id
string | text
string | source
string | metadata
string | num_tokens
int64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
pes2o-26787968
|
The emergence and implications of metallo-beta-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria.
The increase in Gram-negative broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance is worrisome, particularly as there are few, if any, ''pipeline'' antimicrobial agents possessing suitable activity against Pseudomonas spp. or Acinetobacter spp. The increase in resistance will be further enhanced by the acquisition of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) genes that can potentially confer broad-spectrum beta-lactam resistance. These genes encode enzymes that can hydrolyse all classes of beta-lactams and the activity of which cannot be neutralised by beta-lactamase inhibitors. MBL genes are often associated with aminoglycoside resistant genes and thus bacteria that possess MBL genes are often co-resistant to aminoglycosides, further compromising therapeutic regimes. Both types of genes can be found as gene cassettes carried by integrons that in turn are embedded within transposons providing a highly ambulatory genetic element. The dissemination of MBL genes is typified by the spread of blaVIM-2, believed to originate from a Portuguese patient in 1995, and is now present in over 20 counties. The increase in international travel is likely to be a contributory factor for the ascendancy of mobile MBL genes as much as the mobility among individual bacteria. Fitness, acquisition and host dependency are key areas that need to be addressed to enhance our understanding of how antibiotic resistance spreads. There is also a pressing need for new, and hopefully novel, compounds active against pan-resistant Gram-negative bacteria--a growing problem that needs to be addressed by both government and industry.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T02:47:15.057Z","created":"2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"22181848","metadata":{"abstract":"The increase in Gram-negative broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance is worrisome, particularly as there are few, if any, ''pipeline'' antimicrobial agents possessing suitable activity against Pseudomonas spp. or Acinetobacter spp. The increase in resistance will be further enhanced by the acquisition of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) genes that can potentially confer broad-spectrum beta-lactam resistance. These genes encode enzymes that can hydrolyse all classes of beta-lactams and the activity of which cannot be neutralised by beta-lactamase inhibitors. MBL genes are often associated with aminoglycoside resistant genes and thus bacteria that possess MBL genes are often co-resistant to aminoglycosides, further compromising therapeutic regimes. Both types of genes can be found as gene cassettes carried by integrons that in turn are embedded within transposons providing a highly ambulatory genetic element. The dissemination of MBL genes is typified by the spread of blaVIM-2, believed to originate from a Portuguese patient in 1995, and is now present in over 20 counties. The increase in international travel is likely to be a contributory factor for the ascendancy of mobile MBL genes as much as the mobility among individual bacteria. Fitness, acquisition and host dependency are key areas that need to be addressed to enhance our understanding of how antibiotic resistance spreads. There is also a pressing need for new, and hopefully novel, compounds active against pan-resistant Gram-negative bacteria--a growing problem that needs to be addressed by both government and industry.","abstract_count":230,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.98679292700526,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0006.json.gz:3573160","s2fieldsofstudy":["Biology"],"sha1":"8b0ff48d825d83207a68d200c9582f837e3674c4","sources":["Medline"],"title":"The emergence and implications of metallo-beta-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria.","title_count":9,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-17.628620403218996,"top_frequencies":[{"count":9,"token":"of"},{"count":8,"token":"genes"},{"count":7,"token":"and"},{"count":7,"token":"in"},{"count":6,"token":"be"},{"count":6,"token":"that"},{"count":6,"token":"to"},{"count":5,"token":"The"},{"count":5,"token":"is"},{"count":5,"token":"are"},{"count":5,"token":"by"},{"count":5,"token":"the"},{"count":4,"token":"as"},{"count":4,"token":"MBL"},{"count":4,"token":"a"},{"count":3,"token":"Gram-negative"},{"count":3,"token":"increase"},{"count":3,"token":"resistance"},{"count":3,"token":"can"},{"count":2,"token":"bacteria."},{"count":2,"token":"broad-spectrum"},{"count":2,"token":"antibiotic"},{"count":2,"token":"activity"},{"count":2,"token":"against"},{"count":2,"token":"spp."},{"count":2,"token":"further"},{"count":2,"token":"acquisition"},{"count":2,"token":"often"},{"count":2,"token":"for"},{"count":2,"token":"need"},{"count":2,"token":"addressed"},{"count":1,"token":"emergence"},{"count":1,"token":"implications"},{"count":1,"token":"metallo-beta-lactamases"},{"count":1,"token":"worrisome,"},{"count":1,"token":"particularly"},{"count":1,"token":"there"},{"count":1,"token":"few,"},{"count":1,"token":"if"},{"count":1,"token":"any,"},{"count":1,"token":"''pipeline''"},{"count":1,"token":"antimicrobial"},{"count":1,"token":"agents"},{"count":1,"token":"possessing"},{"count":1,"token":"suitable"},{"count":1,"token":"Pseudomonas"},{"count":1,"token":"or"},{"count":1,"token":"Acinetobacter"},{"count":1,"token":"will"},{"count":1,"token":"enhanced"},{"count":1,"token":"metallo-beta-lactamase"},{"count":1,"token":"(MBL)"},{"count":1,"token":"potentially"},{"count":1,"token":"confer"},{"count":1,"token":"beta-lactam"},{"count":1,"token":"resistance."},{"count":1,"token":"These"},{"count":1,"token":"encode"},{"count":1,"token":"enzymes"},{"count":1,"token":"hydrolyse"},{"count":1,"token":"all"},{"count":1,"token":"classes"},{"count":1,"token":"beta-lactams"},{"count":1,"token":"which"},{"count":1,"token":"cannot"},{"count":1,"token":"neutralised"},{"count":1,"token":"beta-lactamase"},{"count":1,"token":"inhibitors."},{"count":1,"token":"associated"},{"count":1,"token":"with"},{"count":1,"token":"aminoglycoside"},{"count":1,"token":"resistant"},{"count":1,"token":"thus"},{"count":1,"token":"bacteria"},{"count":1,"token":"possess"},{"count":1,"token":"co-resistant"},{"count":1,"token":"aminoglycosides,"},{"count":1,"token":"compromising"},{"count":1,"token":"therapeutic"},{"count":1,"token":"regimes."},{"count":1,"token":"Both"},{"count":1,"token":"types"},{"count":1,"token":"found"},{"count":1,"token":"gene"},{"count":1,"token":"cassettes"},{"count":1,"token":"carried"},{"count":1,"token":"integrons"},{"count":1,"token":"turn"},{"count":1,"token":"embedded"},{"count":1,"token":"within"},{"count":1,"token":"transposons"},{"count":1,"token":"providing"},{"count":1,"token":"highly"},{"count":1,"token":"ambulatory"},{"count":1,"token":"genetic"},{"count":1,"token":"element."},{"count":1,"token":"dissemination"},{"count":1,"token":"typified"},{"count":1,"token":"spread"},{"count":1,"token":"blaVIM-2,"}],"year":2005},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 339 |
pes2o-24022223
|
Glycosaminoglycans modulate inflammation and apoptosis in LPS‐treated chondrocytes
Previous studies reported that hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulphate (CS) and heparan sulphate (HS) were able to reduce the inflammatory process in a variety of cell types after lypopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti‐inflammatory effect of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in mouse articular chondrocytes stimulated with LPS. Chondrocyte treatment with LPS (50 µg/ml) generated high levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IFN‐γ, MMP‐1, MMP‐13, iNOS gene expression and their related proteins, increased NO concentrations (evaluated in terms of nitrites formation), NF‐κB activation and IkBα degradation as well as apoptosis evaluated by the increase in caspase‐3 expression and the amount of its related protein. The treatment of chondrocytes using two different doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml) of HA, chondroitin‐4‐sulphate (C4S), chondroitin‐6‐sulphate (C6S), HS, keratan sulphate (KS) and dermatan sulphate (DS) produced a number of effects. HA exerted a very small anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic effect while it significantly reduced NO levels, although the effect on iNOS expression and activity was extremely slight. C4S and C6S reduced inflammation mediators and the apoptotic process. C6S failed to decrease NO production, although iNOS expression and activity were significantly reduced. HS, like C4S, was able to reduce all the effects stimulated by LPS treatment. KS and DS produced no reduction in any of the parameters considered. These results give further support to the hypothesis that GAGs actively participate in the regulation of inflammatory and apoptotic processes. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 83–92, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-10-27T04:24:06.038Z","created":"2009-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"11522307","metadata":{"abstract":"Previous studies reported that hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulphate (CS) and heparan sulphate (HS) were able to reduce the inflammatory process in a variety of cell types after lypopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti\u2010inflammatory effect of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in mouse articular chondrocytes stimulated with LPS. Chondrocyte treatment with LPS (50 \u00b5g\/ml) generated high levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, IFN\u2010\u03b3, MMP\u20101, MMP\u201013, iNOS gene expression and their related proteins, increased NO concentrations (evaluated in terms of nitrites formation), NF\u2010\u03baB activation and IkB\u03b1 degradation as well as apoptosis evaluated by the increase in caspase\u20103 expression and the amount of its related protein. The treatment of chondrocytes using two different doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg\/ml) of HA, chondroitin\u20104\u2010sulphate (C4S), chondroitin\u20106\u2010sulphate (C6S), HS, keratan sulphate (KS) and dermatan sulphate (DS) produced a number of effects. HA exerted a very small anti\u2010inflammatory and anti\u2010apoptotic effect while it significantly reduced NO levels, although the effect on iNOS expression and activity was extremely slight. C4S and C6S reduced inflammation mediators and the apoptotic process. C6S failed to decrease NO production, although iNOS expression and activity were significantly reduced. HS, like C4S, was able to reduce all the effects stimulated by LPS treatment. KS and DS produced no reduction in any of the parameters considered. These results give further support to the hypothesis that GAGs actively participate in the regulation of inflammatory and apoptotic processes. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 83\u201392, 2009. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.","abstract_count":244,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-18.016150634281892,"extfieldsofstudy":["Chemistry","Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0006.json.gz:807415","s2fieldsofstudy":["Biology"],"sha1":"c11e1cfec04b5ab04be5b9d3d3821355074447a2","sources":["Wiley","MergedPDFExtraction","ScienceParseMerged","Unpaywall","Anansi","MAG","Medline"],"title":"Glycosaminoglycans modulate inflammation and apoptosis in LPS\u2010treated chondrocytes","title_count":8,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-17.525966816877474,"top_frequencies":[{"count":14,"token":"and"},{"count":11,"token":"of"},{"count":10,"token":"the"},{"count":7,"token":"in"},{"count":5,"token":"to"},{"count":4,"token":"sulphate"},{"count":4,"token":"expression"},{"count":3,"token":"chondrocytes"},{"count":3,"token":"a"},{"count":3,"token":"was"},{"count":3,"token":"effect"},{"count":3,"token":"iNOS"},{"count":3,"token":"NO"},{"count":2,"token":"inflammation"},{"count":2,"token":"apoptosis"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"were"},{"count":2,"token":"able"},{"count":2,"token":"reduce"},{"count":2,"token":"inflammatory"},{"count":2,"token":"The"},{"count":2,"token":"anti\u2010inflammatory"},{"count":2,"token":"stimulated"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"treatment"},{"count":2,"token":"LPS"},{"count":2,"token":"related"},{"count":2,"token":"as"},{"count":2,"token":"by"},{"count":2,"token":"HS,"},{"count":2,"token":"produced"},{"count":2,"token":"significantly"},{"count":2,"token":"reduced"},{"count":2,"token":"although"},{"count":2,"token":"activity"},{"count":2,"token":"C6S"},{"count":2,"token":"apoptotic"},{"count":1,"token":"Glycosaminoglycans"},{"count":1,"token":"modulate"},{"count":1,"token":"LPS\u2010treated"},{"count":1,"token":"Previous"},{"count":1,"token":"studies"},{"count":1,"token":"reported"},{"count":1,"token":"hyaluronic"},{"count":1,"token":"acid"},{"count":1,"token":"(HA),"},{"count":1,"token":"chondroitin"},{"count":1,"token":"(CS)"},{"count":1,"token":"heparan"},{"count":1,"token":"(HS)"},{"count":1,"token":"process"},{"count":1,"token":"variety"},{"count":1,"token":"cell"},{"count":1,"token":"types"},{"count":1,"token":"after"},{"count":1,"token":"lypopolysaccharide"},{"count":1,"token":"(LPS)"},{"count":1,"token":"stimulation."},{"count":1,"token":"aim"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"study"},{"count":1,"token":"investigate"},{"count":1,"token":"glycosaminoglycans"},{"count":1,"token":"(GAGs)"},{"count":1,"token":"mouse"},{"count":1,"token":"articular"},{"count":1,"token":"LPS."},{"count":1,"token":"Chondrocyte"},{"count":1,"token":"(50"},{"count":1,"token":"\u00b5g\/ml)"},{"count":1,"token":"generated"},{"count":1,"token":"high"},{"count":1,"token":"levels"},{"count":1,"token":"TNF\u2010\u03b1,"},{"count":1,"token":"IL\u20101\u03b2,"},{"count":1,"token":"IL\u20106,"},{"count":1,"token":"IFN\u2010\u03b3,"},{"count":1,"token":"MMP\u20101,"},{"count":1,"token":"MMP\u201013,"},{"count":1,"token":"gene"},{"count":1,"token":"their"},{"count":1,"token":"proteins,"},{"count":1,"token":"increased"},{"count":1,"token":"concentrations"},{"count":1,"token":"(evaluated"},{"count":1,"token":"terms"},{"count":1,"token":"nitrites"},{"count":1,"token":"formation),"},{"count":1,"token":"NF\u2010\u03baB"},{"count":1,"token":"activation"},{"count":1,"token":"IkB\u03b1"},{"count":1,"token":"degradation"},{"count":1,"token":"well"},{"count":1,"token":"evaluated"},{"count":1,"token":"increase"},{"count":1,"token":"caspase\u20103"},{"count":1,"token":"amount"},{"count":1,"token":"its"},{"count":1,"token":"protein."},{"count":1,"token":"using"}],"year":2009},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 417 |
pes2o-22573916
|
Walking in adults with spina bifida with respect to muscle function
Abstract The aim of this study was to gather information about walking function in adults with myelomeningocele and, in particular, to investigate walking function with respect to muscle function in adults with spina bifida. Based on muscle strength examination, 45 participants (median age 35 years) were classified according to severity of muscle function (MF groups 0–III). Functional walking ability, outdoor walking distance, and use of orthoses and walking aids were documented. Joint range of motion and lower limb muscle strength were examined. Timed Up and Go (TUG), 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) were performed. After the 6MWT, the participants estimated pain and perceived breathlessness. Compared to the other groups, MF III took a significantly longer time during TUG and 10MWT, and walked a significantly shorter distance in the 6MWT. Participants in MF III reported shorter walking distances outdoors and less active functional walking ability than those with more muscle function. Pain was equally distributed among the groups, whereas breathlessness was most reported in MF III. In conclusion, patients with severe muscle function loss walk more slowly, walk shorter distances and report breathlessness, indicating great impact on their everyday walking function, with very few walking farther than 100 m daily.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2019-05-08T13:29:48.554Z","created":"2016-03-21T00:00:00.000Z","id":"146981047","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to gather information about walking function in adults with myelomeningocele and, in particular, to investigate walking function with respect to muscle function in adults with spina bifida. Based on muscle strength examination, 45 participants (median age 35 years) were classified according to severity of muscle function (MF groups 0\u2013III). Functional walking ability, outdoor walking distance, and use of orthoses and walking aids were documented. Joint range of motion and lower limb muscle strength were examined. Timed Up and Go (TUG), 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) were performed. After the 6MWT, the participants estimated pain and perceived breathlessness. Compared to the other groups, MF III took a significantly longer time during TUG and 10MWT, and walked a significantly shorter distance in the 6MWT. Participants in MF III reported shorter walking distances outdoors and less active functional walking ability than those with more muscle function. Pain was equally distributed among the groups, whereas breathlessness was most reported in MF III. In conclusion, patients with severe muscle function loss walk more slowly, walk shorter distances and report breathlessness, indicating great impact on their everyday walking function, with very few walking farther than 100 m daily.","abstract_count":203,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.586007832492404,"extfieldsofstudy":["Psychology"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0005.json.gz:3211181","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"1a1aa91b878aacd995d8edb6545973c4d027c10d","sources":["TaylorAndFrancis","MergedPDFExtraction","Unpaywall","MAG"],"title":"Walking in adults with spina bifida with respect to muscle function","title_count":11,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-12.49035916424565,"top_frequencies":[{"count":10,"token":"and"},{"count":9,"token":"walking"},{"count":8,"token":"with"},{"count":7,"token":"in"},{"count":7,"token":"muscle"},{"count":6,"token":"to"},{"count":6,"token":"function"},{"count":5,"token":"the"},{"count":4,"token":"of"},{"count":4,"token":"were"},{"count":3,"token":"adults"},{"count":3,"token":"was"},{"count":3,"token":"MF"},{"count":3,"token":"shorter"},{"count":2,"token":"spina"},{"count":2,"token":"respect"},{"count":2,"token":"on"},{"count":2,"token":"strength"},{"count":2,"token":"participants"},{"count":2,"token":"Walk"},{"count":2,"token":"Test"},{"count":2,"token":"groups,"},{"count":2,"token":"III"},{"count":2,"token":"a"},{"count":2,"token":"significantly"},{"count":2,"token":"reported"},{"count":2,"token":"distances"},{"count":2,"token":"than"},{"count":2,"token":"more"},{"count":2,"token":"walk"},{"count":1,"token":"Walking"},{"count":1,"token":"bifida"},{"count":1,"token":"Abstract"},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"aim"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"study"},{"count":1,"token":"gather"},{"count":1,"token":"information"},{"count":1,"token":"about"},{"count":1,"token":"myelomeningocele"},{"count":1,"token":"and,"},{"count":1,"token":"particular,"},{"count":1,"token":"investigate"},{"count":1,"token":"bifida."},{"count":1,"token":"Based"},{"count":1,"token":"examination,"},{"count":1,"token":"45"},{"count":1,"token":"(median"},{"count":1,"token":"age"},{"count":1,"token":"35"},{"count":1,"token":"years)"},{"count":1,"token":"classified"},{"count":1,"token":"according"},{"count":1,"token":"severity"},{"count":1,"token":"(MF"},{"count":1,"token":"groups"},{"count":1,"token":"0\u2013III)."},{"count":1,"token":"Functional"},{"count":1,"token":"ability,"},{"count":1,"token":"outdoor"},{"count":1,"token":"distance,"},{"count":1,"token":"use"},{"count":1,"token":"orthoses"},{"count":1,"token":"aids"},{"count":1,"token":"documented."},{"count":1,"token":"Joint"},{"count":1,"token":"range"},{"count":1,"token":"motion"},{"count":1,"token":"lower"},{"count":1,"token":"limb"},{"count":1,"token":"examined."},{"count":1,"token":"Timed"},{"count":1,"token":"Up"},{"count":1,"token":"Go"},{"count":1,"token":"(TUG),"},{"count":1,"token":"10-Meter"},{"count":1,"token":"(10MWT)"},{"count":1,"token":"6-Minute"},{"count":1,"token":"(6MWT)"},{"count":1,"token":"performed."},{"count":1,"token":"After"},{"count":1,"token":"6MWT,"},{"count":1,"token":"estimated"},{"count":1,"token":"pain"},{"count":1,"token":"perceived"},{"count":1,"token":"breathlessness."},{"count":1,"token":"Compared"},{"count":1,"token":"other"},{"count":1,"token":"took"},{"count":1,"token":"longer"},{"count":1,"token":"time"},{"count":1,"token":"during"},{"count":1,"token":"TUG"},{"count":1,"token":"10MWT,"},{"count":1,"token":"walked"},{"count":1,"token":"distance"},{"count":1,"token":"6MWT."},{"count":1,"token":"Participants"},{"count":1,"token":"outdoors"}],"year":2016},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 282 |
dclm-410346769
|
Toma-Beads Bracelet | African Beads Bracelet | Original Beads From Africa
(No reviews yet) Write a Review
Product Overview
Hand made African beads. Consists of layers of different colors. Accentuates natural beauty. This is a perfect gift for yourself and your loved ones.
Material: African Beads
Occasion: Party, Family gathering, Wedding, Date, Church, Any occasion
(No reviews yet) Write a Review
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.18582618236541748,"id":"<urn:uuid:607cd86e-5815-4768-8f3a-4f69dcf2ed18>","language":"en","language_score":0.8328708410263062,"url":"https:\/\/streetmarketafrica.com\/multicolor-beads\/","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-296733303"}
| 107 |
pes2o-29696959
|
Performance and Specificity of the Covalently Linked Immunomagnetic Separation-ATP Method for Rapid Detection and Enumeration of Enterococci in Coastal Environments
ABSTRACT The performance and specificity of the covalently linked immunomagnetic separation-ATP (Cov-IMS/ATP) method for the detection and enumeration of enterococci was evaluated in recreational waters. Cov-IMS/ATP performance was compared with standard methods: defined substrate technology (Enterolert; IDEXX Laboratories), membrane filtration (EPA Method 1600), and an Enterococcus-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay (EPA Method A). We extend previous studies by (i) analyzing the stability of the relationship between the Cov-IMS/ATP method and culture-based methods at different field sites, (ii) evaluating specificity of the assay for seven ATCC Enterococcus species, (iii) identifying cross-reacting organisms binding the antibody-bead complexes with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and evaluating specificity of the assay to five nonenterococcus species, and (iv) conducting preliminary tests of preabsorption as a means of improving the assay. Cov-IMS/ATP was found to perform consistently and with strong agreement rates (based on exceedance/compliance with regulatory limits) of between 83% and 100% compared to the culture-based Enterolert method at a variety of sites with complex inputs. The Cov-IMS/ATP method is specific to five of seven different Enterococcus spp. tested. However, there is potential for nontarget bacteria to bind the antibody, which may be reduced by purification of the IgG serum with preabsorption at problematic sites. The findings of this study help to validate the Cov-IMS/ATP method, suggesting a predictable relationship between the Cov-IMS/ATP method and traditional culture-based methods, which will allow for more widespread application of this rapid and field-portable method for coastal water quality assessment.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T01:10:13.522Z","created":"2014-02-21T00:00:00.000Z","id":"23543569","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT The performance and specificity of the covalently linked immunomagnetic separation-ATP (Cov-IMS\/ATP) method for the detection and enumeration of enterococci was evaluated in recreational waters. Cov-IMS\/ATP performance was compared with standard methods: defined substrate technology (Enterolert; IDEXX Laboratories), membrane filtration (EPA Method 1600), and an Enterococcus-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay (EPA Method A). We extend previous studies by (i) analyzing the stability of the relationship between the Cov-IMS\/ATP method and culture-based methods at different field sites, (ii) evaluating specificity of the assay for seven ATCC Enterococcus species, (iii) identifying cross-reacting organisms binding the antibody-bead complexes with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and evaluating specificity of the assay to five nonenterococcus species, and (iv) conducting preliminary tests of preabsorption as a means of improving the assay. Cov-IMS\/ATP was found to perform consistently and with strong agreement rates (based on exceedance\/compliance with regulatory limits) of between 83% and 100% compared to the culture-based Enterolert method at a variety of sites with complex inputs. The Cov-IMS\/ATP method is specific to five of seven different Enterococcus spp. tested. However, there is potential for nontarget bacteria to bind the antibody, which may be reduced by purification of the IgG serum with preabsorption at problematic sites. The findings of this study help to validate the Cov-IMS\/ATP method, suggesting a predictable relationship between the Cov-IMS\/ATP method and traditional culture-based methods, which will allow for more widespread application of this rapid and field-portable method for coastal water quality assessment.","abstract_count":240,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-16.227354751441947,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine","Biology"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:2590363","s2fieldsofstudy":["Biology"],"sha1":"0e17fa889fb4ba57f51153569bdee27999b48946","sources":["ASMUSA","Highwire","ScienceParsePlus","Medline","Adhoc","MergedPDFExtraction","Unpaywall","MAG"],"title":"Performance and Specificity of the Covalently Linked Immunomagnetic Separation-ATP Method for Rapid Detection and Enumeration of Enterococci in Coastal Environments","title_count":20,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-14.214630848745434,"top_frequencies":[{"count":15,"token":"of"},{"count":15,"token":"the"},{"count":12,"token":"and"},{"count":6,"token":"for"},{"count":6,"token":"method"},{"count":6,"token":"Cov-IMS\/ATP"},{"count":6,"token":"with"},{"count":6,"token":"to"},{"count":3,"token":"Method"},{"count":3,"token":"The"},{"count":3,"token":"specificity"},{"count":3,"token":"was"},{"count":3,"token":"assay"},{"count":3,"token":"between"},{"count":3,"token":"culture-based"},{"count":3,"token":"at"},{"count":3,"token":"a"},{"count":2,"token":"in"},{"count":2,"token":"performance"},{"count":2,"token":"compared"},{"count":2,"token":"(EPA"},{"count":2,"token":"by"},{"count":2,"token":"relationship"},{"count":2,"token":"different"},{"count":2,"token":"evaluating"},{"count":2,"token":"seven"},{"count":2,"token":"Enterococcus"},{"count":2,"token":"species,"},{"count":2,"token":"five"},{"count":2,"token":"preabsorption"},{"count":2,"token":"is"},{"count":2,"token":"which"},{"count":2,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"Performance"},{"count":1,"token":"Specificity"},{"count":1,"token":"Covalently"},{"count":1,"token":"Linked"},{"count":1,"token":"Immunomagnetic"},{"count":1,"token":"Separation-ATP"},{"count":1,"token":"Rapid"},{"count":1,"token":"Detection"},{"count":1,"token":"Enumeration"},{"count":1,"token":"Enterococci"},{"count":1,"token":"Coastal"},{"count":1,"token":"Environments"},{"count":1,"token":"ABSTRACT"},{"count":1,"token":"covalently"},{"count":1,"token":"linked"},{"count":1,"token":"immunomagnetic"},{"count":1,"token":"separation-ATP"},{"count":1,"token":"(Cov-IMS\/ATP)"},{"count":1,"token":"detection"},{"count":1,"token":"enumeration"},{"count":1,"token":"enterococci"},{"count":1,"token":"evaluated"},{"count":1,"token":"recreational"},{"count":1,"token":"waters."},{"count":1,"token":"standard"},{"count":1,"token":"methods:"},{"count":1,"token":"defined"},{"count":1,"token":"substrate"},{"count":1,"token":"technology"},{"count":1,"token":"(Enterolert;"},{"count":1,"token":"IDEXX"},{"count":1,"token":"Laboratories),"},{"count":1,"token":"membrane"},{"count":1,"token":"filtration"},{"count":1,"token":"1600),"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"Enterococcus-specific"},{"count":1,"token":"quantitative"},{"count":1,"token":"PCR"},{"count":1,"token":"(qPCR)"},{"count":1,"token":"A)."},{"count":1,"token":"We"},{"count":1,"token":"extend"},{"count":1,"token":"previous"},{"count":1,"token":"studies"},{"count":1,"token":"(i)"},{"count":1,"token":"analyzing"},{"count":1,"token":"stability"},{"count":1,"token":"methods"},{"count":1,"token":"field"},{"count":1,"token":"sites,"},{"count":1,"token":"(ii)"},{"count":1,"token":"ATCC"},{"count":1,"token":"(iii)"},{"count":1,"token":"identifying"},{"count":1,"token":"cross-reacting"},{"count":1,"token":"organisms"},{"count":1,"token":"binding"},{"count":1,"token":"antibody-bead"},{"count":1,"token":"complexes"},{"count":1,"token":"16S"},{"count":1,"token":"rRNA"},{"count":1,"token":"gene"},{"count":1,"token":"sequencing"},{"count":1,"token":"nonenterococcus"},{"count":1,"token":"(iv)"},{"count":1,"token":"conducting"}],"year":2014},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 395 |
pes2o-22200461
|
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): purification of the enzyme, cloning of the ppc gene and over-expression of the protein in a streptomycete.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase [PEPC; orthophosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (phosphorylating); EC 4.1.1.31] is a major anaplerotic enzyme in the polyketide producer Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). PEPC was purified from S. coelicolor and the amino-acid sequences of four tryptic peptides were determined. Synthetic oligonucleotides based on the sequences of two of the peptides hybridized to the same bands in various restriction-enzyme digests of S. coelicolor genomic DNA. This hybridization allowed molecular cloning of an 8 kb BamHI fragment of genomic DNA. Partial DNA sequencing of this fragment showed that it could encode amino acid sequences similar to those of PEPC from other microorganisms. A BamHI/PstI fragment was subcloned into the streptomycete high-copy-number plasmid vector pIJ486 and transferred into Streptomyces lividans. The resulting strain over-expressed PEPC activity 21-fold and also over-expressed a protein with a subunit of 100,000 M(r), the same as that of purified S. coelicolor PEPC.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-09-12T19:45:22.478Z","created":"1993-07-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"29060227","metadata":{"abstract":"Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase [PEPC; orthophosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (phosphorylating); EC 4.1.1.31] is a major anaplerotic enzyme in the polyketide producer Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). PEPC was purified from S. coelicolor and the amino-acid sequences of four tryptic peptides were determined. Synthetic oligonucleotides based on the sequences of two of the peptides hybridized to the same bands in various restriction-enzyme digests of S. coelicolor genomic DNA. This hybridization allowed molecular cloning of an 8 kb BamHI fragment of genomic DNA. Partial DNA sequencing of this fragment showed that it could encode amino acid sequences similar to those of PEPC from other microorganisms. A BamHI\/PstI fragment was subcloned into the streptomycete high-copy-number plasmid vector pIJ486 and transferred into Streptomyces lividans. The resulting strain over-expressed PEPC activity 21-fold and also over-expressed a protein with a subunit of 100,000 M(r), the same as that of purified S. coelicolor PEPC.","abstract_count":141,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-17.46587419060348,"extfieldsofstudy":["Biology","Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0005.json.gz:2837726","s2fieldsofstudy":["Biology"],"sha1":"a577970dfda396e2d7c1c0c6342477328793d007","sources":["MAG","Anansi","Medline","ScienceParseMerged","Unpaywall"],"title":"Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): purification of the enzyme, cloning of the ppc gene and over-expression of the protein in a streptomycete.","title_count":23,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-17.155695820729058,"top_frequencies":[{"count":13,"token":"of"},{"count":10,"token":"the"},{"count":5,"token":"coelicolor"},{"count":4,"token":"and"},{"count":4,"token":"a"},{"count":3,"token":"from"},{"count":3,"token":"Streptomyces"},{"count":3,"token":"in"},{"count":3,"token":"PEPC"},{"count":3,"token":"S."},{"count":3,"token":"sequences"},{"count":3,"token":"fragment"},{"count":2,"token":"Phosphoenolpyruvate"},{"count":2,"token":"carboxylase"},{"count":2,"token":"cloning"},{"count":2,"token":"protein"},{"count":2,"token":"was"},{"count":2,"token":"purified"},{"count":2,"token":"peptides"},{"count":2,"token":"to"},{"count":2,"token":"same"},{"count":2,"token":"genomic"},{"count":2,"token":"DNA."},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"into"},{"count":2,"token":"over-expressed"},{"count":1,"token":"A3(2):"},{"count":1,"token":"purification"},{"count":1,"token":"enzyme,"},{"count":1,"token":"ppc"},{"count":1,"token":"gene"},{"count":1,"token":"over-expression"},{"count":1,"token":"streptomycete."},{"count":1,"token":"[PEPC;"},{"count":1,"token":"orthophosphate:oxaloacetate"},{"count":1,"token":"carboxy-lyase"},{"count":1,"token":"(phosphorylating);"},{"count":1,"token":"EC"},{"count":1,"token":"4.1.1.31]"},{"count":1,"token":"is"},{"count":1,"token":"major"},{"count":1,"token":"anaplerotic"},{"count":1,"token":"enzyme"},{"count":1,"token":"polyketide"},{"count":1,"token":"producer"},{"count":1,"token":"A3(2)."},{"count":1,"token":"amino-acid"},{"count":1,"token":"four"},{"count":1,"token":"tryptic"},{"count":1,"token":"were"},{"count":1,"token":"determined."},{"count":1,"token":"Synthetic"},{"count":1,"token":"oligonucleotides"},{"count":1,"token":"based"},{"count":1,"token":"on"},{"count":1,"token":"two"},{"count":1,"token":"hybridized"},{"count":1,"token":"bands"},{"count":1,"token":"various"},{"count":1,"token":"restriction-enzyme"},{"count":1,"token":"digests"},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"hybridization"},{"count":1,"token":"allowed"},{"count":1,"token":"molecular"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"8"},{"count":1,"token":"kb"},{"count":1,"token":"BamHI"},{"count":1,"token":"Partial"},{"count":1,"token":"DNA"},{"count":1,"token":"sequencing"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"showed"},{"count":1,"token":"it"},{"count":1,"token":"could"},{"count":1,"token":"encode"},{"count":1,"token":"amino"},{"count":1,"token":"acid"},{"count":1,"token":"similar"},{"count":1,"token":"those"},{"count":1,"token":"other"},{"count":1,"token":"microorganisms."},{"count":1,"token":"A"},{"count":1,"token":"BamHI\/PstI"},{"count":1,"token":"subcloned"},{"count":1,"token":"streptomycete"},{"count":1,"token":"high-copy-number"},{"count":1,"token":"plasmid"},{"count":1,"token":"vector"},{"count":1,"token":"pIJ486"},{"count":1,"token":"transferred"},{"count":1,"token":"lividans."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"resulting"},{"count":1,"token":"strain"},{"count":1,"token":"activity"},{"count":1,"token":"21-fold"},{"count":1,"token":"also"},{"count":1,"token":"with"}],"year":1993},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 291 |
pes2o-16319275
|
Enhanced Password Authentication through Fuzzy Logic
The authors have developed a software methodology that improves security by using typing biometrics to reinforce password authentication mechanisms. Typing biometrics is the analysis of a user's keystroke patterns. Each user has a unique way of using the keyboard to enter a password; for example, each user types the characters that constitute the password at different speeds. The methodology employs fuzzy logic to measure the user's typing biometrics. This reinforcement is transparent-indiscernible to the users while they are entering the normal authentication.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-01-23T22:41:13.189Z","created":"1997-11-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"24491235","metadata":{"abstract":"The authors have developed a software methodology that improves security by using typing biometrics to reinforce password authentication mechanisms. Typing biometrics is the analysis of a user's keystroke patterns. Each user has a unique way of using the keyboard to enter a password; for example, each user types the characters that constitute the password at different speeds. The methodology employs fuzzy logic to measure the user's typing biometrics. This reinforcement is transparent-indiscernible to the users while they are entering the normal authentication.","abstract_count":82,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.29340702782619,"extfieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0004.json.gz:832668","s2fieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"sha1":"5cb564f230f67360bda9b41ca442ed000f8844b5","sources":["MAG","DBLP","Unpaywall"],"title":"Enhanced Password Authentication through Fuzzy Logic","title_count":6,"title_language":"el-Latn","title_perplexity":-14.112204747001016,"top_frequencies":[{"count":7,"token":"the"},{"count":4,"token":"a"},{"count":4,"token":"to"},{"count":2,"token":"The"},{"count":2,"token":"methodology"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"using"},{"count":2,"token":"typing"},{"count":2,"token":"biometrics"},{"count":2,"token":"password"},{"count":2,"token":"is"},{"count":2,"token":"of"},{"count":2,"token":"user's"},{"count":2,"token":"user"},{"count":1,"token":"Enhanced"},{"count":1,"token":"Password"},{"count":1,"token":"Authentication"},{"count":1,"token":"through"},{"count":1,"token":"Fuzzy"},{"count":1,"token":"Logic"},{"count":1,"token":"authors"},{"count":1,"token":"have"},{"count":1,"token":"developed"},{"count":1,"token":"software"},{"count":1,"token":"improves"},{"count":1,"token":"security"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"reinforce"},{"count":1,"token":"authentication"},{"count":1,"token":"mechanisms."},{"count":1,"token":"Typing"},{"count":1,"token":"analysis"},{"count":1,"token":"keystroke"},{"count":1,"token":"patterns."},{"count":1,"token":"Each"},{"count":1,"token":"has"},{"count":1,"token":"unique"},{"count":1,"token":"way"},{"count":1,"token":"keyboard"},{"count":1,"token":"enter"},{"count":1,"token":"password;"},{"count":1,"token":"for"},{"count":1,"token":"example,"},{"count":1,"token":"each"},{"count":1,"token":"types"},{"count":1,"token":"characters"},{"count":1,"token":"constitute"},{"count":1,"token":"at"},{"count":1,"token":"different"},{"count":1,"token":"speeds."},{"count":1,"token":"employs"},{"count":1,"token":"fuzzy"},{"count":1,"token":"logic"},{"count":1,"token":"measure"},{"count":1,"token":"biometrics."},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"reinforcement"},{"count":1,"token":"transparent-indiscernible"},{"count":1,"token":"users"},{"count":1,"token":"while"},{"count":1,"token":"they"},{"count":1,"token":"are"},{"count":1,"token":"entering"},{"count":1,"token":"normal"},{"count":1,"token":"authentication."}],"year":1997},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 116 |
wikipedia-4748003
|
Sandy Macedo
Sandy Camila Leite Macedo (born 14 April 2001) is a Brazilian taekwondo practitioner. She won the gold medal in the women's 57kg event at the 2022 South American Games held in Asunción, Paraguay. She also won the silver medal in her event at the 2021 Pan American Taekwondo Championships held in Cancún, Mexico.
In 2018, she won one of the bronze medals in the girls' 55 kg event at the Summer Youth Olympics held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She competed in the women's featherweight event at the 2019 World Taekwondo Championships held in Manchester, United Kingdom.
In 2021, she won the gold medal in the women's 57kg event at the Junior Pan American Games held in Cali, Colombia. She has qualified to represent Brazil at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile.
|
wikipedia
|
{"added":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","created":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","id":"72377196","metadata":{"length":153,"provenance":"en_simple_wiki_v0-0001.json.gz:1527802","revid":"1189543","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki?curid=72377196"},"source":"wikipedia","version":"v0"}
| 187 |
pes2o-29381701
|
Family Environmental Dynamics Differentially Influence Spoken Language Development in Children With and Without Hearing Loss.
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether families of children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) are organized similarly to those of typically developing, typically hearing (TH) children and whether the dimensions of family dynamics and environment are related to spoken language development similarly in children with and without SNHL.
METHOD
Primary caregivers of children with SNHL (n = 63) or TH (n = 65) completed the Family Environment Scale-Fourth Edition (FES-4) to assess multiple dimensions of family environment. Children's receptive vocabulary was assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition, and their receptive language was assessed by an age-appropriate version of the Concepts and Following Directions subtest of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals and the Sentence Comprehension subscale of the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language-Second Edition. Principal component analysis was used to examine the dimensional structure of the family environment.
RESULTS
Three higher order components were derived from FES-4 subscales for both families of children with SNHL and with TH: Supportive, Controlling, and Conflicted. However, the composition of the factors themselves differed between the two groups. For the TH group, most family environment measures on the FES-4 were not associated with language outcomes. In contrast, for children with SNHL, families who were more supportive, less controlling, and less conflicted had children with better language skills.
CONCLUSIONS
Three well-accepted dimensions of family dynamics and functioning apply to families of children with SNHL, but their composition differs from those of families with TH children. Family environmental dynamics were much more strongly associated with language outcomes in children with SNHL than in their TH peers. The spoken language development of children with SNHL, in particular, is better in families that provide high levels of support for each other and, in particular, low levels of control, disorganization, and conflict, reflecting the fragile nature of their spoken language development.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2021-11-26T06:17:32.642Z","created":"2021-11-24T00:00:00.000Z","id":"244646029","metadata":{"abstract":"PURPOSE\nThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether families of children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) are organized similarly to those of typically developing, typically hearing (TH) children and whether the dimensions of family dynamics and environment are related to spoken language development similarly in children with and without SNHL.\n\n\nMETHOD\nPrimary caregivers of children with SNHL (n = 63) or TH (n = 65) completed the Family Environment Scale-Fourth Edition (FES-4) to assess multiple dimensions of family environment. Children's receptive vocabulary was assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition, and their receptive language was assessed by an age-appropriate version of the Concepts and Following Directions subtest of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals and the Sentence Comprehension subscale of the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language-Second Edition. Principal component analysis was used to examine the dimensional structure of the family environment.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThree higher order components were derived from FES-4 subscales for both families of children with SNHL and with TH: Supportive, Controlling, and Conflicted. However, the composition of the factors themselves differed between the two groups. For the TH group, most family environment measures on the FES-4 were not associated with language outcomes. In contrast, for children with SNHL, families who were more supportive, less controlling, and less conflicted had children with better language skills.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThree well-accepted dimensions of family dynamics and functioning apply to families of children with SNHL, but their composition differs from those of families with TH children. Family environmental dynamics were much more strongly associated with language outcomes in children with SNHL than in their TH peers. The spoken language development of children with SNHL, in particular, is better in families that provide high levels of support for each other and, in particular, low levels of control, disorganization, and conflict, reflecting the fragile nature of their spoken language development.","abstract_count":308,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.40749255018041,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:2275105","s2fieldsofstudy":["Psychology","Medicine"],"sha1":"a7b64f386be641fb200df133a682fb74747df649","sources":["Crossref","Medline"],"title":"Family Environmental Dynamics Differentially Influence Spoken Language Development in Children With and Without Hearing Loss.","title_count":15,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-13.239684908325716,"top_frequencies":[{"count":21,"token":"of"},{"count":15,"token":"the"},{"count":14,"token":"with"},{"count":12,"token":"and"},{"count":10,"token":"children"},{"count":7,"token":"in"},{"count":7,"token":"language"},{"count":6,"token":"to"},{"count":6,"token":"families"},{"count":5,"token":"family"},{"count":4,"token":"was"},{"count":4,"token":"TH"},{"count":4,"token":"their"},{"count":4,"token":"were"},{"count":3,"token":"Family"},{"count":3,"token":"dimensions"},{"count":3,"token":"dynamics"},{"count":3,"token":"spoken"},{"count":3,"token":"SNHL"},{"count":3,"token":"for"},{"count":3,"token":"SNHL,"},{"count":2,"token":"Spoken"},{"count":2,"token":"Language"},{"count":2,"token":"The"},{"count":2,"token":"whether"},{"count":2,"token":"hearing"},{"count":2,"token":"are"},{"count":2,"token":"similarly"},{"count":2,"token":"those"},{"count":2,"token":"typically"},{"count":2,"token":"environment"},{"count":2,"token":"development"},{"count":2,"token":"(n"},{"count":2,"token":"="},{"count":2,"token":"environment."},{"count":2,"token":"receptive"},{"count":2,"token":"assessed"},{"count":2,"token":"Three"},{"count":2,"token":"from"},{"count":2,"token":"FES-4"},{"count":2,"token":"composition"},{"count":2,"token":"associated"},{"count":2,"token":"more"},{"count":2,"token":"less"},{"count":2,"token":"better"},{"count":2,"token":"particular,"},{"count":2,"token":"levels"},{"count":1,"token":"Environmental"},{"count":1,"token":"Dynamics"},{"count":1,"token":"Differentially"},{"count":1,"token":"Influence"},{"count":1,"token":"Development"},{"count":1,"token":"Children"},{"count":1,"token":"With"},{"count":1,"token":"Without"},{"count":1,"token":"Hearing"},{"count":1,"token":"Loss."},{"count":1,"token":"PURPOSE"},{"count":1,"token":"aim"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"study"},{"count":1,"token":"evaluate"},{"count":1,"token":"sensorineural"},{"count":1,"token":"loss"},{"count":1,"token":"(SNHL)"},{"count":1,"token":"organized"},{"count":1,"token":"developing,"},{"count":1,"token":"(TH)"},{"count":1,"token":"related"},{"count":1,"token":"without"},{"count":1,"token":"SNHL."},{"count":1,"token":"METHOD"},{"count":1,"token":"Primary"},{"count":1,"token":"caregivers"},{"count":1,"token":"63)"},{"count":1,"token":"or"},{"count":1,"token":"65)"},{"count":1,"token":"completed"},{"count":1,"token":"Environment"},{"count":1,"token":"Scale-Fourth"},{"count":1,"token":"Edition"},{"count":1,"token":"(FES-4)"},{"count":1,"token":"assess"},{"count":1,"token":"multiple"},{"count":1,"token":"Children's"},{"count":1,"token":"vocabulary"},{"count":1,"token":"Peabody"},{"count":1,"token":"Picture"},{"count":1,"token":"Vocabulary"},{"count":1,"token":"Test-Fourth"},{"count":1,"token":"Edition,"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"age-appropriate"},{"count":1,"token":"version"},{"count":1,"token":"Concepts"},{"count":1,"token":"Following"},{"count":1,"token":"Directions"},{"count":1,"token":"subtest"},{"count":1,"token":"Clinical"}],"year":2021},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 434 |
pes2o-523264
|
A diagnostic approach to test priorization
In development processes with high code production rates testing typically triggers fault diagnosis to localize the detected failures. However, current test prioritization algorithms are tuned for failure detection rate rather than diagnostic information. Consequently, unnecessary diagnostic effort might be spent to localize the faults. We present a dynamic test prioritization algorithm that trades fault detection rate for diagnostic performance, minimizing overall testing and diagnosis cost.The algorithm exploits pass/fail information from each test to select the next test, optimizing the diagnostic information produced per test. Experimental results from synthetic test suites, and suites taken from the Software-artifact Infrastructure Repository show possible diagnostic cost reductions up to 10 and 19 percent, respectively, compared to the best of random selection, FEP, and ART. The cost reduction is sensitive to the quality of the test coverage matrices and component health, but tends to grow with the number of faults.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2014-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","created":"2010-12-31T00:00:00.000Z","id":"2778550","metadata":{"abstract":"In development processes with high code production rates testing typically triggers fault diagnosis to localize the detected failures. However, current test prioritization algorithms are tuned for failure detection rate rather than diagnostic information. Consequently, unnecessary diagnostic effort might be spent to localize the faults. We present a dynamic test prioritization algorithm that trades fault detection rate for diagnostic performance, minimizing overall testing and diagnosis cost.The algorithm exploits pass\/fail information from each test to select the next test, optimizing the diagnostic information produced per test. Experimental results from synthetic test suites, and suites taken from the Software-artifact Infrastructure Repository show possible diagnostic cost reductions up to 10 and 19 percent, respectively, compared to the best of random selection, FEP, and ART. The cost reduction is sensitive to the quality of the test coverage matrices and component health, but tends to grow with the number of faults.","abstract_count":145,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.025977476103568,"extfieldsofstudy":["Engineering"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0000.json.gz:523265","s2fieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"sha1":"243dc0609f66b9a2fc51c3ad6c3677c137d6eb22","sources":["MAG","ScienceParseMerged","Anansi","CiteSeerX","Grobid"],"title":"A diagnostic approach to test priorization","title_count":6,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-13.71687312218532,"top_frequencies":[{"count":9,"token":"the"},{"count":8,"token":"to"},{"count":6,"token":"diagnostic"},{"count":6,"token":"test"},{"count":5,"token":"and"},{"count":3,"token":"from"},{"count":3,"token":"of"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"testing"},{"count":2,"token":"fault"},{"count":2,"token":"diagnosis"},{"count":2,"token":"localize"},{"count":2,"token":"prioritization"},{"count":2,"token":"for"},{"count":2,"token":"detection"},{"count":2,"token":"rate"},{"count":2,"token":"faults."},{"count":2,"token":"algorithm"},{"count":2,"token":"information"},{"count":2,"token":"cost"},{"count":1,"token":"A"},{"count":1,"token":"approach"},{"count":1,"token":"priorization"},{"count":1,"token":"In"},{"count":1,"token":"development"},{"count":1,"token":"processes"},{"count":1,"token":"high"},{"count":1,"token":"code"},{"count":1,"token":"production"},{"count":1,"token":"rates"},{"count":1,"token":"typically"},{"count":1,"token":"triggers"},{"count":1,"token":"detected"},{"count":1,"token":"failures."},{"count":1,"token":"However,"},{"count":1,"token":"current"},{"count":1,"token":"algorithms"},{"count":1,"token":"are"},{"count":1,"token":"tuned"},{"count":1,"token":"failure"},{"count":1,"token":"rather"},{"count":1,"token":"than"},{"count":1,"token":"information."},{"count":1,"token":"Consequently,"},{"count":1,"token":"unnecessary"},{"count":1,"token":"effort"},{"count":1,"token":"might"},{"count":1,"token":"be"},{"count":1,"token":"spent"},{"count":1,"token":"We"},{"count":1,"token":"present"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"dynamic"},{"count":1,"token":"that"},{"count":1,"token":"trades"},{"count":1,"token":"performance,"},{"count":1,"token":"minimizing"},{"count":1,"token":"overall"},{"count":1,"token":"cost.The"},{"count":1,"token":"exploits"},{"count":1,"token":"pass\/fail"},{"count":1,"token":"each"},{"count":1,"token":"select"},{"count":1,"token":"next"},{"count":1,"token":"test,"},{"count":1,"token":"optimizing"},{"count":1,"token":"produced"},{"count":1,"token":"per"},{"count":1,"token":"test."},{"count":1,"token":"Experimental"},{"count":1,"token":"results"},{"count":1,"token":"synthetic"},{"count":1,"token":"suites,"},{"count":1,"token":"suites"},{"count":1,"token":"taken"},{"count":1,"token":"Software-artifact"},{"count":1,"token":"Infrastructure"},{"count":1,"token":"Repository"},{"count":1,"token":"show"},{"count":1,"token":"possible"},{"count":1,"token":"reductions"},{"count":1,"token":"up"},{"count":1,"token":"10"},{"count":1,"token":"19"},{"count":1,"token":"percent,"},{"count":1,"token":"respectively,"},{"count":1,"token":"compared"},{"count":1,"token":"best"},{"count":1,"token":"random"},{"count":1,"token":"selection,"},{"count":1,"token":"FEP,"},{"count":1,"token":"ART."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"reduction"},{"count":1,"token":"is"},{"count":1,"token":"sensitive"},{"count":1,"token":"quality"},{"count":1,"token":"coverage"},{"count":1,"token":"matrices"},{"count":1,"token":"component"}],"year":2010},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 182 |
pes2o-9993909
|
Ambulance emergency services for patients with coronary heart disease in Lancashire: achieving standards and improving performance
Objectives: To examine the performance of a rural ambulance trust during two time periods, 1996/97 and 2001, with respect to achieving standards for ambulance journey times and delivery of clinical care for patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: Audit datasets on two cohorts of patients with chest pain and suspected AMI were assembled by the Lancashire Ambulance Service NHS Trust in north west England: 3706 patients during 1996/97 and 3423 in 2001. They were transported to four hospitals. The analyses covered journey timings, role of rapid response vehicles (RRV), and clinical procedures and the results were compared with prevailing national standards. Results: Hourly and daily usage patterns were similar in the two periods. During 1996/97 the national rural target of 95% of response times being within 19 minutes was achieved (96% of calls), unlike the target of 50% within eight minutes (45.3% of calls). During 2001, 2684 (78.4%) calls had response times within eight minutes thus exceeding the revised national target of 75%. RRVs were despatched for 1214 (35.5%) of calls in 2001, and the mean response time (SD) for these vehicles was significantly shorter than for front line ambulances (0:05:53 (0:02:49) versus 0:07:04 (0:04:19), p<0.001), likewise the mean call to hospital time (0:32:38 (0:09:28) v 0:35:01 (0:12:09), p<0.001). Patients in 2001 were more likely to be given aspirin by the ambulance crews (74% of cases), while the rate of cannulation was lower. Conclusion: A significant improvement has been achieved in the performance of ambulance services in Lancashire since 1996, because of recently introduced strategies, notably RRVs, and in the presence of more demanding national standards and targets.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-06-18T21:48:03.616Z","created":"2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"25712203","metadata":{"abstract":"Objectives: To examine the performance of a rural ambulance trust during two time periods, 1996\/97 and 2001, with respect to achieving standards for ambulance journey times and delivery of clinical care for patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: Audit datasets on two cohorts of patients with chest pain and suspected AMI were assembled by the Lancashire Ambulance Service NHS Trust in north west England: 3706 patients during 1996\/97 and 3423 in 2001. They were transported to four hospitals. The analyses covered journey timings, role of rapid response vehicles (RRV), and clinical procedures and the results were compared with prevailing national standards. Results: Hourly and daily usage patterns were similar in the two periods. During 1996\/97 the national rural target of 95% of response times being within 19 minutes was achieved (96% of calls), unlike the target of 50% within eight minutes (45.3% of calls). During 2001, 2684 (78.4%) calls had response times within eight minutes thus exceeding the revised national target of 75%. RRVs were despatched for 1214 (35.5%) of calls in 2001, and the mean response time (SD) for these vehicles was significantly shorter than for front line ambulances (0:05:53 (0:02:49) versus 0:07:04 (0:04:19), p<0.001), likewise the mean call to hospital time (0:32:38 (0:09:28) v 0:35:01 (0:12:09), p<0.001). Patients in 2001 were more likely to be given aspirin by the ambulance crews (74% of cases), while the rate of cannulation was lower. Conclusion: A significant improvement has been achieved in the performance of ambulance services in Lancashire since 1996, because of recently introduced strategies, notably RRVs, and in the presence of more demanding national standards and targets.","abstract_count":270,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-18.16441406220099,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0002.json.gz:2254708","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"43800392701a2c069a644433bf7b2c33e24d2757","sources":["ScienceParseMerged","MAG","BMJ","Anansi","Highwire","MergedPDFExtraction","Unpaywall","Medline"],"title":"Ambulance emergency services for patients with coronary heart disease in Lancashire: achieving standards and improving performance","title_count":16,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-13.288752071337228,"top_frequencies":[{"count":16,"token":"of"},{"count":13,"token":"the"},{"count":11,"token":"and"},{"count":9,"token":"in"},{"count":6,"token":"for"},{"count":6,"token":"were"},{"count":5,"token":"with"},{"count":4,"token":"patients"},{"count":4,"token":"ambulance"},{"count":4,"token":"to"},{"count":4,"token":"response"},{"count":4,"token":"national"},{"count":3,"token":"standards"},{"count":3,"token":"performance"},{"count":3,"token":"two"},{"count":3,"token":"time"},{"count":3,"token":"1996\/97"},{"count":3,"token":"2001,"},{"count":3,"token":"times"},{"count":3,"token":"target"},{"count":3,"token":"within"},{"count":3,"token":"minutes"},{"count":3,"token":"was"},{"count":2,"token":"Ambulance"},{"count":2,"token":"services"},{"count":2,"token":"achieving"},{"count":2,"token":"rural"},{"count":2,"token":"during"},{"count":2,"token":"journey"},{"count":2,"token":"clinical"},{"count":2,"token":"suspected"},{"count":2,"token":"by"},{"count":2,"token":"Lancashire"},{"count":2,"token":"vehicles"},{"count":2,"token":"During"},{"count":2,"token":"achieved"},{"count":2,"token":"eight"},{"count":2,"token":"calls"},{"count":2,"token":"mean"},{"count":2,"token":"more"},{"count":1,"token":"emergency"},{"count":1,"token":"coronary"},{"count":1,"token":"heart"},{"count":1,"token":"disease"},{"count":1,"token":"Lancashire:"},{"count":1,"token":"improving"},{"count":1,"token":"Objectives:"},{"count":1,"token":"To"},{"count":1,"token":"examine"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"trust"},{"count":1,"token":"periods,"},{"count":1,"token":"respect"},{"count":1,"token":"delivery"},{"count":1,"token":"care"},{"count":1,"token":"acute"},{"count":1,"token":"myocardial"},{"count":1,"token":"infarction"},{"count":1,"token":"(AMI)."},{"count":1,"token":"Methods:"},{"count":1,"token":"Audit"},{"count":1,"token":"datasets"},{"count":1,"token":"on"},{"count":1,"token":"cohorts"},{"count":1,"token":"chest"},{"count":1,"token":"pain"},{"count":1,"token":"AMI"},{"count":1,"token":"assembled"},{"count":1,"token":"Service"},{"count":1,"token":"NHS"},{"count":1,"token":"Trust"},{"count":1,"token":"north"},{"count":1,"token":"west"},{"count":1,"token":"England:"},{"count":1,"token":"3706"},{"count":1,"token":"3423"},{"count":1,"token":"2001."},{"count":1,"token":"They"},{"count":1,"token":"transported"},{"count":1,"token":"four"},{"count":1,"token":"hospitals."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"analyses"},{"count":1,"token":"covered"},{"count":1,"token":"timings,"},{"count":1,"token":"role"},{"count":1,"token":"rapid"},{"count":1,"token":"(RRV),"},{"count":1,"token":"procedures"},{"count":1,"token":"results"},{"count":1,"token":"compared"},{"count":1,"token":"prevailing"},{"count":1,"token":"standards."},{"count":1,"token":"Results:"},{"count":1,"token":"Hourly"},{"count":1,"token":"daily"},{"count":1,"token":"usage"},{"count":1,"token":"patterns"},{"count":1,"token":"similar"},{"count":1,"token":"periods."}],"year":2004},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 420 |
pes2o-28444266
|
The Price of Equality: Fair Housing, Land Use, and Disparate Impact
What happens when local government policies run head-on into federal civil rights laws? Nowhere does this question assume greater importance than with land use and fair housing, yet in the nearly half-century since the passage of the Fair Housing Act (FHA), courts and commentators have skirted the question. With the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Inclusive Communities Project v. Texas, the most significant fair housing decision in the nation’s history, they can no longer do so. This Article represents the first sustained effort to show how the FHA affects land use, the most important power that cities have under American localism. The Supreme Court held for the first time that the FHA allows disparate impact liability, and outlined when such disparate impact cases can be brought. But it left many crucial questions unanswered, and this Article attempts to fill the gap. It concludes that when cities restrict affordable and multifamily housing, which often has a disparate impact on people of color, zoning ordinances must withstand intermediate scrutiny in order to be sustained. Courts must balance local policies with demands for inclusion: sometimes those policies will triumph, but in many instances they will not, for they rest on weak empirical or legal foundations, or they can be addressed in less restrictive ways. The Article sets forth a series of the most common scenarios and justifications for exclusionary zoning, and seeks to show that such justifications have far less purchase than is commonly supposed. The FHA comes nowhere close to abolishing zoning, but it does insist that local zoning must no longer exclude racial minorities, and the Court’s decision makes clear how fair housing advocates can and should use the law to fight such exclusion. If localities no longer have the discretion to exclude people of color, then that is the price of equality.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2019-05-19T13:03:21.164Z","created":"2016-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","id":"157866119","metadata":{"abstract":"What happens when local government policies run head-on into federal civil rights laws? Nowhere does this question assume greater importance than with land use and fair housing, yet in the nearly half-century since the passage of the Fair Housing Act (FHA), courts and commentators have skirted the question. With the Supreme Court\u2019s recent decision in Inclusive Communities Project v. Texas, the most significant fair housing decision in the nation\u2019s history, they can no longer do so. This Article represents the first sustained effort to show how the FHA affects land use, the most important power that cities have under American localism. The Supreme Court held for the first time that the FHA allows disparate impact liability, and outlined when such disparate impact cases can be brought. But it left many crucial questions unanswered, and this Article attempts to fill the gap. It concludes that when cities restrict affordable and multifamily housing, which often has a disparate impact on people of color, zoning ordinances must withstand intermediate scrutiny in order to be sustained. Courts must balance local policies with demands for inclusion: sometimes those policies will triumph, but in many instances they will not, for they rest on weak empirical or legal foundations, or they can be addressed in less restrictive ways. The Article sets forth a series of the most common scenarios and justifications for exclusionary zoning, and seeks to show that such justifications have far less purchase than is commonly supposed. The FHA comes nowhere close to abolishing zoning, but it does insist that local zoning must no longer exclude racial minorities, and the Court\u2019s decision makes clear how fair housing advocates can and should use the law to fight such exclusion. If localities no longer have the discretion to exclude people of color, then that is the price of equality.","abstract_count":302,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.291292136784676,"extfieldsofstudy":["Political Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:1337670","s2fieldsofstudy":["Law"],"sha1":"b7bdc0e63092287ff01cfd0e95670c24a5885746","sources":["ElsevierPush","MergedPDFExtraction","MAG"],"title":"The Price of Equality: Fair Housing, Land Use, and Disparate Impact","title_count":11,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-15.192211720501067,"top_frequencies":[{"count":18,"token":"the"},{"count":10,"token":"and"},{"count":7,"token":"to"},{"count":6,"token":"of"},{"count":6,"token":"in"},{"count":6,"token":"that"},{"count":4,"token":"The"},{"count":4,"token":"have"},{"count":4,"token":"they"},{"count":4,"token":"can"},{"count":4,"token":"for"},{"count":3,"token":"when"},{"count":3,"token":"local"},{"count":3,"token":"policies"},{"count":3,"token":"fair"},{"count":3,"token":"decision"},{"count":3,"token":"most"},{"count":3,"token":"no"},{"count":3,"token":"longer"},{"count":3,"token":"Article"},{"count":3,"token":"FHA"},{"count":3,"token":"disparate"},{"count":3,"token":"impact"},{"count":3,"token":"such"},{"count":3,"token":"be"},{"count":3,"token":"must"},{"count":2,"token":"Fair"},{"count":2,"token":"does"},{"count":2,"token":"this"},{"count":2,"token":"than"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"land"},{"count":2,"token":"use"},{"count":2,"token":"housing,"},{"count":2,"token":"Supreme"},{"count":2,"token":"Court\u2019s"},{"count":2,"token":"housing"},{"count":2,"token":"first"},{"count":2,"token":"show"},{"count":2,"token":"how"},{"count":2,"token":"cities"},{"count":2,"token":"it"},{"count":2,"token":"many"},{"count":2,"token":"a"},{"count":2,"token":"on"},{"count":2,"token":"people"},{"count":2,"token":"color,"},{"count":2,"token":"zoning"},{"count":2,"token":"will"},{"count":2,"token":"but"},{"count":2,"token":"or"},{"count":2,"token":"less"},{"count":2,"token":"justifications"},{"count":2,"token":"zoning,"},{"count":2,"token":"is"},{"count":2,"token":"exclude"},{"count":1,"token":"Price"},{"count":1,"token":"Equality:"},{"count":1,"token":"Housing,"},{"count":1,"token":"Land"},{"count":1,"token":"Use,"},{"count":1,"token":"Disparate"},{"count":1,"token":"Impact"},{"count":1,"token":"What"},{"count":1,"token":"happens"},{"count":1,"token":"government"},{"count":1,"token":"run"},{"count":1,"token":"head-on"},{"count":1,"token":"into"},{"count":1,"token":"federal"},{"count":1,"token":"civil"},{"count":1,"token":"rights"},{"count":1,"token":"laws?"},{"count":1,"token":"Nowhere"},{"count":1,"token":"question"},{"count":1,"token":"assume"},{"count":1,"token":"greater"},{"count":1,"token":"importance"},{"count":1,"token":"yet"},{"count":1,"token":"nearly"},{"count":1,"token":"half-century"},{"count":1,"token":"since"},{"count":1,"token":"passage"},{"count":1,"token":"Housing"},{"count":1,"token":"Act"},{"count":1,"token":"(FHA),"},{"count":1,"token":"courts"},{"count":1,"token":"commentators"},{"count":1,"token":"skirted"},{"count":1,"token":"question."},{"count":1,"token":"With"},{"count":1,"token":"recent"},{"count":1,"token":"Inclusive"},{"count":1,"token":"Communities"},{"count":1,"token":"Project"},{"count":1,"token":"v."},{"count":1,"token":"Texas,"},{"count":1,"token":"significant"},{"count":1,"token":"nation\u2019s"},{"count":1,"token":"history,"}],"year":2016},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 377 |
pes2o-14215101
|
I n teract i ons of cholesterol esters with phospholipids : cholesteryl myristate and di myristoyl lecithin
The ternary phase diagram of cholesteryl myristate-dimyristoyl lecithin-water has been determined by polarizing light microscopy, scanning calorimetry, and x-ray diffraction. Hydrated dimyristoyl lecithin forms a lamellar liquid-crystalline phase (L,) at temperatures >23”C into which limited amounts of cholesteryl myristate (<5 wt.%) can be incorporated. The amount of cholesterol ester incorporated is dependent upon the degree of hydration of the La phase. Below 23°C dimyristoyl lecithin forms ordered hydrocarbon chain structures (LBt and Po,) which do not incorporate cholesterol ester. Comparison with other phospholipid-cholesterol ester-water phase diagrams suggests the following general principles: i) the incorporation of cholesterol ester occurs only into liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers, ii) the extent of incorporation is temperature-dependent, with increasing amounts of cholesterol ester being incorporated at higher temperatures, and i i i) unsaturated cholesterol esters induce increased disordering of the phospholipid bilayers-Janiak, M. J., D. M. Small, and G. G. Shipley. Interactions of cholesterol esters with phospholipids: cholesteryl myristate and dimyristoyl lecithin.]. Lzpzd Res. 1979. 20: 183-199. Supplementary key words atherosclerosis * cell membranes . differential scanning calorimetry . liquid crystalline mesophases . order-disorder phenomena . phase equilibria . polarizing light microscopy * x-ray diffraction The structural and metabolic interrelationships of systems involved in lipid transport and storage processes are complex. For example, different amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides, in association with protein, are transported in specific plasma lipoproteins through the bloodstream (1) and high concentrations of these lipids are found in tissues such as the adrenal cortex (2) and ovaries (3). In normal arterial tissue there is an agerelated increase in lipid content (4). Of particular importance is the abnormal, localized accumulation or deposition in arterial tissue of lipids, rich in cholesterol esters and phospholipids, which results in “fatty streak” intimal lesions. These early lesions may eventually develop into more severe lesions or plaques associated with arterial blockage and atherosclerosis (57). Recently, we characterized the inten-elationships of the major lipids accumulating in atherosclerotic lesions (8) and have shown that the development of these lesions may be explained in physicochemical terms, at least for their lipid components (8,9). A critical part of these studies was the demonstration that unsaturated cholesterol esters have limited solubility in hydrated phospholipid bilayers (10). We have now examined the interaction between cholesteryl myristate and dimyristoyi lecithin, a system in which the fatty acid component of the two lipids is constant. This, together with our earlier studies, enables us to discuss a general theory for the interaction of these two biologically important lipid classes. MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-10-27T23:09:01.883Z","created":"2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"33523264","metadata":{"abstract":"The ternary phase diagram of cholesteryl myristate-dimyristoyl lecithin-water has been determined by polarizing light microscopy, scanning calorimetry, and x-ray diffraction. Hydrated dimyristoyl lecithin forms a lamellar liquid-crystalline phase (L,) at temperatures >23\u201dC into which limited amounts of cholesteryl myristate (<5 wt.%) can be incorporated. The amount of cholesterol ester incorporated is dependent upon the degree of hydration of the La phase. Below 23\u00b0C dimyristoyl lecithin forms ordered hydrocarbon chain structures (LBt and Po,) which do not incorporate cholesterol ester. Comparison with other phospholipid-cholesterol ester-water phase diagrams suggests the following general principles: i) the incorporation of cholesterol ester occurs only into liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers, ii) the extent of incorporation is temperature-dependent, with increasing amounts of cholesterol ester being incorporated at higher temperatures, and i i i) unsaturated cholesterol esters induce increased disordering of the phospholipid bilayers-Janiak, M. J., D. M. Small, and G. G. Shipley. Interactions of cholesterol esters with phospholipids: cholesteryl myristate and dimyristoyl lecithin.]. Lzpzd Res. 1979. 20: 183-199. Supplementary key words atherosclerosis * cell membranes . differential scanning calorimetry . liquid crystalline mesophases . order-disorder phenomena . phase equilibria . polarizing light microscopy * x-ray diffraction The structural and metabolic interrelationships of systems involved in lipid transport and storage processes are complex. For example, different amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides, in association with protein, are transported in specific plasma lipoproteins through the bloodstream (1) and high concentrations of these lipids are found in tissues such as the adrenal cortex (2) and ovaries (3). In normal arterial tissue there is an agerelated increase in lipid content (4). Of particular importance is the abnormal, localized accumulation or deposition in arterial tissue of lipids, rich in cholesterol esters and phospholipids, which results in \u201cfatty streak\u201d intimal lesions. These early lesions may eventually develop into more severe lesions or plaques associated with arterial blockage and atherosclerosis (57). Recently, we characterized the inten-elationships of the major lipids accumulating in atherosclerotic lesions (8) and have shown that the development of these lesions may be explained in physicochemical terms, at least for their lipid components (8,9). A critical part of these studies was the demonstration that unsaturated cholesterol esters have limited solubility in hydrated phospholipid bilayers (10). We have now examined the interaction between cholesteryl myristate and dimyristoyi lecithin, a system in which the fatty acid component of the two lipids is constant. This, together with our earlier studies, enables us to discuss a general theory for the interaction of these two biologically important lipid classes. MATERIALS AND METHODS","abstract_count":418,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-17.042035397224186,"extfieldsofstudy":[],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0003.json.gz:2599911","s2fieldsofstudy":["Biology"],"sha1":"5e35c299a5a270d426cf27d9de84c102718279d9","sources":["Anansi","ScienceParseMerged"],"title":"I n teract i ons of cholesterol esters with phospholipids : cholesteryl myristate and di myristoyl lecithin","title_count":17,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-16.92697888923593,"top_frequencies":[{"count":20,"token":"of"},{"count":17,"token":"the"},{"count":15,"token":"and"},{"count":12,"token":"in"},{"count":10,"token":"cholesterol"},{"count":7,"token":"with"},{"count":5,"token":"esters"},{"count":5,"token":"cholesteryl"},{"count":5,"token":"is"},{"count":5,"token":"."},{"count":4,"token":"myristate"},{"count":4,"token":"phase"},{"count":4,"token":"which"},{"count":4,"token":"lipid"},{"count":4,"token":"these"},{"count":4,"token":"lesions"},{"count":3,"token":"i"},{"count":3,"token":"lecithin"},{"count":3,"token":"The"},{"count":3,"token":"dimyristoyl"},{"count":3,"token":"a"},{"count":3,"token":"at"},{"count":3,"token":"into"},{"count":3,"token":"amounts"},{"count":3,"token":"ester"},{"count":3,"token":"phospholipid"},{"count":3,"token":"are"},{"count":3,"token":"lipids"},{"count":3,"token":"arterial"},{"count":3,"token":"have"},{"count":2,"token":"polarizing"},{"count":2,"token":"light"},{"count":2,"token":"scanning"},{"count":2,"token":"x-ray"},{"count":2,"token":"forms"},{"count":2,"token":"limited"},{"count":2,"token":"be"},{"count":2,"token":"incorporated"},{"count":2,"token":"general"},{"count":2,"token":"i)"},{"count":2,"token":"incorporation"},{"count":2,"token":"liquid"},{"count":2,"token":"crystalline"},{"count":2,"token":"unsaturated"},{"count":2,"token":"M."},{"count":2,"token":"G."},{"count":2,"token":"atherosclerosis"},{"count":2,"token":"*"},{"count":2,"token":"phospholipids,"},{"count":2,"token":"tissue"},{"count":2,"token":"or"},{"count":2,"token":"may"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"for"},{"count":2,"token":"interaction"},{"count":2,"token":"two"},{"count":1,"token":"I"},{"count":1,"token":"n"},{"count":1,"token":"teract"},{"count":1,"token":"ons"},{"count":1,"token":"phospholipids"},{"count":1,"token":":"},{"count":1,"token":"di"},{"count":1,"token":"myristoyl"},{"count":1,"token":"ternary"},{"count":1,"token":"diagram"},{"count":1,"token":"myristate-dimyristoyl"},{"count":1,"token":"lecithin-water"},{"count":1,"token":"has"},{"count":1,"token":"been"},{"count":1,"token":"determined"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"microscopy,"},{"count":1,"token":"calorimetry,"},{"count":1,"token":"diffraction."},{"count":1,"token":"Hydrated"},{"count":1,"token":"lamellar"},{"count":1,"token":"liquid-crystalline"},{"count":1,"token":"(L,)"},{"count":1,"token":"temperatures"},{"count":1,"token":">23\u201dC"},{"count":1,"token":"(<5"},{"count":1,"token":"wt.%)"},{"count":1,"token":"can"},{"count":1,"token":"incorporated."},{"count":1,"token":"amount"},{"count":1,"token":"dependent"},{"count":1,"token":"upon"},{"count":1,"token":"degree"},{"count":1,"token":"hydration"},{"count":1,"token":"La"},{"count":1,"token":"phase."},{"count":1,"token":"Below"},{"count":1,"token":"23\u00b0C"},{"count":1,"token":"ordered"},{"count":1,"token":"hydrocarbon"},{"count":1,"token":"chain"},{"count":1,"token":"structures"},{"count":1,"token":"(LBt"},{"count":1,"token":"Po,)"}],"year":2002},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 646 |
wikipedia-5429345
|
Microblepsis acuminata
Microblepsis acuminata is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by John Henry Leech in 1890. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Hubei and Shaanxi and in Japan.
