128-4a02-9a32-ae4091d907a4>
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CC-MAIN-2019-18
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https://www.ancestry.co.uk/name-origin?surname=borsch
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en
| 0.705263 | 132 | 2.515625 | 3 |
We will not be treating studies 4 to 7.
Please read them on your own. We go to chapter 8
1 Samuel 4
God's word to Samuel is fulfilled (see 1 Samuel 3:11-14.)
Ichabod is born.
The philistines have captured the Ark of God. This presents a big problem. How to keep property stolen from God?
1 Samuel 5 & 6
The Philistines keep the Ark for seven months. These are seven months of terror for them. Eventually, the priests and diviners advice them to send it away. Two nursing cows are chosen for the task. The cows bring the Ark to Israel and are then offered up as sacrifices for their trouble. The Israelites who look into the ark get killed for their lack of regard for God.
1 Samuel 7
Samuel leads Israel in a time of repentance. The Philistine chose the wrong time to attack Israel and are defeated. God gives Israel victory over the Philistines throughout Samuels era (v13)
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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http://www.wordlibrary.co.uk/printarticle.php?id=493
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en
| 0.945202 | 213 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Screen-Free Week 4.29-5.5.13
Transforming Health | 04.17.13
According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, kids ages 8-18 now spend, on average, a whopping 7.5 hours in front of a screen for entertainment each day, 4.5 of which are spent watching TV. Over a year, that adds up to 114 full days watching a screen for fun. That’s just the time they spend in front of a screen for entertainment. It doesn’t include the time they spend on the computer at school for educational purposes or at home for homework.
On April 29-May 5, people around the country (and world!) will turn OFF TV, video and mobile games, and other screens they use for entertainment, and turn ON the world around them!
The CDC recommends kids get at least 60 minutes of physical activity each day. The time kids spend watching TV, playing video games, surfing the web, is time they could be physically active. Check out the Screen Time vs. Lean Time infographic below to see how much time kids spend in front of a screen, and tips for parents.
For more information, visit MakingHealthEasier.org/GetMoving
Published in Get Involved
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CC-MAIN-2015-18
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http://www.transforminghealth.org/stories/2013/04/screen-free-week-429-5513.php
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en
| 0.92744 | 258 | 3.109375 | 3 |
J.C. Dahl and the Landscape of Romanticism
The Danish Golden Age 1800-50
Danish art was strongly influenced by Eckersberg’s soberness and lucidity. There was, however, a counter-movement that saw several artists working with a far more Romantic vein of landscapes, strongly inspired by the Norwegian painter Johan Christian Dahl.
Dahl was educated in Copenhagen in 1811-18, and even though he subsequently settled in Dresden he maintained a close relationship with Danish art.
During his time studying in Italy 1820-21 he began to paint studies out in the open air, a practice which had considerable impact on his own art – and on the younger generation of Scandinavian and German painters. He proved very influential on several young Danish painters and provided them with a link to the German landscape painters of the time, several of whom studied in Copenhagen around 1830.
Atmospheric nocturnes and winter landscapes
Dahl’s subjects range from careful studies of nature to atmospheric nocturnes and winter landscapes to dramatic scenes of ships lost at sea.
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<urn:uuid:a6070198-4461-4b7d-b81b-54adff4385a8>
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CC-MAIN-2015-18
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http://www.smk.dk/en/print/visit-the-museum/exhibitions/danish-and-nordic-art-1750-1900/rooms-in-danish-and-nordic-art-1750-1900/room-217e/
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en
| 0.975514 | 227 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The First Movie Theater
When and where was the first movie theater?
The first theater in the world exclusively devoted to showing motion pictures was the Nickelodeon, which was opened on June 19, 1905 in Pittsburgh, Penn.
The theater was the creation of Harry Davis and John P. Harris who moved 96 seats into an empty store at 433-435 Smithfield St., transforming it into the world's first movie theater. The name was based on the cost of admission to the theater (a nickel) and the Greek word for theater (odeon).
The theater was the first to show films all day long and among the first films shown were Poor But Honest and The Baffled Burglar. The theater was a stunning success and thousands of nickelodeons began appearing in cities all across America.
Here is a newspaper article from 1919 about the Nickelodeon.
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<urn:uuid:09c9dff1-ffc1-475f-855d-30d988bdd58d>
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CC-MAIN-2017-17
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https://www.infoplease.com/askeds/first-movie-theater
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en
| 0.966835 | 176 | 2.921875 | 3 |
3 Surprising Things You Can Do To Improve The Electrical Safety Of Your Home
Electricity is a modern amenity that homeowners can't live without. Although a home's electrical system is an integral part of the structure, homeowners may not understand how to interact with their electrical system safely.
It's impossible to prevent all electrical accidents, but you can do your part to improve the electrical safety of your home in the future.
1. Wear Rubber Sole Shoes Outside
The risk of electrocution is always present when you are using your home's electrical system. This risk increases if there is the potential for you to interact with water and electricity at the same time.
Fall is the time of year when homeowners start thinking about hanging lights for the holidays. You should make it a point to wear rubber sole shoes whenever you are working with your outdoor outlets. The rubber will act as a ground to help reduce the possibility of a serious electrocution that could lead to injury or death.
2. Unplug Small Appliances
Your home is likely filled with small appliances that you use on an intermittent basis. Taking the time to unplug these appliances when they are not in use can significantly improve the electrical safety of your home.
The flow of electricity streaming into your home can experience fluctuations. A power surge that runs through a small appliance can easily spark an electrical fire in your home. If you unplug your small appliances, you prevent power surges from becoming fire threats in the future.
3. Check Your Light Bulbs
Light bulbs can become a serious safety hazard if you aren't using the correct wattage. A bulb with a wattage that is too high for your lamp, light fixture, or appliances can generate excessive heat while in operation. This heat puts the bulb at risk of sparking an electrical fire.
Check the manufacturer's recommendations for each fixture or appliance before replacing the light bulbs in these items. Use a bulb with a wattage that is no higher than the recommended wattage for the item. This will help prevent overheating and protect your home against the possibility of a heat-related fire.
It's your job to ensure that your home's electrical system doesn't pose a threat to the safety of your family. An experienced electrician can evaluate the condition of your electrical system and make any repairs that are needed to maximize safety.
Vigilance and a bit of caution can be useful tools in helping you maintain the safety and efficiency of your electrical system. If you need electrical repairs, be sure to contact a professional.
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Nuremberg toy Culpeper style microscope. c. 1800 signed IM
Made of wood and decorated cardboard
This type of microscope was manufactured in Nuremberg Germany by the toy makers of the region. They are constructed of wood with decorated cardboard tubes. Examples were produced from the late 18th to early 19th century. Several styles were manufactured that were designed to mimic some of the brass microscopes of the period. In this case, the microscope is of the "Culpeper" type. Frequently, the bases of these microscopes were branded with the initials of the maker. The maker of this microscope, IM, is well known from several other examples in established museum collections.
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Explain xkcd: It's 'cause you're dumb.
The Student's t-distribution is a class of probability distribution used in statistics to model small sample sizes. "Student" was the pseudonym of William Gosset, an employee of Guinness Brewery who discovered it.
A Student's t distribution is similar to a normal symmetric bell curve distribution, but has "fatter tails"; thus, the one shown in the comic is roughly the right shape. A "Teacher's" t-distribution is a joke (pun) made up by Randall.
The comic is a play on the name "Student", the pseudonym of the creator, versus the "Teacher". The idea is that a "teacher's" distribution would be more complex, and that it would be used for fitting data when the student's distribution wasn't sophisticated enough. Of course, in actuality, such a complex distribution as the one shown in the comic would have many parameters, and in practice would probably lead to overfitting and/or bias. Thus, the comic (and the title text) can be seen as making fun of the idea that more complex is always better, or perhaps of the idea that a statistician's job is to use more and more sophisticated tools to force the data to yield a "publishable" result, rather than to use the simplest appropriate tool and let the chips fall where they may.
Cueball tries to "fit" a distribution to the data on the paper. This is the usual jargon for when a statistician is trying to model his/her data as coming from some underlying probability distribution, and the comic makes a pun with the physical meaning of "fit". In the second panel, Cueball decides that the Student's T distribution does not fit his data well (the data failed the Student t-test), and decides to pull out the more complex Teachers t-distribution instead (the teachers t-test - which the data is not allowed to continue to fail). Note that "test" is what statisticians do to data to see if it fits some distribution, but it is also another word for "examination."
The Students t distribution relates the average of a small sample to the "true" population average, under the assumptions, unobjectionable in many contexts, that there is such a "true" value, and that the samples are independent and normally distributed with equal variance. As such, unless the data on Cueball's paper contain many small groups which radically violate these assumptions somehow, there is no way Cueball's data could falsify the t distribution. In particular, a single number (for the average of one group) or a small set of numbers (for the averages of several numbers) will never make a nice smooth curve, but an average statistician would see that as normal statistical noise that would even out over time, not as a reason to prefer a complex, spiky curve such as the supposed "teacher's" distribution. But of course, Cueball's access to a secret, cooler-looking distribution makes them more badass than a mere average statistician... or does it?
Ironically, the Teacher's T Distribution shows equal variance, itself proving the appropriateness of the Student's T Distribution.
The title text plays on the word "test". The first part of the sentence refers to a potential "Teacher t-test" which would be used in a statistical context to test for the significance of some observation, as opposed to the real "Student's t-test" which is used to determine if two sets of data differ by a statistically significant amount. On the other hand, the second part of the sentence refers to the possibility for students to take tests (or exams) until they pass - or to teachers who forces students to take the test again and again until they pass. The resulting sentence may refer to statistical fallacy, or the (conscious or unconscious) action of manipulating observations or misconducting experiments to give statistical significance to a false fact.
- [A physical bell-curve-shaped object labeled "Student's t distribution" is resting on a table. Cueball is working with it and a piece of paper.]
- Cueball: hmm
- [Cueball looks at the piece of paper.]
- Cueball: ...nope.
- [Cueball picks up the object and begins to walk off the panel with it.]
- [Cueball comes back onto the panel, now carrying an object shaped like a much more complex curve, with many symmetric spikes and dips, labeled "Teacher's t distribution".]
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18.104.22.168 05:20, 26 March 2014 (UTC)Adam
As a layman, I still have no idea what the comic's about. Is it possible to clear it up a lot more? LogicalOxymoron (talk) 05:37, 28 March 2014 (UTC)
I think this is a comment of the quality of education today - it is difficult to grade students on a distribution curve and even more so when you take into account the distribution curve of the teachers ability. 22.214.171.124 (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
- I thought this as well, my interpretation of the comic was Cueball attempting to fit the data with a "Student t-distribution", realizing that the t-distribution poorly fit, and so replaced it with a "Teacher t-distribution" which has a stronger correlation with the data on the piece of paper presumably; the data in question concerning the scholastic success of students. This comic in part seemed to be poking fun at scientists misappropriating the causation of a recognized phenomena. Like the basic statistics example of people finding a correlation in children between tooth decay and vocabulary when, surprise surprise, both tooth decay and vocabulary are strongly correlated with age. 126.96.36.199 (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
I noticed the teacher's curve is symmetrical, and after further inspection it could be interpreted as an edge detection: high values show where an edge occurs. The two highest peaks would nicely align with the edges of the paper, the next highest peaks fit the edges of the table, and the rest could be approximation artefacts, as they're equidistant and rather insignificant compared to those four. I'm not statistics pro, but maybe that rings someone's bells? 188.8.131.52 07:56, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
- Interesting observation. It may play into an age-long legend told and re-told among the students that some teachers grade papers by tossing the whole pile in the air; those sheets that land on the teacher's desk get a pass, those falling to the floor get a fail. Sometimes the story gets modified in such a way that papers falling on the teacher's book (or other object) laying on the desk will get a higher marking than those simply hitting the desk. The latter version would explain the higher sheet-size-apart peaks. 184.108.40.206 08:57, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
To be more explicit, I think the sheet of paper represents some data. Cueball is not happy with the results of applying Student's t test, so ze is trying more complex tools in the hope of getting significance. -- TimMc / 220.127.116.11 11:51, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
- I would upvote this comment if allowed. As an aside, there are some teachers who think a class' grades will always fall into a nice t Distribution (thus the expression "grading on a curve") and others who vehemently hate the notion. Source: my 3-year stint as a math teacher in an urban high school. Smperron (talk) 14:06, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
Man, normally these explanations clear the comic right up for me, but I've read this one thrice now and I still can't figure out what a t-distribution is, much less a joke based on one. The only definition being a Wikipedia quote written in legalese doesn't help. So a t-distribution estimates...the probability of a population's average when there's unknown information?18.104.22.168 12:17, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
- The unknown information is the sample size (class size, for example) and standard distribution (by how much, on average, is something going to vary from the mean). The unknown information is not "in the data".Jarod997 (talk) 12:28, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
- Basically, if you have an underlying process that would produce samples with a Gaussian distribution with mean of 0, and stddev of 1, and then you pull a finite number of samples out of it, and do the usual "average" operation on those samples (i.e. sum them and divide by the number of samples) you would expect that that computed average would be close to zero. But it might not be! By chance the samples you pulled might mostly have been from the far right or left side of distribution and the average you got would be way off. Student's T distribution (for a certain number of samples, n) is basically "given that the underlying process a Gaussian with mean zero and stddev of 1, if I repeatedly take n samples from that distribution and compute the average of those samples to get an "estimated mean", this is how I expect that estimated mean to be distributed". Naturally, this is important in questions like "I took 100 samples and got an average of 0.02 -- does this mean that it is sensible to think that the mean of the underlying distribution is actually zero?"
- Of course, most of the joke is that the distribution is named "Student's", which is not strongly dependent on the nature of the statistics. Vyzen (talk) 12:42, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
- Okay, it's pretty clear to me now what the Student's t distribution is. I'm still not sure about the punchline though, how does the "Teacher's" t distribution come into play? Does the uneven distribution represent any phenomena in the academic world? Like, as suggested above, is this a joke about grading? 22.214.171.124 15:05, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
- Other than the symmetry, I'd almost suggest that the distribution could be real test scores. Typically tests will have a small number of questions worth multiple points and the scores might spike around levels that represent integral numbers of questions done perfectly, with the spaces in-between filled in by part marks. The teacher may have a bias towards giving perfect or zero scores per question. Vyzen (talk) 18:53, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
The teacher's t-distribution looks like multiple spikier curves with different centres added together
and it doesn't fit the table. Wwt (talk) 13:17, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
I took from it that the Students Distribution was too perfect, and real data would rarely yield those idealized results in a small sample size. That the teacher's distribution used actual numbers, with the occasional spikes. I took from the title text, the tendency of students, or anyone with pre-conceived notions, to keep redoing the test until they get the results they expect, in this case, the textbook result. 126.96.36.199 13:25, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
Any thoughts on the piece of paper he's trying to pull out from beneath the Students' T-distribution? 188.8.131.52 14:10, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
- I don't think he he trying to pull the paper from out beneath the t-distribution. I think he is placing the distribution on top of the paper to see if the data on the paper matches the distribution. In panel 2, he looks at the paper and decides that, no, it doesn't, so then opts to use another distribution - the Teacher's t-distribution and see if that works. The comic may be hinting that the t-distribution in grading, etc (since students and teachers are explicitly listed) is flawed. --Dangerkeith3000 (talk) 15:10, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
I may be over-simplifying it, but the 'Teachers' T looks like a reference to the 'double-hump programmer' idea, converted into a T-distribution. The other ideas cover the general principle, but this looks like a specific example as well. 184.108.40.206 15:47, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
I don't think the explanation really explains what a T-distribution is at all. I know it's googleable, but the point of an explanation is you shouldn't have to look it up afterwards. I don't like how lately all of the scientific/maths comics seem to be given explanations laden with technical terms that don't actually clarify anything. --Mynotoar (talk) 17:57, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
I did a quick calculation using mspaint, and it appears that the Student's t-distribution in the first panel is roughly 5780 px^2 in size; at the same time the area of the "Teacher's t-distribution" in the last panel is approximately 8125 px^2 (or 140% of the Student's distribution). Thus, using the Teacher's t-distribution as Cueball is intent on doing "is both illegal and illegitimate" (illegitimate = no scientific basis for such a distribution; illegal = this it not even a distribution per se). If Cueball goes on and publishes his results based on such approach, they will not be recognized by the international scientific community (except perhaps by Russia, Syria and North Korea). We, readers, therefore express our deep concern over Cueball's methods. Stpasha (talk) 18:27, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
I believe the joke has to do with "fitting data to a distribution": In the first panel, Cueball is trying to adjust the Student's T distribution on top of the data, which could be a play on "fitting" the data to the distribution. Statistically speaking, fitting data to a distribution is often done to figure out how likely the data were to have occurred, under the assumption that the underlying data generating process follows a particular distribution (like the Student's T). It looks like Cueball first tries to fit his data to a Student's T, and is dissatisfied with the fit. He then tries a much more complicated distribution - which, I think is jokingly called a Teacher's distribution on the premise that something to do with teachers is more complicated than something to do with students. The joke is that data often don't fit a simple distribution like the Student's T... they are nuanced and complex, and their underlying data generating process was far more complex. Amoorthy (talk) 19:50, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
- By the way, this is related to and compatible with the explanation given by Dangerkeith3000 above.Amoorthy (talk) 20:26, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
The title test could be referring to the tests aspiring teachers have to take in the US to get their credentials. It's sort of like a Bar- except you may take it as many times as you wish until you pass. 220.127.116.11 (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
- I thought it referred to the practice that some US school systems have of allowing students to take a test (examination) repeatedly until they pass it. 18.104.22.168 06:38, 30 March 2014 (UTC)
I predict that the "Teacher's t-distribution" is the new Cow Tools, and those with actual skill in statistics will drive themselves crazy over it. See for clarification. 22.214.171.124 21:23, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
Could it be pointed out that the middle of the Teacher's distribution resembles the Tower of Mordor ? Underscoring the role of the Teacher... 126.96.36.199 (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
The explain says that the student distribution works when both the sample and the population have the same variance. Isn't that wrong--doesn't the sample tend to have a larger variance than the population under usual/ideal conditions? (I'm assuming the student distribution is meant for usual/ideal conditions.) Sciepsilon (talk) 00:44, 27 March 2014 (UTC)
- I believe the true variance of a sample should be the same as the true variance of the population. Perhaps you are thinking of Bessel's correction - using "n-1" in the denominator of the formula for estimating sample variance, instead of "n". If so: While it's true that Bessel's correction makes our estimate of the sample variance larger than if we'd used "n", the reason is that using "n" would have created an estimate that was too small - or, otherwise put, biased toward zero. (The Wikipedia article on Bessel's correction has the best explanation I've seen for why this is true - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel's_correction#The_source_of_the_bias.) What's key here is that Bessel's correction is a technique to correct our estimates of variance - the true variance of a sample is really the same as in the population. Amoorthy (talk) 16:20, 27 March 2014 (UTC)
My initial take is that in comic the students' understanding of the correct distribution is being evaluated as a function of the teacher's ability. That a poorly educated student reflects the ability of the teacherExternalMonolog (talk) 12:20, 27 March 2014 (UTC)ExternalMonolog
- This is exactly what I read. I think people are going all sorts of ways with calculating the T distribution. Clearly you need to just look at the graph and say, "looks like we're saying the data matches to the teacher skill set much more than the presumed result set." Joke over. Move on folks. -- Sean timmons (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
- Is it just me or the Teacher's T-curve looks like Barad-dur to anyone else..? 188.8.131.52 (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
I teach college courses, and find that exam scores typically do not fit a t distribution, or any symmetrical distrubution. They more often show several groups, or what statisticians call "modes." This is a source of frustration for a lot of teachers. I saw this comic as showing how far from "normal" a real teacher's distribution is. It seems to be two superimposed periodic functions instead of a distribution. Or Barad-dur.--Spencer9
) 17:40, 20 June 2015 (UTC)
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Aerobic Exercise for Better Fitness
It doesn't matter who you are in the world, your body needs aerobic exercise. A healthy body and quality way of life requires it. It has many of pros and will help you perform greater in all aspects of your life. So what are the benefits of aerobic exercise? More effective implementation of the lungs by raising the oxygen transported to them and the heart using this oxygen more efficiently are a few of the advantages of aerobic exercise. The word aerobic translates to with air, or with oxygen. Exercise that is less intense and longer in length is aerobic.
15 to 30 minutes is about how long the big muscle group should be continuously worked when an athlete does aerobic exercises. The mission of the athlete is to maintain a maximum heart rate of around sixty to eighty %. Swimming, cycling, light running, and walking are just a few aerobic exercises. These activities should be able to be done without someone having to gasp for breath. If you cannot carry on a short conversation while exercising, you possibly are turning it up a notch by anaerobically exercising.
Working a certain group of muscles for an allotted amount of time to achieve your target heart rate is the objective of aerobic exercise. This works the heart more efficiently and has the body expend a greater amount of calories. Often people will hit the aerobic curve. This is when you begin working out and raise your intensity to the top then decrease gradually. Keeping a continuous heart rate is more effective. The lungs and heart endure for more time and work more efficiently when they are trained. People who perform aerobic exercise on a routine basis will have to exercise longer to reach their target heart rate as their endurance is increased. People who are just beginning will get to their target heart rate fast until their body gets used to the workload. An aerobics class could be a good start for people who want to reap the rewards of aerobic exercise and aren't positive how to begin. Both higher and lower intensity exercises are available in an aerobics class.
The class instructor will show class members how to proceed with these moves either way. How much you carry your arms and legs up during the work out is how the intensity is measured. Athletes should do the level of intensity according to their level of fitness and the regularity of their aerobic sessions. While in an aerobic exercise work out, the body sends more blood and oxygen to the muscles. It is not smart to stop suddenly from an aerobic session. This can lead to dizziness and muscular spasms. After a relatively intense work out, a cooling down session is always a good idea. If someone gets too tired during an aerobic session, they can run in place for a little while until able to go on. Work outs that are higher in intensity and shorter in time is called anaerobic exercise. The body wears out faster and creates muscle more actively with anaerobics.
A lot of sports are categorized as anaerobic exercises: soccer, downhill skiing, weights, basketball, and football. Another example is running or sprinting. The body will more likely be sore at the conclusion of anaerobic exercise. To picture that often we don't do aerobic exercise is wild because it has so variety of benefits. It helps control and decreases body fat, raises our whole stamina, gives us extra energy, assists in our resistance to exhaustion, tones our muscles, and increases our lean body mass. It also aids us mentally by lifting mood, decreasing anxiety, reducing depression, reducing tension, and helping us sleep better at night. Who cannot benefit a bit from all that?These are benefits that people could all use. This type exercise is no doubt essential for cardiovascular fitness even if it may be a little difficult at first. A healthy body requires regular work out sessions and is an ongoing process. People who have already achieved good cardiovascular condition can keep this by exercising at least three times weekly.
People who are trying to decrease weight and elevate their level of health should work out four or five intervals a week.
Fitness Generation Articles
Fitness Generation Books
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The family Rhinoceroteridae contains living rhinoceroses. They are represented by 5 species placed in 4 genera. Three of these species are found in south-central Asia and the other two live in Africa south of the Sahara. Rhinoceroses generally inhabit savannahs, shrubby regions and dense forests, and the African species usually live in more open areas than do the Asiatic species. All rhinos are generally restricted to areas where a daily trip to water is possible.
Rhinos have massive bodies and a large head with 1-2 horns. The horns are dermal in origin; they are very solid and are composed of compressed, fibrous keratin. Rhinos have a broad chest and short, stumpy legs. The radius/ulna and tibia/fibula are only slightly moveable, but they are well-developed and separate. Both hind and forefeet are mesaxonic with 3 digits each; each digit with a small hoof. Rhinos have small eyes and fairly short but prominent and erect ears. Their thick skin is scantily-haired and wrinkled, furrowed or pleated, producing the appearance of riveted armor plates in some species. The tail bears stiff bristles.
Rhinos have an elongate skull, which is elevated posteriorly. They have a small braincase, and the nasal bones project forward freely and may extend beyond and above the premaxillae. The surface of the nasals where the horns sit is roughened. There is a strongly developed occipital crest. Rhinos have 24-34 teeth, mostly premolars and molars for grinding (dental formula 1-2/0-1, 0/1-1, 3-4/3-4, 3/3). The canines and incisors are vestigial except for the lower incisors in Asian rhinos, which are developed into powerful slashing tusks. In grazing rhinos ( Ceratotherium), the cheek teeth are hypsodont, but they are brachydont in the other genera. Cheek teeth of all species have prominent transverse lophs of enamel.
Female rhinos give birth every 2 years to a single calf, which is active soon after birth and remains with the mother until the next offspring is born. Gestation is 420-570 days. Sexual maturity is reached at 7-10 years for bulls and 4-6 years for cows. The potential lifespan is approximately 50 years.
In general, African rhinos are more aggressive than Asian species. Asian forms fight with their bottom teeth (slashing) whereas African species fight with their horns, using them to toss and gore their adversaries. African rhinos tend to feed low to the ground whereas Asian rhinos usually browse on leaves. Both Asian and African rhinos are more active in the evening, through the night and in early morning, spending their days resting in heavy cover. Members of both groups are herbivores, but they may feed primarily on grasses or on branches, depending on the species. Rhinos sleep in both standing and laying positions and are fond of wallowing in muddy pools and sandy riverbeds. They penetrate dense thickets by shear force, often leaving behind a trail that other animals later use. Rhinos run with a cumbersome motion, reaching top speed at a canter. They can, however, attain speeds of up to 45 km per hour for short distances.
Rhinoceroses are basically solitary and territorial except for the mother-child unit. Groups of adult cows or bachelor bulls are sometimes formed, however, and during the mating season pairs of rhinos may stay together for up to 4 months. Rhinos mark their territories with urine and by dropping their dung in well-defined piles that can reach up to 1 m in height. They often furrow the areas around these piles with their horns, making the piles even more conspicuous.
Fossil rhinos are known from the late Eocene. A closely related family, Hyracodontidae, produced the largest land mammal to have ever lived, Indricotherium. This rhinoceros is believed to have stood 5.4 m tall at the shoulder and to have been capable of reaching vegetation over 8 m above the ground. It probably weighed around 30,000 kg -- over 4 times the weight of a modern elephant. Rhinocerotids were abundant in North America, Europe, and Africa from Miocene through Pleistocene times. Rhino species grazed temperate grasslands and tundra, and many were covered with a thick coat of hair. One of these species, the woolly rhino ( Coelodonta), is clearly shown in the cave paintings of early humans.
All species of rhinos are extremely endangered due to overhunting and destruction of their habitat. Humans have hunted rhinos extensively because nearly all parts of the animal have been used in folk medicine. The most prized part of the rhino is its horn, which has been used as an aphrodisiac, fever-reducing drug, dagger handle, and as a potion for detecting poison.
References and literature cited:
Carter, D.C. 1984. Perissodactyls. Pp. 549-562 in Anderson, S. and J. K. Jones, Jr. (eds). Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. xii+686 pp.
Nowak, R.M. and J.L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World, 4th edition . John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
Parker, S.P., ed. 1990. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals, Vol. III . McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York.
Savage, R. J. G. and M. R. Long. 1986. Mammal Evolution: An Illustrated Guide. Facts on File Publications, UK. 251 pp.
Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the World, A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 2nd edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. xviii+1206 pp.
Liz Ballenger (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Phil Myers (author), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
uses touch to communicate
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Sauropterygia–> Eosauropterygia–> Pachypleurosauria
The Pachypleurosauria is an exclusively Middle Triassic-aged group of semi-aquatic sauropterygians. They were once regarded as a type of ‘nothosaur’, but the traditional concept of “Nothosauria” is no longer in use because it was a paraphyletic group containing two separate evolutionary lineages. The more ‘primitive’ of the two is the Pachypleurosauria, while the more derived members form a separate clade called the “Nothosauria” under a revised definition (Rieppel, 1998).
Pachypleurosaur genera include:
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Air Pollution Is a Major Trigger of Heart Attacks, Study Finds
Air pollution sets off nearly as many heart attacks as physical exertion, alcohol or coffee, a new review has found.
Air pollution accounts for 4.8 percent of heart attacks, while coffee and alcohol each accounts for 5 percent and physical exertion accounts for 6.2 percent, based on an analysis of data from 36 studies worldwide.
The results show that air pollution can harm not only the lungs, but the heart , said Dr. Andrea Baccarelli, an associate professor of public health at Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, who wrote an editorial accompanying the study online today (Feb. 23) in the journal Lancet.
"It is just a moderate risk factor, but because everyone is exposed to air pollution, it becomes very important on the community level," Baccarelli told MyHealthNewsDaily.
Heavy particles, inflammation and clotting are all hazards to the heart presented by air pollution, he said.
Belgian researchers examined 36 studies conducted in various countries between January 1960 and January 2010 to examine the percentage of heart attacks attributable to common risk factors.
They took into account how much the general population is exposed to each risk factor. For example, cocaine use increases a person's heart attack risk by 23 times, but because so few people use the drug, it accounts for only 0.9 percent of heart attacks, according to the review.
They found that air pollution increased a person's heart attack risk by 5 percent. But because all the people in the studies were exposed to air pollution, its role in the risk for the general population is higher than some other factors, Baccarelli said.
The analysis also showed that drinking coffee increases a person's heart attack risk by 1.5 times, and drinking alcohol increases risk by three times, but more people are exposed to air pollution than drink coffee or alcohol.
Time spent in traffic or on the road accounted for 7.4 percent of heart attacks in the review, whereas negative emotions accounted for 3.9 percent and anger accounted for 3.1 percent, researchers said.
Heavy meals accounted for 2.7 percent, positive emotions accounted for 2.4 percent and sexual activity accounted for 2.2 percent of heart attacks, according to the review.
Adverse effects of air pollution
It's no surprise that air pollution has adverse effects on the heart, Baccarelli said. There are a number of ways heavy particles in the air, which come largely from traffic, and other pollutants can wind up affecting our bodies, he said.
Heavy particles from pollution can enter the lungs and bloodstream, allowing them to travel to the heart and increase heart disease risk, Baccarelli said.
Air pollutants also promote inflammation in the lungs, which can lead to inflammation of the heart and other parts of the body and can prompt a heart attack, he said. Inflammation of the lungs can also raise the risk of blood clots, which can damage the coronary arteries.
Pass it on: Air pollution accounts for about the same number of heart attacks as physical exertion, alcohol and coffee.
- Beyond Vegetables and Exercise: 5 Ways to be Heart Healthy
- Heart Disease Can Be a Serious, Silent Problem in Young Women
- 10 Medical Myths That Just Wonâ??t Go Away
Follow MyHealthNewsDaily staff writer Amanda Chan on Twitter @AmandaLChan.
