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Zawonia, Lower Silesian Voivodeship - Wikipedia | Zawonia [zaˈvɔɲa] (German: Schawoine, 1936-45 Blüchertal) is a village in Trzebnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.[1] It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Zawonia.
It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Trzebnica, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) north-east of the regional capital Wrocław.
This Trzebnica County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:37:15 |
Richelida - Wikipedia | Richelida or Richilda (died between 1034 and 1037) was a member of the dynasty known to historians as the Giselbertiners (or Giselbertini). Her second husband was Boniface III of Tuscany.
Richilda was the daughter of Giselbert II of Bergamo and Anselda (daughter of Arduin Glaber).[1] Her father was a count palatine in Bergamo and imperial vicar first in Reggio nell'Emilia (1021) and then Verona.
The name of her first husband is not known, but he was probably one of the sons or grandsons of Gandulf I, count of Verona. This unknown husband had died by 1010.[2]
Between 1010 and 1015 Richilda married her second husband, Boniface of Tuscany.[3] According to Donizo, who was the biographer of Matilda of Canossa (Boniface's daughter by his second wife, Beatrice of Bar), Richilda died without children.[4] By contrast, the anonymous author of the Vita di S. Simeoni eremita (written after 1016 and before 1024) states that Richilda had a daughter who predeceased her.[5] It is not clear if this daughter was Richilda's child by Boniface, or by her first husband.
Richilda was an incredibly wealthy woman. She possessed goods extensive dower goods from her first marriage and received a large grant of land in the county of Ferrara from Emperor Henry II in 1016.[6] According to Donizo, Richilda was a great benefactor of the poor.[7] She also made several donations of property in her own name to religious institutions. In 1017, she made grants of land to the abbey of Nonantula with her husband, Boniface. Though he at that time was styling himself marchio (margrave), in these documents she bore only the title comitissa (countess). The first document bears a signum manus pro Richilde Comitissa.
Richilda died sometime after 1034, but before Boniface married his second wife Beatrice (c.1037). Richilda was buried in Nogara, in a church she had endowed well.[8]
| 2023-09-03 05:37:18 |
Nieheim - Wikipedia | Nieheim (German: [ˈniːˌhaɪ̯m] i) is a town in Höxter district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Historical names of Nieheim are: Nihem, Nyem, and Nym. The town covers an area of about 80 km2 and has about 6,250 inhabitants.
Nieheim lies roughly 10 km northeast of Brakel.
Nieheim consists of the following 10 centres:
Nieheim, with its more than 750-year-old history reaches well back into the Middle Ages. From its beginnings as a community, it grew after being granted municipal privileges (lower court rights, market rights and minting rights, among others) in Bishop Bernhard IV's time (1228–1247), into today's town of Nieheim. After quickly developing from a former farming town and Hanseatic member, Nieheim has risen today to be a climatic spa with a function as a minor centre, and a mediaeval town with flair.
Town council's 24 seats are apportioned as follows, in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004:
Note: UWG is a citizens' coalition.
Nieheim's civic coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: In gules a cross Or, in each quarter an orb Or.
These arms date from 1591 at the latest, and the colours are those borne by the old Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn, among whose many holdings was Nieheim. The orbs stand for Saint Nicholas, the town's patron saint.
The coat of arms was granted on 18 July 1908.[1]
Owing to Nieheim's advantageous location on the north–south-running East Westphalia Road (Ostwestfalenstraße), otherwise known as Federal Highway (Bundesstraße) B252, connections to Autobahnen A 2 (Hanover-Ruhr area) and A 44 (Dortmund-Kassel) are right at hand.
Nieheim is also easily reached by public transport. The nearest railway stations are Steinheim, Brakel and Altenbeken.
Nieheim has 3 kindergartens, 3 primary schools, a Hauptschule and a Realschule (Peter-Hille-Realschule).
Among the town's buildings that are worthiest of a look are the Town Hall, built in 1610 in the Weser Renaissance style, the Ratskrug from 1712, a stately half-timbered building, and the Richterhaus ("Judge House"), built in 1701.
The Catholic Parish Church of Saint Nicholas with its artistically relief-decorated baptismal font and late Gothic little sacramental house has parts that were built as early as the 13th century.
The Protestant Church of the Cross (Kreuzkirche) was built in a neo-Gothic style in 1868–1869.
The Gut Holzhausen estate is a biodynamic farm and the venue for a summer festival called Voices.
As Nieheim's landmark, the Holsterturm (tower) on a nearby bank south of the main town, can look back on a 700-year history.
Unique in Westphalia is the vault system through which runs the Nikolausbach (brook), which rises below the Holsterberg (mountain) and runs through the middle of town in this mediaeval vault system.