The wingspan is about 39 mm. Adults are pale reddish brown, the apex of the forewings blackish and two dark brown lines transverse the disc of the wing. The first is deflected to the median nervurem then inflected to the inner margin and the second runs from the costa towards the outer margin, where it joins a darker apical streak. There is also an obscure submarginal line and two small black central spots. The hindwings have two central dark brown lines, the first curved and the second straight. There is also slightly wavy dark brown submarginal line.
|
wikipedia
|
{"added":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","created":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","id":"45701637","metadata":{"length":144,"provenance":"en_simple_wiki_v0-0001.json.gz:2209144","revid":"12360419","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki?curid=45701637"},"source":"wikipedia","version":"v0"}
| 182 |
flan-2459244
|
I would compare this council to an elephants' graveyard from which a few 'zombies' emerge, under the remote political control of a declining dictatorship which imposes crippling financial penalties on those programmes that allow opposition parties to voice certain truths.
Translate to Finnish
Finnish: Vertaan kyseistä neuvostoa norsujen hautausmaahan, josta nousee muutamia "zombeja". Sitä valvoo poliittisesti heikkenevä diktatuuri, joka määrää lamauttavia sakkoja sellaisille ohjelmille, joissa opposition annetaan ilmaista tiettyjä totuuksia.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,273.0,0.0],[296.0,550.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"816ab79b628a35456335ab275da46af9","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt16_translate\/fi-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":0,"_template_type":"zs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-test-0016.json.gz:103045"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 156 |
dclm-415146347
|
Who have Obesity with Miralax - from FDA reports
Obesity is found among people who take Miralax, especially for people who are female, 60+ old , have been taking the drug for 2 - 5 years, also take medication Protonix, and have Pain. This study is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 45,462 people who have side effects when taking Miralax from FDA, and is updated regularly.
On Nov, 12, 2018
45,462 people reported to have side effects when taking Miralax.
Among them, 98 people (0.22%) have Obesity
Number of reports submitted per year:
Could Miralax cause Obesity?
Time on Miralax when people have Obesity *:
• < 1 month: 0.0 %
• 1 - 6 months: 0.0 %
• 6 - 12 months: 0.0 %
• 1 - 2 years: 0.0 %
• 2 - 5 years: 100 %
• 5 - 10 years: 0.0 %
• 10+ years: 0.0 %
Gender of people who have Obesity when taking Miralax *:
• female: 62.24 %
• male: 37.76 %
Age of people who have Obesity when taking Miralax *:
• 0-1: 0.0 %
• 2-9: 0.0 %
• 10-19: 1.28 %
• 20-29: 1.28 %
• 30-39: 20.51 %
• 40-49: 17.95 %
• 50-59: 19.23 %
• 60+: 39.74 %
Top conditions involved for these people *:
1. Pain: 13 people, 13.27%
2. Depression: 11 people, 11.22%
3. Stress And Anxiety: 9 people, 9.18%
4. Multiple Myeloma (cancer of the plasma cells): 9 people, 9.18%
5. Multiple Sclerosis (a nervous system disease that affects your brain and spinal cord. it damages the myelin sheath): 8 people, 8.16%
Top co-used drugs for these people *:
1. Protonix: 44 people, 44.90%
2. Zometa: 41 people, 41.84%
3. Ambien: 38 people, 38.78%
4. Lasix: 33 people, 33.67%
5. Decadron: 31 people, 31.63%
Top other side effects for these people *:
1. Pain: 53 people, 54.08%
2. Stress And Anxiety: 50 people, 51.02%
3. Weakness: 48 people, 48.98%
4. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (a condition in which stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the oesophagus): 43 people, 43.88%
5. Fever: 41 people, 41.84%
* Approximation only. Some reports may have incomplete information.
FDA reports used in this study
Do you have Obesity while taking Miralax?
You are not alone:
Related studies
Miralax has active ingredients of polyethylene glycol 3350. It is often used in constipation. (latest outcomes from Miralax 46,067 users)
Obesity (a medical condition in which excess body fat) has been reported by people with depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stress and anxiety (latest reports from 35,042 Obesity patients).
Drugs that are associated with Obesity
Obesity (2,247 drugs)
Could your condition cause Obesity
Obesity (1,798 conditions)
Miralax side effects
Browse all side effects of Miralax
What would happen?
Predict new side effects and undetected conditions when you take Miralax and have Obesity
Recent updates
Recent general studies
Recent personal studies
Submit your testimonial
• Please fill in your Testimonial.
• Please enter a minimum of 10 characters for your Testimonial.
• Please fill in your Name.
Please wait...
Thank you!
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.021471381187438965,"id":"<urn:uuid:83c917f5-c164-4db1-83b8-ef0fe4606965>","language":"en","language_score":0.8949319124221802,"url":"https:\/\/www.ehealthme.com\/ds\/miralax\/obesity\/","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-246100041"}
| 952 |
flan-26015466
|
Translate to French:
In the period 2002-2004 the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment has therefore carried out the `Article 13 project', which aims to anchor the principle of equality in the workplace. Pendant la période 2002-2004, le Ministère des affaires sociales et de l'emploi a donc exécuté le « Projet Article 13 » qui vise à implanter le principe de l'égalité au lieu de travail.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[22.0,395.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"086dd4d5a35180fb193318e362f8385a","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":4,"_template_type":"zs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0134.json.gz:426099"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 102 |
flan-23857596
|
Le Groupe serait heureux d'avoir davantage d'informations sur l'application des recommandations issues des précédentes évaluations.
Which language is this? French
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,132.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"b63b26037c27164f7232e500eb574d73","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":9,"_template_type":"zs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0130.json.gz:516774"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 44 |
flan-10438945
|
Some text: Merci de prévenir l'auberge en cas d'annulation avant 17h00 la veille de votre arrivée afin d'être remboursés.
Translate to English.
Translation: Please inform the hostel of any cancellations by 5 pm the day before you are scheduled to arrive in order to receive a refund.
Some text: Rémunération : désigne le traitement et les indemnités. Retraite : est la cessation d'emploi volontaire donnant droit à une pension de retraite à jouissance immédiate.
Translate to English.
Translation: Red Circle: is the action taken when, as a result of a classification action, the employee's position is reclassified to a group and level with a lower maximum rate of pay.
Some text: Les Nations Unies ont compris, tout à fait justement, qu'une opération de maintien de paix ne pouvait être menée que par des pays neutres qui n'avaient aucun intérêt dans le conflit.
Translate to English.
Translation: The United Nations understood, quite rightly, that successful peacekeeping could be carried out only by countries that were neutral and had no interests of their own to pursue.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,122.0,0.0],[145.0,285.0,0.0],[285.0,464.0,0.0],[487.0,673.0,0.0],[673.0,867.0,0.0],[890.0,1080.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"5b81eac0399c572b945f113ffd4b1eff","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":1,"_template_type":"fs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0036.json.gz:91624"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 274 |
dclm-412041883
|
Sunday August 17, 2008
Book 10: The Longshoreman of the Apocalypse
Part II: Enter the Longshoreman
Narrator:Sergeant Schlock is on a rooftop scanning for a distant sniper. Schlock's eyesight is good. The sniper's muzzle-flash betrays his position.
Schlock:Hah! I saw that!
Narrator:The sniper is just over five hundred meters away (Schlock's eyesight is really good.) without going into the math, this means that in Earth's gravity shots would be dropping just over four meters before arriving.
Narrator:Schlock's weapon has a much lower muzzle velocity. At this range, in Earth's gravity, his returning fire will drop almost nine meters before arriving.
Narrator:The smart-sight figures all this out instantly, and positions the reticle to compensate. Schlock fires a burst.
Narrator:This is not Earth's gravity. This is Credomar's rotation. The burst curves wide and falls short.
Narrator:The vectors are complex, and fall well outside programmed parameters. The smart-sight isn't smart enough to adjust.
Schlock:I'm gonna have to walk my shots.
Narrator:Yup. The tracer rounds are in those boxes behind you.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.16870224475860596,"id":"<urn:uuid:23383227-777c-4444-8428-a42b415c29c1>","language":"en","language_score":0.9316745400428772,"url":"http:\/\/www.schlockmercenary.com\/2008-08-17","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-083183448"}
| 283 |
flan-26961389
|
Translate "Just as a reference, from center most kitchen faucets will turn 90 degrees clockwise to get hot water." to Russian? Так же, как ссылки, от центра наиболее смесители кухня получится 90 градусов по часовой стрелке, чтобы получить горячую воду.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,253.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"f5fa77464847a2b541794672cb452cec","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt16_translate\/ru-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":7,"_template_type":"zs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0139.json.gz:49977"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 94 |
flan-17585769
|
How is "In my view that is an important point in the new Lomé V." said in German?
Das wird meiner Meinung nach ein wichtiger Punkt im neuen Lomé V-Abkommen.
Q: Translate "Therefore Berlin and its surroundings offer you and your company a versatile spectrum of activities." to German?
A: Für Sie und Ihre Begleitung steht Ihnen mit Berlin und seiner Umgebung ein vielfältiges Angebot für Unternehmungen jedweder Art zur Verfügung.
input question: Write a sentence not in English.
output answer: Der Kommission gebührt Lob, daß sie auf Initiative der Weltbank und des Internationalen Währungsfonds eine umfangreiche zusätzliche Finanzhilfe für Moldau vorgeschlagen hat.
Q: Translate "Clean the pig’s head. Put the tasajo in water for 30 minutes; add the pig’s head and leave to cook until softened." to German?
Yes: Das Wasser, in dem das Fleisch gekocht wurde, sieben, danach Mais hinzufügen und 45 Minuten köcheln lassen.
[Q]: Eine Casino Spielautomaten für Erwachsene. Dieses mal spielen Sie mit Edelsteine.
Translate this to English?
[A]: With this classic slotmachine, you need to get two or three similar jewels on the winline.
How is "Simply a custom solution uniquely designed to meet every budget and every need." said in German?
Einfach ein benutzerdefiniertes System, speziell gestaltet, um jedem Budget und jeder Anforderung gerecht zu werden.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,82.0,0.0],[82.0,157.0,0.0],[157.0,284.0,0.0],[285.0,431.0,0.0],[431.0,480.0,0.0],[480.0,669.0,0.0],[669.0,810.0,0.0],[810.0,923.0,0.0],[923.0,1010.0,0.0],[1038.0,1134.0,0.0],[1134.0,1239.0,0.0],[1239.0,1356.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"bad3b1b00c36aa6e1c7ba73b45ce48c6","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt16_translate\/de-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":2,"_template_type":"fs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0097.json.gz:64505"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 396 |
flan-9235640
|
Q: Solve:
Solve -46*i + 48*i - 4 = 0 for i.
A: 2
Q: Solve:
Solve -218*r = -143*r - 173*r - 4606 for r.
A: -47
Q: Solve:
Solve -32*a + 5*a - 140 = -383 for a.
A: 9
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[10.0,44.0,0.0],[62.0,106.0,0.0],[126.0,164.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"e9b67cc0d12b31f92f0edb94b0f26d75","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"math_dataset\/algebra__linear_1d:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":1,"_template_type":"fs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0028.json.gz:85498"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 88 |
dclm-417217616
|
Class Notes (1,100,000)
US (480,000)
UCLA (10,000)
Lane (20)
Lecture 3
THEATER 10 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: The Public Theater, White Privilege, Imagined Community
Course Code
Hamilton's Feminism
Not enough stage times
o If they appear, their inner thoughts exist only in relation in Alexander (male lead)
o Only speaks of the man
Immigration Narrative
Circles around notion of the American Dream
"Work hard to 'rise up' and get out of the struggles (Alexander)
o Implies that other immigrants who haven't succeeded are at fault.
Racial Diversity
Some white men (colonizers, slaveowners) were played by black men.
o (ex) actor's blackness visually distances his performance of racism which enables
audience to forget the degree of racism/violence that fueled the US.
Hamilton and the Cost of Diversity
Broadway musical (hip hop aesthetics w/ multi-racial cast) that talks about the Founding
Fathers.. (adoration from many spectrums [ex: democrats and republicans])
Feminist Killjoy
Loving something but also hating it
o Critiques it because of how much they love it and want it to do better
Why does Hamilton appeal to different people across political spectrum?
What is the work that the musical is doing politically and how so?
Racial diversity
Seeming apolitical
Multiracial casting, and bootstrap narrative
Background on Hamilton:
Alexander Hamilton (Founding Father) works his way up through tenacity/skills/connections w/
right people. In 2015, musical formally appeared @ Public Theater.
Imagined community; something in common/uniting them to create a nation.
Covers up differences in the name of unity.
Neoliberalism (works with nationalism)
Government aiding private capitals.
Monitory profit capitalization.
Racial diversity
You're Reading a Preview
Unlock to view full version
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.44024091958999634,"id":"<urn:uuid:c1688d49-68c3-4ea6-9a80-d091d7608f3b>","language":"en","language_score":0.8995375633239746,"url":"https:\/\/oneclass.com\/class-notes\/us\/ucla\/thtr\/theater-10\/2100875-theater-10-lecture-3.en.html","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-308554003"}
| 447 |
pes2o-18438116
|
Age of Rogues: Transgressive Politics at the Frontiers of the Ottoman Empire
This conceptual chapter frames the turn of the twentieth century at the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire as an ‘age of rogues’, when the shaky foundations upon which the modern Balkans, Middle East and Caucasus were forged. By building on the example of the imperial and revolutionary setting of Ottoman Macedonia and the life history of ‘Young Turk’ leader Enver Paşa, we define the age of rogues as a particular geopolitical and historical context within which imperial rivalries gave birth to a cast of parapolitical and paramilitary agents in frontier regions whose violent autonomy and culture of transgression managed to transform the legitimate norms of politics and the formal institutions of state sovereignty. The term rogue not only signifies capability of transgression, but also denies any pre-configured historical consequence. Rogues can be both heroes and villains, bandits and bureaucrats, rebels and rulers, revolutionaries and counter-revolutionaries. Their brand of what we call transgressive politics, which we locate at the analytical intersection of contentious politics and parapolitics, particularly flourished on the frontiers of empires and modernity, where violence became the effective form of interaction not only between coercive regimes and their subversive opponents but also among rivaling empires and competing rogue groups.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2022-01-22T16:42:21.057Z","created":"2021-06-30T00:00:00.000Z","id":"246091046","metadata":{"abstract":"This conceptual chapter frames the turn of the twentieth century at the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire as an \u2018age of rogues\u2019, when the shaky foundations upon which the modern Balkans, Middle East and Caucasus were forged. By building on the example of the imperial and revolutionary setting of Ottoman Macedonia and the life history of \u2018Young Turk\u2019 leader Enver Pa\u015fa, we define the age of rogues as a particular geopolitical and historical context within which imperial rivalries gave birth to a cast of parapolitical and paramilitary agents in frontier regions whose violent autonomy and culture of transgression managed to transform the legitimate norms of politics and the formal institutions of state sovereignty. The term rogue not only signifies capability of transgression, but also denies any pre-configured historical consequence. Rogues can be both heroes and villains, bandits and bureaucrats, rebels and rulers, revolutionaries and counter-revolutionaries. Their brand of what we call transgressive politics, which we locate at the analytical intersection of contentious politics and parapolitics, particularly flourished on the frontiers of empires and modernity, where violence became the effective form of interaction not only between coercive regimes and their subversive opponents but also among rivaling empires and competing rogue groups.","abstract_count":200,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.89931717101794,"extfieldsofstudy":[],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0004.json.gz:2951509","s2fieldsofstudy":["History","Political Science"],"sha1":"85d78df9a8ebfceef7e7c78fefec8892a07a3044","sources":["Crossref"],"title":"Age of Rogues: Transgressive Politics at the Frontiers of the Ottoman Empire","title_count":12,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-13.71008222329016,"top_frequencies":[{"count":18,"token":"of"},{"count":17,"token":"the"},{"count":15,"token":"and"},{"count":3,"token":"at"},{"count":3,"token":"Ottoman"},{"count":3,"token":"which"},{"count":3,"token":"we"},{"count":2,"token":"Empire"},{"count":2,"token":"frontiers"},{"count":2,"token":"as"},{"count":2,"token":"on"},{"count":2,"token":"imperial"},{"count":2,"token":"a"},{"count":2,"token":"historical"},{"count":2,"token":"to"},{"count":2,"token":"politics"},{"count":2,"token":"rogue"},{"count":2,"token":"not"},{"count":2,"token":"only"},{"count":2,"token":"but"},{"count":2,"token":"also"},{"count":2,"token":"empires"},{"count":1,"token":"Age"},{"count":1,"token":"Rogues:"},{"count":1,"token":"Transgressive"},{"count":1,"token":"Politics"},{"count":1,"token":"Frontiers"},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"conceptual"},{"count":1,"token":"chapter"},{"count":1,"token":"frames"},{"count":1,"token":"turn"},{"count":1,"token":"twentieth"},{"count":1,"token":"century"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"\u2018age"},{"count":1,"token":"rogues\u2019,"},{"count":1,"token":"when"},{"count":1,"token":"shaky"},{"count":1,"token":"foundations"},{"count":1,"token":"upon"},{"count":1,"token":"modern"},{"count":1,"token":"Balkans,"},{"count":1,"token":"Middle"},{"count":1,"token":"East"},{"count":1,"token":"Caucasus"},{"count":1,"token":"were"},{"count":1,"token":"forged."},{"count":1,"token":"By"},{"count":1,"token":"building"},{"count":1,"token":"example"},{"count":1,"token":"revolutionary"},{"count":1,"token":"setting"},{"count":1,"token":"Macedonia"},{"count":1,"token":"life"},{"count":1,"token":"history"},{"count":1,"token":"\u2018Young"},{"count":1,"token":"Turk\u2019"},{"count":1,"token":"leader"},{"count":1,"token":"Enver"},{"count":1,"token":"Pa\u015fa,"},{"count":1,"token":"define"},{"count":1,"token":"age"},{"count":1,"token":"rogues"},{"count":1,"token":"particular"},{"count":1,"token":"geopolitical"},{"count":1,"token":"context"},{"count":1,"token":"within"},{"count":1,"token":"rivalries"},{"count":1,"token":"gave"},{"count":1,"token":"birth"},{"count":1,"token":"cast"},{"count":1,"token":"parapolitical"},{"count":1,"token":"paramilitary"},{"count":1,"token":"agents"},{"count":1,"token":"in"},{"count":1,"token":"frontier"},{"count":1,"token":"regions"},{"count":1,"token":"whose"},{"count":1,"token":"violent"},{"count":1,"token":"autonomy"},{"count":1,"token":"culture"},{"count":1,"token":"transgression"},{"count":1,"token":"managed"},{"count":1,"token":"transform"},{"count":1,"token":"legitimate"},{"count":1,"token":"norms"},{"count":1,"token":"formal"},{"count":1,"token":"institutions"},{"count":1,"token":"state"},{"count":1,"token":"sovereignty."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"term"},{"count":1,"token":"signifies"},{"count":1,"token":"capability"},{"count":1,"token":"transgression,"},{"count":1,"token":"denies"},{"count":1,"token":"any"},{"count":1,"token":"pre-configured"},{"count":1,"token":"consequence."}],"year":2021},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 283 |
dclm-413866843
|
Price of Christmas trees up this year due to nationwide shortage - Cleveland 19 News Cleveland, OH
Price of Christmas trees up this year due to nationwide shortage
Stock photo Stock photo
America is dealing with a Christmas tree shortage. Now, rising prices has some tree salesmen and tree farm owners concerned it could put them out of business.
"A month ago I found out I had no trees when I called my farmers. They said we don't have no trees for you,” Pete Elliot said.
Elliot owns Tree Land Christmas Trees in Denver, Colorado. The nationwide shortage has him frantically looking for trees.
"I've done this since I was a little kid. It's a family business. I've never not had trees going into my season,” Elliot said.
It's the same story for Justin Sanchez.
"Yeah, there's a pretty big shortage of trees this year,” he said.
Sanchez is cutting back on the number of lots he has.
"We couldn't get enough trees this year to cover our other two lots,” he said.
The problem started back in 2008, when the market burst. Farmers had plenty. There were too many trees, but they weren't making enough money.
"They couldn't get rid of their trees, they couldn't sell them so they came in and just plowed and just burn mountainsides of them,” Elliot said.
It takes 10 years to grow a tree, and now there just aren't enough to go around.
Elliott finally found some trees but it hit him where it hurt.
"She sent me their prices, I was flabbergasted. Woah, I might have to get out of this business. I just might have to end a tradition,” he said.
A tradition his father started more than 50 years ago, that he hopes will help customers coming back.
Powered by Frankly
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.020215928554534912,"id":"<urn:uuid:e8f0aba1-c43f-4839-9869-b01bfa614d38>","language":"en","language_score":0.9832243323326111,"url":"http:\/\/www.cleveland19.com\/story\/36894866\/price-of-christmas-trees-up-this-year-due-to-nationwide-shortage","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-135493626"}
| 407 |
pes2o-19152366
|
KBCommons: A multi ‘OMICS’ integrative framework for database and informatics tools
Advancement of next generation sequencing and high-throughput technologies has resulted in generation of multi-level of ‘OMICS’ data for many organisms. However, these data are often individually scattered across different repositories based on data type, making it difficult to integrate them. We have addressed this issue through our in-house developed Soybean Knowledge Base [1,2] (SoyKB) framework, a comprehensive web-based resource. It acts as a centralized repository for soybean multi-omics data, and is equipped with an array of bioinformatics analytical and graphical visualization tools. It is available at http://soykb.org and has proven to be a great success with more than 500 registered users. Users working on other biological organisms including plants, animals and biomedical diseases have similar needs and the developed framework can be expanded to make the visualization and analysis tools function for other organisms, without having to reinvent the wheel. To achieve this we have developed KBCommons, a platform that automates the process of establishing the database and making the tools for other organisms available via a dedicated web resource. It provides information for six entities including genes/proteins, microRNAs/sRNAs, metabolites, SNP, traits as well as plant introduction or strains/populations. It also incorporates several multi-omics datasets including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, molecular breeding and other types. We have currently expanded KBCommons framework and tools to Zea mays, Arabidopsis, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens. We have integrated various genomics dataset for maize including RNAseq B73 mutants and Tassel meristem from our collaborators. It provides a suite of tools such as the gene/metabolite pathway viewer, Protein Bio-Viewer, heatmaps, scatter plots and hierarchical clustering. It also provides access to PGen, Pegasus analytics workflows developed for genomics variations analysis. It also has suite of tools for differential expression analysis of transcriptomics and other multi-omics datasets including venn diagrams, volcano plots, function enrichment and gene modules.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-12-20T18:44:54.206Z","created":"2017-11-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"7561746","metadata":{"abstract":"Advancement of next generation sequencing and high-throughput technologies has resulted in generation of multi-level of \u2018OMICS\u2019 data for many organisms. However, these data are often individually scattered across different repositories based on data type, making it difficult to integrate them. We have addressed this issue through our in-house developed Soybean Knowledge Base [1,2] (SoyKB) framework, a comprehensive web-based resource. It acts as a centralized repository for soybean multi-omics data, and is equipped with an array of bioinformatics analytical and graphical visualization tools. It is available at http:\/\/soykb.org and has proven to be a great success with more than 500 registered users. Users working on other biological organisms including plants, animals and biomedical diseases have similar needs and the developed framework can be expanded to make the visualization and analysis tools function for other organisms, without having to reinvent the wheel. To achieve this we have developed KBCommons, a platform that automates the process of establishing the database and making the tools for other organisms available via a dedicated web resource. It provides information for six entities including genes\/proteins, microRNAs\/sRNAs, metabolites, SNP, traits as well as plant introduction or strains\/populations. It also incorporates several multi-omics datasets including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, molecular breeding and other types. We have currently expanded KBCommons framework and tools to Zea mays, Arabidopsis, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens. We have integrated various genomics dataset for maize including RNAseq B73 mutants and Tassel meristem from our collaborators. It provides a suite of tools such as the gene\/metabolite pathway viewer, Protein Bio-Viewer, heatmaps, scatter plots and hierarchical clustering. It also provides access to PGen, Pegasus analytics workflows developed for genomics variations analysis. It also has suite of tools for differential expression analysis of transcriptomics and other multi-omics datasets including venn diagrams, volcano plots, function enrichment and gene modules.","abstract_count":300,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.60850041217311,"extfieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0004.json.gz:3665759","s2fieldsofstudy":["Biology","Computer Science"],"sha1":"07ea8c4e0bcd94569b4a49d1d5314f79a7fd0b36","sources":["IEEE","MAG","DBLP","Unpaywall","ScienceParseMerged"],"title":"KBCommons: A multi \u2018OMICS\u2019 integrative framework for database and informatics tools","title_count":11,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-17.90332922155642,"top_frequencies":[{"count":16,"token":"and"},{"count":9,"token":"for"},{"count":8,"token":"of"},{"count":7,"token":"It"},{"count":7,"token":"the"},{"count":6,"token":"tools"},{"count":6,"token":"to"},{"count":6,"token":"a"},{"count":5,"token":"have"},{"count":5,"token":"other"},{"count":5,"token":"including"},{"count":4,"token":"developed"},{"count":4,"token":"as"},{"count":3,"token":"framework"},{"count":3,"token":"has"},{"count":3,"token":"data"},{"count":3,"token":"We"},{"count":3,"token":"multi-omics"},{"count":3,"token":"provides"},{"count":3,"token":"also"},{"count":2,"token":"\u2018OMICS\u2019"},{"count":2,"token":"database"},{"count":2,"token":"generation"},{"count":2,"token":"on"},{"count":2,"token":"making"},{"count":2,"token":"this"},{"count":2,"token":"our"},{"count":2,"token":"resource."},{"count":2,"token":"is"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"visualization"},{"count":2,"token":"available"},{"count":2,"token":"be"},{"count":2,"token":"organisms"},{"count":2,"token":"expanded"},{"count":2,"token":"analysis"},{"count":2,"token":"function"},{"count":2,"token":"datasets"},{"count":2,"token":"genomics"},{"count":2,"token":"suite"},{"count":1,"token":"KBCommons:"},{"count":1,"token":"A"},{"count":1,"token":"multi"},{"count":1,"token":"integrative"},{"count":1,"token":"informatics"},{"count":1,"token":"Advancement"},{"count":1,"token":"next"},{"count":1,"token":"sequencing"},{"count":1,"token":"high-throughput"},{"count":1,"token":"technologies"},{"count":1,"token":"resulted"},{"count":1,"token":"in"},{"count":1,"token":"multi-level"},{"count":1,"token":"many"},{"count":1,"token":"organisms."},{"count":1,"token":"However,"},{"count":1,"token":"these"},{"count":1,"token":"are"},{"count":1,"token":"often"},{"count":1,"token":"individually"},{"count":1,"token":"scattered"},{"count":1,"token":"across"},{"count":1,"token":"different"},{"count":1,"token":"repositories"},{"count":1,"token":"based"},{"count":1,"token":"type,"},{"count":1,"token":"it"},{"count":1,"token":"difficult"},{"count":1,"token":"integrate"},{"count":1,"token":"them."},{"count":1,"token":"addressed"},{"count":1,"token":"issue"},{"count":1,"token":"through"},{"count":1,"token":"in-house"},{"count":1,"token":"Soybean"},{"count":1,"token":"Knowledge"},{"count":1,"token":"Base"},{"count":1,"token":"[1,2]"},{"count":1,"token":"(SoyKB)"},{"count":1,"token":"framework,"},{"count":1,"token":"comprehensive"},{"count":1,"token":"web-based"},{"count":1,"token":"acts"},{"count":1,"token":"centralized"},{"count":1,"token":"repository"},{"count":1,"token":"soybean"},{"count":1,"token":"data,"},{"count":1,"token":"equipped"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"array"},{"count":1,"token":"bioinformatics"},{"count":1,"token":"analytical"},{"count":1,"token":"graphical"},{"count":1,"token":"tools."},{"count":1,"token":"at"},{"count":1,"token":"http:\/\/soykb.org"},{"count":1,"token":"proven"},{"count":1,"token":"great"},{"count":1,"token":"success"},{"count":1,"token":"more"}],"year":2017},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 440 |
pes2o-9610553
|
Activation of the left motor cortex during left leg movements after right central resection
A patient with Rasmussen’s encephalitis underwent a right central resection at the age of 6 as a treatment for status epilepticus. She became seizure free, but suffered a left hemiplegia which improved so that she could walk. Because of the recurrence of seizures an enlargement of the resection to a hemispherectomy was carried out 17 years after the first operation. Various examinations, including H2 15O PET and amytal testing, performed before this second operation indicated that a compensatory reinforcement of the ipsilateral uncrossed corticospinal and spinocortical pathways had taken place. This was confirmed postoperatively. The patient had no new sensorimotor deficits.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-09-07T15:07:01.401Z","created":"1999-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"5739033","metadata":{"abstract":"A patient with Rasmussen\u2019s encephalitis underwent a right central resection at the age of 6 as a treatment for status epilepticus. She became seizure free, but suffered a left hemiplegia which improved so that she could walk. Because of the recurrence of seizures an enlargement of the resection to a hemispherectomy was carried out 17 years after the first operation. Various examinations, including H2 15O PET and amytal testing, performed before this second operation indicated that a compensatory reinforcement of the ipsilateral uncrossed corticospinal and spinocortical pathways had taken place. This was confirmed postoperatively. The patient had no new sensorimotor deficits.","abstract_count":101,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.569234198493492,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0002.json.gz:1871352","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine","Psychology"],"sha1":"2002f07cb677c33eab920b3667435740f68143ce","sources":["Anansi","MergedPDFExtraction","ScienceParsePlus","ScienceParseMerged","BMJ","Medline","Unpaywall","MAG"],"title":"Activation of the left motor cortex during left leg movements after right central resection","title_count":14,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-12.644837408930004,"top_frequencies":[{"count":6,"token":"of"},{"count":6,"token":"the"},{"count":5,"token":"a"},{"count":3,"token":"left"},{"count":3,"token":"resection"},{"count":2,"token":"after"},{"count":2,"token":"right"},{"count":2,"token":"central"},{"count":2,"token":"patient"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"was"},{"count":2,"token":"and"},{"count":2,"token":"had"},{"count":1,"token":"Activation"},{"count":1,"token":"motor"},{"count":1,"token":"cortex"},{"count":1,"token":"during"},{"count":1,"token":"leg"},{"count":1,"token":"movements"},{"count":1,"token":"A"},{"count":1,"token":"with"},{"count":1,"token":"Rasmussen\u2019s"},{"count":1,"token":"encephalitis"},{"count":1,"token":"underwent"},{"count":1,"token":"at"},{"count":1,"token":"age"},{"count":1,"token":"6"},{"count":1,"token":"as"},{"count":1,"token":"treatment"},{"count":1,"token":"for"},{"count":1,"token":"status"},{"count":1,"token":"epilepticus."},{"count":1,"token":"She"},{"count":1,"token":"became"},{"count":1,"token":"seizure"},{"count":1,"token":"free,"},{"count":1,"token":"but"},{"count":1,"token":"suffered"},{"count":1,"token":"hemiplegia"},{"count":1,"token":"which"},{"count":1,"token":"improved"},{"count":1,"token":"so"},{"count":1,"token":"she"},{"count":1,"token":"could"},{"count":1,"token":"walk."},{"count":1,"token":"Because"},{"count":1,"token":"recurrence"},{"count":1,"token":"seizures"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"enlargement"},{"count":1,"token":"to"},{"count":1,"token":"hemispherectomy"},{"count":1,"token":"carried"},{"count":1,"token":"out"},{"count":1,"token":"17"},{"count":1,"token":"years"},{"count":1,"token":"first"},{"count":1,"token":"operation."},{"count":1,"token":"Various"},{"count":1,"token":"examinations,"},{"count":1,"token":"including"},{"count":1,"token":"H2"},{"count":1,"token":"15O"},{"count":1,"token":"PET"},{"count":1,"token":"amytal"},{"count":1,"token":"testing,"},{"count":1,"token":"performed"},{"count":1,"token":"before"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"second"},{"count":1,"token":"operation"},{"count":1,"token":"indicated"},{"count":1,"token":"compensatory"},{"count":1,"token":"reinforcement"},{"count":1,"token":"ipsilateral"},{"count":1,"token":"uncrossed"},{"count":1,"token":"corticospinal"},{"count":1,"token":"spinocortical"},{"count":1,"token":"pathways"},{"count":1,"token":"taken"},{"count":1,"token":"place."},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"confirmed"},{"count":1,"token":"postoperatively."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"no"},{"count":1,"token":"new"},{"count":1,"token":"sensorimotor"},{"count":1,"token":"deficits."}],"year":1999},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 151 |
pes2o-7344691
|
Evolution of Base Stations in Cellular Networks: Denser Deployment versus Coordination
It has been demonstrated that base station cooperation can reduce co-channel interference (CCI) and increase cellular system capacity. In this work we consider another approach by dividing the system into microcells through denser base station deployment. We adopt the criterion to maximize the minimum spectral efficiency of served users with a certain user outage constraint. In a two-dimensional hexagon array with homogeneous microcell structure, under the proposed propagation model denser base station deployment outperforms suboptimal cooperation schemes (zero-forcing) when the density increases beyond 3 - 12 base stations per km2, the exact value depending on the rules of outage user selection. However, close- to-optimal cooperation schemes (zero-forcing with dirty-paper- coding) are always superior to denser deployment. Performance of a hierarchial cellular structure mixed with both macrocells and microcells is also evaluated.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2014-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","created":"2008-05-19T00:00:00.000Z","id":"7744702","metadata":{"abstract":"It has been demonstrated that base station cooperation can reduce co-channel interference (CCI) and increase cellular system capacity. In this work we consider another approach by dividing the system into microcells through denser base station deployment. We adopt the criterion to maximize the minimum spectral efficiency of served users with a certain user outage constraint. In a two-dimensional hexagon array with homogeneous microcell structure, under the proposed propagation model denser base station deployment outperforms suboptimal cooperation schemes (zero-forcing) when the density increases beyond 3 - 12 base stations per km2, the exact value depending on the rules of outage user selection. However, close- to-optimal cooperation schemes (zero-forcing with dirty-paper- coding) are always superior to denser deployment. Performance of a hierarchial cellular structure mixed with both macrocells and microcells is also evaluated.","abstract_count":131,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.629932567774858,"extfieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0001.json.gz:3482160","s2fieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"sha1":"1d6193a245f39aed2600f0213be78bc775b341d5","sources":["ScienceParseMerged","DBLP","CiteSeerX","IEEE","Grobid","Crawler","Unpaywall","MAG"],"title":"Evolution of Base Stations in Cellular Networks: Denser Deployment versus Coordination","title_count":11,"title_language":"da","title_perplexity":-14.959012369616984,"top_frequencies":[{"count":7,"token":"the"},{"count":4,"token":"of"},{"count":4,"token":"base"},{"count":4,"token":"with"},{"count":3,"token":"station"},{"count":3,"token":"cooperation"},{"count":3,"token":"denser"},{"count":3,"token":"a"},{"count":2,"token":"and"},{"count":2,"token":"cellular"},{"count":2,"token":"system"},{"count":2,"token":"In"},{"count":2,"token":"microcells"},{"count":2,"token":"deployment."},{"count":2,"token":"to"},{"count":2,"token":"user"},{"count":2,"token":"outage"},{"count":2,"token":"schemes"},{"count":1,"token":"Evolution"},{"count":1,"token":"Base"},{"count":1,"token":"Stations"},{"count":1,"token":"in"},{"count":1,"token":"Cellular"},{"count":1,"token":"Networks:"},{"count":1,"token":"Denser"},{"count":1,"token":"Deployment"},{"count":1,"token":"versus"},{"count":1,"token":"Coordination"},{"count":1,"token":"It"},{"count":1,"token":"has"},{"count":1,"token":"been"},{"count":1,"token":"demonstrated"},{"count":1,"token":"that"},{"count":1,"token":"can"},{"count":1,"token":"reduce"},{"count":1,"token":"co-channel"},{"count":1,"token":"interference"},{"count":1,"token":"(CCI)"},{"count":1,"token":"increase"},{"count":1,"token":"capacity."},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"work"},{"count":1,"token":"we"},{"count":1,"token":"consider"},{"count":1,"token":"another"},{"count":1,"token":"approach"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"dividing"},{"count":1,"token":"into"},{"count":1,"token":"through"},{"count":1,"token":"We"},{"count":1,"token":"adopt"},{"count":1,"token":"criterion"},{"count":1,"token":"maximize"},{"count":1,"token":"minimum"},{"count":1,"token":"spectral"},{"count":1,"token":"efficiency"},{"count":1,"token":"served"},{"count":1,"token":"users"},{"count":1,"token":"certain"},{"count":1,"token":"constraint."},{"count":1,"token":"two-dimensional"},{"count":1,"token":"hexagon"},{"count":1,"token":"array"},{"count":1,"token":"homogeneous"},{"count":1,"token":"microcell"},{"count":1,"token":"structure,"},{"count":1,"token":"under"},{"count":1,"token":"proposed"},{"count":1,"token":"propagation"},{"count":1,"token":"model"},{"count":1,"token":"deployment"},{"count":1,"token":"outperforms"},{"count":1,"token":"suboptimal"},{"count":1,"token":"(zero-forcing)"},{"count":1,"token":"when"},{"count":1,"token":"density"},{"count":1,"token":"increases"},{"count":1,"token":"beyond"},{"count":1,"token":"3"},{"count":1,"token":"-"},{"count":1,"token":"12"},{"count":1,"token":"stations"},{"count":1,"token":"per"},{"count":1,"token":"km2,"},{"count":1,"token":"exact"},{"count":1,"token":"value"},{"count":1,"token":"depending"},{"count":1,"token":"on"},{"count":1,"token":"rules"},{"count":1,"token":"selection."},{"count":1,"token":"However,"},{"count":1,"token":"close-"},{"count":1,"token":"to-optimal"},{"count":1,"token":"(zero-forcing"},{"count":1,"token":"dirty-paper-"},{"count":1,"token":"coding)"},{"count":1,"token":"are"},{"count":1,"token":"always"},{"count":1,"token":"superior"}],"year":2008},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 195 |
flan-19881748
|
Sentence 1: Khong Chai is a district ( `` amphoe '' ) in the southern part of Kalasin Province , northeastern Thailand .
Sentence 2: Khong Chai is a district ( `` Amphoe '' ) in the northeastern part of the Kalasin province , South Thailand .
Do these two sentences convey the same information? no
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,121.0,0.0],[121.0,243.0,0.0],[244.0,298.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"05c9cc6fc879585c25f79f266ed73726","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"paws_wiki:1.1.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":4,"_template_type":"zs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0120.json.gz:13480"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 77 |
pes2o-16511991
|
Exploring infertile women's experiences about sexual life: A qualitative study
BACKGROUND
Infertility is a serious problem in a couple's life that affects their marriage relationships. So, dissatisfaction with sexual function resulting from interpersonal problems is common among these couples. This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of infertile women in their sexual life.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. The participants were 20 infertile women referring to the health care centers and infertility clinics of Isfahan and were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected by tape recording of deep interviews and analyzed by Colaizzi's method.
RESULTS
Analysis of the participants' experiences led to five main concepts: "Disturbed in femininity-body image," "discouragement of sexual relations," "sacrifice of sexual pleasure for the sake of getting pregnant," "confusion in sexual relation during infertility treatment," and "striving to protect their marriage."
CONCLUSIONS
Findings revealed that infertility affects women's different aspects of sexual life, especially disturbance in femininity-body image and sexual reluctance. With regard to women's willingness to protect their matrimonial life and prevent sexual trauma as a destroying factor for their family's mental health, it seems sexual counseling is necessary for infertile couples.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T01:05:21.193Z","created":"2015-02-28T00:00:00.000Z","id":"27882875","metadata":{"abstract":"BACKGROUND\nInfertility is a serious problem in a couple's life that affects their marriage relationships. So, dissatisfaction with sexual function resulting from interpersonal problems is common among these couples. This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of infertile women in their sexual life.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nThis is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. The participants were 20 infertile women referring to the health care centers and infertility clinics of Isfahan and were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected by tape recording of deep interviews and analyzed by Colaizzi's method.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAnalysis of the participants' experiences led to five main concepts: \"Disturbed in femininity-body image,\" \"discouragement of sexual relations,\" \"sacrifice of sexual pleasure for the sake of getting pregnant,\" \"confusion in sexual relation during infertility treatment,\" and \"striving to protect their marriage.\"\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nFindings revealed that infertility affects women's different aspects of sexual life, especially disturbance in femininity-body image and sexual reluctance. With regard to women's willingness to protect their matrimonial life and prevent sexual trauma as a destroying factor for their family's mental health, it seems sexual counseling is necessary for infertile couples.","abstract_count":187,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.85674249064087,"extfieldsofstudy":["Psychology","Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0004.json.gz:1025384","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine","Psychology"],"sha1":"215f9309df61d3c64c67994510684ccb74cb4d60","sources":["ScienceParseMerged","Anansi","PubMedCentral","Medline","MAG"],"title":"Exploring infertile women's experiences about sexual life: A qualitative study","title_count":10,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-15.975785570993084,"top_frequencies":[{"count":10,"token":"sexual"},{"count":8,"token":"of"},{"count":6,"token":"to"},{"count":6,"token":"and"},{"count":5,"token":"a"},{"count":5,"token":"in"},{"count":5,"token":"their"},{"count":4,"token":"infertile"},{"count":4,"token":"is"},{"count":4,"token":"the"},{"count":3,"token":"women's"},{"count":3,"token":"experiences"},{"count":3,"token":"qualitative"},{"count":3,"token":"study"},{"count":3,"token":"were"},{"count":3,"token":"infertility"},{"count":3,"token":"for"},{"count":2,"token":"life"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"affects"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"couples."},{"count":2,"token":"This"},{"count":2,"token":"women"},{"count":2,"token":"by"},{"count":2,"token":"femininity-body"},{"count":2,"token":"protect"},{"count":1,"token":"Exploring"},{"count":1,"token":"about"},{"count":1,"token":"life:"},{"count":1,"token":"A"},{"count":1,"token":"BACKGROUND"},{"count":1,"token":"Infertility"},{"count":1,"token":"serious"},{"count":1,"token":"problem"},{"count":1,"token":"couple's"},{"count":1,"token":"marriage"},{"count":1,"token":"relationships."},{"count":1,"token":"So,"},{"count":1,"token":"dissatisfaction"},{"count":1,"token":"function"},{"count":1,"token":"resulting"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"interpersonal"},{"count":1,"token":"problems"},{"count":1,"token":"common"},{"count":1,"token":"among"},{"count":1,"token":"these"},{"count":1,"token":"aimed"},{"count":1,"token":"explore"},{"count":1,"token":"life."},{"count":1,"token":"MATERIALS"},{"count":1,"token":"AND"},{"count":1,"token":"METHODS"},{"count":1,"token":"phenomenological"},{"count":1,"token":"approach."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"participants"},{"count":1,"token":"20"},{"count":1,"token":"referring"},{"count":1,"token":"health"},{"count":1,"token":"care"},{"count":1,"token":"centers"},{"count":1,"token":"clinics"},{"count":1,"token":"Isfahan"},{"count":1,"token":"selected"},{"count":1,"token":"through"},{"count":1,"token":"purposive"},{"count":1,"token":"sampling."},{"count":1,"token":"Data"},{"count":1,"token":"collected"},{"count":1,"token":"tape"},{"count":1,"token":"recording"},{"count":1,"token":"deep"},{"count":1,"token":"interviews"},{"count":1,"token":"analyzed"},{"count":1,"token":"Colaizzi's"},{"count":1,"token":"method."},{"count":1,"token":"RESULTS"},{"count":1,"token":"Analysis"},{"count":1,"token":"participants'"},{"count":1,"token":"led"},{"count":1,"token":"five"},{"count":1,"token":"main"},{"count":1,"token":"concepts:"},{"count":1,"token":"\"Disturbed"},{"count":1,"token":"image,\""},{"count":1,"token":"\"discouragement"},{"count":1,"token":"relations,\""},{"count":1,"token":"\"sacrifice"},{"count":1,"token":"pleasure"},{"count":1,"token":"sake"},{"count":1,"token":"getting"},{"count":1,"token":"pregnant,\""},{"count":1,"token":"\"confusion"},{"count":1,"token":"relation"},{"count":1,"token":"during"},{"count":1,"token":"treatment,\""},{"count":1,"token":"\"striving"},{"count":1,"token":"marriage.\""}],"year":2015},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 276 |
pes2o-16879175
|
Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy by videolaparoscopic transperitoneal approach in patients with non-seminomatous testicular tumor.
OBJECTIVE
The present study aims to report the preliminary experience with videolaparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in the treatment of patients with non-seminomatous testicular tumor.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seven surgeries were performed in order to access retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with non-seminomatous testicular cancer. We performed the videolaparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (LRL) technique in 5 patients with stage I disease and laparoscopic resection of residual mass (LRRM), following chemotherapy (ChT), in 2 patients with stage II disease. Initial approach was obtained through 4 trocars, using an incision in supra-umbilical midline when manual assistance was required. Surgical time was analyzed, as well as blood loss, need for analgesic drugs postoperatively, hospital stay, complications, need for blood transfusion, histopathological data and tumor control in a mean follow-up of 18 months.
RESULTS
Mean surgical time was 200 to 260 minutes in LRL and LRRM groups respectively, mean blood loss was 300 mL for the LRL group and 400 mL for the LRRM group, without need for transfusions. There was a lesion in the vena cava in the LRL group, which was managed with manual assistance and one conversion in the LRRM group, due to a 10-cm tumor mass that was adhered to the aorta. Mean hospital stay was 3 days, excluding the converted case, and the use of analgesic drugs was needed until the second postoperative day. Of the stage I patients, 2 had active disease in retroperitoneum, and underwent adjuvant ChT. The 2 residual masses were teratomas. There was no recurrence during the follow-up period.
CONCLUSIONS
Videolaparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is a procedure with high technical complexity and a higher potential for conversion when performed following chemotherapy.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-08-29T17:55:05.292Z","created":"2004-09-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"40292465","metadata":{"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\nThe present study aims to report the preliminary experience with videolaparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in the treatment of patients with non-seminomatous testicular tumor.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nSeven surgeries were performed in order to access retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with non-seminomatous testicular cancer. We performed the videolaparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (LRL) technique in 5 patients with stage I disease and laparoscopic resection of residual mass (LRRM), following chemotherapy (ChT), in 2 patients with stage II disease. Initial approach was obtained through 4 trocars, using an incision in supra-umbilical midline when manual assistance was required. Surgical time was analyzed, as well as blood loss, need for analgesic drugs postoperatively, hospital stay, complications, need for blood transfusion, histopathological data and tumor control in a mean follow-up of 18 months.\n\n\nRESULTS\nMean surgical time was 200 to 260 minutes in LRL and LRRM groups respectively, mean blood loss was 300 mL for the LRL group and 400 mL for the LRRM group, without need for transfusions. There was a lesion in the vena cava in the LRL group, which was managed with manual assistance and one conversion in the LRRM group, due to a 10-cm tumor mass that was adhered to the aorta. Mean hospital stay was 3 days, excluding the converted case, and the use of analgesic drugs was needed until the second postoperative day. Of the stage I patients, 2 had active disease in retroperitoneum, and underwent adjuvant ChT. The 2 residual masses were teratomas. There was no recurrence during the follow-up period.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nVideolaparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is a procedure with high technical complexity and a higher potential for conversion when performed following chemotherapy.","abstract_count":272,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.46829146354017,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0004.json.gz:1392568","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"508b33562c396b0e2df3ec9d923d7ee0b60c3c17","sources":["MAG","Medline","Unpaywall","Anansi","ScienceParseMerged"],"title":"Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy by videolaparoscopic transperitoneal approach in patients with non-seminomatous testicular tumor.","title_count":12,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-19.38390583382259,"top_frequencies":[{"count":14,"token":"the"},{"count":13,"token":"in"},{"count":11,"token":"was"},{"count":8,"token":"with"},{"count":8,"token":"and"},{"count":6,"token":"for"},{"count":5,"token":"patients"},{"count":5,"token":"to"},{"count":5,"token":"a"},{"count":4,"token":"lymphadenectomy"},{"count":4,"token":"retroperitoneal"},{"count":4,"token":"of"},{"count":3,"token":"videolaparoscopic"},{"count":3,"token":"non-seminomatous"},{"count":3,"token":"testicular"},{"count":3,"token":"performed"},{"count":3,"token":"stage"},{"count":3,"token":"2"},{"count":3,"token":"blood"},{"count":3,"token":"need"},{"count":3,"token":"LRL"},{"count":3,"token":"LRRM"},{"count":3,"token":"group,"},{"count":2,"token":"approach"},{"count":2,"token":"tumor."},{"count":2,"token":"The"},{"count":2,"token":"were"},{"count":2,"token":"I"},{"count":2,"token":"disease"},{"count":2,"token":"residual"},{"count":2,"token":"mass"},{"count":2,"token":"following"},{"count":2,"token":"when"},{"count":2,"token":"manual"},{"count":2,"token":"assistance"},{"count":2,"token":"time"},{"count":2,"token":"as"},{"count":2,"token":"analgesic"},{"count":2,"token":"drugs"},{"count":2,"token":"hospital"},{"count":2,"token":"tumor"},{"count":2,"token":"mean"},{"count":2,"token":"follow-up"},{"count":2,"token":"Mean"},{"count":2,"token":"mL"},{"count":2,"token":"There"},{"count":2,"token":"conversion"},{"count":1,"token":"Retroperitoneal"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"transperitoneal"},{"count":1,"token":"OBJECTIVE"},{"count":1,"token":"present"},{"count":1,"token":"study"},{"count":1,"token":"aims"},{"count":1,"token":"report"},{"count":1,"token":"preliminary"},{"count":1,"token":"experience"},{"count":1,"token":"treatment"},{"count":1,"token":"MATERIALS"},{"count":1,"token":"AND"},{"count":1,"token":"METHODS"},{"count":1,"token":"Seven"},{"count":1,"token":"surgeries"},{"count":1,"token":"order"},{"count":1,"token":"access"},{"count":1,"token":"lymph"},{"count":1,"token":"nodes"},{"count":1,"token":"cancer."},{"count":1,"token":"We"},{"count":1,"token":"(LRL)"},{"count":1,"token":"technique"},{"count":1,"token":"5"},{"count":1,"token":"laparoscopic"},{"count":1,"token":"resection"},{"count":1,"token":"(LRRM),"},{"count":1,"token":"chemotherapy"},{"count":1,"token":"(ChT),"},{"count":1,"token":"II"},{"count":1,"token":"disease."},{"count":1,"token":"Initial"},{"count":1,"token":"obtained"},{"count":1,"token":"through"},{"count":1,"token":"4"},{"count":1,"token":"trocars,"},{"count":1,"token":"using"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"incision"},{"count":1,"token":"supra-umbilical"},{"count":1,"token":"midline"},{"count":1,"token":"required."},{"count":1,"token":"Surgical"},{"count":1,"token":"analyzed,"},{"count":1,"token":"well"},{"count":1,"token":"loss,"},{"count":1,"token":"postoperatively,"},{"count":1,"token":"stay,"},{"count":1,"token":"complications,"},{"count":1,"token":"transfusion,"},{"count":1,"token":"histopathological"},{"count":1,"token":"data"}],"year":2004},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 412 |
flan-11982427
|
Q: L’évaluation réalisée dans cette étude montre que plusieurs systèmes de corégulation protègent efficacement les objectifs de politique concernés.... English?
A: [The assessment undertaken in this study shows that several co-regulatory systems safeguard the respective policy objectives effectively.]
Q: En général, Cuba dispose de services médicaux acceptables, bien que certains médicaments et équipements courants ne soient pas toujours disponibles.... English?
A: [Generally, Cuba’s medical services are acceptable, although basic medicine and equipment are not always available.]
Q: Je suppose que c'est ce que le Président de l'Assemblée générale, le père d'Escoto Brockmann, entend par fraternité, où l'économique laisse la place à l'œcuménique.... English?
A: [This is, I suppose, what the President of the General Assembly, Father d'Escoto Brockmann, means by brotherhood, where the economic has become the ecumenical.]