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By Ben Turner
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We traded our elders for politicians. The Wounded Knee massacre was the same blueprint as the Waco siege. The government did not change or learn. It simply got stronger. These horrors were done by the government not the people. We are under the possession of the State. We cannibalize ourselves by chewing away our own feet. Crazy Horse was stabbed in the back. Sitting Bull was shot by his own people. Spotted Elk was shot by his own army. Geronimo died a war prisoner. Regardless of your race, these are our elders. These are forefathers of American soil.
History is a commodity and government hordes it. We literally pay them to take vital information away from us and bury it. In the first colonies of America, it was illegal to run off and join the natives. You were shot and killed for integrating with the soil and its history. The government renamed the land to own it. It erased it’s identity with labels like North and South. The same government today tells you it is wrong to wear or possess a feather of the eagle.
The government says man is unworthy of the feathers of raptors. Government says citizens must kill the fox, raccoon, skunk, or groundhog to be clean. Government says all of its children are tainted by disease and weakness. Government says they must be cleansed by tiny daggers of vaccines. Government says man may not feed from a river without permission. Why does man want to be government’s citizen? When was man given a choice? The government says the Chief of the Sky is too good for citizen’s fingers.
“When the Eagle returns, we will again be a great nation.” — Jonas Shawandase
Sovereignty is a golden eagle. Our elders were sovereign chiefs. The government gave them poison. How is that poison any different than today? Does the EPA protect and honor your land? Does the CDC protect and honor your DNA? How is today’s poison different from blankets with smallpox or Indian whiskey? How is the Trail of Tears, not the doing of government? We must give the land back to the Indians and integrate. We must build a tribe of campfires and recall the songs. We must exchange the feathers of eagles, hawks, and owls. We must carry ourselves as the living soil. We must do the very thing government says we can’t. We must be free.
The purpose of the Civil War was to build up an army to exterminate sovereignty. Nearly one third of the Eastern Cherokee nation was white. Nearly half of the Seminole tribe was black. Integration was happening naturally by bioregion. Creek became Cherokee. French became Huron. Pilgrims outlawed long hair to stop their influences from emptying their villages. The Roanoke Colony abandoned England to merge with the Croatan. Hernando De Soto posted guards to keep his villagers from defecting. This was a problem for the machine as more settlers were joining the nations. The People of the Longhouse, The Iroquois Confederacy, was a working government in place for 500 years. We fell when we became too centralized. We preserved a union by destroying each of its states.
“No European who has tasted Savage Life can afterwards bear to live in our societies … The Care and Labour of providing for Artificial and fashionable Wants, the sight of so many Rich wallowing in superfluous plenty, whereby so many are kept poor and distress’d for Want, the Insolence of Office, all contrive to disgust them with what we call civil Society.” – Ben Franklin
We are victims of our own Leviathan. America was made into a puppet with strings. Those strings were pulled a committee of men in the business of slavery. General Custer and his men were ordered to leave Appomattox Courthouse when the Civil War ended. They drove north to focus on Indian removal from Ohio to Montana. His job wasn’t over. The Civil War was phase one of an extermination program disguised as emancipation. Burning the south was necessary to break the spirit of the land.
We know the truth when we listen to the land.
So listen to the land. The way out is in. Tap into the sigils of nature before they are gone. Learn to draw a charge from what brings you back to the soil. Abandon the sigils of Babylon. Welcome the sigils of nature. Know the icons of the forest better than the logos of Baal. Asherah is the spirit of the grove. Baal is the spirit of concrete. Asherah has been cut down and forgotten. The Indians call this circumcision, wetiko – the walking psychopathy. It is a possession caused by self-mutilation and cannibalism. It’s the shock from our lack of connection.
We grow new roots in the soil. We find home in grounding. God is not in the sky. God is the ground underneath. I know because God is good. Evil magic is overpowering. It comes from above and makes you shrink. White magic is empowering, it comes from below to raise you up. Our ancestors are underneath us. We gain charge by remembering. White magic always remembers. Black magic always forgets.
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Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross, lived up to her nickname "Angel of the Battlefield." A volunteer nurse, Barton helped care for the wounded at Antietam -- the most lethal battle in the Civil War -- using much-needed medical supplies that she herself had spent a year collecting. Among those supplies: fresh bandages to replace the corn leaves that surgeons had resorted to using as wound dressings and tourniquets [source: National Park Service].
The vast majority of nurses will not go down in history like Barton, but they're heroes to the patients they minister to. Licensed practical nurses, or LPNs, perform indispensable, yeoman duties in the hospital, nursing home and doctor's office. They may take patients' medical history, fill out insurance forms, give injections and start intravenous drips (IVs). They may supervise nursing aides, teach school kids about hygiene and show patients' families how to administer medication and give baths.
Registered nurses, or RNs, take on more specialized nursing duties. Some are educators, managers and consultants. Some specialize in certain fields, from dermatology to substance abuse.
Today's nurses may never have to scrounge for supplies, but they face on-the-job challenges of their own. In this article we look some of the mountains and molehills they regularly encounter. As with every job, some headaches are inevitable. However, there are many ways that nurses' patients, their patients' families and their colleagues in the medical field can make life easier for these hard-working professionals.
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The benefits and dangers of ecotourism and turtle tourism
By Olivia Burton
On the beach at night, rolling waves and the smell of salt water overpowered all other senses as we sat on the cool sand. The Milky Way the only interruption in otherwise total darkness. We were waiting for the three flashes of red light that our guide would use to signal that a Pacific green turtle had lumbered up out of the sea to nest. We were on a secluded beach in Costa Rica’s Guanacaste province in mid-March, nearing the end of nesting season for Costa Rica’s Pacific green turtles. At any time of year, at least one of Costa Rica’s sea turtle species — leatherbacks, hawksbills, loggerheads, green sea turtles, black sea turtles, and Olive Ridleys — is in nesting season, making Costa Rica a popular destination for turtle tourism. Tortuguero National Park on the northern Caribbean coast is one of the world’s most important sea turtle nesting sites, and the resulting ecotourism has transformed the remote village of Tortuguero into a popular tourist destination. By earning revenue for conservation programs as well as raising awareness for turtle protection, turtle tourism has the potential to aid conservation efforts for these vulnerable animals.
Facing threats of climate change, poaching, accidental capture in fishing gear, and construction on important nesting beaches, five out of seven marine turtle species are either endangered or critically endangered. It doesn’t help that turtle hatchlings have incredibly slim chances of survival. Depending on the species, mature female sea turtles lay hundreds of eggs per season, burying them under dirt or sand for approximately two months. Once hatched, baby turtles must make it across the beach and into the water, facing predators from the sky, land, and air. They are only safe when they reach the main current, far past the shallows. Unfortunately, our guide told us, only about one out of every 1000 eggs reaches maturity.
Turtle tourism, an offshoot of the broader trend of ecotourism, has become increasingly popular since the late 1980s and continues to grow. Not only have people learned more about the fragility and ecological importance of these species, but in tourism-dependent economies like Costa Rica, regulators and tour operators have begun to recognize sea turtles’ value as educational tools and tourist attractions. In 2009, the World Wildlife Fund released an economic study showing that sea turtles were worth more to local economies as tourist attractions than as material products such as shells, eggs, and meat. “Developers, politicians, and community leaders should start to see marine turtles as a valuable asset, generating revenue and jobs. Tourism and turtle protection may in fact increase their economic value,” the study by Sebastian Troëng and Carlos Drews proposed.
After waiting in the sand for about fifteen minutes, we finally saw the signal from our guide’s red flashlight and walked quickly towards him. Official tours with licensed guides are the only legal way to view sea turtle nesting in Costa Rica. Guides communicate with each other via radio to ensure that the tourists all get to see a turtle. More importantly, they enforce strict rules meant to protect the turtles. Bright clothing, flash photography, and anything else that might disrupt the nesting or hatching process is banned.
Before we saw the turtle herself, her tracks in the wet sand, reminiscent of the tracks of a large tractor tire, hinted at her enormous size. Endangered green sea turtles can live approximately 80 years in the wild and weigh up to 400 pounds. In spite of their vast migratory range, many choose to nest on the same beach where they were hatched. This turtle was returning to the ocean after failing to find a suitable nesting spot. Our group of ten followed about ten feet behind her as she dragged herself to the water, seemingly exhausted. The guide pointed out a large barnacle on her back, indicating her age and poor health.
Nobody spoke as the turtle disappeared into the foam. The silence, broken only by the sound of the waves, was a stark contrast from the noisy beach clubs and surf schools of nearby Tamarindo.
Eco-tourism is not the only way to protect vulnerable species, and if not done carefully, it can do more harm than good. But as a creative solution that could benefit both humans and animals, it might be a good place to start.
Olivia Burton ‘18 is an English major in Morse College. Contact her at [email protected].
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How To Improve Your Mental And Emotional Health. You can stay healthy by eating well, getting adequate rest and exercise. 13 helpful tips to improve your mental and emotional health at home 1.
It’s great to have a hobby, it helps us reconnect with our inner selves. Opening up and talking to other people can help you feel better about yourself and others. Keeping a diary can do worlds of good for your mental wellbeing.
Staying Positive Doesn't Mean That.
Focus on relaxing and emptying your mind. Use relaxation techniques to help your emotional health. Also, surround yourself with people who are positive and build you up.
There Are Some Great Teachers Out There On Meditation.
List your priorities there are many areas of your life where you can know that you could make improvements. Diet and nutrition play a large role in brain health, which impacts your emotional health. Deep breathing relaxation techniques, meditation and adequate sleep are helpful.
Deal With Problems Or Feelings Early On;
Finding balance between positive and negative emotions. Show some love to someone in your life. It can be hard to identify what mental health means or how to improve it, but with this article you will have some basic information on the subject and what you can do to be more mentally and emotionally healthy.
14 Ways To Improve Your Mental Health.
Do something for someone else. Write down something you are grateful for. In the first place, it gives us clear time references that.
Stay Calm And Energized By Appealing To The Five Senses:
A few activities you can follow for your mental health are: 7) eat a healthy diet. Emotional intelligence refers to how.
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Why a National Monument?
Did you know that horses actually evolved in North America? The Hagerman Horse, Equus simplicidens, was a bit smaller than the size of a modern horse. Its bones most closely resemble Grevy's zebra for comparision purposes, but it wasn't a zebra.
During the Ice Ages, when ocean levels were lower than today, humans and animals moved between the new world and the old world. Horses migrated into Asia/Europe and Africa only to later become extinct, about 10,000 years ago, in North America. Spanish Explorers later introduced modern breeds of domesticated horses back into North America several hundred years ago.
In 1988, the Hagerman Horse became Idaho's state fossil and Hagerman Fossil Beds became a National Monument. The National Monument contains the Smithsonian Horse Quarry, a National Natural Landmark, recognized as an important site regarding the fossil history of horses.
Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument protects one of the world's richest known fossil deposits from the late Pliocene Epoch. The National Monument was established nearly sixty years after the first Smithsonian excavation and given a unique legislative mandate: to provide a center for continuing paleontological research and education.
Today, Hagerman Fossil Beds has a Visitor Center in the town of Hagerman located at 221 N State Street (we're on US Route 30). Here you can get brochures, flyers and other information, watch our park DVD, see fossil displays, explore the Discovery Center, and browse our bookstore.
You can also visit the Monument with its two overlooks. The Snake River Overlook provides a view of the Monument and a section of the Snake River. You can see the multitude of layers and the effects erosion has on the bluffs. The Oregon Trail Overlook has informational wayside panels about the Oregon Trail, and fossils. Careful discovery will reveal views of the ruts from the original travelers on the Oregon Trail. No fossils are on display at either overlook but the views and hike are worth the drive.
Last updated: May 31, 2018
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Adolescent Health Issues
Tuesday Nov 09, 2010, 12:00PM - 01:00PM (EST)
Community Pediatrics, Willoughby Hills, OH
During adolescence patterns of behavior are established that can influence lifestyle choices that affect both the present and future health of a teenager. This is why the transition from childhood to adulthood is so important today.<br><br>
Many of the health problems faced by teens affect them during their adolescent years, such as bullying, car crashes, suicide, substance use, violent and sexual behavior. Others may affect the person later in life, for example, lung cancer resulting from tobacco use initiated during adolescence. Often environmental factors such as family, peer group, school, and community characteristics also contribute to the challenges. <br><br>
Take this opportunity to chat with an expert on the adolescent years of your child. Dr. Norr is a pediatric primary care physician at Cleveland Clinic’s Children’s Hospital specializing in adolescent issues. His expertise and experience in physical development, as well as, intellectual, and physiological growth may help improve the parent-teen relationship working through this transformational time. <br><br>
Yes you are an adolescent but also a young adult. If your physician feels you have no serious underlying problems, you can try MiraLax or the generic version as directed. What would be best would be to eat lots of fruits and vegetables and bran or high fiber cereals daily and avoid the fast foods.
I recently about 3 weeks ago suffered a lacerated and contusion kidney. I want to know when it is safe to drink alcohol. I suffer no pain in my kidneys anymore.
At what age do they test for dyslexia? my son writes his numbers 7 and 9 backwards
I cannot give you a good answer to your question, however if your injuries are related to alcohol or drug use, I would recommend that you have a drug/alcohol evaulate for dependency. It is illegal to use alcohol or drugs in most states if you are under 21. It is concerning if you having significant consequences from drinking.
I think our answers are getting ahead of the next question as we work to try to answer all of these great questions during our one hour
It is normal for children up to the age of 5-6 to reverse numbers and letters. If this is persistant after the age of 6 speak to your school system or your pediatrician to arrange testing.
hi im 20 and i've been hearing cracks in my neck and back for a month now when i inhale and exhale also I hear cracks also when i look from left to right i hear cracks in my neck and also feel tingling over my body is this serious?
These are an unusual set of symptoms. The crackles with breathing make me think of an air leak in the respiratory system causing air under the skin. However, the tingling over your body makes me think of hyperventialation. I would recommend seeing your doctor.
hi i have an problem when i eat anything i blow up and feel like i ate an cow. Even yogurt hurts and last for days. i had a colonoscopy and was fine but still i feel bad every day.
It sounds as if you have food allergy, or lactose intolerance. If you have not discussed this with your GI doctor, schedule a follow-up appointment. There are tests that can be done to evaulate your situation.
my penis is curved on left will it efect my sex life
Mild curvature is unlikely to cause any problems. If you are having problem with an erection or have a severe curvature you should see a urologist.
i need some tips to gain some weight
If you are asking for tips to gain weight you are not suffering from anorexia. Some people who are thin have difficulty putting on weight and are the envy of those of us who are overweight. Your best bet for gaining weight is to start a weight lifting program under the supervision of a trained coach. You also need to eat well with a well balanced diet. I would avoid protein drinks, creatine and fad diets.
We have time for one more question.
My brother is significantly overweight. He's pretty good about his diet, but it's really difficult to get him to exercise or even just get outside. How can he be motivated to spend more time being physically active? My parents and I are very concerned about early onset of chronic diseases like diabetes. Thank you for your help!
Your brother needs to accept responsiblity to increase his exercise. Perhaps you could make this easier for him by making this a family project, even walking 1 or 2 miles, 3-5 times per week could make a difference. You may also consider asking your brother to play tennis, racquetball. Another possbility is to purchase a Wii game that comes with an exercise program or some kind of game that requires lots of movement. It's great that you are invested in your brother's health.
Thank you Dr. Norr for answering our questions and all the members who participated today!
Thank you for having me, it was a pleasure to answer your questions. If you would like further consultation on any of the topics discussed, myself or one of my partners would be happy to see you at the Children's Hospital at Cleveland Clinic. To see me or any pediatrician, please visit our website clevelandclinicchildrens.org.
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Archicentre’s Robert Caulfield shows how helping the environment starts at home.
A recent study by the Insulation Council of Australia and New Zealand reported that 40 per cent of Australian homes are without insulation. If we were to insulate these 2.7
million homes, we could cut more than 90 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. What this says is that in the scramble to save the environment; our homes can make a massive difference.
Below is a list of ways our houses can perform better and treat the environment right:
- Orientate the living areas for maximum solar design to help minimise airconditioners, heaters and energy costs
- Prior to buying a property have the heating or cooling accurately assessed to determine future energy bills or replacement costs
- Switch to energy-efficient light bulbs
- Utilise overhanging eaves for shade and water collection purposes
- Install shade pergolas
- Use more natural light and less artificial light where possible. For instance, put your desk at home near a window to reduce the need to have the light on.
- Install water efficient taps, showerheads and toilets
- Use low-embodied energy materials (materials that take the least amount of energy to make)
- Increase insulation and ventilation
- Simple things such as adding an extra layer of clothes and turning the heater down.
Archicentre has a guide to energy-wise living that can be downloaded at: www.archicentre.com.au/energywise.pdf
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When the Almohades conquered Spain from the Moslems ruling there previously, they began to persecute the Jews. As a result, Jews began to support the Reconquista of Spain by the Christians. In modern times, iIn Yemen, Jews were not allowed to ride horses, because then they would be taller than Moslems. In many Moslem countries, Jews had to pay a special tax called the jizya. During the period of the Ottoman Empire, there wereintermittent persecutions and pogroms against the Jewsm such as the one in Aleppo in 1847. These are some of the occurrences I remember even without looking at a history book. In short, the claim that there was no persecution of Jews in Moslem countries is contradicted by the evidence.
Yemen's Houthi rebels commit to peace plan in letter to UN chief, BBC reports (Haaretz)
from the article: BBC poll: Israel among world's least popular nations
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Good design can save lives and improve human society. That’s the thought behind the Solar Bottle by Italian designers Alberto Medo and Francisco Gomez Paz. Winner of a 2007 INDEX award, the sleekly designed Solar Bottle uses simple solar technology to purify dirty drinking water and prevent water-born diseases.
In developing countries, microorganisms are responsible for 2.5 million deaths per year. Case studies around the globe have shown that the purifying drinking water through UV radiation can significantly decrease the incidence of fatal dehydration from water-born diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis A and dysentery. The Solar Bottle design builds off of the SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) process. Developed by the Department of Water and Sanitation at the Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Research, SODIS works with the sun to allow UV-A radiation and increased temperature to destroy pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water.
The slim PET container holds 4 liters of water and can be easily arranged back-to-back for carry. A specially designed handle allows balanced transport and doubles as a stand to provide optimal solar incidence. UV-A exposure and thermal gain are maximized with a bi-color blown injection molding that creates both a transparent side and a dark, heat-absorbing side. Iconic graphics on the back of the container provide directions for proper usage.
With a sixth of the world’s population lacking safe drinking water, the SODIS process provides a sustainable solution and the Solar Bottle increases the ease of implementation. Designers Alberto Medo and Francisco Gomez Paz have perfected a profoundly simple idea – disinfect dirty water with available resources – with intent and good design that has the potential to save millions of lives.
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By Paul Kavanaugh
One of the most ubiquitous words in the English language. Sure, people yell it at Bingo halls when they have a winner – But I bet you use it all the time for other purposes.
Suppose you’re making a point to someone and they get that flash of “I get it” – your reply is naturally “Bingo.” Or you’re searching a map for a certain place when you suddenly discover it – again, “Bingo!” You might be surprised to learn that the term was originally “Beano.”
Bingo as a game of chance can be traced back to 1530, to an Italian lottery called “Lo Giuoco del Lotto D’Italia,” which is still played every Saturday in Italy.
From Italy, the game was introduced to France in the late 1770s, where it was called “Le Lotto”, a game played among wealthy Frenchmen. The Germans also played a version of the game in the 1800s, but they used it as a child’s game to help students learn math, spelling and history.
When the game reached North America in 1929, it became known as “beano”. It was a country fair game where a dealer would select numbered discs from a cigar box and players would mark their cards with beans. They yelled “beano” if they won. At a carnival near Atlanta, Georgia, New York toy salesman Edwin S. Lowe renamed it “bingo” after he overheard someone accidentally yell “bingo” instead of “beano.”
He hired a Columbia University math professor, Carl Leffler, to help him increase the number of combinations in bingo cards. By 1930, Leffler had invented 6,000 different bingo cards. They were developed so there would be fewer non-repeating number groups and conflicts when more than one person got Bingo at the same time.
Lowe was a Jewish immigrant from Poland. Not only did his E.S. Lowe company produce bingo cards, he also developed and marketed the game Yahtzee, for which he bought the rights from a couple who played it on their yacht.
In the US, the game is primarily staged by churches or charity organizations. Their legality and stakes vary by state regulation. In some states, bingo halls are rented out to sponsoring organizations, and such halls often run games almost every day. Church-run games, however, are normally weekly affairs held on the church premises. These games are usually played for modest stakes, although the final game of a session is frequently a coverall game that offers a larger jackpot prize for winning within a certain quantity of numbers called, and a progressive jackpot is one that may increase per session until it is won.
Bingo is not legal in Tennessee (more about that later) but is in Virginia under the regulation of the State Gaming Commission. There are four local bingo parlors that we are aware of, three in Bristol, Virginia and one in Wadlow Gap. While all offer slightly differing versions of the various games, the constant is that, by law, 10% of the gross proceeds goes to charity and 1.125% goes to the State of Virginia as revenue. Most parlors offer pull tabs as well, so there is always a lot of action going on. Regulations limit the payout per game to $100 with the exception of the different progressive games, where the payouts can, over time, grow substantially. One large jackpot game is allowed each session as well. Some places split that into two games with half the jackpot awarded in each game.
Locally, the largest of the parlors is AmVets Post 5, located on Euclid close to where it merges with State Street. They operate four nights per week, two under the auspices of AmVets and two under the auspices of their Ladies Auxiliary. AmVets began their bingo games in Tennessee, but with the law change moved to several places in Bristol before acquiring their own building in 2000.
What makes AmVets unique is that they offer both conventional paper cards, typically played with a dauber, and computerized cards that can support many more cards than a paper player could possible keep up with. AmVets also has computer pull tab machines that look eerily like a slot machine and are just as much fun. AmVets allows smoking but does have a non-smoking section. The friendly staff operate a gift shop and a snack bar with many excellent food and dessert items. They have had a progressive jackpot reach as large as $21,000, although they are typically won before reaching such a high level. Operating on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, AmVets is always fun to visit. Give them a try – maybe you’ll be the one to yell Bingo!
St. Anne’s Catholic Church, up on Euclid from Piedmont, is a church sponsored bingo hall that operates three nights per week. The sessions are actually played in the Msgr. Hickie center behind the church at the corner of Oakview and Chester. The school sponsors the Monday games with the proceeds going to tuition abatement and the church sponsors the Tuesday and Saturday games with the proceeds going to various church and local charities.
There are no electronic machines at St. Anne’s; they are the traditional paper cards only. Originally in Tennessee at the K of C, they moved to the parish center when Tennessee outlawed bingo. Some K of C volunteers, as well as church volunteers, have been working bingo for the church for many, many years and have gotten to know the regulars so well that they consider themselves a family, and as a family, celebrate and grieve together with various life events. Pull tabs are a big part of St. Anne’s bingo nights, and their progressive jackpots can get right up there as well. The snack bar features hot dogs, pizza, sandwiches and lots of sweets. St. Anne’s is a non-smoking facility, although they do allow for several 10-minute breaks throughout the evening for those who want to step outside. Fun for all is the order of the day, and well worth a visit for the chance to yell Bingo!
A third bingo hall in Bristol is Interstate Bingo on Euclid, just up from the highway. Their games are on Saturday and Sundays with a daytime and evening session both days. We weren’t able to get more information by press time, but rest assured they operate along the same general lines as the other places, although they do not appear to have computer machines.
Finally, the Ruritan in Wadlow Gap has bingo every Monday and Friday beginning at 6:00. The admission book is $20.00; everything else is optional. Extra books are $5, progressive games are $5, blackout games are $4 and the quickie is $1. All games pay $100 except blackout pays $500 and progressive would be whatever amount it is in that given night. All proceeds go back to the community in various ways… scholarships, schools, police, hospitals, local food pantry, St. Jude’s. They hold 2 community events each year and everything from food, games, and door prizes are free to the public. Next up is the Harvest Moon Celebration on Oct. 21 beginning at 2:00 and including a corn hole tournament, cake walks, bounce houses, face painting, food and drinks. Live band at 7:00 will be Ivy Road and Benny Wilson with door prizes during the music.
So, there you have a brief history of bingo and a look at our local operations. But wait, you say, what about Tennessee. This is a rather sordid story. Tennessee did allow bingo games into the late 1980s, but many were ripe with corruption. Operation Rocky Top was launched in 1986 as an FBI and Tennessee Bureau of Investigation undercover investigation into illegal activities in charity bingo, including the illegal sale of bingo licenses.
A first-year member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (and future Lieutenant Governor), Randy McNally of Oak Ridge, became a secret participant in the investigation in 1986 after he reported to authorities that a bingo lobbyist had offered him bribes and had boasted about bribing other lawmakers. For the duration of the investigation McNally “wore a wire” and cultivated the trust of bingo lobbyists and other insiders so they would talk freely in front of him and offer him bribes. Ned McWhirter, who was Speaker of the Tennessee House when the investigation began and who was elected governor in 1986, also was praised by federal officials for cooperating with the investigation.
Operation Rocky Top became public in January 1989 when W.D. “Donnie” Walker, a one-time bingo regulator in the state government who later became a lobbyist, pleaded guilty to offering McNally a $10,000 bribe in exchange for his vote on a measure to legalize horse racing. In exchange for a plea bargain, Walker gave investigators details on how he had helped bingo operators become chartered as bogus charities so they could obtain state licenses to run bingo games, and how bingo operators then channeled money back to state legislators who were part of the scheme. At the height of activity there were nearly 300 bingo operations in the state with estimated annual revenue of $31 million.
The investigation resulted in over 50 convictions and the incarceration of several politicians, most notably state House Majority Leader Tommy Burnett.
Two other targets of the investigation committed suicide before testifying: Tennessee Secretary of State Gentry Crowell (in December 1989, just before he was scheduled to testify for a third time before a federal grand jury) and State Representative Ted Ray Miller of Knoxville (after being charged with bribery). Following the scandal, Tennessee established limits on political contributions and placed new restrictions on lobbying – and de-legalized bingo. Luckily for us, Virginia has regulators who are right on top of the games and allow all of us bingo fans a place to play and enjoy each other’s company. See you there – hopefully I am the one yelling BINGO!
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This page created 24 April 2014, and last modified: 12 November 2014 (Froben pattern added)
The Falchovarii is listed (12.33 in Ingo Maier's numbering scheme) as the 11th of 17 units of auxilia palatina under the command of the second Master of the Soldiers in the Imperial Presence ("Magister Militum Praesentalis II"). Its shield pattern (11#9) as shown in various manuscripts, under the matching label (11.i) Falchovarii, is as below:
The boss of the shield pattern is depicted as being yellow (with an internal yellow band in B); the main ground is indigo, rimless, and charged with a twin-headed zoomorphic motif that is common in the Notitia (well over a dozen examples), especially amongst auxilia palatina; the example borne by the Falchovarii is in blue, and somewhat more "spikey" than most (the closest example in shape is that labelled Exculcatores in the western half of the Notitia). The twin-headed zoomorphic device is not confined to the Notitia, however, but is known from a range of sources, especially in the north of Europe, such as on the ca. 6th century Torslunda bronze die from Sweden shown below:
More nearly contemporary with the Notitia is the late-Roman belt buckle shown below from Upavon, Wiltshire, England, in which the "animals" look more like dragons than anything else (other similar buckles frequently show stylised dolphins).
And dating to before the Notitia, from 315 at the latest, is this shield pattern depicted on the Arch of Constantine in Rome:
Below the winged Victory are two horned creatures, possibly goats, facing each other, and with their necks curving in towards each other (but interpreted by Michael P. Spiedel as dragons in "Ancient Germanic Warriors: Warrior styles from Trajan's Column to Icelandic sagas", Routledge, 2004); the bearer of the shield is frequently taken to be a member of the Constantine's Cornuti regiment (see here for more details).
The 11th unit under the command of the other Master of the Soldiers in the Imperial Presence, the Magister Militum Praesentalis I, is the Anglevarii; its shield pattern has the same indigo main ground as the shield shown for the Falchovarii, but adds a red rim, as is common to units in the first Magister's command; it also bears a twin-headed zoomorphic motif, albeit in red, and less "spikey". The two patterns are thus not dissimilar, as can be seen by comparing the versions taken from the Parisian manuscript:
These two units would thus appear to an example of formerly brigaded unit pairs that seem to have been split between the two Magistri. While in the command of the Magister Militum Praesentalis II, the Falchovarii were presumably brigaded with the next unit listed: the Thraces.
The name Anglevarii relates to the Germanic tribe the Anglii (as in "England" via i-mutation) who in Roman times lived in what is now southern Denmark. The name Falchovarii has likewise been interpreted as a tribal moniker, albeit an obscure one, originating from what is now Veluwe in the neighbouring Netherlands, meaning "unproductive", and related to the English word "fallow". However, others have seen in Falchovarii the word "falx" - i.e. sickle (and where English gets the word "falcon" from, due to the shape of the bird's bill), and so the exact provenance of the name is uncertain.
Return to the Notitia alphabetical unit list page.
Return to my Notitia index page.
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Metadata for a better understanding of the past
© CNRS Photothèque / Christophe Lebedinsky
2014 marks the centenary of the First World War. But how can such an event be commemorated when the relevant historical resources are scattered throughout the whole of Europe and historians have not yet been able to conduct an exhaustive study of all of them? Laurent Romary explains how, with the CENDARI project, computational sciences can provide a solution to this problem and come to the aid of all social sciences.
What is CENDARI and what is your goal?
CENDARI is a European project that strengthens collaboration between computational science researchers and historians , with the aim of networking archives from various corners of the continent. This initiative is part of the DARIAH infrastructure project, which aims to promote cooperation on methodologies and tools to aid research in social sciences . Inria is a stakeholder as I am one of its three co-directors. CENDARI focuses on history - specifically, the medieval period and the First World War . Historians studying both periods find it difficult to access archive data, which is spread out across Europe. They are faced with two problems. The first is the great diversity of documentary resources. Materials concerning the First World War, for example, include posters, billboards, audio and video archives, books, objects, artefacts, clothing, and maps. All these materials are scattered across Europe - in France, of course, but also in Serbia, Poland, Russia, and elsewhere. As the entire European continent was impacted by the event, historical resources exist everywhere. The second obstacle is unequal knowledge of the available resources. For example, the German federal archives, with their very precise explanatory texts, are very well known, whereas we know almost nothing about the archives in Serbia. The positive point is that we can draw inspiration from successful initiatives across Europe, an excellent example being the Czech National Library's medieval Manuscriptorium, and replicate them elsewhere.
What are the tangible benefits for researchers?
Imperial War Museum archives
Our goal is to use computational sciences to help other sciences -
in this case, social sciences. The idea is to enable researchers to connect to all the European data, so as to be able to search for information
about a particular place, period or person. With regard to the First World War, we should be able to trace the itinerary of a Russian general in a certain period, or know how the inhabitants of a village around Verdun lived during the Second Battle of the Aisne. We can make the same transposition for the medieval period, to understand how it was that the same person came to be cited in several parchments across Europe.
To do this, we are combining two complementary Inria research themes. I am responsible for modeling the metadata associated with the archives . A documentary archive is only usable if it is described precisely using what we call metadata. I work to ensure that these descriptors used to identify the contents of the archives are integrated in a unified repository in which all the data are standardised, identifying places, people, etc. in a uniform way. Here again, there are two challenges. The first is: what do we describe? At what level of granularity? A region? A place? A locality? The second is: how can we describe such different elements in a harmonised way? International standards such as the Text Encoding initiative (TEI) or Encoding Archival Description (EAD) are used to describe videos, for example, by placing "tags" in their descriptions. By using this mass of information and integrating it in an enormous database, we will reach a stage where information is extracted automatically. The second aspect of Inria's work, coordinated in this project by Jean-Daniel Fekete of the Aviz team, concerns the viewing of this information . Faced with such a huge amount of data, it is essential to be able to search intelligently, with an intuitive interface that allows users to filter results automatically by period or geographical area, or to isolate a particular event.
How will your work help other researchers in social sciences?
The European Commission asked us to focus on the history of the Middle Ages and the First World War as this would allow us to start working on specific examples. We are getting historians to conduct research using the system we have built, and their feedback will tell us whether the interface is too simple or too complex, how to change it, and how easy they find it to use. We are observing, for example, how they look for instances of two people being present in the same place, or how they link a military decision to actions in the field. This enables us to refine the model before we expand its use, as it is clear that our generic data archive exploration tools can be applied to other periods, as well as to social sciences other than history
At present, for the two periods assigned to us, we are concentrating on exhaustive identification of the available archives in Europe, collecting as much information as possible and standardising the data on which we are testing our methods as best we can. In parallel, we are going to launch a joint initiative with two other DARIAH projects: EHRI on the Holocaust and ARIADNE on archaeology. Our working methods are similar even though they are aimed at different research communities. As the integration of European data into a single repository is a long process, we want to establish synergies between our respective areas of expertise now , rather than waiting for the finalisation of our projects in four years' time.
“A theater of memory in the digital environment”
© Lorenza Tromboni
Emiliano Degl'Innocenti, Digital Humanist, responsible for the Digital and Multimedia Lab at Società Internazionale per lo Studio del Medioevo Latino and Fondazione Ezio Franceschini
As a medievalist and historian of philosophy I'm fascinated by the history of mnemotechnique as an attempt to manage increasing amounts of data and knowledge (unmanageable for an individual with the simple aid of his natural memory) with artificial means. The long lasting history of western middle ages is dotted with a number of attempts to increase one's natural memory through systems of artificial memory. I've also noticed that many of our expectations and attitudes towards the digital information and the digital environment as a whole, are related to the same needs to deal with a vast amount of information of growing complexity.
Finally as a researcher in the field of digital humanities, I faced for years, every day, the gap between humanists (e.g.: medievalists) with their own disciplinary traditions, their contents and their expectations, and IT specialists. I believe that due to its nature and goals, CENDARI is the place to develop a new and more effective type of collaboration between humanists (historians, archivists, librarians, etc..) and IT specialists. Since this starting phase in the CENDARI project, specialists coming from both traditional and IT-related disciplines are supposed to work closely and share content, workflows and goals in order to create a completely new experience for users willing to do research in the digital environment. I still believe that, in particular for Medieval Studies, what can radically change the research horizon, is the shift from the database-centric-era to a new kind of digital noosphere. More interoperable data, semantic annotation and integration with different sources, the creation of a complex systems of knowledge management: a theater of memory in the digital environment to manage, enhance and preserve our cultural heritage, with the sensitivity of the medieval philosophers, and the tools of the digital age .
These articles could interest you:
What you need to know
- CENDARI: Collaborative EuropeaN Digital Archive Infrastructure
- Part of the DARIAH research dynamic
- Funded by the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme for Research
- The project began on 1 February 2012 and will last 4 years
- Countries involved: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Irland, Netherlands, Serbia, United Kingdom
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Greenville in Greenville County, South Carolina — The American South (South Atlantic)
This plaque commemorates the 50th anniversary of Furman University's relocation from this site to the current campus north of Greenville on Poinsett Highway. From 1851 to 1958, Furman University was located atop this bluff above the Reedy River Falls, and the Greenville Woman's College was located a mile away on College Street at the current site of Heritage Green. The all-male university and the woman's college was separate institutions until they were coordinated during the Great Depression, and for twenty-five years students and faculty commuted between the two campuses. In 1958, the men moved to the new campus, and, in 1961, the women joined them to create a fully coeducational university.
Timeline of Furman Campuses
• Furman Academy and Theological Institution, Edgefield, SC 1827-1828
• Furman Theological Institution, High Hills of the Santee, Sumter County, SC 1829-1824
• The Furman Institute, Winnsboro, SC 1837-1850
• Furman University, West End, Greenville, SC 1851-1958
• Greenville Woman's College (later the Women's College of Furman University) 1854-1961
• Furman University, Poinsett Highway, Greenville 1958-present
Location. 34° 50.617′ N, 82° Touch for map. Marker is located at the intersection of Furman College Way and the main walking path of Falls Park. Marker is in this post office area: Greenville SC 29605, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 10 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. A different marker also named Furman University (within shouting distance of this marker); Restoration and Development (within shouting distance of this marker); The Cherokees (within shouting distance of this marker); Old Mill Ruins (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); Greenville Arboretum (about 300 feet away); Reedy River Falls (about 300 feet away); Mill Village (about 300 feet away); a different marker also named Furman University (about 300 feet away); Vardry Mill (about 400 feet away); Liberty Bridge (about 400 feet away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Greenville.
Related markers. Click here for a list of markers that are related to this marker. Other markers documenting Furman University's history.
Also see . . .
1. Furman University. Official website of Furman University. (Submitted on December 20, 2008, by Brian Scott of Anderson, South Carolina.)
2. Furman University. Furman University is a (Submitted on December 20, 2008, by Brian Scott of Anderson, South Carolina.)
1. About James Clement Furman
Born in Charleston, James Furman’s legacy is the service and devotion he gave to his namesake university, which is actually named for his father, Dr. Richard Furman, a Baptist minister and denominational leader. The junior Furman began his tenure as a member of the Furman University faculty while it was still located north of Columbia in Fairfield. He would, working with members of the school’s board of trustees, campaign over the next six years to persuade the state Baptist Convention to move the school to Greenville, where it eventually opened in 1851 in McBee Hall. He would go on to become chairman of the faculty and later president of the university.
Furman, an ardent states’ rights supporter, was heavily involved in politics, as well. In 1860, he secured an appointment as one of the Greenville delegates to attend the Secession Convention, a meeting that would eventually lead South Carolina to become the first Southern state to secede from the Union. On December 20, 1860, Furman was one of the signers of the Ordinance
— Submitted April 13, 2009, by Brian Scott of Anderson, South Carolina.
2. James Clement Furman: History in Brief
At a Glance James Furman became an influential political figure in the community and a leader at Furman University, a school that his father, Dr. Richard Furman, worked to found.
Claim to Fame Furman is best known for his efforts to have Furman University moved from Fairfield, South Carolina, to Greenville in 1851, where it opened in McBee Hall on the corner of Main Street and McBee Avenue. He was chairman of the faculty before later becoming president.
Did You Know? Furman University closed during the Civil War, so Furman became president of the Greenville Women’s College instead. Initial efforts to reopen the school after the war’s conclusion were unsuccessful, but Furman was quoted as saying, “I have resolved, if the university should go down, to sink with it.”
An Impressive Eulogy At an 1870 commemoration of the death of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, Furman was a featured speaker. (Source: G: The Magazine of Greenville, Jan/Feb 09, pg 70.)
Categories. • Education • Notable Buildings •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on December 20, 2008, by Brian Scott of Anderson, South Carolina. This page has been viewed 1,338 times since then and 18 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. submitted on December 20, 2008, by Brian Scott of Anderson, South Carolina. 7, 8. submitted on April 13, 2009, by Brian Scott of Anderson, South Carolina. 9, 10. submitted on May 17, 2009, by Brian Scott of Anderson, South Carolina. 11, 12. submitted on December 20, 2008, by Brian Scott of Anderson, South Carolina.
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Rivalry is at the heart of some of the most famous and fruitful relationships in history. The Art of Rivalry follows eight celebrated artists, each linked to a counterpart by friendship, admiration, envy, and ambition. All eight are household names today. But to achieve what they did, each needed the influence of a contemporary—one who was equally ambitious but possessed sharply contrasting strengths and weaknesses.
Edouard Manet and Edgar Degas were close associates whose personal bond frayed after Degas painted a portrait of Manet and his wife. Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso swapped paintings, ideas, and influences as they jostled for the support of collectors like Leo and Gertrude Stein and vied for the leadership of a new avant-garde. Jackson Pollock’s uninhibited style of “action painting” triggered a breakthrough in the work of his older rival, Willem de Kooning. After Pollock’s sudden death in a car crash, de Kooning assumed Pollock’s mantle and became romantically involved with his late friend’s mistress. Lucian Freud and Francis Bacon met in the early 1950s, when Bacon was being hailed as Britain’s most exciting new painter and Freud was working in relative obscurity. Their intense but asymmetrical friendship came to a head when Freud painted a portrait of Bacon, which was later stolen.
Each of these relationships culminated in an early flashpoint, a rupture in a budding intimacy that was both a betrayal and a trigger for great innovation. Writing with the same exuberant wit and psychological insight that earned him a Pulitzer Prize for art criticism, Sebastian Smee explores here the way that coming into one’s own as an artist—finding one’s voice—almost always involves willfully breaking away from some intimate’s expectations of who you are or ought to be.
Paperback / 432 pages
Dimensions: 5.14" x 8"
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Amanda Gefter, Books & Arts editor
In The Empathic Civilization, Jeremy Rifkin argues that before we can save ourselves from climate change we have to break a vicious circle and embrace a new model of society based on scientists' new understanding of human nature. I asked him how we can do it.
What is the premise of The Empathic Civilization?
My sense is that we're nearing an endgame for the modern age. I think we had two singular events in the last 18 months that signal the end. First, in July 2008 the price of oil hit $147/barrel. Food riots broke out in 30 countries, the price of basic items shot up and purchasing power plummeted. That was the earthquake; the market crash 60 days later was the aftershock. It signaled the beginning of the endgame of a great industrial era based on fossil fuels. The second event, in December 2009, was the breakdown in Copenhagen, when world leaders tried to deal with our entropy problem and failed.
That's the context of the book. Why couldn't our world leaders anticipate or respond to the global meltdown of the industrial revolution? And why can't they deal with climate change when scientists have been telling us that it may be the greatest threat our species has ever faced?
What do you think the problem is?
My sense is that the failure runs very deep. The problem is that those leaders are using 18th century Enlightenment ideas to address 20th century challenges. I advise a number of heads of state in Europe and over and over again I see how these old ideas about human nature and the meaning of life continue to cloak public policy. The Enlightenment view is that human beings are rational, detached agents that pursue our own self-interests and our nation states reflect that view. How are we going to address the needs of 7 billion people and heal the biosphere if we really are dispassionate, disinterested agents pursuing our own self-interest?
A lot of interesting new discoveries in evolutionary biology, neuroscience, child development, anthropology and more suggest that human nature might not be what Enlightenment philosophers suggested. For instance, the discovery of mirror neurons suggests that we are not wired for autonomy or utility but for empathic distress; we are a social species.
If we begin to change our ideas about human nature and, as you say in the book, view history through an empathic lens, what new things do we discover?
We can see how consciousness, which is wired for empathy and social engagement, changes over history. Obviously consciousness has changed over history--a Paleolithic hunter is wired differently than a medieval serf or a modern human. My belief is that when energy and communications revolutions converge it creates new economic eras and changes consciousness dramatically by shifting our temporal and spatial boundaries, causing empathy to expand.
For instance, wherever there were hydraulic agricultural societies based on large-scale irrigation systems, humans independently created writing. That's fascinating to me. Writing made it possible to manage a complex energy regime. It also changed consciousness--transforming the mythological consciousness of oral cultures into a theological one. In the process, empathy evolves. The range of oral communication is limited--you can't extend empathy beyond kin and blood ties. With script you could empathize further with associational ties, you broaden your frame of reference.
In the 19th century the printing press communications revolution converged with new energies: coal and steam. This led to the introduction of public schools and mass literacy across Europe and America. Theological consciousness became ideological consciousness. The same shift occurred in the 20th century with the Second Industrial Revolution, the electronics revolution, which gave rise to psychological consciousness.
Each convergence of energy and communications technology changed our consciousness, extended our social networks and in turn expanded our empathy.
But all of that happens at the expense of the environment?
It's the conundrum of history that these more complex civilizations that use greater energy flow-through allow us to bring more people together, but they create more entropy in the process. If we are going to ward off the extreme dangers posed by climate change we need to find a way to increase empathy while decreasing entropy. The question is, how do you do that? How do you break the paradox?
In the book you argue that we can break the paradox by shifting from geopolitical consciousness to biosphere consciousness.
We need to implement reglobalization from the bottom-up in order to achieve a more sustainable global economy. Geopolitics is an extension of the Enlightenment view of human nature, the idea that we pursue our utilitarian pleasures and individual self-interests. In geopolitics, the nation-state becomes a macro view of that. Nations deal with nations by being rational, detached and calculating, pursuing self-interests, excercising power and acquiring more capital and wealth. That's why Copenhagen failed. The world leaders weren't thinking biosphere, they were thinking geopolitics. Everyone was looking out for their nation's self-interest.
What we need to do is attempt biosphere politics. Governing units are going to change--I think there's going to be a shift toward continentalization. The EU is a first attempt at organizing a new frame of reference across continents, but it's a transitional governing form. The Asian Union, African Union and South American Union are in their early stages.
The global economy didn't work in its first stage. And that's because the economics and the technology raced ahead of our changing consciousness. A global economy requires social trust; you need biosphere consciousness, not geopolitics. You're never going to get globalization until empathy extends to the whole species.
As I said in the book, I think we need to rethink economic policies and make thermodynamics the basis of economic theory. The price of energy is embedded in every product we make. At the same time, the effects of climate change are already eroding economies in many parts of the world as extreme weather events destroy ecosystems and agricultural infrastructure. The Third Industrial Revolution will be driven in part by the need to mitigate the entropic impact of the first two industrial revolutions.
A lot of business people would say that you can't be empathic in the market. But the market is a secondary institution--it's an extension of culture. The real invisible hand of the market is trust, which is the result of empathic engagement. The only way you can have a market is if you have a shared narrative. The market is not a utilitarian frame of reference, it only exists by the social trust that allows people to engage in anonymous settings and believe that their engagements will be honored. When that trust fails, markets collapse and that's what is happening now.
What will the Third Industrial Revolution look like? When will it happen?
I think we're on the verge. I had the privilege to help design the European Union's Third Industrial Revolution economic stability game plan, which was endorsed by the European Parliament in 2007. What we noticed is that in the last 10 or 15 years we've had a very powerful communication revolution with the internet, and the key word is that it's distributed. What's beginning to happen now is that the distributed ICT [information and communication technologies] revolution is beginning to converge with a new energy regime: distributed renewable energy. When they do converge, it's likely to change consciousness once again.
Distributed ICT will organize distributed energies. Renewables like wind, solar, geothermal and biomass are found in some proportion everywhere, in people's backyards. As people begin to harvest these renewable energies they can share electricity peer-to-peer across an internet-like smart energy grid that extends across nations and even continents. We see buildings as the new power plants. Buildings are the number one source of C02 emmissions, but they might also be the solution if they can harness renewables to produce their own energy on site. People will also need new energy storage technologies like hydrogen. The EU has committed 8 billion Euros to hydrogen storage technologies. Those technologies will give us dependable distributed energy.
I founded the Third Industrial Revolution Global CEO Business Roundtable, which is comprised of 100 leading companies from renewable energy to utilities to architectural firms. We're starting to lay out plans.
How will the Third Industrial Revolution change our consciousness?
It extends it in a distributed fashion, with everyone taking responsibility for their swath of the biosphere and then sharing their energy across continents. We have to take responsibility where we are but we have to share across the world for it to work. That would allow us to think biosphere politics not geopolitics and extend empathy in that regard. That gives us a possibility of breaking the empathy/entropy paradox. Will we actually do it? If I were a betting person...well, I wouldn't even want to make a bet. But it's our best shot.
It's a tough challenge. What I'm saying is so difficult. But what
encourages me is the empathy we are already seeing resulting from technology.
After the Iranian elections a young college student was gunned down in the street by an Iranian militiaman for protesting, and someone took a cell phone video. The world instantly empathized. Then there was the earthquake in Haiti. There was an immediate response. That's new--we're thinking as a human race. We still have our xenophobia and our prejudices but I think we're catching a glimpse of something new, and we're going to have to if the possibility of our own extinction depends on it.
I think the question hasn't been asked yet, what is the point of this exercise in connecting the human race in this way? Up to now, most people's reasons for supporting it is more information, quicker information, better entertainment, improved commerce and trade, etc. What I'm suggesting is that that is not enough. When Henry David Thoreau saw the telegraph, he said, "Well, now Maine can talk to Texas, but does Maine really have anything to say to Texas?" If we can't have a global discussion of the transcendent purpose of this connectivity, I don't think entertainment and information are going to be enough to justify the Third Industrial revolution. We have to think deeper, to think as a human family, to take responsibility for the biosphere and our fellow creatures.
If human nature is Homo empathicus, as scientists are suggesting, if that's our true nature, then we can begin to create new institutions--parenting styles, education, business models--that reflect our core nature. Then I can see how this Third Industrial Revolution will happen.
Perhaps we are too cynical for these ideas. Do some people see an empathic global society as an idealistic dream?
If you know my past work you know I'm not utopian. But empathy isn't about utopia. It's about knowing how damn tough it is to be alive. We empathize with others because we smell the whiff of death in their vulnerabilities and so we celebrate their life. There's no such thing as empathy in heaven because there's no mortality, no suffering. Empathy is about encouraging another person's struggle to be. It's a tough feeling to have. In utopia there's no struggle, there's nothing to empathize with. Empathy is more than just, "I feel your pain". We root for each other's struggle to live out this mystery of life.
I was struck by the vast number of fields you explore in your book. Do you think there's a need for more cross-disciplinary scholarship?
Absolutely. Education is a total mess. Our educational model is based on Enlightenment ideas and progressive ideas of the 20th century--if human nature is autonomous, calculating and self-interested and if the market is the way we fulfill those interests, our education reflects that. We are taught that knowledge is a personal asset to achieve one's aims in the world--knowledge is power. If you share your knowledge, that's cheating.
It limits us to a more vocational idea of what life is about. We all become little drones. And as we go through education it grows narrower and narrower. But what's happening with the internet is that young folks are growing up believing that information is something you share, not hoard. That thinking is a collaborative exercise, not an autonomous one, and that spaces ought to be commons. That's completely alien to the Enlightenment ideas I grew up on.
I'm a big fan of interdisciplinary and collaborative teaching. If you're studying evolutionary biology, let a philosopher come in and talk about the way our concept of nature has changed over history. Allow young people to have so many frames of reference so they can be more open and more synthetic in their thinking. If we are a social animal and we live by our stories, then our stories are only made richer with more points of view.
Sharing knowledge is considered cheating, yet collaboration has been shown to improve critical thinking if it's done in a disciplined way. There was a doctor at UCL medical college in the 1950s who realized that if he brought all of his interns to a patient's bedside at the same time, the collaborative response got to a diagnosis quicker than if only one intern was there.
Education has to be completely reformed to reflect the new era of distributed knowledge. I'm currently in deep private discussions with some major educational associations in the US who want to put together a team of people to begin rethinking this.
We still don't know how to grade people in a collaborative model. But if we're moving from Homo sapien to Homo empathicus, we have to rethink all of this.
You've also said we need to rethink the scientific method.
The scientific method reflects Enlightenment thinking. You have to be detached, rational and value-free; you can't be connected or use empathic imagination. But we're seeing that you need both. If the scientific method is the way kids learn, how do they grow up to form an empathic connection to the world?
There are scientists who are practicing a different kind of science, a not-too-close, not-too-far empathic engagement. Jane Goodall is a great example. I told Jane, what you did was so amazing because it's a new approach to science, and she said she had never thought about it that way. She began to empathize with the chimpanzees she was studying, imagining their experience as if it were her own. What she learned about chimpanzee behaviour was massively more than what people had previously learned by studying them in a completely detached way.
Goethe understood this a couple hundred years ago--he disagreed with Francis Bacon's approach. He argued that we understand nature by participating, not by standing back and observing with dispassionate neutrality. Especially in the ecological sciences and climate science, you need to be engaged, interactive and interdisciplinary, because you're dealing with systems thinking.
Empathic science is a good balance between the traditional scientific method on the one hand and something that wouldn't be science at all on the other. Empathy requires that you not be too close or too far away. You have to be close enough to feel the experiences biologically as if they are your own but far enough to use your cognitive abilities to rationally respond.
I hope scholars will take these ideas much further. I'm hoping a younger generation can do that.
I found it interesting that you correlate the expansion of empathy throughout human history with a growing sense of self. I would naively think that they would have an inverse relationship.
Empathy goes hand-in-hand with selfhood; if you know you're a self you can see yourself in relation to the other. People hear "empathy" and they think socialism or something--that's completely missing the point. Increasing individuation and selfhood is critical to increasing empathy.
We are wired for empathic distress. If you put a bunch of babies in a nursery and one starts crying, the others start crying but they don't know why. Real empathy - empathic expression--doesn't occur until children develop a sense of self and recognize themselves as being separate from others; when they can recognize themselves in a mirror, for instance. When kids learn about birth and death they think, uh oh, now I know I have a history, I'm finite. Realizing their own vulnerability allows them to feel another's vulnerability. The more advanced your selfhood, the more you can feel another's fragility and empathize. Empathy is the invisible social glue that allows a complex individuated society to remain integrated.
You said that people hear "empathy" and think "socialism". How does capitalism survive an empathic society?
Market capitalism will be transformed into "distributed capitalism". Just as the internet led to the democratization of information, the Third Industrial Revolution will lead to the democratization of energy. The required changes to infrastructure are going to create massive amounts of jobs and a whole new economy. But when you have peer-to-peer sharing of energy across an intelligent grid system, you no longer have the top-down, centralized economic system. Distributed energy requires distributed capitalism, and that relies on the opposite view of human nature than that of market capitalism. But the politics isn't right or left--its centralized, top-down versus collaborative commons. You don't hear people say, I'm going onto a social networking space because I'm a socialist--it's just a different frame of reference.
At over 600 pages, The Empathic Civilization is a long book! How long did it take you to write it?
I didn't mean for it to be a long book, but my wife says the older I get, the longer my books get. It took over five years. I got so deep into the research; I read about 400 books and maybe 3,000 articles. The actual writing took about a year and a half. My wife has made me promise no more books!
Jeremy Rifkin is an advisor to the European Union and heads of state around the world. He is a senior lecturer at the Wharton School's Executive Education Program at the University of Pennsylvania where he instructs CEOs and corporate management on new trends in science, technology, the economy and society. He is the president of the Foundation on Economic Trends in Washington, D.C. His book The Empathic Civilization was published by Penguin in December
Image: Steve Bisgrove/Rex Features
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Blue-throated macaws are large colorful parrots native to Bolivia. They are one of the rarest in the world. Their upperparts are turquoise-blue, slightly duller on the crown, and brighter on the rump. Underparts are largely bright yellow, but the vent is pale blue. These birds have bare facial patches obscured by blue feather-lines merging into blue lower cheek and throat, separated from the crown by narrow yellow stripe and bare pink skin around the base of the large, black bill. Despite being plentiful in captivity, these beautiful and intelligent birds are critically endangered in the wild and are protected by trading prohibitions.
Blue-throated macaws are the rarest species of macaws in the wild. They are rather popular in the pet trade. They are kept as pets widely because of the vivid coloring and friendly characteristics.
Blue Throat Macaw are beautiful birds. They have a bright blue face, neck, and back. Their chest is a stunning golden-yellow color. Blue Throats are slightly smaller than Blue and Gold Macaws. Blue Throats are known to have strong personalities, a home that offers time, patience, and commitment would do very well with a Blue Throat.
These beautiful birds are highly sought after as pets. They are inquisitive, intelligent, and cheerful. The finer nuances of how to deal with a pet blue-throated macaw are discussed below.
These large macaws need to be provided as large a cage as one can afford. Their 3 feet long wingspan necessitates a spacious enclosure with a lock or an escape-proof latch. They need to have enough room to move about freely. Minimum dimensions are 5’X5’X8’, but the larger, the better. The cage should be built with strong wiring. Provide perches, toys, chewable and regular, chewable branches for the bird’s enrichment. Let the bird out of its cage for at least 2 hours a day.
Temperament & Behavior
They are a very social bird in the wild and hold on to this trait even when kept as a pet. They enjoy being in the company of people as well as other birds and are rarely seen getting aggressive. They are also very self-sufficient and can keep themselves entertained for long hours. They are suitable as a family bird as they can gel well with all members of the family. They do, however, retain some macaw instincts and can be nippy on seldom occasions. Socialize your bird with many people from a young age so that it stays friendly.
Blue-throated macaws should be given a pellet or seed mix on a daily basis. You can also feed them any nutritious food you eat. Occasionally giving them chicken can fulfill their need for protein. Do not give them chocolate and avocado as those can prove fatal for the bird.
They come from a humid habitat in the wild, so ensure that they are bathed every day either in a birdbath or through a mist spray. You can also take them with you when you take a shower. The water should be at room temperature.
Clip the nails and beak every two months.
Clean the food and water dishes in the cage with regularity.
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Chikugo was one of the 68 ancient provinces of Japan. Part of the Saikaido, or "western sea route," it was located in what is now the southern part of Fukuoka prefecture, and bordered on Hizen, Chikuzen, Bungo, and Higo provinces.
Chikugo was established as an administrative unit when the larger province of Tsukushi was divided up in the mid 7th century. During the Sengoku Period, Chikugo was generally dominated by the Otomo clan, but was broken up into numerous smaller fiefs known as the "15 Castles of Chikugo." During the Edo Period, Chikugo was divided into three feudal domains - Yanagawa and Miike domains in south, and Kurume domain in the north.
With the establishment of the modern system of Japanese prefectures in 1871, Chikugo ended more than a millenium as an active administrative unit of the Japanese government, but the name Chikugo is remembered today in numerous local place names and the name of the local dialect of the region, which is known as "Chikugo-ben."
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Holiday Fare May Present Problems for People with Food Allergies
During the holidays, the very variety and complexity of
foods served can make it difficult for someone with a food allergy to know what
to avoid and what to try.
And if someone does fall ill after eating holiday fare,
pinpointing the culprit can take some real detective work.
Guha Krishnaswamy, M.D., director of allergy and clinical
immunology at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center offers these insights on food
- Many allergic reactions to food occur within
minutes. Among the most common allergens are shrimp, soy, egg, wheat, milk and
- Not all ill effects are a result of food
allergies. Some people, for example, develop migraines after ingesting certain
combinations, such as cheese and wine. Known as food idiosyncrasies or
intolerances, these reactions can occur in people with no previous history of
adverse food interactions.
- While the primary ingredients in any one dish
may be fine, additives, spices and colorings can cause an allergic reaction.
- Some people have a condition known as FDEIA
(food dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis), which is a severe allergic reaction that is induced by strenuous exercise
a few hours after eating a specific food. Wheat and celery have been shown to
cause this reaction.
- Another unusual
condition is Alpha-gal Syndrome, an allergy to the sugars in beef, pork and
other red meats. Unlike most allergic reactions that happen within minutes, these
symptoms don’t occur until hours after eating meat.
“Every person is different and there are so many types of
food allergies that it can be really difficult to avoid all allergens over the
holidays,” Krishnaswamy said. “If you know you have food allergies, caution
should overrule your desire to taste something new, and always carry an EpiPen
that is up-to-date.” 11/10/2014http://www.wakehealth.edu/News-Releases/2014/Holiday_Fare_May_Present_Problems_for_People_with_Food_Allergies.htm
Media Relations Contacts:
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Let's figure out what swift is in general. The system of money transfers between banks has existed for as long as the banks themselves. The client gave an order to his bank and the money from his account was sent to the recipient's bank account in another bank, this worked fine while the bulk of the operation was carried out inside the country. As international trade developed, the number of transfers between banks in different countries increased. You have a factory in Italy, and you buy raw materials in Germany, and you need to transfer money for it from an Italian bank, where you have an account, to a German bank, where the seller has an account. This is already somewhat more complicated, different languages and different banking systems, different formats of interbank messages. The exchange of information about payments between banks took place by telegraph or fax in a free form, that is, they simply wrote "so much money, to such and such an account", and it was all sorted out manually.
This was the case before Swift was created, and even earlier it was done by telegraph or even by ordinary paper mail. Of course, the banks sorted it out and the money was transferred, but finding out all the details could take some time, during which either you were left without raw materials for production, or your supplier was waiting for his money. To simplify the exchange of interbank information, primarily for transfers abroad, the swift system was invented in the seventies. Its name translates as the Society of Worldwide Interbank Financial communication channels. The idea was to agree on common standards for the exchange of information between banks from different countries and create a reliable encrypted communication channel.
Swift was founded by 248 large banks from 19 countries. At first, it was used only in Europe, and in the late seventies, American banks joined the system. Well, now, swift unites 11,000 financial organizations from 200 countries of the world. Now the network is used not only for transferring money abroad, but also for conducting operations within the country. Swift is far from the only system for exchanging interbank information, but it is the most common, approximately 80 percent of all transactions pass through it. How does swift work?
Let's look at an example: you have an account in some bank and you want to transfer money from it to another person who has an account in another bank, in another country. Your bank sends a message through the system that the money has been sent. Without waiting for the physical receipt of money, another bank transfers them to the recipient's bank account, because it fully trusts the message received through swift and can process it quickly, since it is compiled according to a unified standard. The ease of processing allows, on the one hand, to speed up the transfer of money, and on the other hand, to reduce the commission for the transfer, to make it cheaper, because there is no need to manually disassemble the mail (What is there? On what account? From whom did it come?). Let's fix it again, swift is a system for transferring payment information between banks, these are not money transfers themselves, but only information. Theoretically, nothing prevents banks from crediting a payment to the recipient's bank account based on a message received in some other way. Russia is one of the most active users of swift. Russian banks are in second place in terms of the number of transactions and fifteenth in terms of total volume.