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,161.0,0.0],[161.0,303.0,0.0],[304.0,468.0,0.0],[468.0,588.0,0.0],[589.0,769.0,0.0],[769.0,933.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"a42b9f7fd19c85d07a73d05cd04abbae","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":3,"_template_type":"fs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0045.json.gz:42434"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 236 |
pes2o-22042926
|
Strong near-field induced molecular processes on nanoparticles
Strong-field induced processes in molecules such as ionization and dissociation have been subject to theoretical and experimental investigations for many decades [1]. These processes include, e.g., above threshold ionization, high harmonic generation with the generation of attosecond pulses, and laser induced electron diffraction. Since these effects strongly rely on the exact spatial and temporal evolution of the electric fields they are also influenced and controlled by the presence of enhanced near-fields in the proximity of a nanostructure [2]. Recent theoretical and experimental work focused mainly on either atomic processes in strong near-fields or near-field driven photoemission from nanostructures. Here, we go beyond these studies and investigate the near-field control of one of the most fundamental molecular strong-field processes, namely multiple ionization leading to Coulomb explosion.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-10-31T17:57:49.459Z","created":"2017-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"27750317","metadata":{"abstract":"Strong-field induced processes in molecules such as ionization and dissociation have been subject to theoretical and experimental investigations for many decades [1]. These processes include, e.g., above threshold ionization, high harmonic generation with the generation of attosecond pulses, and laser induced electron diffraction. Since these effects strongly rely on the exact spatial and temporal evolution of the electric fields they are also influenced and controlled by the presence of enhanced near-fields in the proximity of a nanostructure [2]. Recent theoretical and experimental work focused mainly on either atomic processes in strong near-fields or near-field driven photoemission from nanostructures. Here, we go beyond these studies and investigate the near-field control of one of the most fundamental molecular strong-field processes, namely multiple ionization leading to Coulomb explosion.","abstract_count":125,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.843319463960215,"extfieldsofstudy":["Materials Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0005.json.gz:2680191","s2fieldsofstudy":["Physics"],"sha1":"c0032d8694d5708d6b55c32cc4b7be3dfb37d983","sources":["Unpaywall","IEEE","ScienceParseMerged","MAG"],"title":"Strong near-field induced molecular processes on nanoparticles","title_count":7,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-15.518913785765314,"top_frequencies":[{"count":7,"token":"and"},{"count":7,"token":"the"},{"count":6,"token":"of"},{"count":4,"token":"processes"},{"count":3,"token":"near-field"},{"count":3,"token":"induced"},{"count":3,"token":"on"},{"count":3,"token":"in"},{"count":2,"token":"molecular"},{"count":2,"token":"ionization"},{"count":2,"token":"to"},{"count":2,"token":"theoretical"},{"count":2,"token":"experimental"},{"count":2,"token":"generation"},{"count":2,"token":"these"},{"count":2,"token":"near-fields"},{"count":1,"token":"Strong"},{"count":1,"token":"nanoparticles"},{"count":1,"token":"Strong-field"},{"count":1,"token":"molecules"},{"count":1,"token":"such"},{"count":1,"token":"as"},{"count":1,"token":"dissociation"},{"count":1,"token":"have"},{"count":1,"token":"been"},{"count":1,"token":"subject"},{"count":1,"token":"investigations"},{"count":1,"token":"for"},{"count":1,"token":"many"},{"count":1,"token":"decades"},{"count":1,"token":"[1]."},{"count":1,"token":"These"},{"count":1,"token":"include,"},{"count":1,"token":"e.g.,"},{"count":1,"token":"above"},{"count":1,"token":"threshold"},{"count":1,"token":"ionization,"},{"count":1,"token":"high"},{"count":1,"token":"harmonic"},{"count":1,"token":"with"},{"count":1,"token":"attosecond"},{"count":1,"token":"pulses,"},{"count":1,"token":"laser"},{"count":1,"token":"electron"},{"count":1,"token":"diffraction."},{"count":1,"token":"Since"},{"count":1,"token":"effects"},{"count":1,"token":"strongly"},{"count":1,"token":"rely"},{"count":1,"token":"exact"},{"count":1,"token":"spatial"},{"count":1,"token":"temporal"},{"count":1,"token":"evolution"},{"count":1,"token":"electric"},{"count":1,"token":"fields"},{"count":1,"token":"they"},{"count":1,"token":"are"},{"count":1,"token":"also"},{"count":1,"token":"influenced"},{"count":1,"token":"controlled"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"presence"},{"count":1,"token":"enhanced"},{"count":1,"token":"proximity"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"nanostructure"},{"count":1,"token":"[2]."},{"count":1,"token":"Recent"},{"count":1,"token":"work"},{"count":1,"token":"focused"},{"count":1,"token":"mainly"},{"count":1,"token":"either"},{"count":1,"token":"atomic"},{"count":1,"token":"strong"},{"count":1,"token":"or"},{"count":1,"token":"driven"},{"count":1,"token":"photoemission"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"nanostructures."},{"count":1,"token":"Here,"},{"count":1,"token":"we"},{"count":1,"token":"go"},{"count":1,"token":"beyond"},{"count":1,"token":"studies"},{"count":1,"token":"investigate"},{"count":1,"token":"control"},{"count":1,"token":"one"},{"count":1,"token":"most"},{"count":1,"token":"fundamental"},{"count":1,"token":"strong-field"},{"count":1,"token":"processes,"},{"count":1,"token":"namely"},{"count":1,"token":"multiple"},{"count":1,"token":"leading"},{"count":1,"token":"Coulomb"},{"count":1,"token":"explosion."}],"year":2017},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 167 |
flan-1778391
|
How is "Unfortunately, no thread of real reform runs through Mr Varela Suanzes-Carpegna's reports." said in Finnish? Valitettavasti Varela Suanzes-Carpegnan mietinnöstä ei löydy mitään johtoajatusta todellisen uudistuksen toteuttamiseksi.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,239.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"d46338097c4cc5992a8553fa879875fc","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt16_translate\/fi-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":6,"_template_type":"zs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-test-0014.json.gz:206059"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 79 |
flan-27292244
|
Translate the following sentence to French:
The behaviour of the 2 Commando soldiers was aggressive, and CWO (ret) Jardine testified that 2 Commando seemed to have a love/hate relationship with the other commandos.9 There was an ongoing rivalry among all commandos, particularly in relation to 1 Commando, a Francophone unit.
Il existait une rivalité entre tous les commandos, notamment par rapport au 1er Commando, une unité francophone. Même si le SMR, l'adjuc (retraité) Jardine, et d'autres militaires croyaient qu'il n'y avait aucune antipathie particulière entre les francophones et les anglophones10, la preuve du contraire s'est manifestée.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[44.0,326.0,0.0],[327.0,650.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"23ff873a9b13ce72f61b7f32eaaad8d7","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":5,"_template_type":"zs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0140.json.gz:128113"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 173 |
flan-6900951
|
Q: Rattlesnake sightings in Berkeley prompt calls for caution
BERKELEYSIDE People out on the trails above Berkeley have been encountering rattlesnakes.
Hikers, runners, and bicyclists along Tilden Park’s popular Skyline Trail have been greeted by something new in the past several days: a large, white poster-board sign scribbled with an unusual warning.
“Rattlesnakes seen on this trail — use caution,” says the handwritten sign, mounted on an A-frame style roadblock on Upper Springs Trail where it cuts down from Skyline, dropping steeply to South Park Drive.
To many aficionados of the East Bay’s extensive network of trails, rattlesnake warnings might not seem unusual. Snake sightings in say, Black Diamond Mines or Sibley Volcanic Preserve are common, say naturalists at the East Bay Regional Park District, which manages both areas, as well as Tilden Park.
Would you like to receive the latest Berkeley news in your email inbox once a day? Subscribe to Berkeleyside’s Daily Briefing.
What are the most important parts of this text?
A: Rattlesnake sightings in Berkeley prompt calls for caution
Q: Baidu Gets Offer for Majority Stake in Qiyi.com
Baidu Inc. on Friday said two executives submitted an offer to buy the Chinese Internet search giant’s majority stake in online video platform Qiyi.com in a deal giving Qiyi an enterprise value of about $2.8 billion.
Baidu Chief Executive Robin Li and Qiyi CEO Yu Gong submitted the nonbinding offer for Qiyi, which streams licensed, high-definition videos. Baidu said it formed a special committee of three independent directors and...
Baidu Inc. on Friday said two executives submitted an offer to buy the Chinese Internet search giant’s majority stake in online video platform Qiyi.com in a deal giving Qiyi an enterprise value of about $2.8 billion.
Baidu Chief Executive Robin Li and Qiyi CEO Yu Gong submitted the nonbinding offer for Qiyi, which streams licensed, high-definition videos. Baidu said it formed a special committee of three independent directors and hired advisers to evaluate the transaction.
The bid for Qiyi follows similar offers by other Chinese executives to take U.S.-listed assets private. Buyout groups have bet that they could take the companies private and list them in China at higher valuations.
Baidu, which owns about 80.5% of Qiyi’s shares on a fully diluted basis, said the $2.8 billion enterprise valuation of Qiyi is on a debt-free and cash-free basis.
Baidu said Qiyi, which was launched in April 2010, would remain a strategic partner and enter into business cooperation contracts with the company.
In July, Baidu said Qiyi’s mobile application became the most popular free app in China Apple App Store.
Baidu shares, down 29% over the past three months, rose 4.1% to $147 in premarket trading.
Write to Austen Hufford at [email protected]
What are the most important parts of this text?
A: Baidu Inc. said two executives submitted an offer to buy the Chinese Internet search giant’s majority stake in online video platform Qiyi.com in a deal giving Qiyi an enterprise value of about $2.8 billion.
Q: JPMorgan's Chief Says Clawback Efforts Are 'Likely'
WASHINGTON — JPMorgan Chase is “likely” to try to recover compensation from executives responsible for a recent multibillion-dollar trading blowup, according to Jamie Dimon, the bank’s chief executive.
In testimony on Wednesday before the Senate Banking Committee, Mr. Dimon assured lawmakers that the bank’s board was investigating the trading losses at the chief investment office. Once the investigation is complete, he said, the bank will decide whose paychecks to pursue.
“When the board finishes the review, you can expect we’ll take proper corrective action,” the executive told a packed hearing room, shortly after a parade of protesters jeered the chief executive. “There’s likely to be clawbacks.”
Mr. Dimon did not name the executives facing scrutiny, but one potential target is Ina Drew, the head of the chief investment unit.
Ms. Drew, who resigned from the bank last month, earned about $14 million last year, making her among the bank’s highest-paid employees.
JPMorgan, Mr. Dimon said, has broad authority to recoup pay. The bank, he said, can claw back compensation for “bad judgment” and other missteps.
“It’s pretty extensive the ability to claw back,” he said.
The revelation emerged from a hearing of more than two hours on Wednesday that featured Mr. Dimon’s first Congressional testimony since the bank disclosed the trading loss in May. He is also scheduled to testify next week before the House Financial Services Committee, which will host the final in a series of hearings into the trading losses.
On Wednesday, Mr. Dimon received a warm welcome from Republican lawmakers, suggesting that his status as Washington’s favorite banker remains intact. Some Republicans praised JPMorgan for navigating the financial crisis better than other Wall Street firms, and even sought Mr. Dimon’s advice on fixing the economy.
The chief executive, faced with more challenging questions from Democrats about gaps in risk management and his own leadership, both apologized for the mishap and defiantly defended his bank and its reputation.
“We’re doing what a bank is supposed to do,” he said, adding that he was proud of the bank.
Mr. Dimon acknowledged, however, that his own efforts to play down the threat of the trade in April were “dead wrong.”
“It changed into something I cannot publicly defend,” he said.
The JPMorgan chief disclosed on Wednesday for the first time that internal risk alarms were set off in March. The red flags came weeks before he told analysts that concerns about the chief investment office were a “complete tempest in a teapot,” raising new questions about Mr. Dimon’s disclosures.
Despite his focus on clawing back compensation, Mr. Dimon offered a loose defense of the bank’s pay packages. He dismissed concerns that outsize pay packages prompted the trading blunder, which has already cost the bank at least $3 billion.
“Did the pay structure at the C.I.O. incentivize risky behavior?” asked Senator Tim Johnson, the South Dakota Democrat who leads the banking committee.
Mr. Dimon said, “I don’t believe that the compensation made the problem worse.”
What are the most important parts of this text?
A: In testimony before the Senate Banking Committee, Jamie Dimon assured lawmakers that the bank's board was investigating the trading losses. Once the investigation is complete, he said, the bank will decide whose paychecks to pursue.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,62.0,0.0],[63.0,153.0,0.0],[154.0,357.0,0.0],[358.0,566.0,0.0],[567.0,869.0,0.0],[870.0,997.0,0.0],[997.0,1045.0,0.0],[1046.0,1108.0,0.0],[1110.0,1161.0,0.0],[1162.0,1379.0,0.0],[1380.0,1600.0,0.0],[1601.0,1818.0,0.0],[1819.0,2080.0,0.0],[2081.0,2296.0,0.0],[2297.0,2460.0,0.0],[2461.0,2609.0,0.0],[2610.0,2715.0,0.0],[2716.0,2807.0,0.0],[2808.0,2858.0,0.0],[2858.0,2906.0,0.0],[2907.0,3117.0,0.0],[3119.0,3174.0,0.0],[3175.0,3377.0,0.0],[3378.0,3653.0,0.0],[3654.0,3885.0,0.0],[3886.0,4018.0,0.0],[4019.0,4156.0,0.0],[4157.0,4303.0,0.0],[4304.0,4363.0,0.0],[4364.0,4708.0,0.0],[4709.0,5024.0,0.0],[5025.0,5236.0,0.0],[5237.0,5329.0,0.0],[5330.0,5449.0,0.0],[5450.0,5513.0,0.0],[5514.0,5813.0,0.0],[5814.0,6055.0,0.0],[6056.0,6208.0,0.0],[6209.0,6289.0,0.0],[6289.0,6337.0,0.0],[6338.0,6574.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"a5f9865a201bf93c08bec47c944ba398","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"newsroom:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":3,"_template_type":"fs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0011.json.gz:43448"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 1,546 |
flan-22004444
|
Das sind unter anderem die wichtigsten Gründe für meine Ja-Stimme für diesen Bericht.
Translate this to English? These are the main reasons, among others, for my vote in support of this report.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,86.0,0.0],[87.0,195.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"40b48670351026626a7e40583e2b68e2","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt16_translate\/de-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":3,"_template_type":"zs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0127.json.gz:343860"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 53 |
pes2o-21660505
|
Translational enhancers of EAAT2: therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disease.
Glutamate excitotoxicity contributes to the neuronal injury and death associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. The glutamate transporter EAAT2, which is primarily localized on astrocytic processes, facilitates glutamate clearance from synapses, thus preventing neuronal damage. In this issue of the JCI, Kong et al. characterize a compound that upregulates EAAT2 translation, thereby increasing glutamate uptake by glial cells. Furthermore, this strategy for alleviating excitotoxicity was found to be beneficial in mouse models of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and epilepsy, suggesting that future development in this chemical series may lead to much-needed treatments for these disorders.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-06-12T19:16:11.766Z","created":"2014-03-03T00:00:00.000Z","id":"1825357","metadata":{"abstract":"Glutamate excitotoxicity contributes to the neuronal injury and death associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. The glutamate transporter EAAT2, which is primarily localized on astrocytic processes, facilitates glutamate clearance from synapses, thus preventing neuronal damage. In this issue of the JCI, Kong et al. characterize a compound that upregulates EAAT2 translation, thereby increasing glutamate uptake by glial cells. Furthermore, this strategy for alleviating excitotoxicity was found to be beneficial in mouse models of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and epilepsy, suggesting that future development in this chemical series may lead to much-needed treatments for these disorders.","abstract_count":95,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.670899212591712,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0005.json.gz:2297770","s2fieldsofstudy":["Biology"],"sha1":"81912609b2f8bd2fd848820103584f6a50583791","sources":["MAG","ScienceParseMerged","Anansi","Unpaywall","Medline"],"title":"Translational enhancers of EAAT2: therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disease.","title_count":9,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-18.80337822529804,"top_frequencies":[{"count":3,"token":"of"},{"count":3,"token":"for"},{"count":3,"token":"to"},{"count":3,"token":"glutamate"},{"count":3,"token":"this"},{"count":2,"token":"neurodegenerative"},{"count":2,"token":"excitotoxicity"},{"count":2,"token":"the"},{"count":2,"token":"neuronal"},{"count":2,"token":"and"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"in"},{"count":1,"token":"Translational"},{"count":1,"token":"enhancers"},{"count":1,"token":"EAAT2:"},{"count":1,"token":"therapeutic"},{"count":1,"token":"implications"},{"count":1,"token":"disease."},{"count":1,"token":"Glutamate"},{"count":1,"token":"contributes"},{"count":1,"token":"injury"},{"count":1,"token":"death"},{"count":1,"token":"associated"},{"count":1,"token":"with"},{"count":1,"token":"many"},{"count":1,"token":"diseases."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"transporter"},{"count":1,"token":"EAAT2,"},{"count":1,"token":"which"},{"count":1,"token":"is"},{"count":1,"token":"primarily"},{"count":1,"token":"localized"},{"count":1,"token":"on"},{"count":1,"token":"astrocytic"},{"count":1,"token":"processes,"},{"count":1,"token":"facilitates"},{"count":1,"token":"clearance"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"synapses,"},{"count":1,"token":"thus"},{"count":1,"token":"preventing"},{"count":1,"token":"damage."},{"count":1,"token":"In"},{"count":1,"token":"issue"},{"count":1,"token":"JCI,"},{"count":1,"token":"Kong"},{"count":1,"token":"et"},{"count":1,"token":"al."},{"count":1,"token":"characterize"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"compound"},{"count":1,"token":"upregulates"},{"count":1,"token":"EAAT2"},{"count":1,"token":"translation,"},{"count":1,"token":"thereby"},{"count":1,"token":"increasing"},{"count":1,"token":"uptake"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"glial"},{"count":1,"token":"cells."},{"count":1,"token":"Furthermore,"},{"count":1,"token":"strategy"},{"count":1,"token":"alleviating"},{"count":1,"token":"was"},{"count":1,"token":"found"},{"count":1,"token":"be"},{"count":1,"token":"beneficial"},{"count":1,"token":"mouse"},{"count":1,"token":"models"},{"count":1,"token":"both"},{"count":1,"token":"amyotrophic"},{"count":1,"token":"lateral"},{"count":1,"token":"sclerosis"},{"count":1,"token":"(ALS)"},{"count":1,"token":"epilepsy,"},{"count":1,"token":"suggesting"},{"count":1,"token":"future"},{"count":1,"token":"development"},{"count":1,"token":"chemical"},{"count":1,"token":"series"},{"count":1,"token":"may"},{"count":1,"token":"lead"},{"count":1,"token":"much-needed"},{"count":1,"token":"treatments"},{"count":1,"token":"these"},{"count":1,"token":"disorders."}],"year":2014},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 146 |
dclm-412749970
|
1. A business firm grows and attains great strength, and afterwards perhaps stagnates and decays; and at the turning point there is a balancing or equilibrium of the forces of life and decay: the latter part of Book IV has been chiefly occupied with such balancing of forces in the life and decay of a people, or of a method of industry or trading. And as we reach to the higher stages of our work, we shall need ever more and more to think of economic forces as resembling those which make a young man grow in strength, till he reaches his prime; after which he gradually becomes stiff and inactive, till at last he sinks to make room for other and more vigorous life. But to prepare the way for this advanced study we want first to look at a simpler balancing of forces which corresponds rather to the mechanical equilibrium of a stone hanging by an elastic string, or of a number of balls resting against one another in a basin.
We have now to examine the general relations of demand and supply; especially those which are connected with that adjustment of price, by which they are maintained in "equilibrium." This term is in common use and may be used for the present without special explanation. But there are many difficulties connected with it, which can only be handled gradually: and indeed they will occupy our attention during a great part of this Book.
Illustrations will be taken now from one class of economic problems and now from another, but the main course of the reasoning will be kept free from assumptions which specially belong to any particular class.
Thus it is not descriptive, nor does it deal constructively with real problems. But it sets out the theoretical backbone of our knowledge of the causes which govern value, and thus prepares the way for the construction which is to begin in the following Book. It aims not so much at the attainment of knowledge, as at the power to obtain and arrange knowledge with regard to two opposing sets of forces, those which impel man to economic efforts and sacrifices, and those which hold him back.
We must begin with a short and provisional account of markets: for that is needed to give precision to the ideas in this and the following Books. But the organization of markets is intimately connected both as cause and effect with money, credit, and foreign trade; a full study of it must therefore be deferred to a later volume, where it will be taken in connection with commercial and industrial fluctuations, and with combinations of producers and of merchants, of employers and employed.
2. When demand and supply are spoken of in relation to one another, it is of course necessary that the markets to which they refer should be the same. As Cournot says, "Economists understand by the term Market, not any particular market place in which things are bought and sold, but the whole of any region in which buyers and sellers are in such free intercourse with one another that the prices of the same goods tend to equality easily and quickly."(1*) Or again as Jevons says: -- "Originally a market was a public place in a town where provisions and other objects were exposed for sale; but the word has been generalized, so as to mean any body of persons who are in intimate business relations and carry on extensive transactions in any commodity. A great city may contain as many markets as there are important branches of trade, and these markets may or may not be localized. The central point of a market is the public exchange, mart or auction rooms, where the traders agree to meet and transact business. In London the Stock Market, the Corn Market, the Coal Market, the Sugar Market, and many others are distinctly localized; in Manchester the Cotton Market, the Cotton Waste Market, and others. But this distinction of locality is not necessary. The traders may be spread over a whole town, or region of country, and vet make a market, if they are, by means of fairs, meetings, published price lists, the post-office or otherwise, in close communication with each other."(2*)
Thus the more nearly perfect a market is, the stronger is the tendency for the same price to be paid for the same thing at the same time in all parts of the market: but of course if the market is large, allowance must be made for the expense of delivering the goods to different purchasers; each of whom must be supposed to pay in addition to the market price a special charge on account of delivery.(3*)
3. In applying economic reasonings in practice it is often difficult to ascertain how far the movements of supply and demand in any one place are influenced by those in another. It is clear that the general tendency of the telegraph, the printing-press and steam traffic is to extend the area over which such influences act and to increase their force. The whole Western World may, in a sense, be regarded as one market for many kinds of stock exchange securities, for the more valuable metals, and to a less extent for wool and cotton and even wheat; proper allowance being made for expenses of transport, in which may be included taxes levied by any customs houses through which the goods have to pass. For in all these cases the expenses of transport, including customs duties, are not sufficient to prevent buyers from all parts of the Western World from competing with one another for the same supplies.
There are many special causes which may widen or narrow the market of any particular commodity: but nearly all those things for which there is a very wide market are in universal demand, and capable of being easily and exactly described. Thus for instance cotton, wheat, and iron satisfy wants that are urgent and nearly universal. They can be easily described, so that they can be bought and sold by persons at a distance from one another and at a distance also from the commodities. If necessary, samples can be taken of them which are truly representative: and they can even be "graded," as is the actual practice with regard to grain in America, by an independent authority; so that the purchaser may be secure that what he buys will come up to a given standard, though he has never seen a sample of the goods which he is buying and perhaps would not be able himself to form an opinion on it if he did.(4*)
Commodities for which there is a very wide market must also be such as will bear a long carriage: they must be somewhat durable, and their value must be considerable in proportion to their bulk. A thing which is so bulky that its price is necessarily raised very much when it is sold far away from the place in which it is produced, must as a rule have a narrow market. The market for common bricks for instance is practically confined to the near neighbourhood of the kilns in which they are made: they can scarcely ever bear a long carriage by land to a district which has any kilns of its own. But bricks of certain exceptional kinds have markets extending over a great part of England.
4. Let us then consider more closely the markets for things which satisfy in an exceptional way these conditions of being in general demand, cognizable and portable. They are, as we have said, stock exchange securities and the more valuable metals.
Any one share or bond of a public company, or any bond of a government is of exactly the same value as any other of the same issue: it can make no difference to any purchaser which of the two he buys. Some securities, principally those of comparatively small mining, shipping, and other companies, require local knowledge, and are not very easily dealt in except on the stock exchanges of provincial towns in their immediate neighbourhood. But the whole of England is one market for the shares and bonds of a large English railway. In ordinary times a dealer will sell, say, Midland Railway shares, even if he has not them himself; because he knows they are always coming into the market, and he is sure to be able to buy them.
But the strongest case of all is that of securities which are called "international," because they are in request in every part of the globe. They are the bonds of the chief governments, and of very large public companies such as those of the Suez Canal and the New York Central Railway. For bonds of this class the telegraph keeps prices at almost exactly the same level in all the stock exchanges of the world. If the price of one of them rises in New York or in Paris, in London or in Berlin, the mere news of the rise tends to cause a rise in other markets; and if for any reason the rise is delayed, that particular class of bonds is likely soon to be offered for sale in the high priced market under telegraphic orders from the other markets, while dealers in the first market will be making telegraphic purchases in other markets. These sales on the one hand, and purchases on the other, strengthen the tendency which the price has to seek the same level everywhere; and unless some of the markets are in an abnormal condition, the tendency soon becomes irresistible.
On the stock exchange also a dealer can generally make sure of selling at nearly the same price as that at which he buys; and he is often willing to buy first class stocks at a half, or a quarter, or an eighth, or in some cases even a sixteenth per cent less than he offers in the same breath to sell them at. If there are two securities equally good, but one of them belongs to a large issue of bonds, and the other to a small issue by the same government, so that the first is constantly coming on the market, and the latter but seldom, then the dealers will on this account alone require a larger margin between their selling price and their buying price in the latter case than in the former.(5*) This illustrates well the great law, that the larger the market for a commodity the smaller generally are the fluctuations in its price, and the lower is the percentage on the turnover which dealers charge for doing business in it.
Stock exchanges then are the pattern on which markets have been, and are being formed for dealing in many kinds of produce which can be easily and exactly described, are portable and in general demand. The material commodities however which possess these qualities in the highest degree are gold and silver. For that very reason they have been chosen by common consent for use as money, to represent the value of other things: the world market for them is most highly organized, and will be found to offer many subtle illustrations of the actions of the laws which we are now discussing.
5. At the opposite extremity to international stock exchange securities and the more valuable metals are, firstly, things which must be made to order to suit particular individuals, such as well-fitting clothes; and, secondly, perishable and bulky goods, such as fresh vegetables, which can seldom be profitably carried long distances. The first can scarcely be said to have a wholesale market at all; the conditions by which their price is determined are those of retail buying and selling, and the study of them may be postponed.(6*)
There are indeed wholesale markets for the second class, but they are confined within narrow boundaries; we may find our typical instance in the sale of the commoner kinds of vegetables in a country town. The market-gardeners in the neighbourhood have probably to arrange for the sale of their vegetables to the townspeople with but little external interference on either side. There may be some check to extreme prices by the power on the one side of selling, and on the other of buying elsewhere; but under ordinary circumstances the check is inoperative, and it may happen that the dealers in such a case are able to combine, and thus fix an artificial monopoly price; that is, a price determined with little direct reference to cost of production, but chiefly by a consideration of what the market will bear.
On the other hand, it may happen that some of the market-gardeners are almost equally near a second country town, and send their vegetables now to one and now to the other; and some people who occasionally buy in the first town may have equally good access to the second. The least variation in price will lead them to prefer the better market; and thus make the bargainings in the two towns to some extent mutually dependent. It may happen that this second town is in close communication with London or some other central market, so that its prices are controlled by the prices in the central market; and in that case prices in our first town also must move to a considerable extent in harmony with them. As news passes from mouth to mouth till a rumour spreads far away from its forgotten sources, so even the most secluded market is liable to be influenced by changes of which those in the market have no direct cognizance, changes that have had their origin far away and have spread gradually from market to market.
6. Again, markets vary with regard to the period of time which is allowed to the forces of demand and supply to bring themselves into equilibrium with one another, as well as with regard to the area over which they extend. And this element of Time requires more careful attention just now than does that of Space. For the nature of the equilibrium itself, and that of the causes by which it is determined, depend on the length of the period over which the market is taken to extend. We shall find that if the period is short, the supply is limited to the stores which happen to be at hand: if the period is longer, the supply will be influenced, more or less, by the cost of producing the commodity in question; and if the period is very long, this cost will in its turn be influenced, more or less, by the cost of producing the labour and the material things required for producing the commodity. These three classes of course merge into one another by imperceptible degrees. We will begin with the first class; and consider in the next chapter those temporary equilibria of demand and supply, in which "supply" means in effect merely the stock available at the time for sale in the market; so that it cannot be directly influenced by the cost of production.
1. Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses, ch. IV. See also above III, IV, section 7.
2. Theory of Political Economy, ch. IV.
3. Thus it is common to see the prices of bulky goods quoted as delivered "free on board" (f.o.b.) any vessel in a certain port, each purchaser having to make his own reckoning for bringing the goods home.
1. The simplest case of balance or equilibrium between. desire and effort is found when a person satisfies one of his wants by his own direct work. When a boy picks blackberries for his own eating, the action of picking is probably itself pleasurable for a while; and for some time longer the pleasure of eating is more than enough to repay the trouble of picking. But after he has eaten a good deal, the desire for more diminishes; while the task of picking begins to cause weariness, which may indeed be a feeling of monotony rather than of fatigue. Equilibrium is reached when at last his eagerness to play and his disinclination for the work of picking counterbalance the desire for eating. The satisfaction which he can get from picking fruit has arrived at its maximum: for up to that time every fresh picking has added more to his pleasure than it has taken away; and after that time any further picking would take away from his pleasure more than it would add.(1*)
In a casual bargain that one person makes with another, as for instance when two backwoodsmen barter a rifle for a canoe, there is seldom anything that can properly be called an equilibrium of supply and demand: there is probably a margin of satisfaction on either side; for probably the one would be willing to give something besides the rifle for the canoe, if he could not get the canoe otherwise; while the other would in case of necessity give something besides the canoe for the rifle.
It is indeed possible that a true equilibrium may be arrived at under a system of barter; but barter, though earlier in history than buying and selling, is in some ways more intricate; and the simplest cases of a true equilibrium value are found in the markets of a more advanced state of civilization.
We may put aside as of little practical importance a class of dealings which has been much discussed. They relate to pictures by old masters, rare coins and other things, which cannot be "graded" at all. The price at which each is sold, will depend much on whether any rich persons with a fancy for it happen to be present at its sale. If not, it will probably be bought by dealers who reckon on being able to sell it at a profit; and the variations in the price for which the same picture sells at successive auctions, great as they are, would be greater still if it were not for the steadying influence of professional purchasers.
2. Let us then turn to the ordinary dealings of modern life; and take an illustration from a corn-market in a country town, and let us assume for the sake of simplicity that all the corn in the market is of the same quality. The amount which each farmer or other seller offers for sale at any price is governed by his own need for money in hand, and by his calculation of the present and future conditions of the market with which he is connected. There are some prices which no seller would accept, some which no one would refuse. There are other intermediate prices which would be accepted for larger or smaller amounts by many or all of the sellers. Everyone will try to guess the state of the market and to govern his actions accordingly. Let us suppose that in fact there are not more than 600 quarters, the holders of which are willing to accept as low a price as 35s.; but that holders of another hundred would be tempted by 36s.; and holders of yet another three hundred by 37s. Let us suppose also that a price of 37s. would tempt buyers for only 600 quarters; while another hundred could be sold at 36s., and yet another two hundred at 35s. These facts may be put out in a table thus:--
At the price Holders will be Buyer will be
willing to sell willing to buy
37s. 1000 quarters 600 quarters
36s. 700 " 700 "
35s. 600 " 900 "
Of course some of those who are really willing to take 36s. rather than leave the market without selling, will not show at once that they are ready to accept that price. And in like manner buyers will fence, and pretend to be less eager than they really are. So the price may be tossed hither and thither like a shuttlecock, as one side or the other gets the better in the "higgling and bargaining" of the market. But unless they are unequally matched; unless, for instance, one side is very simple or unfortunate in failing to gauge the strength of the other side, the price is likely to be never very far from 36s.; and it is nearly sure to be pretty close to 36s. at the end of the market. For if a holder thinks that the buyers will really be able to get at 36s. all that they care to take at that price, he will be unwilling to let slip past him any offer that is well above that price.
Buyers on their part will make similar calculations; and if at any time the price should rise considerably above 36s. they will argue that the supply will be much greater than the demand at that price: therefore even those of them who would rather pay that price than go unserved, wait; and by waiting they help to bring the price down. On the other hand, when the price is much below 36s., even those sellers who would rather take the price than leave the market with their corn unsold, will argue that at that price the demand will be in excess of the supply: so they will wait, and by waiting help to bring the price up.
The price of 36s. has thus some claim to be called the true equilibrium price: because if it were fixed on at the beginning, and adhered to throughout, it would exactly equate demand and supply (i.e. the amount which buyers were willing to purchase at that price would be just equal to that for which sellers were willing to take that price); and because every dealer who has a perfect knowledge of the circumstances of the market expects that price to be established If he sees the price differing much from 36s. he expects that a change will come before long, and by anticipating it he helps it to come quickly.
It is not indeed necessary for our argument that any dealers should have a thorough knowledge of the circumstances of the market. Many of the buyers may perhaps underrate the willingness of the sellers to sell, with the effect that for some time the price rules at the highest level at which any buyers can be found; and thus 500 quarters may be sold before the price sinks below 37s. But afterwards the price must begin to fall and the result will still probably be that 200 more quarters will be sold, and the market will close on a price of about 36s. For when 700 quarters have been sold, no seller will be anxious to dispose of any more except at a higher price than 36s., and no buyer will be anxious to purchase any more except at a lower price than 36s. In the same way if the sellers had underrated the willingness of the buyers to pay a high price, some of them might begin to sell at the lowest price they would take, rather than have their corn left on their hands, and in this case much corn might be sold at a price of 35s.; but the market would probably close on a price of 36s. and a total sale of 700 quarters.(2*)
3. In this illustration there is a latent assumption which is in accordance with the actual conditions of most markets; but which ought to be distinctly recognized in order to prevent its creeping into those cases in which it is not justifiable. We tacitly assumed that the sum which purchasers were willing to pay, and which sellers were willing to take, for the seven hundredth quarter would not be affected by the question whether the earlier bargains had been made at a high or a low rate. We allowed for the diminution in the buyers' need of corn [its marginal utility to them] as the amount bought increased. But we did not allow for any appreciable change in their unwillingness to part with money [its marginal utility]; we assumed that that would be practically the same whether the early payments had been at a high or a low rate.
This assumption is justifiable with regard to most of the market dealings with which we are practically concerned. When a person buys anything for his own consumption, he generally spends on it a small part of his total resources; while when he buys it for the purposes of trade, he looks to re-selling it, and therefore his potential resources are not diminished. In either case there is no appreciable change in his willingness to part with money. There may indeed be individuals of whom this is not true; but there are sure to be present some dealers with large stocks of money at their command; and their influence steadies the market.(3*)
The exceptions are rare and unimportant in markets for commodities; but in markets for labour they are frequent and important. When a workman is in fear of hunger, his need of money [its marginal utility to him] is very great; and, if at starting, he gets the worst of the bargaining, and is employed at low wages, it remains great, and he may go on selling his labour at a low rate. That is all the more probable because, while the advantage in bargaining is likely to be pretty well distributed between the two sides of a market for commodities, it is more often on the side of the buyers than on that of the sellers in a market for labour. Another difference between a labour market and a market for commodities arises from the fact that each seller of labour has only one unit of labour to dispose of. These are two among many facts, in which we shall find, as we go on, the explanation of much of that instinctive objection which the working classes have felt to the habit of some economists, particularly those of the employer class, of treating labour simply as a commodity and regarding the labour market as like every other market; whereas in fact the differences between the two cases, though not fundamental from the point of view of theory, are yet clearly marked, and in practice often very important.
The theory of buying and selling becomes therefore much more complex when we take account of the dependence of marginal utility on amount in the case of money as well as of the commodity itself. The practical importance of this consideration is not very great. But a contrast is drawn in Appendix F between barter and dealings in which one side of each exchange is in the form of general purchasing power. In barter a person 's stock of either commodity exchanged needs to be adjusted closely to his individual wants. If his stock is too large he may have no good use for it. If his stock is too small he may have some difficulty in finding any one who can conveniently give him what he wants and is also in need of the particular things of which he himself has a superfluity. But any one who has a stock of general purchasing power, can obtain any thing he wants as soon as he meets with any one who has a superfluity of that thing. he needs not to hunt about till he comes across "the double coincidence" of a person who can spare what he wants, and also wants what he can spare. Consequently every one, and especially a professional dealer, can afford to keep command over a large stock of money; and can therefore make considerable purchases without depleting his stock of money or greatly altering its marginal value.
1. See IV, I, section 2, and Note XII in the Mathematical Appendix.
In this case the sellers in consequence of getting an advantage in bargaining at the beginning of the market might retain to the end a price higher than the equilibrium price. The price at which the market dosed would be an equilibrium price; and though not properly described as the equilibrium price, it would be very unlikely to diverge widely from that price.
1. We have next to inquire what causes govern supply prices, that is prices which dealers are willing to accept for different amounts. In the last chapter we looked at the affairs of only a single day. and supposed the stocks offered for sale to be already in existence. But of course these stocks are dependent on the amount of wheat sown in the preceding year; and that, in its turn, was largely influenced by the farmers' guesses as to the price which they would get for it in this year. This is the point at which we have to work in the present chapter.
Even in the corn-exchange of a country town on a market-day the equilibrium price is affected by calculations of the future relations of production and consumption; while in the leading corn-markets of America and Europe dealings for future delivery already predominate and are rapidly weaving into one web all the leading threads of trade in corn throughout the whole world. Some of these dealings in "futures" are but incidents in speculative manoeuvres; but in the main they are governed by calculations of the world's consumption on the one hand, and of the existing stocks and coming harvests in the Northern and Southern hemispheres on the other. Dealers take account of the areas sown with each kind of grain, of the forwardness and weight of the crops, of the supply of things which can be used as substitutes for grain, and of the things for which grain can be used as a substitute. Thus, when buying or selling barley, they take account of the supplies of such things as sugar, which can be used as substitutes for it in brewing, and again of all the various feeding stuffs, a scarcity of which might raise the value of barley for consumption on the farm. If it is thought that the growers of any kind of grain in any part of the world have been losing money, and are likely to sow a less area for a future harvest; it is argued that prices are likely to rise as soon as that harvest comes into sight, and its shortness is manifest to all. Anticipations of that rise exercise an influence on present sales for future delivery, and that in its turn influences cash prices; so that these prices are indirectly affected by estimates of the expenses of producing further supplies.
But in this and the following chapters we are specially concerned with movements of price ranging over still longer periods than those for which the most far-sighted dealers in futures generally make their reckoning.. we have to consider the volume of production adjusting itself to the conditions of the market, and the normal price being thus determined at the position of stable equilibrium of normal demand and normal supply.
We may revert to the analogy between the supply price and the demand price of a commodity. Assuming for the moment that the efficiency of production depends solely upon the exertions of the workers, we saw that "the price required to call forth the exertion necessary for producing any given amount of a commodity may be called the supply price for that amount, with reference of course to a given unit of time."(1*) But now we have to take account of the fact that the production of a commodity generally requires many different kinds of labour and the use of capital in many forms. The exertions of all the different kinds of labour that are directly or indirectly involved in making it; together with the abstinences or rather the waitings required for saving the capital used in making it: all these efforts and sacrifices together will be called the real cost of production of the commodity. The sums of money that have to be paid for these efforts and sacrifices will be called either its money cost of production, or, for shortness, its expenses of production; they are the prices which have to be paid in order to call forth an adequate supply of the efforts and waitings that are required for making it; or, in other words, they are its supply price.(2*)
The analysis of the expenses of production of a commodity might be carried backward to any length; but it is seldom worth while to go back very far. It is for instance often sufficient to take the supply prices of the different kinds of raw materials used in any manufacture as ultimate facts, without analysing these supply prices into the several elements of which they are composed; otherwise indeed the analysis would never end. We may then arrange the things that are required for making a commodity into whatever groups are convenient, and call them its factors of production.
Its expenses of production when any given amount of it is produced are thus the supply prices of the corresponding quantities of its factors of production. And the sum of these is the supply price of that amount of the commodity.
3. The typical modern market is often regarded as that in which manufacturers sell goods to wholesale dealers at prices into which but few trading expenses enter. But taking a broader view, we may consider that the supply price of a commodity is the price at which it will be delivered for sale to that group of persons whose demand for it we are have considering; or, in other words, in the market which we have in view. On the character of that market will depend how many trading expenses have to be reckoned to make up the supply price.(3*) For instance, the supply price of wood in the neighbourhood of Canadian forests often consists almost exclusively of the price of the labour of lumber men: but the supply price of the same wood in the wholesale London market consists in a large measure of freights; while its supply price to a small retail buyer in an English country town is more than half made up of the charges of the railways and middlemen who have brought what he wants to his doors, and keep a stock of it ready for him. Again, the supply price of a certain kind of labour may for some purposes be divided up into the expenses of rearing, of general education and of special trade education. The possible combinations are numberless; and though each may have incidents of its own which will require separate treatment in the complete solution of any problem connected with it, yet all such incidents may be ignored, so far as the general reasonings of this Book are concerned.
In calculating the expenses of production of a commodity we must take account of the fact that changes in the amounts produced are likely, even when there is no new invention, to be accompanied by changes in the relative quantities of its several factors of production. For instance, when the scale of production increases, horse or steam power is likely to be substituted for manual labour; materials are likely to be brought from a greater distance and in greater quantities, thus increasing those expenses of production which correspond to the work of carriers, middlemen and traders of all kinds.
As far as the knowledge and business enterprise of the producers reach, they in each case choose those factors of production which are best for their purpose; the sum of the supply prices of those factors which are used is, as a rule, less than the sum of the supply prices of any other set of factors which could be substituted for them; and whenever it appears to the producers that this is not the case, they will, as a rule, set to work to substitute the less expensive method. And further on we shall see how in a somewhat similar way society substitutes one undertaker for another who is less efficient in proportion to his charges. We may call this, for convenience of reference, The principle of substitution.
The applications of this principle extend over almost every field of economic inquiry.(4*)
4. The position then is this: we are investigating the equilibrium of normal demand and normal supply in their most general form; we are neglecting those features which are special to particular parts of economic science, and are confining our attention to those broad relations which are common to nearly the whole of it. Thus we assume that the forces of demand and supply have free play; that there is no close combination among dealers on either side, but each acts for himself, and there is much free competition; that is, buyers generally compete freely with buyers, and sellers compete freely with sellers. But though everyone acts for himself, his knowledge of what others are doing is supposed to be generally sufficient to prevent him from taking a lower or paying a higher price than others are doing. This is assumed provisionally to be true both of finished goods and of their factors of production, of the hire of labour and of the borrowing of capital. We have already inquired to some extent, and we shall have to inquire further, how far these assumptions are in accordance with the actual facts of life. But meanwhile this is the supposition on which we proceed; we assume that there is only one price in the market at one and the same time; it being understood that separate allowance is made, when necessary, for differences in the expense of delivering goods to dealers in different parts of the market; including allowance for the special expenses of retailing, if it is a retail market.
In such a market there is a demand price for each amount of the commodity, that is, a price at which each particular amount of the commodity can find purchasers in a day or week or year. The circumstances which govern this price for any given amount of the commodity vary in character from one problem to another; but in every case the more of a thing is offered for sale in a market the lower is the price at which it will find purchasers; or in other words, the demand price for each bushel or yard diminishes with every increase in the amount offered.
The unit of time may be chosen according to the circumstances of each particular problem: it may be a day, a month, a year, or even a generation: but in every case it must be short relatively to the period of the market under discussion. It is to be assumed that the general circumstances of the market remain unchanged throughout this period; that there is, for instance, no change in fashion or taste, no new substitute which might affect the demand, no new invention to disturb the supply.
The conditions of normal supply are less definite; and a full study of them must be reserved for later chapters. They will be found to vary in detail with the length of the period of time to which the investigation refers; chiefly because both the material capital of machinery and other business plant, and the immaterial capital of business skill and ability and organization, are of slow growth and slow decay.
Let us call to mind the "representative firm," whose economies of production, internal and external, are dependent on the aggregate volume of production of the commodity that it makes;(5*) and, postponing all further study of the nature of this dependence, let us assume that the normal supply price of any amount of that commodity may be taken to be its normal expenses of production (including gross earnings of management(6*)) by that firm. That is, let us assume that this is the price the expectation of which will just suffice to maintain the existing aggregate amount of production; some firms meanwhile rising and increasing their output, and others falling and diminishing theirs; but the aggregate production remaining unchanged. A price higher than this would increase the growth of the rising firms, and slacken, though it might not arrest, the decay of the falling firms; with the net result of an increase in the aggregate production. On the other hand, a price lower than this would hasten the decay of the falling firms, and slacken the growth of the rising firms; and on the whole diminish production: and a rise or fall of price would affect in like manner though perhaps not in an equal degree those great joint-stock companies which often stagnate, but seldom die.
5. To give definiteness to our ideas let us take an illustration from the woollen trade. Let us suppose that a person well acquainted with the woollen trade sets himself to inquire what would be the normal supply price of a certain number of millions of yards annually of a particular kind of cloth. He would have to reckon (i) the price of the wool, coal, and other materials which would be used up in making it, (ii) wear-and-tear and depreciation of the buildings, machinery and other fixed capital, (iii) interest and insurance on all the capital, (iv) the wages of those who work in the factories, and (v) the gross earnings of management (including insurance against loss), of those who undertake the risks, who engineer and superintend the working. He would of course estimate the supply prices of all these different factors of production of the cloth with reference to the amounts of each of them that would be wanted, and on the supposition that the conditions of supply would be normal; and he would add them all together to find the supply price of the cloth.
Let us suppose a list of supply prices (or a supply schedule) made on a similar plan to that of our list of demand prices:(7*) the supply price of each amount of the commodity in a year, or any other unit of time, being written against that amount.(8*) As the flow, or (annual) amount of the commodity increases, the supply price may either increase or diminish; or it may even alternately increase and diminish.(9*) For if nature is offering a sturdy resistance to man's efforts to wring from her a larger supply of raw material, while at that particular stage there is no great room for introducing important new economies into the manufacture, the supply price will rise; but if the volume of production were greater, it would perhaps be profitable to substitute largely machine work for hand work and steam power for muscular force; and the increase in the volume of production would have diminished the expenses of production of the commodity of our representative firm. But those cases in which the supply price falls as the amount increases involve special difficulties of their own; and they are postponed to chapter XII of this Book.
6. When therefore the amount produced (in a unit of time) is such that the demand price is greater than the supply price, then sellers receive more than is sufficient to make it worth their while to bring goods to market to that amount; and there is at work an active force tending to increase the amount brought forward for sale. On the other hand, when the amount produced is such that the demand price is less than the supply price, sellers receive less than is sufficient to make it worth their while to bring goods to market on that scale; so that those who were just on the margin of doubt as to whether to go on producing are decided not to do so, and there is an active force at work tending to diminish the amount brought forward for sale. When the demand price is equal to the supply price, the amount produced has no tendency either to be increased or to be diminished; it is in equilibrium.
When demand and supply are in equilibrium, the amount of the commodity which is being produced in a unit of time may be called the equilibrium-amount, and the price at which it is being sold may be called the equilibrium-price.
Such an equilibrium is stable; that is, the price, if displaced a little from it, will tend to return, as a pendulum oscillates about its lowest point; and it will be found to be a characteristic of stable equilibria that in them the demand price is greater than the supply price for amounts just less than the equilibrium amount, and vice versa. For when the demand price is greater than the supply price, the amount produced tends to increase. Therefore, if the demand price is greater than the supply price for amounts just less than an equilibrium amount; then, if the scale of production is temporarily diminished somewhat below that equilibrium amount, it will tend to return; thus the equilibrium is stable for displacements in that direction. If the demand price is greater than the supply price for amounts just less than the equilibrium amount, it is sure to be less than the supply price for amounts just greater: and therefore, if the scale of production is somewhat increased beyond the equilibrium position, it will tend to return; and the equilibrium will be stable for displacements in that direction also.
But in real life such oscillations are seldom as rhythmical as those of a stone hanging freely from a string; the comparison would be more exact if the string were supposed to hang in the troubled waters of a mill-race, whose stream was at one time allowed to flow freely, and at another partially cut off. Nor are these complexities sufficient to illustrate all the disturbances with which the economist and the merchant alike are forced to concern themselves. If the person holding the string swings his hand with movements partly rhythmical and partly arbitrary, the illustration will not outrun the difficulties of some very real and practical problems of value. For indeed the demand and supply schedules do not in practice remain unchanged for a long time together, but are constantly being changed; and every change in them alters the equilibrium amount and the equilibrium price, and thus gives new positions to the centres about which the amount and the price tend to oscillate.
These considerations point to the great importance of the element of time in relation to demand and supply, to the study of which we now proceed. We shall gradually discover a great many different limitations of the doctrine that the price at which a thing can be produced represents its real cost of production, that is, the efforts and sacrifices which have been directly and indirectly devoted to its production. For, in an age of rapid change such as this, the equilibrium of normal demand and supply does not thus correspond to any distinct relation of a certain aggregate of pleasures got from the consumption of the commodity and an aggregate of efforts and sacrifices involved in producing it: the correspondence would not be exact, even if normal earnings and interest were exact measures of the efforts and sacrifices for which they are the money payments. This is the real drift of that much quoted, and much-misunderstood doctrine of Adam Smith and other economists that the normal, or "natural," value of a commodity is that which economic forces tend to bring about in the long run. It is the average value which economic forces would bring about if the general conditions of life were stationary for a run of time long enough to enable them all to work out their full effect.(11*)
But we cannot foresee the future perfectly. The unexpected may happen; and the existing tendencies may be modified before they have had time to accomplish what appears now to be their full and complete work. The fact that the general conditions of life are not stationary is the source of many of the difficulties that are met with in applying economic doctrines to practical problems.
Of course Normal does not mean Competitive. Market prices and Normal prices are alike brought about by a multitude of influences, of which some rest on a moral basis and some on a physical; of which some are competitive and some are not. It is to the persistence of the influences considered, and the time allowed for them to work out their effects that we refer when contrasting Market and Normal price, and again when contrasting the narrower and the broader use of the term Normal price.(12*)
7. The remainder of the present volume will be chiefly occupied with interpreting and limiting this doctrine that the value of a thing tends in the long run to correspond to its cost of production. In particular the notion of equilibrium, which has been treated rather slightly in this chapter, will be studied more carefully in chapters V and XII of this Book: and some account of the controversy whether "cost of production" or "utility" governs value will be given in Appendix I. But it may be well to say a word or two here on this last point.
We might as reasonably dispute whether it is the upper or the under blade of a pair of scissors that cuts a piece of paper, as whether value is governed by utility or cost of production. It is true that when one blade is held still, and the cutting is effected by moving the other, we may say with careless brevity that the cutting is done by the second; but the statement is not strictly accurate, and is to be excused only so long as it claims to be merely a popular and not a strictly scientific account of what happens.
In the same way, when a thing already made has to be sold, the price which people will be willing to pay for it will be governed by their desire to have it, together with the amount they can afford to spend on it. Their desire to have it depends partly on the chance that, if they do not buy it, they will be able to get another thing like it at as low a price: this depends on the causes that govern the supply of it, and this again upon cost of production. But it may so happen that the stock to be sold is practically fixed. This, for instance, is the case with a fish market, in which the value of fish for the day is governed almost exclusively by the stock on the slabs in relation to the demand: and if a person chooses to take the stock for granted, and say that the price is governed by demand, his brevity may perhaps be excused so long as he does not claim strict accuracy. So again it may be pardonable, but it is not strictly accurate to say that the varying prices which the same rare book fetches, when sold and resold at Christie 's auction room, are governed exclusively by demand.
Taking a case at the opposite extreme, we find some commodities which conform pretty closely to the law of constant return; that is to say, their average cost of production will be very nearly the same whether they are produced in small quantities or in large. In such a case the normal level about which the market price fluctuates will be this definite and fixed (money) cost of production. If the demand happens to be great, the market price will rise for a time above the level; but as a result production will increase and the market price will fall: and conversely, if the demand falls for a time below its ordinary level.
In such a case, if a person chooses to neglect market fluctuations, and to take it for granted that there will anyhow be enough demand for the commodity to insure that some of it, more or less, will find purchasers at a price equal to this cost of production, then he may be excused for ignoring the influence of demand, and speaking of (normal) price as governed by cost of production -- provided only he does not claim scientific accuracy for the wording of his doctrine, and explains the influence of demand in its right place.
Thus we may conclude that, as a general rule, the shorter the period which we are considering, the greater must be the share of our attention which is given to the influence of demand on value; and the longer the period, the more important will be the influence of cost of production on value. For the influence of changes in cost of production takes as a rule a longer time to work itself out than does the influence of changes in demand. The actual value at any time, the market value as it is often called, is often more influenced by passing events and by causes whose action is fitful and short lived, than by those which work persistently. But in long periods these fitful and irregular causes in large measure efface one another's influence; so that in the long run persistent causes dominate value completely. Even the most persistent causes are however liable to change. For the whole structure of production is modified, and the relative costs of production of different things are permanently altered, from one generation to another.
When considering costs from the point of view of the capitalist employer, we of course measure them in money; because his direct concern with the efforts needed for the work of his employees lies in the money payments he must make. His concern with the real costs of their effort and of the training required for it is only indirect, though a monetary assessment of his own labour is necessary for some problems, as will be seen later on. But when considering costs from the social point of view, when inquiring whether the cost of attaining a given result is increasing or diminishing with changing economic conditions, then we are concerned with the real costs of efforts of various qualities, and with the real cost of waiting. If the purchasing power of money, in terms of effort has remained about constant, and if the rate of remuneration for waiting has remained about constant, then the money measure of costs corresponds to the real costs: but such a correspondence is never to be assumed lightly. These considerations will generally suffice for the interpretation of the term Cost in what follows, even where no distinct indication is given in the context.
1. IV, I, section 2.
4. See III, v and IV, VII, section 8.
5. See IV XIII, section 2.
6. See last paragraph of IV, XII.
7. See III, III, section 4.
Suppose, for instance, that we classify the expenses of production of our representative firm, when an amount OM of cloth is being produced under the heads of (i) Mp1' the supply price of the wool and other circulating capital which would be consumed in making it, (ii) p1 p2 the corresponding wearand-tear and depreciation on buildings, machinery and other fixed capital; (iii) p2p3 the interest and insurance on all the capital, (iv) p3p4 the wages of those who work in the factory, and (v) p4P the gross earnings of management, etc. of those who undertake the risks and direct the work. Thus as M moves from O towards the right p1' p2, p3' p4 will each trace out a curve, and the ultimate supply curve traced out by P will be thus shown as obtained by superimposing the supply curves for the several factors of production of the cloth.
It must be remembered that these supply prices are the prices not of units of the several factors but of those amounts of the several factors which for producing a yard of the cloth. Thus, for instance, p3p4 is the supply price are required not of any fixed amount of labour but of that amount of labour which is employed in making a yard where there is an aggregate production of OM yards. (See above, section 3.) We need not trouble ourselves to consider just here whether the groundrent of the factory must be put into a class by itself: this belongs to a group of questions which will be discussed later. We are taking no notice of rates and taxes, for which he would of course have to make his account.
11. See below V, v, section 2 and Appendix H, section 4.
12. See above, pp. 34-6.
5. See pp. 84-91, and 64-7.
6. The substance of part of this section was placed in VI, i, section 7 in earlier editions. But it seems to be needed here in preparation for the central chapters of Book V.
7. See III, v, section i.
8. The remainder of this section goes very much on the lines of the earlier half of Note XIV in the Mathematical Appendix; which may be read in connection with it. The subject is one in which the language of the differential calculusnot its reasonings -- are specially helpful to clear thought: but the main outlines can be presented in ordinary language.
9. See above III, iii section 1; and the footnote on pp. 156-7.
1. The variations in the scope of the term Normal, according as the periods of time under discussion are long or short, were indicated in Chapter III. We are now ready to study them more closely.
In this case, as in others, the economist merely brings to light difficulties that are latent in the common discourse of life, so that by being frankly faced they may be thoroughly overcome. For in ordinary life it is customary to use the word Normal in different senses, with reference to different periods of time; and to leave the context to explain the transition from one to another. The economist follows this practice of every-day life: but, by taking pains to indicate the transition, he sometimes seems to have created a complication which in fact he has only revealed.
Thus, when it is said that the price of wool on a certain day was abnormally high though the average price for the year was abnormally low, that the wages of coal-miners were abnormally high in 1872 and abnormally low in 1879, that the (real) wages of labour were abnormally high at the end of the fourteenth century and abnormally low in the middle of the sixteenth; everyone understands that the scope of the term normal is not the same in these various cases.
The best illustrations of this come from manufactures where the plant is long-lived, and the product is short-lived.
When a new textile fabric is first introduced into favour, and there is very little plant suitable for making it, its normal price for some months may be twice as high as those of other fabrics which are not less difficult to make, but for making which there is an abundant stock of suitable plant and skill. Looking at long periods we may say that its normal price is on a par with that of the others: but if during the first few months a good deal of it were offered for sale in a bankrupt's stock we might say that its price was abnormally low even when it was selling for half as much again as the others. Everyone takes the context as indicating the special use of the term in each several case; and a formal interpretation clause is seldom necessary, because in ordinary conversation misunderstandings can be nipped in the bud by question and answer. But let us look at this matter more closely.
We have noticed(1*) how a cloth manufacturer would need to calculate the expenses of producing all the different things required for making cloth with reference to the amounts of each of them that would be wanted; and on the supposition in the first instance that the conditions of supply would be normal. But we have yet to take account of the fact that he must give to this term a wider or narrower range, according as he was looking more or less far ahead.
Thus in estimating the wages required to call forth an adequate supply of labour to work a certain class of looms, he might take the current wages of similar work in the neighbourhood: or he might argue that there was a scarcity of that particular class of labour in the neighbourhood, that its current wages there were higher than in other parts of England, and that looking forward over several years so as to allow for immigration, he might take the normal rate of wages at a rather lower rate than that prevailing there at the time. Or lastly, he might think that the wages of weavers all over the country were abnormally low relatively to others of the same grade, in consequence of a too sanguine view having been taken of the prospects of the trade half a generation ago. He might argue that this branch of work was overcrowded, that parents had already begun to choose other trades for their children which offered greater net advantages and yet were not more difficult; that in consequence a few years would see a falling-off in the supply of labour suited for his purpose; so that looking forward a long time he must take normal wages at a rate rather higher than the present average.(2*)
Again, in estimating the normal supply price of wool, he would take the average of several past years. He would make allowance for any change that would be likely to affect the supply in the immediate future; and he would reckon for the effect of such droughts as from time to time occur in Australia and elsewhere; since their occurrence is too common to be regarded as abnormal. But he would not allow here for the chance of our being involved in a great war, by which the Australian supplies might be cut off; he would consider that any allowance for this should come under the head of extraordinary trade risks, and not enter into his estimate of the normal supply price of wool.
He would deal in the same way with the risk of civil tumult or any violent and long-continued disturbance of the labour market of an unusual character; but in his estimate of the amount of work that could be got out of the machinery, etc. under normal conditions, he would probably reckon for minor interruptions from trade disputes such as are continually occurring, and are therefore to be regarded as belonging to the regular course of events, that is as not abnormal.
In all these calculations he would not concern himself specially to inquire how far mankind are under the exclusive influence of selfish or self-regarding motives. He might be aware that anger and vanity, jealousy and offended dignity are still almost as common causes of strikes and lockouts, as the desire for pecuniary gain: but that would not enter into his calculations. All that he would want to know about them would be whether they acted with sufficient regularity for him to be able to make a reasonably good allowance for their influence in interrupting work and raising the normal supply price of the goods.(3*)
Our first step towards studying the influences exerted by the element of time on the relations between cost of production and value may well be to consider the famous fiction of the "Stationary state" in which those influences would be but little felt; and to contrast the results which would be found there with those in the modern world.
This state obtains its name from the fact that in it the general conditions of production and consumption, of distribution and exchange remain motionless; but yet it is full of movement; for it is a mode of life. The average age of the population may be stationary; though each individual is growing up from youth towards his prime, or downwards to old age. And the same amount of things per head of the population will have been produced in the same ways by the same classes of people for many generations together; and therefore this supply of the appliances for production will have had full time to be adjusted to the steady demand.
Of course we might assume that in our stationary state every business remained always of the same size, and with the same trade connection. But we need not go so far as that; it will suffice to suppose that firms rise and fall, but that the "representative" firm remains always of about the same size, as does the representative tree of a virgin forest, and that therefore the economies resulting from its own resources are constant: and since the aggregate volume of production is constant, so also are those economies resulting from subsidiary industries in the neighbourhood, etc. [That is, its internal and external economies are both constant. The price, the expectation of which just induced persons to enter the trade, must be sufficient to cover in the long run the cost of building up a trade connection; and a proportionate share of it must be added in to make up the total cost of production.]
In a stationary state then the plain rule would be that cost of production governs value. Each effect would be attributable mainly to one cause; there would not be much complex action and reaction between cause and effect. Each element of cost would be governed by "natural" laws, subject to some control from fixed custom. There would be no reflex influence of demand; no fundamental difference between the immediate and the later effects of economic causes. There would be no distinction between long-period and short-period normal value, at all events if we supposed that in that monotonous world the harvests themselves were uniform: for the representative firm being always of the same size, and always doing the same class of business to the same extent and in the same way, with no slack times, and no specially busy times, its normal expenses by which the normal supply price is governed would be always the same. The demand lists of prices would always be the same, and so would the supply lists; and normal price would never vary.
But nothing of this is true in the world in which we live. Here every economic force is constantly changing its action, under the influence of other forces which are acting around it. Here changes in the volume of production, in its methods, and in its cost are ever mutually modifying one another; they are always affecting and being affected by the character and the extent of demand. Further all these mutual influences take time to work themselves out, and, as a rule, no two influences move at equal pace. In this world therefore every plain and simple doctrine as to the relations between cost of production, demand and value is necessarily false: and the greater the appearance of lucidity which is given to it by skilful exposition, the more mischievous it is. A man is likely to be a better economist if he trusts to his common sense, and practical instincts, than if he professes to study the theory of value and is resolved to find it easy.
3. The Stationary state has just been taken to be one in which population is stationary. But nearly all its distinctive features may be exhibited in a place where population and wealth are both growing, provided they are growing at about the same rate, and there is no scarcity of land: and provided also the methods of production and the conditions of trade change but little; and above all, where the character of man himself is a constant quantity. For in such a state by far the most important conditions of production and consumption, of exchange and distribution will remain of the same quality, and in the same general relations to one another, though they are all increasing in volume.(5*)
This relaxation of the rigid bonds of a purely stationary state brings us one step nearer to the actual conditions of life: and by relaxing them still further we get nearer still. We thus approach by gradual steps towards the difficult problem of the interaction of countless economic causes. In the stationary state all the conditions of production and consumption are reduced to rest: but less violent assumptions are made by what is, not quite accurately, called the statical method. By that method we fix our minds on some central point: we suppose it for the time to be reduced to a stationary state; and we then study in relation to it the forces that affect the things by which it is surrounded, and any tendency there may be to equilibrium of these forces. A number of these partial studies may lead the way towards a solution of problems too difficult to be grasped at one effort.(6*)
4. We may roughly classify problems connected with fishing industries as those which are affected by very quick changes, such as uncertainties of the weather; or by changes of moderate length, such as the increased demand for fish caused by the scarcity of meat during the year or two following a cattle plague; or lastly, we may consider the great increase during a whole generation of the demand for fish which might result from the rapid growth of a high-strung artisan population making little use of their muscles.
The day to day oscillations of the price of fish resulting from uncertainties of the weather, etc., are governed by practically the same causes in modern England as in the supposed stationary state. The changes in the general economic conditions around us are quick; but they are not quick enough to affect perceptibly the short-period normal level about which the price fluctuates from day to day: and they may be neglected [impounded in caeteris paribus] during a study of such fluctuations.