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Light Pollution Hurts Reptiles in the Environment
This page covers:
Of the oldest reptile groups, the earliest known turtles date from 215 million years ago, making them a more ancient group than lizards, snakes and crocodiles. In my opinion, when you look at one, you can almost sense their history on this planet. Their motions feel ancient and some even become ancient by living standards as they can live much longer than humans. They naturally seem to convey a mellow wisdom that hard to find anywhere else in the animal kingdom. So with the understanding of their successful survival on this planet, it may come as a shock to learn of their endangerment by a reckless, so full of an arrogant intellegence, youngsters to this planet: us. Whether by improperly geared bottom trawler fisher nets (those without large "turtle excluder devices" or "TED"s built into them), buildings that encroach to their traditional nesting locations, irresponsibly tossed trash that chokes a hungry turtle, discarded monofilament fishing lines that loop, twist, knot and strangle a passing sea turtle, or by our ever growing artifical lights that confuse and mislead hatchling sea turtles away from their ocean dwelling lives, our actions have threatened to eliminate them in ways that the dinosaur killing asteroid, 66 million years ago, never could do.
As far as I've learned, in the reptile family, turtles are affected by light pollution more than any other, though I may have to investigate into snakes, as well. Sea turtles, particularly, continue to be seriously affected by light pollution. They are not only affected by the radiant pollution during times of nesting, but also when they emerge as hatchings. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Fisheries Service is a federal agency that is responsible for the stewardship of the nation's living marine resources and their habitat. In their Recovery Plans for Endangered and Threatened Species, they have identified and measured the various threats to the sea turtles populations, such as the Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). For the Loggerheads and other sea turtles, the exponentially growing light pollution is one of the most serious threats to their existence.
Why should we care if the turtles are negatively affected by the lights? Well, not only should we be morally concerned that our lights are impacting fellow species of this planet, but also, in a more economic sense, if Florida wants its beaches to be as tourist and visitor friendly as possible, then having something out there to help control deadly man-of-war jellyfish is one thing that they would want around. Jellyfish are one of sea turtles' favorite things to eat. Sea turtles have spines in their throats that ensure that once swallowed, a jellyfish has little chance of being rejected. Which is also why floating trash, such as plastic bags or used helium balloons, is so deadly to them, they can't regurgitate it out. Thus, sea turtles are also good for Florida's tourism and ultimately, its economy.
Understanding, assessing, and resolving light-pollution problems on sea turtle nesting beaches.
Witherington, B. E.1, and R. E. Martin2.
1Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Marine Research Institute, Tequesta
During the nesting season, female sea turtles such as the endangered Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) prefer to nest on very dark beaches, if they can find it. And on the urban beaches of Boca Raton's, they find it in a rather surprising place: near the beach condominiums. Here's why:
Behavior of Loggerhead Sea Turtles on an Urban Beach. I. Correlates of Nest Placement
Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida.
The researchers looked for the physical variables of where sea turtles dug their nests on a city beach. For the four year period, the nesting patterns on the beach were statistically identical. They found that the nestings were densely concentrated near tall objects, such as clusters of mature Australian pine trees or immediately by multi-storied condominiums, located between the beach and the city. The density variation did not depend on the offshore depth profiles or the beach width. Female sea turtles do not nest-cluster like this in front of tall objects (dune or vegetation) at natural rookeries. Their two part graph shows the elevation of the buildings in the "condominium row" in Boca Raton in the top part and mapping of the buildings and the location of the turtle nests in the beaches. The nesting concentrations increased with the elevation of the building.
The researchers believe that the turtles are using tall objects as shields from the artificial lighting from the interior land. The taller and more complete the object, the higher the nesting density. Planting vegetation, trees and establishing dunes on urban beaches may be effective methods for attracting nesting turtles to these sites, though their densities were not as high as the typically summer vacated condos. One representative turtle from such a condominium shielded nest was Milton of the Gumbo Limbo Nature Center here in Boca Raton.
The Boca Raton beaches were found to be ideal for the study because,
The turtles find the beaches to be ideal because of their proximity to the ocean currents and they used to be dark.
So for all the inland folks complaining about the unfair bail out burden due to expenses that folks living on
the coast endure during hurricane storms, here is one case where the inland folks owe the coastal condominium residents a debt of
gratitude. Dr. Salmon was quoted saying about this fact that
But understand this clearly, this
Behavior of Loggerhead Sea Turtles on an Urban Beach. II. Hatchling Orientation
Michael Salmon, Melissa G. Tolbert, Danielle P. Painter, Matthew Goff and Raymond Reiners
Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida.
Once the baby turtles hatch from their shells, they dig their way almost to the surface to wait for the cooler night to fall. When it does, then they make a break for the sea. However, finding the sea is the hatchlings' first challenge. Remember, these little tykes can hardly raise their heads above a couple of centimeters (not even an inch). Bumps or footprint depressions in the sand may be enough to prevent the turtles from even seeing the sea, hence they have to rely on indirect cues. They quickly scan around and crawl instinctively away from the darker locations, which would normally be made by the inland vegetation and dunes, toward the lower, flatter and brighter locations, which typically is directly to the sea, ±20 degrees. However, coastal lights interfere with sea-turtle hatchlings. Artificial lights, both from nearby or from distant sky glow, can confuse the hatchlings and cause them to crawl onto roads or into communities, often leading to fatal exhaustion, dehydration, predation or even being crushed by cars.
The authors conducted field
experiments to study the emergence behaviors of hatchling sea turtles in various lighting conditions. They did this by plotting
the tracks the hatchlings made as they crawled. The experiments were conducted as follows. Boxes with hatchlings were taken to
the beach after dark. The boxes were opened on location to expose the turtles to ambient light and cooler evening temperatures
which induced crawling activity. Turtles were placed, either singly or in pairs, in a shallow (1-3 cm deep) pit located in the
center of a 4 m diameter circle (which are called
The images show a set of plot of hatchling tracks. In one experiment, lights were temporarily turned on for portions of the night. Red Reef park has large Australian pine trees to its west which block inland lights from hitting its beaches. So when a pavilion light at the park is turned on, hatchlings crawled westward toward the light and away from the ocean to the east. But after the light is switched off, they crawled east. At another part of the beach, an apartment light at the Stratford Arms and a garage light from an adjacent building seriously disrupted the hatchlings' sea finding. However, after the apartment light is extinguished, most turtles crawl toward the sea.
Hatchlings are attracted to lights and crawl inland, or crawl aimlessly down the beach, sometimes until dawn, when terrestrial predators or birds get them.
In Palm Beach county, beach lighting ordinances exist to eliminate artifical light from illuminating the beaches during sea turtle nesting season, which runs from March 1st to October 31st. In 1986, the City of Boca Raton was one of the first municipalities in the County to enact such lighting ordinances. Artificial lights on the beaches attract sea turtle hatchlings away from the ocean and inwards to the land, where they either die from exhaustion due to not finding food and water, being eaten by predators, crushed by cars or killed in other unnatural obstacles such as in sewer drains.
We are still not certain how they do it, but sea turtles are amazingly and innately phylogeographic to their natal beaches. It takes about twenty-five years for a hatchling from our beaches to complete the Northern Atlantic Ocean current circuit and return as an adult to lay her eggs on our beaches. (Just imagine a twenty-five year old human returning to their birthplace without directions, a road map or even a simple description of the place!) In that 25 year time, however, the light pollution from the interior land, growing exponentially at 6% per year, will be 4 to 5 times brighter than what the turtle experienced as a hatchling. Because nesting females do have a high site fidelity for laying their eggs for the next generation, their species has a low gene flow rate. The TEWG states:
"Should an assemblage be extirpated, regional dispersal will not be sufficient to replenish the depleted nesting assemblage within thousands of years."
Do Embedded Roadway Lights Protect Sea Turtles?
Lesley Bertolotti1 and Michael Salmon2.
1Broward County Department of Planning and Environmental Protection, Biological Resources Division,
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Roadway Lighting and Hatchling Orientation
The researchers found the following:
1.) Turtle orientation varied with the influence of background lighting levels. During a full moon, the contrast between artificial lights and the background was at their lowest, thus neither the streetlights nor the embedded lights affected hatchling orientation at their sites. However, during a new moon when contrast was greater, lighting disrupted turtle orientation. It has been historically found that the visually based orientations of turtles, birds and other wildlife are also disrupted more often by artificial lights during a new moon than during a full moon. In another recent study, background light levels were changed under laboratory conditions. Here, too, it was found that luminaires disrupted hatchling orientation when background lighting was low, but not so much when the background lighting was high.
2.) It has been found that direct exposure to street lighting disrupts hatchling orientation. The spectral output of high pressure sodium (HPS) lights contains relatively short wavelengths, including those between 470 and 530 nm that strongly attract the turtles. When these wavelengths are excluded by light filters, attraction to the remaining longer wavelengths declined. Thus, HPS luminaires have the potential to disrupt hatchling orientation if their light is visible at nest sites. They found that this disruption occurred when the turtles were exposed to the street treatment.
3.) Embedded roadway lights at our sites could not be detected at the beach. They observed
almost no difference in light scatter between the all-off and the embedded light treatments. In contrast, overhead street lighting
resulted in an obvious increase in illumination.
4.) Under typical weather conditions (clear or scattered cloud cover), embedded lighting had no statistical
effect on turtle orientation. This conclusion was based on their measurements which suggested that embedded lighting did not reach
the beach and when a replicate assay done at the same site under more typical conditions, hatchling orientations was found to be
accurate to the sea. As to be expected, hatchlings exposed to both embedded lighting and overcast conditions were the exception.
But this difference is understood to be attributed to
At the study's sites, lighting from coastal development originated from the West (the interior land including the city of Boca Raton), from the South (Hillsborough Beach), and from the North (Highland Beach). Under clear or partly cloudy skies, that lighting can be partially (from the N and S) or completely (Boca Raton) excluded by the foliage at the Spanish River Park testing site. However, this barrier failed when extraneous lighting was reflected down to the beach from clouds overhead. While enforcement of lighting ordinances has eliminated direct exposure to many luminaires on the beaches, similar problems are increasing at many nesting beaches in Florida. The primary cause of hatchling seafinding disruptions in Southeast Florida is now indirect lighting (sky glow) and from adjacent developments.
Limitations of Embedded Lighting
Generally, any light visible at the beach can potentially affect hatchling orientation and there are strategies that can be followed for correcting the disruptions. One strategy is to use new technologies when they become available, followed by beach arena tests to verify their efficacy. LEDs are not new, for they are used in tunnels, pedestrian crosswalks, and at airports to illuminate runways, their use as a management tool to reduce lighting problems for wildlife is a unique, and unanticipated, application.
The researchers found that embedded lighting darkened the beach at their study site, however, their use may
not be appropriate at other coastal locations. Embedded lighting is most beneficial where other problem lights are identified and
can be managed. At Spanish River Park, the streetlights were suspected to be the primary, though probably not the only, cause of
orientation disruption (skyglow was believed to be another cause; K. Rusenko, personal communication). Given that knowledge,
turning off the streetlights and substituting in their place an embedded lighting system succeeded as a management strategy.
However, embedded lighting might not be beneficial at sites where the lighting environment is
The benefits of embedded lighting will also be reduced if light scatter from adjacent coastal communities is not controlled. For example, an elaborate and thorough lighting plan was implemented at the Patrick Air Force Base near Cape Canaveral, Florida. The result was a darkened base complex and nesting beach on its eastern border. Initially, these changes resulted in a significant decline in hatchling orientation problems. However, problems are now increasing again at each end of the base because the beach is exposed to light from neighboring communities (D. George, personal communication). A similar scenario might develop at Spanish River Park if no steps are taken to manage lighting at Hillsboro Beach and Highland Beach. Comprehensive planning is therefore essential for long-term solutions to lighting problems.
Finally, embedded lighting on a coastal roadway affects the organisms that use the nesting beach (turtles), as well as those using the roadway and the park (humans). Its use must therefore be evaluated from the perspective of both organisms. In a companion study to ours, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) sponsored a project to determine the psychological response to, and safety record of, embedded lighting from the perspective of motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists. The results were positive (Ellis and Washburn 2003). Thus, at our study site, embedded lighting appears beneficial both to turtles and to people.
Shots from the Front on the Beach
So how bad is it really? What does it look like from the hatchling turtles' point of view? Well here is a
small collection of images that show what the beaches of Palm Beach County look like in the
Also, if you want to become more active in this effort, then consider the Sea Turtle Oversight Protection organization or SeaTurtleOP.org. These folks are on the front lines of this effort every night. Not just working to help the hatchling turtles get to the sea, but also to end this problem once and for all.
These images are taken in Spanish River Park in Boca Raton on April 22nd and May 13th, 2010. Once again,
the air refracts the light from the distant towns to the south creating the airglow seen in the shot. Clouds worsen the conditions
by providing a surface to reflect the light of off and cast it about everywhere, which can be seen when you let your mouse cursor
hover over the picture to see the cloudy night's light.
Down in Fort Lauderdale, FL, the lighting does not seem to be controlled at all. While it has an ordinance to mandate the beaches to be dark, it is rarely enforced.
It is the policy of the City of Fort Lauderdale that no artificial light shall illuminate any area of the incorporated beaches of Fort Lauderdale, Florida.-- Ft. Lauderdale Lighting Ordinance Sec. 6-51
What is shown here is a video of the lighting conditions taken on the beach there and how the turtle move right
towards it. The city's apathy is just infuriating. The
The nearby town of Hollywood has just enacted an ordinance that requires lights to be dimmed, replaced, hooded or retrofitted by 2015 along the beach, including its historic Broadwalk commercial district. This change occured only because they were forced to do it if they expected to receive permits to widen the severely eroded southern end of its beach. The five year retrofitting period seems very slow. Richard WhiteCloud, a Fort Lauderdale conservationist who leads a group that rescues wayward sea turtle hatchlings, calls the five-year implementation deadline as a "joke." He has said that the city would have accomplished the job by now if it hadn't fought the requirement for so long. The two problems I see from this is 1.) if they decide to give up on the plans to expand the beach, then they wouldn't have to work on their problematic lights and 2.) what is the guarantee of enforcement?
Finally we have an image that is a compressed version of view from the Blue Heron Blvd bridge in Riveria, FL. Clicking on the image opens the original .pdf. The photographer was Christina Mendenhall taken at the top of the Blue Heron Bridge.
The panoramic picture from the Blue Heron Bridge and of the Palm Beach Inlet is an interesting perspective
because our jurisdiction for the sea turtle lighting ordinance is only in effect 600 feet west of the mean high water line. From the
bridge, you can see how much darker the coast is compared to interior land. In fact, the lights from the interior land seem to end as
if it hit a wall up and down the Intercoastal waterway. Of course that is only how it appears from this angle. The lights can be seen
quite a way out from the main land. This coast of Florida is quite parallel to lines of longitude; there is a distinct interior
lighted region to the west and a darker oceanic region to the east. As light radiates in all directions, it is very apparent for the
interior land lights to emanate outwards to the sea. So unless it is cloudy, it is unlikely that light rays heading eastwards will
bend to the north. Hence, the illusion of the
Light from the interior lands does reach our beaches and disrupts the sea turtles trying to nest on the beach and those hatchlings that emerge from the nests. It is up to all of us, not just those living on the coast, to cease being such a detriment to our fellow species of the planet, to help them survive our debilitating apathy of years past and to encourage and celebrate their positive growth from here on.
Sea Turtles Have Color Vision!
Prof. Mike Salmon, Department of Biology Sciences, Florida Atlantic University
We know that marine turtles have good eyesight and use it to hunt for food and to detect and avoid their predators. That leads to an obvious question: Do marine turtles see and use colors to identify objects, or is their visual world one of different shades of grey, like a black and white movie? And, how do you get the turtles to answer these questions?
Morgan used a two-stage process to obtain the answers. The first state, done with hatchlings, took advantage of an innate response used by the turtles to locate the sea from the nest; they crawl toward a brighter area using a response known as a phototaxis. Morgan used hundreds of hatchlings to determine the dimmest blue, green and yellow lights that attracted the hatchlings to each color. That enabled her to determine with certainty that the turtles could see each light, but not whether they saw each light as a color or as a shade of grey.
In the final set of experiments, Morgan ran many trials with each trained turtle while varying the brightness of the pairs of colored lights relative to one another during each trial.
If the turtles always swam toward the brighter (or dimmer) light, regardless of its color, then the turtles were color-blind. However, if the turtles always swam toward the same colored light, regardless of its brightness, then the turtles had color vision. All three turtles consistently chose the right color no matter what its brightness in a very convincing demonstration of color vision.
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
E-mail: vandernoot at mail dot sci dot fau dot edu
Phone: 561 297 STAR (7827)
light pollution Florida Palm Beach County Broward County Miami Dade County sea turtles beach lighting legislation beach lighting ordinances impacts reptiles
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“Often cast in a ‘Montgomery to Memphis’ frame that parallels the public life of Martin Luther King Jr., the Civil Rights Movement has taken on an air of inevitability in the popular imagination. Images and film footage have frozen the movement in time as an era when people risked their lives to end the crippling system of segregation in the South, and to secure the rights and privileges fundamental to American citizenship. For many young people, it looms as a shining moment in the distant past, with little relevance to contemporary issues concerning race, democracy, and social justice.”
— Waldo E. Martin Jr. and Patricia Sullivan, Introduction,
Teaching the American Civil Rights Movement: Freedom’s Bittersweet Song, p. xi.
We are now in the midst of anniversaries, commemorations and memorials of the civil rights movement. As movement figures die or withdraw from the public sphere, the struggle for civil rights will recede from active into historical memory. While there has never been a unified understanding of the movement, the disappearance of key actors brings risks that its lessons will be simplified and ultimately lost to students and our civil society.
In many ways, the civil rights movement has been separated from a “movement” for quite some time.13 Popular narratives create the impression that a small group of charismatic leaders, particularly Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., were primarily responsible for civil rights gains. Parks is justly venerated for her activism in triggering the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Yet too many depictions of her portray a lone woman who was simply tired and did not want to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. In reality, she was a trained participant in a well-organized social movement.
This should be cause for alarm. The reduction of the movement into simple fables obscures both the personal sacrifices of those who engaged in the struggle and the breadth of the social and institutional changes they wrought. The King- and Parks-centered narrative limits what we teach students about the range of possible political action. Students deserve to learn that individuals, acting collectively, can move powerful institutions to change.
We should be just as concerned that the civil rights movement will be recast in a cooperative frame. “[T] here is a powerful tendency in the United States to depoliticize traditions for the sake of ‘reconciliation,’” writes historian Michael Kammen. “Memory is more likely to be activated by contestation, and amnesia is more likely to be induced by the desire for reconciliation.” 14 Kammen observes that King’s image has been depoliticized, turning him in the eyes of the public from a radical anti-poverty activist into a charismatic integrationist. Small wonder, then, that it is now commonplace for some politicians and media figures to use King’s words about a color-blind society as a wedge against expanded opportunities for minorities while drawing a curtain across contemporary injustices.
Teachers and textbooks routinely avoid conflict and controversial issues while creating what Terrie Epstein has called “sanitized versions” of important national events—slavery without enslavers, struggles for civil rights without racism and resistance—all culminating in a national triumph of good over evil.15 “As a consequence of teaching a disingenuous national history,” writes Epstein, “millions of young people leave the public schools knowing a nationalistic perspective but not believing it, while those who accept it have no framework for understanding racism and other forms of inequality today.”16
Even as we face these pitfalls, we must do the best we can to teach the civil rights movement just as we teach other parts of American history. It is clear from our review that the civil rights movement is seen mainly as African-American or regional history. This view is profoundly misguided. Understanding the movement is essential to understanding American history. When students learn about the movement, they study more than a series of dates, names and actions. They learn about what it means to be American and come to appreciate the importance and difficulty of struggling against tyranny. We teach the civil rights movement to show that injustice can be overcome.
13 See e.g., Deborah Menkart, Alana Murray, and Jenice L. View, eds, Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching: A Resource Guide for Classrooms and Communities, (N.p.: Teaching for Change, 2004).
14 Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture, (New York: Random House, 1993), 13.
15 Linda M. McNeil, Contradictions of control: School structure and school knowledge. (New York: Routledge Press, 1986). Diana Hess, Controversy in the Classroom: The Democratic Power of Discussion, (New York: Routledge, 2009).
16 Epstein, Interpreting National History; Race, Identity, and Pedagogy in Classrooms and Communities, 9.
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Alignments have been discussed quite a few times in this blog. They are so extremely common in molecular biology that I doubt that there are any debates about their usefulness, apart from certain attempts to improve the modelling, especially in cases of non-colinear patterns (Kehr et al. 2014), or to speed up computation (Mathura and Adlakha 2016). In linguistics, on the other hand, alignments are rarely used, although initial attempts to arrange homologous words in a matrix go back to the early 20th century, as you can see from this example taken from Dixon and Koerber (1919: 61):
|Early alignment from Dixon and Kroeber (1919)|
This example is rather difficult to read for those not familiar with the annotation. The authors group homologous words across different indigenous languages from California. The group labels of the languages under investigation are given in abbreviated form at the very left of the matrix, and the actual varieties are listed in the next column. What follows is the actual alignment, along with comments in the last column. Regarding the alignments, the authors note on page 55:
A number of sets of cognates have been taken from their numbered place in this list and put at the end to allow of their being printed in columnar form, with a view to bringing out parallelisms that otherwise might fail to impress without detailed analysis and discussion. (Dixon and Kroeber 1919: 55)In my opinion, this expresses nicely why alignments should be used more often in linguistics — due to the problem that our "alphabets" (the sound systems of languages) are undergoing constant change (see this earlier post for details regarding this claim), we need to infer both the scoring function between different sounds across different languages, and the alignment at the same time. If we look at the similarities the authors spotted, it should become obvious what I mean.
I am not yet sure how to interpret the data exactly, but if I am not mistaken, the authors claim that each of the column contains homologous material. So, they find a similarity between kaha in the first row (the language is Northern Wintun, according to the key to abbreviations in the book), and tu in the last row (Monterey Costanoan). The last column shows suffixes, which I think the authors exclude from their analysis, but I could not find additional information confirming this in their book.
The comment column illustrates another problem of representation, namely that the authors do not know how to handle cases of metathesis (or transpositions) consistently. The transposition of the parts of words is a process that is quite frequent in language evolution. It is very frequent in compounds consisting of modifier and modified, such as milk coffee in English, where milk modifies the coffee, while French, for example, puts the modifier after the main noun, expressing this as café au lait.
Nowadays, we can handle these cases consistently in linguistics, both in our data annotation and in the alignments, and we can even search for the structures automatically (see List et al. 2016). One hundred years ago, when Dixon and Kroeber worked out their comparison of the languages in California, they were pioneers who tried to increase the transparency of our discipline, and it is clear that their solutions are not completely satisfying from today's perspective.
It is extremely surprising for me that, despite these early attempts to make our homology judgments in linguistics more transparent, the practice of phonetic alignments is still rarely used by historical linguists. Indeed, the majority of them even think that it is a waste of time, or only useful for the purpose of teaching.
I was reminded of this when I looked at a recent proposal by Bengtson (2017, see also this blog for details) for deep genetic connections between Basque and North Caucasian languages. Note that the Basque language is traditionally considered as an isolate, i.e. a language whose nearest relatives we cannot find among the languages in the world. Many linguists have attempted to solve this puzzle by proposing various hypotheses (see Forni 2013 for an example of attempting to link Basque with Indo-European). Bengtson proposes various types of evidence, which I cannot really judge, as I do not know the languages under comparison, but finally, he also shows a list with potential homologs between Basque and North Caucasian varieties, which you find below.
|Potential homologs between Basque and North Caucasian languages (Bengtson 2017)|
If you are not a trained historical linguistic, and thus do not know what to do with this table, be assured that many historical linguists will feel similarly. As a rough explanation: the concepts are supposed to be very, very stable, being drawn from Sergey Yakhontov's list of 35 ultra-stable concepts, and I think that all words in one row are supposed to be etymologically related — that is, they should be potential homologs across all of the languages. If word forms are preceded by the asterisk symbol (
*), this means that they are reconstructed, i.e. not reflected in written sources. But that is all I can tell you for the moment. Where I should start the comparison between the words remains a mystery for me, as I do not know which parts are supposed to be similar. Alignments would help us to see immediately where the author thinks that the historical similarities can be found — that is, we would see, which parts of the words are supposed to be homologous.
At this point in the post, I originally planned to provide you with an alignment of Bengtson's table, in order to illustrate the benefits of alignment in linguistics. Unfortunately, I had to admit to myself that I cannot do this, as I simply do not know where to align the words (apart from some rare trivial cases in the table).
I really hope that this will change in the future. Too often, our hypotheses in linguistics suffer from insufficient transparency with regards to the "proofs" and the evidence. I agree that it is very difficult to come up with good alignments in linguistics, especially if one regards cases of metathesis, unrelated parts, and general uncertainty. However, instead of giving in to the problem, we should follow the pioneering work of Dixon and Kroeber, and try to improve the way we present our data to both our colleagues and a broader public.
Theories such as the link between Basque and the North Caucasian languages are usually highly disputed in historical linguistics, and I do not know of any long range proposal that has gained broad acceptance during the last 50 years. Yet, maybe this is not because the proposals are not valid, but simply because those who are proposing these theories have failed to present their findings in a transparent and testable way.
- Bengtson, J. (2017) The Euskaro-Caucasian Hypothesis. Current model. PDF.
- Dixon, R. and A. Kroeber (1919) Linguistic families of California. University of California Press: Berkeley.
- Forni, G. (2013) Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European language. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 41.1 & 2: 1-142.
- Kehr, B., K. Trappe, M. Holtgrewe, and K. Reinert (2014) Genome alignment with graph data structures: a comparison. BMC Bioinformatics 15.1: 99.
- List, J.-M., P. Lopez, and E. Bapteste (2016) Using sequence similarity networks to identify partial cognates in multilingual wordlists. In: Proceedings of the Association of Computational Linguistics 2016 (Volume 2: Short Papers). Association of Computational Linguistics, pp. 599-605.
- Mathur, R. and N. Adlakha (2016) A graph theoretic model for prediction of reticulation events and phylogenetic networks for DNA sequences. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3.3: 263-271.
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The Rehabilitation of Constitution Gardens, Phase 2
The area known today as Constitution Gardens was historically a tidal mudflat on the banks of the Potomac River and later the site of United States military buildings until their demolition following World War II. The 38-acre Constitution Gardens was built for the American Bicentennial celebration of 1976. However, the long-term health and viability of early plantings proved challenging. Today, the lake conditions have led to unsightly algal blooms, a dying and unsustainable fish habitat, and costly, labor-intensive maintenance. Trees are in critical health, and many have died due to poor soil.
The below slides picture images of the Constitution Gardens in the past and in its current state:
Linking the heavily trafficked World War II and Vietnam Veterans Memorials, the re-imagined Constitution Gardens will retain its original purpose as a pastoral setting, but offer a sustainable space for education and entertainment throughout the year, day and night. The restored landscape will serve as a much-needed gateway to the National Mall, orienting visitors with a welcome plaza and inviting spaces to relax, revive or learn.
The Constitution Gardens site plan, designed by PWP Landscape Architecture and Rogers Partners Architects + Urban Designers, was chosen through a national, juried design competition. The winning designs for the park will provide state-of-the-art environmental, functional and operational sustainability. The lake will be reconstructed to support wildlife habitats while reducing the impacts of storm water from the surrounding landscape and buildings, while new gardens will be planted with native species.
Recognizing the historic context of the site, the designs will offer exciting educational opportunities for students and families. Visitors will be able to reflect upon their experiences while enjoying breathtaking views of the surrounding monuments and memorials.
This project will only be accomplished through private support.
The following are renderings of what the Constitution Gardens could look like with the support of private donations:
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For much of the nineteenth century, Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867) was a ubiquitous figure in London literary life. Sociable Sunday breakfasts at his home in Russell Square were famous, as readers of A.S. Byatt’s novel Possession know. The evening might find the bachelor Robinson at his club, the Athenaeum in Pall Mall. He would often take a very long walk to call on an old friend, such as the novelist Mary Hays in Greenwich. As he walked, he read. And whatever his destination, Robinson talked. Staples of his conversation were the rights of religious dissenters, the abolition of slavery, the genius of Wordsworth and Goethe – and the inability of these two great poets to understand each other. He had many personal memories to recount. If he was less inclined to discuss the provincial, dissenting education he had ‘suffered’ in Bury St Edmunds and Colchester, he would linger on his trip to Germany in 1800-1805. There he had studied at the University of Jena, rapidly becoming the foremost British mediator of the Kantian revolution in German philosophy. In 1804 he had given private lectures on this topic to Madame de Staël in Weimar – now rediscovered and published after 200 years. Then, as the first foreign correspondent of The Times, Robinson had reported on the Spanish Peninsular War from Altona. Travelling under a false German passport as ‘Heinrich Robinson’, he narrowly escaped capture by Napoleon’s troops. He published translations and articles, aspiring to success as a ‘literator’. It was as a solicitor, however, that he made a comfortable living, and gained the social status that enabled him to promote the foundation of the University of London. And almost every night, the indefatigable Robinson described and reflected on his experiences in his diary. Robinson took great care of his own manuscripts, leaving them to Dr Williams’s Library, of which he was a trustee.
The Henry Crabb Robinson Project will publish Robinson’s most important manuscript works with Oxford University Press, both in hardback and on Oxford Scholarly Editions Online. The series editors are Timothy Whelan (Georgia Southern) and James Vigus (QMUL). The Reminiscences, one of the great nineteenth-century autobiographies, is uniquely self-effacing: Robinson arranges the account of his life around his descriptions of the people he encountered and befriended. The enormous Diary (from 1811), including the travel diaries, will be edited in subsequent phases of the Project. The OUP edition will replace all previous editions, which were radically selective. The Early Diaries (pre-1811) are being edited by Philipp Hunnekuhl (Hamburg). A team of special subject area editors, assembled to reflect Robinson’s polymathic interests, will contribute to an edited collection entitled ‘All Our Knowledge is Reminiscence’: Essays on the Reminiscences of Henry Crabb Robinson. Editing and reflecting on Robinson’s prolific manuscript writing is necessarily a team effort.
Friends often upbraided Robinson for his excessive modesty. He spoke out on behalf of many writers and their works, but too rarely for his own. Sara Coleridge, daughter of Robinson’s friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge and one of his many female correspondents, remarked to her diary on his ‘talent and quickness’. My own path has distantly echoed that of Robinson: I worked for three years at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, and have settled in London. This experience has given me a first-hand opportunity to admire Robinson’s achievements as a polylingual producer of ‘informal’ texts. No-one better absorbed, adapted to and embodied the spirit of his age. This unobtrusively brilliant writer has left his 21st-century editors with a challenge, in the best sense.
From January 2016, the Project will be affiliated with the new Queen Mary Centre for Religion and Literature in English.