Let us then pass on; and suppose a great increase in the general demand for fish, such for instance as might arise from a disease affecting farm stock, by which meat was made a dear and dangerous food for several years together. We now impound fluctuations due to the weather in caeteris paribus, and neglect them provisionally: they are so quick that they speedily obliterate one another, and are therefore not important for problems of this class. And for the opposite reason we neglect variations in the numbers of those who are brought up as seafaring men: for these variations are too slow to produce much effect in the year or two during which the scarcity of meat lasts. Having impounded these two sets for the time, we give our full attention to such influences as the inducements which good fishing wages will offer to sailors to stay in their fishing homes for a year or two, instead of applying for work on a ship. We consider what old fishing boats, and even vessels that were not specially made for fishing, can be adapted and sent to fish for a year or two. The normal price for any given daily supply of fish, which we are now seeking, is the price which will quickly call into the fishing trade capital and labour enough to obtain that supply in a day's fishing of average good fortune; the influence which the price of fish will have upon capital and labour available in the fishing trade being governed by rather narrow causes such as these. This new level about which the price oscillates during these years of exceptionally great demand, will obviously be higher than before. Here we see an illustration of the almost universal law that the term Normal being taken to refer to a short period of time an increase in the amount demanded raises the normal supply price. This law is almost universal even as regards industries which in long periods follow the tendency to increasing return.(7*)
But if we turn to consider the normal supply price with reference to a long period of time, we shall find that it is governed by a different set of causes, and with different results. For suppose that the disuse of meat causes a permanent distaste for it, and that an increased demand for fish continues long enough to enable the forces by which its supply is governed to work out their action fully (of course oscillations from day to day and from year to year would continue: but we may leave them on one side). The source of supply in the sea might perhaps show signs of exhaustion, and the fishermen might have to resort to more distant coasts v, and to deeper waters, Nature giving a Diminishing Return to the increased application of capital and labour of a given order of efficiency. On the other hand, those might turn out to be right who think that man is responsible for but a very small part of the destruction of fish that is constantly going on; and in that case a boat starting with equally good appliances and an equally efficient crew would be likely to get nearly as good a haul after the increase in the total volume of the fishing trade as before. In any case the normal cost of equipping a good boat with an efficient crew would certainly not be higher, and probably be a little lower after the trade had settled down to its now increased dimensions than before. For since fishermen require only trained aptitudes, and not any exceptional natural qualities, their number could be increased in less than a generation to almost any extent that was necessary to meet the demand; while the industries connected with building boats, making nets, etc. being now on a larger scale would be organized more thoroughly and economically. If therefore the waters of the sea showed no signs of depletion of fish, an increased supply could be produced at a lower price after a time sufficiently long to enable the normal action of economic causes to work itself out: and, the term Normal being taken to refer to a long period of time, the normal price of fish would decrease with an increase in demand.(8*)
Thus we may emphasize the distinction already made between average price and normal price. An average may be taken of the prices of any set of sales extending over a day or a week or a year or any other time: or it may be the average of sales at any time in many markets; or it may be the average of many such averages. But the conditions which are normal to any one set of sales are not likely to be exactly those which are normal to the others: and therefore it is only by accident that an average price will be a normal price; that is, the price which any one set of conditions tends to produce. In a stationary state alone, as we have just seen, the term normal always means the same thing: there, but only there, "average price" and "normal price" are convertible terms.(9*)
5. To go over the ground in another way. Market values are governed by the relation of demand to stocks actually in the market; with more or less reference to "future" supplies, and not without some influence of trade combinations.
But the current supply is in itself partly due to the action of producers in the past; and this action has been determined on as the result of a comparison of the prices which they expect to get for their goods with the expenses to which they will be put in producing them. The range of expenses of which they take account depends on whether they are merely considering the extra expenses of certain extra production with their existing plant, or are considering whether to lay down new plant for the purpose. In the case, for instance, of an order for a single locomotive, which was discussed a little while ago(10*), the question of readjusting the plant to demand would hardly arise: the main question would be whether more work could conveniently be got out of the existing plant. But in view of an order for a large number of locomotives to be delivered gradually over a series of years, some extension of plant "specially" made for the Purpose, and therefore truly to be regarded as prime marginal costs would almost certainly be carefully considered.
Whether the new production for which there appears to be a market be large or small, the general rule will be that unless the price is expected to be very low that portion of the supply which can be most easily produced, with but small prime costs, will be produced: that portion is not likely to be on the margin of production. As the expectations of price improve, an increased part of the production will yield a considerable surplus above prime costs, and the margin of production will be pushed outwards. Every increase in the price expected will, as a rule, induce some people who would not otherwise have produced anything, to produce a little; and those, who have produced something for the lower price, will produce more for the higher price. That part of their production with regard to which such persons are on the margin of doubt as to whether it is worth while for them to produce it at the price, is to be included together with that of the persons who are in doubt whether to produce at all; the two together constitute the marginal production at that price. The producers, who are in doubt whether to produce anything at all, may be said to lie altogether on the margin of production (or) if they are agriculturists, on the margin of cultivation). But as a rule they are very few in number, and their action is less important than that of those who would in any case produce something.
The general drift of the term normal supply price is always the same whether the period to which it refers is short or long; but there are great differences in detail. In every case reference is made to a certain given rate of aggregate production; that is, to the production of a certain aggregate amount daily or annually. In every case the price is that the expectation of which is sufficient and only just sufficient to make it worth while for people to set themselves to produce that aggregate amount; in every case the cost of production is marginal; that is, it is the cost of production of those goods which are on the margin of not being produced at all, and which would not be produced if the price to be got for them were expected to be lower. But the causes which determine this margin vary with the length of the period under consideration. For short periods people take the stock of appliances for production as practically fixed; and they are governed by their expectations of demand in considering how actively they shall set themselves to work those appliances. In long periods they set themselves to adjust the flow of these appliances to their expectations of demand for the goods which the appliances help to produce. Let us examine this difference closely.
6. The immediate effect of the expectation of a high price is to cause people to bring into active work all their appliances of production, and to work them full time and perhaps overtime. The supply price is then the money cost of production of that part of the produce which forces the undertaker to hire such inefficient labour (perhaps tired by working overtime) at so high a price, and to put himself and others to so much strain and inconvenience that he is on the margin of doubt whether it is worth his while to do it or not. The immediate effect of the expectation of a low price is to throw many appliances for production out of work, and slacken the work of others; and if the producers had no fear of spoiling their markets, it would be worth their while to produce for a time for any price that covered the prime costs of production and rewarded them for their own trouble.
But, as it is, they generally hold out for a higher price; each man fears to spoil his chance of getting a better price later on from his own customers; or, if he produces for a large and open market, he is more or less in fear of incurring the resentment of other producers, should he sell needlessly at a price that spoils the common market for all. The marginal production in this case is the production of those whom a little further fall of price would cause, either from a regard to their own interest or by formal or informal agreement with other producers, to suspend production for fear of further spoiling the market. The price which, for these reasons, producers are just on the point of refusing, is the true marginal supply price for short periods. It is nearly always above, and generally very much above the special or prime cost for raw materials, labour and wear-and-tear of plant, which is immediately and directly involved by getting a little further use out of appliances which are not fully employed. This point needs further study.
In a trade which uses very expensive plant, the prime cost of goods is but a small part of their total cost; and an order at much less than their normal price may leave a large surplus above their prime cost. But if producers accept such orders in their anxiety to prevent their plant from being idle, they glut the market and tend to prevent prices from reviving. In fact however they seldom pursue this policy constantly and without moderation. If they did, they might ruin many of those in the trade, themselves perhaps among the number; and in that case a revival of demand would find little response in supply, and would raise violently the prices of the goods produced by the trade. Extreme variations of this kind are in the long run beneficial neither to producers nor to consumers; and general opinion is not altogether hostile to that code of trade morality which condemns the action of anyone who "spoils the market" by being too ready to accept a price that does little more than cover the prime cost of his goods, and allows but little on account of his general expenses.(11*)
For example, if at any time the prime cost, in the narrowest sense of the word, of a bale of cloth is £100; and if another £100 are needed to make the cloth pay its due share of the general expenses of the establishment, including normal profits to its owners, then the practically effective supply price is perhaps not very likely to fall below £150 under ordinary conditions, even for short periods; though of course a few special bargains may be made at lower prices without much affecting the general market.
Thus, although nothing but prime cost enters necessarily and directly into the supply price for short periods, it is yet true that supplementary costs also exert some influence indirectly. A producer does not often isolate the cost of each separate small parcel of his output; he is apt to treat a considerable part of it, even in some cases the whole of it, more or less as a unit. He inquires whether it is worth his while to add a certain new line to his present undertakings, whether it is worth while to introduce a new machine and so on. He treats the extra output that would result from the change more or less as a unit beforehand; and afterwards he quotes the lowest prices, which he is willing to accept, with more or less reference to the whole cost of that extra output regarded as a unit.
In other words he regards an increase in his processes of production, rather than an individual parcel of his products, as a unit in most of his transactions. And the analytical economist must follow suit, if he would keep in close touch with actual conditions. These considerations tend to blur the sharpness of outline of the theory of value: but they do not affect its substance.(12*)
To sum up then as regards short periods. The supply of specialized skill and ability, of suitable machinery and other material capital, and of the appropriate industrial organization has not time to be fully adapted to demand; but the producers have to adjust their supply to the demand as best they can with the appliances already at their disposal. On the one hand there is not time materially to increase those appliances if the supply of them is deficient; and on the other, if the supply is excessive, some of them must remain imperfectly employed, since there is not time for the supply to be much reduced by gradual decay, and by conversion to other uses. Variations in the particular income derived from them do not for the time affect perceptibly the supply; and do not directly affect the price of the commodities produced by them. The income is a surplus of total receipts over prime cost; [that is, it has something of the nature of a rent as will be seen more clearly in chapter VIII]. But unless it is sufficient to cover in the long run a fair share of the general costs of the business, production will gradually fall off. In this way a controlling influence over the relatively quick movements of supply price during short periods is exercised by causes in the background which range over a long period; and the fear of "spoiling the market" often makes those causes act more promptly than they otherwise would.
7. In long periods on the other hand all investments of capital and effort in providing the material plant and the organization of a business, and in acquiring trade knowledge and specialized ability, have time to be adjusted to the incomes which are expected to be earned by them: and the estimates of those incomes therefore directly govern supply, and are the true long-period normal supply price of the commodities produced.
A great part of the capital invested in a business is generally spent on building up its internal organization and its external trade connections. If the business does not prosper all that capital is lost, even though its material plant may realize a considerable part of its original cost. And anyone proposing to start a new business in any trade must reckon for the chance of this loss. If himself a man of normal capacity for that class of work, be may look forward ere long to his business being a representative one, in the sense in which we have used this term, with its fair share of the economies of production on a large scale. If the net earnings of such a representative business seem likely to be greater than he could get by similar investments in other trades to which he has access, he will choose this trade. Thus that investment of capital in a trade, on which the price of the commodity produced by it depends in the long run, is governed by estimates on the one hand of the outgoings required to build up and to work a representative firm, and on the other of the incomings, spread over a long period of time, to be got by such a price.
At any particular moment some businesses will be rising and others falling: but when we are taking a broad view of the causes which govern normal supply price, we need not trouble ourselves with these eddies on the surface of the great tide. Any particular increase of production may be due to some new manufacturer who is struggling against difficulties, working with insufficient capital, and enduring great privations in the hope that he may gradually build up a good business. Or it may be due to some wealthy firm which by enlarging its premises is enabled to attain new economies, and thus obtain a larger output at a lower proportionate cost: and, as this additional output will be small relatively to the aggregate volume of production in the trade, it will not much lower the price; so that the firm will reap great gains from its successful adaptation to its surroundings. But while these variations are occurring in the fortunes of individual businesses, there may be a steady tendency of the long-period normal supply price to diminish, as a direct consequence of an increase in the aggregate volume of production.
8. Of course there is no hard and sharp line of division between "long" and "short" periods. Nature has drawn no such lines in the economic conditions of actual life; and in dealing with practical problems they are not wanted. Just as we contrast civilized with uncivilized races, and establish many general propositions about either group, though no hard and fast division can be drawn between the two; so we contrast long and short periods without attempting any rigid demarcation between them. If it is necessary for the purposes of any particular argument to divide one case sharply from the other, it can be done by a special interpretation clause: but the occasions on which this is necessary are neither frequent nor important.
Four classes stand out. In each, price is governed by the relations between demand and supply. As regards market prices, Supply is taken to mean the stock of the commodity in question which is on hand, or at all events " in sight." As regards normal prices, when the term Normal is taken to relate to short periods of a few months or a year, supply means broadly what can be produced for the price in question with the existing stock of plant, personal and impersonal, in the given time. As regards normal prices, when the term Normal is to refer to long periods of several years, Supply means what can be produced by plant, which itself can be remuneratively produced and applied within the given time; while lastly, there are very gradual or Secular movements of normal price, caused by the gradual growth of knowledge, of population and of capital, and the changing conditions of demand and supply from one generation to another.(13*)
The remainder of the present volume is chiefly concerned with the third of the above classes: that is, with the normal relations of wages, profits, prices, etc., for rather long periods. But occasionally account has to be taken of changes that extend over very many years; and one chapter, Book VI, ch. XII, is given up to "The Influence of Progress on Value," that is, to the study of secular changes of value.
1. V, III, section 5.
3. Compare I, II, section 7.
5. See below, V, XII, section 3; and compare Keynes, Scope and Method of Political Economy, VI, 2.
6. Compare the Preface and Appendix H, section 4.
7. See V, XII, section I.
9. V, III, section 6. The distinction will be yet further discussed in V, XII and Appendix H. See also Keynes, Scope and Method of Political Economy, ch. VII.
10. pp. 360-7.
12. This general description may suffice for most purposes: but in chapter XII there will be found a more detailed study of that extremely complex notion, a marginal increment in the processes of production by a representative firm; together with a fuller explanation of the necessity of referring our reasonings to the circumstances of a representative firm, especially when we are considering industries which show a tendency to increasing return.
The third condition is that only a small part of the expenses of production of the commodity should consist of the price of this factor. Since the plasterers' wages are but a small part of the total expenses of building a house, a rise of even 50 per cent in them would add but a very small percentage to the expenses of production of a house and would check demand but little.(5*)
The fourth condition is that even a small check to amount demanded should cause a considerable fall in the supply prices of other factors of production; as that will increase the margin available for paying a high price for this one.(6*) If, for instance, bricklayers and other classes of workmen, or the employers themselves cannot easily find other things to do, and cannot afford to remain idle, they may be willing to work for much lower earnings than before, and this will increase the margin available for paying higher wages to plasterers. These four conditions are independent, and the effects of the last three are cumulative.
4. We may now pass to consider the case of joint products: i.e. of things which cannot easily be produced separately; but are joined in a common origin, and may therefore be said to have a joint supply, such as beef and hides, or wheat and straw.(12*) This case corresponds to that of things which have a joint demand, and it may be discussed almost in the same words, by merely substituting "demand" for "supply," and vice versa. As there is a joint demand for things joined in a common destination: so there is a joint supply of things which have a common origin. The single supply of the common origin is split up into so many derived supplies of the things that proceed from it.(13*)
1. Compare III, III, section 6. It will be recollected that the things in a form ready for immediate use have been called goods of the first order, or consumers' goods; and that things used as factors of production of other goods have been called producers' goods, or goods of the second and higher orders or intermediate goods: also that it is difficult to say when goods are really finished; that many things are commonly treated as finished consumers' goods before they are really ready for consumption, e.g. flour. See II, iii, section I. The vagueness of the notion of instrumental goods, regarded as things the value of which is derived from that of their products, is indicated in Appendix E, section 3.
7. It is shown in Böhm Bawerk's excellent Grundzüge der Theorie des wirtschaftlichen Güterwerts (Jahrbuch für Natoonaiökonomie und Statistik, vol. XIII, p. 59) that if all but one of the factors of production of a commodity have available substitutes in unlimited supply, by which their own price is rigidly fixed, the derived demand price for the remaining factor will be the excess of the demand price for the finished product over the sum of the supply prices thus fixed for the remaining factors. This is an interesting special case of the law given in the text .
8. See Mathematical Note XVI.
9. See above, III, IV, sections 2, 4.
10. See III, v.
Let MP cut SS' in Q. From QM cut off Qq equal to Pp; then q is a point on the derived supply curve for carcases. For if we assume that the selling price of OM hides is always equal to the corresponding demand price Pp, it follows that since it costs QM to produce each of OM bullocks there remains a price QM Pp, that is qM, to be borne by each of the OM carcases. Then ss' the locus of q, and yy' are the supply and demand curves for carcases. (See Mathematical Note XVIII.)
14. See Mathematical Note XIX.
16. The latter phrase "competing commodities" is used by Prof. Fisher in his brilliant Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices, which throw much light on the subjects discussed in the present chapter.
17. Comp. Jevons, l. c. pp. 145-6. See also above, footnotes on pp. 100, 105.
19. Toynbee (Industrial Revolution, p. 80).
The reader, unless already experienced in economic analysis, is recommended to omit the next seven chapters, and pass at once to Chapter XV, which contains a brief summary of this Book. It is true that the four chapters on marginal costs in relation to values, and especially Chapters VIII and IX, bear upon some difficulties which are latent in the phrase "the net product of labour"; and that this phrase is used in Book VI. But the broad explanation of it given there will suffice provisionally for most purposes; and the intricacies connected with it may be best appreciated at a somewhat advanced stage of economic studies.
2. Compare VI, section 4.
6. Wealth of Nations, Book I, ch. x.
7. The evils resulting from the uncertainty involved in great business risks are well shown by von Thünen (Der isolierte Staat, II, I, p. 82).
1. This Chapter and the three following are given to a study of the marginal costs of products in relation to the values of those products on the one hand, and on the other hand to the values of the land, machinery, and other appliances used in making them. The study relates to normal conditions and long period results. This fact must ever be borne in mind. The market value of anything may be much above or much below the normal cost of production and the marginal costs of a particular producer at any time may stand in no close relation to marginal costs under normal conditions.(1*)
It was indicated at the end of Chapter VI that no one part of the problem can be isolated from the rest. There are comparatively few things the demand for which is not greatly affected by the demand for other things to the usefulness of which they contribute; and it may even be said that the demand for the majority of articles of commerce is not direct but is derived from the demand for those commodities to the making of which they contribute, as materials or as implements. And again this demand, because it is so derived, is largely dependent on the supply of other things which will work with them in making those commodities. And again the supply of anything available for use in making any commodity is apt to be greatly influenced by the demand for that thing derived from its uses in making other commodities: and so on. These inter-relations can be and must be ignored in rapid and popular discussions on the business affairs of the world. But no study that makes any claim to thoroughness can escape from a close investigation of them. This requires many things to be borne in mind at the same time: and for that reason economics can never become a simple science.(2*)
The contribution which this group of chapters aims at making covers little ground: but that ground is difficult and we shall need to work over it carefully, and from more than one point of view; for it is thickly strewn with pitfalls and stumbling blocks. It deals primarily with the earnings of land, machinery, and other material agents of production. Its main argument applies to the earnings of human beings; but they are influenced by some causes which do not Affect the earnings of material agents of production: and the matter in hand is sufficiently difficult without further complicating it by side issues.
2. Let us begin by recalling the action of the principle of substitution. In the modern world nearly all the means of production pass through the hands of employers and other business men, who specialize themselves in organizing the economic forces of the population. Each of them chooses in every case those factors of production which seem best for his purpose. And the sum of the prices which he pays for those factors which he uses is, as a rule, less than the sum of the prices which he would have to pay for any other set of factors which could be substituted for them: for, whenever it appears that this is not the case, he will, as a rule, set to work to substitute the less expensive arrangement or process.(3*)
This statement is in close harmony with such common sayings of every-day life, as that "everything tends to find its own level," that "most men earn just about what they are worth," that "if one man can earn twice as much as another, that shows that his work is worth twice as much," that "machinery will displace manual labour whenever it can do the work cheaper." The principle does not indeed without hindrance. It may be restricted by custom or act law, by professional etiquette or trade-union regulation: it may be weakened by want of enterprise, or it may be softened by a generous unwillingness to part with old associates. But it never ceases to act, and it permeates all the economic adjustments of the modern world.
Thus there are some kinds of field work for which horsePower is clearly more suitable than steam-power, and vice versa. If we may now suppose that there have been no great recent improvements in horse or steam machinery, and that therefore the experience of the past has enabled farmers gradually to apply the law of substitution; then, on this supposition the application of steam-power will have been pushed just so far that any further use of it in the place of horse-power would bring no net advantage. There will however remain a margin on which they could be indifferently applied (as Jevons would have said); and on that margin the net efficiency of either in adding to the money value of the total product will be proportionate to the cost of applying it.(4*)
Similarly, if there are two methods of obtaining the same result, one by skilled and the other by unskilled labour, that one will be adopted which is the more efficient in proportion to its cost. There will be a margin on which either will be indifferently applied.(5*) On that line the efficiency of each will be in proportion to the price paid for it, account being taken of the special circumstances of different districts and of different workshops in the same district. In other words, the wages of skilled and unskilled labour will bear to one another the same ratio that their efficiencies do at the margin of indifference.
Again, there will be a rivalry between hand-power and machine-power similar to that between two different kinds of hand-power or two different kinds of machine-power. Thus hand-power has the advantage for some operations, as, for instance, for weeding out valuable crops that have an irregular growth; horse-power in its turn has a cleat advantage for weeding an ordinary turnip field; and the application of each of them will be pushed in each district till any further use of it would bring no net advantage there. On the margin of indifference between hand-power and horse-power their prices must be proportionate to their efficiency; and thus the influence of substitution will tend to establish a direct relation between the wages of labour and the price that has to be paid for horse-power.
3. As a rule many kinds of labour, of raw material, of machinery and other plant, and of business organization, both internal and external, go to the production of a commodity: and the advantages of economic freedom are never more strikingly manifest than when a business man endowed with genius is trying experiments, at his own risk, to see whether some new method, or combination of old methods, will be more efficient than the old. Every business man indeed, according to his energy and ability, is constantly endeavouring to obtain a notion of the relative efficiency of every agent of production that he employs; as well as of others that might possibly be substituted for some of them. He estimates as best he can how much net product (i.e. net addition to the value of his total product) will be caused by a certain extra use of any one agent; net that is after deducting for any extra expenses that may be indirectly caused by the change, and adding for any incidental savings. He endeavours to employ each agent up to that margin at which its net product would no longer exceed the price he would have to pay for it. He works generally by trained instinct rather than formal calculation; but his processes are substantially similar to those indicated in our study of derived demand; and, from another point of view, they may be described as those which might be reaped by a complex and refined system of book-keeping by double entry.(6*)
We have already followed some simple estimates of this sort. We have noticed, for instance, how the proportion of hops and malt in ale can be varied, how the extra price which can be got for ale by increasing the quantity of hops in it is a representative of the causes which govern the demand price for hops. Assuming that no further trouble or expense of any kind is involved by this additional use of hops, and that the expediency of using this extra amount is doubtful, the extra value thus given to the ale is the marginal net product of the hops of which we are in search. In this case, as in most others, the net product is an improvement in quality or a general contribution to the value of the product; it is not a definite part of the produce which can be separated from the rest. But in exceptional instances that can be done.(7*)
4. The notion of the marginal employment of any agent of production implies a possible tendency to diminishing return from its increased employment.
Excessive applications of any means to the attainment of any end are indeed sure to yield diminishing. returns in every branch of business; and, one may say, in all the affairs of life. We may take some additional examples of a principle that has already been illustrated.(8*) In the manufacture of sewing machines some parts may well be made of cast iron; for others a common kind of steel will suffice; there are yet others for which a specially expensive steel-compound is needed; and all parts should be finished off more or less smoothly, so that the machine may work easily. Now if any one devoted a disproportionate care and expense to th selection of materials for the less important uses, it might truly be said that that expenditure was yielding a rapidly diminishing return; and that he would have done better to give some of it to making his machines work smoothly, or even to producing more machines: and the case might be even worse if he devoted an excessive expenditure to mere brilliancy of finish, and put low grade metal to work for which a higher grade was needed.
This consideration seems at first to simplify economic problems; but on the contrary it is a chief source of difficulty and confusion. For though there is some analogy between all these various tendencies to diminishing return, they yet are not identical. Thus the diminishing return which arises from an ill-proportioned application of the various agents of production into a particular task has little in common with that broad tendency to the pressure of a crowded and growing population on the means of subsistence. The great classical Law of Diminishing Return has its chief application, not to any one particular crop, but to all the chief food crops. It takes for granted that farmers raise, as a rule, those crops for which their land and other resources are best adapted, account being taken of the relative demands for the several crops; and that they distribute their resources appropriately between different routes. It does not attribute to them unlimited intelligence and wisdom, but it assumes that, taking one with another, they have shown a reasonable amount of care and discretion in the distribution of these resources. It refers to a country the whole land of which is already in the hands of active business men, who can supplement their own capital by loans from banks wherever they can show it is likely to be well applied; and asserts that an increase in the total amount of capital applied to agriculture in that country will yield diminishing returns of produce in general. This statement is akin to, but yet quite distinct from, the statement that if any farmer makes a bad distribution of his resources between different plans of cultivation, he will get a markedly diminishing return from those elements of expenditure which he has driven to excess.
For instance, in any given case, there is a certain proportion between the amounts which may with best advantage be spent on ploughing and harrowing, or manuring. There might be some differences of opinion on the matter, but only within narrow limits. An inexperienced person who ploughed many times over land, which was already in fairly good mechanical condition, while he gave it little or none of the manure which it was craving, would be generally condemned as having so over applied ploughing as to make it yield a rapidly diminishing return. But this result of the misapplication of resources has no very close connection with the tendency of agriculture in an old country to yield a diminishing return to a general increase of resources well applied in cultivation: and indeed exactly parallel cases can be found of a diminishing return to particular resources when applied in undue proportion, even in industries which yield an increasing return to increased applications of capital and labour when appropriately distributed.(9*)
5. The part played by the net product at of production in the modern doctrine of Distribution is to be misunderstood. In particular many able writers have supposed that it represents the marginal use of a thing as governing the value of the whole. It is not so; the doctrine says we must go to the margin to study the action of those forces which govern the value of the whole: and that is a very different affair. Of course the withdrawal of (say) iron from any of its necessary uses would have just the same influence on its value as its withdrawal from its marginal uses; in the same way as the pressure in a boiler for cooking under high pressure would be affected by the escape of any other steam just as it would by the escape of the steam in one of the safety valves: but in fact the steam does not escape except through the safety valves. In like manner iron, or any other agent of production, is not (under ordinary circumstances) thrown out of use except at points at which its use yields no clear surplus of profit; that is, it is thrown out from its marginal uses only.
Again, the finger of an automatic weighing machine determines, in the sense of indicating, the weight sought for. So the escape of steam from a safety valve, governed by a spring representing a pressure of a hundred pounds to the square inch, determines the pressure of steam in the boiler, in the sense of indicating that it has reached a hundred pounds to the inch. The pressure is caused by the heat; the spring in the valve governs the pressure by yielding and letting out some of the steam when its amount is so great, at the existing heat, as to overbear the resistance of the spring.
Similarly, with regard to machinery and other appliances of production made by man, there is a margin through which additional supplies come in after overcoming the resistance of a spring, called "cost of production," For when the supply of those appliances is so small relatively to the demand that the earnings expected from new supplies are more than sufficient to yield normal interest (or profits, if earnings of management are reckoned in) on their cost of production, besides allowing for depreciation, etc., then the valve opens, and the new supplies come in. When the earnings are less than this, the valve remains shut: and as anyhow the existing supply is always in process of slow destruction by use and the lapse of time, the supply is always shrinking when the valve is closed. The valve is that part of the machinery by which the general relations of demand and supply govern value. But marginal uses do not govern value; because they, together with value, are themselves governed by those general relations.
6. Thus, so long as the resources of an individual producer are in the form of general purchasing power, he will push every investment up to the margin at which he no longer expects from it a higher net return than he could get by investing in some other material, or machine, or advertisement, or in the hire of some additional labour every investment will, as it were, be driven up to a valve which offers to it a resistance equal to its own expanding force. If he invests in material or in labour, that is soon embodied in some saleable product: the sale replenishes his fluid capital, and that again is invested up to the margin at which any further investment would yield a return so diminished as not to be profitable.
But if he invests in land, or in a durable building or machine, the return which he gets from his investment may vary widely from his expectation. It will be governed by the market for his products, which may change its character largely through new inventions, changes in fashion, etc., during the life of a machine, to say nothing of the perpetual life of land. The incomes which he thus may derive from investments in land and in machinery differ from his individual point of view mainly in the longer life of the land. But in regard to production in general, a dominant difference between the two lies in the fact that the supply of land is fixed (though in a new country, the supply of land utilized in man's service may be increased); while the supply of machines may be increased without limit. And this difference reacts on the individual producer. For if no great new invention renders his machines obsolete, while there is a steady demand for the things made by them, they will be constantly on sale at about their cost of production; and his machines will generally yield him normal profits on that cost of production, with deductions corresponding to their wear and tear.
Thus the rate of interest is a ratio: and the two things which it connects are both sums of money. So long as capital is "free," and the sum of money or general purchasing power over which it gives command is known, the net money income, expected to be derived from it, can be represented at once as bearing a given ratio (four or five or ten per cent) to that sum. But when the free capital has been invested in a particular thing, its money value cannot as a rule be ascertained except by capitalizing the net income which it will yield: and therefore the causes which govern it are likely to be akin in a greater or less degree to those which govern rents.
We are thus brought to the central doctrine of this part of economics, viz.: -- "That which is rightly regarded as interest on 'free' or 'floating' capital, or on new investments of capital, is more properly treated as a sort of rent -- a Quasi-rent -- On old investments of capital. And there is no sharp line of division between floating capital and that which has been 'sunk' for a special branch of production, nor between new and old investments of capital; each group shades into the other gradually. And thus even the rent of land is seen, not as a thing by itself, but as the leading species of a large genus; though indeed it has peculiarities of its own which are of vital importance from the point of view of theory as well as of practice."(10*)
3. Compare V, III, section 3; and V, IV, sections 3, 4; and Note XIV in the Mathematical Appendix.
5. Skilled manual labour being generally used for special orders and for things of which not many are required of the same pattern; and unskilled labour aided by specialized machinery being used for others. The two methods are to be seen side by side on similar work in every large workshop: but the position of the line between them will vary a little from one workshop to another.
6. The changes, which he desires, may be such as could only be made on a large scale; as for instance the substitution of steam-power for hand-power in a certain factory; and in that case there would be a certain element of uncertainty and risk in the change. Such breaches of continuity are however inevitable both in production and consumption if we regard the action of single individuals. But as there is a continuous demand in a large market for hats and watches and wedding cakes, though no individual buys many of them (see III, III, section 5), so there will always be trades in which small businesses are most economically conducted without steam power, and larger businesses with; while businesses of intermediate size are on the margin. Again, even in large establishments in which steam is already in use, there will always be some things done by hand-power which are done by steam power elsewhere; and so on .
7. See p. 387, and Mathematical Note XVI. See also other illustrations in, VI, VII. A further illustration of the relation between the wages of the marginal shepherd, and the net product of his labour will be worked out in detail in VI, I, section 7 .
8. See V, IV, section 4; see also the note on von Thünen, below, p. 523.
3. See above, p. 412.
5. Compare Cassel, Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag, p. 81.
2. Compare V, IX, section 5.
3. Compare III, V, section 3 and V, IV, section 2.
5. Of course the adjustments of rent to the true economic surplus from the land are in practice slow and irregular. These matters are discussed in VI, sections IX and X, and the incidence of a tax on grain under certain rather arbitrary assumptions is studied in some detail in Appendix K.
8. If for instance he reckoned that he could get a surplus of £30 above his expenses (other than rent) in spite of the tax by growing hops, and a surplus of only £20 above similar expenses by growing any other crop, it could not be trulv said that the rent which the field could be made to yield by growing other crops, "entered into" the marginal price of hops. But it is easier to interpret the classical doctrine that "Rent does not enter into cost of production" in a sense in which it is not true, and to scoff at it, than in the sense in which it was intended and is true. It seems best therefore to avoid the phrase.
Jevons asks (Preface to Theory of Political Economy, p. liv): "If land which has been yielding £2 per acre rent, as pasture, be ploughed up and used for raising wheat, must not £2 per acre be debited against the expenses of production of wheat;" The answer is in the negative. For there is no connection between this particular sum of £2 and the expenses of production of that wheat which only just pays its way. What should be said is: "When land capable of being used for producing one commodity is used for producing another, the price of the first is raised bv the consequent limitation of its field of production. The price of the second will be the expenses of production (wages and profits) of that part of it which only just pays its way, that which is produced on the margin of profitable expenditure. And if for the purposes of any particular argument we take together the whole expenses of the production on that land, and divide these among the whole of the commodity produced; then the rent which we ought to count in is not that which the land would pay if used for producing the first commodity, but that which it does pay when used for producing the second."
The royalty is of course calculated in regard to those seams in the mine, which are neither exceptionally rich and easy of working, nor exceptionally poor and difficult. Some seams barely pay the expenses of working them; and some which run short, or have a bad fault, do not even nearlv pav the wages of the labour spent on them. The whole argument however implicitly assumes the conditions of an old country. Professor Taussig is probably right when, having in view the circumstances of a new country (Principles, II, p. 96), he "doubts whether any payment at all can be secured by the owner of the very poorest mine, assuming he has done nothing to develop it."
Again, we have seen how the economies which result from a high industrial organization(2*) often depend only to a small extent on the resources of individual firms. Those internal economies which each establishment has to arrange for itself are frequently very small as compared with those external economies which result from the general progress of the industrial environment; the situation of a business nearly always plays a great part in determining the extent to which it can avail itself of external economies; and the situation value which a site derives from the grow of a a rich and active population close to it, or from the opening up of railways and other good means of communication with existing markets, is the most striking of all the influences which changes in the industrial environment exert on cost of production.
For instance, if the value of land in, say, Leeds rises because of the increased competition for it by shops, ware. then a woollen manufacturer finding houses, iron works, etc., his expenses of production increased, may move to another town or into the country; and thus leave the land on which he used to work to be built over with shops and warehouses, for which a town situation is more valuable than it is for factories. For he may think that the saving in the cost of land that he will make by moving into the country, together with other advantages of the change, will more than counterbalance its disadvantages. In a discussion as to whether it was worth while to do so, the rental value of the site of his factory would be reckoned among the expenses of production of his cloth; and rightly.
1. See IV, III, section 6.
2. See IV, X-XIII.
4. Cases of this kind are of course most frequent in new countries. But they are not very rare in old countries: Saltburn is a conspicuous instance; awhile a more recent instance of exceptional interest is furnished by Letchworth Garden City.
7. A few site values have fallen in districts which have been deserted by fashion or trade. But on the other hand annual site values have risen to be many times as great as the ground rents in the case of land which was leased when it had no special situation value, but has since become a chief centre of fashion, or of trade: and all the more if the lease was granted in the first half of the eighteenth century, when gold was scarce and the incomes of all classes of the people, measured in money, were very low The present discounted value of the return of property to the ground landlord a hundred years hence, which will then be worth £1000, is less perhaps than is commonly supposed; though the error is not so great as in the case of anticipations ranging over many hundred years, which were discussed in a recent note: if interest be taken at three per cent. it is about £50; if at five per cent, as was the rule three or four generations ago, it is but £8.
8. See IV, III, section 7.
11. The relations between the interests of different classes of workers in the same business and in the same trade, have some affinity to the subject of composite rents. See below VI, VIII, sections 9, 10.
1. See above III, IV, section 5.
7. See above V, V, section 6.
1. In earlier chapters of this Book, and especially in chapter XII, we have considered gradual changes in the adjustment of demand and supply. But any great and lasting change in fashion; any substantive new invention; any diminution of population by war or pestilence; or the development or dwindling away of a source of supply of the commodity in question, or of a raw material used in it, or of another commodity which is a rival and possible substitute for it: -- such a change as any of these may cause the prices set against any given annual (or daily) consumption and production of the commodity to cease to be its normal demand and supply prices for that volume of consumption and production; or, in other words, they may render it necessary to make out a new demand schedule or a new supply schedule, or both of them. We proceed to study the problems thus suggested.
An increase of normal demand for a commodity involves an increase in the price at which each several amount can find purchasers; or, which is the same thing, an increase of the quantity which can find purchasers at any price. This increase of demand may be caused by the commodity's coming more into fashion, by the opening out of a new use for it or of new markets for it, by the permanent falling off in the supply of some commodity for which it can be used as a substitute, by a permanent increase in the wealth and general purchasing power of the community, and so on. Changes in the opposite direction will cause a falling off in demand and a sinking of the demand prices. Similarly an increase of normal supply means an increase of the amounts that can be supplied at each several price, and a diminution of the price at which each separate amount can be supplied.(1*) This change may be caused by the opening up of a new source of supply, whether by improved means of transport or in any other way, by an advance in the arts of production, such as the invention of a new process or of new machinery, or again, by the granting of a bounty on production. Conversely, a diminution of normal supply (or a raising of the supply schedule) may be caused by the closing up of a new source of supply or by the imposition of a tax.
2. We have, then, to regard the effects of an increase of normal demand from three points of view, according as the commodity in question obeys the law of constant or of diminishing or of increasing return: that is, its supply price is practically constant for all amounts, or increases or diminishes with an increase in the amount produced.
In the first case an increase of demand simply increases the amount produced without altering its price; for the normal price of a commodity which obeys the law of constant return is determined absolutely by its expenses of production: demand has no influence in the matter beyond this, that the thing will not be produced at all unless there is some demand for it at this fixed price.
On the other hand, if the commodity obeys the law of increasing return, an increase of demand causes much more of it to be produced, -- more than if the commodity obeyed the law of constant return, -- and at the same time lowers its price. If, for instance, a thousand things of a certain kind have been produced and sold weekly at a price of 10s., while the supply price for two thousand weekly would be only 9s., a small rate of increase in normal demand may gradually cause this to become the normal price; since we are considering periods long enough for the full normal action of the causes that determine supply to work itself out. The converse holds in each case should normal demand fall off instead of increasing.(2*)
The argument of this section has been thought by some writers to lend support to the claim that a Protective duty on manufactured imports in general increases the home market for those imports; and, by calling into play the Law of Increasing Return, ultimately lowers their price to the home consumer. Such a result may indeed ultimately be reached by a wisely chosen system of "Protection to nascent industries" in a new country; where manufactures, like young children, have a power of rapid growth. But even there the policy is apt to be wrenched from its proper uses, to the enrichment of particular interests: for those industries which can send the greatest number of votes to the poll, are those which are already on so large a scale, that a further increase would bring very few new economies. And of course the industries in a country so long familiar with machinery as England is, have generally passed the stage at which they can derive much real help from such Protection: while Protection to any one industry nearly always tends to narrow the markets, especially the foreign markets, for other industries. These few remarks show that the question is complex: they do not pretend to reach further than that.
3. We have seen that an increase in normal demand, while leading in every case to an increased production, will in some cases raise and in others lower prices. But now we are to see that increased facilities for supply (causing the supply schedule to be lowered) will always lower the normal price at the same time that it leads to an increase in the amount produced. For so long as the normal demand remains unchanged an increased supply can be sold only at a diminished price; but the fall of price consequent on a given increase of supply will be much greater in some cases than in others. It will be small if the commodity obeys the law of diminishing return; because then the difficulties attendant on an increased production will tend to counteract the new facilities of supply. On the other hand, if the commodity obeys the law of increasing return, the increased production will bring with it increased facilities, which will co-operate with those arising from the change in the general conditions of supply; and the two together will enable a great increase in production and consequent fall in price to be attained before the fall of the supply price is overtaken by the fall of the demand price. If it happens that the demand is very elastic, then a small increase in the facilities of normal supply, such as a new invention, a new application of machinery, the opening up of new and cheaper sources of supply, the taking off a tax or granting a bounty, may cause an enormous increase of production and fall of price.(3*)
If we take account of the circumstances of composite and joint supply and demand discussed in chapter VI, we have suggested to us an almost endless variety of problems which can be worked out by the methods adopted in these two chapters.
4. We may now consider the effects which a change in the conditions of supply may exert on consumers' surplus or rent. For brevity of language a tax may be taken as representative of those changes which may cause a general increase, and a bounty as representative of those which may cause a general diminution in the normal supply price for each several amount of the commodity.
Firstly, if the commodity is one, the production of which obeys the law of constant return, so that the supply price is the same for all amounts of the commodity, consumers' surplus will be diminished by more than the increased payments to the producer; and therefore, in the special case of a tax, by more than the gross receipts of the State. For on that part of the consumption of the commodity, which is maintained, the consumer loses what the State receives: and on that part of the consumption which is destroyed by the rise in price, the consumers' surplus is destroyed; and of course there is no payment for it to the producer or to the State.(4*) Conversely, the gain of consumers' surplus caused by a bounty on a commodity that obeys the law of constant return, is less than the bounty itself. For on that part of the consumption which existed before the bounty, consumers' surplus is increased by just the amount of the bounty; while on the new consumption that is caused by the bounty, the gain of the consumers' surplus is less than the bounty.(5*)
If however the commodity obeys the law of diminishing return; a tax by raising its price, and diminishing its consumption, will lower its expenses of production other than the tax: and the result will be to raise the supply price by something less than the full amount of the tax. In this case the gross receipts from the tax may be greater than the resulting loss of consumers' surplus, and they will be greater if the law of diminishing return acts so sharply that a small diminution of consumption causes a great falling-off in the expenses of production other than the tax.(6*)
On the other hand, a bounty on a commodity which obeys the law of diminishing return will lead to increased production, and will extend the margin of cultivation to places and conditions in which the expenses of production, exclusive of the bounty, are greater than before. Thus it will lower the price to the consumer and increase consumers' surplus less than if it were given for the production of a commodity which obeyed the law of constant return. In that case the increase of consumers' surplus was seen to be less than the direct cost of the bounty to the State; and therefore in this case it is much less.(7*)
By similar reasoning it may be shown that a tax on a commodity which obeys the law of increasing return is more injurious to the consumer than if levied on one which obeys the law of constant return. For it lessens the demand and therefore the output. It thus probably increases the expenses of manufacture somewhat: sends up the price by more than the amount of the tax; and finally diminishes consumers' surplus by much more than the total payments which it brings in to the exchequer.(8*) On the other hand, a bounty on such a commodity causes so great a fall in its price to the consumer, that the consequent increase of consumers' surplus may exceed the total payments made by the State to the producers; and certainly will do so in case the law of increasing return acts at all sharply.(9*)
These results are suggestive of some principles of taxation which require careful attention in any study of financial policy; when it will be necessary to take account of the expenses of collecting a tax and of administering a bounty, and of the many indirect effects, some economic and some moral, which a tax or a bounty is likely to produce. But these partial results are well adapted for our immediate purpose of examining a little more closely than we have done hitherto the general doctrine that a position of (stable) equilibrium of demand and supply is a position also of maximum satisfaction: and there is one abstract and trenchant form of that doctrine which has had much vogue, especially since the time of Bastiat's Economic Harmonies, and which falls within the narrow range of the present discussion.
5. There is indeed one interpretation of the doctrine according to which every position of equilibrium of demand and supply may fairly be regarded as a position of maximum satisfaction.(10*) For it is true that so long as the demand price is in excess of the supply price, exchanges can be effected at prices which give a surplus of satisfaction to buyer or to seller or to both. The marginal utility of what he receives is greater than that of what he gives up, to at least one of the two parties; while the other, if he does not gain by the exchange, yet does not lose by it. So far then every step in the exchange increases the aggregate satisfaction of the two parties. But when equilibrium has been reached, demand price being now equal to supply price, there is no room for any such surplus: the marginal utility of what each receives no longer exceeds that of what he gives up in exchange: and when the production increases beyond the equilibrium amount, the demand price being now less than the supply price, no terms can be arranged which will be acceptable to the buyer, and will not involve a loss to the seller.
It is true then that a position of equilibrium of demand and supply is a position of maximum satisfaction in this limited sense. that the aggregate satisfaction of the two parties concerned increases until that position is reached; and that any production beyond the equilibrium amount could not be permanently maintained so long as buyers and sellers acted freely as individuals, each in his own interest.
But occasionally it is stated, and very often it is implied, that a position of equilibrium of demand and supply is one of maximum aggregate satisfaction in the full sense of the term: that is, that an increase of production beyond the equilibrium level would directly (i.e. independently of the difficulties of arranging for it, and of any indirect evils it might cause) diminish the aggregate satisfaction of both parties. The doctrine so interpreted is not universally true.
In the first place it assumes that all differences in wealth between the different parties concerned may be neglected, and that the satisfaction which is rated at a shilling by any one of them, may be taken as equal to one that is rated at a shilling by any other. Now it is obvious that, if the producers were as a class very much poorer than the consumers, the aggregate satisfaction might be increased by a stinting of supply when it would cause a great rise in demand price (i.e. when the demand is inelastic); and that if the consumers were as a class much poorer than the producers, the aggregate satisfaction might be increased by extending the production beyond the equilibrium amount and selling the commodity at a loss.(11*)
This point however may well be left for future consideration. It is in fact only a special case of the broad proposition that the aggregate satisfaction can prima facie be increased by the distribution, whether voluntarily or compulsorily, of some of the property of the rich among the poor; and it is reasonable that the bearings of this proposition should be set aside during the first stages of an inquiry into existing economic conditions. This assumption therefore may be properly made, provided only it is not allowed to slip out of sight.
But in the second place the doctrine of maximum satisfaction assumes that every fall in the price which producers receive for the commodity, involves a corresponding loss to them; and this is not true of a fall in price which results from improvements in industrial organization. When a commodity obeys the law of increasing return, an increase in its production beyond equilibrium point may cause the supply price to fall much; and though the demand price for the increased amount may be reduced even more, so that the production would result in some loss to the producers, yet this loss may be very much less than that money value of the gain to purchasers which is represented by the increase of consumers' surplus.
In the case then of commodities with regard to which the law of increasing return acts at all sharply, or in other words, for which the normal supply price diminishes rapidly as the amount produced increases, the direct expense of a bounty sufficient to call forth a greatly increased supply at a much lower price, would be much less than the consequent increase of consumers' surplus. And if a general agreement could be obtained among consumers, terms might be arranged which would make such action amply remunerative to the producers, at the same time that they left a large balance of advantage to the consumers.(12*)
6. One simple plan would be the levying of a tax by the community on their own incomes, or on the production of goods which obey the law of diminishing return, and devoting the tax to a bounty on the production of those goods with regard to which the law of increasing return acts sharply. But before deciding on such a course they would have to take account of considerations, which are not within the scope of the general theory now before us, but are yet of great practical importance. They would have to reckon up the direct and indirect costs of collecting a tax and administering a bounty; the difficulty of securing that the burdens of the tax and the benefits of the bounty were equitably distributed; the openings for fraud and corruption; and the danger that in the trade which had got a bounty and in other trades which hoped to get one, people would divert their energies from managing their own businesses to managing those persons who control the bounties.
Besides these semi-ethical questions there will arise others of a strictly economic nature, relating to the effects which any particular tax or bounty may exert on the interests of landlords, urban or agricultural, who own land adapted for the production of the commodity in question. These are questions which must not be overlooked; but they differ so much in their detail that they cannot fitly be discussed here.(13*)
7. Enough has been said to indicate the character of the second great limitation which has to be introduced into the doctrine that the maximum satisfaction is generally to be attained by encouraging each individual to spend his own resources in that way which suits him best. It is clear that if he spends his income in such a way as to increase the demand for the services of the poor and to increase their incomes, he adds something more to the total happiness than if he adds an equal amount to the incomes of the rich, because the happiness which an additional shilling brings to a poor man is much greater than that which it brings to a rich one; and that he does good by buying things the production of which raises, in preference to things the production of which lowers the character of those who make them.(14*) But further, even if we assume that a shilling's worth of happiness is of equal importance to whomsoever it comes, and that every shilling's worth of consumers' surplus is of equal importance from whatever commodity it is derived, we have to admit that the manner in which a person spends his income is a matter of direct economic concern to the community. For in so far as he spends it on things which obey the law of diminishing return, he makes those things more difficult to be obtained by his neighbours, and thus lowers the real purchasing power of their incomes; while in so far as he spends it on things which obey the law of increasing return, he makes those things more easy of attainment to others, and thus increases the real purchasing power of their incomes.
Again, it is commonly argued that an equal ad valorem tax levied on all economic commodities (material and immaterial). or which is the same thing a tax on expenditure, is prima facie the best tax; because it does not divert the expenditure of individuals out of its natural channels: we have now seen that this argument is invalid. But ignoring for the time the fact that the direct economic effect of a tax or a bounty never constitutes the whole, and very often not even the chief part of the considerations which have to be weighed before deciding to adopt it, we have found: -- firstly, that a tax on expenditure generally causes a greater destruction of consumers, surplus than one levied exclusively on commodities as to which there is but little room for the economies of production on a large scale, and which obey the law of diminishing return; and secondly, that it might even be for the advantage of the community that the government should levy taxes on commodities which obey the law of diminishing return, and devote part of the proceeds to bounties on commodities which obey the law of increasing return.
These conclusions, it will be observed, do not by themselves afford a valid ground for government interference. But they show that much remains to be done, by a careful collection of the statistics of demand and supply, and a scientific interpretation of their results, in order to discover what are the limits of the work that society can with advantage do towards turning the economic actions of individuals into those channels in which they will add the most to the sum total of happiness.(15*)
8. Thus taking SS' in fig. 32 to be the old position of the supply curve, and ss' its position after the tax, A to be the old and a the new positions of equilibrium, we have, as in the case of fig. 31, the total tax represented by cFEa, and the loss of consumers' surplus by' cCAa; the former being always less than the latter.
10. Compare V, II, section 1. Unstable equilibrinm may now be left out of account.
13. The incidence of a tax on agricultural produce will be discussed later on by the aid of diagrams similar to those used to represent the fertility of land (see IV, III). Landlords' rent absorbs a share of the aggregate selling price of almost all commodities: but it is most prominent in the case of those which obev the law of diminishing return; and an assumption of no extreme violence will enable fig. 33 (a reproduction of 31) to represent roughly the leading features of the problem.
14. Compare III, VI.
1. It has never been supposed that the monopolist in seeking his own advantage is naturally guided in that course which is most conducive to the wellbeing of society regarded as a whole, he himself being reckoned as of no more importance than any other member of it. The doctrine of Maximum Satisfaction has never been applied to the demand for and supply of monopolized commodities. But there is much to be learnt from a study of the relations in which the interests of the monopolist stand to those of the rest of society, and of the general conditions under which it might be possible to make arrangements more beneficial to society as a whole than those which he would adopt if he consulted only his own interests: and with this end in view we are now to seek for a scheme for comparing the relative quantities of the benefits which may accrue to the public and to the monopolist from the adoption of different courses of action by him. In a later volume a study will be made of the Protean shapes of modern trade combinations and monopolies, some of the most important of which, as for example "Trusts," are of very recent growth. At present we consider only those general causes determining monopoly values, that can be traced with more or less distinctness in every case in which a single person or association of persons has the power of fixing either the amount of a commodity that is offered for sale or the price at which it is offered.
2. The prima facie interest of the owner of a monopoly is clearly to adjust the supply to the demand, not in such a way that the price at which he can sell his commodity shall just cover its expenses of production, but in such a way as to afford him the greatest possible total net revenue.
But here we meet with a difficulty as to the meaning of the term Net revenue. For the supply price of a freely-produced commodity includes normal profits; the whole of which, or at all events what remains of them after deducting interest on the capital employed and insurance against loss, is often classed indiscriminately as net revenue. And when a man manages his own business, he often does not distinguish carefully that portion of his profits, which really is his own earnings of management, from any exceptional gains arising from the fact that the business is to some extent of the nature of a monopoly.
This difficulty however is in a great measure avoided in the case of a public company; where all, or nearly all, the expenses of management are entered in the ledger as definite sums, and are subtracted from the total receipts of the company before its net income is declared.
Since then it is much easier to specify exactly the amount of this net revenue when a monopoly is owned by a public company than when it is owned by an individual or private firm, let us take as a typical instance the case of a gas company that has the monopoly of the supply of gas to a town. For the sake of simplicity the company may be supposed to have already invested the whole of its own capital in fixed plant, and to borrow any more capital, that it may want to extend its business, on debentures at a fixed rate of interest.
3. The demand schedule for gas remains the same as it would be if gas were a freely-produced commodity; it specifies the price per thousand feet at which consumers in the town will among them use any given number of feet. But the supply schedule must represent the normal expenses of production of each several amount supplied; and these include interest on all its capital, whether belonging to its shareholders or borrowed on debentures, at a fixed normal rate; they include also the salaries of its directors, and permanent officials, adjusted (more or less accurately) to the work required of them, and therefore increasing with an increase in the output of gas. A monopoly revenue schedule may then be constructed thus: -- Having set against each several amount of the commodity its demand price, and its supply price estimated on the plan just described, subtract each supply price from the corresponding demand price and set the residue in the monopoly revenue column against the corresponding amount of the commodity.
Thus for instance if a thousand million feet could be sold annually at a price of 3s. per thousand feet, and the supply price for this amount were 2s. 9d. per thousand feet, the monopoly revenue schedule would show 3d. against this amount; indicating an aggregate net revenue when this amount was sold, of three million pence, or £12,500. The aim of the company, having regard only to their own immediate dividends, will be to fix the price of their gas at such a level as to make this aggregate net revenue the largest possible.(1*)
4. Now suppose that a change takes place in the conditions of supply; some new expense has to be incurred, or some old expense can be avoided; or perhaps a new tax is imposed on the undertaking or a bounty is awarded to it.
First let this increase or diminution of the expenses be a fixed sum, bearing on the undertaking as one undivided whole and not varying with the amount of the commodity produced. Then, whatever be the price charged and the amount of the commodity sold, the monopoly revenue will be increased or diminished, as the case may be, by this sum; and therefore that selling price which afforded the maximum monopoly revenue before the change will afford it afterwards; the change therefore will not offer to the monopolist any inducement to alter his course of action. Suppose for instance that the maximum monopoly revenue is got when twelve hundred million cubic feet are sold annually; and that this is done when the price is fixed at 30d. per thousand feet: suppose that the expenses of production for this amount are at the rate of 26d., leaving a monopoly revenue at the rate of four pence per thousand feet, that is £20,000 in all. This is its maximum value: if the company fixed the price higher at, say, 31d. and sold only eleven hundred million feet, they would perhaps get a monopoly revenue at the rate of 4.2 pence per thousand feet, that is £19,250 in all; while in order to sell thirteen hundred millions they would have to lower their price to, say, 28d. and would get a monopoly revenue at the rate of perhaps 3.6d. per thousand feet, that is £19,500 in all. Thus by fixing the price at 30d. they get £750 more than by fixing it at 31d., and £500 more than by fixing it at 28d. Now let a tax of £10,000 a year be levied on the gas company as a fixed sum independent of the amount they sell. Their monopoly revenue will become £10,000 if they charge 30d., £9,250 if they charge 31d., and £9,500 if they charge 28d. They will therefore continue to charge 30d.
The same is true of a tax or a bounty proportioned not to the gross receipts of the undertaking, but to its monopoly revenue. For suppose next that a tax is levied, not of one fixed sum, but a certain percentage, say 50 per cent of the monopoly revenue. The company will then retain a monopoly revenue of £10,000 if they charge 30d., of £9,625 if they charge 31d., and of £9,750 if they charge 28d. They will therefore still charge 30d.(2*)
On the other hand a tax proportional to the amount produced gives an inducement to the monopolist to lessen his output and raise his price. For by so doing he diminishes his expenses. And the excess of total receipts over total outlay may therefore be now increased by a diminution of output; though before the imposition of the tax it would have been lessened. Further, if before the imposition of the tax the net revenue was only a little greater than that which would have been afforded by much smaller sales, then the monopolist would gain by reducing his production very greatly; and hence in such cases as this, the change is likely to cause a very great diminution of production and rise of price. The opposite effects will be caused by a change which diminishes the expense of working the monopoly by a sum that varies directly with the amount produced under it.
In the last example, for instance, a tax of 2d. on each thousand feet sold would have reduced the monopoly revenue to £10,083 if the company charged 31d. per thousand feet and therefore sold eleven hundred millions; to £10,000 if they charged 30d. and therefore sold twelve hundred millions, and to £8,666 if they charged 28d. and therefore sold thirteen hundred million feet. Therefore the tax would induce the company to raise the price to something higher than 30d.; they would perhaps go to 31d., perhaps somewhat higher; for the figures before us do not show exactly how far it would be their interest to go.
On the other hand, if there were a bounty of 2d. on the sale of each thousand feet, the monopoly revenue would rise to £28,416 if they charged 31d., to £30,000 if they charged 30d., and to £30,333 if they charged 28d.: it would therefore cause them to lower the price. And of course the same result would follow from an improvement in the method of making gas, which lowered its cost of production to the monopolist company by 2d. per 1000 feet.(3*)
5. The monopolist would lose all his monopoly revenue if he produced for sale an amount so great that its supply price, as here defined, was equal to its demand price: the amount which gives the maximum monopoly revenue is always considerably less than that. It may therefore appear as though the amount produced under a monopoly is always less and its price to the consumer always higher than if there were no monopoly. But this is not the case.
For when the production is all in the hands of one person or company, the total expenses involved are generally less than would have to be incurred if the same aggregate production were distributed among a multitude of comparatively small rival producers. They would have to struggle with one another for the attention of consumers, and would necessarily spend in the aggregate a great deal more on advertising in all its various forms than a single firm would; and they would be less able to avail themselves of the many various economies which result from production on a large scale. In particular they could not afford to spend as much on improving methods of production and the machinery used in it, as a single large firm which knew that it was certain itself to reap the whole benefit of any advance it made.
This argument does indeed assume the single firm to be managed with ability and enterprise, and to have an unlimited command of capital an assumption which cannot always be fairly made. But where it can be made, we may generally conclude that the supply schedule for the commodity, if not monopolized, would show higher supply prices than those of our monopoly supply schedule; and therefore the equilibrium amount of the commodity produced under free competition would be less than that for which the demand price is equal to the monopoly supply price.(4*)
One of the most interesting and difficult applications of the theory of monopolies is to the question whether the public interest is best served by the allotment of a distinct basin to each great railway, and excluding competition there. For the proposal it is urged that a railway can afford to carry two million passengers, or tons of goods, cheaper than one million: and that a division of the public demand between two lines will prevent either of them from offering a cheap service. It must be admitted that, other things being equal, the "monopoly revenue price" fixed by a railway will be lowered by every increase in the demand for its services, and vice versa. But, human nature being what it is, experience has shown that the breaking of a monopoly by the opening out of a competing line accelerates, rather than retards the discovery by the older line that it can afford to carry traffic at lower rates. There still remains the suggestion that after a while the railways will combine and charge the public with the expense wasted on duplicating the services. But this again only opens out new matters of controversy. The theory of monopolies starts rather than solves practical issues such as these: and we must defer their study.(5*)
6. So far we have supposed the owner of a monopoly to fix the price of his commodity with exclusive reference to the immediate net revenue which he can derive from it. But, in fact, even if he does not concern himself with the interests of the consumers, he is likely to reflect that the demand for a thing depends in a great measure on people's familiarity with it: and that if be can increase his sales by taking a price a little below that which would afford him the maximum net revenue, the increased use of his commodity will before long recoup him for his present loss. The lower the price of gas, the more likely people are to have it laid on to their houses; and when once it is there, they are likely to go on making some use of it, even though a rival, such as electricity or mineral oil, may be competing closely with it. The case is stronger when a railway company has a practical monopoly of the transport of persons and goods to a sea-port, or to a suburban district which is as yet but partly built over; the railway company may then find it worth while, as a matter of business, to levy charges much below those which would afford the maximum net revenue, in order to get merchants into the habit of using the port, to encourage the inhabitants of the port to develop their docks and warehouses; or to assist speculative builders in the new suburb to build houses cheaply and to fill them quickly with tenants, thus giving to the suburb an air of early prosperity which goes far towards insuring its permanent success. This sacrifice by a monopolist of part of his present gains in order to develop future business differs in extent rather than kind from the sacrifices which a young firm commonly makes in order to establish a connection.
In such cases as these a railway company though not pretending to any philanthropic motives, yet finds its own interests so closely connected with those of the purchasers of its services, that it gains by making some temporary sacrifice of net revenue with the purpose of increasing consumers' surplus. And an even closer connection between the interests of the producers and the consumers is found when the landowners of any district combine to make a branch railway through it, without much hope that the traffic will afford the current rate of interest on the capital which they invest -- that is, without much hope that the monopoly revenue of the railway, as we have defined it, will be other than a negative quantity -- but expecting that the railway will add so much to the value of their property as to make their venture on the whole a profitable one. And when a municipality undertakes the supply of gas or water, or facilities for transport by improved roads, by new bridges, or by tramways, the question always arises whether the scale of charges should be high, so as to afford a good net revenue and relieve the pressure on the rates; or should be low, so as to increase consumers' surplus.
7. It is clear then that some study is wanted of calculations by which a monopolist should govern his actions, on the supposition that he regards an increase of consumers' surplus as equally desirable to him, if not with an equal increase of his own monopoly revenue, yet with an increase, say, one-half or one-quarter as great.
If the consumers, surplus which arises from the sale of the commodity at any price, is added to the monopoly revenue derived from it, the sum of the two is the money measure of the net benefits accruing from the sale of the commodity to producers and consumers together, or as we may say the total benefit of its sale. And if the monopolist regards a gain to the consumers as of equal importance with an equal gain to himself, his aim will be to produce just that amount of the commodity which will make this total benefit a maximum.(6*)
But it will seldom happen that the monopolist can and will treat £1 of consumers' surplus as equally desirable with £1 of monopoly revenue. Even a government which considers its own interests coincident with those of the people has to take account of the fact that, if it abandons one source of revenue, it must in general fall back on others which have their own disadvantages. For they will necessarily involve friction and expense in collection, together with some injury to the public, of the kind which we have described as a loss of consumers' surplus: and they can never be adjusted with perfect fairness, especially when account is taken of the unequal shares that different members of the community will get of the benefits for the sake of which it is proposed that the government should forego some of its revenue.
Suppose then that the monopolist makes a compromise, and reckons £1 of consumers' surplus as equivalent to say 10s. of monopoly revenue. Let him calculate the monopoly revenue to be got from selling his commodity at any given price, and to it let him add one half the corresponding consumers' surplus: the sum of the two may be called the compromise benefit; and his aim will be to fix on that price which will make the compromise benefit as large as possible.(7*)
The following general results are capable of exact proof; but on a little consideration they will appear so manifestly true as hardly to require proof. Firstly, the amount which the monopolist will offer for sale will be greater (and the price at which he will sell it will be less) if he is to any extent desirous to promote the interests of consumers than if his sole aim is to obtain the greatest possible monopoly revenue; and secondly, the amount produced will be greater (and the selling price will be less) the greater be the desire of the monopolist to promote the interests of consumers; i.e. the larger be the percentage of its actual value at which he counts in consumers' surplus with his own revenue.(8*)
8. Not many years ago it was commonly argued that: "An English ruler, who looks upon himself as the minister of the race he rules, is bound to take care that he impresses their energies in no work that is not worth the labour that is spent upon it, or -- to translate the sentiment into plainer language -- that he engages in nothing that will not produce an income sufficient to defray the interest on its cost."(9*) Such phrases as this may sometimes have meant little more than that a benefit which consumers were not willing to purchase at a high price and on a large scale, was likely to exist for the greater part only in the specious counsels of those who had some personal interest in the proposed undertakings; but probably they more often indicated a tendency to under-estimate the magnitude of that interest which consumers have in a low price, and which we call consumers' surplus.(10*)
One of the chief elements of success in private business is the faculty of weighing the advantages and disadvantages of any proposed course, and of assigning to them their true relative importance. He who by practice and genius has acquired the power of attributing to each factor its right quantity, is already well on the way to fortune; and the increase in the efficiency of our productive forces is in a great measure due to the large number of able minds who are devoting themselves ceaselessly to acquiring these business instincts. But unfortunately the advantages thus weighed against one another are nearly all regarded from one point of view, that of the producer; and there are not many who concern themselves to weigh against one another the relative quantities of the interests which the consumers and the producers have in different courses of action. For indeed the requisite facts come within the direct experience of only a very few persons, and even in the case of those few, only to a very limited extent and in a very imperfect way. Moreover when a great administrator has acquired those instincts with regard to public interests which able business men have with regard to their own affairs, he is not very likely to be able to carry his plans with a free hand. At all events in a democratic country no great public undertaking is secure of being sustained on consistent lines of policy, unless its advantages can be made clear, not only to the few who have direct experience of high public affairs, but also to the many who have no such experience and have to form their judgment on the materials set before them by others.
Judgments of this kind must always be inferior to those which an able business man forms, by the aid of instincts based on long experience with regard to his own business. But they may be made much more trustworthy than they are at present, if they can be based on statistical measures of the relative quantities of the benefits and the injuries which different courses of public action are likely to cause to the several classes of the community. Much of the failure and much of the injustice, in which the economic policies of governments have resulted, have been due to the want of statistical measurement. A few people who have been strongly interested on one side have raised their voices loudly, persistently and all together; while little has been heard from the great mass of people whose interests have lain in the opposite direction; for, even if their attention has been fairly called to the matter, few have cared to exert themselves much for a cause in which no one of them has more than a small stake. The few therefore get their way, although if statistical measures of the interests involved were available, it might prove that the aggregate of the interests of the few was only a tenth or a hundredth part of the aggregate of the interests of the silent many.
No doubt statistics can be easily misinterpreted; and are often very misleading when first applied to new problems. But many of the worst fallacies involved in the misapplications of statistics are definite and can be definitely exposed, till at last no one ventures to repeat them even when addressing an uninstructed audience: and on the whole arguments which can be reduced to statistical forms, though still in a backward condition, are making more sure and more rapid advances than any others towards obtaining the general acceptance of all who have studied the subjects to which they refer. The rapid growth of collective interests, and the increasing tendency towards collective action in economic affairs, make it every day more important that we should know what quantitative measures of public interests are most needed and what statistics are required for them, and that we should set ourselves to obtain these statistics.
It is perhaps not unreasonable to hope that as time goes on, the statistics of consumption will be so organized as to afford demand schedules sufficiently trustworthy, to show in diagrams that will appeal to the eye, the quantities of consumers, surplus that will result from different courses of public and private action. By the study of these pictures the mind may be gradually trained to get juster notions of the relative magnitudes of the interests which the community has in various schemes of public and private enterprise; and sounder doctrines may replace those traditions of an earlier generation, which had perhaps a wholesome influence in their time; but which damped social enthusiasm by throwing suspicion on all projects for undertakings by the public on its own behalf which would not show a balance of direct pecuniary profit.
The practical bearings of many of the abstract reasonings in which we have recently been engaged will not be fully apparent till we approach the end of this treatise. But there seemed to be advantages in introducing them thus early, partly because of their close connection with the main theory of equilibrium of demand and supply, and partly because they throw side lights on the character and the purposes of that investigation of the causes which determine distribution on which we are about to enter.
9. So far it has been assumed that the monopolist can buy and sell freely. But in fact monopolistic combinations in one branch of industry foster the growth of monopolistic combinations in those which have occasion to buy from or sell to it: and the conflicts and alliances between such associations play a role of ever increasing importance in modern economics. Abstract reasoning of a general character has little to say on the subject. If two absolute monopolies are complementary, so that neither can turn its products to any good account, without the other's aid, there is no means of determining where the price of the ultimate product will be fixed. Thus if we supposed, following Cournot's lead, that copper and zinc were each of them useless except when combined to make brass: and if we supposed that one man, A, owned all the available sources of supply of copper; while another, B, owned all those of zinc; there would then be no means of determining beforehand what amount of brass would be produced, nor therefore the price at which it could be sold. Each would try to get the better of the other in bargaining; and though the issue of the contest would greatly affect the purchasers, they would not be able to influence it.(11*)
Under the conditions supposed, A could not count on reaping the whole, nor even any share at all of the benefit, from increased sales, that would be got by lowering the price of copper in a market in which the price of zinc was fixed by natural causes rather than strategical higgling and bargaining. For, if he reduced his price, B might take the action as a sign of commercial weakness, and raise the price of zinc; thus causing A to lose both on price and on amount sold. Each would therefore be tempted to bluff the other; and consumers might find that less brass was put on the market, and that therefore a higher price could be exacted for it, than if a single monopolist owned the whole supplies both of copper and of zinc: for he might see his way to gaining in the long run by a low price which stimulated consumption. But neither A nor B could reckon on the effects of his own action, unless the two came together and agreed on a common policy: that is unless they made a partial, and perhaps temporary fusion of their monopolies. On this ground, and because monopolies are likely to disturb allied industries it may reasonably be urged that the public interest generally requires that complementary monopolies should be held in a single hand.
But there are other considerations of perhaps greater importance on the other side. For in real life there are scarcely any monopolies as absolute and permanent as that just discussed. On the contrary there is in the modern world an ever increasing tendency towards the substitution of new things and new methods for old, which are not being developed progressively in the interests of consumers; and the direct or indirect competition thus brought to bear is likely to weaken the position of one of the complementary monopolies more than the other. For instance if there be only one factory for spinning and only one for weaving in a small isolated country, it may be for the time to the public interest that the two should be in the same hands. But the monopoly so established will be much harder to shake than would either half of it separately. For a new venturer might push his way into the spinning business and compete with the old spinning mill for the custom of the old weaving sheds.
Consider again a through route, partly by rail and partly by sea, between two great centres of industry. If competition on either half of the route were permanently impossible, it would probably be to the public interest that the ships and the railway line should be in the same hands. But as things are, no such general statement can be made. Under some conditions it is more to the public interest that they should be in one hand; under others, and those perhaps the conditions that occur the more frequently, it is in the long run to the public interest that they should remain in different hands.
Similarly the prima facie arguments in favour of the fusion of monopolistic cartels, or other associations, in complementary branches of industry, though often plausible and even strong, will generally be found on closer examination to be treacherous. They point to the removal of prominent social and industrial discords; but at the probable expense of larger and more enduring discords in the future.(12*)
1. Thus DD' being the demand curve, and SS' the curve corresponding to the supply schedule described in the text, let MP2P1 be drawn vertically from any point M in Ox, cutting SS' in P2 and DD' in P1; and from it cut off MP3 = call P2P1, then the locus of P3 will be our third curve, QQ', which we may the monopoly revenue Curve. The supply price for a small quantity of gas will of course be very high; and in the neighbourhood of Oy the supply curve will be above the demand curve, and therefore the net revenue curve will be below Ox. It will cut Ox in K and again in H, points which are vertically under B and A, the two points of interaction of the demand and supply curves. The maxi mum monopoly revenue will then be obtained by finding a point q3 on QQ' such that Lq3 being drawn perpendicular to Ox, OL x Lq3 is a maximum. Lq3 being produced to cut SS' in q2 and DD' in q1, the company, if desiring to obtain the greatest immediate monopoly revenue, will fix the price per thousand feet at Lq1, and consequently will sell OL thousand feet; the expenses of pro duction will be Lq2 per thousand feet, and the aggregate net revenue will be OL x q2q1, or which is the same thing OL x Lq3.
Next from P3P1 cut off P3P5 equal to MP4, so that MP5 = MP3 + MP4. Then OM x MP5 = OM x MP3 + OM x MP4: but OM x MP3 is the total monopoly revenue when an amount OM is being sold at a price MP1, and OM x MP4 is the corresponding consumers' surplus. Therefore OM x MP5 is the sum of the monopoly revenue and the consumers' surplus, that is the (money measure of the) total benefit which the community will derive from the commodity when an amount OM is produced. The locus of P5 is our fifth curve, QT, which we may call the total benefit curve. It touches one of the constant revenue curves at t5, and this shows that the (money measure of the) total benefit is a maximum when the amount offered for sale is OW; or, which is the same thing, when the price of sale is fixed at the demand price for OW.
8. That is to say, firstly, OY fig. 36 is always greater than OL; and secondly, the greater n is, the greater OY is. (See Note XXIII bis in the Mathematical Appendix.)
12. Book III of Industry and Trade is occupied with a study of problems akin to those which have been sketched in this chapter.
1. The present chapter contains no new matter: it is a mere summary of the results of Book V. The second half of it may be of service to anyone who has omitted the later chapters: for it may indicate, though it cannot explain, their general drift.
The difficulties of the problem depend chiefly on variations in the area of space, and the period of time over which the market in question extends; the influence of time being more fundamental than that of space.
Even in a market of very short period, such as that of a provincial corn-exchange on market-day, the "higgling and bargaining" might probably oscillate about a mean position, which would have some sort of a right to be called the equilibrium price: but the action of dealers in offering one price or refusing another would depend little, if at all, on calculations with regard to cost of production. They would look chiefly at present demand on the one hand, and on the other at the stocks of the commodity already available. It is true that they would pay some attention to such movements of production in the near future as might throw their shadow before; but in the case of perishable goods they would look only a very little way beyond the immediate present. Cost of production has for instance no perceptible influence on the day 's bargaining in a fish-market.
In a rigidly stationary state in which supply could be perfectly adjusted to demand in every particular, the normal expenses of production, the marginal expenses, and the average expenses (rent being counted in) would be one and the same thing, for long periods and for short. But, as it is, the language both of professed writers on economics and of men of business shows much elasticity in the use of the term Normal when applied to the causes that determine value. And one fairly well marked division needs study.
On the one side of this division are long periods, in which the normal action of economic forces has time to work itself out more fully; in which therefore a temporary scarcity of skilled labour, or of any other of the agents of production, can be remedied; and in which those economies that normally result from an increase in the scale of production -- normally, that is without the aid of any substantive new invention -- have time to develop themselves. The expenses of a representative firm, managed with normal ability and having normal access to the internal and external economies of production on a large scale, may be taken as a standard for estimating normal expenses of production: and when the period under survey is long enough to enable the investment of capital in building up a new business to complete itself and to bear full fruits; then the marginal supply price is that, the expectation of which in the long run just suffices to induce capitalists to invest their material capital, and workers of all grades to invest their personal capital in the trade.
On the other side of the line of division are periods of time long enough to enable producers to adapt their production to changes in demand, in so far as that can be done with the existing provision of specialized skill, specialized capital, and industrial organization; but not long enough to enable them to make any important changes in the supplies of these factors of production. For such periods the stock of material and personal appliances of production has to be taken in a great measure for granted; and the marginal increment of supply is determined by estimates of producers as to the amount of production it is worth their while to get out of those appliances. If trade is brisk all energies are strained to their utmost, overtime is worked, and then the limit to production is given by want of power rather than by want of will to go further or faster. But if trade is slack every producer has to make up his mind how near to prime cost it is worth his while to take fresh orders. And here there is no definite law, the chief operative force is the fear of spoiling the market; and that acts in different ways and with different strengths on different individuals and different industrial groups. For the chief motive of all open combinations and of all informal silent and "customary" understandings whether among employers or employed is the need for preventing individuals from spoiling the common market by action that may bring them immediate gains, but at the cost of a greater aggregate loss to the trade.
2. We next turned aside to consider the relations of demand and supply with reference to things that need to be combined together for the purposes of satisfying a joint demand; of which the most important instance is that of the specialized material capital, and the specialized personal skill that must work together in any trade. For there is no direct demand on the part of consumers for either alone, but only for the two conjointly; the demand for either separately is a derived demand, which rises, other things being equal, with every increase in the demand for the common products, and with every diminution in the supply price of the joint factors of production. In like manner commodities of which there is a joint supply, such as gas and coke, or beef and hides, can each of them have only a derived supply price, governed by the expenses of the whole process of production on the one hand, and on the other by the demand for the remaining joint products.
The composite demand for a thing, resulting from its being used for several different purposes, and the composite supply of a thing, that has several sources of production, present no great difficulty; for the several amounts demanded for the different purposes, or supplied from different sources, can be added together, on the same plan as was adopted in Book III, for combining the demands of the rich, the middle classes and the poor for the same commodity.
Next we made some study of the division of the supplementary costs of a business, -- and especially those connected with building up a trade connection, with marketing, and with insurance -- among the various products of that business.
3. Returning to those central difficulties of the equilibrium of normal demand and supply which are connected with the element of time, we investigated more fully the relation between the value of an appliance for production and that of the things produced by it.
When different producers have different advantages for producing a thing, its price must be sufficient to cover the expenses of production of those producers who have no special and exceptional facilities; for if not they will withhold or diminish their production, and the scarcity of the amount supplied, relatively to the demand, will raise the price. When the market is in equilibrium, and the thing is being sold at a price which covers these expenses, there remains a surplus beyond their expenses for those who have the assistance of any exceptional advantages. If these advantages arise from the command over free gifts of nature, the surplus is called a producer's surplus or producer's rent: there is a surplus in any case, and if the owner of a free gift of nature lends it out to another, he can generally get for its use a money income equivalent to this surplus.
The price of the produce is equal to the cost of production of that part of it, which is raised on the margin, that is under such unfavourable conditions as to yield no rent. The cost of this part can be reckoned up without reasoning in a circle; and the cost of other parts cannot.
If land which had been used for growing hops, is found capable of yielding a higher rent as market-garden land, the area under hops will undoubtedly be diminished; and this will raise their marginal cost of production and therefore their price. The rent which land will yield for one kind of produce, calls attention to the fact that a demand for the land for that kind of produce increases the difficulties of supply of other kinds; though it does not directly enter into those expenses. And similar arguments apply to the relation between the site values of urban land and the costs of things made on it.
Thus when we are taking a broad view of normal value, when we are investigating the causes which determine normal value "in the long run," when we are tracing the "ultimate" effects of economic causes; then the income that is derived from capital in these forms enters into the payments by which the expenses of production of the commodity in question have to be covered; and estimates as to the probable amount of that income directly control the action of the producers, who are on the margin of doubt as to whether to increase the means of production or not. But, on the other hand, when we are considering the causes which determine normal prices for a period which is short relatively to that required for largely increasing the supply of those appliances for production; then their influence on value is chiefly indirect and more or less similar to that exerted by the free gifts of nature. The shorter the period which we are considering, and the slower the process of production of those appliances, the less part will variations in the income derived from them play in checking or increasing the supply of the commodity produced by them, and in raising or lowering its supply price.
4 This leads to the consideration of some difficulties of a technical character connected with the marginal expenses of production of a commodity that obeys the law of increasing return. The difficulties arise from the temptation to represent supply price as dependent on the amount produced, without allowing for the length of time that is necessarily occupied by each individual business in extending its internal, and still more its external organization; and in consequence they have been most conspicuous in mathematical and semi-mathematical discussions of the theory of value. For when changes of supply price and amount produced are regarded as dependent exclusively on one another without any reference to gradual growth, it appears reasonable to argue that the marginal supply price for each individual producer is the addition to his aggregate expenses of production made by producing his last element; that this marginal price is likely in many cases to be diminished by an increase in his output much more than the demand price in the general market would be by the same cause.
The statical theory of equilibrium is therefore not wholly applicable to commodities which obey the law of increasing return. It should however be noted that in many industries each producer has a special market in which he is well known, and which he cannot extend quickly; and that therefore, though it might be physically possible for him to increase his output rapidly, he would run the risk of forcing down very much the demand price in his special market, or else of being driven to sell his surplus production outside on less favourable terms. And though there are industries in which each producer has access to the whole of a large market, yet in these there remain but few internal economies to be got by an increase of output, when the existing plant is already well occupied. No doubt there are industries as to which neither of these statements is true: they are in a transitional state, and it must be conceded that the statical theory of equilibrium of normal demand and supply cannot be profitably applied to them. But such cases are not numerous; and with regard to the great bulk of manufacturing industries, the connection between supply price and amount shows a fundamentally different character for short periods and for long.
But in long periods both the internal and the external economies of production on a large scale have time to develop themselves. The marginal supply price is not the expenses of production of any particular bale of goods: but it is the whole expenses (including insurance, and gross earnings of management) of a marginal increment in the aggregate process of production and marketing.
5. Some study of the effects of a tax, regarded as a special case of a change in the general conditions of demand and supply suggests that, when proper allowance is made for the interests of consumers, there is on abstract grounds rather less prima facie cause than the earlier economists supposed, for the general doctrine of so-called "Maximum Satisfaction"; i.e. for the doctrine that the free pursuit by each individual of his own immediate interest, will lead producers to turn their capital and labour, and consumers to turn their expenditure into such courses as are most conducive to the general interests. We have nothing to do at this stage of our inquiry, limited as it is to analysis of the most general character, with the important question how far, human nature being constituted as it is at present, collective action is likely to be inferior to individualistic action in energy and elasticity, in inventiveness and directness of purpose; and whether it is not therefore likely to waste through practical inefficiency more than it could save by taking account of all the interests affected by any course of action. But even without taking account of the evils arising from the unequal distribution of wealth, there is prima facie reason for believing that the aggregate satisfaction, so far from being already a maximum, could be much increased by collective action in promoting the production and consumption of things in regard to which the law of increasing return acts with especial force.
This position is confirmed by the study of the theory of monopolies. It is the immediate interest of the monopolist so to adjust the production and sale of his wares as to obtain for himself the maximum net revenue, and the course which he thus adopts is unlikely to be that which affords the aggregate maximum satisfaction. The divergence between individual and collective interests is prima facie less important with regard to those things which obey the law of diminishing return, than with regard to those which obey the law of increasing return: but, in the case of the latter, there is strong prima facie reason for believing that it might often be to the interest of the community directly or indirectly to intervene, because a largely increased production would add much more to consumers' surplus than to the aggregate expenses of production of the goods. More exact notions on the relations of demand and supply, particularly when expressed in the form of diagrams, may help us to see what statistics should be collected, and how they should be applied in the attempt to estimate the relative magnitudes of various conflicting economic interests, public and private.
Ricardo's theory of cost of production in relation to value occupies so important a place in the history of economics that any misunderstanding as to its real character must necessarily be very mischievous; and unfortunately it is so expressed as almost to invite misunderstanding. In consequence there is a widely spread belief that it has needed to be reconstructed by the present generation of economists. Cause is shown in Appendix I for not accepting this opinion; and for holding on the contrary that the foundations of the theory as they were left by Ricardo remain intact; that much has been added to them, and that very much has been built upon them, but that little has been taken from them. It is there argued that he knew that demand played an essential part in governing value, but that he regarded its action as less obscure than that of cost of production, and therefore passed it lightly over in the notes which he made for the use of his friends, and himself; for he never essayed to write a formal treatise: also that he regarded cost of production as dependent -- not as Marx asserted him to have done on the mere quantity of labour used up in production, but -- on the quality as well as quantity of that labour; together with the amount of stored up capital needed to aid labour, and the length of time during which such aid was invoked.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.02369678020477295,"id":"<urn:uuid:3b0b64a8-0b89-4796-b966-38ea79eb0c4f>","language":"en","language_score":0.9734064340591431,"url":"https:\/\/socialsciences.mcmaster.ca\/econ\/ugcm\/3ll3\/marshall\/prin\/prinbk5.htm","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-020453518"}
| 38,049 |
flan-27334925
|
Линия Мэйсона — Диксона
Could you please translate this to English? Mason-Dixon line
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[25.0,86.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"20fff83f8ecf02a0a950cc3a8c16a71d","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt16_translate\/ru-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":2,"_template_type":"zs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0140.json.gz:170852"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 31 |
dclm-422766402
|
Skip Navigation
Faces of open government – Stefano Pizzicannella
Open Government Partnership|
In this section of the OGP newsletter, we feature open government champions both from government and civil society, and ask them about their OGP experiences. Here is what they have to say:
How does open government make a difference in peoples lives?
Open government sets a framework for a new relationship between government and citizens and it can definitely change the way citizens and institutions perceive themselves diminishing barriers and enhancing reciprocal communication and trust. People’s lives are affected also because open government allows for improved and tailored service delivery. Both the how and the what Public Administration does is deeply affected in a positive way. All actors involved in open government processes, politicians, administrators, stakeholders, businesses and citizens get to work and act in an improved environment based on communication, cooperation and cocreation of services.
How have you benefited from exchanging ideas with civil society?
Civil society is an universe where motivation, skills, know how are present in such a variety and quality that as an administrator I benefited enormously in terms of vision and knowledge enrichment. The exchange with stakeholders and citizens creates an unprecedented momentum for change and innovation and helps government itself to maintain focus in policy implementation and thus in achieving results. Bringing down barriers, the process of opening up government allows for improved, sound and more reliable decision making processes where traditional resistors to innovation have to give way to change.
Describe one OGP commitment from your country that you are proud of.
The second Italian action Plan, presented in December 2014, contains two commitments dedicated to the improvement of the government’s capacity to meet both participation needs of public administrations and demands for inclusion in decision making processes coming from civil society. These commitments are dedicated to the drafting of general guidelines for public administrations for participation and to the enhancement of the technical endowment and of competencies within government to better support these demands.
How are you working to overcome challenges in opening up government in your country?
The international partnership among reformers and active members of civil society actually provides administrators with an extra power and vision to push forward the open government agenda and in this respect it is vital to keep a good and constant flow of information between the international level of discussion and the national one. The Open Government Partnership improves, in the national scenario, the ability of those that are more involved in open government processes to know each other, to create synergies and gain strength vis à vis resistance against change.
Stefano Pizzicannella is a Director at the Department for Public Administration in Italy.
Photo credit: Green Clean Market.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.04349261522293091,"id":"<urn:uuid:02fb30ff-883a-4cf3-a6e5-b3cd02182a68>","language":"en","language_score":0.9402902126312256,"url":"https:\/\/www.opengovpartnership.org\/stories\/faces-of-open-government-stefano-pizzicannella\/","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-303164518"}
| 557 |
dclm-426200817
|
Text size
this story is by
Palestinian militants shot at a building in the Balata refugee camp in the West Bank, where Palestinian Prime Minister Ahmed Qureia was speaking on Wednesday. An explosive device was also detonated as he and his entourage were leaving the Balata refugee camp. Qureia was not injured.
The incident began Wednesday morning as Qureia spoke to militants inside a sports club near the northern West Bank city of Nablus.
Gunmen inside the building fired in the air, at a distance of more than 100 meters from the prime minister, witnesses said.
Others who were outside fired shots at the building, but the bullets didn't penetrate the wall, they said.
Later, as Qureia and his entourage, including several cabinet ministers, left the building, a new volley of gunfire erupted and an explosive device was detonated about 300 meters away. None of the officials were injured.
Balata is a hotbed of militant activity, and many in the camp oppose Palestinian officials' efforts to marginalize them. They also resent reports of corruption among high-level Palestinian officials.
Mahmoud al-Khatib, who said he fired at the building, said he acted out of anger and frustration at how officials treated his father, who was jailed by Israel 21 years.
"When my dad came out of jail, the Palestinian Authority didn't help him with anything," he said. "Officials live in luxury and we, the ones who gave so much to Palestine, have gotten nothing."
"I reached a point where I'm willing to kill so I can take back my rights, my father's rights, and the rights of all those like us," he said.
After the gunfire and explosion, Qureia continued with his planned itinerary and toured another refugee camp nearby.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.047496497631073,"id":"<urn:uuid:e2735d77-9e44-4514-8d82-0255b0f81715>","language":"en","language_score":0.9888142943382263,"url":"http:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/news\/gunfire-and-explosions-aimed-at-palestinian-pm-on-west-bank-visit-1.161852","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-076524881"}
| 391 |
pes2o-22940461
|
Another World is Coming
S..A. nother world is not only possible, she is "A• on her way. On a quiet day, I can hear her breathing."-Arundhati Roy at the World Social Forum, Porto Alegre, Brazil. "Never before in the 33 years of the World Economic Forum's history has the situation in the world been as fragile, as complex and as dangerous as this year."-Klaus Schwab at the opening of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. As the United States hovers on the edge of war with Iraq, two significant events have taken place which frame the split in vision that characterizes this dangerous and dramatic historical moment-the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland and its oppositional counterpart, the World Social Forum, in Porto Alegre, Brazil. As part of a Ford Foundation delegation to the WSF, four Naclistas, including myself, headed to Brazil last month to share ideas, network with institutional allies and generally get a sense of the state of the social justice movement in Latin America. We were not disappointed. Despite its somewhat chaotic program, the WSF, made up of over 100,000 participants and over 1700 workshops/panels and events was an impressive and lifegiving event particularly in the new context of Lula's Brazil. As celebrated Uruguayan author Eduardo Galeano and Indian writer and activist Arundhati Roy pointed to the positive example of Brazil, the flag waving, multicultural audience burst into "Lula Lula!!" in soccer-like chants. The motto of the forum, "Another World is Possible," was reflected in the broad agenda which included some key themes: social movement collaboration to identify common goals across regions and continents; building peace; confronting and providing alternatives to the hegemonic neoliberal agenda as promoted by the group of eight major industrialized countries through the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; debt cancellation; women's equality; a call to the people for international solidarity and the ongoing construction of an international network of progressive social forces. The lively mood of Porto Alegre was in direct contrast to the "gloomy and somber" atmosphere described by delegates at Davos. Although not all would go as far as Noam Chomsky in singling out the United States as the most significant threat to world peace, there does seem to be some consensus, going beyond the usual left circles, that the Bush administration, most specifically on the issue of Iraq, is not acting "in our name." While WSF delegates marched en masse for peace down the streets of central Porto Alegre on the first day of the gathering, Davos delegates focused on their theme of "trust building" in the context of a dire institutional accountability deficit throughout the political and economic world. Drawing on a Gallup International poll of 47 countries polling a total of 1.4 billion people, Klaus Schwab of the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, who opened the WEF, pointed to the massive decline in civic trust in national legislatures and large corporations. The institutions that are intended to carry out the neoliberal agenda, in effect, do not have a popular mandate and this is becoming clear even to those who promote the agenda. While the left is weary of critiquing neoliberalism, center and right forces that defend the model may also be tiring. This is the time to promote alternatives. Although from different angles, both the WEF and the WSF placed the reality of this democratic deficit at the center of their agendas. An attendee to the WSF from the Interhemispheric Resource Center notes, "Despite being in its infancy, the major accomplishment of the WSF has been to puncture the basic conceit of the Davos agenda-that there is no alternative to neoliberalism and that critics of neoliberalism were only unified in their opposition to neoliberalism and lacked any coherent alternatives." While some rail about what they see as the hippie love-in mentality of much of the WSF, many, particularly those who attended the forum, appreciated that within and beyond the pumping music and tents of the youth camp, there were concrete opportunities for networking and strategizing in the context of a feeling of hope that many of us haven't felt in Latin America for years. U
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2019-06-12T15:00:29.459Z","created":"2003-03-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"185437667","metadata":{"abstract":"S..A. nother world is not only possible, she is \"A\u2022 on her way. On a quiet day, I can hear her breathing.\"-Arundhati Roy at the World Social Forum, Porto Alegre, Brazil. \"Never before in the 33 years of the World Economic Forum's history has the situation in the world been as fragile, as complex and as dangerous as this year.\"-Klaus Schwab at the opening of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. As the United States hovers on the edge of war with Iraq, two significant events have taken place which frame the split in vision that characterizes this dangerous and dramatic historical moment-the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland and its oppositional counterpart, the World Social Forum, in Porto Alegre, Brazil. As part of a Ford Foundation delegation to the WSF, four Naclistas, including myself, headed to Brazil last month to share ideas, network with institutional allies and generally get a sense of the state of the social justice movement in Latin America. We were not disappointed. Despite its somewhat chaotic program, the WSF, made up of over 100,000 participants and over 1700 workshops\/panels and events was an impressive and lifegiving event particularly in the new context of Lula's Brazil. As celebrated Uruguayan author Eduardo Galeano and Indian writer and activist Arundhati Roy pointed to the positive example of Brazil, the flag waving, multicultural audience burst into \"Lula Lula!!\" in soccer-like chants. The motto of the forum, \"Another World is Possible,\" was reflected in the broad agenda which included some key themes: social movement collaboration to identify common goals across regions and continents; building peace; confronting and providing alternatives to the hegemonic neoliberal agenda as promoted by the group of eight major industrialized countries through the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; debt cancellation; women's equality; a call to the people for international solidarity and the ongoing construction of an international network of progressive social forces. The lively mood of Porto Alegre was in direct contrast to the \"gloomy and somber\" atmosphere described by delegates at Davos. Although not all would go as far as Noam Chomsky in singling out the United States as the most significant threat to world peace, there does seem to be some consensus, going beyond the usual left circles, that the Bush administration, most specifically on the issue of Iraq, is not acting \"in our name.\" While WSF delegates marched en masse for peace down the streets of central Porto Alegre on the first day of the gathering, Davos delegates focused on their theme of \"trust building\" in the context of a dire institutional accountability deficit throughout the political and economic world. Drawing on a Gallup International poll of 47 countries polling a total of 1.4 billion people, Klaus Schwab of the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, who opened the WEF, pointed to the massive decline in civic trust in national legislatures and large corporations. The institutions that are intended to carry out the neoliberal agenda, in effect, do not have a popular mandate and this is becoming clear even to those who promote the agenda. While the left is weary of critiquing neoliberalism, center and right forces that defend the model may also be tiring. This is the time to promote alternatives. Although from different angles, both the WEF and the WSF placed the reality of this democratic deficit at the center of their agendas. An attendee to the WSF from the Interhemispheric Resource Center notes, \"Despite being in its infancy, the major accomplishment of the WSF has been to puncture the basic conceit of the Davos agenda-that there is no alternative to neoliberalism and that critics of neoliberalism were only unified in their opposition to neoliberalism and lacked any coherent alternatives.\" While some rail about what they see as the hippie love-in mentality of much of the WSF, many, particularly those who attended the forum, appreciated that within and beyond the pumping music and tents of the youth camp, there were concrete opportunities for networking and strategizing in the context of a feeling of hope that many of us haven't felt in Latin America for years. U","abstract_count":690,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.69531666265152,"extfieldsofstudy":["History"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0005.json.gz:3577726","s2fieldsofstudy":["Political Science"],"sha1":"4862662ead9ff9b9495ee87cb258cf4e37165e08","sources":["MergedPDFExtraction","TaylorAndFrancis","Unpaywall","MAG"],"title":"Another World is Coming","title_count":4,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-10.498048017868488,"top_frequencies":[{"count":62,"token":"the"},{"count":34,"token":"of"},{"count":24,"token":"and"},{"count":20,"token":"in"},{"count":18,"token":"to"},{"count":9,"token":"World"},{"count":9,"token":"is"},{"count":9,"token":"a"},{"count":9,"token":"as"},{"count":7,"token":"that"},{"count":6,"token":"on"},{"count":5,"token":"not"},{"count":5,"token":"for"},{"count":4,"token":"at"},{"count":4,"token":"Porto"},{"count":4,"token":"this"},{"count":4,"token":"WSF"},{"count":3,"token":"world"},{"count":3,"token":"Social"},{"count":3,"token":"Brazil."},{"count":3,"token":"Economic"},{"count":3,"token":"Schwab"},{"count":3,"token":"As"},{"count":3,"token":"its"},{"count":3,"token":"WSF,"},{"count":3,"token":"social"},{"count":3,"token":"were"},{"count":3,"token":"was"},{"count":3,"token":"context"},{"count":3,"token":"The"},{"count":3,"token":"some"},{"count":3,"token":"delegates"},{"count":3,"token":"there"},{"count":3,"token":"While"},{"count":3,"token":"their"},{"count":3,"token":"who"},{"count":3,"token":"neoliberalism"},{"count":2,"token":"only"},{"count":2,"token":"her"},{"count":2,"token":"Roy"},{"count":2,"token":"Forum,"},{"count":2,"token":"Alegre,"},{"count":2,"token":"has"},{"count":2,"token":"been"},{"count":2,"token":"dangerous"},{"count":2,"token":"Forum"},{"count":2,"token":"Davos,"},{"count":2,"token":"United"},{"count":2,"token":"States"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"Iraq,"},{"count":2,"token":"significant"},{"count":2,"token":"events"},{"count":2,"token":"have"},{"count":2,"token":"which"},{"count":2,"token":"Foundation"},{"count":2,"token":"network"},{"count":2,"token":"institutional"},{"count":2,"token":"movement"},{"count":2,"token":"Latin"},{"count":2,"token":"over"},{"count":2,"token":"an"},{"count":2,"token":"particularly"},{"count":2,"token":"pointed"},{"count":2,"token":"forum,"},{"count":2,"token":"agenda"},{"count":2,"token":"neoliberal"},{"count":2,"token":"by"},{"count":2,"token":"major"},{"count":2,"token":"countries"},{"count":2,"token":"International"},{"count":2,"token":"international"},{"count":2,"token":"Alegre"},{"count":2,"token":"Although"},{"count":2,"token":"out"},{"count":2,"token":"most"},{"count":2,"token":"be"},{"count":2,"token":"beyond"},{"count":2,"token":"left"},{"count":2,"token":"Davos"},{"count":2,"token":"deficit"},{"count":2,"token":"those"},{"count":2,"token":"promote"},{"count":2,"token":"center"},{"count":2,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"Another"},{"count":1,"token":"Coming"},{"count":1,"token":"S..A."},{"count":1,"token":"nother"},{"count":1,"token":"possible,"},{"count":1,"token":"she"},{"count":1,"token":"\"A\u2022"},{"count":1,"token":"way."},{"count":1,"token":"On"},{"count":1,"token":"quiet"},{"count":1,"token":"day,"},{"count":1,"token":"I"},{"count":1,"token":"can"},{"count":1,"token":"hear"},{"count":1,"token":"breathing.\"-Arundhati"}],"year":2003},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 898 |
pes2o-28505841
|
Is data quality enough for a clinical decision?: Apply machine learning and avoid bias
This paper provides a practical guideline for the assurance and (re-)usage of clinical data. It proposes a process which aims to provide a systematic data quality assurance even without involving a medical domain expert. Especially when (re-)using clinical data, data quality is an important topic because clinical data are not purposely collected. Therefore, data driven conclusions might be false, because a given dataset is not representative. These false data driven conclusions could even harm the life of patients. Thus, all researchers should adhere to some basic principles that can prevent false conclusions. Twelve empirical experiments were conducted in order to prove that my process is able to assure data quality with respect to the descriptive and predictive analysis. Descriptive results obtained by applying stratified sampling are conflicting in four out of nine population inputs. Sampling is carried based on the top ranked feature drawn by the Contextual Data Quality Assurance (CDQA). Between datasets these features are confirmed by the Mutual Data Quality Assurance (MDQA). Stratified sampled inputs improve predictive results compared to raw data. Both Area Under the Curve (AUC) scores and accuracy scores increase by three percent.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-01-16T18:19:36.436Z","created":"2017-12-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"33311889","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper provides a practical guideline for the assurance and (re-)usage of clinical data. It proposes a process which aims to provide a systematic data quality assurance even without involving a medical domain expert. Especially when (re-)using clinical data, data quality is an important topic because clinical data are not purposely collected. Therefore, data driven conclusions might be false, because a given dataset is not representative. These false data driven conclusions could even harm the life of patients. Thus, all researchers should adhere to some basic principles that can prevent false conclusions. Twelve empirical experiments were conducted in order to prove that my process is able to assure data quality with respect to the descriptive and predictive analysis. Descriptive results obtained by applying stratified sampling are conflicting in four out of nine population inputs. Sampling is carried based on the top ranked feature drawn by the Contextual Data Quality Assurance (CDQA). Between datasets these features are confirmed by the Mutual Data Quality Assurance (MDQA). Stratified sampled inputs improve predictive results compared to raw data. Both Area Under the Curve (AUC) scores and accuracy scores increase by three percent.","abstract_count":188,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.155610120040334,"extfieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:1399245","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"5350e9a9730bac9187137636b1136e3f93b778e2","sources":["DBLP","ScienceParseMerged","IEEE","MAG","Unpaywall"],"title":"Is data quality enough for a clinical decision?: Apply machine learning and avoid bias","title_count":14,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-13.427218833253306,"top_frequencies":[{"count":7,"token":"data"},{"count":7,"token":"the"},{"count":6,"token":"a"},{"count":6,"token":"to"},{"count":4,"token":"quality"},{"count":4,"token":"clinical"},{"count":4,"token":"and"},{"count":4,"token":"is"},{"count":4,"token":"by"},{"count":3,"token":"of"},{"count":3,"token":"are"},{"count":2,"token":"for"},{"count":2,"token":"assurance"},{"count":2,"token":"data."},{"count":2,"token":"process"},{"count":2,"token":"even"},{"count":2,"token":"because"},{"count":2,"token":"not"},{"count":2,"token":"driven"},{"count":2,"token":"conclusions"},{"count":2,"token":"false"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"in"},{"count":2,"token":"predictive"},{"count":2,"token":"results"},{"count":2,"token":"Data"},{"count":2,"token":"Quality"},{"count":2,"token":"Assurance"},{"count":2,"token":"scores"},{"count":1,"token":"Is"},{"count":1,"token":"enough"},{"count":1,"token":"decision?:"},{"count":1,"token":"Apply"},{"count":1,"token":"machine"},{"count":1,"token":"learning"},{"count":1,"token":"avoid"},{"count":1,"token":"bias"},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"paper"},{"count":1,"token":"provides"},{"count":1,"token":"practical"},{"count":1,"token":"guideline"},{"count":1,"token":"(re-)usage"},{"count":1,"token":"It"},{"count":1,"token":"proposes"},{"count":1,"token":"which"},{"count":1,"token":"aims"},{"count":1,"token":"provide"},{"count":1,"token":"systematic"},{"count":1,"token":"without"},{"count":1,"token":"involving"},{"count":1,"token":"medical"},{"count":1,"token":"domain"},{"count":1,"token":"expert."},{"count":1,"token":"Especially"},{"count":1,"token":"when"},{"count":1,"token":"(re-)using"},{"count":1,"token":"data,"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"important"},{"count":1,"token":"topic"},{"count":1,"token":"purposely"},{"count":1,"token":"collected."},{"count":1,"token":"Therefore,"},{"count":1,"token":"might"},{"count":1,"token":"be"},{"count":1,"token":"false,"},{"count":1,"token":"given"},{"count":1,"token":"dataset"},{"count":1,"token":"representative."},{"count":1,"token":"These"},{"count":1,"token":"could"},{"count":1,"token":"harm"},{"count":1,"token":"life"},{"count":1,"token":"patients."},{"count":1,"token":"Thus,"},{"count":1,"token":"all"},{"count":1,"token":"researchers"},{"count":1,"token":"should"},{"count":1,"token":"adhere"},{"count":1,"token":"some"},{"count":1,"token":"basic"},{"count":1,"token":"principles"},{"count":1,"token":"can"},{"count":1,"token":"prevent"},{"count":1,"token":"conclusions."},{"count":1,"token":"Twelve"},{"count":1,"token":"empirical"},{"count":1,"token":"experiments"},{"count":1,"token":"were"},{"count":1,"token":"conducted"},{"count":1,"token":"order"},{"count":1,"token":"prove"},{"count":1,"token":"my"},{"count":1,"token":"able"},{"count":1,"token":"assure"},{"count":1,"token":"with"},{"count":1,"token":"respect"},{"count":1,"token":"descriptive"},{"count":1,"token":"analysis."}],"year":2017},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 241 |
pes2o-7879117
|
Case report. Aphasia in thalamic stroke: CT stereotactic localization.
We present a patient in whom dysphasia followed suddenly upon an apparently discrete thalamic infarct proven by computed tomography (CT). Detailed psychometric data of the patient's speech and memory disorder obtained during the acute and chronic stages were correlated with the evaluation of a focal thalamic lesion as demonstrated by serial CT. The findings and deductions drawn from selective reports in the literature form the basis of this presentation.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T00:50:17.610Z","created":"1981-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"19722252","metadata":{"abstract":"We present a patient in whom dysphasia followed suddenly upon an apparently discrete thalamic infarct proven by computed tomography (CT). Detailed psychometric data of the patient's speech and memory disorder obtained during the acute and chronic stages were correlated with the evaluation of a focal thalamic lesion as demonstrated by serial CT. The findings and deductions drawn from selective reports in the literature form the basis of this presentation.","abstract_count":69,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.598076214001004,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0002.json.gz:139916","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine","Psychology"],"sha1":"84944b00058c431e03af7dad3cb73fcaefa2971b","sources":["MAG","Medline"],"title":"Case report. Aphasia in thalamic stroke: CT stereotactic localization.","title_count":9,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-19.1780091837428,"top_frequencies":[{"count":5,"token":"the"},{"count":3,"token":"in"},{"count":3,"token":"thalamic"},{"count":3,"token":"of"},{"count":3,"token":"and"},{"count":2,"token":"a"},{"count":2,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"Case"},{"count":1,"token":"report."},{"count":1,"token":"Aphasia"},{"count":1,"token":"stroke:"},{"count":1,"token":"CT"},{"count":1,"token":"stereotactic"},{"count":1,"token":"localization."},{"count":1,"token":"We"},{"count":1,"token":"present"},{"count":1,"token":"patient"},{"count":1,"token":"whom"},{"count":1,"token":"dysphasia"},{"count":1,"token":"followed"},{"count":1,"token":"suddenly"},{"count":1,"token":"upon"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"apparently"},{"count":1,"token":"discrete"},{"count":1,"token":"infarct"},{"count":1,"token":"proven"},{"count":1,"token":"computed"},{"count":1,"token":"tomography"},{"count":1,"token":"(CT)."},{"count":1,"token":"Detailed"},{"count":1,"token":"psychometric"},{"count":1,"token":"data"},{"count":1,"token":"patient's"},{"count":1,"token":"speech"},{"count":1,"token":"memory"},{"count":1,"token":"disorder"},{"count":1,"token":"obtained"},{"count":1,"token":"during"},{"count":1,"token":"acute"},{"count":1,"token":"chronic"},{"count":1,"token":"stages"},{"count":1,"token":"were"},{"count":1,"token":"correlated"},{"count":1,"token":"with"},{"count":1,"token":"evaluation"},{"count":1,"token":"focal"},{"count":1,"token":"lesion"},{"count":1,"token":"as"},{"count":1,"token":"demonstrated"},{"count":1,"token":"serial"},{"count":1,"token":"CT."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"findings"},{"count":1,"token":"deductions"},{"count":1,"token":"drawn"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"selective"},{"count":1,"token":"reports"},{"count":1,"token":"literature"},{"count":1,"token":"form"},{"count":1,"token":"basis"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"presentation."}],"year":1981},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 99 |
dclm-415027432
|
allow to disable automatic stat
Issue #11 wontfix
Christoph Anton Mitterer
created an issue
It seems that it's possible to cause as statistics update by sending USR2 to the db process.
For that reason, it would IMHO be a good idea if responsibility for that is generally put into cron. At least it would be nice if one could disable stat from within sks, e.g. -stat none or something like that, so that I can do A crontab like 0 * * debian-sks pkill -F /run/sks/ -USR2 sks || exit 1 without doing a double stat at 03:00
Cheers, Chris.
See also:
Comments (4)
1. John Clizbe
Thank you for explaining it to me. I added it to SKS.
There is no requirement that USR2 be used to periodically generate stats, just as there is no requirement that it be done at the top of the hour, overlapping the setting for statshour. Indeed, when it was originally added, it was set to trigger at 40 minutes past the hour on the hours that Peter Pramberger and Kristen's sites collected stats.
IMNSHO, allowing for disabling stats in their entirety except by signally USR2 is Not A Good Idea. We still have folks who do not enable initial_stat.
Fix the cron entry.
2. Christoph Anton Mitterer reporter
Thank you for explaining it to me. I added it to SKS. Hmm? What do you mean exactly?
Well the only reason for that idea was basically what Kristian mentioned on the sks-devel list just yesterday: Many servers do it via cron nowdays... some not. Which leads to the strange effect that servers are weighted differently though they actually have about the same number of keys.
When I now do a cron entry for say hourly, many people will use, e.g.: 0 * * * * pkill -USR2 sks || exit 1 But that leads to a stat being unnecessarily done twice at (per default) 03:00.
My idea would of course have included, that packages should a cron file per default, so that all servers are still updated :-)
Anyway... was just an idea,... so if you think the stat trigger from within the program is still neccesary, just close that ticket!
3. Log in to comment
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.16923874616622925,"id":"<urn:uuid:bf92b119-5d2d-4aeb-b693-bafc37dcfa69>","language":"en","language_score":0.9481289386749268,"url":"https:\/\/bitbucket.org\/skskeyserver\/sks-keyserver\/issues\/11\/allow-to-disable-automatic-stat","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-285383749"}
| 528 |
flan-27218551
|
@Slickforce ahhhh no biggi I'll suck it up
Describe the sentiment embodied by this tweet.
Choose your answer from:
[A]. negative
[B]. positive
I think the answer is
[B].
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,44.0,0.0],[45.0,92.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"29e693072f696d1de3133bd77826ad7d","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"sentiment140:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":2,"_template_type":"zs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0140.json.gz:54313"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 51 |
dclm-419525030
|
Skip to the main content.
Book 30-min Intro Call
Book 30-min Intro Call
Building Your RevOps Function: In-house vs. Outsourced vs. Hybrid
RevOps Maturity Assessment
Find out where your RevOps function stands relative to your peers so you can keep building in the right direction.
Take RevOps Maturity Assessment
This (long) article is for B2B executives and revenue leaders at early/growth stage companies.
You know you have operational friction, gaps, and weaknesses on the Go-to-Market side.
You've heard "RevOps" is the magic bullet.
But, you're either skeptical or you're not sure exactly where to start.
Read on...we wrote this for you.
Top Responsibilities of RevOps
Let's start with - what is RevOps? RevOps is the people, processes, and technology that are required to make the sales, marketing and success functions more effective than they otherwise would be.
Though it’s not specifically a go-to-market function itself, it’s more like the go-to-market back office
You might think of RevOps as the 4th leg of the "Go-to-Market stool" with the other 3 legs being sales, marketing and success.
What is Required for RevOps to Add Real Tangible Value for B2B Companies in Growth Mode?
For B2B companies in growth mode there are really two core requirements for RevOps “Done Right”.
1. The first is to implement and maintain tools and tech that make the jobs of the sellers, marketers and support staff easier and to train those people to properly use the tools. This is important, but tactical.
2. The second core requirement of RevOps in growth mode companies is to own the Go-to-Market data and insights that provides the senior revenue leaders with the insights they need to optimize the go-to-market engine and manage it with science-like precision. This requirement is what makes RevOps a strategically important function.
Unfortunately these two critical requirements of RevOps demand uniquely different skill sets which don’t reside in the same person.
So note #1 to growth stage CEOs, CROs and CFOs…if you want to do RevOps right, you can't do that with one person.
RevOps Done Right
Requirement #1: Implement and Maintain the Tools and Tech
Modern selling and marketing demands you spend a significant amount on "Rev Tech" to enable sellers and marketers.
It's the job of RevOps to maximize the business impact and realize the promise of all that tech that you it's not wasted spend.
This involves things like CRMs, marketing automation platforms, ticketing systems, cadence tools and so on. This is the first area we see early and growth stage companies often miss the mark.
They typically start buying tools as a Seed stage company, but don’t have a good appreciation for the complexity of the tools when they purchase them. As a result we usually see the first sales leader implementing the CRM, the first marketing leader implementing the marketing automation platform and so on.
The problem is this is not where these folks’ expertise lies. They are amateurs when it comes to the tech and it shows. More times than not the tech adds friction to the go-to-market motion rather than accelerating it. And that’s because the tech isn’t configured in an optimal fashion to match the company’s selling process.
At some point, you’ll often see these companies hire or promote a junior level person to be a dedicated resource administering the tech stack. This just perpetuates the problems of having amateurs maintaining sophisticated technology.
What talent is needed?
To get this stuff initially set-up properly you need what we refer to as a GTM tech stack architect.
These people have 7-10 years experience and have gone through multiple cycles of implementing multiple types of tools, with each of these experiences moving them further down the learning curve. They know how to seamlessly integrate disparate tools so the data is synchronized and consistent rather than siloed and contradictory. They know how to exploit every bell and whistle so the tools really do live up to their promise and accelerate the effectiveness of sellers and marketers. To have this unique combination of breadth and depth of experience these people have typically cut their teeth as one person shops in early, but high growth start-ups. But these people are very hard to find and when you do, they are very expensive demanding up to $200k/year base.
Once you are past initial implementation and go into maintenance mode, you’ll want to use lesser skilled and lower paid GTM tech stack admins to deal with the everyday administrative tasks such as adding/deleting users, crafting reports and dashboards, supporting sales teams with their quoting systems etc.
Without this resource, the architect will constantly be in firefighting mode and unavailable to work on the strategically important stuff which may include things like implementing CPQ systems, customer data platforms or integrations between CRMs and product platforms. These lesser skilled people will typically have 2-3 years experience and most often limited to a single type of tool, like a CRM or a marketing automation platform. In addition to the skills required, depending on the complexity of the environment it might be helpful to leverage change management and change monitoring tools, particularly where multiple people have admin rights.
There is no point in having these tools if the sellers, marketers and account managers don’t know how to properly use them, so an important aspect of ongoing management of the tech stack is what we call enablement, which is really just a fancy word for continuous training of the users so they can fully exploit the value of the tech that has been purchased. In companies that are growing their sales or CS staffs by a handful of folks each year, the enablement function can be handled by the admins. If you’re growing faster than that you will want a dedicated enablement person that can really focus on building optimal techniques and repeatable processes to accelerate onboarding and ongoing tool use proficiency. The best enablement people have a training or teaching mindset and will often leverage training tools like an LMS to maximize effectiveness.
Requirement #2: Surfacing Data and Insights to Senior Revenue Leaders
Now let’s turn to the second core requirement of RevOps - and this one is more strategic - surfacing data and insights to senior revenue leaders so they can manage the go-to-market engine and optimize the strategies, processes, people, messaging and positioning used to acquire and retain customers.
To that end, RevOps must implement a go-to-market data platform and it takes a few different skills to fulfill this requirement.
What talent is needed?
First, you need someone who understands the GTM motions of the company inside and out and what granular insights are critical for senior revenue leaders to make good decisions. This person needs to have a full grasp of the end-to-end sales and customer journey processes.
This requires deep data operations skills and process engineering acumen.
Then, they need to identify all the key data points that need to be measured throughout the process, get consensus on the definitions and KPIs, and then instrument these measurement points throughout the marketing, sales and CS technology being used.
For example - A major consideration here is how to ensure data integrity so that the data you’re capturing is actually legit and you’re not just looking at pretty pictures of garbage data. This includes finding ways to capture data points without relying on manual data entry. It means putting data hygiene maintenance protocols in place to ensure persistent quality. Sometimes the tech stack architect has a solid Data Ops and Process mindset, but more often than not you’ll need someone else who lives and breathes data models.
Now, there is one other critical skill set required to do RevOps right for growth mode companies and that is a business analystessentially the person who can interpret the data
Just like you need a radiologist to interpret medical images, you need someone with business analyst skills to interpret the go-to-market data, separating the signal from the noise and curating the data into presentations that are consumable by the senior revenue leaders. The reality is that the sales & marketing leaders just don’t have the time to properly analyze and interpret data…and in many cases they don’t have that analytical skillset.
So you can have all the best data in the world with impeccable hygiene, but if you can’t curate that into high impact actionable insights, the data has no value. By nature, data analysis is an inefficient and tedious activity. So it’s best to support the business analyst with some data visualization or analytics tools to make them more productive.
In summary, we’ve said that there are two core requirements of RevOps for growth mode companies: first…implementing and maintaining the tools required to help sellers, marketers and CS staffs do their jobs more effectively; and second…implementing a go-to-market data platform that movies the insights senior revenue leaders need to manage the GTM motion with science-like precision.
Realistically, is RevOps Even Affordable at Our Stage?
After reading through all that talent that is required, you're probably wondering if a company your size can access and afford RevOps?
The truth is that building RevOps the right way presents a real challenge for early growth stage businesses under $25M.
They need the capabilities of comprehensive RevOps so they’re not competitively disadvantaged, but they often don’t feel as if they can afford to hire a full team and purchase the associated RevOps tools. And even if they could afford it, while they need all five of the skills that we’ve identified, there isn’t likely enough scale to require each of those skills on a full-time basis, so it would be difficult to retain the employees if they’re underutilized and not challenged.
So often these companies will hire one or two RevOps folks and hope they possess the full spectrum of skills required, but unfortunately that almost never happens, and instead these companies are hamstrung with immature go-to-market tech and data infrastructures.
There is an emerging class of RevOps service providers that provide a very attractive option for these early growth stage businesses. We'll get to that later...
RevOps Maturity Assessment
Find out how your RevOps function stacks up compared to your peers.
Take RevOps Maturity Assessment
When to Start Building RevOps?
Once you have enough to start hiring sales people and formalizing sales processes in order to accelerate new customer acquisition, RevOps must be a priority!
If you're raising your Series A financing you should be including RevOps in your 100 day post-money plan.
Ideally, you should start recruiting or searching for a RevOps partner at the tale end of Seed Stage.
HubSpot Video
A company’s top priorities shortly after having achieved a Series A fundraise largely depend on what is deemed strategically important to accomplish with the new capital.
But, a very common strategic requirement for Series A companies is to transition from a founder-led approach to new customer acquisition to a more institutionalized approach to acquiring customers. We often talk about this as building an effective go-to-market engine, or go-to-market motion.
Back in the day (pre-pandemic and before) that used to mean building out a sales staff. And to some extent, if you are a company focused on selling big ticket items to large enterprises in a specific vertical where human touch and relationships matter, it may still make sense to prioritize building out a team of experienced salespeople with useful Rolodexes. And perhaps support that team with a sales engineer or two.
Today, in all but the largest enterprises, buying and selling works a lot differently. Much of the buyer journey is manifested digitally and the degree to which there is a sales motion, it typically is an inside sales motion with interactions taking place over Zoom or equivalent. So for companies with a sales motion, an optimized go-to-market engine requires a balance of demand gen expertise, selling expertise, and enabling technology.
This is where RevOps comes in.
The enabling technology to support the sellers and marketers is sophisticated and complex and includes things like CRM, marketing automation, sales acceleration, conversation intelligence and so on.
RevOps is the function that implements and maintains the tech so that it delivers on its promise, effectively making the jobs of the sellers and marketers much more efficient. But RevOps done right also turns the tech into a strategic asset which delivers actionable data and insights to the revenue leaders that allows them to optimize the go-to-market engine much more quickly than would otherwise be possible.
Since GTM execution is typically the primary strategic goal of Series A companies, the 100 day plan after Series A fundraise should definitely include ensuring you have leaders of the demand gen and sales functions that are capable of taking you to the next level, but also that you have an experienced RevOps leader or RevOps partner that can make sure the GTM tech and data infrastructure are accelerators of the sales & marketing efforts rather than inhibitors. Without this, the investments in demand gen and sales will definitely underperform.
Indicators that Your B2B Startup Needs RevOps
The telltale sign as a CEO that you need to invest in a RevOps function is when you’ve invested in a tech stack but yet your sales and marketing leaders can’t quickly answer even some of the most basic questions you might have about go-to-market effectiveness.
scaleMatters CEO & Founder, Scott Stouffer, detailed the moment he realized his company needed RevOps on The Data Room episode 17
"I experienced this first hand about 10 years when I took over as CEO at a $5M SaaS company that had invested a fair amount in Hubspot as the marketing automation platform and Salesforce as the CRM. As I was trying to quickly understand what was and was not working from a Go-to-market perspective I started asking a lot of questions of the sales and marketing leaders and it just seemed to take a really long time for them to produce answers and I’d say probably at least half the answers really didn’t make any sense and this is because the data in CRM had devolved to where it was a complete mess. That’s when I first realized that expecting the sales and marketing leaders to be the people to implement and maintain the tech tools was too big of an ask. They are experts at sales and marketing but amateurs when it comes to technology and data analytics and this stuff is sophisticated and complex."
This is what nearly all Seed stage companies and certainly the majority of Series A stage companies experience. They’ve invested in tools but put the burden on the sales and marketing leaders to implement those tools and it’s never done in an optimized fashion. As a result the promise of the tools is never realized and worse people make bad decisions off of bad data that is stuck in the tools.
We recommend starting with an experienced RevOps leader or RevOps partner and then you start to acquire and implement the tech stack, not the other way around!
How to Know if You're Too Early for RevOps?
Typically, very early stage companies are focused on finding product/market fit and associated message fit.
At this point it would be counter-productive to invest in building a repeatable, scalable, predictable and efficient go-to-market engine because without reasonable product/market fit and message fit, nothing else really matters.
So, for companies that are still working through product/market/message fit issues, investments in RevOps would be premature. With that said, investments that help you arrive at product/market/message fit more quickly are definitely worthwhile.
For example, if your sale involves speaking with prospects, you should definitely invest in a conversation intelligence tool to record those conversations so you can go back and extract useful insights from them. Or, similarly if your motion is product-led then you should invest R&D dollars to put meaningful instrumentation in your platform so you can derive feedback and insights that help inform actions to improve conversion and adoption.
Generally, if you haven’t reached $1M in annualized revenue you probably still have work to do around product market fit and an investment in RevOps would likely be premature
RevOps Maturity Assessment
Take RevOps Maturity Assessment
5 Factors to Determine How You Build Your RevOps Function
Are you 100% committed to having a comprehensive RevOps capability to arm your sales, marketing and success teams with the modern tools and data insights they need to effectively compete?
If you’re serious about building comprehensive RevOps capabilities, there are really only 3 choices for how to acquire this capability:
1. Build it in-house - hire FTEs and acquire the necessary tech
2. Outsource it - find a RevOps-as-a-Service provider
3. Hybrid approach - hire some FTEs and partner with an outside RevOps services provider
HubSpot Video
Which approach is best for any given company really is driven by five characteristics...
1. Current and near-term scale
2. Funding
3. In-house management capacity
4. Uniqueness of the Go-to-Market motion
5. Urgency.
1. Current and near-term scale
Let’s start with scale considerations. Earlier, we identified five different skill sets…tech architect, tech admin, enablement/training, data ops and business analysis. You might be able to find these five skill sets across four different people and if you’re really lucky perhaps even three people.
Now the first consideration: are you at enough scale to fully utilize somewhere between 3-5 people? If you can’t fully utilize them it’s very difficult to retain highly skilled employees.
Our experience is that you begin to reach that appropriate scale around $20-$25M in annual sales and are certainly there by the time you are at $40-$50M. Beneath the $20-$25M mark you probably don’t have enough scale to fully engage in-house staff with the full complement of requisite skill sets.
Furthermore, from an ROI perspective your sales & marketing budget needs to be at enough scale that investing in comprehensive in-house RevOps is a no-brainer return. As a general rule of thumb, let’s assume that comprehensive RevOps makes the overall go-to-market engine 20% more effective than it would otherwise be.
Since it will cost at least $700K annually for in-house RevOps, that suggests your overall sales and marketing budget should be on the order of $7M per year for this to be a no-brainer investment.
2. Funding
Now let’s consider a company’s funding. To build a comprehensive RevOps function in-house is an expensive proposition.
Bootstrapped companies as well as companies with relatively short capital runways will generally not be in a position to head down the path of building this in-house, even though the return might be well worth it.
Since the time to value on this investment is relatively long, you will negatively impact your short-term EBITDA and cash runway when you head down this path, so you should only go this route if your balance sheet is strong enough to support it.
Related: What Good RevOps Solves at Series Seed, A, and B >
3. In-house Management Capacity
Similar to scale, you need to consider if you have the management capacity to lead an in-house RevOps team, because if not, you’ll need to hire the RevOps leader in addition to the 3-5 RevOps doers you will need.
RevOps is not a function that should be left unmanaged or just stuck under a head of sales, marketing or finance. Someone needs to be dedicated to managing the function.
4. Uniqueness of GTM Motion
The uniqueness of your go-to-market motion also comes into play in determining which approach you should use to acquire RevOps capability.
Though everyone seems to think their company is particularly unique, when it comes to go-to-market, there are only really a handful of motions and virtually all companies use some combination of those common motions.
If you truly do have a one-off approach to go-to-market, then in-house RevOps is probably best for you.
But, if you’re like the 90% of companies that employ some variations of the common go-to-market themes, then outsourced RevOps is a very viable and potentially preferable option for you.
5. Urgency
Finally, let’s talk about urgency. Building a comprehensive in-house RevOps function takes a long time, upwards of 2-3 years before it is realizing full value.
That’s because it takes a long time to find these highly skilled people and then onboard them to where they are fully productive.
Additionally, it takes a couple of years to perfect the data model used in the tech stack so you can begin to surface useful analytics and actionable insights to help optimize the overall GTM engine.
That may be fine for later stage companies that are playing the long game and seeking continuous improvement.
But, for companies earlier in their growth cycle, they are under immense pressure to accelerate their GTM effectiveness in order to survive, and generally speaking, going down the path of in-house RevOps will not provide the time to value these companies need.
When is In-House RevOps the Best Choice?
In-house RevOps works best when you are at sufficient scale to be able to fully utilize 3-5 people and your annual sales & marketing budget is north of $7M both which imply you are at last $25M in sales if not higher; your cash position can support the near term hit to EBITDA and cash burn, you have managerial capacity to oversee the RevOps function, you potentially have a very unique go-to-market motion and you are in a position to be patient with the time it will take to build a fully functioning RevOps team in-house.
When is Outsourcing RevOps the Best Choice?
In contrast, outsourcing RevOps is best if you have insufficient scale to fully utilize 3-5 people or your sales & marketing budget is insufficient to generate good returns on a comprehensive RevOps function. We would generally consider this to be below $25M in sales. Outsourced RevOps is a less expensive way to get the equivalent capability of comprehensive RevOps, so it is more attractive if you cannot incur a significant hit to EBITDA and cash burn. If you don’t have in-house managerial capacity, you should definitely use outsourced RevOps. And perhaps most importantly, if time is of the essence and the pressure is on to improve your GTM effectiveness sooner rather than later, then outsourced RevOps will almost always provide fastest time to value particularly for companies that have fairly common go-to-market motions.
When is Hybrid RevOps the Best Choice?
The last approach is a hybrid approach. We see this most commonly at companies between $8M-$20M. In this case, they will hire a RevOps leader in-house to drive overall strategy, but then heavily rely on outsourced RevOps providers for the day-to-day operation of the tech and data infrastructure.