James Vigus, [email protected]
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Q. Why is it common to salt the exterior of a baked potato?
A. Chefs started doing this years ago to allow the salt to absorb or draw out the moisture of the potato while baking, which results in a dry, fluffy potato. They used to do something similar with prime rib, sometimes baking it over rock salt. Check out these recipes on our website:
For a giant baked Idaho Potato as served at steak houses:
Encasing a baking Idaho Potato in a salt herb mixture:
A video of salt baked Idaho Potatoes from blogger Average Betty:
This entry was posted on Thursday, April 19th, 2012 at 8:56 am and is filed under Consumer, Foodservice, Q & A. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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The recognition of that arbitrariness, and reconsideration among broader and more general alternatives, awaits us. All the previous units and mechanisms of learning, scholarship, arts, transaction and confirmation, and even self-reminder, were based in various ways upon physical objects—the properties of paper, carbon paper, files, books and bookshelves. To read from paper you must move the physical object in front of you. Its contents cannot be made to slide, fold, shrink, become transparent, or get larger.
But all this is now changing, and suddenly. The computer display screen does all these things if desired, to the same markings we have previously handled on paper. The computer display screen is going to become universal very fast; this is guaranteed by the suddenly rising cost of paper. And we will use them for everything. This already happens wherever there are responding computer screen systems. (I have a friend with two CRTs on his desk; one for the normal flow of work, and one to handle interruptions and side excursions.) A lot of forests will be saved.
The computer display screen saves a lot of forests, and benefits the environment by leaving a safer habitat for animals. Saving trees will help make the world a better, greener place. Having the computer screen as a universal utility has many pros. Of course using the display screen is much greener and saves a lot of paper. It is also an easy access to get to.
Using the display screen allows access to many different things especially in school. Many schools now using the computers for taking tests and researching information for projects and assignments. This generation has all types of electronics and as the year goes on, the devices become more convenient. We are now able to use electronics to do what we want as a substitute for paper and news articles. The world is now revolving around these electronics for an easier lifestyle.
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Defined in header
void declare_reachable( void* p );
Declares the object referenced by the pointer
p reachable. Reachable objects will not be deleted by the garbage collector or considered to be a leak by a leak detector even if all pointers to it are destroyed. An object may be declared reachable multiple times, in which case multiple calls to std::undeclare_reachable would be needed to remove this property. For example, a XOR linked list needs to declare its nodes reachable if the implementation has garbage collection enabled.
|p||-||a safely-derived pointer or a null pointer|
Return value
May throw std::bad_alloc if the system cannot allocate memory required to track reachable objects.
|This section is incomplete|
Reason: no example
See also
| declares that an object can be recycled |
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VOA Learning English presents America’s Presidents.
James Madison was elected in 1808. He was a capable president who served two terms. But most Americans do not remember Madison for his presidency. They remember him for work he did earlier.
After the Revolutionary War, in which the American colonists separated from Britain, Madison proposed that the new United States form a stronger national government.
Madison’s vision for a three-part government – with an executive, a legislature, and an independent Supreme Court – became the basis for the Constitution we still use today.
Madison went on to persuade voters to accept the proposed Constitution. He explained how a system of checks and balances would prevent any one part of government from becoming too powerful.
And, when voters demanded more protection for individual liberties, Madison wrote the amendments that became the Bill of Rights.
These actions earned Madison the name “Father of the Constitution.”
Madison did not have the appearance of most politicians. He was a short man with a soft voice who had been sick often as a child.
He grew up in a wealthy family in Virginia. He liked to read books, and to study. He went to college at the school that later became Princeton University in New Jersey.
When the Revolutionary War started, Madison’s intelligence and knowledge – as well as family money – helped him participate in debates about independence.
Madison also held positions in the new American government he helped create, including as secretary of state under President Thomas Jefferson.
Madison did not have much of a personal life. Many people were surprised when he married a young widow named Dolley Payne Todd. She was 26; he was 43. The couple did not have children, but they raised Mrs. Madison’s surviving son together.
Stories suggest the two were very happy, although they had different personalities. Dolley Madison was energetic, warm, and social. She loved to throw parties – and her guests loved to attend them.
Historian Catherine Allgor notes Dolley Madison often dressed dramatically – including wearing turbans covered with peacock feathers. Her weekly gatherings at the president’s house were so crowded that they became known as “squeezes.”
As first lady, Dolley Madison did not follow her husband’s idea of a strict separation of powers. She invited officials from all parts of the government to her parties, as well as people from opposing political groups.
Allgor says Dolley Madison succeeded in making the president’s house a symbol of unity and glamor. She remains one of the best- known and most-loved first ladies in U.S. history.
But his wife’s popularity could not prevent Madison from facing a difficult presidency.
Conflict abroad and at home
During his first term, the U.S. faced increasingly tense relations with Britain. Madison accused the British of interfering with international trade and seizing American sailors.
At the same time, European-American settlers blamed the British for helping native tribes fight against them. But, the settlers had violated treaties between the U.S. government and the Native Americans. In 1811, native warriors attacked U.S. soldiers at the Battle of Tippecanoe in today’s state of Indiana. A U.S. general named William Henry Harrison led his troops to fight back. The result was not clear, but Harrison declared victory.
The following year, Madison proposed war against Britain. Congress approved. The War of 1812 began.
War of 1812
For most of the war, American forces failed.
But in 1813, they had two notable victories in Canada. They captured and burned the city of York, in Toronto.
And General Harrison had another major fight with native warriors at the Battle of the Thames. The Native Americans were defeated. The leader of the tribal alliance, Tecumseh, died from the wounds he received there.
That loss ended, for the most part, the efforts of eastern Native American tribes to push back white settlers.
In 1814, the war turned again. British soldiers took the U.S. capital of Washington, DC.
Madison had already left the president’s house to meet with generals in the field. Dolley Madison remained. But when she learned the British were approaching quickly, she acted. She famously ordered her servants, as well as a 15-year-old house slave named Paul Jennings, to take down a painting of George Washington. The servants, slaves, first lady, and painting all escaped to safety.
Commanders of the British force took a group of men to the Capitol building and set it on fire. Then, they went to the president’s house. They found the table set for dinner. The British commanders stopped to toast the president before they burned his home.
By the time Washington, D.C. burned, American and British officials were already in peace talks.
But in the U.S., one more major battle was being fought. A militia general named Andrew Jackson led a ragtag army against a British attack in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Americans’ rain of bullets and shells was so deadly that only one British soldier reached the top of the American defenses.
When the British finally withdrew, they left behind more than 2,000 dead and wounded. Five hundred other British soldiers had been captured.
Thirteen Americans were killed.
The Battle of New Orleans was considered a great victory for the U.S; however, it was not necessary. The war had ended, by treaty, two weeks earlier.
The War of 1812 almost bankrupted the U.S. government and cost the lives of tens of thousands of soldiers. It was devastating for many Native Americans. It did provide a chance for several thousand slaves to escape to freedom by serving in the British military. But it did nothing to improve the lives of most of 1 million enslaved people in the U.S. at the time.
Despite all this, the war united most of the country.
Albert Gallatin, Madison's treasury secretary, said people felt "more American" after the war. They acted more like a nation, he said.
The song that would become the country’s national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner,” was written during the War of 1812.
Madison benefited from most people’s belief that the war was a success. The end of his second term began what historians call the “Era of Good Feelings.” Madison left the presidency more popular than when he had started it.
After he retired, Madison lived on his Virginia estate for nearly another 20 years. He died in his bed at age 85. A niece was in the room. She says that a strange look passed her uncle’s face. She asked him what was wrong.
Madison’s last words were: “Nothing more than a change of mind, my dear. I always talk better lying down.”
I'm Kelly Jean Kelly.
Kelly Jean Kelly wrote this report for Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor.
See how well you understand the story of James Madison by taking this listening quiz. Play each video, then choose the best answer.
Words in This Story
capable - adj. skilled at doing something or able to do something well
participate - v. to be involved with others in doing something
widow - n. a woman whose husband has died
dramatic - adj. attracting attention or causing people to carefully listen and look
turban - n. a head covering made of a long cloth wrapped around the head
feather - n. any one of the light growths that make up the outer covering of the body of a bird
squeeze - n. a small or crowded space
glamor - n. a very exciting and attractive quality
approach - v. to move or become near or nearer to something or someone
toast - v. to drink and say or agree to words that honor someone or express good wishes
ragtag - adj. made up of different people or things and not organized or put together well
devastating - adj. causing great damage or harm
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Backup folder conventions (Windows and Linux):Some users will not know the meaning of a few of the terms used here, but that should not be a problem.For Windows, an Indispensable Administrator User account, say “User-a”, must always be available to manage the operating system. There should also exist a Limited User account, say “User-b”, for everyday use, which is far less susceptible to malware infections, since it cannot be used to install most programs. Most ordinary data files should be in the Limited User account, which is easy to access. Avoid using the “All Users” account, which can be excessively difficult to access efficiently.(Note: Moving all established data into a Limited User account may require too much effort in older or heavily used systems. But new data should probably be set up in the manner described here to simplify back-ups.)Note: It is not known to be safe (particularly on Windows systems) to have more than 255 characters in any given entire path! (One could lose some data.)
Abbreviations that may be used:
• “Pcl” stands for “Parcel”. Parcel folders contain backup data. Parcels can be very large, or very small pieces of data. (Example: “Pcl130906-1-Pt13”).
• The date and the “-1” at the end of “Pcl130906-1” indicates the name of the parcel itself.
• “Pt” stands for “Parcel Part”. I would suggest that the size of each parcel part should be from about 650MB to no more than 695MB (always “trust” the largest file-size number shown in any “Properties” dialog box).
• “Saved” stands for “Saved Parcel Part” (already backed up). It is followed by a number “xx” to indicate which particular disk it is to be copied to. The second part “-xxxxx” is a random string that allows the folder name to remain undetermined until a final decision about which particular disk it is to be copied to (indicated by “xx”) is decided after the parcel parts are divided up (to avoid mixing up any names).
• “UnSav” stands for “Unsaved Parcel Part” (not already backed up). “Saved” should be renamed to “UnSav” after a backup has been completed, but “-xxxxx” (that is, the actual random string) should remain intact.
• “Final” stands for “Final Parcel Part”.
• “N-Fin” stands for “Nonfinal Parcel Part”.
• “Desc” stands for “Description”, indicates start of a description line in a “description path” that does not contain backup files. This easily shows what is within the corresponding parcel folders. (This is easy to see when the folders are opened.)
• “DevDrvPtn#-X-Y-Z” stands for “Device”, “Drive Unit”, Drive Partition”. The “X” names the computer or unit the drive is in, the “Y” names the whole drive, the “Z” names a partition on the drive.
• “Usr#” indicates an individual user.
• “Ltd” indicates a limited user (for Windows).
• “Adm” indicates an administrator user (for Windows).
• “Cat#” indicates data categories.
• “Val-” indicates the relative importance of the data, rated from 1 to 9.
• “Dummy.txt” prevents paths from terminating in empty folders.
• “BkupInf.txt” prevents paths from terminating in empty folders. May contain the text of this schema.
• “Cont” stands for “Content”. It indicates the data contents directory of a parcel part.
• “T-mp” stands for “Temporary” (but not to be automatically deleted). It indicates an extra “temporary parcel” that allows for flexibility during sorting. It’s probably best to place the oldest files and folders in the lowest numbered parcel parts.
When arranging parcel parts, make each parcel part between about 650 and 695 megabytes in size (able to fit CDs), or less if convenient; that is currently a reasonable maximum size.
Here are examples of insertable pre-fashioned path strings (for backups) (illustrated for Windows) (BE SURE to insert them into the original paths (series of folders) to maintain file priviledge security). The “description” path is inserted with its coresponding folder path to easily show what the folder path contains without using a string that exceeds the 255 character limit:
C:\Documents and Settings\User-a\Pcl130724-1\Pt01_UnSav-11-e3Aqy\Cont\ Dummy.txt
C:\Documents and Settings\Usr-a\Pcl130724-1\Pt01_UnSav-11-e3Aqy\Desc_Final_DevDrvPtn#-Dell-MastrDr-Win1_Usr#-Adm-Peter_Cat#-Pics-Vids_Val-7\BkupInf.txt
C:\Documents and Settings\User-a\Pcl130724-1\Pt01_UnSav-11-e3Aqy\T-mp\Dummy.txt
Below are some pre-fashioned template strings for insertion into appropriate paths (be sure to insert them into the original paths to maintain file priviledge security) (The second part “-xxxxx” after “UnSav” should immediately be filled with a random five character string to prevent the attempted insertion of “same-string” paths; comprised of the “easy-to-read” upper and lower case characters plus numerals, such strings can provide 47^5 = 229,345,007 combinations).
I use the “PWGen” program with the “<easytoread>” Character set, from SourceForge.net. And 12 character passwords (they will have upper and lower case letters and numerals). Its Windows, but works well with Linux’s Wine.
Pre-fashioned template strings for insertion into appropriate paths (be sure to insert them into the original paths to maintain file privilege security):
Easy-to-insert directories to form path strings (directory or folder names are placed between the “$$” pairs “$$….$$”):
$$Pclyymmdd-1$$ $$Pt01_UnSav-xx-xxxxx$$ $$Cont$$ $$Dummy.txt$$
$$Pclyymmdd-1$$ $$Pt01_UnSav-xx-xxxxx$$ $$Desc_Final_DevDrvPtn#-Dell-MastrDr-Win1_Usr#-Adm-Peter_Cat#-Pics-Vids_Val-x$$
$$Pclyymmdd-1$$ $$Pt01_UnSav-xx-xxxxx$$ $$T-mp$$ $$Dummy.txt$$
Some “Desc” strings may be followed by “N-Fin” (for “non-final”), but at least one will be followed by “Final”.
There will be three path strings in each backup location:
1) The “Cont”, or content path string that inserts a named folder before the files and folders that are to actually be backed up. This is the only path that actually contains large, backed-up files and folders in the actual backups.
2) The “Desc” string that will make it easy to read a description of the information that is held within the folders that are preceded by the “simple” path string. It contains only a very tiny amount of data.
3) The “T-mp” string that will make it easy to “shuffle” and organize the backup files and folders prior to backups. It contains only a very tiny amount of data after the backup data has been organized.
All three of these three path strings should remain after each backup; but the date in their names should be returned to “yymmdd” so as to alter Windows shortcuts or Linux links as little as possible.
Simply begin inserting the “empty template” backup folders into folders that typically exist in the computer.
Non-system personal data files and folders may be moved into backup folders with modified paths, and allowed to remain there for future backup convenience; but not system, and not program-requisite files and folders, which must not be moved, only copied (if desired). (Some of these are data files and are very important to save, however.) The non-system personal data files and folders can be permanently moved into modified-path backup folders; however Windows shortcut files or Linux link files would need to be modified to accomodate the new folder locations.
When you back up, rename “yymmdd” to the current date, back up, then revert to “yymmdd”. And “Saved” should be renamed to “UnSav” after each backup job has been completed, but “-xxxxx” (that is, the actual random string, for example “e3Aqy”) should remain intact. Nonetheless, do make a list of any “special” path changes that are made during new backups.
Everything will remain organized. You can back up everything to a set of DVD-Rs, while leaving your system ready for the next backup.
This works in Windows and Linux.
(By clicking HERE you can read or write comments below.)
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A pocket-sized photographic field guide to Arctic birds, mammals, and other wildlife.
Wildlife of the Arctic is an accessible and richly illustrated pocket-sized photographic field guide to the birds, land and sea mammals, and plants and lichens of the northern polar region--including Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, and Russia. Written and illustrated by naturalists with extensive Arctic experience, this handy book features detailed facing-page descriptions of each species, including information about identification, range, distribution, and breeding and wintering grounds. A substantial introduction explains the area covered, with information on the poles, geology, snow and ice, auroras, and the influence of global warming. This portable, user-friendly guide is the perfect companion for birders, ecotourists, and cruise-line passengers visiting the Arctic Circle and other areas of the far north.
-An accessible and richly illustrated pocket-sized photographic field guide to Artic wildlife -Features more than 800 color photos illustrating more than 250 bird species, 60 land mammals, and 30 seals and whales -Includes extensive facing-page species descriptions and identification information -Provides an overview of the Arctic region, with information on the poles, geology, snow and ice, auroras, and the influence of global warming -Explores each family of birds and mammals, and has sections covering fish, insects, plants, and lichens.
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| 0.851362 | 287 | 3.03125 | 3 |
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
- List of mathematical logic topics
- List of computability and complexity topics
- List of set theory topics
- List of first-order theories
- Knowledge representation
- Logic symbols
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Mathematical logic" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
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| 0.819968 | 104 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a disorder of the nervous system that causes a person to make repeated and uncontrolled (involuntary) rapid movements and sounds (vocalizations) called tics. The disorder is commonly called Tourette syndrome.
Tourette syndrome is named for Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who first described this disorder in 1885. There is strong evidence that Tourette syndrome is passed down through families, although the gene has not yet been found.
The syndrome may be linked to problems in certain areas of the brain, and the chemical substances (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) that help nerve cells talk to one another.
Tourette syndrome can be either severe or mild. About 10% of Americans have a mild tic disorder, but far fewer have more severe forms of Tourette syndrome. Many people with very mild tics may not be aware of them and never seek medical help.
Tourette syndrome is four times as likely to occur in boys as in girls.
Most affected people first notice symptoms of Tourette syndrome during childhood, between ages 7 and 10.
Symptoms of Tourette syndrome can range from almost unnoticeable minor movements (such as grunts, sniffling, or coughing) to continuing, uncontrollable movements and sounds (vocalizations).
The symptoms tend to get better and worse. Symptoms usually get worse before the mid-teen years.
The most common first symptom is a facial tic. Other tics may follow. A tic is a sudden, rapid, repeated movement or voice sound (vocalization). Tics can include:
- Arm thrusting
- Eye blinking
- Repeated throat clearing or sniffing
- Shoulder shrugging
Tics may occur many times a day, but they tend to improve or get worse at different times. The tics may change with time.
Contrary to popular belief, use of curse words or other inappropriate words or phrases (coprolalia) occurs in only a small number of patients.
Many patients say that the tics are not totally out of their control (involuntary), but that "things just would not feel right" if they did not do them. This is what makes Tourette syndrome different from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) -- people with OCD feel as though they have to do the behaviors.
Many people with the disorder can suppress the tic for periods of time, but find that when it is allowed to occur after that time, it is more dramatic for a few minutes.
There are no lab tests to diagnose Tourette syndrome. However, a health care provider should do an examination to rule out other causes of these symptoms.
To be diagnosed with Tourette syndrome, a person must:
- Have had many motor tics and one or more vocal tics at some time, although not necessarily at the same time
- Have tics that occur many times a day, nearly every day or on and off, for a period of more than 1 year; during this period, there must not be a tic-free period of more than 3 months in a row
- Have started the tics before age 18
- Have no other brain problem that could be a likely cause of the symptoms
Tourette Syndrome Association - www.tsa-usa.org
Most patients improve in early adulthood. Although 1 in 4 patients may be symptom-free for a few years, only 8% of patients have symptoms completely go away without returning.
People with Tourette syndrome have a normal life expectancy.
Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have tics that are severe or persistent, or if they interfere with your daily life.
Conditions that may occur in people who have Tourette syndrome include:
These conditions need to be diagnosed and treated.
Many patients with Tourette syndrome have very minor symptoms. In this case, they are usually not treated, because the side effects of the medications may be worse than the symptoms of the condition.
Drugs used to treat tics include dopamine blockers, such as fluphenazine, haloperidol, pimozide and risperidone. These medicines can help control or reduce tics, but they have side effects such as movement disorders and cognitive dulling. Antiseizure medications are also used sometimes.
A blood pressure medicine called clonidine has been shown to help control tics. Another drug commonly used is tetrabenazine, but this drug is also linked to movement disorders as well as depression. Many other treatments have been tried with little or no improvement.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has given encouraging results both for the main symptoms of Tourette syndrome and for the associated obsessive-compulsive mannerisms.
There is no known prevention.
Jankovic J. Movement disorders. In: Goetz, CG, ed. Textbook of Clinical Neurology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 34.
Lang A. Other movement disorders. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 434.
Kuhn JTO. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010. 107(7): 105-113.
Review Date: 3/30/2010
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2009 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
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Question 1. What are the methods of concrete curing?
- Shading concrete work
- Covering concrete surfaces with hessian or gunny bags
- Sprinkling of water
- Ponding method
- Membrane curing
- Steam curing
Source:- Methods of concrete curing.
Question 2. Why are steel plates inserted inside bearings in elastomeric bearings?
For elastomeric bearing to function as a soft spring, the bearing should be allowed for bulging laterally and the compression stiffness can be increased by limiting the amount of lateral bulging. To increase the compression stiffness of elastomeric bearings, metal plates are inserted.
After the addition of steel plates, the freedom to bulge is restricted and the deflection is reduced when compared with bearings without any steel plates under the same load. Tensile stresses are induced in these steel plates during their action in limiting the bulging of the elastomer. This, in turn, would limit the thickness of the steel plates.
Question 3. What are the major types of reinforcement used in prestressing?
(i) Spalling reinforcement
(ii) Equilibrium reinforcement
(iii) Bursting Reinforcement
Question 4. How to determine the number of cells for concrete box girder bridges?
If the depth of a concrete box girder bridge exceeds 1/6 or 1/5 of the total bridge width then the single-cell box girder bridge is recommended. But if the depth of the bridge is lower than 1/6 of the total bridge width then it is preferable to choose a twin-cell or in some cases multiple cells.
Question 5. What are the disadvantages of curing by ponding and polythene sheets?
Question 6. What are the types of concrete slump?
- True slump
- Shear slump
- Collapse slump
Read details: Types of Concrete Slump
Question 7. Why Is Propping Required For Long Structures Once The Form Work Is Removed?
This page is under development. More Questions and answers are coming soon....
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| 0.878228 | 442 | 3.1875 | 3 |
21st century parenting is complicated. Social media platforms have stormed onto the scene in the last fifteen years, completely changing the way that both parents and kids interact with peer groups and the wider world. Gone are the days of notes passed in class or phone calls to update far away family members on how life is going, now kids text each other and parents post videos on social media.
The online environment can in many ways be a blessing. It allows us to connect with people who have shared interests, interests like fencing. It allows us to connect with family and friends. It allows us to document our children and their accomplishments. However it can also be a curse. It’s easy to fall into negativity in the online world or to post things without thinking. Not only that, online interactions make anonymous bullying easier and can make our connections less real and more virtual.
For better or for worse, social media is here to stay. How it shapes our lives and the lives of our kids is up to us. Here are seven social media guidelines for fencers and their families.
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Lymphocytic Colitis (cont.)
Bhupinder Anand, MD
In this Article
What diseases are not colitis?
Individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) do not have colitis, even though this condition is sometimes referred to as having "spastic colitis." These individuals may have symptoms that mimic colitis such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and mucus in stool. Nevertheless, there is no inflammation of the colon in patients with IBS. The cause of symptoms in IBS is not clearly known; it may be caused by either abnormal motility (abnormal contractions) of the intestinal muscles or abnormally sensitive nerves in the intestines (visceral hypersensitivity).
What is microscopic colitis?
Microscopic colitis refers to inflammation of the colon that is only visible when the colon's lining is examined under a microscope. The appearance of the inner colon lining in microscopic colitis is normal by visual inspection during colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy. The diagnosis of microscopic colitis is made when a doctor, while performing colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy, takes biopsies (small samples of tissue) of the normal-appearing lining, and then examines the biopsies under a microscope.
There are two types of microscopic colitis: 1) lymphocytic colitis and 2) collagenous colitis.
Some experts believe that lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis represent different stages of the same disease.
The inflammation and the collagen probably interfere with absorption of water from the colon, resulting in the diarrhea.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 10/2/2013
Viewers share their comments
Microscopic Colitis - Treatments Question: What was the treatment for your lymphocytic colitis?
Microscopic Colitis - Cause Question: What was the cause of your lymphocytic colitis?
Microscopic Colitis - Symptoms Question: What symptoms did you experience with your microscopic colitis?
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EFE/14ymedio, Caracas, 31 October 2021 — On Sunday president Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela celebrated the 21st anniversary of the signing of the first cooperation agreement with Cuba, which gave rise to various common projects in multiple areas and which continue the constant bilateral collaboration to this day.
“We celebrate 21 years of the signing of the Bolívar-Martí Accords that took the fundamental step to advance in the deep, spiritual, cultural and political union of our peoples. (Hugo) Chávez and Fidel (Castro) demonstrated that a new humanity is possible. Long live the Cuba-Venezuela Agreement!” Maduro wrote on his Twitter account.
In an extensive Facebook post, the Venezuelan Presidency describes the agreement as “a show of solidarity, humanism and cooperation” that has allowed the development of 1,487 projects, in which a total of 255,300 Cubans have participated.
The statement indicates that these collaboration projects, established “in the areas of health, education, sports, culture, food, tourism, energy and science, among others” — not naming the collaboration in matters of Security and Interior — have resulted in “Reciprocal advantages and an advance in the efforts of unity that look towards Latin America and the Caribbean.”
However, specialists such as María Werlau and the journalists behind the pseudonym Diego G. Maldonado maintain that more than a symbiosis, Cuba’s relationship with Venezuela is one of dominance. Werlau, specifically, considers the agreement between the two countries as the “asymmetric occupation” of Venezuela by Cuba, “worse” than she imagined when it began in 2000. Maldonado, who titled his research book on this agreement The Consented Invasion, believes Cuba “has bled dry its goose that lays the golden eggs,” Venezuela.
The agreement between the two governments was signed less than two years after Chávez assumed the Venezuelan Presidency, on February 2, 1999, after winning the December 6, 1998 elections.
Since then, Cuba and Venezuela have maintained the accords, despite the death of the two signatories. Then Cuban president, Fidel Castro, died on November 25, 2016, although by 2008 he had already transferred power to his brother Raúl, who, in turn, delegated the Presidency to the current head of state, Miguel Díaz-Canel, in April 2019.
On the part of Venezuela, after the death of Hugo Chávez in 2013, the mandate passed into the hands of Maduro, who continued the collaboration with Cuba, both with Raúl Castro at the head of the Administration and with Díaz-Canel.
In fact, the Venezuelan Presidency asserts that for this year, both nations will advance “in the improvement and expansion of development ties as a path to emancipation and to face the historical challenges, which include overcoming the negative effects of the financial and economic persecution expresses as State policy by the White House, against the lands of Bolívar and Martí.”
COLLABORATE WITH OUR WORK: The 14ymedio team is committed to practicing serious journalism that reflects Cuba’s reality in all its depth. Thank you for joining us on this long journey. We invite you to continue supporting us by becoming a member of 14ymedio now. Together we can continue transforming journalism in Cuba.
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Wishing for a healthier mouth in 2017? Want to put an end to gum disease, cavities, and other oral health issues? Take control of your own oral health. You can achieve Ultimate Oral Health this year by understanding these 5 Oral Wellness Points.
5 Oral Wellness Points
- Bacteria Transfer
- Eating Causes Acidity
- Saliva is Your Best Friend
- The Mouth’s Nightmare
- Mouth Health <-> Body Health
Mouth bacteria are both good and bad. There are substantially more good ones than bad, but the bad ones cause big problems like cavities and gum disease – so they are not welcome visitors in our mouths. These bacteria – good or bad – do not just stay on teeth, they can travel and reach places like our toothbrush bristles. This is why it is vital to clean your toothbrush as often as possible – ideally every day. Also get a new brush as often as possible, especially if you have cavities or are fighting gum disease.
The great news for families and friends is that when your mouth is healthy – you will be sharing healthy bacteria with the people you love. Early childhood is a time when the mouth bacterial composition is designed, and the input from family is very important in this process. Parents can clean their mouth health and feed good bacteria by consuming small amounts of xylitol at the end of every meal. Baby teeth can also be cleaned with a small amount of xylitol, rubbed or wiped over teeth.
Eating Causes Acidity
Every time we eat we can almost assume that acids are generated in our mouths. There are a few exemptions to this, but most foods contain natural or added sugars, carbohydrates or some form of acid. Organic, healthy foods can be as damaging as processed foods for teeth. Green smoothies often rate as some of the most damaging for teeth since kale and spinach contain oxalic acids which can destroy tooth enamel.
Acidity pulls minerals from teeth and also promotes the growth of unhealthy mouth bacteria. The longer the mouth remains acidic, the more damage is caused. Waiting for an hour before cleaning your teeth is allowing damage for too long each day. Eating a little xylitol mint or piece of pure xylitol gum after every meal, snack or drink will take away mouth acidity and also help to mineralize teeth and repair any defects.
Saliva is Your Best Friend
Today there are a number of expensive “re-mineralizing” pastes and gels sold to repair soft, weak or sensitive teeth. Your own saliva contains the ideal mix of minerals and is far better than these artificial products for this job of mineralizing teeth. The problem is that minerals will only go into teeth when the mouth is at a specific and alkaline pH of around 7.4. Fortunately xylitol generates a flow of alkaline saliva in most mouths to bring it to this pH.
When saliva interacts with the surface of teeth, it will help the teeth to harden and become smoother and stronger. It’s important to give your teeth enough time to interact with saliva. Constant snacking and sipping is detrimental to this process and is the reason many people experience sensitive teeth. Saliva quality varies throughout the day and mid afternoon is the ideal time to stop eating and drinking and allow your teeth time to interact with your own natural saliva.
The Mouth’s Nightmare
The most difficult time for our mouth health is while we are sleeping. The mouth automatically becomes drier and our saliva more acidic – two conditions that wreck havoc on our teeth and gums. This is why it is so important to prepare our teeth before we go to sleep, helping them to overcome the difficulties of the hours while we are asleep. It’s no use thinking that you can clean your teeth in the morning and make up for ignoring them at night: it just doesn’t work that way.
It’s vital to clean and protect your teeth before going to sleep each night. Many products today are too acidic for mouth health, especially all the products made to whiten or control plaque in the mouth. Many toothpastes are equally poorly designed for the care that teeth need during the night.
My Complete Mouth Care System was designed specifically to care for teeth and protect them during the night. In fact, it does its job so well, your teeth may be stronger, shinier and look better in the morning than they did when you went to bed!
Mouth Health <-> Body Health
Many studies point to various connections between mouth and body health. Body health also affects mouth health in a number of ways. Diet and good nutrition is vital if you are trying to correct a problem in your mouth, and I often talk with clients about their digestive health and the need to consider a good vitamin and mineral supplement in addition to a good digestive probiotic supplement.
The ideal time to develop mouth health is during the early years of childhood. In many countries xylitol is given to preschool children as xylitol candies during the school day. This has been a public health measure in Finland for about 50 years to prevent cavities, and prepare the mouths of children before the eruption of adult teeth. Healthy adult teeth require less treatment, no sealants and less maintenance care. Healthy teeth and gums will promote better general health and hopefully allow us all to live longer, healthier lives.