RevOps Maturity Assessment
Take RevOps Maturity Assessment
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.2145354151725769,"id":"<urn:uuid:5dfabf04-9365-4762-80f0-f997dd3ed3cb>","language":"en","language_score":0.9344444274902344,"url":"https:\/\/www.scalematters.com\/building-revops","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-263314213"}
| 5,074 |
pes2o-29008149
|
Enhancing Cobol program structure: sections vs. paragraphs
COBOL is sometimes criticized for its lack of structurability. This is due primarily to the common but outdated use of paragraphs to achieve structure in COBOL programming.In fact. COBOL was designed to be highly structurable. The language itself is based on a hierarachical structure consisting of DIVISIONS, SECTIONS, paragraphs, sentences, and statements. The task is to train COBOL programmers to take maximum advantage of the structures built into the language.One way to do this is to use SECTION structure in the procedure division rather than paragraph structure. SECTION structure has several distinct advantages over paragraph structures and allows for maximum utilization of the structured approach to COBOL programming.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2016-04-07T00:00:00.000Z","created":"1984-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"10204639","metadata":{"abstract":"COBOL is sometimes criticized for its lack of structurability. This is due primarily to the common but outdated use of paragraphs to achieve structure in COBOL programming.In fact. COBOL was designed to be highly structurable. The language itself is based on a hierarachical structure consisting of DIVISIONS, SECTIONS, paragraphs, sentences, and statements. The task is to train COBOL programmers to take maximum advantage of the structures built into the language.One way to do this is to use SECTION structure in the procedure division rather than paragraph structure. SECTION structure has several distinct advantages over paragraph structures and allows for maximum utilization of the structured approach to COBOL programming.","abstract_count":108,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.285885080450257,"extfieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:1901553","s2fieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"sha1":"e0292f88267215f709a1890bb8ae4b1b4a3d7620","sources":["DBLP","Grobid","Unpaywall","ACM","MAG"],"title":"Enhancing Cobol program structure: sections vs. paragraphs","title_count":7,"title_language":"fr","title_perplexity":-18.207139165273432,"top_frequencies":[{"count":8,"token":"to"},{"count":5,"token":"COBOL"},{"count":5,"token":"is"},{"count":5,"token":"of"},{"count":5,"token":"the"},{"count":4,"token":"structure"},{"count":2,"token":"paragraphs"},{"count":2,"token":"for"},{"count":2,"token":"use"},{"count":2,"token":"in"},{"count":2,"token":"The"},{"count":2,"token":"and"},{"count":2,"token":"maximum"},{"count":2,"token":"structures"},{"count":2,"token":"SECTION"},{"count":2,"token":"paragraph"},{"count":1,"token":"Enhancing"},{"count":1,"token":"Cobol"},{"count":1,"token":"program"},{"count":1,"token":"structure:"},{"count":1,"token":"sections"},{"count":1,"token":"vs."},{"count":1,"token":"sometimes"},{"count":1,"token":"criticized"},{"count":1,"token":"its"},{"count":1,"token":"lack"},{"count":1,"token":"structurability."},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"due"},{"count":1,"token":"primarily"},{"count":1,"token":"common"},{"count":1,"token":"but"},{"count":1,"token":"outdated"},{"count":1,"token":"achieve"},{"count":1,"token":"programming.In"},{"count":1,"token":"fact."},{"count":1,"token":"was"},{"count":1,"token":"designed"},{"count":1,"token":"be"},{"count":1,"token":"highly"},{"count":1,"token":"structurable."},{"count":1,"token":"language"},{"count":1,"token":"itself"},{"count":1,"token":"based"},{"count":1,"token":"on"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"hierarachical"},{"count":1,"token":"consisting"},{"count":1,"token":"DIVISIONS,"},{"count":1,"token":"SECTIONS,"},{"count":1,"token":"paragraphs,"},{"count":1,"token":"sentences,"},{"count":1,"token":"statements."},{"count":1,"token":"task"},{"count":1,"token":"train"},{"count":1,"token":"programmers"},{"count":1,"token":"take"},{"count":1,"token":"advantage"},{"count":1,"token":"built"},{"count":1,"token":"into"},{"count":1,"token":"language.One"},{"count":1,"token":"way"},{"count":1,"token":"do"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"procedure"},{"count":1,"token":"division"},{"count":1,"token":"rather"},{"count":1,"token":"than"},{"count":1,"token":"structure."},{"count":1,"token":"has"},{"count":1,"token":"several"},{"count":1,"token":"distinct"},{"count":1,"token":"advantages"},{"count":1,"token":"over"},{"count":1,"token":"allows"},{"count":1,"token":"utilization"},{"count":1,"token":"structured"},{"count":1,"token":"approach"},{"count":1,"token":"programming."}],"year":1984},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 157 |
wikipedia-4066866
|
Yeganeh Mahalleh
Yeganeh Mahalleh (, also Romanized as Yegāneh Maḩalleh) is a village in Asalem Rural District, Asalem District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 519, in 133 families. The local time zone is "Asia / Tehran" with an UTC offset of 4.5 hours.
|
wikipedia
|
{"added":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","created":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","id":"41151590","metadata":{"length":63,"provenance":"en_simple_wiki_v0-0001.json.gz:846665","revid":"25046916","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki?curid=41151590"},"source":"wikipedia","version":"v0"}
| 90 |
pes2o-7567823
|
Distributed underwater acoustic source localization and tracking
We consider the problem of localizing and tracking an acoustic noise source under water using bearing measurements taken from a small collection of acoustic sensors. Nodes must cooperate in order to improve their estimates and overcome significant noise levels and spurious measurements from clutter. However the underwater communication channel is highly unreliable, which makes coordination challenging. We evaluate the performance of distributed particle filtering methods in the setting where nodes communicate over unreliable links. Our results are validated using data from an experiment conducted at sea.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-02-18T19:53:49.971Z","created":"2013-11-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"2484212","metadata":{"abstract":"We consider the problem of localizing and tracking an acoustic noise source under water using bearing measurements taken from a small collection of acoustic sensors. Nodes must cooperate in order to improve their estimates and overcome significant noise levels and spurious measurements from clutter. However the underwater communication channel is highly unreliable, which makes coordination challenging. We evaluate the performance of distributed particle filtering methods in the setting where nodes communicate over unreliable links. Our results are validated using data from an experiment conducted at sea.","abstract_count":86,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.040989687207402,"extfieldsofstudy":["Computer Science","Engineering"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0001.json.gz:3705292","s2fieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"sha1":"5b70f91f64482aec5f40bfbda5e836b42fea66ba","sources":["IEEE","ScienceParseMerged","Unpaywall","Anansi","MAG","DBLP"],"title":"Distributed underwater acoustic source localization and tracking","title_count":7,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-13.713259107257866,"top_frequencies":[{"count":4,"token":"and"},{"count":4,"token":"the"},{"count":3,"token":"acoustic"},{"count":3,"token":"of"},{"count":3,"token":"from"},{"count":2,"token":"underwater"},{"count":2,"token":"source"},{"count":2,"token":"tracking"},{"count":2,"token":"We"},{"count":2,"token":"an"},{"count":2,"token":"noise"},{"count":2,"token":"using"},{"count":2,"token":"measurements"},{"count":2,"token":"in"},{"count":1,"token":"Distributed"},{"count":1,"token":"localization"},{"count":1,"token":"consider"},{"count":1,"token":"problem"},{"count":1,"token":"localizing"},{"count":1,"token":"under"},{"count":1,"token":"water"},{"count":1,"token":"bearing"},{"count":1,"token":"taken"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"small"},{"count":1,"token":"collection"},{"count":1,"token":"sensors."},{"count":1,"token":"Nodes"},{"count":1,"token":"must"},{"count":1,"token":"cooperate"},{"count":1,"token":"order"},{"count":1,"token":"to"},{"count":1,"token":"improve"},{"count":1,"token":"their"},{"count":1,"token":"estimates"},{"count":1,"token":"overcome"},{"count":1,"token":"significant"},{"count":1,"token":"levels"},{"count":1,"token":"spurious"},{"count":1,"token":"clutter."},{"count":1,"token":"However"},{"count":1,"token":"communication"},{"count":1,"token":"channel"},{"count":1,"token":"is"},{"count":1,"token":"highly"},{"count":1,"token":"unreliable,"},{"count":1,"token":"which"},{"count":1,"token":"makes"},{"count":1,"token":"coordination"},{"count":1,"token":"challenging."},{"count":1,"token":"evaluate"},{"count":1,"token":"performance"},{"count":1,"token":"distributed"},{"count":1,"token":"particle"},{"count":1,"token":"filtering"},{"count":1,"token":"methods"},{"count":1,"token":"setting"},{"count":1,"token":"where"},{"count":1,"token":"nodes"},{"count":1,"token":"communicate"},{"count":1,"token":"over"},{"count":1,"token":"unreliable"},{"count":1,"token":"links."},{"count":1,"token":"Our"},{"count":1,"token":"results"},{"count":1,"token":"are"},{"count":1,"token":"validated"},{"count":1,"token":"data"},{"count":1,"token":"experiment"},{"count":1,"token":"conducted"},{"count":1,"token":"at"},{"count":1,"token":"sea."}],"year":2013},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 105 |
dclm-411154826
|
How to Bring Your Plants Indoors This Fall
Some outdoor plants need to make their trip back indoors. SilviaJa/Shutterstock
Now that the cool nights of fall are approaching, it's time to begin the annual ritual of preparing houseplants for the end of their summer vacation.
As simple as this task sounds, it's not as easy as picking up your potted fern and moving it from the patio to a corner of the den.
"One must remember that the outdoor environment of summertime is very different compared to the heated indoor environment of winter," says Harold Taylor, a section gardener at Longwood Gardens in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania.
When to make the move
outdoor thermometer with fall colors in the background
Once overnight temperatures begin to drop below the 60s, it's time to start planning. txking/Shutterstock
Plan ahead
Decide which plants you're going to bring indoors well ahead of moving day. One thing to consider is the health of the plant. If a plant has been struggling to stay alive outdoors, bringing it indoors to low humidity, dry heat and low light levels will increase the stress on it and you. As hard as it may be, it's usually best to put struggling plants in the compost pile.
Give priority to healthy plants and those that have the most sentimental value. If some of your plants have increased in size and are about to burst out of their pots, it's a good idea to buy any re-potting supplies you will need for this well in advance of moving day. Taylor recommends a high-quality potting soil, appropriate containers with drainage holes and appropriately sized plastic saucers to place under the pots to avoid staining hardwood floors or carpets when you water.
Prepare the plants for the move
potting supplies
You may want to repot some plants, especially if there's an active ant colony or other pests. Sophie McAulay/Shutterstock
Prepare the indoor area
Sunlight streams through windows with blue frames and gauzy curtains
Knowing which way your windows face — and how much light streams in this time of year — is a key step. Yuriy Kulik/Shutterstock
Before "moving day," decide where you're going to place each of the plants inside. It's always challenging to find the best place for a particular plant, Taylor says. A guide to doing that, he advises, is to place plants that require full sun near south-facing windows and plants that only need partial sun in an east- or west-facing window. One other option he suggests homeowners consider is to use indoor plant lights, which, he adds, are a popular and affordable solution when you're faced with less-than-ideal locations for houseplants.
You'll also want to avoid areas that might get wintertime drafts from opening and closing doors and heating vents. If you acquired any hanging plants during the spring or summer growing season, install plant ceiling hooks. This is also a good time to purchase plant stands or to build shelving for plants if you're handy, have a lot of plants or live with a plant-loving spouse or partner. As part of your indoor preparation, consider grouping plants together. The plants will appreciate being grouped together on non-porous gravel trays because that will help increase the humidity in the growing area. Keep water in the gravel trays, but take care to ensure that the water is below the top of the gravel so that the bottom of the pot doesn't touch the water. Otherwise, the pot will wick up water into the potting medium and create conditions that are conducive to root rot.
If you have the space, place the plants you're bringing indoors in a separate room from areas where you have other houseplants. This will allow time for signs of hitchhikers you might have missed in your outdoor inspections to show up. If any do, they can be treated at this time.
Avoid transplant shock
potted plants outside in the sun
Your plants likely were used to getting more light outside than they'll get in your house. Prostock-studio/Shutterstock
The light in many homes is less than the plants will have experienced outdoors. Try to move your plants to the lower light levels of your home in stages to reduce transplant shock, advises Carol Simpson of Ashe Simpson Garden Center in Chamblee, Georgia. Transplant shock typically shows up as yellowing or dropped leaves. However, as the plant adjusts to the indoor light, it will generally replace the leaves it dropped.
Don't overwater
succulent plants in small pots grouped together
Grouping plants with similar needs together and setting them on a tray of gravel will make indoor watering easier. gopfaster/Shutterstock
Pots won't dry out as fast indoors as they did in the summer heat, and plants will grow more slowly indoors than they did under strong light conditions. Therefore, they don't need as much water in the house as they did on the patio. Make sure the soil is dry to the touch before watering. Succulents will need water less often than foliage plants.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.04337775707244873,"id":"<urn:uuid:187b265e-0604-4821-9f7c-713b2bcf2c82>","language":"en","language_score":0.9525404572486877,"url":"https:\/\/www.treehugger.com\/how-to-bring-your-plants-indoors-for-the-fall-4863778","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-275253370"}
| 1,094 |
pes2o-30178085
|
Neurodegeneration and RNA‐binding proteins
In the eukaryotic nucleus, RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) play a very important role in the life cycle of both coding and noncoding RNAs. As soon as they are transcribed, in fact, all RNA molecules within a cell are bound by distinct sets of RBPs that have the task of regulating its correct processing, transport, stability, and function/translation up to its final degradation. These tasks are particularly important in cells that have a complex RNA metabolism, such as neurons. Not surprisingly, therefore, recent findings have shown that the misregulation of genes involved in RNA metabolism or the autophagy/proteasome pathway plays an important role in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we aim to review the recent advances that link neurodegenerative processes and RBP proteins. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1394. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1394
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T04:36:22.035Z","created":"2017-03-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"39532889","metadata":{"abstract":"In the eukaryotic nucleus, RNA\u2010binding proteins (RBPs) play a very important role in the life cycle of both coding and noncoding RNAs. As soon as they are transcribed, in fact, all RNA molecules within a cell are bound by distinct sets of RBPs that have the task of regulating its correct processing, transport, stability, and function\/translation up to its final degradation. These tasks are particularly important in cells that have a complex RNA metabolism, such as neurons. Not surprisingly, therefore, recent findings have shown that the misregulation of genes involved in RNA metabolism or the autophagy\/proteasome pathway plays an important role in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we aim to review the recent advances that link neurodegenerative processes and RBP proteins. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1394. doi: 10.1002\/wrna.1394","abstract_count":133,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.53283854580189,"extfieldsofstudy":["Biology","Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:3071489","s2fieldsofstudy":["Biology"],"sha1":"950f6dfbef81c90af3b43cd1158481d04ec11975","sources":["Wiley","MAG","Unpaywall","Medline","MergedPDFExtraction"],"title":"Neurodegeneration and RNA\u2010binding proteins","title_count":4,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-17.220548772745058,"top_frequencies":[{"count":7,"token":"the"},{"count":5,"token":"and"},{"count":5,"token":"in"},{"count":5,"token":"of"},{"count":4,"token":"RNA"},{"count":4,"token":"that"},{"count":3,"token":"a"},{"count":3,"token":"important"},{"count":3,"token":"are"},{"count":3,"token":"have"},{"count":2,"token":"RNA\u2010binding"},{"count":2,"token":"proteins"},{"count":2,"token":"In"},{"count":2,"token":"role"},{"count":2,"token":"as"},{"count":2,"token":"its"},{"count":2,"token":"to"},{"count":2,"token":"recent"},{"count":2,"token":"neurodegenerative"},{"count":1,"token":"Neurodegeneration"},{"count":1,"token":"eukaryotic"},{"count":1,"token":"nucleus,"},{"count":1,"token":"(RBPs)"},{"count":1,"token":"play"},{"count":1,"token":"very"},{"count":1,"token":"life"},{"count":1,"token":"cycle"},{"count":1,"token":"both"},{"count":1,"token":"coding"},{"count":1,"token":"noncoding"},{"count":1,"token":"RNAs."},{"count":1,"token":"As"},{"count":1,"token":"soon"},{"count":1,"token":"they"},{"count":1,"token":"transcribed,"},{"count":1,"token":"fact,"},{"count":1,"token":"all"},{"count":1,"token":"molecules"},{"count":1,"token":"within"},{"count":1,"token":"cell"},{"count":1,"token":"bound"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"distinct"},{"count":1,"token":"sets"},{"count":1,"token":"RBPs"},{"count":1,"token":"task"},{"count":1,"token":"regulating"},{"count":1,"token":"correct"},{"count":1,"token":"processing,"},{"count":1,"token":"transport,"},{"count":1,"token":"stability,"},{"count":1,"token":"function\/translation"},{"count":1,"token":"up"},{"count":1,"token":"final"},{"count":1,"token":"degradation."},{"count":1,"token":"These"},{"count":1,"token":"tasks"},{"count":1,"token":"particularly"},{"count":1,"token":"cells"},{"count":1,"token":"complex"},{"count":1,"token":"metabolism,"},{"count":1,"token":"such"},{"count":1,"token":"neurons."},{"count":1,"token":"Not"},{"count":1,"token":"surprisingly,"},{"count":1,"token":"therefore,"},{"count":1,"token":"findings"},{"count":1,"token":"shown"},{"count":1,"token":"misregulation"},{"count":1,"token":"genes"},{"count":1,"token":"involved"},{"count":1,"token":"metabolism"},{"count":1,"token":"or"},{"count":1,"token":"autophagy\/proteasome"},{"count":1,"token":"pathway"},{"count":1,"token":"plays"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"onset"},{"count":1,"token":"progression"},{"count":1,"token":"several"},{"count":1,"token":"diseases."},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"article,"},{"count":1,"token":"we"},{"count":1,"token":"aim"},{"count":1,"token":"review"},{"count":1,"token":"advances"},{"count":1,"token":"link"},{"count":1,"token":"processes"},{"count":1,"token":"RBP"},{"count":1,"token":"proteins."},{"count":1,"token":"WIREs"},{"count":1,"token":"2017,"},{"count":1,"token":"8:e1394."},{"count":1,"token":"doi:"},{"count":1,"token":"10.1002\/wrna.1394"}],"year":2017},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 190 |
stackexchange-1310133
|
Can you have 4 players simultaneously in a Spec Ops survival lobby?
Is it possible to have 4 online players in the same game of Spec Ops (survival mode)?
So far I've only been in teams of 2 but I don't know if that's just a coincidence.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3-Survival Mode is only 2 player. You didn't just by chance get two player matches that is indeed the limit because it is spec-ops.
|
stackexchange
|
{"added":"2011-11-11T23:32:50.120","attributes":{"dedupe_para_ngrams_13_1":[]},"created":"2011-11-11T22:38:09.543","id":"gaming_stackexchange_com-35204-35213","metadata":{"answer_comment_count":0,"answer_content_license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","answer_id":35213,"answer_last_activity_date":"2011-11-11T23:32:50.120","answer_last_edit_date":"","answer_last_editor_user_id":0,"answer_owner_user_id":12458,"answer_score":6,"answer_view_count":0,"forum":"gaming_stackexchange_com","provenance":"20241028_173636_00007_mgema_8439aaaf-2d1b-4604-b68c-f12128018d8a.zst:452043","question_comment_count":0,"question_content_license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","question_id":35204,"question_last_activity_date":"2012-07-12T20:24:11.590","question_last_edit_date":"2011-11-28T20:43:08.263","question_last_editor_user_id":13845,"question_owner_user_id":6738,"question_score":4,"question_view_count":37418},"source":"stackexchange","version":"20240930"}
| 102 |
flan-14843787
|
Problem: Here is a premise:
Bartus, look! EveryToy.
Here is a hypothesis:
Look at the sky, Bartus.
Here are the options: OPTIONS:
- yes
- it is not possible to tell
- no
Answer: it is not possible to tell
Sentence 1: Here was another page from the history books.
Sentence 2: A page from a romance novel
OPTIONS:
- yes
- it is not possible to tell
- no
Is this second sentence entailed by the first?
Answer: no
Question:
It is time to examine whether the financial benefits of trying to make use of frequent flyer benefits would be outweighed by the recruiting and retention benefits of allowing personal use of those benefits.
Does it follow that "Frequent flier miles might not be a good idea for the airplane companies."?
OPTIONS:
- yes
- it is not possible to tell
- no
Answer:
it is not possible to tell
Q: If Lincoln and I sat down., can we say that "I sat down while Lincoln stood. "?
OPTIONS:
- yes
- it is not possible to tell
- no
A: no
Premise:
"Not that it matters now ”now that we've come to the parting of the ways.""
Hypothesis: "It was very important up till now."
OPTIONS:
- yes
- it is not possible to tell
- no
it is not possible to tell
Sentence 1: Currently, current forty plus states have fish advisories; that number would be reduced.
Sentence 2: There are currently ten states with fish advisories.
OPTIONS:
- yes
- it is not possible to tell
- no
Is this second sentence entailed by the first?
Answer: no
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[173.0,208.0,0.0],[208.0,266.0,0.0],[267.0,307.0,0.0],[356.0,403.0,0.0],[425.0,632.0,0.0],[633.0,730.0,0.0],[814.0,897.0,0.0],[962.0,1038.0,0.0],[1038.0,1087.0,0.0],[1164.0,1265.0,0.0],[1266.0,1331.0,0.0],[1380.0,1427.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"c7810580492b18b26a1b73fb7aa9fc7b","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"glue\/mnli:2.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":2,"_template_type":"fs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0070.json.gz:8911"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 405 |
flan-11255987
|
Problem: 2902e séance L'obligation d'extrader ou de poursuivre (aut dedere aut judicare)
Which language is this?
+++++
Language: French
Problem: « C’est le moment de rencontrer des coordonnateurs d’autres ministères, d’autres provinces et villes et une occasion d’échanger des idées et d’apprendre l’un de l’autre.
Which language is this?
+++++
Language: French
Problem: Compte tenu des accords conclus lors des réunions du Comité consultatif sur les services communs, le dernier datant du 10 juillet 2006, le Service des bâtiments a reçu pour instructions de préserver le niveau et la qualité des services obtenus depuis 1999, qui avaient donné entière satisfaction aux organisations internationales sises au CIV, et de mettre en œuvre les projets qu'il a conçus et planifiés pour répondre à ce que l'on attend aujourd'hui d'un complexe de bureaux moderne.
Which language is this?
+++++
Language: French
Problem: L’institut publie également un magazine culturel baptisé Tumivut (signifiant « nos traces »), qui paraît deux fois par année.
Which language is this?
+++++
Language: French
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,89.0,0.0],[139.0,318.0,0.0],[368.0,864.0,0.0],[914.0,1049.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"d497234fb008e5b3e309e04d857544b8","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":4,"_template_type":"fs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0040.json.gz:112145"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 322 |
flan-11085325
|
[Q]: "Major components of the Act have come into force and all preparatory work required to ensure that departments are ready to exercise their new responsibilities was delivered on time." --> French?
[A]: D'importants éléments de la Loi sont déjà entrés en vigueur et le travail préparatoire pour que les ministères soient en mesure d'exercer leurs nouvelles responsabilités a été achevé à temps.
[Q]: "The Committee welcomes the periodic reports submitted by the State party and the additional information provided orally by the delegation." --> French?
[A]: Le Comité accueille avec satisfaction les rapports périodiques soumis par l'État partie et les renseignements complémentaires apportés oralement par la délégation.
[Q]: "The Canadian Participation in the assault across the Rhino and the expansion of the Bridgehead by 2 Canadian Corps 23/24 Mar – 1 Apr 45 26 Jun 1948 19 The Campaign in Southern Italy (Sep – Dec 43):" --> French?
[A]: The Canadian Participation in the assault across the Rhino and the expansion of the Bridgehead by 2 Canadian Corps 23/24 Mar – 1 Apr 45 26 juin 1948 19 The Campaign in Southern Italy (Sep – Dec 43):
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,201.0,0.0],[201.0,398.0,0.0],[399.0,557.0,0.0],[557.0,726.0,0.0],[727.0,944.0,0.0],[944.0,1148.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"2b3114d5b269c760d429d4a265cb5592","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":6,"_template_type":"fs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0039.json.gz:140531"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 285 |
flan-15726933
|
nolan ryan is everywhere at rangers ballpark , which sits on a street named for him .
A summary about the text above: ryan instills his toughness in the rangers
asian stock markets closed mixed tuesday , with share prices rebounding both in tokyo and hong kong after several days of declines .
A summary about the text above: asian stock markets close mixed
nine people were killed saturday as hamas routed a well-armed clan loyal to the rival fatah group from its urban stronghold in the worst flare-up of internal palestinian strife this year .
A summary about the text above: battle among rival factions is worst this year
special stamps to help raise funds for earthquake victims have gone on sale in china .
A summary about the text above: china s postal service sells special stamps to raise funds for earthquake victims
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,86.0,0.0],[87.0,162.0,0.0],[163.0,296.0,0.0],[297.0,361.0,0.0],[362.0,551.0,0.0],[552.0,631.0,0.0],[632.0,719.0,0.0],[720.0,833.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"81554fbed9fe969db31297b5553dd975","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"gigaword:1.2.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":0,"_template_type":"fs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0078.json.gz:98227"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 192 |
flan-19380997
|
test: Хотя слова "проверка" и "осмотр" почти синонимы, представилось целесообразным использовать первое слово в отношении обязательства продавца по доставке в соответствии со статьей А.4. и оставить второе слово для конкретного случая, когда выполняется "осмотр перед отгрузкой", так как такой осмотр обычно необходим только когда покупатель или органы власти страны экспорта или импорта хотят убедиться, что товар отвечает условиям договора или официальным условиям, прежде чем товар отгружен.
English?
translation: Although the words «checking» and «inspection» are synonyms, it has been deemed appropriate to use the former word with respect to the seller's delivery obligation under A4 and to reserve the latter for the particular case when a «pre-shipment inspection» is performed, since such inspection normally is only required when the buyer or the authorities of the export or import country want to ensure that the goods conform with contractual or official stipulations before they are shipped.
Пользователь может разместить всю информацию о кадрах, вновь прибывших, пенсионерах, болезнях, командировках, отпусках, банках, семьях, проектах и деятельности.
In English?
xxxxx
User can put in all the information concerning the manpower, the newcomers, the resignations, illnesses, trips, vacations, banks, families, projects and activities.
How is "You should assume that WOW is an extension of high school and twenty-something video gamers knocking themselves out online." said in Russian?
Можно было бы предположить, что мир Warcraft является продолжением другого школьников и двадцать-то игроков, имеющих его в Интернете.
Q: Translate "The cut-out pattern in the skirt fabric reveals lots of skin, but a wide yoke and mini-length lining discreetly protect modesty." to Russian?
A: Однако вам не стоит беспокоиться: широкая кокетка и мини-подкладка надежно защитят вас от нескромных взглядов.
input question: Write a sentence not in English.
output answer: Важно подчеркнуть, что в этом отношении Линкольн был осведомленным последователем крупнейших архитекторов внешней политики Соединенных Штатов: Бенджамина Франклина и нашего величайшего государственного секретаря и одного из величайших наших президентов - Джона Квинси Адамса.
test: Совет Безопасности ООН обратился к МУТР с просьбой закончить суд до конца 2008 года.
English?
translation: The UN Security Council asked the ICTR to complete all trials by the end of 2008.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,495.0,0.0],[505.0,1007.0,0.0],[1009.0,1170.0,0.0],[1189.0,1354.0,0.0],[1356.0,1506.0,0.0],[1506.0,1640.0,0.0],[1642.0,1798.0,0.0],[1799.0,1913.0,0.0],[1915.0,1964.0,0.0],[1964.0,2255.0,0.0],[2257.0,2348.0,0.0],[2358.0,2453.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"39babeef77b1ba2a5f7464789f88f619","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt16_translate\/ru-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":0,"_template_type":"fs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0115.json.gz:64666"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 897 |
flan-15192473
|
Citi Sees Chubb At $60
This morning, Citigroup raised its price target on shares of Chubb to $60 as the company is seeing lower catastrophe losses this year. In the report, Citigroup increased its EPS estimates through 2011 while maintaining its hold rating.
Goldman Sachs ( GS - news - people ) increased its EPS estimates on shares of Invesco through 2012 as the company is seeing better operating margins. In the report, Goldman set a price target of $25 per share while maintaining its buy rating.
Market News Video produces and distributes online videos about stocks and investing.
Please write a summary below.
Citigroup raises its price target on Chubb as the company is seeing lower catastrophe losses this year.
Indonesia combs Panama Papers for dodgers
Indonesian authorities are sifting through the "gigantic" amount of information in the "Panama Papers", which they hope will add urgency to a tax amnesty bill aimed at stopping locals shirking the system.
A special unit at the Indonesian Centre for Tax Analysis is examining the information contained in the leaked documents and comparing it with other data they have received to see what does and does not match up.
Governments across the world are investigating the 11.5 million leaked documents that date back four decades and were initially given to a German newspaper, which shared the data with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and 100 major media outlets.
More than 214,000 offshore entities connected to people in more than 200 countries are included in the data, along with information about how banks helped create 15,000 companies in tax havens.
The task is huge and unveils a problem they are already well aware of, said Mekar Satria Utama, spokesman for Indonesia's Tax Directorate General Office.
"The information in the Panama Papers is not something new either because the tax office has been monitoring it for a long time and acknowledges that there are so many companies and individuals (in Indonesia) who are using offshore corporations," he told AAP on Wednesday.
In a bid to combat this, the government has introduced a tax amnesty bill to parliament, which is aimed at clawing back tax in a country where fewer than a million of the 250 million-strong population actually cough up.
More than $US200 billion is estimated to have been parked overseas, in places such as neighbouring Singapore, by well-off Indonesians, effectively allowing them to evade their tax responsibilities.
The draft bill aims to pave the way for Indonesians to bring this money home without fear of prosecution and with penalties ranging from just one to three per cent of repatriated assets.
Mr Satria said he hopes the Panama Papers will add urgency to passing the tax amnesty bill and potentially help them track down wrongdoers.
"This information (in the papers) if it is really detailed, and includes the forming of companies and the names behind them, and also the scheme they are using, that will be very useful for us," he added.
"This (the papers) shows us that information openness is a must.... The information is serious. The information really has some depth and we can use it for (our) own sake."
Please write a summary below.
In a country where fewer than a million of the 250 million-strong population actually pay tax, Indonesia is examining the Panama Papers for information.
New York Knicks lose Kurt Rambis' first game as interim head coach, falling at home to Washington Wizards despite big quarter by rookie Kristaps Porzingis | FOX Sports
The Washington Wizards put the New York Knicks in the same kind of hole under Kurt Rambis they kept falling into under Derek Fisher.
John Wall had 28 points and 17 assists, Bradley Beal scored 26, and the Wizards beat New York 111-108 on Tuesday night in the Knicks' first game under Rambis.
Wall made four free throws in the final 6.6 seconds and the Wizards handed the Knicks their sixth straight loss when Langston Galloway's 3-pointer at the buzzer was just short after Washington failed to foul intentionally as planned.
"Nobody's happy. Everybody is kind of depressed that we're losing," Knicks rookie Kristaps Porzingis said. "Now we've lost our coach so there's lots of stuff going on but we try to stay focused. We just have to find a way to get back."
Washington jumped to a 16-point lead in the first quarter, expecting the Knicks to have extra energy under new leadership.
"That's what I was telling somebody earlier, that that's a dangerous team, a team who has a new coach who has a new face so to speak and has a new sense of life," Beal said. "They can either come out and quit or they can come out and really respond and play well and they did that."
But not until they were well behind, just as they did in their final few games under Fisher before Phil Jackson decided to make a change.
"It is starting to become kind of habitual right now starting the games off slow," Carmelo Anthony said. "We can't give teams 30-plus points in the first quarter, then try to fight back. Once you fight back like we did today, it's still an uphill battle that you've got to fight."
Anthony had 33 points and 13 rebounds, but the Knicks have dropped 10 of 11.
Porzingis scored 20 points, but just two after his 14-point third quarter.
Wall made the go-ahead basket midway through the fourth, and later added a pair of jumpers before a 3-pointer that seemed to put it away at 106-96 with about 1:50 left.
The Knicks fired Fisher on Monday and appointed Rambis the interim coach through the remainder of the season. Drafted by the Knicks in the third round in 1980, Rambis said for the second straight day that it's important for the Knicks to get into the playoffs, but that will take a huge turnaround after the All-Star break.
They allowed 63 first-half points, trying their most this season, after Rambis said they had to toughen up their defense.
Porzingis hit a couple of 3-pointers early in the third, but his signature play came much closer to the basket, when he spun baseline around Jared Dudley and threw down a powerful dunk with Marcin Gortat nearby. That put a buzz in the building as only the rookie can and it stayed there as the Knicks caught up at 83-all to end the period.
"First half we played aggressive and we were into the ball, we took their flow away," Wall said. "Second half, start of the third quarter, we didn't take their flow away."
But Porzingis was on the bench to start the fourth and the Wizards had just gone ahead for good before he returned.
Wizards: Washington has won five straight at Madison Square Garden. ... Guard Gary Neal missed the game with a sore right leg.
Knicks: Jackson, during an interview with MSG Network, said the chances of a trade before next week's deadline were "very slim" but that they would be looking. ... Reserve forward Lance Thomas returned after missing two games because of a concussion.
Anthony is playing for his fourth coach since arriving in New York in 2011 but said he continues to trust Jackson and wants to remain with the Knicks.
TNT broadcaster Marv Albert, a former Knicks broadcaster, said he felt the team became "overhyped" after a successful start and that beyond Anthony and Porzingis is a bunch of "guys who really are backups." He also saw a change in Fisher from the way he interacted with the media as a player. "You could feel there was so much pressure on him and I don't know if he was the same way with the players, but just (a) different guy," Albert said.
Wizards: Visit Milwaukee on Thursday.
Knicks: Visit Brooklyn on Feb. 19.
Please write a summary below.
In first game under new general, rookie keeps doing what he's been doing all season, but so do his teammates as New York loses at home to Washington
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[23.0,259.0,0.0],[260.0,503.0,0.0],[504.0,589.0,0.0],[619.0,723.0,0.0],[765.0,970.0,0.0],[971.0,1183.0,0.0],[1184.0,1455.0,0.0],[1456.0,1650.0,0.0],[1651.0,1805.0,0.0],[1806.0,2079.0,0.0],[2080.0,2300.0,0.0],[2301.0,2499.0,0.0],[2500.0,2687.0,0.0],[2688.0,2828.0,0.0],[2829.0,3034.0,0.0],[3035.0,3208.0,0.0],[3238.0,3391.0,0.0],[3391.0,3559.0,0.0],[3559.0,3692.0,0.0],[3693.0,3852.0,0.0],[3853.0,4087.0,0.0],[4088.0,4324.0,0.0],[4325.0,4448.0,0.0],[4449.0,4732.0,0.0],[4733.0,4871.0,0.0],[4872.0,5153.0,0.0],[5154.0,5231.0,0.0],[5232.0,5307.0,0.0],[5308.0,5477.0,0.0],[5478.0,5802.0,0.0],[5803.0,5925.0,0.0],[5926.0,6266.0,0.0],[6267.0,6439.0,0.0],[6440.0,6556.0,0.0],[6557.0,6684.0,0.0],[6685.0,6936.0,0.0],[6937.0,7088.0,0.0],[7089.0,7532.0,0.0],[7572.0,7607.0,0.0],[7637.0,7785.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"a5d2f34448fb1bbdb55b29998a258c73","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"newsroom:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":2,"_template_type":"fs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0073.json.gz:60044"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 1,758 |
dclm-416273226
|
Sunday, June 29, 2014
Occupational Hazard-Perfect Lies by Elizabeth Parker
The crowd applauded. Excitement evident in the air.
And at one point, she respected him. Greatly.
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Eventually, it had sunken in, and so had reality.
Chapter 3
He couldn’t.
Monday, September 30, 2013
Hearts of Gold Preview
Profound innocence. Can it be accurately defined?
It is the soft look on a baby's face as they really notice you for the first time. The second their beautiful eyes open and gaze lovingly into your own while their tiny fingers grip your hand. The feel of your heart as it leaps happily in your chest, overcome with a clarity, a joy unmatched by any other. You could swear you see clearly into the depths of their precious soul. The moments you fall in love with them over and over again.
It is the need for a puppy to curl up at your feet only to bounce up and follow you wherever you may go. The writhing of their body as you bend down to cradle them in your arms. The smell of their breath as they nestle their furry face next to yours.
It is the look of complete and utter trust as your toddler puts their faith in you to love them, teach them and keep them out of harm's way. Or the feel of their tiny arms wrapped around you as they lay their heads down to sleep at night. The gentle sound of their voice as they whisper they love you.
It is the exhilarated tail wag as your senior dog awaits your arrival. The unbridled enthusiasm as you greet them at the door.
Innocence and purity. These are the makings of real and tender love, most often found in children and dogs, and often recognized by each other.
These are the very terms that describe Hearts of Gold.
Chapter 1-The Sanctity of Marriage
The inside of a home should be cozy and warm, blanketed by the love between husband and wife, not chilled by a hatred that a blazing fire couldn't kindle.
From the moment of inception, and quite conceivably some time before, an insurmountable grief had been bestowed upon Peyton's young life—a period when innocence and youth should have gone hand in hand, a time when the only darkness should have always been accompanied by a comforting bedtime story and a favorite teddy bear.
Instead, her darkness began in the wee hours of almost every morning and continued until her tiny body lay to rest at night.
Her horrors were measured by how well her mother could keep her father's temper at bay. With his short fuse, the method of measurement was almost always cut in half.
No one could blame the frigid weather for the constant chill in the air. It would have been more accurate to blame the bitterness on the likes of Wayne Henry Bishop, Peyton's father.
While often it was Peyton's mother, Morgan, who suffered the brunt of the beatings, Wayne was not shy about raising his fist to his daughter on occasion or assaulting her with words, mostly those meant to diminish her self-esteem. He had all the ammunition he needed, like the neighborhood bully, and fired away at his daughter every chance he saw fit.
In no way could he even be classified as a caregiver to Peyton.
Peyton's mother on the other hand did what she could to give Peyton a normal life, though it wasn't much. With her petite build, porcelain skin, beautiful light brown hair, and cerulean blue eyes, most men would've agreed that Morgan was a catch. If they were smart, they would consider themselves lucky just to be in her presence. Her husband's awareness of her beauty only made him more determined to maintain control. He dangled her very life in front of her like a carrot before a starving bunny.
She could remember when it first started—the beatings. Back then it was more of a slap here or a push there.
At first, it amounted to nothing more than a shock, a burst of confusion, a blow to her ego.
Morgan was always confident, never submissive. She was also capable of a hot temper when warranted, but she was no match for his brawny build of six foot four or the fiery beast that grew within.
When the slaps turned into punches, her foolish pride was what initially kept her in a marriage that her parents hadn't approved of from the very beginning.
It wasn't long before she had a change of heart. She would trade her pride for her life any day. But she wondered now if it was too late.
During Morgan's pregnancy, Wayne flaunted his masculinity by using her stomach as a punching bag when things didn't go his way, which was quite frequently according to him.
From the bruises she sustained, it was a miracle that she survived his abuse, no less managed to carry her pregnancy to full term.
He felt that by "punishing" her, he would teach her a very valuable lesson. And what a teacher he was.
He boasted to her in private, claiming that he was making her tough and the baby even tougher. He held their lives by a string; they were mere puppets to do what he wanted when he commanded it be done.
On the rare occasions where she chose to fight back, he put her in her place with frequent threats. "I can kill you in a heartbeat. You're just lucky that I choose not to, Morgan."
His seemingly charming personality was his saving grace around all of Morgan's friends. No one in their right minds would ever suspect he was capable of hurting so much as a hair on her head.
In addition, he kept his arrogant comments to himself, especially when she came imminently close to death in the hospital after a severe beating. The doctors were pleasantly surprised when she recovered, though they weren't naive. When the physician on call questioned him about Morgan's dire condition, Wayne adamantly denied any allegations of abuse to his young wife. He rattled off one lame excuse after the other, an act he'd improved upon subsequent to each beating. If lying was a muscle, his was definitely toned.
"Oh, Morgan's always hurting herself. She's been like that since the day I met her. Thankfully I was around otherwise who knows what would've happened!"
The nurses predicted that Morgan would deny any abuse, and they were right. As soon as Morgan recovered enough that she could speak, she stuck up for her husband, an act she'd perfected and one she thought she performed flawlessly.
Sadly, it was common for the hospital staff to see women admitted into emergency rooms with a bloody nose or a broken leg. It was also common that these same women suffered with battered woman syndrome.
Morgan was no different, fitting the cookie-cutter image to a genuine fault.
Taught to be a loyal wife, or at least threatened if she didn't behave as such, she never admitted anything was wrong with her marriage. Until she took those difficult first steps, no one would be able to help her.
Her excuses always seemed viable for the many bruises she wore. Friends had witnessed firsthand how clumsy Morgan appeared.
Her friend Tracy had even seen Morgan take a spill down the front steps outside of her apartment in a snowstorm. She surmised that Morgan fell because the steps were icy. It seemed like a logical explanation at the time.
What Tracy didn't know—and couldn't know—was that Morgan fell due to a beating Wayne had given her moments earlier.
His irrational gripe? Morgan had made plans to go out without asking his permission first. He accused her of having an affair, even though he was quite aware that she was going shopping with Tracy, her lifelong best friend.
So when Morgan stepped out onto the steps, she was still shaking from the pain her husband had inflicted, causing her legs to give out beneath her and take a tumble. Like the coward that he was, he made sure not to bruise her in any obvious areas. Her stomach was the first place he usually aimed.
When Tracy asked if she was okay, Morgan responded with, "Oh, yea. I'm so clumsy. I should've known better than to wear these shoes." She dismissed the fall as if it were completely normal, even though she was in agonizing pain.
Unfortunately, Morgan never did share her misery with Tracy. To the outside world, Morgan and Wayne had the ideal marriage, aside from their financial issues. But hey, who didn't have problems with the economy in despair? And Wayne wouldn't have it any other way. He threatened that if she told a soul, he would kill her and their unborn baby.
"Promise me you'll do as I say or they'll be hell to pay, Morgan. Do I make myself clear?"
She typically answered with a nod. She was backed into a corner, given no choice.
She believed he'd make good on his promise. He'd brought her close to death many times before but then nursed her back to health after his rampage was over. His beatings came simultaneously when he had a strong buzz on. His alcohol of choice was good old Jack Daniels. Once he was able to see straight again, he'd "fix up" his wife, as he called it, apologize, and expect to start anew without any repercussions, as if it were perfectly acceptable to beat someone weaker than him. There was always a reason as well.
"If you only hadn't said this, Morgan." Or, "If you only hadn't said that."
It was never his wrongdoing. In his mind, Morgan was the only one at fault.
She had planned to leave him once Peyton was born, but her plan went awry when he discovered her hidden stash of money. That was when the big beating came down on her, teaching her a lesson she'd never forget: don't ever cross Wayne Bishop.
And she didn't forget. Now, she learned to be more careful.
Tuesday, September 4, 2012
Paw Prints in the Sand
Introducing my latest book, Paw Prints in the Sand-Available on Kindle, Nook and in paperback on
Prologue: Precious Innocence
The buildings are always the same; old rusty cages, the unmistakable smell of fear; desperate dogs begging for loving homes, their raspy cries echoing throughout the lonely and frigid hallways.
As you trudge up and down the aisles of a kill shelter, you see that each crate houses an abandoned animal whose yearning eyes plead while your heart melts into a roaring sea of helplessness. How did they get here? Why them? No one deserves this.
You want so badly to rescue them. You’d love to take all of them home, but of course, it isn’t feasible.
As you look into the innocent eyes of each dog, you know it’ll be less than a week before the older ones lose their life, and the young “vicious” dogs, as they have been stereotypically labeled, only have a few more days at most.
While you’re there, you can’t help but wonder, do they know? Is there any possible way the dogs realize what cruelty fate has in store for them? Admitting that painful truth to yourself is harder than you ever imagined.
The thought races out of your mind as quickly as it had entered. Not because you don’t care—God knows you care more than anything—but because it is too difficult to accept the harsh reality.
But, alas, there’s still that somewhat gratifying feeling of knowing that you are there to make a difference in at least one of their lives.
You have a spot, or maybe even two, in your home and more than enough love in your heart to accommodate these precious creatures and hopefully free up some room for another unfortunate stray at the facility in the process.
At least that’s how it happened for Chelsea and Anthony Shelton.
Chapter 1: Love Unguarded
There will always be detours in the fascinating game called life. Find the path to your heart’s desires, and stay on course.
Chelsea and Anthony had been teenage sweethearts, who, like most at that young age, broke up for a short while to sow their oats before realizing they were true soul mates.
Before they got back together, they each dabbled in the party scene and enjoyed a few drinking binges, complete with the dreaded hangovers the next day, but realized that wasn't the permanent lifestyle they sought after. Eventually, they found their way back into each other’s hearts in their early twenties and had been together ever since.
Both became successful, conscientious individuals and though they occasionally had arguments like every married couple, they respected and genuinely cared for one another.
They weren't considered glamorous by any means, but were definitely average in looks. Chelsea had long, brown hair and light green eyes and Anthony was blessed with a muscular physique and full head of thick, sandy brown hair.
Married only four years, they’d already experienced their share of hardships with trying to start their family. They wanted nothing more than to have a child of their own, but after they both underwent a series of medical tests, the doctors revealed that it just wasn’t in the cards for them. A major disappointment as since the day they were married, they’d always imagined sharing their lives with at least two children, and a family dog to complete the picture.
With the support of their beloved family and friends, they got over the initial shock of their misfortune, and moved forward with plans to adopt a child. The downside was that according to the adoption agency, it might take years. And there were no guarantees.
Although they were understandably disappointed, they decided that in the interim they would still consummate the second portion of their plan. After giving it some thought, there was no valid reason to put their lives on hold.
They'd been prepared to rescue a shelter dog and each time they sat through the tear-jerking commercials on the television, they realized in their heart that now was as good a time as any.
It was an early Saturday morning when they drove down to the town shelter. The building itself rested at the end of a cul-de-sac, surrounded by nothing but trees and a broken-up parking lot to match the brokenhearted pups inside.
When they ambled in through the double-glass doors, the middle-age volunteer greeted them with a personality as lively as a crumbled piece of that parking lot. Barely acknowledging their arrival, she merely pointed the way toward the gray, metal door that housed the dogs. Then she buried her face in her fitness magazine.
This establishment was known as a kill-shelter, and Chelsea speculated that to volunteer in the facility, it was probably better off that one didn’t show any emotion, as demonstrated by the detached woman occupying the front desk.
With so many dogs being neglected, abandoned, dumped, abused, and everything in between, there are never enough facilities to provide shelter for all of them. What adds to the devastation is that often shelter dogs fail to get adopted due to their seemingly aggressive behavior, even if they were once friendly on the outside.
Nine times out of ten, something changes their disposition once they get locked up. Their personalities shift, whether it be from the fear, the isolation, the confusion, the cold cement floors, or the lack of toys. Or it may be from being bereft of exercise, deprived of love, or simply because they can smell the death of their canine peers from the euthanasia rooms. The necessity to survive causes them to lose their trust and more importantly, their confidence.
The unfamiliar noises and lonely environment do nothing to mollify their fears. Since they appear aggressive, the likeliness of them finding a good home diminishes. It’s the same doleful story in every facility, yet their population continues to increase daily.
As the door slammed behind Chelsea and Anthony, it resonated, setting off a chorus of frenzied barks from the distressed occupants. The couple walked gingerly past the countless rows of crates, trying their best not to frighten any of the dogs, each one looking more desperate than the last.
Had it not been for one dog’s demanding howl, Chelsea might have run out of the building empty handed. The absolute realization and heartache was too much for her to bear.
But that howl.
It was the single thing that caused her to laugh when she was on the verge of tears. That demanding howl, combined with the act of the dog maneuvering his scrawny paw through the cage in a sincere effort to grab her leg, as if to say, “Hey, get over here. Come be my new mom.”
Aside from his disheveled exterior, he was indubitably striking. Like most shelter dogs, he was in dire need of a thorough grooming, as his knotted hair was course and his skin flaky. The hardened goop under his eyes appeared as if it hadn’t ever been cleaned.
Underneath that tangle of golden fur was a bright-eyed, energetic sweetheart of a dog. His fox-like ears bent forward toward his light brown eyes, which revealed an expression that couldn’t be mistaken for anything but hope.
His sparkling personality shined through like an illuminating star, and those same hopeful eyes translated a heartfelt story that words would never be able to accurately describe.
In the cage directly across from him sat a more demure canine that appeared to be his twin. She wasn’t nearly as vocal, but just as stunning, if not more so. Her golden fur was also knotted right behind the ears, and her paws were caked with mud, presumably from yesterday’s rainfall. She sat erect, the previously white tuft on her chest now gray and soiled. Both of the dogs had clearly been neglected even before they had arrived at the shelter.
Chelsea had already made up her mind when she turned back to catch Anthony’s eyes, who was grinning from ear to ear. He didn’t have to say a word.
“Both?” she whispered, knowing her husband well enough to read his mind.
He nodded. “Absolutely.” Though he was a man broad in stature, he was normally not flagrant with his emotions. This time, however, tears pooled in the corners of his hazel eyes. Apparently, the dismal environment was heart wrenching for him as well.
While they discussed it, another volunteer turned the corner and greeted them. This one seemed to have notably more compassion than the woman occupying the front desk. She smiled warmly at them before realizing that they were interested.
“Have you decided on which dog you’d like to take home today?” she asked Chelsea. After helping out at the shelter for so many years, it was easy for the volunteer to recognize the vibrant sparkle in Chelsea’s eyes that could signify only love at first sight—the special kind that often transpires between human and dog.
Chelsea couldn’t wait for Anthony to speak, so she took the lead. “Yes, please. We’re interested in these two.” She pointed to the female and male. The male was ignoring the conversation, focusing on reaching through the bars, trying to grasp the shoelaces on Chelsea’s sneaker.
They asked the volunteer a number of questions, including whether or not the dogs were related, wondering if perhaps they were brother and sister. The volunteer said that, to the best of her knowledge, they were not.
She informed them that they had been surrendered within two days of each other. The male’s age was estimated to be approximately a year and a half, while the female was about a year old.
Both were unmistakably purebred Nova Scotia duck tolling retrievers. They had all the markings, the white tuft, the fox-like ears, the pink nose and lips, and the light eyes that matched their golden coat.
While some families have no other choice but to surrender their dogs because of hardships, financial difficulty or medical issues, these dogs were given up needlessly.
Apparently, the male was given up because he barked incessantly, and his owners couldn’t handle the atrocious noise level. They admitted that they didn't have the time or the patience to train him.
The female was turned in because she wasn’t housebroken yet, even though that was due to no fault of her own. Rather than train her, the previous owners argued that dogs should instinctively know how to take care of business. They voiced their frustration and said they wanted her out of the house as soon as possible. The shelter took her in that same day.
Hearing their heartbreaking stories further confirmed their decision, and it took only moments for Chelsea and Anthony to fill out the necessary paperwork.
Within an hour, the dogs were on their way to their new home, finally given a second chance at enjoying their lives as they should, which was an opportunity many other dogs are never granted.
Sadly, the pair was hesitant to meander out of the facility. Both dogs tucked their tails between their legs, both were frightened and shy—most likely stemming from their stay at the shelter.
But once they walked outside with their new owners, the warm breeze wafted a plethora of new scents to their keen noses, allowing them to do what came naturally to them—just be dogs. To a dog, smelling the scents of other dogs, humans, or creatures that had visited a path before them is a luxury in itself.
Hearing the natural songs of the wildlife, even smelling something simple such as flowers that are in bloom, is a wondrous joy. To them, each unique scent tells a captivating story and is a vibrant indication that they are still alive, and more importantly, it signifies that there is hope.
Before long, the two dogs slowly began to wag their tails with unbridled enthusiasm. Moments later, they even danced around each other, demonstrating the customary canine greeting that initiates a friendship and builds the foundation for an everlasting relationship. It was a sight to remember.
Before leaving the shelter, Chelsea and Anthony had been advised that the female had been spayed, but the male had not yet been altered. So the first thing they did once the adoption was finalized was make an appointment at the vet to have Spice neutered. The appointment was set for the first of March, three weeks after his adoption date. Sugar wouldn’t have to go to the vet for shots until a month later.
Copyright © 2012 Elizabeth Parker
Designer of LVJewels Buddy Bracelets -Click Here to order your bracelet today!
Thursday, May 3, 2012
MS Word I Help- Final Week -Tutor Thursday
As promised, here's the final instructions for Step I of Word. Congratulations-you finished!!
Small disclaimer here. I'm in no way employed or affiliated with Microsoft. I am not selling this information-it is completely free. While I've made a genuine effort to ensure the quality of this manual, there is no warranty provided and I disclaim any accountability and liability for any damages resulting from the utilization of the data provided in this manual or products described in it. All sample exercises and files are fictional and any similarity to real people is strictly coincidental.
Change Case
Inserting a Table
Converting Text to Table
Converting Table to Text
Hiding Gridlines
Word Count
Change Case
SUPPOSE THAT YOU HAVE JUST TYPED AN ENTIRE SENTENCE AND REALIZE ONLY NOW THAT YOUR CAPS LOCK WAS ON. You can easily change this by selecting ‘Format’ from the toolbar. Then change ‘Change case.’
The following screen will appear. From here, you can then choose ‘Sentence case’ to make the above sentence appear normal again.
There is an option to create a more exciting background to your layout if you plan to use your document on a web layout or browser. To add a background to your documents, click on Format>> Background to view the following screen.
You are brought to your basic color dialog box for which you may or may not be familiar. To choose a background color, just click on the color of your choice. For even more choices, (can you stand the excitement?), click on the “more colors” or “fill effects” options to enhance your choice.
To choose a theme for your document, click on Format>>Theme. On the left will be a list of the titles of the themes and on the right you will see a preview. Just click on the theme you would like and Click Ok.
Inserting a Table
This is a great tool for many reasons. Primarily, many worksheets or surveys that you see every day are either created in Excel or believe it or not, Word. The advantage to using a Word’s table is that if you already in a Word document, you can add the table, survey or worksheet right there. No need to create a whole new document. Secondly, the table in word can be a stand-alone table or an actual excel table!
To insert a table, simply click on Insert Table to add a stand-alone table. In this next screen, choose the number of columns and the number of rows you wish to appear in your column. (If you change your mind later, you can always add or delete rows and columns).
It should look a little something like this:
If you need to delete any cells, highlight the cells you wish to delete. Then go to Table>> Delete >> Cells. The following screen will appear.
You can then choose the layout of where you want the remaining cells to be positioned.
To insert additional rows or columns simply highlight your existing table, then go to Table>>Insert>>Columns to the left or right, or rows above or below or cells.
To Merge cells (combine two cells together), highlight the cells you wish to merge and then click on Table>>Merge Cells.
To Split cells (Put a “table like” cell inside of another cell). Highlight the cells you wish to split and click on Table>>Split Cells.
Converting Text to Table
Word has included a neat little feature to save you some time….and a lot of aggravation. Suppose that you have just typed a full paragraph, but realize that you want this in a table. All you need to do is highlight the text and go to Table>Convert>Text to Table.
The following screen will appear:
Choose the number of columns and/or rows you wish, along with the column width and where you want to separate text. I.e. separate text at ‘Paragraphs’.
Your paragraph will now look like this example:
To make matters even easier, you can take the above table and convert it to text as I will explain in…….
Converting Table to Text
Amazingly, just as you can convert text to a table, you can also convert a table to text. Suppose you create this big, beautiful table that you are proud of (the spreadsheet kind, not the wooden kind) and your boss begins to tell you that he/she wants it to be in letter format, not a table. Well, now you can just change that back to text. No problem. All you do is highlight the forbidden table and follow these instructions.
Hiding Gridlines
Easy enough, but just in case you are wondering. If you have a table, but do not want the actual lines in the table to show…Highlight the table, go to Table>Hide Gridlines. The Gridlines will now be hidden and this option will now be dimmed. To show the gridlines, go back to Table>Hide Gridlines (it should now NOT be dimmed) and the table will have gridlines.
Sounds like a song…but its not, as far as I know. This option, you may already know if you are familiar with Microsoft products. In case you do not…
Let’s say that you have just inserted a symbol, but have decided you did not want it there. You can just go to Edit>Undo (or the counterclockwise arrow on the toolbar). But, if you now decide you want it there after all, you can click Edit>Redo (or the clockwise arrow on the toolbar, if it is there).
Word Count
Whether you are writing a report for school, or a column for your businesses’ newspaper, this feature will save you a lot of time! All you have to do to count how many words are in your document is:
1. Highlight the paragraph(s) you wish to count, or you can highlight the whole document by selecting Edit> Select All.
2. Go to Tools
3. Word Count
4. A dialog box will appear showing you the following information in a matter of seconds!
This section is designed to familiarize you with the available Help menu that is included with Word. It is a very concise tool for helping you do many of the functions available. At the very least, it will explain how the functions are utilized.
Once you click on ‘Help’ located on the toolbar, you will be brought to the following screen where you can ‘Search for’ help in the search line.
Once you enter your item in the search line, a new dialog box will appear with some choices to choose from that most closely resembles the issue or question you are having. Make your selection and then follow the instructions on the screen.
One other feature that is available in the Help menu is the word ‘About.’ All this does is let you know the version of Word that you are currently using. This is helpful if you are ever trying to ask for assistance, but do not know which version you are using. The person that is assisting you may need to know this information, as each version differs from the next, so it will help narrow down the issue at hand.
Copyright © 2010 Elizabeth Parker
Author of Finally Home, Final Journey, Bark Out Loud!, My Dog Does That! Unwanted Dreams, Phobia, Evil's Door and Faces of Deception
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.08387064933776855,"id":"<urn:uuid:d3451417-2c90-47b1-a649-c64edfa948f8>","language":"en","language_score":0.9854565262794495,"url":"http:\/\/www.elizabethparkerbooks.blogspot.com\/","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-111600401"}
| 6,527 |
pes2o-10952380
|
[Postspinal headache. Is 24-hour flat bedrest a preventive measure?].
Spinal anaesthesia was performed with a 22-gauge needle on 112 consecutive patients above fifty years of age admitted for transurethral surgery. Patients were randomly allocated to either 24 h of recumbency (group A) or ambulation as soon as the spinal had worn off (group B). Postspinal headache was found in 14% of the patients in the recumbency group and in 11% of the patients in the group of early ambulation. There were no differences between the groups regarding incidence, time of onset and duration of postspinal headache. Based on the literature and the present investigation, early ambulation is therefore recommended.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T04:50:27.941Z","created":"1986-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"40591623","metadata":{"abstract":"Spinal anaesthesia was performed with a 22-gauge needle on 112 consecutive patients above fifty years of age admitted for transurethral surgery. Patients were randomly allocated to either 24 h of recumbency (group A) or ambulation as soon as the spinal had worn off (group B). Postspinal headache was found in 14% of the patients in the recumbency group and in 11% of the patients in the group of early ambulation. There were no differences between the groups regarding incidence, time of onset and duration of postspinal headache. Based on the literature and the present investigation, early ambulation is therefore recommended.","abstract_count":100,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.782393203686778,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0002.json.gz:3213179","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"06e6b6b334260481779da9595f79516c0b647d63","sources":["MAG","Medline"],"title":"[Postspinal headache. Is 24-hour flat bedrest a preventive measure?].","title_count":9,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-21.88103629576752,"top_frequencies":[{"count":8,"token":"the"},{"count":7,"token":"of"},{"count":4,"token":"in"},{"count":3,"token":"patients"},{"count":3,"token":"and"},{"count":2,"token":"headache."},{"count":2,"token":"a"},{"count":2,"token":"was"},{"count":2,"token":"on"},{"count":2,"token":"were"},{"count":2,"token":"recumbency"},{"count":2,"token":"(group"},{"count":2,"token":"ambulation"},{"count":2,"token":"as"},{"count":2,"token":"group"},{"count":2,"token":"early"},{"count":1,"token":"[Postspinal"},{"count":1,"token":"Is"},{"count":1,"token":"24-hour"},{"count":1,"token":"flat"},{"count":1,"token":"bedrest"},{"count":1,"token":"preventive"},{"count":1,"token":"measure?]."},{"count":1,"token":"Spinal"},{"count":1,"token":"anaesthesia"},{"count":1,"token":"performed"},{"count":1,"token":"with"},{"count":1,"token":"22-gauge"},{"count":1,"token":"needle"},{"count":1,"token":"112"},{"count":1,"token":"consecutive"},{"count":1,"token":"above"},{"count":1,"token":"fifty"},{"count":1,"token":"years"},{"count":1,"token":"age"},{"count":1,"token":"admitted"},{"count":1,"token":"for"},{"count":1,"token":"transurethral"},{"count":1,"token":"surgery."},{"count":1,"token":"Patients"},{"count":1,"token":"randomly"},{"count":1,"token":"allocated"},{"count":1,"token":"to"},{"count":1,"token":"either"},{"count":1,"token":"24"},{"count":1,"token":"h"},{"count":1,"token":"A)"},{"count":1,"token":"or"},{"count":1,"token":"soon"},{"count":1,"token":"spinal"},{"count":1,"token":"had"},{"count":1,"token":"worn"},{"count":1,"token":"off"},{"count":1,"token":"B)."},{"count":1,"token":"Postspinal"},{"count":1,"token":"headache"},{"count":1,"token":"found"},{"count":1,"token":"14%"},{"count":1,"token":"11%"},{"count":1,"token":"ambulation."},{"count":1,"token":"There"},{"count":1,"token":"no"},{"count":1,"token":"differences"},{"count":1,"token":"between"},{"count":1,"token":"groups"},{"count":1,"token":"regarding"},{"count":1,"token":"incidence,"},{"count":1,"token":"time"},{"count":1,"token":"onset"},{"count":1,"token":"duration"},{"count":1,"token":"postspinal"},{"count":1,"token":"Based"},{"count":1,"token":"literature"},{"count":1,"token":"present"},{"count":1,"token":"investigation,"},{"count":1,"token":"is"},{"count":1,"token":"therefore"},{"count":1,"token":"recommended."}],"year":1986},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 146 |
flan-22353999
|
It pays tribute to the contribution of its team of independent experts to the work of the Committee.
Translate to French
Il sait gré à son groupe d'experts indépendants de sa contribution aux travaux.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,101.0,0.0],[122.0,202.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"dc906e1296ea99722b6323b3cc86ade6","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":0,"_template_type":"zs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0128.json.gz:136782"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 49 |
pes2o-16292369
|
ICA-Based Signal Reconstruction Scheme with Neural Network in Time Series Forecasting
In this study, an independent component analysis (ICA)-based signal reconstruction with neural network is proposed for financial time series forecasting. ICA is a novel statistical signal processing technique that was originally proposed to find the latent source signals from observed mixture signal without knowing any prior knowledge of the mixing mechanism. The proposed approach first uses ICA on the forecasting variables to generate the independent components (ICs). After identifying and removing the ICs containing the noise, the rest of the ICs are then used to reconstruct the forecasting variables. The reconstructed forecasting variables will contain less noise information and are served as the input variables of the back propagation neural network (BPN) to build the forecasting model. Experimental results on TAIEX (Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index) closing cash index show that the proposed model outperforms the BPN model with non-filtered forecasting variables and random walk model.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-02-18T11:53:29.909Z","created":"2009-04-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"18329645","metadata":{"abstract":"In this study, an independent component analysis (ICA)-based signal reconstruction with neural network is proposed for financial time series forecasting. ICA is a novel statistical signal processing technique that was originally proposed to find the latent source signals from observed mixture signal without knowing any prior knowledge of the mixing mechanism. The proposed approach first uses ICA on the forecasting variables to generate the independent components (ICs). After identifying and removing the ICs containing the noise, the rest of the ICs are then used to reconstruct the forecasting variables. The reconstructed forecasting variables will contain less noise information and are served as the input variables of the back propagation neural network (BPN) to build the forecasting model. Experimental results on TAIEX (Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index) closing cash index show that the proposed model outperforms the BPN model with non-filtered forecasting variables and random walk model.","abstract_count":148,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.82941942746629,"extfieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0004.json.gz:805762","s2fieldsofstudy":["Computer Science","Business"],"sha1":"143e7f2390fbc3dcd25741fa70084d61bf195611","sources":["MAG","Grobid","ScienceParseMerged","IEEE","Unpaywall","DBLP"],"title":"ICA-Based Signal Reconstruction Scheme with Neural Network in Time Series Forecasting","title_count":11,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-14.24138291642771,"top_frequencies":[{"count":14,"token":"the"},{"count":5,"token":"forecasting"},{"count":4,"token":"proposed"},{"count":4,"token":"to"},{"count":4,"token":"variables"},{"count":3,"token":"with"},{"count":3,"token":"signal"},{"count":3,"token":"of"},{"count":3,"token":"and"},{"count":2,"token":"independent"},{"count":2,"token":"neural"},{"count":2,"token":"network"},{"count":2,"token":"is"},{"count":2,"token":"ICA"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"The"},{"count":2,"token":"on"},{"count":2,"token":"ICs"},{"count":2,"token":"are"},{"count":2,"token":"model."},{"count":2,"token":"Stock"},{"count":2,"token":"model"},{"count":1,"token":"ICA-Based"},{"count":1,"token":"Signal"},{"count":1,"token":"Reconstruction"},{"count":1,"token":"Scheme"},{"count":1,"token":"Neural"},{"count":1,"token":"Network"},{"count":1,"token":"in"},{"count":1,"token":"Time"},{"count":1,"token":"Series"},{"count":1,"token":"Forecasting"},{"count":1,"token":"In"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"study,"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"component"},{"count":1,"token":"analysis"},{"count":1,"token":"(ICA)-based"},{"count":1,"token":"reconstruction"},{"count":1,"token":"for"},{"count":1,"token":"financial"},{"count":1,"token":"time"},{"count":1,"token":"series"},{"count":1,"token":"forecasting."},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"novel"},{"count":1,"token":"statistical"},{"count":1,"token":"processing"},{"count":1,"token":"technique"},{"count":1,"token":"was"},{"count":1,"token":"originally"},{"count":1,"token":"find"},{"count":1,"token":"latent"},{"count":1,"token":"source"},{"count":1,"token":"signals"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"observed"},{"count":1,"token":"mixture"},{"count":1,"token":"without"},{"count":1,"token":"knowing"},{"count":1,"token":"any"},{"count":1,"token":"prior"},{"count":1,"token":"knowledge"},{"count":1,"token":"mixing"},{"count":1,"token":"mechanism."},{"count":1,"token":"approach"},{"count":1,"token":"first"},{"count":1,"token":"uses"},{"count":1,"token":"generate"},{"count":1,"token":"components"},{"count":1,"token":"(ICs)."},{"count":1,"token":"After"},{"count":1,"token":"identifying"},{"count":1,"token":"removing"},{"count":1,"token":"containing"},{"count":1,"token":"noise,"},{"count":1,"token":"rest"},{"count":1,"token":"then"},{"count":1,"token":"used"},{"count":1,"token":"reconstruct"},{"count":1,"token":"variables."},{"count":1,"token":"reconstructed"},{"count":1,"token":"will"},{"count":1,"token":"contain"},{"count":1,"token":"less"},{"count":1,"token":"noise"},{"count":1,"token":"information"},{"count":1,"token":"served"},{"count":1,"token":"as"},{"count":1,"token":"input"},{"count":1,"token":"back"},{"count":1,"token":"propagation"},{"count":1,"token":"(BPN)"},{"count":1,"token":"build"},{"count":1,"token":"Experimental"},{"count":1,"token":"results"},{"count":1,"token":"TAIEX"},{"count":1,"token":"(Taiwan"},{"count":1,"token":"Exchange"}],"year":2009},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 202 |
dclm-414901495
|
PIP logo
facebook twitter
PIP logo
facebook twitter
Alcohol and High-Risk Drinking
alcohol header
Alcohol use among college students is often seen as a “rite of passage” and most Missouri college students (75%) have consumed alcohol in the past year*.
Many of these students drink in a healthy and safe way; however, there are a number of high-risk drinking behaviors that negatively affect college students. Compiled here are resources to help address different high-risk drinking behaviors. (*MACHB 2018)
National Data
1. 60% of college students drank in the past month, and
2. almost 2 out of 3 engaged in binge drinking
3. Approximately 1,800 college students die from alcohol-related unintentional injuries (including motor vehicle crashes) each year
4. About 696,000 students are assaulted by another student who has been drinking
5. Approximately 97,000 students report experiencing alcohol-related sexual assault
6. About 1 in 4 students report academic consequences from drinking (missed class, performing poorly on exams/papers, lower grades overall
7. About 20% of college students nationwide meet the criteria for an alcohol use disorder
Missouri Data
1. Approximately 25% of Missouri college students meet criteria for binge drinking (4+ drinks in 2 hours for women, 5+ drinks in 2 hours for men) in the past 2 weeks, and 33% meet criteria for binge drinking in the past 30 days
2. 12% of Missouri college students report being forced, pressured, or coerced into consuming more alcohol than they wanted at least once in the past year
3. Missouri college students who drink report consequences from drinking including:
4. Hangover
Rode w/non sober driver
Missed class
Forced to drink more
Hurt or injured
Low school performance
Alcohol poisoning
5. Sixty-six percent (66%) of Missouri college students who are under the age of 21 report drinking in the past year
6. 66%
7. ...and 23% meet criteria for binge drinking in the past two weeks
8. Students under 21 report that they obtain alcohol from:
9. 21+ friend
Family member
ID not checked
Fake ID
10. Though it is never safe to drink and drive, 16% of Missouri college students report driving after consuming alcohol in the past year
*all Missouri data is from the MACHB 2018*
High-Risk Drinking Behaviors
Binge Drinking: Binge drinking is a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to .08% or more. This corresponds to 5+ drinks on a single occasion/in 2 hours for men, and 4+ drinks for women on a single occasion/in 2 hours. Binge drinking is associated with health problems and other issues including unintentional injury, violence including homicide, suicide, intimate partner violence and sexual assault, memory and learning problems, and alcohol dependence.
Heavy Episodic Drinking: For men, heavy drinking is defined as 15 or more drinks per week and for women, 8 or more drinks per week. It can also be defined as 5 or more binge drinking days per month. Heavy drinking can increase the risk of reproductive health issues and sexual function issues, certain kinds of cancer (especially mouth, throat, and liver cancers), heart disease, and more.
Underage Drinking: Studies have shown that alcohol use by adolescents and young adults increases the risk of injury, alcohol dependency, risky sexual behavior, and poor performance in school. Brain development continues well into adulthood (around age 25) and repeated alcohol use may lead to impairment of brain function.
Drinking and Driving: Alcohol use slows reaction time, impairs judgment, and causes loss of coordination. It is never safe to drive after consuming any alcohol.
Alcohol and Medications: Mixing alcohol and medicines can be harmful, even over the counter medicines. Drinking alcohol can intensify the effects of the medicine and individuals may experience negative side effects. The most common are drowsiness, dizziness, changes in heartbeat and blood pressure, liver/stomach damage, and increased risk for overdose. Always read medication labels and avoid drinking alcohol after consuming any medications.
Alcohol and Illicit Drugs: Combining alcohol and any illegal substance can be dangerous, and you cannot be 100% sure of what you are taking. Combining alcohol (a depressant) with a stimulant (such as cocaine) puts your central nervous system, respiratory system, and cardiovascular systems under pressure and can cause organ damage. Combining alcohol with another depressant (such as Xanax) and the effects can multiply, severely depressing your central nervous system and putting you at risk for overdose or death.
Alcohol Use Disorder
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is problem drinking that becomes severe enough to be given a medical diagnosis. AUD is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive alcohol use, loss of control over alcohol intake and a negative emotional state when not using (NIH, 2017).
Risk Factors for AUD include:
1. More than 15 drinks per week if you’re male
2. More than 12 drinks per week if you’re female
3. More than 5 drinks per day at least once a week (binge drinking)
4. A parent with alcohol use disorder
5. A mental health problem, such as depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia
Signs of AUD include:
1. Drinking alone
2. Drinking more to feel the effects of alcohol (having a high tolerance)
3. Becoming violent or angry when asked about their drinking habits
4. Not eating or eating poorly
5. Neglecting personal hygiene
6. Missing work or school because of drinking
7. Being unable to control alcohol intake
8. Making excuses to drink
9. Continuing to drink even when legal, social, or economic problems develop
10. Giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of alcohol use
Data Briefs
Click on a brief below for more information.
Volume 6
Volume 5
Volume 4
Volume 3
Volume 2
Volume 1
Best Practices
College AIM
1. Learn more here!
Looking for more information on the programs listed for the matrix? Click here for more information about these programs:
1. Enforcing Age-21 Drinking Age (e.g. compliance checks)
2. Enacting Responsible Beverage Training Laws
3. Prohibit Alcohol Use and Sale at Campus Sporting Events
Campus and Community Policies
The policies on campus actively shape the behaviors and choices of students. The following practices can reduce alcohol consumption and related issues on campus:
1. Establishing alcohol-free residences on campus
2. Prohibiting of alcohol at campus events
3. Having a “dry” campus
4. Banning sales or marketing of alcohol on campus
6. Medical amnesty/good Samaritan policies to increase help seeking
Community policies can shape behavior as well. If your campus does all of the above, there are likely still areas that students can go that are relatively close to campus to engage in drinking. Work with places in the community to do the following:
1. Actively enforce alcohol laws and policies for MIP, MIPS, open container, public intoxication, etc.
2. Create a task force or coalition to develop and monitor alcohol policies and enforcement
3. Require a minimum drink price to avoid “bottomless cups” or specials that encourage binge drinking (penny pitchers, dollar shots, etc.)
4. Restrict licenses for retail sales of alcohol, specifically within 1 mile of campus. Studies have shown that density of alcohol outlets correlates to higher alcohol consumption and related issues such as violence and crime
5. Limiting hours/days of sale
Social Norms Approaches
Social norms are “the customary rules that govern behavior in groups and societies” (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). The social norms approach works to correct misperceptions that people hold about behaviors. People tend to over-estimate negative behaviors and under-estimate positive behaviors, and social norms help to positively influence behavior by message framing and providing accurate information about people’s choices.
Check out the National Social Norms Center for more information on social norms.
Comprehensive Approach
A comprehensive approach is needed to address high risk drinking behaviors among college students. Prevention efforts should focus not just on individual and group level intervention, but also to the community and institution level. Developing a strategy, overseeing implementation, and evaluating a comprehensive approach is vital to enact change, and will require hard work and dedication.
1. The NIH provides a great literature review of environmental-based community interventions
2. The Alcohol Policy Information System is a detailed database of alcohol-related policies in the U.S. for both state and federal policies
3. The Washington Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute has a great database on evidence-based practices for treating substance use disorders
4. SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices is a good tool to find evidence-based approaches around substance use disorder prevention and treatment
PIP Resources
Brochures & Posters
drinking and college drinking decision top 10 party college on your mind creating conversation degree worth designated driver sober driver degree poster
cheers Bars, restaurants and nightclubs participating in CHEERS provide FREE non-alcoholic beverages to the acknowledged designated driver in a group of two or more. Click here to learn more about CHEERS!
smart The State of Missouri Alcohol Responsibility Training (SMART) program is an interactive, web-based course available free of charge to those who own or work for any Missouri establishment licensed to sell alcohol. Click here to learn more about SMART!
start The Student Alcohol Responsibility Training (START) program assists students in planning and hosting a successful, fun, and safe event of any kind. Click here to learn more about START!
macro MACRO, the Missouri Alliance of Collegiate Recovery Organizations, is a statewide initiative to support addiction recovery efforts on college campuses. With support from the Missouri Department of Mental Health, MACRO provides resources, networking opportunities, and financial support for schools as they start and grow their own recovery support services. Click here to learn more about MACRO!
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.07534760236740112,"id":"<urn:uuid:d6e9fe71-87df-42d4-ba9b-2c2194c401ae>","language":"en","language_score":0.9099631905555725,"url":"http:\/\/pip.missouri.edu\/topics\/alcohol.html","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-237663735"}
| 2,267 |
dclm-427506143
|
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Galaxies The Universe is filled with these star systems which themselves cluster together into larger systems.
Similar presentations
Presentation on theme: "Galaxies The Universe is filled with these star systems which themselves cluster together into larger systems."— Presentation transcript:
2 The “Discovery” of Galaxies At the beginning of the 20 th century, what we now call spiral galaxies were referred to as “spiral nebulae” and most astronomers believed them to be clouds of gas and stars associated with our own Milky Way. The breakthrough came in 1924 when Edwin Hubble was able to measure the distance to the “Great Nebula in Andromeda” (M 31, at right) and found its distance to be much larger than the diameter of the Milky Way. This meant that M 31, and by extension other spiral nebulae, were galaxies in their own right, comparable to or even larger than the Milky Way. Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953) (NOAO/AURA Photo)
3 Types of Galaxies I. Spirals Spiral galaxies are so-named because of the graceful shapes of arms emanating from a bright central nucleus. Spirals are classified according to how tightly or loosely wound the arms are, and it turns out that the brightness of the central nucleus is correlated to the tightness of the arm. The galaxies M 104 (below) and M 51 (right) respectively show tightly and loosely wounds. Notice the effects of dust in both galaxies. (NOAO/AURA Photos)
4 M31 - The Great Spiral Galaxy in Andromeda This nearby galaxy in the Local Group of galaxies, of which the Milky Way is a member, is 2.5 million light years away. (NOAO/AURA Photos)
5 The Nuclear Bulge of M31 (NOAO/AURA Photos) Young stars have formed along the foreground spiral arm. M31’s two satellite galaxies M32 and NGC 205, both dwarf elliptical galaxies, are in the bottom center and upper right.
6 The Outer Disk of M31 (NOAO/AURA Photos)
7 (Hubble Space Telescope Image) Central Region of the Spiral Galaxy M 51
8 Barred Spiral Galaxies The spiral galaxies M 91 (left) and M 109 (right) have bars across their nuclei from which spiral arms unwind. In virtually all spirals (barred or not) the galaxies rotate such that the spiral arms trail behind in the rotation. The Milky Way is thought to be a barred spiral galaxy. (NOAO/AURA Photos)
9 Types of Galaxies II. Ellipticals Elliptical galaxies lack spiral arms and dust and contain stars that are generally identified as being old. The elliptical galaxies M 32 (below) and M 110 (right) show varying degrees of ellipticity. (NOAO/AURA Photos)
10 Types of Galaxies III. Irregulars Irregular galaxies lack any specific form and contain stars, gas and dust generally associated with a youth. The irregular galaxy at right is the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite of the Milky Way located about 180,000 light years from the sun. The LMC is about 60,000 light years across. The bright reddish feature in the upper right is the “Tarantula Nebula” a region of star formation in the LMC. (NOAO/AURA Photo)
11 Dwarf Irregular Galaxy in Sagittarius Hubble Space Telescope Image
12 Properties of Galaxies Property Spirals Ellipticals Irregulars Mass/M of Sun 10 9 to 4x10 11 10 5 to 10 13 10 8 to 3x10 10 Luminosity/L of Sun 10 8 to 2x10 10 3x10 5 to 10 11 10 7 to 3x10 9 Diameter (light years) 16x10 3 to 8x10 5 3x10 3 to 7x10 5 3x10 3 to 3x10 4 %-age of galaxies 77% 20% 3% National Optical Astronomy Observatory images From this table, you should take note of which galaxies are the most and least massive, most and least luminous, and largest and smallest in size.
13 Rotation of Galaxies – The Missing Mass Problem Distance from galaxy center Orbital speed Observed Expected The Doppler Effect permits us to measure the speed of material orbiting around the center of a galaxy. Photographs of galaxies show that luminous material appears to be concentrated towards the center and drops off with increasing distance. If matter were really concentrated in this fashion, we would see “rotation curves” following the “expected” path in the diagram at right. What is invariably observed instead is that rotation curves tend to remain high as far out as they can be measured. This implies the existence of massive halos of dark matter in galaxies. The nature of the material comprising this dark matter is completely unknown at present, making this one of the greatest problems of contemporary astronomy.
14 Clusters of Galaxies Rather than occurring individually in space, galaxies are grouped in clusters ranging in size from a few dozens to thousands of galaxies. The Coma Cluster, shown at right, is 300 million light years from the Milky Way and contains more than 1,000 (and possibly as many as 10,000) galaxies. The Milky Way is a member of a small cluster called the Local Group which contains about 40 galaxies. The largest member of the Local Group is M 31, with the Milky Way coming in second in size. (NOAO/AURA Photo)
15 Gravitational Lensing in Abell 2218 Cluster Hubble Space Telescope Image As predicted by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, a compact intervening object is bending and distorting light from individual members of this cluster so that we see a halo effect.
16 Galaxies in Collision In this close encounter between two spiral galaxies, their arms are dramatically warped and massive star formation is triggered when the hydrogen gas clouds in the two collide. It is believed the Milky Way may have “cannibalized” small galaxies in the past through collision. Hubble Space Telescope Image
17 The Disrupted Galaxy NGC 5128
18 Hubble Space Telescope Image Active Galaxies I. The galaxy NGC 7742 is an otherwise normal spiral galaxy except for its extraordinarily bright nucleus that outshines the rest of the galaxy. Such galaxies, i.e. spirals with extremely bright nuclei, form a class of active galaxies known as Seyfert galaxies.
19 Active Galaxies II. The elliptical galaxy M87, shown below in a wide-field ground-based image, has a very bright, point-like nucleus from which a jet of material emanates. The jet is seen in great detail from an HST image at right. Hubble Space Telescope Image
20 Active Galaxies III. This image shows the spiral galaxy NGC 4319 and the quasar Markarian 205. The distance to NGC is 80 million light years, which Mkn 205 is 14 times farther away at a distance of 1 billion light year. The very distant quasar is nearly as bright as the much closer galaxy. The extraordinary brightness of quasars, which is a blending of the term quasi-stellar radio source, indicates that some incredibly powerful mechanism must be producing enormous amounts of energy from a small volume of space. Hubble Space Telescope Image Mkn 205NGC 4139
21 A Lensed Quasar National Optical Astronomy Observatories Image An intervening galaxy between us and this distant quasar is causing light from the quasar to be bent along curved paths that give rise to an Einstein cross, a phenomenon predicted by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.
22 torus scattering region Broad-line region (BLR) Narrow-line region (NLR) radio jet Supermassive black hole +accretion disk Seyfert 1 Seyfert 2 Active Galaxies IV. The Central Engine Diagram from Mike Crenshaw
Download ppt "Galaxies The Universe is filled with these star systems which themselves cluster together into larger systems."
Similar presentations
Ads by Google
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.02486652135848999,"id":"<urn:uuid:d0ea47e2-6796-41c2-9eb2-a8d9880df5b7>","language":"en","language_score":0.9014526605606079,"url":"http:\/\/slideplayer.com\/slide\/3852828\/","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-332465019"}
| 1,718 |
dclm-426257772
|
I stood up at 07 o’clock and after a great meal in a restaurant, I attended my first session: Tapio Lahdenmäki’s presentation about "Rethink your Indexes".
A lot of programs experience performance problems because of topics like inadequate indexing, table design or optimizer issues. Tapio’s great presentation, showed his method by applying carefully crafted index designs in such a way that if done properly the cause, among others, for random table access would be reduced to a minimum. Starting of with all myths going around regarding index use and explaining semi-fat and fat index principles, he went along with explaining his "Quick Upper Bound Estimate", QUBE in short.
Because of the really nice timeslot of one and half hours, a lot of examples of (index) design could be demonstrated and explained in detail. Afterwards I heard that this session was a short example of what could be expected, when attending Tapio’s (3 day?) masterclass "Better Database Performance with Well-Designed Indexes". For me, well spend time, it triggered re-thinking OIT index problems on Object Relational XMLType storage contra B-Tree indexed driven access paths as currently is the default on Oracle 11g.
After a short coffee break, I went to Anjo Kolk’s presentation "Developers, When Will They Learn".
As you probably know, Anjo is a driven, humorous and gifted speaker, sometimes very straight forward but always knowledgeable when speaking about his the fundamentals he stands for. Given a hardware world were CPU speed performance went sky high in contrary to harddisk I/O rpms / speed, it is a miracle that nowadays there are CPU bound systems. So Anjo questioned, under certain circumstances, the idea that these kinds of environments should / would have a problem related to a topic that a DBA would be responsible for.
To enforce developers to think about what they are doing to a (database) system, why don’t we (DBA’s) show them the door by telling them that it couldn’t be our problem, thus forcing them to re-think statements, procedures or methods they produced? So instead of letting the DBA (not induced by her or him) be responsible for solving every problem out there, but radically sending out the message to the developer: It’s your problem. Re-think what you have done and how to fix it.
After enjoyed a great meal; on to Cary Millsap’s presentation. Since I had seen Cary during Oracle Open World in 2006, were his presentation saved my day regarding all the bad ones I had seen that day, I am a fan (al least regarding his top notch presentation style) despite you can argue if the method "R" is the sole solution to all and everything. Also having been on Hotsos, most of Cary’s presentation was know to me. Despite this I enjoyed most of it including the much heard story about "Bob" (and its implied message: stay on topic before profiling the "kissing" part ;-) )
The last Friday session I attended was from the hand of Graham Wood, one of the principle architects behind statspack and currently the architect regarding the AWR, ASH, ADDM and DBTime principle / method implementations in 10g. During his presentation he compared the statspack and ASH (Active Session History) methods. ASH evolved and has great possibilities as probably a lot of you know, but despite the nice trending and graphical interfacing (via eg. OEM), as a lot of tools out there, it comes with a cost. It is "only" looking at active sessions and it is very database centric in its approach.
It doesn’t say anything about its surroundings, the environment where the database instance and its sessions live in. Even so, I realized that the latest OEM products regarding ASH and AWR don’t give you much information about instance trends over time. As I was informed by Graham, this isn’t a requirement anymore because of the automatic memory structures nowadays in place. Now you know why I sometimes hate wizards / automatic stuff; it comes with a price :-( .
Speaking of prices, Graham couldn’t address the issue. As most of the nice features nowadays, they come with an extra Oracle license. ASH, for instance, is part of the license of using the Diagnostic Pack. Asking the audience to raise their hands to see who already used ASH, AWR, ADDM, etc. Only a few people raised their hands. If I would be the principle architect of a nice method like ASH, AWR or ADDM, this result would really hurt. And believe me, there were a lot of people attending the presentation.
After the Grand Gala, with again, a lot of nice food, I tried also to uphold my social 80%, enjoying the swimming pool. Apparently Doug knew what he was talking about, because I still have sore ribs after enthusiastically using the water slides in the Water Park.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.029771745204925537,"id":"<urn:uuid:59190699-315b-4353-ae5f-8e51bcc8c278>","language":"en","language_score":0.9641703367233276,"url":"http:\/\/technology.amis.nl\/2007\/10\/04\/moow-2k7-the-friday-sessions\/","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-059064890"}
| 1,054 |
pes2o-20110757
|
Super Kutler flap: an alternative technique for reconstruction of fingertip defects
The bilateral V-Y flap concept for fingertip reconstruction was first desribed by Kutler. This method has limitations, such as flap size and advancement, therefore larger flap modifications are described to increase the advancement capacity of the flaps. We described a small direct-flow homodigital island flap method, called the ‘super Kutler flap’, for recontruction of finger pulp defects. In addition, neurorrhaphy was performed between the cut ends of the digital nerves to prevent neuroma formation. This method was used in 10 fingers in patients who had undergone pulp tissue reconstruction of fingertip defects from May 2008 to October 2011. The mean defect size was 2.2 × 1.7 cm. The mean static two-point discrimination was 3.5 mm and the mean Semmes–Weinstein monofilament test of the flaps was 2.83 g. The super Kutler flap provides an altenative option for reconstruction of fingertip defects. Level of evidence: IV
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T04:25:48.862Z","created":"2017-02-08T00:00:00.000Z","id":"206785676","metadata":{"abstract":"The bilateral V-Y flap concept for fingertip reconstruction was first desribed by Kutler. This method has limitations, such as flap size and advancement, therefore larger flap modifications are described to increase the advancement capacity of the flaps. We described a small direct-flow homodigital island flap method, called the \u2018super Kutler flap\u2019, for recontruction of finger pulp defects. In addition, neurorrhaphy was performed between the cut ends of the digital nerves to prevent neuroma formation. This method was used in 10 fingers in patients who had undergone pulp tissue reconstruction of fingertip defects from May 2008 to October 2011. The mean defect size was 2.2\u2009\u00d7\u20091.7\u2009cm. The mean static two-point discrimination was 3.5\u2009mm and the mean Semmes\u2013Weinstein monofilament test of the flaps was 2.83\u2009g. The super Kutler flap provides an altenative option for reconstruction of fingertip defects. Level of evidence: IV","abstract_count":144,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.546231190138847,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0005.json.gz:748022","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"1099bc5abb5c44321c1014ec100d315eee509457","sources":["Sage","Medline","ScienceParseMerged","MergedPDFExtraction","MAG","Unpaywall"],"title":"Super Kutler flap: an alternative technique for reconstruction of fingertip defects","title_count":11,"title_language":"lb","title_perplexity":-15.713975902497133,"top_frequencies":[{"count":8,"token":"of"},{"count":7,"token":"the"},{"count":6,"token":"was"},{"count":5,"token":"flap"},{"count":4,"token":"for"},{"count":4,"token":"reconstruction"},{"count":4,"token":"fingertip"},{"count":4,"token":"The"},{"count":3,"token":"Kutler"},{"count":3,"token":"to"},{"count":3,"token":"mean"},{"count":2,"token":"an"},{"count":2,"token":"defects"},{"count":2,"token":"This"},{"count":2,"token":"method"},{"count":2,"token":"size"},{"count":2,"token":"and"},{"count":2,"token":"described"},{"count":2,"token":"pulp"},{"count":2,"token":"defects."},{"count":2,"token":"in"},{"count":1,"token":"Super"},{"count":1,"token":"flap:"},{"count":1,"token":"alternative"},{"count":1,"token":"technique"},{"count":1,"token":"bilateral"},{"count":1,"token":"V-Y"},{"count":1,"token":"concept"},{"count":1,"token":"first"},{"count":1,"token":"desribed"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"Kutler."},{"count":1,"token":"has"},{"count":1,"token":"limitations,"},{"count":1,"token":"such"},{"count":1,"token":"as"},{"count":1,"token":"advancement,"},{"count":1,"token":"therefore"},{"count":1,"token":"larger"},{"count":1,"token":"modifications"},{"count":1,"token":"are"},{"count":1,"token":"increase"},{"count":1,"token":"advancement"},{"count":1,"token":"capacity"},{"count":1,"token":"flaps."},{"count":1,"token":"We"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"small"},{"count":1,"token":"direct-flow"},{"count":1,"token":"homodigital"},{"count":1,"token":"island"},{"count":1,"token":"method,"},{"count":1,"token":"called"},{"count":1,"token":"\u2018super"},{"count":1,"token":"flap\u2019,"},{"count":1,"token":"recontruction"},{"count":1,"token":"finger"},{"count":1,"token":"In"},{"count":1,"token":"addition,"},{"count":1,"token":"neurorrhaphy"},{"count":1,"token":"performed"},{"count":1,"token":"between"},{"count":1,"token":"cut"},{"count":1,"token":"ends"},{"count":1,"token":"digital"},{"count":1,"token":"nerves"},{"count":1,"token":"prevent"},{"count":1,"token":"neuroma"},{"count":1,"token":"formation."},{"count":1,"token":"used"},{"count":1,"token":"10"},{"count":1,"token":"fingers"},{"count":1,"token":"patients"},{"count":1,"token":"who"},{"count":1,"token":"had"},{"count":1,"token":"undergone"},{"count":1,"token":"tissue"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"May"},{"count":1,"token":"2008"},{"count":1,"token":"October"},{"count":1,"token":"2011."},{"count":1,"token":"defect"},{"count":1,"token":"2.2"},{"count":1,"token":"\u00d7"},{"count":1,"token":"1.7"},{"count":1,"token":"cm."},{"count":1,"token":"static"},{"count":1,"token":"two-point"},{"count":1,"token":"discrimination"},{"count":1,"token":"3.5"},{"count":1,"token":"mm"},{"count":1,"token":"Semmes\u2013Weinstein"},{"count":1,"token":"monofilament"},{"count":1,"token":"test"},{"count":1,"token":"flaps"},{"count":1,"token":"2.83"},{"count":1,"token":"g."},{"count":1,"token":"super"},{"count":1,"token":"provides"}],"year":2017},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 224 |
dclm-425937505
|
Sleeping Pills
Ten Safety Tips for Taking Sleeping Pills for Insomnia
The most effective treatment for chronic insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-I). However, medications can be helpful for some people who have insomnia. Follow these tips to make sure that you use sleeping pills safely and properly to treat insomnia:
1. Never take a sleeping pill without first getting approval from your doctor.
2. Make sure your doctor is aware of any other medications that you already take.
3. Notify your doctor if you have any other medical problems such as high blood pressure or liver problems.
4. Carefully read the package insert that comes with your medication.Follow your prescription. Do not take more than the dosage that your doctor prescribes.
5. Never drink alcohol near the time when you take a sleeping pill.
6. Only take a sleeping pill when you will have enough time to get plenty of sleep. (Most sleeping pills, such as Ambien or Lunesta, should be taken at least seven to eight hours before you need to wake up. You can take Intermezzo in the middle of the night if you have at least four hours of bedtime left.)
7. Try to take the first dose on a night when you don't have to go anywhere the next morning.
8. Never drive a motor vehicle after taking a sleeping pill.
9. Contact your doctor or pharmacist right away if you have any problems while taking a sleep medication.
WARNING: Complex sleep behaviors such as sleepwalking or sleep driving can occur when you take a sleeping pill. Read this Consumer Update from the FDA to learn about these safety risks.
Contact an accredited sleep center to get help for insomnia or another sleep problem. Find a behavioral sleep medicine provider who can offer CBT-I.
Request an Appointment Today!
O'Connor Health Center 1
455 O'Connor Drive, Suite #110
San Jose, CA 95128
Success! Message received.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.021998345851898193,"id":"<urn:uuid:4d33fd10-f9d6-449a-957c-b39c64aac992>","language":"en","language_score":0.8355541825294495,"url":"https:\/\/ar.sleepmsinc.com\/copy-of-dangers-of-drowsy-driving","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-162974858"}
| 454 |
pes2o-20999353
|
Dermatologist Use of Intralesional Triamcinolone in the Treatment of Acne.
OBJECTIVE: Despite common administration of intralesional triamcinolone to acne lesions, there is little published data or consensus on best practices. This study aimed to evaluate specific characteristics of intralesional triamcinolone for acne among various dermatology healthcare professionals. DESIGN: One hundred participants (82 attending physicians, 9 physician assistants, 8 other healthcare professionals, and 1 unidentified) from private practices and academic centers completed a 10-question survey to assess specific characteristics of intralesional triamcinolone injections, including frequency, indication, depth of injection, concentration, volume, as development of adverse events. RESULTS: The most common reported concentration of intralesional triamcinolone was 2.5mg/mL (52.5%). The most frequently used volume injected was 0.05mL (42.3%). In total, 61.6 percent of those surveyed answered that they inject into the center of the lesion. Additionally, 50.5 percent of respondents counsel patients on potential adverse effects of hypopigmentation and atrophy before every injection. The majority of respondents (88.8%) reported that less than one percent of their patients returned for adverse events resulting from triamcinolone usage, and 48.4 percent reported that atrophy lasted over six months (48.4%). CONCLUSION: The data collected from this study can offer guidance on best practices in administering intralesional kenalog to patients. While consistency exists for the concentration of triamcinolone used, there was significant discordance in the volumes and depth of triamcinolone injection. Observed skin atrophy rates are extremely low, but they are long lasting when it occurred. We can use these data to refine our treatment techniques as well as improve treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2021-01-26T06:16:22.880Z","created":"2020-12-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"231702436","metadata":{"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: Despite common administration of intralesional triamcinolone to acne lesions, there is little published data or consensus on best practices. This study aimed to evaluate specific characteristics of intralesional triamcinolone for acne among various dermatology healthcare professionals. DESIGN: One hundred participants (82 attending physicians, 9 physician assistants, 8 other healthcare professionals, and 1 unidentified) from private practices and academic centers completed a 10-question survey to assess specific characteristics of intralesional triamcinolone injections, including frequency, indication, depth of injection, concentration, volume, as development of adverse events. RESULTS: The most common reported concentration of intralesional triamcinolone was 2.5mg\/mL (52.5%). The most frequently used volume injected was 0.05mL (42.3%). In total, 61.6 percent of those surveyed answered that they inject into the center of the lesion. Additionally, 50.5 percent of respondents counsel patients on potential adverse effects of hypopigmentation and atrophy before every injection. The majority of respondents (88.8%) reported that less than one percent of their patients returned for adverse events resulting from triamcinolone usage, and 48.4 percent reported that atrophy lasted over six months (48.4%). CONCLUSION: The data collected from this study can offer guidance on best practices in administering intralesional kenalog to patients. While consistency exists for the concentration of triamcinolone used, there was significant discordance in the volumes and depth of triamcinolone injection. Observed skin atrophy rates are extremely low, but they are long lasting when it occurred. We can use these data to refine our treatment techniques as well as improve treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.","abstract_count":248,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.856424271427816,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0005.json.gz:1636618","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"e342870d9a03c0277f003379bf6f66dc179d8b8f","sources":["Medline"],"title":"Dermatologist Use of Intralesional Triamcinolone in the Treatment of Acne.","title_count":10,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-14.317893193583144,"top_frequencies":[{"count":16,"token":"of"},{"count":7,"token":"triamcinolone"},{"count":6,"token":"and"},{"count":5,"token":"the"},{"count":5,"token":"intralesional"},{"count":5,"token":"to"},{"count":4,"token":"The"},{"count":4,"token":"percent"},{"count":3,"token":"in"},{"count":3,"token":"data"},{"count":3,"token":"on"},{"count":3,"token":"for"},{"count":3,"token":"from"},{"count":3,"token":"as"},{"count":3,"token":"adverse"},{"count":3,"token":"reported"},{"count":3,"token":"was"},{"count":3,"token":"that"},{"count":3,"token":"atrophy"},{"count":2,"token":"common"},{"count":2,"token":"acne"},{"count":2,"token":"there"},{"count":2,"token":"best"},{"count":2,"token":"study"},{"count":2,"token":"specific"},{"count":2,"token":"characteristics"},{"count":2,"token":"healthcare"},{"count":2,"token":"practices"},{"count":2,"token":"depth"},{"count":2,"token":"most"},{"count":2,"token":"concentration"},{"count":2,"token":"they"},{"count":2,"token":"respondents"},{"count":2,"token":"patients"},{"count":2,"token":"injection."},{"count":2,"token":"can"},{"count":2,"token":"are"},{"count":2,"token":"treatment"},{"count":1,"token":"Dermatologist"},{"count":1,"token":"Use"},{"count":1,"token":"Intralesional"},{"count":1,"token":"Triamcinolone"},{"count":1,"token":"Treatment"},{"count":1,"token":"Acne."},{"count":1,"token":"OBJECTIVE:"},{"count":1,"token":"Despite"},{"count":1,"token":"administration"},{"count":1,"token":"lesions,"},{"count":1,"token":"is"},{"count":1,"token":"little"},{"count":1,"token":"published"},{"count":1,"token":"or"},{"count":1,"token":"consensus"},{"count":1,"token":"practices."},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"aimed"},{"count":1,"token":"evaluate"},{"count":1,"token":"among"},{"count":1,"token":"various"},{"count":1,"token":"dermatology"},{"count":1,"token":"professionals."},{"count":1,"token":"DESIGN:"},{"count":1,"token":"One"},{"count":1,"token":"hundred"},{"count":1,"token":"participants"},{"count":1,"token":"(82"},{"count":1,"token":"attending"},{"count":1,"token":"physicians,"},{"count":1,"token":"9"},{"count":1,"token":"physician"},{"count":1,"token":"assistants,"},{"count":1,"token":"8"},{"count":1,"token":"other"},{"count":1,"token":"professionals,"},{"count":1,"token":"1"},{"count":1,"token":"unidentified)"},{"count":1,"token":"private"},{"count":1,"token":"academic"},{"count":1,"token":"centers"},{"count":1,"token":"completed"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"10-question"},{"count":1,"token":"survey"},{"count":1,"token":"assess"},{"count":1,"token":"injections,"},{"count":1,"token":"including"},{"count":1,"token":"frequency,"},{"count":1,"token":"indication,"},{"count":1,"token":"injection,"},{"count":1,"token":"concentration,"},{"count":1,"token":"volume,"},{"count":1,"token":"development"},{"count":1,"token":"events."},{"count":1,"token":"RESULTS:"},{"count":1,"token":"2.5mg\/mL"},{"count":1,"token":"(52.5%)."},{"count":1,"token":"frequently"},{"count":1,"token":"used"},{"count":1,"token":"volume"},{"count":1,"token":"injected"}],"year":2020},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 388 |
dclm-428485099
|
Detailed Analysis On Bag Skip Hire
Ordinarily, you might not have thought about the skip hire purse. You may have never required using the bag so far, so it’s but natural that the idea has never happened to you. But when confronted with the problem and requirement you will see how indispensable the skip hire bag and company is. You will also realize that had it not been there would have been a big probability of you being in a fantastic fix without having to understand how and what to do to escape it. After having read this report, I can assure you that the skip hire tote is a thing that will remain in your memory and mind for years to come. There is no way you can forget about it after understanding just how useful you are and quickly having to depend on it. On regular days your household would have crap thrown into the large garbage bin.
You would then secure the contents and keep it outside, and the garbage collection truck would take it off. Your garbage on any other odd day would consist of household wastes, such as fruit and vegetable matter and cooking stuff, shampoo and conditioner bottles, plastic covers and bags from the mall, wrappers from food items, women’s bodily waste product items, and food debris. This waste is an as ongoing home waste, and each household would require doing away with such wastes. And this happens each and every day. The garbage truck takes the matter to landfills. The recyclable material is recycled, and the remainder that may be biodegraded will be. However, there will be occasions when you need constructing some stuff. You need not have to construct alone. You may just have to break down a pillar or a wall to make a room look bigger etc. the waste that is derived from this exercise is not regular waste but is a different sort of it. Are you hunting for bag skip hire? Visit the earlier outlined site.
The disposal of the waste too requires certain licenses and permissions. As a usual person will not have such permission. You may think that the service folks will know what to do with this, but this isn’t their job, and they will not be able to assist you. What you will have to do is at these times, is called the skip hiring agency. The skip hire agency will evaluate your problem and based on your requirement; they will provide you with a skip hire or jumbo bag. These bags are different in grade from the others and can contain the substance without tearing or ripping. The skip hire bags can be containing all of your contents and also be fastened. After doing so, all you have to do is call the agency and ask them to pick it up. The skip hire agencies have the required knowledge and silence for the disposal. You don’t have to be home for them to collect your stuff. All you have to do is let them know of your intentions. You’ll have to pay them a nominal fee and your problem will be solved.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.03358954191207886,"id":"<urn:uuid:d4b2f5e7-2bde-4214-a8de-c02a1b77effc>","language":"en","language_score":0.9741578698158264,"url":"http:\/\/bioalimentaire.ca\/tag\/bag-skip-hire\/","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-283125116"}
| 609 |
pes2o-17094945
|
Measurements of the differential cross sections for the elastic n-3H and n-2H scattering at 14.1 MeV by using an inertial confinement fusion facility.
For the first time the differential cross section for the elastic neutron-triton (n-(3)H) and neutron-deuteron (n-(2)H) scattering at 14.1 MeV has been measured by using an inertial confinement fusion facility. In these experiments, which were carried out by simultaneously measuring elastically scattered (3)H and (2)H ions from a deuterium-tritium gas-filled inertial confinement fusion capsule implosion, the differential cross section for the elastic n-(3)H scattering was obtained with significantly higher accuracy than achieved in previous accelerator experiments. The results compare well with calculations that combine the resonating-group method with an ab initio no-core shell model, which demonstrate that recent advances in ab initio theory can provide an accurate description of light-ion reactions.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2016-03-14T22:51:50.573Z","created":"2011-09-15T00:00:00.000Z","id":"782695","metadata":{"abstract":"For the first time the differential cross section for the elastic neutron-triton (n-(3)H) and neutron-deuteron (n-(2)H) scattering at 14.1 MeV has been measured by using an inertial confinement fusion facility. In these experiments, which were carried out by simultaneously measuring elastically scattered (3)H and (2)H ions from a deuterium-tritium gas-filled inertial confinement fusion capsule implosion, the differential cross section for the elastic n-(3)H scattering was obtained with significantly higher accuracy than achieved in previous accelerator experiments. The results compare well with calculations that combine the resonating-group method with an ab initio no-core shell model, which demonstrate that recent advances in ab initio theory can provide an accurate description of light-ion reactions.","abstract_count":111,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-16.480634132327904,"extfieldsofstudy":["Physics","Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0004.json.gz:1608338","s2fieldsofstudy":["Physics"],"sha1":"80e66058d9f63fd857ce6f2241a1793f507234a0","sources":["ScienceParseMerged","Crawler","Unpaywall","Anansi","Grobid","Medline","MAG"],"title":"Measurements of the differential cross sections for the elastic n-3H and n-2H scattering at 14.1 MeV by using an inertial confinement fusion facility.","title_count":23,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-15.75292479374203,"top_frequencies":[{"count":8,"token":"the"},{"count":4,"token":"an"},{"count":3,"token":"differential"},{"count":3,"token":"cross"},{"count":3,"token":"for"},{"count":3,"token":"elastic"},{"count":3,"token":"and"},{"count":3,"token":"scattering"},{"count":3,"token":"by"},{"count":3,"token":"inertial"},{"count":3,"token":"confinement"},{"count":3,"token":"fusion"},{"count":3,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"of"},{"count":2,"token":"at"},{"count":2,"token":"14.1"},{"count":2,"token":"MeV"},{"count":2,"token":"using"},{"count":2,"token":"facility."},{"count":2,"token":"section"},{"count":2,"token":"which"},{"count":2,"token":"in"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"ab"},{"count":2,"token":"initio"},{"count":1,"token":"Measurements"},{"count":1,"token":"sections"},{"count":1,"token":"n-3H"},{"count":1,"token":"n-2H"},{"count":1,"token":"For"},{"count":1,"token":"first"},{"count":1,"token":"time"},{"count":1,"token":"neutron-triton"},{"count":1,"token":"(n-(3)H)"},{"count":1,"token":"neutron-deuteron"},{"count":1,"token":"(n-(2)H)"},{"count":1,"token":"has"},{"count":1,"token":"been"},{"count":1,"token":"measured"},{"count":1,"token":"In"},{"count":1,"token":"these"},{"count":1,"token":"experiments,"},{"count":1,"token":"were"},{"count":1,"token":"carried"},{"count":1,"token":"out"},{"count":1,"token":"simultaneously"},{"count":1,"token":"measuring"},{"count":1,"token":"elastically"},{"count":1,"token":"scattered"},{"count":1,"token":"(3)H"},{"count":1,"token":"(2)H"},{"count":1,"token":"ions"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"deuterium-tritium"},{"count":1,"token":"gas-filled"},{"count":1,"token":"capsule"},{"count":1,"token":"implosion,"},{"count":1,"token":"n-(3)H"},{"count":1,"token":"was"},{"count":1,"token":"obtained"},{"count":1,"token":"significantly"},{"count":1,"token":"higher"},{"count":1,"token":"accuracy"},{"count":1,"token":"than"},{"count":1,"token":"achieved"},{"count":1,"token":"previous"},{"count":1,"token":"accelerator"},{"count":1,"token":"experiments."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"results"},{"count":1,"token":"compare"},{"count":1,"token":"well"},{"count":1,"token":"calculations"},{"count":1,"token":"combine"},{"count":1,"token":"resonating-group"},{"count":1,"token":"method"},{"count":1,"token":"no-core"},{"count":1,"token":"shell"},{"count":1,"token":"model,"},{"count":1,"token":"demonstrate"},{"count":1,"token":"recent"},{"count":1,"token":"advances"},{"count":1,"token":"theory"},{"count":1,"token":"can"},{"count":1,"token":"provide"},{"count":1,"token":"accurate"},{"count":1,"token":"description"},{"count":1,"token":"light-ion"},{"count":1,"token":"reactions."}],"year":2011},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 202 |
pes2o-27504470
|
Linear relaxation for global pose estimation
This paper introduces a new algorithm for estimating camera pose from point correspondences. Generally, the pose problem is formulated as an optimization problem whose aim is to minimize the reprojection errors. Usually this kind of problem is non-convex and may get trapped in local minima. For dealing with this difficulty, we combine Branch and Bound with Linear Programming to generate a global optimal solution. We first use a branch-and-bound search over rotation space to find the best rotation and the problem can then be reduced to known fixed-rotation problems for which optimal solutions can be found by Linear Programming. The proposed method can obtain the global optimal solution and is very fast. It has been tested on a real data set and the results demonstrate the accuracy and high speed of this method.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2017-02-18T12:42:31.590Z","created":"2010-07-07T00:00:00.000Z","id":"15909358","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper introduces a new algorithm for estimating camera pose from point correspondences. Generally, the pose problem is formulated as an optimization problem whose aim is to minimize the reprojection errors. Usually this kind of problem is non-convex and may get trapped in local minima. For dealing with this difficulty, we combine Branch and Bound with Linear Programming to generate a global optimal solution. We first use a branch-and-bound search over rotation space to find the best rotation and the problem can then be reduced to known fixed-rotation problems for which optimal solutions can be found by Linear Programming. The proposed method can obtain the global optimal solution and is very fast. It has been tested on a real data set and the results demonstrate the accuracy and high speed of this method.","abstract_count":133,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-12.5044086178232,"extfieldsofstudy":["Mathematics"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:397874","s2fieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"sha1":"b782cc09b0903e264b6ddae32bbd7647098db251","sources":["Grobid","ScienceParseMerged","MAG","IEEE","Unpaywall"],"title":"Linear relaxation for global pose estimation","title_count":6,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-14.007122910848546,"top_frequencies":[{"count":7,"token":"the"},{"count":6,"token":"and"},{"count":4,"token":"a"},{"count":4,"token":"problem"},{"count":4,"token":"is"},{"count":4,"token":"to"},{"count":3,"token":"Linear"},{"count":3,"token":"for"},{"count":3,"token":"global"},{"count":3,"token":"pose"},{"count":3,"token":"this"},{"count":3,"token":"optimal"},{"count":3,"token":"can"},{"count":2,"token":"of"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"rotation"},{"count":2,"token":"be"},{"count":1,"token":"relaxation"},{"count":1,"token":"estimation"},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"paper"},{"count":1,"token":"introduces"},{"count":1,"token":"new"},{"count":1,"token":"algorithm"},{"count":1,"token":"estimating"},{"count":1,"token":"camera"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"point"},{"count":1,"token":"correspondences."},{"count":1,"token":"Generally,"},{"count":1,"token":"formulated"},{"count":1,"token":"as"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"optimization"},{"count":1,"token":"whose"},{"count":1,"token":"aim"},{"count":1,"token":"minimize"},{"count":1,"token":"reprojection"},{"count":1,"token":"errors."},{"count":1,"token":"Usually"},{"count":1,"token":"kind"},{"count":1,"token":"non-convex"},{"count":1,"token":"may"},{"count":1,"token":"get"},{"count":1,"token":"trapped"},{"count":1,"token":"in"},{"count":1,"token":"local"},{"count":1,"token":"minima."},{"count":1,"token":"For"},{"count":1,"token":"dealing"},{"count":1,"token":"difficulty,"},{"count":1,"token":"we"},{"count":1,"token":"combine"},{"count":1,"token":"Branch"},{"count":1,"token":"Bound"},{"count":1,"token":"Programming"},{"count":1,"token":"generate"},{"count":1,"token":"solution."},{"count":1,"token":"We"},{"count":1,"token":"first"},{"count":1,"token":"use"},{"count":1,"token":"branch-and-bound"},{"count":1,"token":"search"},{"count":1,"token":"over"},{"count":1,"token":"space"},{"count":1,"token":"find"},{"count":1,"token":"best"},{"count":1,"token":"then"},{"count":1,"token":"reduced"},{"count":1,"token":"known"},{"count":1,"token":"fixed-rotation"},{"count":1,"token":"problems"},{"count":1,"token":"which"},{"count":1,"token":"solutions"},{"count":1,"token":"found"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"Programming."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"proposed"},{"count":1,"token":"method"},{"count":1,"token":"obtain"},{"count":1,"token":"solution"},{"count":1,"token":"very"},{"count":1,"token":"fast."},{"count":1,"token":"It"},{"count":1,"token":"has"},{"count":1,"token":"been"},{"count":1,"token":"tested"},{"count":1,"token":"on"},{"count":1,"token":"real"},{"count":1,"token":"data"},{"count":1,"token":"set"},{"count":1,"token":"results"},{"count":1,"token":"demonstrate"},{"count":1,"token":"accuracy"},{"count":1,"token":"high"},{"count":1,"token":"speed"},{"count":1,"token":"method."}],"year":2010},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 160 |
flan-2015328
|
DECP PAD, ANNEXE B - CONFIGURATION DES MESSAGES EDI ET TABLES DES CODES
Translate to English
M N6 N4 AN..14 YYMMDD HHMM : + + M M M
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,72.0,0.0],[94.0,132.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"f9edd109882b130d3c1aa26394d59c9a","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":1,"_template_type":"zs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-test-0015.json.gz:97823"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 53 |
dclm-413911335
|
COVID Crisis, Children’s Creativity and Publication
COVID Crisis, Children’s Creativity and Publication
Merocreation organized an online sharing and discussion with school principals on the area of children’s creativity in COVID crisis, publication and school fame aiming to empower school leaders with the ways of encouraging and publishing children’s creativity.
The facilitator of the event, Jeevan Karki mentioned that children could be made even more creative during the COVID crisis as they have all sort of mixed feelings during this unusual situation. Therefore, teachers, parents/guardians and caretakers should encourage them to express their experiences, feelings in whatever way they find easier. It could be through poem, story, essay, drawing, painting, diary writing, photos, videos or anything. Different forms of creativity are directly or indirectly linked with their curriculum and is always going to add value in children’s learning.
“When children publish their creativity in the media, they also represent their schools with their name, which is a sustainable way of spreading the fame of schools out in the market.” the facilitator said. And the principals agreed that children are the ambassadors of schools and when they perform well out in the media, others children are parents are likely to be more influenced towards the their schools. Therefore, it is more powerful tool to spread the fame of the schools.
During the sharing, the facilitator also highlighted how the schools, parents and children could easily publish their creativity on Merocreation magazine.
The event was attended by 50 principals from more than 20 different districts, which was facilitated by Jeevan Karki, teacher trainer and writer and was moderated by Dhurba Thapa, the coordinator of Merocreation.
[Total: 1 Average: 4/5]
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.02207314968109131,"id":"<urn:uuid:d1d12447-31f6-4626-a1ae-95617892d6c3>","language":"en","language_score":0.9678312540054321,"url":"https:\/\/merocreation.com\/covid-crisis-childrens-creativity-and-publication\/","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-315063630"}
| 382 |
stackexchange-1515720
|
Stuck thread at UIComponent.popComponentFromEL
My application uses JSF 2.1 with PrimeFaces. Recently, very high CPU Utilization was observed because of some stuck threads. The stuck thread dump for all stuck threads pointed to javax.faces.component.UIComponent.popComponentFromEL like below:
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.popComponentFromEL(UIComponent.java:1934)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1633)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1623)
org.primefaces.component.api.UIData.visitRows(UIData.java:741)
org.primefaces.component.api.UIData.visitTree(UIData.java:656)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1623)
org.primefaces.component.accordionpanel.AccordionPanel.visitTree(AccordionPanel.java:371)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1623)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1623)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1623)
javax.faces.component.UIForm.visitTree(UIForm.java:371)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1623)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1623)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1623)
javax.faces.component.UIComponent.visitTree(UIComponent.java:1623)
com.sun.faces.application.view.StateManagementStrategyImpl.findComponent(StateManagementStrategyImpl.java:440)
com.sun.faces.application.view.StateManagementStrategyImpl.restoreDynamicRemove(StateManagementStrategyImpl.java:412)
com.sun.faces.application.view.StateManagementStrategyImpl.restoreDynamicActions(StateManagementStrategyImpl.java:317)
com.sun.faces.application.view.StateManagementStrategyImpl.restoreView(StateManagementStrategyImpl.java:281)
com.sun.faces.application.StateManagerImpl.restoreView(StateManagerImpl.java:188)
com.sun.faces.application.view.ViewHandlingStrategy.restoreView(ViewHandlingStrategy.java:123)
com.sun.faces.application.view.FaceletViewHandlingStrategy.restoreView(FaceletViewHandlingStrategy.java:453)
com.sun.faces.application.view.MultiViewHandler.restoreView(MultiViewHandler.java:142)
com.sun.faces.lifecycle.RestoreViewPhase.execute(RestoreViewPhase.java:192)
com.sun.faces.lifecycle.Phase.doPhase(Phase.java:101)
com.sun.faces.lifecycle.RestoreViewPhase.doPhase(RestoreViewPhase.java:116)
com.sun.faces.lifecycle.LifecycleImpl.execute(LifecycleImpl.java:118)
javax.faces.webapp.FacesServlet.service(FacesServlet.java:593)
weblogic.servlet.internal.StubSecurityHelper$ServletServiceAction.run(StubSecurityHelper.java:227)
weblogic.servlet.internal.StubSecurityHelper.invokeServlet(StubSecurityHelper.java:125)
weblogic.servlet.internal.ServletStubImpl.execute(ServletStubImpl.java:300)
weblogic.servlet.internal.TailFilter.doFilter(TailFilter.java:26)
weblogic.servlet.internal.FilterChainImpl.doFilter(FilterChainImpl.java:56)
org.primefaces.webapp.filter.FileUploadFilter.doFilter(FileUploadFilter.java:77)
weblogic.servlet.internal.FilterChainImpl.doFilter(FilterChainImpl.java:56)
com.ultimatix.bgc.framework.GBGCSessionControllerFilter.doFilter(GBGCSessionControllerFilter.java:90)
weblogic.servlet.internal.FilterChainImpl.doFilter(FilterChainImpl.java:56)
com.ultimatix.framework.jsf.util.ForcedLoginFilter.doFilter(ForcedLoginFilter.java:505)
weblogic.servlet.internal.FilterChainImpl.doFilter(FilterChainImpl.java:56)
com.ultimatix.framework.jsf.util.IndexFilter.doFilter(IndexFilter.java:338)
weblogic.servlet.internal.FilterChainImpl.doFilter(FilterChainImpl.java:56)
com.ultimatix.framework.jsf.util.SecurityInterceptor.doFilter(SecurityInterceptor.java:40)
weblogic.servlet.internal.FilterChainImpl.doFilter(FilterChainImpl.java:56)
weblogic.servlet.internal.RequestEventsFilter.doFilter(RequestEventsFilter.java:27)
weblogic.servlet.internal.FilterChainImpl.doFilter(FilterChainImpl.java:56)
weblogic.servlet.internal.WebAppServletContext$ServletInvocationAction.wrapRun(WebAppServletContext.java:3715)
weblogic.servlet.internal.WebAppServletContext$ServletInvocationAction.run(WebAppServletContext.java:3681)
weblogic.security.acl.internal.AuthenticatedSubject.doAs(AuthenticatedSubject.java:321)
weblogic.security.service.SecurityManager.runAs(SecurityManager.java:120)
weblogic.servlet.internal.WebAppServletContext.securedExecute(WebAppServletContext.java:2277)
weblogic.servlet.internal.WebAppServletContext.execute(WebAppServletContext.java:2183)
weblogic.servlet.internal.ServletRequestImpl.run(ServletRequestImpl.java:1454)
weblogic.work.ExecuteThread.execute(ExecuteThread.java:207)
weblogic.work.ExecuteThread.run(ExecuteThread.java:176)
How is this caused and how can I solve it?
As per Mojarra issue 2722 this will happen when you incorrectly bind component instances to a bean property of a managed bean which is not request scoped, but in a broader scope.
<x:someComponent binding="#{viewOrSessionOrApplicationScopedBean.component}" />
Fix the code accordingly that this never happens. Components are inherently request scoped and may absolutely not be shared across multiple requests. See also JSF 2.0 specitication chapter 3.1.5:
3.1.5 Component Bindings
...
Component bindings are often used in conjunction with JavaBeans that are dynamically instantiated via the Managed Bean Creation facility (see Section 5.8.1 “VariableResolver and the Default VariableResolver”). It is strongly recommend that application developers place managed beans that are pointed at by component binding expressions in “request” scope. This is because placing it in session or application scope would require thread-safety, since UIComponent instances depends on running inside of a single thread. There are also potentially negative impacts on memory management when placing a component binding in “session” scope.
See also:
• How does the 'binding' attribute work in JSF? When and how should it be used?