Categories: Acidity, Bad Breath, Cavities, Children's Teeth, Common Problems, Complete Mouth Care System, Demineralization, Dry Mouth, Gum Disease, Natural Solutions, Plaque, Prevention, Recession, Remineralization, Sensitivity, Soft Teeth, Staining & Discoloration, Ultimate Oral Health, Weak Teeth, Xylitol
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On December 17, 2021, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that Guatemala was “internationally responsible for the violation of the rights to freedom of expression, equality before the law, and participation in cultural life” of Indigenous Peoples. On December 28, Channel partner Cultural Survival held a press conference to clarify the importance of this ruling, along with Guatemala-based Asociación Sobrevivencia Cultural, Suffolk University Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples Clinic, and Asociación de Abogados Mayas.
At this press conference, representatives of the four affected Indigenous communities and the lawyers who represented them spoke both about winning this case and the example it sets for other Indigenous communities and governments. “This is a ruling that other Indigenous communities can use to advocate for their rights internally and try to get their governments to follow these recommendations from the Court,” said Amy Van Zyl-Chavarro, Co-Counsel from the Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples Clinic at Suffolk University.
In its ruling, the IACHR specifically found the State of Guatemala to be in violation of Indigenous Peoples’ right to freedom of expression through the General Telecommunications Law, which denied these peoples access to radio frequencies. As a result, the Court ordered that the four affected Indigenous community radio stations must be recognized by the Guatemalan government and financially compensated. Decisions made by this Court are binding, which means that the State of Guatemala must comply with these orders.
This IACHR decision is vitally important as Indigenous community radio broadcasters in the region have often historically suffered threats, harassment and violence or had their stations, technology and tools and/or broadcast licenses seized by state and non-state actors.
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| 0.949057 | 350 | 2.609375 | 3 |
An educational setting that is more integrated than a special day class, but less than full inclusion. Usually, mainstreaming means a special day class on a regular education campus where the students have opportunities to interact with regular education students in both academic and non-academic activities
- “Making a Murderer” and Brendan Dassey’s Low IQ Defense.
- The Regional Center Individual Program Plan or, “IPP.”
- 1st-party Court-Established Special Needs Trust and the State’s Right to Reimbursement for Medical Assistance Paid on Behalf of the Beneficiary under a State Plan?
- The Regional Center System for Persons with Developmental Disabilities.
- Tragedy at Inland Regional Center
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http://www.thomasbeltran.com/glossary/mainstreaming/
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'Momma's Boy' Phenomenon May Occur in Bird Families
“Momma's boys” may not be solely confined to human families. Instead, a new study suggests birds have the same prejudices.
Scientists have discovered that zebra finch mothers favor their sons over their daughters, so male chicks end up getting fed more than their sisters do. But fathers don't appear to be as biased.
The end result is that male chicks get more food than females.
"If a female has paired up with a particularly sexy male, it's in her interests to make sure her sons are well cared for, because the odds are that they'll grow up to be just as successful as their dad. So her genes are more likely to be passed to the next generation," explained Ian Hartley from Lancaster University, co-author of the study.
But the findings suggest that zebra finches know which chicks are male and which are female. This is surprising because, until now, researchers thought parents can't tell the difference between males and females until they get their adult plumage.
"We don't know how they know, but it could be that because they can see ultraviolet light, they can see things in their chicks that we can't. Or maybe male and female chicks make different calls when they beg for food," Hartley said.
While it might seem surprising that zebra finch mothers should favor their sons, Hartley and his colleagues say that what's more surprising is that the evidence for this has, until now, eluded researchers.
The whole area of conflict over how much care each parent puts into raising its young is a hot topic in evolutionary biology right now, with the theory predicting that each parent will invest differently.
"Females put a lot of energy into producing and incubating eggs; the males don't. But males put their energies into attracting or defending females. These different costs of reproduction – and the need to save some energy for future breeding attempts – have knock-on effects to how the mother and father invest in their offspring," explained Hartley.
There's also tension between parents and their offspring. When parents arrive at a nest with food, chicks use loud and elaborate begging displays to try to manipulate their parents' decisions as to who gets fed. But parents are wise to this. It's hard work bringing food back for chicks, so parents have to apply rules for who gets fed to prevent particularly greedy individuals from monopolizing their efforts.
"Instead of a nice image of happy families, it's more realistic to think of a nest as a battleground," Hartley said. "There's conflict between parents, between parents and offspring, and on top of this, there's competition for food between siblings."
Previous research has found that parents generally prefer to feed larger chicks, and those that beg hardest. And although researchers have demonstrated that male and female parents prefer to feed different types of chicks, teasing out any kind of bias towards gender isn't straightforward. Scientists have focused on birds, "because it's much easier to measure and analyze parental care in birds than it is in, say, mammals," Hartley explained.
To find out if the evidence backs up the theory, he and other colleagues from Lancaster designed an experiment that let them compare parents' feeding patterns with begging behavior in broods with chicks of different sizes and ages. This meant they could discount any effects of size or age. In total, they analyzed in detail video images of about 9,000 “feeding events” at 28 zebra finch nests.
Unsurprisingly, the researchers found that the more chicks beg, the more likely they are to be fed more by their parents. But as begging gets louder and more intense, they found that the sex of both chicks and parents determines who gets fed the most: Female zebra finches provide more food for sons as their begging intensifies, but fathers feed both sons and daughters equal amounts of food.
Hartley says there are plenty of questions that are still unanswered, like: how do parents work out the sex of their offspring, and do these rules apply to other birds?
"It would also be interesting to find out the long-term consequences of parentally biased favouritism in these birds," he said.
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| 0.977512 | 873 | 3.078125 | 3 |
In 2015, Stanford University in California swapped out its natural gas-powered energy system with one primarily powered by electricity. The university did this because it recognized that buildings are large energy users and that electrification is a necessary step toward a sustainable energy future. The new system has cut the campus’ greenhouse gas emissions by 65 percent due to efficiency improvements and electricity for the system being partially supplied by solar energy. This is a big step toward Stanford meeting its commitment to be 80 percent carbon-free by 2025, which will also involve electrifying all university vehicles and purchasing 100 percent renewable electricity.
In Stanford’s system, cold and hot water circulate through pipes around the campus to meet cooling and heating needs. As it travels around campus and through buildings, the cold water is heated. At a central facility, heat recovery chillers transfer the excess heat from the cold water to the hot water — thus cooling the cold water and heating the hot water to the appropriate temperatures, a process that meets 80 percent of the campus’ heating needs. These heat recovery chillers are twice as efficient as natural gas heating systems, which leads to significant cost savings — $420 million over 35 years for Stanford’s system.
This system also features tanks that can store the hot and cold water for later use. This allows the university to heat and cool the water in the tanks at night when electricity costs are low and circulate it through the buildings during the day when demand is high.
On very hot or cold days, the heat recovery chillers can extract heat from the ground or Stanford’s lake water irrigation system to meet the additional demand. The campus retains its old natural gas hot water generators as a last back up. This type of system can even be used in cold climates, where excess heat is generated by cooling and humidity control in certain buildings and can also be tapped from the ground or nearby water bodies.
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<urn:uuid:690a91df-741f-4149-b7f0-841586bbc002>
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
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https://environmentamerica.org/energy-101/building-electrification
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| 0.954615 | 383 | 3.78125 | 4 |
|Earth Climate Course: What Determines a Planet's Climate?|
This module is designed to connect cutting edge NASA research with the teaching and learning of core science and mathematics concepts and skills while addressing state and national education standards. The process of science inquiry and the tools used to do research play a major role in all the lessons. Topics and research projects include Temperature Variations and Habitability, Modeling Hot and Cold Planets, and Using Mathematical Models to Investigate Planetary Habitability. Teacher Notes provide background and instructional guidelines and include class hand-outs for the student activities. Resources found in data and tools are used by students to conduct the analysis called for in the module investigations.
Intended for grade levels:
Type of resource:
PDF documents require Acrobat Reader. XLS documents require Microsoft Excel. TBK documents require the Neuron plugin (available for Windows only).
Cost / Copyright:
NASA images generally are not copyrighted. You may use NASA imagery, video and audio material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits and Internet Web pages. This general permission does not include the NASA insignia logo (the blue "meatball" insignia), the NASA logotype (the red "worm" logo) and the NASA seal. These images may not be used by persons who are not NASA employees or on products (including Web pages) that are not NASA sponsored. If the NASA material is to be used for commercial purposes, especially including advertisements, it must not explicitly or implicitly convey NASA's endorsement of commercial goods or services
DLESE Catalog ID: DLESE-000-000-005-502
Resource contact / Creator / Publisher:
Publisher: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
Contact: Robert B. Schmunk
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
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| 0.83273 | 385 | 3.953125 | 4 |
B.R. Ambedkar's magnum opus, The Buddha and his Dhamma, was barely completed before his death and was published posthumously in 1957. The book is known for Ambedkar's review and analysis of the vast Buddhist canon and literature. This is the first critical edition of The Buddha and his Dhamma. Along with a new Introduction, it includes footnotes indicating sources and annotations explaining various topics of discussion. The annotations provide useful information on canons like Suttas and Dhammapada indicating their authoritativeness in the Buddhist tradition and discuss the modificationseffected in Ambedkar's use of the source material. An analytical index helps locate various passages and themes in the original text.
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CC-MAIN-2017-09
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https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/the-buddha-and-his-dhamma/9780198068679-item.html
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| 0.94033 | 150 | 2.84375 | 3 |
One of the undeniable takeaways of using professional medical scribes is that they save time and keep data organized. In a typical day, a medical scribe at a hospital or clinic can save hours from a medical practitioner’s day by letting the practitioner concentrate on patients and diagnosis, rather than data entry. A scribe also ensures that the EHR of a patient is kept up to date not just for insurance purposes, but for medical records, which benefits everyone.
But while it’s obvious that scribes are a benefit in standard medical settings, those same benefits transfer over to an academic institution as well.
More Time To Teach & Learn
Although slightly different in focus, an academic hospital is dedicated not just to treatment, but also research and instruction. This means that data and accurate patient records are more important than ever. For researchers, this means that they can concentrate on their work while scribes take down the pertinent data. In a teaching setting, this means that instructors can focus on resident training, paying more attention to med students.
This also means that the students themselves have a better chance to develop their skills with interacting and diagnosing patients. Obviously, it is important for them to learn the nuances of the EHR since this is a standard part of medical practice, but it’s more important when a patient is present to actually deal with the patient, not information that needs to be keyed in about him or her.
A scribe can even assist in establishing better workflow, coordinating data such as patient information, lab results and diagnostics between the all the relevant parties. This lets staff stay at their jobs and remain focused, rather than needing to accommodate clerical or administrative duties in addition to their specialization.
A ProScribe professional trained medical scribe has obvious benefits in the hospital or clinic. But when it comes to research or training the next generation of doctors, there are advantages that can be very useful as well.
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http://www.proscribemd.com/blog/2016/6/20/scribes-are-useful-in-academic-settings
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| 0.967908 | 395 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The European Union approved a new law that will take effect on May 25, 2018, called the General Data Protection Regulation or GDPR for short. The new law aims to consciously and directly protect the personal data of EU residents giving individuals greater control over how their information is used and enforcing harsh consequences if companies do not abide by the law.
The GDPR consists of nearly 100 articles that cover a wide range of components involving personal data compliance. One of the most specific and important articles is that of the Article 30 Record. It is a pretty straightforward process but can be far more complex to navigate is data compliance is not as easy as it used to be.
Article 30 requires organizations keep a consistent record of both sensitive and non-sensitive data. Such a record allows organizations to demonstrate their compliance in accordance with the GDPR’s rule of accountability. Additionally, in case of an audit, the records must be handed over to EU data protection authorities for investigation.
An Article 30 Record covers 8 primary aspects:
1. Name and contact details of the data controller
2. Purpose of processing the personal data
3. Categories of different data subjects
4. Elements of personal data the organization is processing
5. Contacts who have received the personal data
6. Countries where the organization has sent the data
7. Retention period for the personal data or an idea of how the organization will calculate it
8. Technical and organizational security methods the organization will use to protect the personal data
In the digital age that is complete equally with threats as it is with innovation, 80% of all data that is collected is now unstructured, meaning it is extracted from content sources such as email, text message, and chat. Every 2 years, this volume doubles, forcing organizations to create a data map. To ensure the proper collection and use of data, organizations must keep updated Article 30 records.
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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https://www.onlinewhitepapers.com/information-technology/developing-visual-article-30-records-according-gdpr/
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en
| 0.929341 | 383 | 3.203125 | 3 |
From: Indybay.org by Takver - Climate IMC
One World TV interviewed Sione Taulo Fulivai from the small Pacific Island state of Tonga on the last day of the UN climate negotiations at COP17 in Durban. Small Island states face rising atmospheric and sea surface temperatures, rising sea levels spoiling freshwater reservoirs and agriculture and threatening to innundate their land, and changing rainfall pattens. They are on the frontline of global warming.
Tonga is a nation of 100,000 people with a GDP per capita of US$3711. Tonga and Vanuatu are at the top of a UN list of countries most vulnerable to natural disasters in the Pacific.
Sione Taulo Fulivai said:
"For small islands such as Tonga we have limited resources, so when it comes to finding funding for more people to attend these meetings, we can't cover every area in these negotiations. The problem is every area is so significant for us because our existence is pretty much on the line.
When you put that on the table versus the economies of the developed countries it pretty much comes down to your humanity. So, we think okay our existence is on the line, we have to try as much as we can to try and get as much as we can out of this.
So as a small island state we've got everything to lose, and because we are on the front line of this climate change, we don't know how long we are going to last."
Watch the whole One world TV interview on Youtube, December 9, 2011 - Sione Taulo Fulivai (3:21)
The impacts of climate change and sea level rise on Tonga have been studied for twenty years, but there has been little action in the developed world to reduce emissions to mitigate the problem despite the scientific evidence and even legally binding treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol.
According to the Pacific Climate Futures website Tonga can expect to get hotter, but with little change in rainfall. By 2030 temperatures are most likely to be 0.7 degrees celsius warmer under A1B medium emissions scenario. By 2090 temperatures will be 2.0 °C warmer and annual mean rainfall increases of 5% relative to 1981-2000.
Over the next century the following changes are forecast for Tonga:
- Surface air temperature and sea-surface temperature are projected to continue to increase (very high confidence).
- Wet season rainfall is projected to increase (moderate confidence).
- Dry season rainfall is projected to decrease (moderate confidence).
- Little change is projected in annual mean rainfall (low confidence).
- The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat are projected to increase (very high confidence).
- The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence).
- Little change is projected in the incidence of drought (low confidence).
- Tropical cyclone numbers are projected to decline in the south-east Pacific Ocean basin (0-40ºS, 170ºE-130ºW) (moderate confidence).
- Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).
- Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).
There is an interannual variability in sea levels of about 18 cm (estimated 5-95% range) after removal of the seasonal cycle. According to the Tonga country report:
The sea-level rise near Tonga measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is over 6 mm per year, larger than the global average of 3.2 ± 0.4 mm per year. This rise is partly linked to a pattern related to climate variability from year to year and decade to decade. A projected rise in sea level of 5-15 cm by 2030, and 20-60cm by 2090. But sea levels may be more as this does not take into account ice sheet disintegration processes which will have a major impact on global sea levels.
There are also signs that some land areas are sinking which will increase the subjective sea leval rise. New software and technology trialled in 2010 found that "The Tonga tidal station shows a 9.21 mm sea-level rise a year, whilst satellite data records indicate a rise of 6.29 mm a year. This has led to the conclusion that the area around the tidal station is sinking at a rate of 2.92 mm per year. Projections generated under a high climate sensitivity scenario and worse case story line for global greenhouse gas emissions (A1F1) show a possible sea-level rise of 952 mm for Tongatapu by the year 2100."
Tonga already experiences extensive coastal inundation and erosion, significant saltwater infiltration which are expected to worsen as sea levels rise. Increasing sea surface temperatures and acidification will impact Reef degradation that will affect the productivity of coastal fisheries and marine ecosystems.
Increasing temperatures will pose a health risk of more frequent epidemics of dengue fever and foodborne diseases. A UN World Health Organisation country profile has assessed (PDF) that "Tonga has been generally slow to recognize and respond to climate change and human health risk."
As a small nation responding to the impacts of climate change is a big deal. Tonga is being proactive. A joint national action plan for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management was approved by Cabinet in Tonga in July 2010. Significant legislation was also passed: the Environment Management Act 2010 which led to the establishment of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, the Renewable Energy Amendment Act 2010 and the Tonga Energy Roadmap 2010 - 2020.
Tonga imports all of it's diesel fuel used to run it's electricity generators. It is well on the road to cut it's energy emissions by the use of more renewable energy. Aggressive targets were set in 2008 for 50% of electricity provided through renewable sources by 2012 and the overall cost of electricity should be reduced by 50%.
The first solar power plant is projected to be in operation in July 2012, with funding support by the New Zealand Government. The 1MW photovoltaic Popua Solar Farm on the main island of Tongatapu, located next to the Tonga Power Limited's Popua diesel power station, is expected to reduce the station's annual diesel consumption by approximately 470,000 litres, and to decrease carbon dioxide emissions by over 2,000 tonnes each year. It will supply about 4 percent of the requirements of the main island of Tongatapu according to a Tonga Energy Roadmap media release.
- Tonga country report - Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research | Volume 2: Country Reports - (PDF)
- One world TV interview, December 9, 2011 - Sione Taulo Fulivai
- Taimi Media Network, 17 March 2011 - Tonga presents at Pacific Climate Change Roundtable
- Tonga Energy Roadmap media release, November 14 2011 - Ground-breaking ceremony welcomes Tonga's first renewable energy power plant
- Image Replanting photos for 10/10/10 Creative Commons licensed Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic
© 2000–2011 San Francisco Bay Area Independent Media Center. Unless otherwise stated by the author, all content is free for non-commercial reuse, reprint, and rebroadcast, on the net and elsewhere. Opinions are those of the contributors and are not necessarily endorsed by the SF Bay Area IMC.
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Points to Ponder
He was not of an age, but for all time!
And all the Muses still were in their prime,
When like Apollo he came forth to warme
Our eares, or like a Mercury to charme!
Preface to the First Folio, written by Ben Jonson
These words of praise, probably the most famous ever written about Shakespeare, were penned by Shakespeare's good friend and fellow writer, Ben Jonson. But why is Shakespeare timeless? Reuben Post Halleck put it best: "Sometimes a writer voices the ideals and aspirations of his own day so effectively that he is called the spokesman of his age, but he makes slight appeal to future generations. Shakespeare was the spokesman of his own time, but he had the genius also to speak to all ages. He loved to present the eternal truths of the human heart and to invest them with such a touch of nature as to reveal the kinship of the entire world." (Halleck's New History of Literature)
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With declining populations of sharks worldwide, there have been multiple bans on the sale of shark fins in the United States. However, some species are still allowed to be sold in certain states. It is also almost impossible to know if a shark was caught legally or not, Sea Shepherd says, because many markets often lie about the species they have caught and where they caught them.
Today, 5 United States senators are introducing the Shark Fin Trade Elimination Act of 2016.
Cory Booker (D, NJ), Shelley Moore Capito (R-WV), Richard Blumenthal (D-CT), John McCain (R-AZ), and Maria Cantwell (D-WA) hope to eliminate the selling of shark fins in every state in the nation. Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) helped with the original sponsoring of the bill as well. There are currently 11 states (TX, DE, HI, IL, MA, MD, NY, OR, RI, CA, WA) as well as the territories of American Somoa, Guam, and the North Mariana Islands that have implemented a ban.
Sharks are one of the ocean's apex predators, meaning they control the rest of the food chain and countless interactions in the blue abyss. They regulate populations, as well as provide economic value for humans, like tourist boating trips.
"Every year, it is estimated that over 70 million sharks end up in the global shark fin trade, and fining is pushing some species of sharks to the brink of extinction," Senator Booker said. "With this bipartisan measure, America can become a global leader by shutting down the domestic market for shark fins. Sharks play a pivotal role in marine ecosystems, and we must do more to protect them."
If the act is approved, it will remove the United States contribution of shark fins to the global market, lowering demand and hopefully creating a lull in finning. It will also allow for stronger enforcement of the "no finning" ban in the United States and put the country in a stronger position to advocate internationally for abolishing the fin trade in other countries.
Sharks may seem like a terror thanks to exploding negative social perception of the animal since the advent of cinema, but they are a vital part of the world's oceans that need to be saved. The successful implementation of this act will benefit other animals as well as human interest.
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Thursday, May 1, 2014
Product Concept Testing
Concept of the testing is the attempt predicting the success of a new product idea before putting it on the market. It usually involves getting people’s reactions to a statement describing the basic idea of the product. It is usually conducted as a pass/fail, go/no go test. As I will explain later, this is usually an effective way to kill good ideas. It is disliked by creative people everywhere, with good reason.
The concepts of the testing are one of the processes whereas to use a qualitative and quantitative method in order evaluating costumer’s responses about new product ideas before it is entering to the market. In other word, it is challenging in predicting the successful of the new products ideas prior putting in the market.
The important is to make a distinction between products ideas, products concepts, and products images, Armstrong, G. and Kotler, P., (2010). The products ideas are ideas intended for possible products that industries can offer to the market. The products concepts are the details version of the ideas that are meaningful to the customers. The products images are the way customer perceive a potential products.
Concept development: Formulating new ideas gradually in to the forms are more likely to be accepted in the market. For instance battery powered all electrical cars. Initially the electrical car design was costly; the battery sells for about $100,000; later all electrical cars are can be recharge 120 volt in the normal electrical outlet and the cost is penny per miles to power. The markers have to develop new product into alternatives products concepts whereas those concepts are attractive to the customers.
The important of having the concept testing is to get an acceptance of the new product ideas from costumers and it is also to minimize the research and development cost. The testing method is different from one model to the other models. There are 4 (four) types of testing models. They are as follows:
- The Exploratory;
- The Assessment;
- The Validation;
- The Comparison;
Below is the diagram of concept testing model:
The Exploratory Test: The objective of this test is examine and exploring potential customers with preliminary design concept, including giving the questionnaires to the customers. This concept analysis is the most essential part of any concept test such as new product prototypes and new product evaluation.
The Assessment Test: The objective of the assessment test is digging more details with alternative solutions for the product to be developed including test the concept or assumption is still relevant.
The Validation Test: The objective is to validate all products developments are met the product standard. This validation test contains the usability, the performance, the reliability, the maintainability, the assembly methods, and the robustness. In other word the validation test aim to test the current functionality and performance of the product, including quality and friendly environment products are met the expectation. The validation test is also doing a formal test including giving a product certification, sign off the safety document, and or other legislative documents. The validation test is much greater than assessment test.
The Comparison Test: the objective of this comparison test is to test every single designs of the new product concept in which to ensure each solution is captured such as performance and preference data. The comparison test is also to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative of the product design solutions.
- Armstrong, G. and Kotler, P. (2010)Principles of marketing,13th edition, Global edtition: Prentice Hall, Ch. 9
- Concept Testing, [on-line]. Available from: http://www.betterproductdesign.net/tools/concept/testing.html (Accessed: 30 April 2014)
- Concept Testing, [on-line]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_testing (Accessed: 30 April 2014)
- The purpose of the concept testing, [on-line]. Available from: http://www.visitask.com/Concept-Testing.asp (Accessed: 30 April 2014)
- Silverman, G., Concept testing: How to test a concept without killing it, [on-line]. Available from: http://mnav.com/focus-group-center/concept-testing/ (Accessed: 30 April 2014)
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Natural ecosystems provide us many services. For example, natural forests, with their multiiple strata or levels and dense structure, act like a sponge, helping soak rainfall, preserve moisture from the clouds (especially in mountain areas), thus maintaining water levels in our rivers and aquifers throughout the year. At the same time, forests regulate extreme flows caused by storms, avoiding land slides and inundations. Mangroves are another example: They protect the shoreline from storm waves and surves, at the same time they store a large amount of carbon, helping reduce greenhouse gases responsible form climate change.
Also, our natural ecosystems are the main refuge for our native and endemic species. Some species can only live in certain ecosystems or in ecosystems untouched by humans, so they risk disappearing when these are destroyed or degraded. Certain species also depend on other species to survive, such as some butterrfies which rely on a single host plant for its caterpillars, or some frog which only live in certain bromeliads. Some ecosystems are only found in specific sites, such as serpentine soil areas, cloud mountain forests, dragon blook forests, etc. This is why it is critical to know where they are and monitor them so they can survive.
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We are reducing the carbon intensity of the fuels used to produce and transport goods.
What Is the Energy Inputs Initiative?
We are focused on Providing clean, reliable sources of energy for industrial activities by reducing the methane intensity of natural gas supplying high-heat power and increasing the uptake of biofuels and emerging fuels like hydrogen.
What We're Doing
- Partnering with oil and gas companies, governments, and civil society to eliminate fugitive methane emissions from the natural gas value chain, aiming for an 80 percent reduction by 2050
- Accelerating hydrogen market development through a combination of research and marketplace pilots
- Pursuing opportunities for biofuel and biomass to achieve near-term decarbonization
Why It Matters
Natural gas is currently the primary fuel powering heavy industry. But natural gas has a problem: it leaks methane, a superpotent greenhouse gas (GHG) that has a short-term impact on climate over 80 times greater than an equivalent amount of CO2. Although we are working to displace the use of fossil fuels with electrification, increased uptake of biofuels, and future fuels like hydrogen, there are no near- or medium-term alternatives for many industrial applications.
A thought piece by Capterio
Methane 101 Overview Deck
Ecology energy solution. Power to gas concept. Hydrogen energy storage with renewable energy sources - photovoltaic and wind turbine power plant in a fresh nature. 3d rendering.
A Clear Path to Insights and Action for the Oil and Gas Industry
Reducing Exposure and Improving Performance in the Real Economy
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The Archive of the Planet was the brainchild of the millionaire French banker and philanthropist Albert Kahn. Between 1908 and 1930, he used his vast personal fortune to generate what is now generally acknowledged to be the most important collection of early colour photographs in the world. At the time Kahn embarked on this project, colour photography was still in its infancy. It was only a year before the Archive was created that the legendary French inventors Auguste and Louis Lumière had marketed the autochrome - the world's first user-friendly photographic system capable of taking true colour pictures.
Almost straight away, Kahn acquired one. It's not difficult to see why Kahn was so beguiled: the autochrome system produces images of mesmerising beauty. As an idealist and an internationalist, Kahn believed that he could use this system to promote peace and greater understanding among the world's cultures. So he spent a fortune to hire photographers and send them to more than 50 countries all over the world. Altogether, they shot more than 72,000 colour pictures (as well as about 100 hours of film footage) recording everything from religious rituals and cultural practices to momentous political events all over the world.
They took the earliest known colour pictures in countries as far apart as Vietnam and Brazil, Mongolia and Norway, Japan and Benin. As pet projects go, this was very ambitious - and vastly expensive. Yet undaunted by the cost, Kahn bankrolled this enterprise for more than 20 years. Kahn's photographers undertook these intrepid expeditions without the global transit systems we take for granted today. Often, they arrived in these countries at crucial junctures in their history. For example, they recorded the collapse of both the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires - and the birth of completely new states in Europe and the Middle East. During World War I, Kahn's photographers observed soldiers as they cooked their meals and laundered their uniforms behind the front lines at The Battle of Verdun. They watched the world's most powerful men when they convened for the post-war negotiations at Versailles.
No doubt Kahn expected to have the financial wherewithal to sustain it indefinitely. But events delivered a hammer-blow to his plans. At the start of 1929, Kahn was still one of the richest men in Europe. But by the end of the year the Wall Street Crash had reduced the financial empire of one of Europe's most successful financiers to rubble.
Yet by then, Kahn had already amassed one of the most important photographic collections in the world. A century after he launched his project, Albert Kahn's dazzling pictures put colour into what we almost always think of as an exclusively monochrome age.