• What is component binding in JSF? When it is preferred to be used?
|
stackexchange
|
{"added":"2015-05-09T13:08:48.777","attributes":{"dedupe_para_ngrams_13_1":[[5156.0,5792.0,1.0],[5804.0,5886.0,1.0],[5886.0,5957.0,1.0]]},"created":"2015-05-07T06:47:48.973","id":"stackoverflow_com-30093791-30140315","metadata":{"answer_comment_count":2,"answer_content_license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","answer_id":30140315,"answer_last_activity_date":"2015-05-09T13:08:48.777","answer_last_edit_date":"2020-06-20T09:12:55.060","answer_last_editor_user_id":-1,"answer_owner_user_id":157882,"answer_score":7,"answer_view_count":0,"forum":"stackoverflow_com","provenance":"20241028_173636_00007_mgema_a8b98790-6840-4c1c-b9e5-bbc751f5efdf.zst:175991","question_comment_count":7,"question_content_license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","question_id":30093791,"question_last_activity_date":"2015-05-09T13:22:29.887","question_last_edit_date":"2015-05-09T13:22:29.887","question_last_editor_user_id":157882,"question_owner_user_id":4124542,"question_score":10,"question_view_count":2903},"source":"stackexchange","version":"20240930"}
| 1,753 |
pes2o-30480223
|
Reservoir Forming Conditions and Enrichment Law of Tight Sandstone Gas in Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin
With the popularization of natural gas and the requirement of environmental protection, the development and utilization of natural gas are particularly important. The status of natural gas in China’s oil and gas exploration and development is constantly improving, and the country pays more and more attention to the exploitation and utilization of natural gas. The tight sandstone of Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin has the characteristics of low porosity, low permeability, and large area of concealed gas reservoirs. With the increasing demand for natural gas in China, systematic analysis and research on the geological conditions and enrichment law of large area gas reservoirs of tight sandstone of Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin to guide exploration and production also pose a great challenge to the current level of natural gas exploration and development in China. In order to solve this problem, this paper takes the Upper Paleozoic tight sandstone in Hangjinqi area in the north of Ordos Basin as the research object, summarizes the natural gas accumulation conditions of tight sandstone according to the geological characteristics of Ordos Basin, determines the main control factors of gas accumulation by superposition method in combination with the distribution characteristics of natural gas, simulates the dynamic process of gas accumulation, establishes the gas accumulation model, analyzes the conditions of gas accumulation and enrichment by statistical methods, summarizes the accumulation and enrichment rules of natural gas, and predicts the favorable exploration areas for natural gas. The results show that the relationship between hydrocarbon source rocks, traps, migration and transportation, and other reservoir-forming conditions and the distribution characteristics of natural gas is summarized, and the main controlling factors of reservoir-forming are determined by superposition method. We simulate the evolution process of faults, strata, oil, gas, and water flows in the study area and establish the dynamic reservoir-forming process of natural gas. By combining the reserve data with the reservoir source distance, reservoir facies type, and gas filling times, the reservoir-forming and enrichment conditions are studied by statistical analysis method, and the reservoir-forming and enrichment rules are summarized by combining the main controlling factors. The enrichment of natural gas is controlled by the development degree of source rocks, favorable tight sandstone combination, confluence channel, and local structure. According to the law of accumulation and enrichment, the division standards of favorable areas in different horizons are established, and the favorable exploration areas in the study area are predicted. The results provide theoretical data support for natural gas exploration in the study area.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2022-10-18T16:46:38.283Z","created":"2022-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","id":"252941389","metadata":{"abstract":"With the popularization of natural gas and the requirement of environmental protection, the development and utilization of natural gas are particularly important. The status of natural gas in China\u2019s oil and gas exploration and development is constantly improving, and the country pays more and more attention to the exploitation and utilization of natural gas. The tight sandstone of Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin has the characteristics of low porosity, low permeability, and large area of concealed gas reservoirs. With the increasing demand for natural gas in China, systematic analysis and research on the geological conditions and enrichment law of large area gas reservoirs of tight sandstone of Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin to guide exploration and production also pose a great challenge to the current level of natural gas exploration and development in China. In order to solve this problem, this paper takes the Upper Paleozoic tight sandstone in Hangjinqi area in the north of Ordos Basin as the research object, summarizes the natural gas accumulation conditions of tight sandstone according to the geological characteristics of Ordos Basin, determines the main control factors of gas accumulation by superposition method in combination with the distribution characteristics of natural gas, simulates the dynamic process of gas accumulation, establishes the gas accumulation model, analyzes the conditions of gas accumulation and enrichment by statistical methods, summarizes the accumulation and enrichment rules of natural gas, and predicts the favorable exploration areas for natural gas. The results show that the relationship between hydrocarbon source rocks, traps, migration and transportation, and other reservoir-forming conditions and the distribution characteristics of natural gas is summarized, and the main controlling factors of reservoir-forming are determined by superposition method. We simulate the evolution process of faults, strata, oil, gas, and water flows in the study area and establish the dynamic reservoir-forming process of natural gas. By combining the reserve data with the reservoir source distance, reservoir facies type, and gas filling times, the reservoir-forming and enrichment conditions are studied by statistical analysis method, and the reservoir-forming and enrichment rules are summarized by combining the main controlling factors. The enrichment of natural gas is controlled by the development degree of source rocks, favorable tight sandstone combination, confluence channel, and local structure. According to the law of accumulation and enrichment, the division standards of favorable areas in different horizons are established, and the favorable exploration areas in the study area are predicted. The results provide theoretical data support for natural gas exploration in the study area.","abstract_count":413,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.275040267006077,"extfieldsofstudy":[],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:3373627","s2fieldsofstudy":["Geology"],"sha1":"5a14dff356cac394575e59d0a8cc5c8d1d64bb2f","sources":["MergedPDFExtraction","Anansi","Crossref","ScienceParsePlus"],"title":"Reservoir Forming Conditions and Enrichment Law of Tight Sandstone Gas in Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin","title_count":16,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-14.054388238339444,"top_frequencies":[{"count":38,"token":"the"},{"count":29,"token":"and"},{"count":29,"token":"of"},{"count":17,"token":"gas"},{"count":14,"token":"in"},{"count":14,"token":"natural"},{"count":6,"token":"are"},{"count":6,"token":"exploration"},{"count":6,"token":"to"},{"count":6,"token":"enrichment"},{"count":6,"token":"accumulation"},{"count":6,"token":"by"},{"count":5,"token":"Ordos"},{"count":5,"token":"The"},{"count":5,"token":"tight"},{"count":5,"token":"sandstone"},{"count":5,"token":"area"},{"count":5,"token":"conditions"},{"count":5,"token":"reservoir-forming"},{"count":4,"token":"Upper"},{"count":4,"token":"Paleozoic"},{"count":4,"token":"Basin"},{"count":4,"token":"development"},{"count":4,"token":"characteristics"},{"count":4,"token":"favorable"},{"count":3,"token":"is"},{"count":3,"token":"gas."},{"count":3,"token":"for"},{"count":3,"token":"main"},{"count":3,"token":"gas,"},{"count":3,"token":"process"},{"count":3,"token":"areas"},{"count":3,"token":"source"},{"count":3,"token":"study"},{"count":2,"token":"With"},{"count":2,"token":"utilization"},{"count":2,"token":"more"},{"count":2,"token":"low"},{"count":2,"token":"large"},{"count":2,"token":"analysis"},{"count":2,"token":"research"},{"count":2,"token":"geological"},{"count":2,"token":"law"},{"count":2,"token":"this"},{"count":2,"token":"summarizes"},{"count":2,"token":"factors"},{"count":2,"token":"superposition"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"distribution"},{"count":2,"token":"dynamic"},{"count":2,"token":"statistical"},{"count":2,"token":"rules"},{"count":2,"token":"results"},{"count":2,"token":"rocks,"},{"count":2,"token":"controlling"},{"count":2,"token":"combining"},{"count":2,"token":"data"},{"count":2,"token":"reservoir"},{"count":1,"token":"Reservoir"},{"count":1,"token":"Forming"},{"count":1,"token":"Conditions"},{"count":1,"token":"Enrichment"},{"count":1,"token":"Law"},{"count":1,"token":"Tight"},{"count":1,"token":"Sandstone"},{"count":1,"token":"Gas"},{"count":1,"token":"popularization"},{"count":1,"token":"requirement"},{"count":1,"token":"environmental"},{"count":1,"token":"protection,"},{"count":1,"token":"particularly"},{"count":1,"token":"important."},{"count":1,"token":"status"},{"count":1,"token":"China\u2019s"},{"count":1,"token":"oil"},{"count":1,"token":"constantly"},{"count":1,"token":"improving,"},{"count":1,"token":"country"},{"count":1,"token":"pays"},{"count":1,"token":"attention"},{"count":1,"token":"exploitation"},{"count":1,"token":"has"},{"count":1,"token":"porosity,"},{"count":1,"token":"permeability,"},{"count":1,"token":"concealed"},{"count":1,"token":"reservoirs."},{"count":1,"token":"increasing"},{"count":1,"token":"demand"},{"count":1,"token":"China,"},{"count":1,"token":"systematic"},{"count":1,"token":"on"},{"count":1,"token":"reservoirs"},{"count":1,"token":"guide"},{"count":1,"token":"production"},{"count":1,"token":"also"},{"count":1,"token":"pose"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"great"},{"count":1,"token":"challenge"},{"count":1,"token":"current"}],"year":2022},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 519 |
pes2o-28664682
|
Spark Structured Streaming: Customizing Kafka Stream Processing
The aim of the present paper is to develop an improvement of large-scale multi-party data exchange and stream processing solution. The method of choice uses Apache Kafka streams as well as HDFS file granulation, and is exemplified in a real project of data ingestion into the Hadoop ecosystem. The management and conditional stream controlling procedures are proposed. Various ways to manage Kafka offsets during stream processing are considered.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2020-09-26T13:20:21.994Z","created":"2020-08-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"221912929","metadata":{"abstract":"The aim of the present paper is to develop an improvement of large-scale multi-party data exchange and stream processing solution. The method of choice uses Apache Kafka streams as well as HDFS file granulation, and is exemplified in a real project of data ingestion into the Hadoop ecosystem. The management and conditional stream controlling procedures are proposed. Various ways to manage Kafka offsets during stream processing are considered.","abstract_count":68,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-13.403622370655455,"extfieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:1558086","s2fieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"sha1":"7ff9aad87c99190576d12ded16365f1a81566806","sources":["Crossref","MergedPDFExtraction","Unpaywall","IEEE","MAG"],"title":"Spark Structured Streaming: Customizing Kafka Stream Processing","title_count":7,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-18.076486424391277,"top_frequencies":[{"count":4,"token":"of"},{"count":3,"token":"Kafka"},{"count":3,"token":"The"},{"count":3,"token":"and"},{"count":3,"token":"stream"},{"count":2,"token":"the"},{"count":2,"token":"is"},{"count":2,"token":"to"},{"count":2,"token":"data"},{"count":2,"token":"processing"},{"count":2,"token":"as"},{"count":2,"token":"are"},{"count":1,"token":"Spark"},{"count":1,"token":"Structured"},{"count":1,"token":"Streaming:"},{"count":1,"token":"Customizing"},{"count":1,"token":"Stream"},{"count":1,"token":"Processing"},{"count":1,"token":"aim"},{"count":1,"token":"present"},{"count":1,"token":"paper"},{"count":1,"token":"develop"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"improvement"},{"count":1,"token":"large-scale"},{"count":1,"token":"multi-party"},{"count":1,"token":"exchange"},{"count":1,"token":"solution."},{"count":1,"token":"method"},{"count":1,"token":"choice"},{"count":1,"token":"uses"},{"count":1,"token":"Apache"},{"count":1,"token":"streams"},{"count":1,"token":"well"},{"count":1,"token":"HDFS"},{"count":1,"token":"file"},{"count":1,"token":"granulation,"},{"count":1,"token":"exemplified"},{"count":1,"token":"in"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"real"},{"count":1,"token":"project"},{"count":1,"token":"ingestion"},{"count":1,"token":"into"},{"count":1,"token":"Hadoop"},{"count":1,"token":"ecosystem."},{"count":1,"token":"management"},{"count":1,"token":"conditional"},{"count":1,"token":"controlling"},{"count":1,"token":"procedures"},{"count":1,"token":"proposed."},{"count":1,"token":"Various"},{"count":1,"token":"ways"},{"count":1,"token":"manage"},{"count":1,"token":"offsets"},{"count":1,"token":"during"},{"count":1,"token":"considered."}],"year":2020},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 97 |
pes2o-3819442
|
Corrosion inhibition of copper in tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide aqueous solution by benzotriazole
The corrosion inhibition behavior of benzotriazole (BTA) on copper in 17 wt% tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB) aerated aqueous solution was investigated by weight‐loss tests, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. BTA is a good inhibitor in 17 wt% TBAB solution. The inhibition efficiency of BTA increases with increasing inhibitor concentration, attaining efficiencies of up to 90% calculated according to different methodologies. Adsorption of BTA in 17 wt% TBAB solution on the copper surface was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2019-04-04T13:15:49.896Z","created":"2011-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"94299441","metadata":{"abstract":"The corrosion inhibition behavior of benzotriazole (BTA) on copper in 17\u2009wt% tetra\u2010n\u2010butylammonium bromide (TBAB) aerated aqueous solution was investigated by weight\u2010loss tests, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy\/energy dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy. BTA is a good inhibitor in 17\u2009wt% TBAB solution. The inhibition efficiency of BTA increases with increasing inhibitor concentration, attaining efficiencies of up to 90% calculated according to different methodologies. Adsorption of BTA in 17\u2009wt% TBAB solution on the copper surface was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.","abstract_count":86,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-17.934227198330813,"extfieldsofstudy":["Chemistry"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0000.json.gz:3819443","s2fieldsofstudy":["Materials Science"],"sha1":"92d7aafb40e5d875196ef02d650026eeb52cbcea","sources":["Wiley","MergedPDFExtraction","Unpaywall","MAG"],"title":"Corrosion inhibition of copper in tetra\u2010n\u2010butylammonium bromide aqueous solution by benzotriazole","title_count":11,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-17.58588881970573,"top_frequencies":[{"count":5,"token":"of"},{"count":4,"token":"in"},{"count":3,"token":"inhibition"},{"count":3,"token":"copper"},{"count":3,"token":"solution"},{"count":3,"token":"17"},{"count":3,"token":"wt%"},{"count":3,"token":"BTA"},{"count":3,"token":"to"},{"count":2,"token":"tetra\u2010n\u2010butylammonium"},{"count":2,"token":"bromide"},{"count":2,"token":"aqueous"},{"count":2,"token":"by"},{"count":2,"token":"benzotriazole"},{"count":2,"token":"The"},{"count":2,"token":"on"},{"count":2,"token":"was"},{"count":2,"token":"inhibitor"},{"count":2,"token":"TBAB"},{"count":2,"token":"the"},{"count":1,"token":"Corrosion"},{"count":1,"token":"corrosion"},{"count":1,"token":"behavior"},{"count":1,"token":"(BTA)"},{"count":1,"token":"(TBAB)"},{"count":1,"token":"aerated"},{"count":1,"token":"investigated"},{"count":1,"token":"weight\u2010loss"},{"count":1,"token":"tests,"},{"count":1,"token":"potentiodynamic"},{"count":1,"token":"polarization,"},{"count":1,"token":"electrochemical"},{"count":1,"token":"impedance"},{"count":1,"token":"spectroscopy,"},{"count":1,"token":"and"},{"count":1,"token":"scanning"},{"count":1,"token":"electron"},{"count":1,"token":"microscopy\/energy"},{"count":1,"token":"dispersive"},{"count":1,"token":"X\u2010ray"},{"count":1,"token":"spectroscopy."},{"count":1,"token":"is"},{"count":1,"token":"a"},{"count":1,"token":"good"},{"count":1,"token":"solution."},{"count":1,"token":"efficiency"},{"count":1,"token":"increases"},{"count":1,"token":"with"},{"count":1,"token":"increasing"},{"count":1,"token":"concentration,"},{"count":1,"token":"attaining"},{"count":1,"token":"efficiencies"},{"count":1,"token":"up"},{"count":1,"token":"90%"},{"count":1,"token":"calculated"},{"count":1,"token":"according"},{"count":1,"token":"different"},{"count":1,"token":"methodologies."},{"count":1,"token":"Adsorption"},{"count":1,"token":"surface"},{"count":1,"token":"found"},{"count":1,"token":"obey"},{"count":1,"token":"Langmuir"},{"count":1,"token":"adsorption"},{"count":1,"token":"isotherm."}],"year":2011},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 164 |
dclm-426171620
|
We all have a dream.
My name is Perri Runion, a.k.a The Dreaming Weaver. I am a bi-coastal artist, working and creating between Lake Tahoe, CA and Georgetown, SC.
A few years ago, with a strong admiration for the Native American approach to living, I began creating dream catchers. In a world that has commercialized this tradition, it was my aim to elevate this art form in a way that pays proper respects to the origin of this craft. This is still my aim.
Every piece is one of a kind, never duplicated, and 100% hand made.
In a world that teaches us dreaming is fantasy, let these creations remind you that your dreams are actually a calling. An inherit vision, that relies on you to bring it to life. Believe in yourself, believe in your vision, and your dreams will become reality.
Stay inspired and keep your dream alive!
With love,
The Dreaming Weaver
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.023609042167663574,"id":"<urn:uuid:c8f210b1-352b-40b8-8874-38934fcc4ad8>","language":"en","language_score":0.9115167856216431,"url":"https:\/\/www.thedreamingweaver.com\/about","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-280444878"}
| 220 |
flan-24724874
|
Translate to French:
But when children are healthy, families are freed from the burden of costly medical care, allowing them to spend more on food and education. Mais lorsque les enfants sont en bonne santé, les familles sont soulagées du fardeau des frais médicaux, leur permettant de dépenser davantage sur la nourriture et l’éducation.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[22.0,340.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"dd9e6b764074bb4a8f7517ae316e0456","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":4,"_template_type":"zs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0132.json.gz:259546"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 89 |
wikipedia-1713603
|
Communication (Bobby Womack album)
Communication is the third studio album by American musician Bobby Womack. The album was released on September 15, 1971, by United Artists Records. It reached No. 5 on the "Billboard" R&B chart and No. 20 on the "Billboard" Jazz Chart in 1972. It included the hit single, "That's The Way I Feel About Cha", which charted at No. 2 on the "Billboard" R&B Singles chart and No. 27 on the "Billboard" pop chart. The album became Womack's breakthrough spawning the hit single "That's The Way I Feel About Cha" and a favorite Womack album track, "(If You Don't Want My Love) Give It Back", which Womack recorded three times after the original, the first remake, a slower acoustic version, was issued on the soundtrack of the film, "Across 110th Street", and an instrumental by J. J. Johnson's band. The fourth time Womack recorded it was with Rolling Stones singer and musician Ron Wood. Womack recorded his own versions of James Taylor's "Fire and Rain", Ray Stevens' "Everything Is Beautiful" and featured a spoken word monologue in his cover of the Burt Bacharach and Hal David standard, "(They Long To Be) Close to You".
Actress Pam Grier and veteran singers Janice Singleton and Patrice Holloway sung background on the songs "Come l'Amore", "Give It Back" and "Yield Not to Temptation", a song Womack and his brothers, The Womack Brothers (later The Valentinos), recorded over a decade before with Bobby's older brother Curtis singing lead. Ironically, Bobby's brothers sing background with him on the remaining tracks. The album's instrumental background was provided by the legendary Muscle Shoals team. The track "Come l'Amore" was "covered" by James Brown in his Lyn Collins duet single, "What My Baby Needs Now (Is A Little More Loving)" though the lyrics are different and in different keys.
|
wikipedia
|
{"added":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","created":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","id":"14171886","metadata":{"length":393,"provenance":"en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:1713604","revid":"14703151","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki?curid=14171886"},"source":"wikipedia","version":"v0"}
| 452 |
pes2o-27501999
|
Hunterian Lecture. Hernia surgery: from guidelines to clinical practice.
INTRODUCTION
Over the last 30 years, hernia surgery has developed into an evidence-based practice assisted by the development of guidelines.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prior to 1993, best practice in the UK was a nylon darn repair under general anaesthesia as an inpatient with prolonged recovery. The publication of The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSE) Guidelines on Groin Hernia Repair stimulated debate and coincided with the introduction of mesh hernioplasty and laparoscopic techniques. Further evolution of hernia management has occurred to enable the production of the European Hernia Society (EHS) guidelines in 2008.
RESULTS
The EHS guidelines cover all aspects of abdominal wall surgery including: indications for operation; investigations; organising surgical care; techniques; local anaesthesia; after-care, complications and outcome; and information for patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Surgeons have many choices when selecting an appropriate hernia operation for an individual patient. The EHS guidelines provide a basis for this decision-making.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T05:52:23.234Z","created":"2009-05-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"207257398","metadata":{"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\nOver the last 30 years, hernia surgery has developed into an evidence-based practice assisted by the development of guidelines.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nPrior to 1993, best practice in the UK was a nylon darn repair under general anaesthesia as an inpatient with prolonged recovery. The publication of The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSE) Guidelines on Groin Hernia Repair stimulated debate and coincided with the introduction of mesh hernioplasty and laparoscopic techniques. Further evolution of hernia management has occurred to enable the production of the European Hernia Society (EHS) guidelines in 2008.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe EHS guidelines cover all aspects of abdominal wall surgery including: indications for operation; investigations; organising surgical care; techniques; local anaesthesia; after-care, complications and outcome; and information for patients.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nSurgeons have many choices when selecting an appropriate hernia operation for an individual patient. The EHS guidelines provide a basis for this decision-making.","abstract_count":148,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.65211819165846,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0007.json.gz:395403","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"a3b51218b8df15d7fc3052717f24f1266f0240c4","sources":["Medline","ScienceParseMerged","Unpaywall","MAG"],"title":"Hunterian Lecture. Hernia surgery: from guidelines to clinical practice.","title_count":9,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-18.00235656285135,"top_frequencies":[{"count":8,"token":"of"},{"count":6,"token":"the"},{"count":4,"token":"guidelines"},{"count":4,"token":"an"},{"count":4,"token":"The"},{"count":4,"token":"and"},{"count":4,"token":"for"},{"count":3,"token":"Hernia"},{"count":3,"token":"to"},{"count":3,"token":"hernia"},{"count":2,"token":"surgery"},{"count":2,"token":"has"},{"count":2,"token":"practice"},{"count":2,"token":"in"},{"count":2,"token":"a"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"Surgeons"},{"count":2,"token":"EHS"},{"count":1,"token":"Hunterian"},{"count":1,"token":"Lecture."},{"count":1,"token":"surgery:"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"clinical"},{"count":1,"token":"practice."},{"count":1,"token":"INTRODUCTION"},{"count":1,"token":"Over"},{"count":1,"token":"last"},{"count":1,"token":"30"},{"count":1,"token":"years,"},{"count":1,"token":"developed"},{"count":1,"token":"into"},{"count":1,"token":"evidence-based"},{"count":1,"token":"assisted"},{"count":1,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"development"},{"count":1,"token":"guidelines."},{"count":1,"token":"MATERIALS"},{"count":1,"token":"AND"},{"count":1,"token":"METHODS"},{"count":1,"token":"Prior"},{"count":1,"token":"1993,"},{"count":1,"token":"best"},{"count":1,"token":"UK"},{"count":1,"token":"was"},{"count":1,"token":"nylon"},{"count":1,"token":"darn"},{"count":1,"token":"repair"},{"count":1,"token":"under"},{"count":1,"token":"general"},{"count":1,"token":"anaesthesia"},{"count":1,"token":"as"},{"count":1,"token":"inpatient"},{"count":1,"token":"prolonged"},{"count":1,"token":"recovery."},{"count":1,"token":"publication"},{"count":1,"token":"Royal"},{"count":1,"token":"College"},{"count":1,"token":"England"},{"count":1,"token":"(RCSE)"},{"count":1,"token":"Guidelines"},{"count":1,"token":"on"},{"count":1,"token":"Groin"},{"count":1,"token":"Repair"},{"count":1,"token":"stimulated"},{"count":1,"token":"debate"},{"count":1,"token":"coincided"},{"count":1,"token":"introduction"},{"count":1,"token":"mesh"},{"count":1,"token":"hernioplasty"},{"count":1,"token":"laparoscopic"},{"count":1,"token":"techniques."},{"count":1,"token":"Further"},{"count":1,"token":"evolution"},{"count":1,"token":"management"},{"count":1,"token":"occurred"},{"count":1,"token":"enable"},{"count":1,"token":"production"},{"count":1,"token":"European"},{"count":1,"token":"Society"},{"count":1,"token":"(EHS)"},{"count":1,"token":"2008."},{"count":1,"token":"RESULTS"},{"count":1,"token":"cover"},{"count":1,"token":"all"},{"count":1,"token":"aspects"},{"count":1,"token":"abdominal"},{"count":1,"token":"wall"},{"count":1,"token":"including:"},{"count":1,"token":"indications"},{"count":1,"token":"operation;"},{"count":1,"token":"investigations;"},{"count":1,"token":"organising"},{"count":1,"token":"surgical"},{"count":1,"token":"care;"},{"count":1,"token":"techniques;"},{"count":1,"token":"local"},{"count":1,"token":"anaesthesia;"},{"count":1,"token":"after-care,"},{"count":1,"token":"complications"},{"count":1,"token":"outcome;"}],"year":2009},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 227 |
flan-18517565
|
test: Три замены, произведенные Вадимом Евтушенко, немного освежили игру впереди и на флангах, но время таяло неумолимо быстро, а гол все не приходил.
English?
translation: Three changes made by Vadim Yevtushenko, a little refreshed ahead of the game and on the flanks, but the time inevitably melted quickly, and the goal did not come.
test: Второго апреля состоялся психолого-юридический семинар: «Дискриминация ЛГБТ: что, как и почему?», который открыл Неделю против гомофобии и трансфобии в Санкт-Петербурге.
English?
translation: In St. Petersburg, the protest was organized by St. Petersburg LGBT organization Coming Out, joined by the Alliance of Heterosexuals for LGBT rights and individual activists.
test: Тито, Тебуроро
English?
translation: Teburoro Tito
test: За вызов специалиста, чтобы он посмотрел компьютер, вам потребуется заплатить. Чтобы обновить железо, нужно заплатить.
English?
translation: To get a technician to look at your computer will easily cost you somewhere in the neighbourhood of $50 to $100 per hour or more.
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,151.0,0.0],[161.0,338.0,0.0],[339.0,515.0,0.0],[525.0,713.0,0.0],[773.0,898.0,0.0],[908.0,1051.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"53bda156ac6f285138740c023c5a1d32","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt16_translate\/ru-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":0,"_template_type":"fs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0106.json.gz:98797"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 388 |
pes2o-5890891
|
Integration of field effect transistor-based biosensors with a digital microfluidic device for a lab-on-a-chip application.
A new platform for lab-on-a-chip system is suggested that utilizes a biosensor array embedded in a digital microfluidic device. With field effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors embedded in the middle of droplet-driving electrodes, the proposed digital microfluidic device can electrically detect avian influenza antibody (anti-AI) in real time by tracing the drain current of the FET-based biosensor without a labeling process. Digitized transport of a target droplet enclosing anti-AI from an inlet to the embedded sensor is enabled by the actuation of electrowetting-on-dielectrics (EWOD). A reduction of the drain current is observed when the target droplet is merged with a pre-existing droplet on the embedded sensor. This reduction of the drain current is attributed to the specific binding of the antigen and the antibody of the AI. The proposed hybrid device consisting of the FET-based sensor and an EWOD device, built on a coplanar substrate by monolithic integration, is fully compatible with current fabrication technology for control and read-out circuitry. Such a completely electrical manner of inducing the transport of bio-molecules, the detection of bio-molecules, the recording of signals, signal processing, and the data transmission process does not require a pump, a fluidic channel, or a bulky transducer. Thus, the proposed platform can contribute to the construction of an all-in-one chip.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T01:33:33.549Z","created":"2012-04-21T00:00:00.000Z","id":"20200591","metadata":{"abstract":"A new platform for lab-on-a-chip system is suggested that utilizes a biosensor array embedded in a digital microfluidic device. With field effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors embedded in the middle of droplet-driving electrodes, the proposed digital microfluidic device can electrically detect avian influenza antibody (anti-AI) in real time by tracing the drain current of the FET-based biosensor without a labeling process. Digitized transport of a target droplet enclosing anti-AI from an inlet to the embedded sensor is enabled by the actuation of electrowetting-on-dielectrics (EWOD). A reduction of the drain current is observed when the target droplet is merged with a pre-existing droplet on the embedded sensor. This reduction of the drain current is attributed to the specific binding of the antigen and the antibody of the AI. The proposed hybrid device consisting of the FET-based sensor and an EWOD device, built on a coplanar substrate by monolithic integration, is fully compatible with current fabrication technology for control and read-out circuitry. Such a completely electrical manner of inducing the transport of bio-molecules, the detection of bio-molecules, the recording of signals, signal processing, and the data transmission process does not require a pump, a fluidic channel, or a bulky transducer. Thus, the proposed platform can contribute to the construction of an all-in-one chip.","abstract_count":210,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.55501192282152,"extfieldsofstudy":["Materials Science","Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0001.json.gz:2028360","s2fieldsofstudy":["Engineering"],"sha1":"a309d573e2c908744358f3bfe931508fb3475a96","sources":["Unpaywall","MAG","Medline"],"title":"Integration of field effect transistor-based biosensors with a digital microfluidic device for a lab-on-a-chip application.","title_count":15,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-15.533282595850803,"top_frequencies":[{"count":21,"token":"the"},{"count":15,"token":"of"},{"count":12,"token":"a"},{"count":6,"token":"is"},{"count":4,"token":"embedded"},{"count":4,"token":"current"},{"count":4,"token":"and"},{"count":3,"token":"with"},{"count":3,"token":"digital"},{"count":3,"token":"microfluidic"},{"count":3,"token":"device"},{"count":3,"token":"for"},{"count":3,"token":"in"},{"count":3,"token":"proposed"},{"count":3,"token":"by"},{"count":3,"token":"drain"},{"count":3,"token":"droplet"},{"count":3,"token":"an"},{"count":3,"token":"to"},{"count":2,"token":"field"},{"count":2,"token":"effect"},{"count":2,"token":"biosensors"},{"count":2,"token":"lab-on-a-chip"},{"count":2,"token":"A"},{"count":2,"token":"platform"},{"count":2,"token":"biosensor"},{"count":2,"token":"can"},{"count":2,"token":"antibody"},{"count":2,"token":"FET-based"},{"count":2,"token":"transport"},{"count":2,"token":"target"},{"count":2,"token":"sensor"},{"count":2,"token":"reduction"},{"count":2,"token":"on"},{"count":2,"token":"bio-molecules,"},{"count":1,"token":"Integration"},{"count":1,"token":"transistor-based"},{"count":1,"token":"application."},{"count":1,"token":"new"},{"count":1,"token":"system"},{"count":1,"token":"suggested"},{"count":1,"token":"that"},{"count":1,"token":"utilizes"},{"count":1,"token":"array"},{"count":1,"token":"device."},{"count":1,"token":"With"},{"count":1,"token":"transistor"},{"count":1,"token":"(FET)-based"},{"count":1,"token":"middle"},{"count":1,"token":"droplet-driving"},{"count":1,"token":"electrodes,"},{"count":1,"token":"electrically"},{"count":1,"token":"detect"},{"count":1,"token":"avian"},{"count":1,"token":"influenza"},{"count":1,"token":"(anti-AI)"},{"count":1,"token":"real"},{"count":1,"token":"time"},{"count":1,"token":"tracing"},{"count":1,"token":"without"},{"count":1,"token":"labeling"},{"count":1,"token":"process."},{"count":1,"token":"Digitized"},{"count":1,"token":"enclosing"},{"count":1,"token":"anti-AI"},{"count":1,"token":"from"},{"count":1,"token":"inlet"},{"count":1,"token":"enabled"},{"count":1,"token":"actuation"},{"count":1,"token":"electrowetting-on-dielectrics"},{"count":1,"token":"(EWOD)."},{"count":1,"token":"observed"},{"count":1,"token":"when"},{"count":1,"token":"merged"},{"count":1,"token":"pre-existing"},{"count":1,"token":"sensor."},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"attributed"},{"count":1,"token":"specific"},{"count":1,"token":"binding"},{"count":1,"token":"antigen"},{"count":1,"token":"AI."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"hybrid"},{"count":1,"token":"consisting"},{"count":1,"token":"EWOD"},{"count":1,"token":"device,"},{"count":1,"token":"built"},{"count":1,"token":"coplanar"},{"count":1,"token":"substrate"},{"count":1,"token":"monolithic"},{"count":1,"token":"integration,"},{"count":1,"token":"fully"},{"count":1,"token":"compatible"},{"count":1,"token":"fabrication"},{"count":1,"token":"technology"},{"count":1,"token":"control"},{"count":1,"token":"read-out"},{"count":1,"token":"circuitry."},{"count":1,"token":"Such"}],"year":2012},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 319 |
dclm-417227475
|
Also found in: Thesaurus, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to lowest: lowest common multiple
low 1
adj. low·er, low·est
a. Having little relative height; not high or tall: a low wall.
b. Rising only slightly above surrounding surfaces: a low hill.
c. Near to the ground or the horizon: The low clouds threaten rain. The sun is low.
d. Situated or placed below normal height: a low lighting fixture.
e. Situated below the surrounding surfaces: water standing in low spots.
f. Of less than usual or average depth; shallow: The river is low.
g. Cut to show the wearer's neck and chest; décolleté: a low neckline.
h. Close or closer to a reference point: was low in the offensive zone, near the goal.
i. Linguistics Produced with part or all of the tongue depressed, as a, pronounced (ä), in father. Used of vowels.
a. Below average in degree, intensity, or amount: a low temperature.
b. Below an average or a standard: low wages; a low level of communication.
c. Ranked near the beginning of an ascending series or scale: a low number; a low grade of oil.
d. Relating to or being latitudes nearest to the equator.
e. Relatively small. Used of a cost, price, or other value: a low fee; a low income.
a. Not loud; soft: a low murmur.
b. Having a pitch corresponding to a relatively small number of sound-wave cycles per second.
4. Below others in status or rank; lowly: of low birth.
a. Violating standards of morality or decency; base: a low stunt to pull. See Synonyms at base2.
b. Unrefined; coarse: low humor.
a. Being near depletion: My savings account is low.
b. Not adequately provided or equipped; short: low on supplies.
a. Lacking strength or vigor; weak: a patient whose condition is low.
b. Lacking liveliness or good spirits; discouraged or dejected: feeling low after losing the game.
8. Depreciatory; disparaging: a low opinion of him.
9. Of, relating to, or being the gear configuration or setting, as in an automotive transmission, that produces the least vehicular speed with respect to engine speed.
adv. low·er, low·est
a. In or to a low position, level, or space: aimed low; bent low.
b. In or to a low condition or rank; humbly: thought low of himself.
2. In or to a reduced, humbled, or degraded condition: brought low by failure.
3. Softly; quietly: speak low.
4. With a deep pitch: sang low.
5. At a small price: bought low and sold high.
1. A low level, position, or degree: Rain collects in the lows. The stock market fell to a new low.
2. Meteorology A region of atmospheric pressure that is below normal.
3. The low gear configuration of a transmission.
[Middle English loue, from Old Norse lāgr; see legh- in Indo-European roots.]
low′ness n.
low 2
The characteristic sound uttered by cattle; a moo.
intr.v. lowed, low·ing, lows
To utter the sound made by cattle; moo.
[From Middle English lowen, to moo, from Old English hlōwan; see kelə- in Indo-European roots.]
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Adj.1.lowest - lowest in rank or importance; "last prize"; "in last place"
worst - (superlative of `bad') most wanting in quality or value or condition; "the worst player on the team"; "the worst weather of the year"
Adv.1.lowest - in the lowest position; nearest the ground; "the branch with the big peaches on it hung lowest"
Opposite to or farthest from the top:
A. ADJ SUPERL of low
B. N activity is at its lowestlas actividades están en su punto más bajo
C. CPD lowest common denominator N (Math) → mínimo común denominador m (fig) to appeal to the lowest common denominatordirigirse al estrato social más bajo
lowest common multiple Nmínimo común múltiplo m
References in classic literature ?
On the sudden appearance of groups of Allied Species in the lowest known fossiliferous strata.
Anna Pavlovna greeted him with the nod she accorded to the lowest hierarchy in her drawing room.
Nor would it be proper to let him have the supreme power only in turn; for it is contrary to nature that what is highest should ever be lowest: but this would be the case should such a one ever be governed by others.
The lowest virtues draw praise from them; the middle virtues work in them astonishment or admiration; but of the highest virtues, they have no sense of perceiving at all.
There was naught to keep me from that balcony now, and with a long, running leap I sprang far aloft until my hands grasped its lowest sill.
He said, "Though the law did not positively allow the destroying such base-born children, yet it held them to be the children of nobody; that the Church considered them as the children of nobody; and that at the best, they ought to be brought up to the lowest and vilest offices of the commonwealth."
When Desiree returned in the evening, she told the poor girl that the convoi was arranged for the following morning, that she had ordered all in the most economical way, but that thirty-five francs were the lowest sou for which the funeral could be had.
The crooked lane leading from their own parrish to Mellstock ran along the lowest levels in a portion of its length, and when the girls reached the most depressed spot they found that the result of the rain had been to flood the lane over-shoe to a distance of some fifty yards.
Tormented, in the hall, with difficulties and obstacles, I remember sinking down at the foot of the staircase--suddenly collapsing there on the lowest step and then, with a revulsion, recalling that it was exactly where more than a month before, in the darkness of night and just so bowed with evil things, I had seen the specter of the most horrible of women.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.05799221992492676,"id":"<urn:uuid:c0c9319e-5224-4c0c-9ae3-6a17497936d3>","language":"en","language_score":0.9074127674102783,"url":"https:\/\/www.thefreedictionary.com\/lowest","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-236954004"}
| 1,451 |
flan-27097964
|
though yasser arafat lies gravely ill in a paris hospital , palestinians have refused to begin planning for his funeral or coordinate with israel on the movement of attending foreign dignitaries , officials say .
What is a very short summary of the above text? gaza ramallah possible burial sites but palestinians refuse to discuss arrangements
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,213.0,0.0],[214.0,345.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"5b9fabb0470df3197d3c27c43016cb0b","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"gigaword:1.2.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":5,"_template_type":"zs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0139.json.gz:186752"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 76 |
pes2o-3504507
|
A study to assess the plaque inhibitory action of a newly formulated triclosan toothpaste.
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Triclosan containing toothpastes have been noted for their potential to inhibit plaque and gingival inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine whether a toothpaste containing triclosan and an enhanced fluoride system would inhibit de novo plaque formation beyond that of a non-triclosan, conventional fluoride toothpaste.
METHODS
This study used a 4-day plaque regrowth model in which 24 volunteers used toothpaste rinses as the only form of oral hygiene. Following a prophylaxis and a single brushing with the toothpastes, 2x daily rinsing with toothpaste slurries was used over the following 96 h.
RESULTS
After 24 h, there was no difference in plaque area between the triclosan paste and its control paste. After 96 h, a reduction in plaque score of 5% was noted for the test toothpaste compared to the control paste which was statistically significant (p=0.028). For plaque area this reduction was increased to 16%, which was also significant (p=0.006).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings would appear to warrant further investigation into the potential value of the paste in inhibiting both plaque and gingivitis.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2018-04-03T02:10:37.098Z","created":"2008-07-07T00:00:00.000Z","id":"32572831","metadata":{"abstract":"BACKGROUND\/AIMS\nTriclosan containing toothpastes have been noted for their potential to inhibit plaque and gingival inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine whether a toothpaste containing triclosan and an enhanced fluoride system would inhibit de novo plaque formation beyond that of a non-triclosan, conventional fluoride toothpaste.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis study used a 4-day plaque regrowth model in which 24 volunteers used toothpaste rinses as the only form of oral hygiene. Following a prophylaxis and a single brushing with the toothpastes, 2x daily rinsing with toothpaste slurries was used over the following 96 h.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAfter 24 h, there was no difference in plaque area between the triclosan paste and its control paste. After 96 h, a reduction in plaque score of 5% was noted for the test toothpaste compared to the control paste which was statistically significant (p=0.028). For plaque area this reduction was increased to 16%, which was also significant (p=0.006).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThese findings would appear to warrant further investigation into the potential value of the paste in inhibiting both plaque and gingivitis.","abstract_count":175,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-14.965132530379442,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0000.json.gz:3504508","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"e966c6a336e37849265b734c82a10125a27ffecb","sources":["MAG","Unpaywall","Medline"],"title":"A study to assess the plaque inhibitory action of a newly formulated triclosan toothpaste.","title_count":14,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-13.885546651644882,"top_frequencies":[{"count":9,"token":"the"},{"count":8,"token":"plaque"},{"count":7,"token":"a"},{"count":7,"token":"was"},{"count":6,"token":"to"},{"count":6,"token":"of"},{"count":5,"token":"and"},{"count":4,"token":"toothpaste"},{"count":4,"token":"in"},{"count":3,"token":"study"},{"count":3,"token":"triclosan"},{"count":3,"token":"used"},{"count":3,"token":"which"},{"count":3,"token":"paste"},{"count":2,"token":"toothpaste."},{"count":2,"token":"containing"},{"count":2,"token":"noted"},{"count":2,"token":"for"},{"count":2,"token":"potential"},{"count":2,"token":"inhibit"},{"count":2,"token":"this"},{"count":2,"token":"fluoride"},{"count":2,"token":"would"},{"count":2,"token":"24"},{"count":2,"token":"with"},{"count":2,"token":"96"},{"count":2,"token":"After"},{"count":2,"token":"h,"},{"count":2,"token":"area"},{"count":2,"token":"control"},{"count":2,"token":"reduction"},{"count":2,"token":"significant"},{"count":1,"token":"A"},{"count":1,"token":"assess"},{"count":1,"token":"inhibitory"},{"count":1,"token":"action"},{"count":1,"token":"newly"},{"count":1,"token":"formulated"},{"count":1,"token":"BACKGROUND\/AIMS"},{"count":1,"token":"Triclosan"},{"count":1,"token":"toothpastes"},{"count":1,"token":"have"},{"count":1,"token":"been"},{"count":1,"token":"their"},{"count":1,"token":"gingival"},{"count":1,"token":"inflammation."},{"count":1,"token":"The"},{"count":1,"token":"aim"},{"count":1,"token":"determine"},{"count":1,"token":"whether"},{"count":1,"token":"an"},{"count":1,"token":"enhanced"},{"count":1,"token":"system"},{"count":1,"token":"de"},{"count":1,"token":"novo"},{"count":1,"token":"formation"},{"count":1,"token":"beyond"},{"count":1,"token":"that"},{"count":1,"token":"non-triclosan,"},{"count":1,"token":"conventional"},{"count":1,"token":"METHODS"},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"4-day"},{"count":1,"token":"regrowth"},{"count":1,"token":"model"},{"count":1,"token":"volunteers"},{"count":1,"token":"rinses"},{"count":1,"token":"as"},{"count":1,"token":"only"},{"count":1,"token":"form"},{"count":1,"token":"oral"},{"count":1,"token":"hygiene."},{"count":1,"token":"Following"},{"count":1,"token":"prophylaxis"},{"count":1,"token":"single"},{"count":1,"token":"brushing"},{"count":1,"token":"toothpastes,"},{"count":1,"token":"2x"},{"count":1,"token":"daily"},{"count":1,"token":"rinsing"},{"count":1,"token":"slurries"},{"count":1,"token":"over"},{"count":1,"token":"following"},{"count":1,"token":"h."},{"count":1,"token":"RESULTS"},{"count":1,"token":"there"},{"count":1,"token":"no"},{"count":1,"token":"difference"},{"count":1,"token":"between"},{"count":1,"token":"its"},{"count":1,"token":"paste."},{"count":1,"token":"score"},{"count":1,"token":"5%"},{"count":1,"token":"test"},{"count":1,"token":"compared"},{"count":1,"token":"statistically"},{"count":1,"token":"(p=0.028)."},{"count":1,"token":"For"},{"count":1,"token":"increased"},{"count":1,"token":"16%,"}],"year":2001},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 272 |
flan-5516315
|
Answer the following question: Title: Terrible! Review: I had moderate acne on my chin forehead and nose area. With Neutrogena's background, I though my acne days were over but the whole thing backfired! Day 1 and 2 were nice, my skin seemed to be clearing but the next morning, my entire face was covered in pimples. Hoping this was just the middle phase and that after this terrible ordeal was over, I'd finally have clear skin. But no. It only continued to get worse and worse. This was a terrible product. Now, I'm dreaming of the way my skin was before I started. Complete waste of time and money. Is this product review negative?
Choose your answer from:
a). Yes;
b). No;
Answer: a).
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,636.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"6b5c1970d9ff182220ecbb15eb75af84","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"amazon_polarity_Is_this_review_negative","_task_source":"P3","_template_idx":4,"_template_type":"zs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-test-0034.json.gz:304112"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 166 |
pes2o-17485516
|
Comparison of clinical outcomes of sitagliptin+metformin combination and glimepiride in the management of uncomplicated type 2 diabetics
Background: To evaluate the comparison of clinical outcomes of sitagliptin +metformin and glimepride in uncomplicated Type-2 diabetics.Methods: This one year (July 2016 to August 2017) prospective, open label, observational clinical cohort study was carried out on type-2 diabetics. In this study 299 Type-2 diabetics patients were enrolled and were randomly allocated to two groups viz Group A and Group B. Group A received sitaglitin+metformin (50+500) mg/day and Group B received glimepride 1mg/day respectively. The follow up started after 10 days of stabilization of the patient and data recorded on 10th day was considered Zero month data and follow up continued up to Six month in each group. Comparison of FPG, PPG and HbA1c was evaluated between zero and six months within group and at six month between groups. Adverse events were recorded and summarized by treatment group.Results: At the end of six months follow up the patients of Group A who received sitaglitin+metformin (50+500) mg/day had greater reduction in FPG, PPG and HbA1c (all P<0.001) was recorded when compared between zero and six month within group. A significant reduction in FPG, PPG and HbA1c (all P<0.01) also recorded in Group B who received glimepride 1mg/day when compared between zero and six months within group. A statically significant difference (all P<0.05) was recorded at six months between group. The adverse events like hypoglycemic episodes, gastrointestinal adverse events etc were greater in Group B than Group A. Changes in weight also noted in both Groups. Weight loss in Group A and weight gain in Group B was recorded.Conclusions: The present study suggests that a significant difference may be existing in the clinical outcome interm of glycemia control and adverse events between sitagliptin+metformin combination and glimepride in type-2 diabetic patients.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2019-01-20T14:15:38.893Z","created":"2018-12-24T00:00:00.000Z","id":"58331705","metadata":{"abstract":"Background: To evaluate the comparison of clinical outcomes of sitagliptin +metformin and glimepride in uncomplicated Type-2 diabetics.Methods: This one year (July 2016 to August 2017) prospective, open label, observational clinical cohort study was carried out on type-2 diabetics. In this study 299 Type-2 diabetics patients were enrolled and were randomly allocated to two groups viz Group A and Group B. Group A received sitaglitin+metformin (50+500) mg\/day and Group B received glimepride 1mg\/day respectively. The follow up started after 10 days of stabilization of the patient and data recorded on 10th day was considered Zero month data and follow up continued up to Six month in each group. Comparison of FPG, PPG and HbA1c was evaluated between zero and six months within group and at six month between groups. Adverse events were recorded and summarized by treatment group.Results: At the end of six months follow up the patients of Group A who received sitaglitin+metformin (50+500) mg\/day had greater reduction in FPG, PPG and HbA1c (all P<0.001) was recorded when compared between zero and six month within group. A significant reduction in FPG, PPG and HbA1c (all P<0.01) also recorded in Group B who received glimepride 1mg\/day when compared between zero and six months within group. A statically significant difference (all P<0.05) was recorded at six months between group. The adverse events like hypoglycemic episodes, gastrointestinal adverse events etc were greater in Group B than Group A. Changes in weight also noted in both Groups. Weight loss in Group A and weight gain in Group B was recorded.Conclusions: The present study suggests that a significant difference may be existing in the clinical outcome interm of glycemia control and adverse events between sitagliptin+metformin combination and glimepride in type-2 diabetic patients.","abstract_count":287,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.538825494350418,"extfieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0004.json.gz:1998909","s2fieldsofstudy":["Medicine"],"sha1":"2d2f90a017e847a291b2945cd6fe28d7734945f1","sources":["Crossref","Unpaywall","MAG"],"title":"Comparison of clinical outcomes of sitagliptin+metformin combination and glimepiride in the management of uncomplicated type 2 diabetics","title_count":17,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-15.03199523059825,"top_frequencies":[{"count":18,"token":"and"},{"count":13,"token":"in"},{"count":11,"token":"of"},{"count":10,"token":"Group"},{"count":6,"token":"the"},{"count":6,"token":"was"},{"count":6,"token":"A"},{"count":6,"token":"between"},{"count":6,"token":"six"},{"count":5,"token":"recorded"},{"count":4,"token":"clinical"},{"count":4,"token":"glimepride"},{"count":4,"token":"were"},{"count":4,"token":"received"},{"count":4,"token":"B"},{"count":4,"token":"up"},{"count":4,"token":"month"},{"count":4,"token":"group."},{"count":4,"token":"months"},{"count":4,"token":"events"},{"count":3,"token":"to"},{"count":3,"token":"study"},{"count":3,"token":"The"},{"count":3,"token":"follow"},{"count":3,"token":"FPG,"},{"count":3,"token":"PPG"},{"count":3,"token":"HbA1c"},{"count":3,"token":"zero"},{"count":3,"token":"within"},{"count":3,"token":"(all"},{"count":3,"token":"significant"},{"count":3,"token":"adverse"},{"count":2,"token":"Comparison"},{"count":2,"token":"outcomes"},{"count":2,"token":"sitagliptin+metformin"},{"count":2,"token":"combination"},{"count":2,"token":"uncomplicated"},{"count":2,"token":"diabetics"},{"count":2,"token":"Type-2"},{"count":2,"token":"on"},{"count":2,"token":"type-2"},{"count":2,"token":"patients"},{"count":2,"token":"sitaglitin+metformin"},{"count":2,"token":"(50+500)"},{"count":2,"token":"mg\/day"},{"count":2,"token":"1mg\/day"},{"count":2,"token":"data"},{"count":2,"token":"at"},{"count":2,"token":"who"},{"count":2,"token":"greater"},{"count":2,"token":"reduction"},{"count":2,"token":"when"},{"count":2,"token":"compared"},{"count":2,"token":"also"},{"count":2,"token":"difference"},{"count":2,"token":"weight"},{"count":1,"token":"glimepiride"},{"count":1,"token":"management"},{"count":1,"token":"type"},{"count":1,"token":"2"},{"count":1,"token":"Background:"},{"count":1,"token":"To"},{"count":1,"token":"evaluate"},{"count":1,"token":"comparison"},{"count":1,"token":"sitagliptin"},{"count":1,"token":"+metformin"},{"count":1,"token":"diabetics.Methods:"},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"one"},{"count":1,"token":"year"},{"count":1,"token":"(July"},{"count":1,"token":"2016"},{"count":1,"token":"August"},{"count":1,"token":"2017)"},{"count":1,"token":"prospective,"},{"count":1,"token":"open"},{"count":1,"token":"label,"},{"count":1,"token":"observational"},{"count":1,"token":"cohort"},{"count":1,"token":"carried"},{"count":1,"token":"out"},{"count":1,"token":"diabetics."},{"count":1,"token":"In"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"299"},{"count":1,"token":"enrolled"},{"count":1,"token":"randomly"},{"count":1,"token":"allocated"},{"count":1,"token":"two"},{"count":1,"token":"groups"},{"count":1,"token":"viz"},{"count":1,"token":"B."},{"count":1,"token":"respectively."},{"count":1,"token":"started"},{"count":1,"token":"after"},{"count":1,"token":"10"},{"count":1,"token":"days"},{"count":1,"token":"stabilization"},{"count":1,"token":"patient"},{"count":1,"token":"10th"}],"year":2018},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 449 |
flan-11154448
|
Problem: La délégation a fait observer que l’Ukraine avait appuyé sans réserve le travail de l’ACE qui visait à coordonner les efforts tendant à lutter contre la contrefaçon et le piratage et avait également appuyé le renforcement de la coopération pour mettre en œuvre des programmes d’étude nationaux et régionaux à l’intention des autorités essentiellement chargées de réduire les violations des droits de propriété intellectuelle.
Which language is this?
+++++
Language: French
Problem: Relève que certains États parties ont modifié leurs réserves, constate avec satisfaction que certaines réserves ont été retirées et demande instamment aux États parties de limiter la portée de toute réserve qu'ils apportent à la Convention, de formuler leurs réserves de façon aussi précise et restrictive que possible, de veiller à ce qu'aucune réserve ne soit incompatible avec l'objet et le but de la Convention, de réexaminer périodiquement leurs réserves en vue de les retirer et de retirer celles qui sont incompatibles avec l'objet et le but de la Convention ;
Which language is this?
+++++
Language: French
Problem: Conformément à l'article 52, paragraphe 31, ce droit a le même sens et la même portée que le droit garanti par la CEDH.
Which language is this?
+++++
Language: French
Problem: En conclusion, la délégation a assuré l’OMPI de la coopération et de l’appui des membres du groupe des pays d’Europe centrale et des États baltes.
Which language is this?
+++++
Language: French
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[0.0,435.0,0.0],[485.0,1062.0,0.0],[1112.0,1241.0,0.0],[1291.0,1447.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"ce5f4ed2378995b0ec6b244dee18e31c","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"wmt14_translate\/fr-en:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":4,"_template_type":"fs_noopt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-train-0040.json.gz:10044"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 425 |
stackexchange-2448848
|
Eclipse Kepler auto exit on loading workbench with error
When i start eclipse, on splash loading window, eclise auto exit with error:
!SESSION 2013-09-05 14:52:04.771 -----------------------------------------------
eclipse.buildId=4.3.0.I20130605-2000
java.version=1.7.0_25
java.vendor=Oracle Corporation
BootLoader constants: OS=win32, ARCH=x86, WS=win32, NL=en_US
Framework arguments: -product org.eclipse.epp.package.jee.product
Command-line arguments: -os win32 -ws win32 -arch x86 -product org.eclipse.epp.package.jee.product
!ENTRY org.eclipse.ui.workbench 4 2 2013-09-05 14:52:09.260
!MESSAGE Problems occurred when invoking code from plug-in: "org.eclipse.ui.workbench".
!STACK 0
java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.eclipse.equinox.internal.p2.core.helpers.ServiceHelper.getService(ServiceHelper.java:74)
at org.eclipse.equinox.internal.p2.engine.SimpleProfileRegistry.updateRoamingProfile(SimpleProfileRegistry.java:156)
at org.eclipse.equinox.internal.p2.engine.SimpleProfileRegistry.updateSelfProfile(SimpleProfileRegistry.java:147)
at org.eclipse.equinox.internal.p2.engine.SimpleProfileRegistry.getProfileMap(SimpleProfileRegistry.java:344)
at org.eclipse.equinox.internal.p2.engine.SimpleProfileRegistry.internalGetProfile(SimpleProfileRegistry.java:248)
at org.eclipse.equinox.internal.p2.engine.SimpleProfileRegistry.getProfile(SimpleProfileRegistry.java:178)
at org.eclipse.equinox.internal.p2.ui.sdk.scheduler.AutomaticUpdateScheduler.earlyStartup(AutomaticUpdateScheduler.java:88)
at org.eclipse.ui.internal.EarlyStartupRunnable.runEarlyStartup(EarlyStartupRunnable.java:87)
at org.eclipse.ui.internal.EarlyStartupRunnable.run(EarlyStartupRunnable.java:66)
at org.eclipse.core.runtime.SafeRunner.run(SafeRunner.java:42)
at org.eclipse.ui.internal.Workbench$55.run(Workbench.java:2552)
at org.eclipse.core.internal.jobs.Worker.run(Worker.java:53)
!ENTRY org.eclipse.ui.workbench 4 2 2013-09-05 14:52:09.264
!MESSAGE Problems occurred when invoking code from plug-in: "org.eclipse.ui.workbench".
!STACK 0
java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.eclipse.core.internal.runtime.InternalPlatform.getLog(InternalPlatform.java:354)
at org.eclipse.core.runtime.Plugin.getLog(Plugin.java:291)
at org.eclipse.ui.internal.WorkbenchPlugin.log(WorkbenchPlugin.java:830)
at org.eclipse.ui.statushandlers.StatusManager.logError(StatusManager.java:285)
at org.eclipse.ui.statushandlers.StatusManager.handle(StatusManager.java:200)
at org.eclipse.ui.internal.progress.ProgressManager$2.done(ProgressManager.java:467)
at org.eclipse.core.internal.jobs.JobListeners$3.notify(JobListeners.java:39)
at org.eclipse.core.internal.jobs.JobListeners.doNotify(JobListeners.java:96)
at org.eclipse.core.internal.jobs.JobListeners.done(JobListeners.java:152)
at org.eclipse.core.internal.jobs.JobManager.endJob(JobManager.java:647)
at org.eclipse.core.internal.jobs.WorkerPool.endJob(WorkerPool.java:105)
at org.eclipse.core.internal.jobs.Worker.run(Worker.java:70)
!ENTRY org.eclipse.core.jobs 4 2 2013-09-05 14:52:09.267
!MESSAGE An internal error occurred during: "Workbench early startup".
!STACK 0
java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.eclipse.core.internal.runtime.InternalPlatform.getLog(InternalPlatform.java:354)
at org.eclipse.core.runtime.Plugin.getLog(Plugin.java:291)
at org.eclipse.ui.internal.WorkbenchPlugin.log(WorkbenchPlugin.java:818)
at org.eclipse.ui.internal.EarlyStartupRunnable.handleException(EarlyStartupRunnable.java:81)
at org.eclipse.core.runtime.SafeRunner.handleException(SafeRunner.java:75)
at org.eclipse.core.runtime.SafeRunner.run(SafeRunner.java:44)
at org.eclipse.ui.internal.Workbench$55.run(Workbench.java:2552)
at org.eclipse.core.internal.jobs.Worker.run(Worker.java:53)
I've tried:
• deleting workspace/.metadata/.lock
• delete the file WORKSPACE/.metadata/.plugins/org.eclipse.core.resources/.snap
But didn't solve this problem.
Solved when I delete ".\workspace.metadata.plugins\org.eclipse.e4.workbench" folder. Follow this.
|
stackexchange
|
{"added":"2020-10-16T17:07:49.157","attributes":{"dedupe_para_ngrams_13_1":[[136.0,225.0,0.7872340679168701],[327.0,392.0,1.0],[463.0,567.0,1.0],[632.0,724.0,1.0],[2017.0,2081.0,0.6666666865348816],[2081.0,2173.0,1.0]]},"created":"2013-09-05T08:01:58.087","id":"stackoverflow_com-18630845-18731927","metadata":{"answer_comment_count":6,"answer_content_license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","answer_id":18731927,"answer_last_activity_date":"2020-10-16T17:07:49.157","answer_last_edit_date":"2020-10-16T17:07:49.157","answer_last_editor_user_id":5446749,"answer_owner_user_id":1746388,"answer_score":62,"answer_view_count":0,"forum":"stackoverflow_com","provenance":"20241028_173636_00007_mgema_f7f11fc9-3cbd-49cf-aa54-a0fe7909eb45.zst:297073","question_comment_count":1,"question_content_license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","question_id":18630845,"question_last_activity_date":"2021-02-14T15:16:56.857","question_last_edit_date":"2015-08-28T21:29:05.033","question_last_editor_user_id":1743880,"question_owner_user_id":1746388,"question_score":15,"question_view_count":18790},"source":"stackexchange","version":"20240930"}
| 1,325 |
wikipedia-2599696
|
Serbia men's national under-16 and under-17 basketball team
Serbia men's national under-16 and under-17 basketball team may refer to:
|
wikipedia
|
{"added":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","created":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","id":"36416150","metadata":{"length":28,"provenance":"en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:2599697","revid":"15449111","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki?curid=36416150"},"source":"wikipedia","version":"v0"}
| 34 |
flan-1315955
|
IN: OPTIONS:
- negative
- positive
Write a tweet that is positive.
OUT: guess what - those blinking cats are back - go away lol
Q: negative (OPTIONS:
- negative
- positive)
A: Today isn't going the way I planned. Early lunchbreak & I may not be back til Mon. Weekend gonna be fun with friends, tho.
Q: Write a negative tweet.
A: This girl I met on holiday is now pregnant and I'm the dad :0
question: Generate a tweet. positive
answer: Hello! Eughhhhhh. I feel soo ill. I don't even know why I'm up yet ^-^ xx
input question: OPTIONS:
- negative
- positive. Generate a tweet that has the following sentiment: negative
Generated tweet: Just poured myself a glass of wine....then I remembered that alcohol is not allowed on this program!! Had to give it to my hubby!
Write a positive tweet. Possible types: OPTIONS:
- negative
- positive
A: Paperwork to deal with today, not the most inspiring of jobs but must be done... well thats my daily update done, no more delaying
|
flan
|
{"attributes":{"dedupe_ngrams_8_1_all_train":[[68.0,130.0,0.0],[177.0,309.0,0.0],[339.0,405.0,0.0],[445.0,528.0,0.0],[566.0,638.0,0.0],[639.0,789.0,0.0],[791.0,840.0,0.0],[863.0,997.0,0.0]],"paloma_paragraphs":[]},"id":"ecf12643cfcbe18f66e533103348ff5c","metadata":{"_replicate":0,"_task_name":"sentiment140:1.0.0","_task_source":"Flan2021","_template_idx":4,"_template_type":"fs_opt","provenance":"60M-shots_all-upweight_1-dialog_false-sep_rulebased-test-0012.json.gz:16508"},"source":"flan_v2"}
| 271 |
dclm-413106241
|
Cloning using a copy factory
suggest change
public class Sheep {
private String name;
private int weight;
public Sheep(String name, int weight) { = name;
this.weight = weight;
public static Sheep newInstance(Sheep other);
return new Sheep(, other.weight)
Feedback about page:
Table Of Contents
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.021743178367614746,"id":"<urn:uuid:9dad1f64-8f26-4118-b4dd-af033c315cf3>","language":"en","language_score":0.7491872310638428,"url":"https:\/\/essential-java.programming-books.io\/cloning-using-a-copy-factory-a448c6196bb94eb9963f92ca89f0328d","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-109343548"}
| 89 |
dclm-414147115
|
Homelessness And Vets: More Than Just A Crying Shame
With a new study out that shows that American veterans account for 25% of the country's homeless comes two questions that are far more than academic:
1) What do we do to our soldiers that they end up this way?
2) Why are so many Americans now homeless - and many of them are homeless WHILE working more than one job because housing here is so expensive - and why are we allowing the numbers to soar higher each and every day?
Other stats show that we have NEVER seen an epidemic of homelessness like this among people WHO WORK, who pay taxes. So why under Bush has this flourished?
Well, I know the answer to that.
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.990466296672821,"id":"<urn:uuid:34ae9861-cc14-4b80-98be-db95e9d73930>","language":"en","language_score":0.9518481492996216,"url":"http:\/\/cut-to-the-chase.blogspot.com\/2007\/11\/homelessness-and-vets-more-than-just.html","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-229093655"}
| 157 |
dclm-424254930
|
UK 'most trusting' country on Covid vaccines
A survey of 15 countries finds the lowest level of trust in jabs is in Japan. Source link
'Most healthcare apps not up to NHS standards'
But even if an app does not fall into that category, its developer may, depending on the service offered, still need to contact a national regulator: the Care Quality Commission (England), Healthcare Inspectorate (Wales), Healthcare Improvement (Scotland), or the Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority (Northern Ireland). Source link
|
dclm
|
{"fasttext_score":0.02685403823852539,"id":"<urn:uuid:a736acd8-4e8e-4d62-9b6b-cb07a783c0b4>","language":"en","language_score":0.8835367560386658,"url":"https:\/\/medlancr.com\/tag\/039most\/","nemo_id":"dclm-gs7-070244677"}
| 110 |
pes2o-10953435
|
On the Exact Outage Probability of 2×2 MIMO-MRC in Correlated Rician Fading
This paper addresses a classical problem in random matrix theory-finding the distribution of the maximum eigen-value of the correlated Wishart unitary ensemble. In particular, we derive a new exact expression for the cumulative distribution function (c.d. f.) of the maximum eigen-value of a 2 × 2 correlated non-central Wishart matrix with rank-l mean. By using this new result, we derive the exact outage probability of 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output maximum-ratio-combining (MIMO-MRC) in Rician fading with transmit correlation and a strong line-of-sight (LoS) component (rank-l channel mean). We also show that the outage performance is affected by the relative alignment of the eigen-spaces of the mean and correlation matrices. In general, when the LoS path aligns with the least eigenvector of the correlation matrix, in the high transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, the outage gradually improves with the increasing correlation. Moreover, we show that as K (Rician factor) grows large, the outage event can be approximately characterized by the c.d.f. of a certain Gaussian random variable.
|
pes2o
|
{"added":"2020-06-24T13:15:45.709Z","created":"2020-05-01T00:00:00.000Z","id":"219990553","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper addresses a classical problem in random matrix theory-finding the distribution of the maximum eigen-value of the correlated Wishart unitary ensemble. In particular, we derive a new exact expression for the cumulative distribution function (c.d. f.) of the maximum eigen-value of a 2 \u00d7 2 correlated non-central Wishart matrix with rank-l mean. By using this new result, we derive the exact outage probability of 2 \u00d7 2 multiple-input multiple-output maximum-ratio-combining (MIMO-MRC) in Rician fading with transmit correlation and a strong line-of-sight (LoS) component (rank-l channel mean). We also show that the outage performance is affected by the relative alignment of the eigen-spaces of the mean and correlation matrices. In general, when the LoS path aligns with the least eigenvector of the correlation matrix, in the high transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, the outage gradually improves with the increasing correlation. Moreover, we show that as K (Rician factor) grows large, the outage event can be approximately characterized by the c.d.f. of a certain Gaussian random variable.","abstract_count":166,"abstract_language":"en","abstract_perplexity":-15.858316589034729,"extfieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"provenance":"pes2o_v2-0002.json.gz:3214234","s2fieldsofstudy":["Computer Science"],"sha1":"5fe9df07c648410470f845ecb9174659403c5ba6","sources":["Anansi","ScienceParsePlus","DBLP","MergedPDFExtraction","Crossref","IEEE","Unpaywall","MAG"],"title":"On the Exact Outage Probability of 2\u00d72 MIMO-MRC in Correlated Rician Fading","title_count":12,"title_language":"en","title_perplexity":-18.525372946641212,"top_frequencies":[{"count":19,"token":"the"},{"count":10,"token":"of"},{"count":5,"token":"a"},{"count":4,"token":"in"},{"count":4,"token":"2"},{"count":4,"token":"with"},{"count":4,"token":"outage"},{"count":3,"token":"we"},{"count":3,"token":"correlation"},{"count":2,"token":"Rician"},{"count":2,"token":"random"},{"count":2,"token":"matrix"},{"count":2,"token":"distribution"},{"count":2,"token":"maximum"},{"count":2,"token":"eigen-value"},{"count":2,"token":"correlated"},{"count":2,"token":"Wishart"},{"count":2,"token":"In"},{"count":2,"token":"derive"},{"count":2,"token":"new"},{"count":2,"token":"exact"},{"count":2,"token":"\u00d7"},{"count":2,"token":"transmit"},{"count":2,"token":"and"},{"count":2,"token":"show"},{"count":2,"token":"that"},{"count":2,"token":"by"},{"count":1,"token":"On"},{"count":1,"token":"Exact"},{"count":1,"token":"Outage"},{"count":1,"token":"Probability"},{"count":1,"token":"2\u00d72"},{"count":1,"token":"MIMO-MRC"},{"count":1,"token":"Correlated"},{"count":1,"token":"Fading"},{"count":1,"token":"This"},{"count":1,"token":"paper"},{"count":1,"token":"addresses"},{"count":1,"token":"classical"},{"count":1,"token":"problem"},{"count":1,"token":"theory-finding"},{"count":1,"token":"unitary"},{"count":1,"token":"ensemble."},{"count":1,"token":"particular,"},{"count":1,"token":"expression"},{"count":1,"token":"for"},{"count":1,"token":"cumulative"},{"count":1,"token":"function"},{"count":1,"token":"(c.d."},{"count":1,"token":"f.)"},{"count":1,"token":"non-central"},{"count":1,"token":"rank-l"},{"count":1,"token":"mean."},{"count":1,"token":"By"},{"count":1,"token":"using"},{"count":1,"token":"this"},{"count":1,"token":"result,"},{"count":1,"token":"probability"},{"count":1,"token":"multiple-input"},{"count":1,"token":"multiple-output"},{"count":1,"token":"maximum-ratio-combining"},{"count":1,"token":"(MIMO-MRC)"},{"count":1,"token":"fading"},{"count":1,"token":"strong"},{"count":1,"token":"line-of-sight"},{"count":1,"token":"(LoS)"},{"count":1,"token":"component"},{"count":1,"token":"(rank-l"},{"count":1,"token":"channel"},{"count":1,"token":"mean)."},{"count":1,"token":"We"},{"count":1,"token":"also"},{"count":1,"token":"performance"},{"count":1,"token":"is"},{"count":1,"token":"affected"},{"count":1,"token":"relative"},{"count":1,"token":"alignment"},{"count":1,"token":"eigen-spaces"},{"count":1,"token":"mean"},{"count":1,"token":"matrices."},{"count":1,"token":"general,"},{"count":1,"token":"when"},{"count":1,"token":"LoS"},{"count":1,"token":"path"},{"count":1,"token":"aligns"},{"count":1,"token":"least"},{"count":1,"token":"eigenvector"},{"count":1,"token":"matrix,"},{"count":1,"token":"high"},{"count":1,"token":"signal-to-noise"},{"count":1,"token":"ratio"},{"count":1,"token":"(SNR)"},{"count":1,"token":"regime,"},{"count":1,"token":"gradually"},{"count":1,"token":"improves"},{"count":1,"token":"increasing"},{"count":1,"token":"correlation."},{"count":1,"token":"Moreover,"},{"count":1,"token":"as"},{"count":1,"token":"K"}],"year":2020},"source":"s2","version":"v3-fos"}
| 272 |
wikipedia-4829796
|
Listed buildings in Brougham, Cumbria
Brougham is a civil parish in the Eden District, Cumbria, England. It contains 17 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, six are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish is to the southeast of the town of Penrith, and is almost completely rural. Two people are largely responsible for the more important buildings in the parish, Lady Anne Clifford in the 17th century, and Lord Brougham in the 19th century. The listed buildings include parts of a castle, later converted into a country house, a church, a chapel and its churchyard walls, a memorial pillar with an alms table, a house, farmhouses and farm buildings, two bridges, a milestone, and a parish boundary stone.
|
wikipedia
|
{"added":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","created":"2023-04-02T20:40:41.324Z","id":"51714116","metadata":{"length":182,"provenance":"en_simple_wiki_v0-0001.json.gz:1609595","revid":"754619","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki?curid=51714116"},"source":"wikipedia","version":"v0"}
| 201 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.