Add this show to your queue to receive more information about The Twenties In Colour and we will let you know when it
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M&E Framework for Programmes for Most-at-Risk Populations Regional Workshop on the Monitoring and Evaluation of HIV/AIDS Programs February 14 – 24, 2011 New Delhi, India What is a Concentrated Epidemic? Epidemics are concentrated if transmission is mostly confined to individuals with high-risk behaviors and those in their sexual and drug use networks, and where protecting these groups would protect society more broadly Epidemics are generalized if transmission occurs mainly outside vulnerable groups and would continue despite effective vulnerable group interventions Who are Most-at-Risk Populations (MARP)? These are sub-populations with elevated levels of HIV-related risk behavior and where there is potential for HIV transmission Populations may include: Female sex workers (FSW) Clients of FSW Injecting drug users (IDU) Men who have sex with men (MSM), including male sex workers (MSW) What are HIV-related High-risk Behaviors? Unprotected sex with multiple-partners Unprotected sex with a partner who has multiple partners Unprotected anal sex with a male partner Sharing injecting equipment …occurring in the presence of HIV Purpose of framework A “road map” or logic model for planning appropriate assessment, monitoring and evaluation in concentrated and low-level epidemic settings Can be used to bring stakeholders together to compile and analyze data in order to plan more effective intervention and improve programs Can be used as a capacity-building tool to identify strengths and weaknesses in planning, implementing and using strategic information at national and subnational levels Understanding the problem and potential response: 1. What is the problem? The Answer Describes the nature, magnitude, and course of the overall HIV epidemic and related sub-epidemics Data Sources HIV prevalence from surveillance Estimates of the size of affected MARP populations Proportion of infections in MARP and projected course of the epidemic from modeling HIV Prevalence in IDU and female sex workers 100 Drug Injectors Percent HIV-Positive 90 Female sex workers 80 70 68 64 59 55 60 52 47 50 39 40 30 20 10 9 3 3 8 8 0 Guangxi, Mumbai, India China (2002) (2002) Jakarta, Indonesia (2003) Kathmandu Valley, Nepal (2003) Source: AIDS in Asia: Face the Facts. MAP Report 2004 Bangkok, Thailand (2003) Haiphong, Vietnam (2002) Source: Strategizing Interventions among MSM in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMR) CDC-GAP/USAID-RDM/FHI-APD Workshop, 2004 Understanding the problem and potential response: 2. What are the contributing factors? The Answer Describes determinants of HIV infection and contributing factors at the structural, community, and individual level Data Sources Rapid assessments and situation analysis Knowledge, attitude, and behavior surveys; Epidemiologic studies Source: PLACE in Central Asia: A regional strategy to focus AIDS prevention in Almaty and Karaganda, Kazakhstan; Osh, Krygystan; Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 2002 Understanding the problem and potential response: 3. What interventions are effective? The Answer Identifies appropriate and effective interventions to address the problem and the sub-populations affected Data Sources Review of existing information on what interventions are efficacious and effective Operations research, evaluation studies, and other special studies Understanding the problem and potential response: 4. What interventions and resources are needed? The Answer Identifies the specific interventions and resources that are needed to mount an effective and comprehensive response Data and Sources Needs analysis, costing, Response analysis including an assessment of current programming and estimated coverage Monitoring and evaluating the response: 5. What are programs doing and are they doing it right? The Answer Assesses whether project activities are being implemented as planned and assesses the value of what a project or programme has achieved in relation to its planned activities and objectives. Data Sources Routine data from project monitoring systems, special process evaluations including assessments of service quality Yearly Product Retail Sales & Outlets 1,400,000 250,000 Male Condom 1,200,000 Lubricant Sachets Female Condom 1,000,000 Male Condoms 200,000 150,000 800,000 2,255 600,000 1,926 1,896 400,000 1,171 50,000 890 200,000 100,000 - 2002 Source: PSI Burma, 2007. 2003 2004 2005 2006 Lubricants & Female Condoms Outlets Example: Assessing Quality and Use Use of multiple components of a minimum package of interventions by FSW project beneficiaries Percent of FSW Clients 100 Peer Outreach and Education above plus Condoms 80 60 above plus Targeted Media 40 above plus VCT 20 above plus STI 0 Vientiane Yangon Gejiu Source: MEASURE Evaluation & IPSR, 2006 Monitoring and evaluating the response: 6. Are programs being implemented as planned and are they reaching the target population? The Answer Determines whether or not the project is reaching its target population Data Sources Monitoring of program outputs and estimates of coverage based on 1) project records aggregated across partners combined with estimates of population size or 2) surveys. Example: Monitoring Coverage Percentage (%) Exposure to various types of NGO-related information sources about HIV/AIDS among FSWs is high and increasing over time, Terai Highway Districts, Nepal, 1998 – 2002. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 87 84.5 98.3 97.3 93.8 90 78.5 83.3 75.8 58.3 58.5 60.3 69 43.8 24 1998 1999 Mass m edia* Individual-based Com m unication*** Source: FHI Bangkok 2000 2001 2002 Group-based Com m unication** Source: FHI, BSS Monitoring and evaluating the response: 7. Are interventions effective? The Answer Examines program outcomes (e.g. HIV-related risk behaviors) and determines whether or not changes are attributable to interventions Data Sources Outcome evaluation studies with control or comparison groups, operations research, health services research, formative research, and other special studies. Example: Outcome Evaluation The Sonagachi Project of Calcutta Intervention: community-based intervention to increase condom use among sex workers Design: randomized multiple group community trial conducted over a 15 month period Results: Condom use increased by 39% in the intervention group compared to 11% in the control group. Consistent condom use increased by 25% in the intervention group compared to 16% in the control group. Source: Basu, Janaand Rotheram-Borus, 2004 Monitoring and evaluating the response: 8. Are collective efforts impacting the epidemic? The Answer – Assesses whether or not there are changes in HIV-related risk behavior and HIV prevalence in the population targeted by programs, and whether or not these changes are plausibly linked to overall program effort Data Sources – Monitoring outcomes (e.g. risk behavior) and impact (e.g. HIV prevalence) using surveys and surveillance, triangulated analysis Example: Data Triangulation 7000 100 90 6000 80 5000 70 4000 60 50 3000 40 2000 30 20 1000 0 10 1999 2000 2001 2002 489 2750 252 2032 5809 2582 4187 6191 Condoms distributed (x10,000) STI referrals Intervention contacts Consistent Condom Use 80.3 HIV prevalence 33.2 0 HIV prevalence and condom use (Percent) Intervention, referral, condoms (Number) HIV prevalence among brothel-based sex workers declined in Cambodia and condom use increased. Over the same period interventions among sex workers tripled and achieved high coverage Condoms distributed (x10,000) STI referrals Intervention contacts Consistent Condom Use HIV prevalence 89.8 31.5 28.8 Sources: Cambodia BSS 1999 and 2001, HSS 1999, 2000 and 2002, F HI Cambodia monitoring data for women’s health interventions Source: FHI Bangkok Challenges to Collecting Data among MARP Political and/or legal environment may lead to discrimination, threat of prosecution if attention is brought to members of the subpopulation Stigma may keep populations hidden making them hard to reach for programs or M&E Ethical Considerations Follow a “do no harm” approach Maintain the confidentiality of client information Respect privacy and anonymity Informed consent Data collection should go hand-in-hand with programming MEASURE Evaluation is a MEASURE project funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development and implemented by the Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partnership with Futures Group International, ICF Macro, John Snow, Inc., Management Sciences for Health, and Tulane University. Views expressed in this presentation do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the U.S. Government. MEASURE Evaluation is the USAID Global Health Bureau's primary vehicle for supporting improvements in monitoring and evaluation in population, health and nutrition worldwide.
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A group of stranded survivors of a Japanese vessel sunk by the American military found their way to the island of Anatahan, 75 nautical miles north of Saipan.
The island’s coast line is precipitous with landing beaches on the northern and western shore and a small sandy beach on the southwest shore.
Its steep slopes are furrowed by deep gorges covered by high grass.
This brooding cone jutting from the sea floor is a large, extinct volcano with two peaks and a grass covered flat field, the final resting place for a B-29 Superfortress that crashed upon returning from a bombing mission over Nagoya, Japan on January 3, 1945 killing the aircraft’s crew.
By 1951 the Japanese holdouts on the island refused to believe that the war was over and resisted every attempt by the Navy to remove them.
This group was first discovered in February 1945, when several Chamorros from Saipan were sent to the island to recover the bodies of the Saipan based B-29, T square 42, from the 498th Bomb Group, 875th Squadron, 73rd Wing under the command of Richard Carlson Stickney, Jr.
The Chamorros reported that there were about thirty Japanese survivors from three Japanese ships sunk in June 1944, one of which was an Okinawan woman.
Pamphlets had been dropped informing the holdouts that the war was over and that they should surrender, but these requests were ignored. They lived a sparse life, eating coconuts, taro, wild sugar cane, fish and lizards.
They smoked crushed, dried papaya leaves wrapped in the leaves of bananas and made an intoxicating beverage known as “tuba”, (coconut wine).
They lived in palm frond huts with woven floor matting of pandanus. Their life improved after the crash of the aircraft .
They used metal from the B-29 to fashion crude implements such as pots, knives and roofing for their hut.
The oxygen tanks were used to store water, clothing was made from nylon parachutes, the cords used for fishing line.
The springs from machine guns were fashioned into fish hooks. Several in the group also had machine guns and pistols recovered from the aircraft.
Personal aggravations developed as a result of being too long in close association within a small group on a small island and also because of tuba drinking.
The presence of only one woman, Kazuko Higa, caused great difficulty as well.
Six of eleven deaths that occurred among the holdouts were the result of violence.
One man displayed thirteen knife wounds. Ms. Higa would, from time to time, transfer her affections between at least four of the men after each mysteriously disappeared as a result of “being swallowed by the waves while fishing.”
In July 1950, Ms. Higa went to the beach when an American vessel appeared off shore and asked to be removed from the island. She was taken to Saipan aboard the Miss Susie and, upon arrival, informed authorities that the men on the island did not believe the war was over.
Meanwhile, officials of the Japanese government became interested in the situation on Anatahan and asked the Navy for information “concerning the doomed and living Robinson Crusoes who were living a primitive life on an uninhabited island”, and offered to send a ship to rescue them.
The families of the Japanese holdouts on the island of Anatahan , were contacted in Japan and requested by the U. S. Navy to write letters advising them that the war was over and that they should surrender.
In January 1951, a message from the Governor of Kanagawa Prefecture was delivered.
The letters were dropped by air on June 26 and finally convinced the holdouts that they should give themselves up.
Thus, six years after the end of World War II, “Operation Removal” got underway from Saipan under the Command of James B. Johnson, USNR, aboard the Navy Tug USS Cocopa. Lt. Commander James B. Johnson and Mr. Ken Akatani, an interpreter, went ashore by rubber boat and formally accepted the last surrender of World War II on the morning of June 30, 1951 which also coincided with the last day of the Naval Administration of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
The Saga of Anatahan | 1951
Filmmaker Josef von Sternberg presents an allegorical account of a woman who rules an island populated by 30 lecherous men.
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By Charles E. McCracken
Thus says the Lord GOD: “Behold, I will lift My hand in an oath to the nations, and set up My standard for the peoples; they shall bring your sons in their arms, and your daughters shall be carried on their shoulders; kings shall be your foster fathers, and their queens your nursing mothers; they shall bow down to you with their faces to the earth, and lick up the dust of your feet, then you will know that I am the LORD, they shall not be ashamed who wait for Me.” ISAIAH 49:22 – 23
READ TODAY’S TEXT: ISAIAH 49:14 – 23
The Zionist vision at the turn of the century was a single delicate cord drawing the Jewish people back to their ancient home; but, that cord had more than one strand. One of those strands included influential people who were committed to a literal interpretation of Scripture and firmly believed in the veracity of God’s promises to His Chosen People.
It was the spiritual climate of Victorian England that propelled the Zionist movement forward into what could well be described as the zenith of British Zionism. Beginning in the mid-1800s, the driving force of Christian Zionism came not from dispensationalists who were politically uninvolved, but from evangelical Anglicans adhering to Premillennialism and a literal interpretation of Scripture.
One such Christian Zionist, Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury was well-known for his unflinching literal interpretation of the Scriptures. He self-identified as, “an evangelical of the evangelicals,” and popularized the slogan first used by Reverend Alexander Keith: “A Land without a People for a People without a Land.” (1).
In 1865, Lord Shaftesbury became the founding President of the Palestine Restoration Fund, the purpose of which was to prepare the land for its ancient owners—God’s Chosen People. Shaftesbury’s support for Jewish restoration never waned, but actually increased over time.
The signet ring Shaftesbury wore throughout his adult life was engraved with the words, “Oh, pray for the peace of Jerusalem.” He did not live to see his dream of a Jewish state become a reality. By the time of his death in 1885, however, his influence had inspired a generation of politicians and clergy promoting Zionism on both a religious and political level.
At the turn of the 20th century, godly and influential Christian Zionists carried Shaftesbury’s vision to the next level.
Arthur James Balfour spent most of his life serving in some of the highest offices of British government including Prime Minister from 1902 – 1905. Born in Scotland and raised by godly parents, Balfour’s love for the Jewish people was based on his love for the Bible. At that time, the Church of Scotland was at the forefront of Jewish Restorationism.
Even as a child, Balfour believed that Christianity was deeply indebted to the Jewish people and their ancient homeland should be given back to them in payment of that debt.
Unlike others working to secure the homeland for the Jewish people, Balfour truly empathized with the Jewish plight and his Jewish Restoration efforts were characterized as, “biblical rather than imperial.”(3)
Shortly after his term ended in 1905, Balfour met Chaim Weizmann who succeeded in convincing him of the value of a Jewish state in Israel’s ancient homeland. From that point forward, Balfour became passionate in his endeavors to accelerate the movement of Jewish Restoration on the political level.
In 1916, Prime Minister Lloyd George appointed him Foreign Secretary. A year later, he formally articulated what became known as the Balfour Declaration expressing Britain’s support of Jewish aspirations for a national homeland in Palestine. When the League of Nations charged Britain with the Palestinian Mandate in 1920, “it did so based on Britain’s pro-Zionist Balfour Declaration of 1917, which it incorporated into the language of the Mandate.”(4)
The Balfour Declaration accelerated movement toward a homeland for the Jewish people and was the first recognition of Zionist aspirations by a world power.
Near the end of his life, Balfour told his niece, B.E. Dugdale, who was also his biographer that, “what he had been able to do for the Jews had been the thing he looked back upon as the most worth his doing.” (5)
The aforementioned David Lloyd George held the office of British Prime Minister from 1916 – 1922—a crucial time in the advancement of Zionist goals. A good friend of Balfour, Lloyd George also supported the creation of a Jewish state and actively worked toward that end. Interestingly, Lloyd George was not only influenced by Theodor Herzl, but had served as Herzl’s lawyer representing the Zionist movement in the British Isles.
An ardent student of the Bible from his youth, Lloyd George not only believed that the creation of a modern Jewish state was a just cause and morally right, but also that a Jewish nation in Palestine would also be an asset to Great Britain.As Prime Minister, he was responsible for the decision to launch an offensive to conquer all of Palestine despite the risks and expense involved during World War I. He determined to gain control of Palestine and prevent any French interference in policies regarding aspirations for a Jewish state after the war. As a Christian Zionist, Lloyd George desired Great Britain “to carry out what he regarded as God’s work in Palestine”. (6)
He was influential in guiding post-war settlement efforts of the Allied Nations. The Versailles conferences held between 1919 and 1923 shaped the division of Europe and the Middle East following the war. The plan included a land for the Jewish people in Palestine; and in 1922, the last year of Lloyd George’s term as Prime Minister, the British government was given the mandate to, “be responsible for placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home.” (7)
Committed to the Zionist cause following his tenure as Prime Minister of England, Lloyd George was outraged by the increasingly unwarranted appeasement of those the Allied forces had just liberated from four centuries of Turkish subjugation. He was incensed that the British government would favor Palestinian Arabs who had supported the Turks against the British in World War I at the expense of hundreds of thousands of Jewish men who fought with the British army in Zionist battalions formed by Zionist leaders and commanded by Col. John Henry Patterson. (8)
When Lloyd George envisioned a homeland for the Jewish people, his view included the whole of ancient Israel—the land of the Bible he knew so well. Lloyd George died shortly after being named Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor in 1945 only three years before Israel’s rebirth.
It is no coincidence—that as the Zionist vision became more focused among the worldwide Jewish community and the need for recognition by a world power became more acute—that God strategically placed men with a godly heritage in the leadership of the British Empire.
These were men who lived their faith with courage and conviction (Jas. 2:18). Men of action and leaders in the world’s most expansive empire, Shaftesbury, Balfour and Lloyd George aided and facilitated the progress toward a modern Jewish state in the ancient homeland of God’s Chosen People.
1) Gertrude Himmelfarb, “Before Pastor Hagee, There Was Lord Shaftesbury”, Mosaic Magazine October 20, 2013.
2) Thomas Ice, Lovers of Zion: A History of Christian Zionism.
3) Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour, (New York: Ballantine Books, 1956), 311.
4) Benjamin Netanyahu, A Durable Peace, (New York: Warner Books, 2000), 51.
5) Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword, (New York: Balantine Books, 1984), 318.
6) Thomas Ice, Lovers of Zion: A History of Christian Zionism.
7) British Mandate of the League of Nations, Article 2.
8) Netanyahu, 51.
Charles E. McCracken is an international Bible teacher, long-time friend of Israel and advocate for the Jewish people. With 40 plus years of ministry experience, Rev. McCracken is known for authenticity in communicating biblical truth that makes his presentations relevant for those seeking to understand the significance of Israel and the church in Bible prophecy. He staunchly supports the nation of Israel and the Jewish people’s right to exist and live in peace.
© Charles E. McCracken 2016, devotional comments only. Repost/Reprint with permission from the author. Scripture taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
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Cervical Cancer: Fact File
- 13 Months ago
Here is fact file on cervical cancer:
Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix, the lower, narrow part of the uterus. It happens when the body’s cervical cells divide very fast and grow out of control. These extra cells form a tumor.
Each year, about 12,000 women in the United States get cervical cancer. Cervical cancer affects most women between the ages of 30 and 45, but all women can be at risk.
Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by a high-risk type of HPV. HPV is a virus that is passed from person to person through genital contact, such as vaginal, anal, or oral sex. If the HPV infection does not go away on its own, it may cause cervical cancer over time.
Other factors may increase the risk of developing cancer following a high-risk HPV infection. These include:
- Being HIV positive or having reduced immunity
- Taking birth control pills for a long time (more than five years)
- Having given birth to three or more children
There are not many noticeable signs or symptoms of cervical cancer. Signs of advanced cervical cancer may include bleeding or bloody vaginal discharge. These symptoms may not be caused by cervical cancer, but the only way to be sure is to see your doctor.
Women should begin being screened at age 21. You can get a Pap test to look for changes in cervical cells that could become cancerous if not treated. If the Pap test finds major changes in the cells of the cervix, your doctor may suggest more tests to look for cancer. Women between the ages of 30 and 65 can also get an HPV test with your Pap test to see if you have HPV.
The Pap test and the HPV test look for different things.
A Pap test checks the cervix for abnormal cell changes that, if not found and treated, can lead to cervical cancer. The doctor extracts cells from the cervix to examine under a microscope. How often you need a Pap test depends on your age and health history. Talk with your doctor about what is best for you.
An HPV test looks for HPV on a woman’s cervix. Certain types of HPV can lead to cervical cancer. Your doctor will swab the cervix for cells. An HPV test is not the same as the HPV vaccine.
According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), women between 30 to 65 years of age can combine the HPV test with a Pap test once every 5 years. The USPSTF does not recommend the HPV test for women under the age of thirty.
How often you need to be screened depends on your age and health history. Speak with your doctor about what is best for you. Most women can follow these guidelines:
- If you are between ages 21 and 29, you should get a Pap test every 3 years.
- If you are between ages 30 and 64, you should get a Pap test and HPV test together every 5 years or a Pap test alone every 3 years.
- If you are 65 or older, ask your doctor if you can stop having Pap tests.
If you had a hysterectomy, you should follow these guidelines:
- If you no longer have a cervix because you had a hysterectomy for reasons other than cancer, you do not need Pap tests.
- If you had a hysterectomy because of abnormal cervical cells or cervical cancer, you should have a yearly Pap test until you have three normal tests.
- If you had your uterus removed but you still have a cervix (this type of hysterectomy is not common), you need regular Pap tests until you are 65 and have had three normal Pap tests in a row with no abnormal results in the last 10 years.
You can lower your risk of getting cervical cancer with the following steps. The steps work best when used together. No single step can protect you from cervical cancer. The best ways to prevent cervical cancer include:
- Getring a HPV vaccine (if you are 26 or younger). Two vaccines- Cervarix and Gardasil, protect girls and young women against the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. The vaccines are recommended for girls who are 11 or 12 years old. The Gardasil vaccine is recommended for boys who are 11 or 12 years old. Both vaccines are licensed, safe, and effective.
- Get regular Pap tests. Regular Pap tests help your doctor find and treat any changing cells before they turn into cancer. Women who have had the HPV vaccine still need to have regular Pap tests.
- Be monogamous. This means that you only have sex with one partner and no one else. The best way to prevent any sexually transmitted infection (STI), including HPV, is to not have vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But, having sex with just one partner can lower your risk.
- Use condoms. Research shows that condom use can lower your risk of getting cervical cancer when used correctly and every time you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Protect yourself with a condom every time you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
Girls who are 11 or 12 years old should get three doses of either Cervarix or Gardasil. Girls and women, 13 through 26 should get the vaccine if they did not receive the recommended three doses when they were younger. The HPV vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women. Experts recommend boys who are 11 or 12 years old be vaccinated with three doses of Gardasil. Boys, between 13 and 21 years should get the vaccine if they did not get any or all of the shots when they were younger. Talk to your doctor to find out if getting vaccinated is right for you.
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discrimination and equality - ageism, gender, racial, disability, ethnicity and other diversity implications and laws
Equality is a very significant aspect of employment in all respects - for employers and workers.
Diversity - a positive approach to equality in work - offers advantages and benefits for organisations (US organizations), just like any other sort of diversity in life.
Treating people fairly, regardless of age, gender, disability, ethnicity, race, etc., is vital to the principles of ethical business and ethical organisations.
Equality in work, and elsewhere, is in the UK subject to law - specifically the 2010 Equality Act, which extended and superceded several other pieces of previous legislation which applied to particular areas of potential discrimination, such as the Employment Equality Age Regulations of 2006.
These legal aspects of equality at work are generally consistent with legislation across Europe, and increasingly other parts of the world, especially what has been historically regarded as the 'western world'.
If you are an employer you need to be aware of, and act upon, the implications of equality regulations.
Understanding equality is helpful for you as an individual too, to understand your rights and your personal responsibilities.
Reacting properly to equality age discrimination legislation is easy for good organizations. Regulations do not challenge organizations which already treat their staff and customers fairly and ethically.
The UK/European principles of equality provide a helpful model for any organisation anywhere in the world.
As a worker or employee or manager, etc., you are also affected individually by equality/discrimination regulations, because these laws allow for individuals to be held responsible for certain types of discriminatory behaviour (US behavior) against others, and to be pursued for compensation, aside from the responsibility of the employer or organisation.
Here is a brief summary of the UK/European equality laws.
equality - summary of law (uk/europe)
Note that these laws extend far beyond work. They are presented here in a work or organizational context, but the laws apply anywhere.
types of discrimination - (according to and situation)
It is against the law to discriminate against any person due to his/her:
- age (also referred to as 'ageism')
- gender/sexuality/sexual orientation (for example a male, female or transexual, or transitioning)
- marital status (married, single or in a civil partnership)
- pregnancy (or having/expecting/wanting a child)
- disability (physical or mental)
- race (colour [US color], nationality, ethnicity, national origin)
- religion (belief, atheism [lack of religion/belief] spiritual preferences)
These aspects of human diversity are called (in UK law) 'protected characteristics'.
Equality law protects people from discrimination against such characteristics when/in/seeking:
- as a consumer
- member/guest of private club/association
- using public services
- buying/renting property
- with/helping someone of protected characteristic (for example, family member/friend, or you've complained about discrimination, or supported another person's claim - this is called in law 'positive action', which is judged to be legal where a person of a protected characteristic has particular needs, is disadvantaged and under-represented)
types of discrimination - (in what ways)
Discrimination can happen in different ways, typically defined as, (nothwithstanding reasonable justification*):
- direct discrimination - treating someone (with a protected characteristic) less well than others
- indirect discrimination - making a rule/arrangement that applies generally, but is unfairly disadvantageous to a person of protected characteristic
- harassment - action which undermines dignity or produces hostile environment for a person of protected characteristic
- victimization - treating someone unfairly because they've complained about discrimination or harassment
* N.B. 'Reasonable justification' may ultimately be determined by legal process.
discrimination/equality at work
The law protects people from discrimination at work, notably concerning (and notwithstanding reasonable exceptions*):
- employment contracts/conditions
* N.B. 'Reasonable exceptions' may ultimately be determined by legal process.
disability - in employment (including seeking employment)
A disability is basically defined as:
'A physical or mental impairment with substantial long-term [a year or more] negative effect on a person's ability to do normal daily activities'.
Employers must make 'reasonable adjustments' to help disabled employees and job-applicants with:
- forms - application forms, etc (Braille/audio formats, etc)
- tests - aptitude/psychometrics, etc (adjusting times/types of tests accordingly, etc)
- dismissal/redundancy (necessary allowances)
- discipline/grievances (necessary allowances)
- interviews (physical access, communication help, etc)
- facilities/equipment (ensure appropriate)
- career development - promotion, transfer and training opportunities (ensure fair)
- pay/terms - employment contract, bonuses (ensure fair)
- work-related benefits (fair access to recreation/refreshments, etc)
N.B. There are some other types of unlawful discrimination which fall outside of equality laws, for example on basis of trade union membership.
These laws are explained in detail (UK) at the ACAS website (ACAS is the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service - an public agency body of the UK Government).
respecting, fostering and protecting diversity - improves good organizations
Equality - and the fostering and protection of diversity - are marks of good effective modern organizations. Correct actions reflect a positive image; incorrect actions reflect badly.
The same applies to people too - individual employees, customers, managers - everyone.
Having a respect for equality embedded into philosophy, policies and processes - and fully understood by all staff - is consistent with ethical leadership.
Equality means treating people fairly: valuing and respecting people regardless of their natural characteristics.
When an organization values its people in this way, its people respond in kind - with loyalty, commitment and enthusiasm.
Organizations which regard equality as a problem generally have problems in other aspects of operations, not least in the organization's leadership.
Good organizations see equality as natural fairness and a force for good.
Treating people fairly enables the organization to benefit from everyone's strengths, and encourages people to support each other's weaknesses.
Aside from this, we live in a world which is now organized and connected globally. Borders and barriers are disappearing; people can largely live anywhere, work anywhere, and be anything. The world's nations, societies, and market-places now reflect this growing diversity.
Business and organizations need to respond to this new diverse landscape, and the best corporations increasingly align with it.
A diverse organization which embraces equality is far more likely to possess a self-supporting mixture of people, capabilities and experience necessary to succeed in the modern world.
Positive diversity - enabled by true equality - is an organizational advantage, and so it's very good sense to develop it.
- Ethical Business and Corporate Responsibility
- McGregor's X-Y Theory
- Adams' Equity Theory
- McLelland's Motivational Theory
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Personality Models and Types
- Love and Spirituality at Work
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A federal agriculture official, claiming he had "never heard of a killer tomato," predicted Friday that tomatoes grown by schoolchildren from seeds exposed to radiation in outer space will be safe to eat.
As safe, said Alvin L. Young, director of agricultural biotechnology for the Department of Agriculture, as "any tomatoes grown in a home garden."
Young made the remark at NASA's Washington headquarters during a hastily called news conference to head off published concerns that the space-radiated seeds, planted by some 4 million science students around the world, could produce poisonous tomatoes.
The news, however, will not alter experiments in area classrooms, said school officials reached Friday.
The brouhaha erupted Thursday with nationwide distribution of a Los Angeles Times story that cited an unsigned NASA internal memo.
The memo, written by an associate director of the aerospace education services program at Oklahoma State University, also stated that an official of the company that provided the seeds had "seemed" opposed to eating the tomatoes. Oklahoma State oversees NASA's school programs.
Friday, however, the official, Jim Alston, who is research director at Park Seed Co., said he plans to eat some.
"During the summer of 1983, we grew vegetables including tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and corn from seed flown in space," said Alston.
He added that he and other Park Seed personnel ate fruit from those plants with "nothing but pleasurable experiences."
Alston said he plans to eat some tomatoes from the current project "to see if I can discern any differences."
The Oklahoma State official who wrote the memo, Nelson J. Ehrlich, said in a memo explaining his controversial earlier remark that he "would not hesitate" to eat the tomatoes.
The seeds distributed to schoolchildren spent nearly six years orbiting Earth on the NASA-Langley Research Center-designed Long Duration Exposure Facility, or LDEF, which was recovered in January.
Kits containing space-exposed seeds are being distributed to about 180,000 teachers whose students will try to grow the seeds to study the effects of long-term exposure of cosmic radiation on living tissue.
Ehrlich said he mentioned in the original memo the possibility of toxic mutation of the tomatoes after the question was raised in a January conference for teachers participating in the project.
"There is a remote possibility that radiation-caused mutations could cause the plants to produce toxic fruit," the memo item said.
The item explained that tomatoes belong to the nightshade family of plants, which includes potato, tobacco, bell pepper and eggplant.
All members of this family produce toxins in their foliage, Ehrlich wrote Friday, and there is a possibility that a radiation-caused mutation could cause the release of toxins into the fruit.
Although information, including a letter from Young, that accompanied the seed kits did not specifically warn against eating the tomatoes, Young said Friday that he hoped no one would eat them because the tomatoes would be specimens in a research experiment.
"I would certainly hope they would not end the experiment by eating the fruit," he said.
Local teachers participating in the project said they have no plans to pull out.
Security measures are being advised for classes in the Newport News school system, said Thomasena Woods, science supervisor. "Teachers should ensure that experiments and seed packets do not leave the building," Woods said.
She added that school officials are not worried about the possibility of toxic mutants.
"We were interested in seeing how the plants grew. The fruit is not the goal," she said.
Edward Weiss, associate professor of biology at Christopher Newport College, said the probability of the seeds producing toxic tomatoes is "so astronomical that miniscule doesn't adequately express it."
Weiss said chemicals that are more harmful probably are found in soft drinks.
School will be out before plants grown in space seed projects at Poquoson High School and Gloucester County's Walker Elementary School can bear fruit, say teachers in those schools.
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Definition - What does Adulterated Specimen mean?
An adulterated specimen is one that has been altered in some way. In drug testing, a specimen is identified as adulterated if it contains substances that are not normally found in like substances, or normally occurring substances are found at irregular concentrations.
For example, a urine sample that contains a chemical additive not normally found in urine would be labeled adulterated. Some substances, referred to as oxidizing adulterants can oxidize drugs or drug metabolites in a urine sample or affect the effectiveness of reagents to the presence of the drug.
Evidence of adulteration may also be in the form of excesses of expected substances. An example of this type of adulteration would be excessive amounts of water present in a urine sample. This type of adulteration is also called dilution.
Other types of samples, include oral fluid samples, can also be subject to adulteration.
As an initial step in drug testing procedures, a collection or lab technician will usually conduct a series of tests to determine whether the test sample has been adulterated.
WorkplaceTesting explains Adulterated Specimen
When drug or alcohol testing is conducted pursuant to federal law, specific guidelines must be followed. These guidelines, promulgated by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), include procedures for the detection of adulteration.
For Department of Transportation mandated drug tests, a test specimen will first under go an initial specimen validity test. This test is designed to detect evidence of adulteration, substitution, dilution or other causes to invalidate the test. If a specimen is determined to be invalid following this test, a second test may be ordered to confirm the finding.
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Members of the Leiden Congregation knelt in prayer on the deck of the Speedwell on Wednesday, July 22nd in Delftshaven, Holland. This was captured by artist Robert Weir and shows Pastor John Robinson (with hands outstretched) and William Brewster (holding the open Geneva Bible) and several parents and children in prayer.
The Speedwell, a 60 ton pinnace (ship) built in 1577 was originally named Swiftsure. The Mayflower, by contrast, was a 180 ton cargo ship built in 1608. The Mayflower was three times the size of the Speedwell and 30 years younger! In 1586 the Swiftsure was used in the vanquishing of the Spanish Armada. If the Armada had succeeded, the Separatist movement may have ended three decades earlier! In 1605 the Swiftsure was decommissioned and renamed Speedwell.
Bradford relates that when those from Holland arrived in Southampton, “After a joyful welcome and mutual congratulations… they fell to parley about their business… about the alteration of the conditions.” John Carver said he had no knowledge of the changes in the contract. Robert Cushman “answered he had done nothing but what he was urged to, partly by the grounds of equity and more especially by necessity, otherwise all had been dashed and many undone.” Thomas Weston (their agent) was offended by their displeasure at his contract (which favored the investors). Bradford relates that “this was the first ground of discontent between them.” They were forced to sell off supplies and had no choice but to accept the changes which caused them to work in community with no personal incentive and to do so six days a week without any day for personal profit.
It was providential that at this time, before they departed, “the company was called together and this letter read amongst them, which had good acceptation with all, and after fruit with many.” Pastor John Robinson’s letter of advice detailed the following:
“And first, as we are daily to renew our repentance with our God, especially for our sins known, and generally for our unknown trespasses… Now, next after this heavenly peace with God and our own consciences, we are carefully to provide for peace with all men what in us lieth, especially with our associates. And for that, watchfulness must be had that we neither at all in ourselves to give, no, nor easily take offense being given by others…
A fourth thing there is carefully to be provided for, to wit, that with your common employments you join common affections truly bent upon the general good, avoiding as a deadly plague of your both common and special comfort all retiredness of mind for proper advantage… Lastly, whereas you are become a body politic, using amongst yourselves civil government, and are not furnished with any person of special eminency above the rest, to be chosen by you into office of government; let your wisdom and godliness appear, not only in choosing such persons as do entirely love and will promote the common good, but also in yielding unto them all due honor and obedience in their lawful administrations… not being like the foolish multitude who more honor the gay coat than either the virtuous mind of the man, or glorious ordinance of the Lord.”
This advice was given at the perfect time for they now faced a situation where they could apply it! Bradford relates: “They ordered and distributed their company for either ship… chose a Governor and two or three assistants for each ship; to order the people by the way, and see to the disposing of their provisions…” Both Mayflower (with about 90 passengers) and Speedwell (with about 30 passengers), departed from Southampton on Wednesday, August 5th, two weeks after the departure from Delftshaven. But “they had not gone far but Mr. Reynolds, the master of the lesser ship, complained that he found his ship so leaky as he durst not put further to sea till she was mended… they… resolved to put into Dartmouth… which accordingly was done, to their great charge and loss of time and a fair wind.”
“She was here thoroughly searched from stem to stern, some leaks were found and mended, and now it was conceived by the workmen and all, that she was sufficient, and they might proceed without either fear or danger. So with good hopes from hence, they put to sea again, conceiving they should go comfortably on, not looking for any more lets of this kind, but it fell out otherwise. For after they were gone to sea again above 100 leagues without the Lands End, holding company together all this while, the master of the small ship complained his ship was so leaky as he must bear up or sink at sea, for they could scarce free her with much pumping.”
“So they came to consultation again, and resolved both ships to bear up back again and put into Plymouth, which accordingly was done. But no special leak could be found, but it was judged to be the general weakness of the ship, and that she would not prove sufficient for the voyage. Upon which it was resolved to dismiss her and part of the company, and proceed with the other ship. The which (though it was grievous and caused great discouragement) was put into execution.”
It would be easy for these Pilgrims to be offended at God and those that betrayed them. They were losing hope. After enduring persecution from the King, mockery from family and neighbors, jail, and then being betrayed by their agents, they have to sell the only ship they own for a loss!
The Speedwell had been refitted in Delftshaven and now had two masts. Some have speculated that this is what added stress and opened up the hull. But Bradford wrote, “The leakiness of this ship was partly by being over-masted and too much pressed with sails; for after she was sold… she made many voyages and performed her service very sufficiently, to the great profit of her owners. But more especially, by the cunning and deceit of the master and his company, who were hired to stay a whole year in the country, and now fancying dislike and fearing want of victuals, they plotted this stratagem to free themselves, as afterwards was known and by some of them confessed.” The ship even sailed from Southampton to Virginia in 1635 and was then refitted and sold again!
God’s providence is not limited to working in hearts, for God has a purpose even when our possessions produce a loss and those we trust betray us. Though difficult, they applied their faith to the disappointments as their Pastor had advised, for “the providence of God working for their good beyond man’s expectation.” The difficulties that lie ahead may cause us to lose hope, but they should not cause us to lose faith that God is working out things beyond our understanding!
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Emily Dickinson is considered among the greatest poets in English literature. She is known for her unusual use of form and syntax; and for being “The poet of paradox”. Dickinson was a prolific writer and created nearly 1800 poems but only a handful of them were published during her lifetime. Here are 10 of the most famous poems by America’s leading female poet.
#10 “Faith” is a fine invention
An often quoted poem, ‘”Faith” is a fine invention’ gives insight on Dickinson’s views on religion and science. While calling faith an invention and putting it in quotation marks suggests that the poem is pro science yet the ability for only some to ‘see’, or possess a kind a divine power, contradicts that. No wonder Dickinson is famous as the “The poet of paradox”. She goes on to add that it is wiser to use ‘microscopes’, or science, in an emergency.
“Faith” is a fine invention
For Gentlemen who see!
But Microscopes are prudent
In an Emergency!
#9 Much Madness is divinest Sense
‘Much Madness’ begins with a paradoxical line which equates madness to divine sense. Dickinson talks about the insane society which treats individuality as madness. If you agree with the majority you are sane but if you raise objections you are considered dangerous and need to be controlled. The madness versus sanity theme of the poem can also be interpreted in various other ways adding to the popularity of the poem.
Much Madness is divinest Sense –
To a discerning Eye –
Much Sense – the starkest Madness –
‘Tis the Majority
In this, as all, prevail –
Assent – and you are sane –
Demur – you’re straightway dangerous –
And handled with a Chain –
#8 Tell all the truth but tell it slant
In this poem Dickinson presents truth as a powerful entity whose dazzling brilliance can bring this world to an end. Hence she suggests that it would be wise to tell the truth but ‘tell it slant’ and to gradually ease it into the world.
Tell all the truth but tell it slant —
Success in Circuit lies
Too bright for our infirm Delight
The Truth’s superb surprise
As Lightning to the Children eased
With explanation kind
The Truth must dazzle gradually
Or every man be blind —
#7 Success Is Counted Sweetest
In this poem Dickinson uses the image of a victorious army and of a defeated soldier who is dying. Through this image she conveys that success can be understood best by those who have suffered defeat. The popularity of the poem lies in the fact that unlike some of her other poems which talk about losing in romance, ‘Success Is Counted Sweetest’ “can be applied to any situation where there are winners and losers.”
Success is counted sweetest
By those who ne’er succeed.
To comprehend a nectar
Requires sorest need.
Not one of all the purple Host
Who took the Flag today
Can tell the definition
So clear of victory
As he defeated – dying –
On whose forbidden ear
The distant strains of triumph
Burst agonized and clear!
#6 Wild nights – Wild nights!
‘Wild nights – Wild nights!’ is widely discussed for its implications. It doesn’t tell a story but is an expression of wish or desire. Dickinson uses the sea as an image for passion. It remains one of the most popular romantic poems written by an American.
Wild nights – Wild nights!
Were I with thee
Wild nights should be
Futile – the winds –
To a Heart in port –
Done with the Compass –
Done with the Chart!
Rowing in Eden –
Ah – the Sea!
Might I but moor – tonight –
#5 If I can stop one Heart from breaking
This simple and often quoted poem by Dickinson talks about the deeds one can do which will insure that one’s life was not is vain.
If I can stop one heart from breaking,
I shall not live in vain ;
If I can ease one life the aching,
Or cool one pain,
Or help one fainting robin
Unto his nest again,
I shall not live in vain.
#4 I heard a Fly buzz – when I died
In “I heard a Fly buzz” the narrator is on his or her deathbed in a still room surrounded by loved ones. Everyone is awaiting the arrival of the ‘King’. The figure of death appears as a tiny, often disregarded, fly with a ‘stumbling Buzz’. It comes between the narrator and light and then the narrator ‘could not see to see’ or is dead. The poem remains one of Dickinson’s most discussed and famous works.
I heard a Fly buzz – when I died –
The Stillness in the Room
Was like the Stillness in the Air –
Between the Heaves of Storm –
The Eyes around – had wrung them dry –
And Breaths were gathering firm
For that last Onset – when the King
Be witnessed – in the Room –
I willed my Keepsakes – Signed away
What portion of me be
Assignable – and then it was
There interposed a Fly –
With Blue – uncertain – stumbling Buzz –
Between the light – and me –
And then the Windows failed – and then
I could not see to see –
#3 I’m nobody! Who are you?
In this poem the narrator considers that being nobody is a luxury and it is depressingly repetitive to be somebody, who like a frog has a compulsion to croak all the time. The most talked about detail of Dickinson’s life is perhaps that only 10 of her nearly 1800 works were published during her lifetime and she lived her life in anonymity. This and the fact that the poem is about the popular subject of “us against them” makes it one of the most famous poems written by Dickinson.
I’m Nobody! Who are you?
Are you — Nobody — Too?
Then there’s a pair of us!
Don’t tell! They’d banish us — you know!
How dreary — to be — Somebody!
How public — like a Frog —
To tell one’s name — the livelong June —
To an admiring Bog!
#2 Because I Could Not Stop For Death
Many of Dickinson’s poems deal with the themes of death and immortality; and this is the most famous of them all. In it Emily personifies death as a gentle guide who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the poet to her grave. According to prominent American poet Allen Tate, “If the word great means anything in poetry, this poem is one of the greatest in the English language; it is flawless to the last detail.”
Because I could not stop for Death –
He kindly stopped for me –
The Carriage held but just Ourselves –
We slowly drove – He knew no haste
And I had put away
My labor and my leisure too,
For His Civility –
We passed the School, where Children strove
At Recess – in the Ring –
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain –
We passed the Setting Sun –
Or rather – He passed Us –
The Dews drew quivering and Chill –
For only Gossamer, my Gown –
My Tippet – only Tulle –
We paused before a House that seemed
A Swelling of the Ground –
The Roof was scarcely visible –
The Cornice – in the Ground –
Since then – ’tis Centuries – and yet
Feels shorter than the Day
I first surmised the Horses’ Heads
Were toward Eternity –
#1 Hope is the Thing with Feathers
The most famous poem by Dickinson, “Hope is the Thing with Feathers” is ranked among the greatest poems in the English language. It metaphorically describes hope as a bird that rests in the soul, sings continuously and never demands anything even in the direst circumstances.
“Hope” is the thing with feathers –
That perches in the soul –
And sings the tune without the words –
And never stops – at all –
And sweetest – in the Gale – is heard –
And sore must be the storm –
That could abash the little Bird
That kept so many warm –
I’ve heard it in the chillest land –
And on the strangest Sea –
Yet – never – in Extremity,
It asked a crumb – of me.
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Large numbers of Baltimore households lack two essential tools for getting online: wireline broadband service at home and access to a computer. According to the 2018 American Community Survey, 96,000 households in Baltimore (40.7%) did not have wireline internet service, such as cable, fiber, or digital subscriber line service. And some 75,000 Baltimore City households, or one in three, do not have either a desktop or laptop computer. Most of these households are lower income.
As services increasingly move online, this lack of access affects a growing number of essential activities– from homework to job searches to benefit applications. For many lower-income households and communities of color, the lack of internet or a computer is compounding gaps in educational attainment and financial security. While smartphone adoption is more widespread, smartphones are not an adequate substitute for a laptop or desktop computer – especially when it comes to education. In Baltimore City, nearly 20,000 households with children under the age of 17 do not have wireline broadband or computers at home.
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become clear that reliable internet access is now part of our social safety net. With large portions of society driven to cyberspace, new attention and urgency has come to gaps in Americans’ internet connectivity. Those on the wrong side of the digital divide are left out during a national crisis that in many ways necessitates online connectivity for accessing education, unemployment benefits, grocery delivery, and health care services.
In “Baltimore’s Digital Divide: Gaps in Internet Connectivity and the Impact on Low-Income City Residents,” technology expert John B. Horrigan, Ph.D., analyzes the latest data from the 2018 American Community Survey and compares Baltimore with 32 other American cities. The report finds that Baltimore lags behind most of these cities – ranking 29th for both home wireline broadband adoption and for having a laptop or desktop computer in the home.
The roots of these inequities are deep and systemic, but they are not insurmountable. While there are proposals to help increase home internet and computer access at the federal level, the report finds that there are number of things that Baltimore City can do to make increased access a reality. The recommendations include:
- Develop a pipeline of device delivery to low-income households, prioritizing families with school-age children.
- Enhance the capability of community anchor institutions such as libraries and neighborhood nonprofits to provide tech support and digital skills training.
- Enlist a wide range of stakeholders to address digital inequality, e.g., deeper engagement among the business and university communities.
- Build capacity in city government on digital access issues so that Baltimore’s city government can have a stronger leadership position on this issue.
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The ‘Gangetic River Dolphin’ commonly known as – “RIVER DOLPHIN” is a biological curiosity. In North-East India, especially in the state of Assam, this endangered species locally called as ‘Hihu’, ‘Xihu’, ‘Seho’, ‘Huh’, in the big red river ‘Brahmaputra’ and its 13 tributaries. Scientifically known as Platanista Gangetica, species have some 5 species belonging to 3 genera. The species inhabit the waters of the Indian major rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra.
In India, their territory extends from the foot of the Himalayas to the tidal zone. Commonly known as Susu in Gangetic Valley and Hihu in the Brahmaputra Valley, the aquatic mammal, gangetic river dolphin is among the four fresh water dolphin species. Apart from India, it is also found in Bangladesh (in Meghna River and Karnaphuli River systems), Nepal and Bhutan.
The other three are the Baiji (that is, Lipotes Vexillifer) found in the Yangtze River in China, the Bhulan in Indus River of Pakistan and the Buto (that is, Inia Geoffrensis) in the Amazon River of Brazil in South America. In some areas, it is called as Suongsu. Indeed, out of 40 species of cetaceans, which live in the rivers, four species are found in Asia Continent and the two are found in South Asia.
“The history of the river dolphin is very interesting. This gangetic-river-dolphin developd about 20 million year ago. It was William Roxburg, who first described scientifically the species in 1801 and named it Dolphinus Gangetica. Later Rene Lesson then adopted a genus based on the dialect of Bengali, named Susuk and explained the species as Susu Platanista. But, Johann Wagle adapted Platanista as genus in 1930 and from that period, the scientific society knows the gangetic-dolphin as Platanista Gangetica, a close relative of Whales, Porpoises and Dolphins apart from Baiji, Bhulan and Buto”, claimed the experts.
The River Dolphins are specially dispersed in the river. Their concentrations are more in the confluences of the rivers, where the ‘water current’ is maximum and strong. In a word, the rising water level and water current greatly influence their movement and migration. They are also piscivorous and carnivorous.
Their body is fusiform. It can grow up to a maximum length of about 7.5 to 8.5 feet (2.3 metre to 2.6 metre). However, its length at birth is 67 centimetres to 70 centimetres. The smallest sexually mature female is around 200 centimetres and male 170 centimetres and age of maturity about 10 years, putting on about 90 kilograms to 100 kilograms in weight. In general, the females are larger than the males. The largest female was recorded at 252-centimetres long and the male 212-centimetres.
There are two species of River Dolphins in the river, one with a distinct dorsal fin and the other without it. Dorsally, a fleshy ridge forming a rudimentary fin is seen about mid length of the body excluding the beak. The pectoral flippers are more or less triangular and measure about one-sixth the length of the body. The flippers (fore arms) are broad and paddle like. The dorsal fin is short but the caudal fluke is well developed.
They have an elongated beak. The female has an upturned beak and the male has a straight beak. The number of teeth may vary from 27 to 32 on each side of each (upper and lower) jaw, there being a slightly higher count in the lower than in the upper jaw.
The River Dolphin is an aquatic mammal. They have no gills like fishes and therefore cannot breathe the oxygen dissolved in water. They breathe oxygen (O2) from the air with lungs. Without oxygen they cannot live. So, they have to come to the surface for breathing every 30 to 40 seconds and thus in one hour they have to surface about 100 times. But, when disturbed they remain underneath for more time. They are found to move both clockwise and anti-clockwise. Water temperature has no recognizable effect on their movement.
River Dolphins are found both in the rivers and the sea. The ‘Sea Dolphin’ has eyes; where as River Dolphin is blind. To compensate for their vision, they have developed their ‘Sound’ (which is called ‘Sonar System’ or ‘Sonar Sense’). They produce ultrasonic sound up to more than 200,000 hertz.
In natural populations, the male to female sex ratio of River Dolphins is 1:1. The calving season is observed to be from the month of March to May. Their gestation period is 8 to 9 months. But it has been noticed that one female in its life time gives birth to about 5 to 6 or rarely 7 to 8 young or calves and one or rarely two young are born between the months of April to July. The potential reproductive period is about 20 years.
The River Dolphin is not strictly a bottom feeder. It feeds both by day and night. The female River Dolphin feed their young ones with milk from the mammary glands located near its anus. Their food composes of small fishes, eel (locally called Kuchiya Machh) and loaches (locally called Botia Machh) besides a good amount of shrimps (that is, prawns). Their food requirement is about 10% (percent) of the body weight. About 40% (per cent) to 50% (per cent) of the body weight is ‘oil’ or ‘Fat’. The life expectancy is about 24 to 25 years and the life span of the species was considered to be about 35 years.
Besides the uses of its parts, the behaviour of River Dolphins helps to predict rain, flood and availability of fish. Presence of the bird ‘River tern’ indicates their population in the area. They are also seen in the tidal limits, but don’t enter the sea. Although the River Dolphin is found in small groups in certain parts of the rivers, it appears to be essentially non-gregarious.
In North-East India, the River Dolphin is found mainly in the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries, which are their original residential area. The fragmentation distribution system or the population status of the River Dolphin are the entire stretch or the river Brahmaputra traversing in North-East India; specially in Assam from Saikhowaghat (27° 51’44” North and 95° 39’12” East) in the upper most gradient down to South Salmara (25° 53’13” North and 90° 14′ 16″ East) at the lower reaches.
Specially three sectors with the respective ‘Trize Zones’ identified along the entire courses of the river were : Sector-I, Sector-II and Sector-III, Sector-I are Saikhowaghat to Silghat (trize zones; Saikhowaghat, Dibrugarh, Dikhowmukh, Nimatighat and Silghat), Sector-II are Silghat to Guwahati (trize zones : Tezpur, Singri, Kharupetia, Kharua and Guwahati) and lastly Sector-III are Guwahati to South-Salmara (trize zones : Garigaon, Kukurmara, Baghbar, Pancharatna, Kharmuja, Chunari, Jamadarhat, Fakirganj and South Salmara).
Of them, their population more localised at Dikhowmukh in Sector-I, Singri and Tezpur in Sector-II and Pancharatna, Baghbar and South-Salmara in Sector-III. Their total population in Brahmaputra river is around 1,300. The density of river dolphins has plummeted from 0.25 per kilometre of river length in 1991 to 0.09 per kilometre in 1996 in the Northeast Indian rivers, Ganga, Barak and Brhmaputra, which are their sanctuaries.
Around 1,326 specimens of River Dolphin has been estimated in the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries with sector wise distribution as 201 in Sector-I, 220 in Sector-II and 905 in Sector-III.
While another report claims, “It is also noted that the river Brahmaputra is divided into 6 segments in terms of dolphin habitat – from the Dhubri-Manas sector (under Indian Assam State’s Dhubri and Barpeta Districts) comprising India-Bangladesh International Border to Burhidihing-Sadyia sector (under Indian Assam State’s Dibrugarh and Tinsukia Districts) comprising Indian Interstate Border between Assam State and Arunachal Pradesh. Most of the time, the freshwater mammals are seen in Indian Assam State’s – (South Salmara) Dhubri district, (Pancharatna) Goalpara district, (Kulsi) Kamrup district and (Guijan) Tinsukia district”.
Moreover, this critically endangered species (xihu) is very dear to the people, which are also found in the other Indian States, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal (WB), Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (UP).
According to recent survey, there are 200 river dolphins in Brahmaputra and its tributaries like – Subansiri River (in Lakhimpur District of the India State, Assam) and Kulsi River in the aforesaid state. The dolphin population in all these sectors has recorded a steady decline – from 268 in 1993 to 198 in 2002, while in 2005, only the Dhubri-Manas stretch was surveyed, and just five dolphins were sighted against 17 in 2002.
In Assam, about 60 to 70 killings are made annually in the river Brahmaputra by the fishermen, who are locally known as – Bin community (that is, entangled in their fishing-nets and can’t come to the surface to breath and die a painful death). In North-East India, especially in Assam, River Dolphin killing occurs especially from Guwahati to South-Salmara (that is, Garigaon, Kukurmara, Baghbar, Pancharatna, Kharmuia, Chunari, Jamadarhat, Fakirganj and South-Salmara). Here, also juveniles are found to die in higher numbers. If the above same rate of killings continues, Dolphins in Brahmaputra River will be extinct within about another 20 to 25 years or so.
The River Dolphin was found in North-East India, especially in Assam in large numbers, a few years ago. Now, their number has come down considerably due to various human and non-human activities.
It is estimated that more than 70% to 75% of Dolphins are killed annually in the river Brahmaputra throughout its range from Saikhowaghat (under Tinsukia district of Upper Assam Sector) to South-Salmara-ghat (under Dhubri district of Lower Assam Sector) of North-East India.
The following reasons are the main threat to River Dolphin and the decline in their population :
(a) Heavy siltation, water removal, damming or dams or dikes or barrages, sluice-gates, fishing activities, poaching and vessel traffic (especially Engine Fit Country Boat-EFCB, locally known as shallow or Bhutbhuti).
(b) Environmental degradation seems to be a major cause.
(c) The drainage system of river Brahmaputra.
(d) They are killed largely for their blubber as oil, used as medicine for rheumatic pain or believed to be a cure for rheumatism, et cetera.
(e) To prepare the bait, intestines of fish, Catfishes, Clupisoma garuah (locally called Gharuah), Schielbids fishes get attracted by the smell of River Dolphin oil. Bihari and Bangladeshi fishermen mainly use this oil to catch fish. It is also noted that the River Dolphin oil was found in the open market for sale for Rs. 150 to Rs. 250 per litre.
(f) They are killed for their meat. The River Dolphin’s meat was found in open market for sale for Rs. 25 to Rs. 50 per kilogram. In Upper Assam, River Dolphin killing occurs especially Saikhowaghat, Dibrugarh, Dikhowmukh, Nimatighat and Silghat, primarily for its meat.
(g) The extraction of sand from riverbeds is a major threat to River Dolphin population growth.
(h) Industrial effluents, especially the discharge of fertilizers, petrochemicals – byproducts of tanneries and pulp and paper – mills, distilleries and thermal power plants.
(i) In the river Brahmaputra and it’s tributaries, the rampant fishing leads to the scarcity of small fishes (which are the River Dolphin’s basic food : Chela laubuca – known as Chela, Puntius sophore – known as Shwarputhi, Puntius ticto – known as Puthi, Colisa fasciata – known as Khailsha, Glassogobius giuris – known as Balia, Mastacembalus pancalus – known as Baim, Ompak sp – known as Pabda, Bagarius bagarius – known as Bagari et cetera). (j)
Biotic interference is the main threat of fresh water River Dolphin’s riverine habitat.
During a survey in the river Brahmaputra, there have also been an increase in different types of nets.
Monofilament gillnets are used by ‘migrant fisherman’ from Bangladesh (the then East Pakistan, that is, East-Bengal, known as Purba Banga or Purba Bangla). Some of the fishing centres in the river Brahmaputra are Dhubri, Fakirganj, Jogighopa, Goalpara, Dolgoma, Nagarberra, Kukurmara, Palasain, Guwahati, Biswanath, Behali, Dhansirimukh, Nimatighat, Disangmukk, Dikhowmukh, Dihingmukh, Dibrugarh, Saikhowaghat et cetera, where nearly 2,000 to 2,500 gillnets are operated.
(k) Food scarcity owing to excessive fishing and hydropower projects of various scales.
(l) Illegal catching, habitat shrinkage and excessive pollution.
River Dolphins are unique and they play an important role in the ‘River’s Ecosystem’. Today, the River Dolphin of the river (Ganges and) Brahmaputra are in great peril. They can be saved, if concrete efforts are made immediately. The chief cause of the survival of the species rests, finally in the hands of fishermen, who are unfortunately, poor and illiterate. They would have to be given an alternate means of livelihood.
Based on the letters and complains filed by the Dolphin Protection Committee (DPC) and Conservation of Nature Trust (CNT) the Government of Assam has issued an order to all District Administrators to take action against any killing of the River Dolphins or causing death to them. Presently, the River Dolphins are included in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (IWPA), 1972.
According to this act, if anyone is found killing them or possessing any part of it can be imprisoned for 1 to 6 years and fined not less than Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 6,000. The observers also research or discuss the international laws like Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), RAMSAR convention, World Heritage convention, Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) and the National laws of India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh. The Indian states laws of Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam and Pakistan are also summarized.
Suggestions and recommendations are made to make the existing laws more efficient. This fresh water Dolphin has been classified as an endangered species by the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in January, 1993 in their 19th Session of General Assembly. This species is recommended to be brought under “Rare” category, particularly in the Indian sub-continent. Although, it heads IUCN list of ‘vulnerable’ cetacean species, knowledgeable quarters in (Bangladesh) the Indian sub-continent already list it as an ‘endangered’ one. When present in large numbers, the river dolphin, which is at the apex of the aquatic food chain, indicates a healthy ecosystem.
The District Administrators of Dhubri, Goalpara and Jorhat of the Indian state, Assam issued a notification that the River Dolphins and other endangered animals should not be brought to the local fish market. The causes may be put forward for the preservation of River Dolphin :
(1) During monsoon, the River Dolphin descends to the tidal waters and is often taken in the different types of fishing nets. Such as : ‘Gillnets’ (locally called Fanshijal, Current net-Cast net), ‘Mosquito net’ (locally known as Masharijal), fine nylon ‘current net’ (locally called Kapdajal), ‘Neo-net’, ‘Dip net’ (locally called Dhekijal), ‘Stalk net’ (locally known as Banjal), ‘Moving-cast net’ (locally called Othaljal), ‘Drag-net’, large-encircling-seine nets (locally known as Berajal), harpoons et cetera should be banned.
(2) Banning the use of Dolphin oil as fish fait, burning lamps and for other purposes.
(3) Popularise ‘Shark Liver Oil’ or ‘Fish Oil’ as an alternative to the River Dolphin oil as bait for specially ‘Neria fish’ or scientifically known as Clupisoma garua, locally called Gharua fish. Because, a section of fishermen as the oil oozing out of their decomposed blubbers is used to attract a variety of catfishes, ‘Wallago attu’ (locally called Boal).
(4) To reduce the siltation and the soil erosion including various types of river pollution.
(5) Not to establish any industry on the bank of the river (especially Brahmaputra and its tributaries).
(6) Ban specialised impelling gear locally called Pusha.
(7) Medicinal uses like common cold or stomach disorders et cetera of River Dolphin’s oil should be discouraged and alternative medicines should be popularised.
(8) Not to extract sand from ‘River-Bed’ for it create hazards for their living.
(9) In North-East India, ‘Kulsi River’ and lower reaches of ‘Subansiri River’ of Assam declare as ‘River Dolphin Sanctuary’ and ‘Eco-tourism Centre’ as early as possible.
(10) Creation of mass awareness with more scientific studies among the ‘Fisherman’ community and from Schoolchildren to public about the endangered status of River Dolphin.
(11) To start fishery system in the riverines, this has inter-relation with River Dolphins and help to increase their numbers.
(12) To check the de-forestation and river erosion. Xihus surfacing intermittently from the deep waters to breathe before quickly disappearing again was a common sight earlier. However, over the years, their sightings have become rare.
Around 268 critically-endangered species, xihus are fighting a battle for survival in the rivers of the state, Assam and their number has come down drastically because of indiscriminate hunting and pollution. “Lack of public awareness is one of the reasons for fast disappearing Gangetic river dolphin in the rivers of eastern India”, said S. P. Bairagi of Dolphin Foundation organization.
Therefore, though, the World Wide Fund (WWF) for Nature India adopted the river dolphin as a species of special concern and initiated the Gangetic River Dolphin Conservation Programme in the year, 1997 and the Indian Assam State Government (IASG) on 05th June, 2008 declared the endangered species, Gangetic river dolphin as the ‘Assam State Aquatic Animal’, which was a longstanding demand of the various environmentalist groups across the world. On the other hand, Government of India declares the River Dolphin is a first ‘National Aquatic Animal of India’ on 5th October, 2009, during the first session/meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), at New Delhi, the capital of India, which was proposed by the Indian Bihar State Chief minister, Nitish Kumar.
However, is the declaration to enough to save the rare fresh water species from the hand of its extinction? But, if the killing of the River Dolphin is not checked immediately it will be extinct within the next 10 years.
Caption of The Pix on River Dolphin:
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following vaccines for seniors.
Doctors recommend annual flu vaccinations for older adults. Seniors with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or respiratory conditions need the added protection that inoculations provide. Annual vaccinations are also necessary to combat the effects of different viral strains that emerge each year. Seniors who have experienced a severe reaction to vaccination or have been diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome may also need other forms of protection.
Pneumonia causes 60,000 fatalities every year. Due to their compromised immune systems, seniors are at a greater risk of developing the infection following a cold or the flu. After the initial inoculation, your loved one may require a booster shot after five years.
Seniors who have never had chickenpox should be vaccinated for it. The virus is relatively harmless in children, but it can cause serious complication in seniors. Inform the physician if your loved one is sensitive to gelatin or has a compromised immune system prior to receiving the vaccination.
Sometimes family caregivers have other commitments that make it difficult to find time to take their loved ones to doctor’s appointments. Aging adults who need help around the house, transportation to medical appointments and social events, and assistance with exercise can benefit from having a live-in home caregiver. Milwaukee seniors can enjoy greater independence and receive regular mental and social stimulation when relying on a trusted professional who is expertly trained in various aspects of senior care.
4. Herpes Zoster
This virus is responsible for causing chickenpox. Even if a senior has had the infection as a child, the chickenpox virus remains dormant in the body and can re-emerge as a painful, blistering condition known as shingles. The herpes zoster vaccination reduces the chance of a viral flare-up by 50 percent. If your loved one develops shingles even though he or she has been vaccinated for it, the symptoms are usually mild.
5. Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Tdap)
Pertussis or whooping cough resurfaced globally because proper vaccination was not developed for it. The infectious disease is prevalent in the senior community because of the diminished immunity in this age group. Seniors under 65 should get a Tdap vaccination. Those over 65 should receive the tetanus-diphtheria inoculation and check with their doctor to find out if they need the pertussis component.
6. Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
Although these diseases have been effectively eradicated in the United States, they are still common in many other countries. Seniors who enjoy world travel should consider getting an MMR vaccination for proper protection. Statistics indicate approximately 20 million people worldwide develop measles. Countries particularly susceptible to the disease include Angola, Bosnia, Ethiopia, Germany, the Philippines, and Vietnam. The MMR series simply requires one vaccination followed by another one a month later. Older adults must receive the full series at least one month before travel.
Vaccination is important because fighting diseases can be challenging for older adults, especially if they have another serious medical condition like dementia. For trusted and reliable dementia care, Milwaukee families can turn to Home Care Assistance. We are experts in caring for seniors with memory-related conditions, our caregivers are available 24/7, and all of our dementia care programs are backed with a 100% satisfaction guarantee. Call a friendly Care Manager at (262) 782-3383 to learn about the senior care plans we offer.
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