The Weberhaus Nieheim, the doctor, poet and politician Friedrich Wilhelm Weber's former abode, today houses a widely known Kolping diocesan training centre and a Heimvolkshochschule, which lends itself well to any form of training work and has at its disposal the best technical equipment.
Also, the Pan-German Education Centre of Youth in Europe (Gesamtdeutsche Bildungsstätte der Deutschen Jugend in Europa) in Nieheim-Himmighausen offers extensive seminars for groups geared towards various ends.
Typical of countryside scenery around Nieheim is what is called Flechthecke, meaning, roughly, "braided hedge". The hedges themselves are mostly – about 80% – hazelnut growth, all planted in a row. Here and there are found the odd hawthorn and single wild roses. Trimmed willow trees, about 2 m high, serve as living fenceposts to keep the hedges steady. Young withes are taken from these willows to do the braiding. If dairy cows or horses are to be kept in the paddock ringed by one of these braided hedges, blackthorn twigs are also tied onto the inside to thwart any nibbling. A finished hedge has a height of roughly 1.5 m and is braided in three layers.
As a relic of an almost forgotten communication technology, a reconstructed optical telegraph station still stands high over the countryside near Oeynhausen. This is run by the Oeynhausen history club (Heimatverein), and guided tours are available to those who wish them.
In Nieheim, a kind of cheese is made, Nieheimer Käse (Nieheim cheese), a sour milk cheese nowadays made by only one cheesemaker. It had almost been forgotten, but is now becoming better known thanks to tourism. It is ripened in wooden moulds in a warm place and then seasoned with salt and caraway. Depending on the ripening time, it can be a Handkäse, a cooking cheese or a hard grating cheese.
The "German Cheese Market" is held every other year – in even-numbered years – and draws cheesemakers from all over the world who make their cheeses the old way, by hand, presenting their finished products.
In 2004, the Fourth German Cheese Market drew more than 70,000 visitors to Nieheim. In 2006, the German Cheese Market is to be held on 1–3 September.
The "Nieheim Wood Days" are held every other year – in odd-numbered years – and everything at this event revolves around the themes "wood, forest and nature".
The "Nieheim Culture Night" is held on the day when the clocks are advanced from standard time to summer time.
Choirs from all over Germany come to Nieheim for the Choir Festival to train their voices.
Nieheim considers itself a stronghold of East Westphalian carnival custom, and the Rosenmontagsumzug – a colourful parade – is the high point of the season.
In the ecclesiastical field, Dietrich von Nieheim (1338/48 - 1418), who served three popes and was held in high regard in the Roman Curia, achieved international recognition, if not outright fame. This is also said of Hugo Makibi Enomiya-Lassalle (1898–1990), a Jesuit priest, a religious philosopher, a meditation teacher and the builder of the Peace Church in Hiroshima born on the Externbrock estate near Nieheim. His life's work is the development of the Japanese Zen practice as a way to a deep belief experience for Christians.
| 2023-09-03 05:37:23 |
Agha Saadat Ali - Wikipedia |
Agha Saadat Ali (Urdu: آغا سعادت علی, 21 June 1929 – 25 October 1995) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in one Test match in 1955. He also stood as an umpire in a single One Day International in 1978.[1]
Agha Saadat Ali appeared in non-first-class matches against the touring West Indians in 1948 and a Commonwealth team in 1949. Between 1949-50, when he made his first-class debut for Pakistan Universities against Ceylon, and 1961-62 when he captained Lahore B, he played 17 first-class matches altogether. He had limited success as a batsman, but was regarded as one of the best fielders in Pakistan.[2]
After retirement he became a coach at the national level, and served as assistant secretary of the BCCP. He was also as president of the Billiard and Snooker
Association of Lahore.
Both of his sons played first-class cricket. He died from carcinomatosis aged 66.
This biographical article related to a Pakistani cricket person born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:37:28 |
2022 FIBA U18 Asian Championship - Wikipedia |
The 2022 FIBA U18 Asian Championship was an international under-18 basketball competition that was held in Tehran, Iran from August 21 to 28.[1][2]
The tournament, which is also the 26th edition of the biennial competition, will qualify the top four teams to represent FIBA Asia in the 2023 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup in Hungary. This is the third time that Iran has hosted the tournament after hosting the 2008 and 2016 editions.
South Korea edged Japan in the Final, 77-73 to claim the championship and their fourth title overall, the first since 2000. Meanwhile, China defended their Bronze Medal finish they got four years ago by defeating Lebanon in the Third Place Game, 85-68. All these teams have already secured qualifications for FIBA Asia and will compete to the 2023 FIBA U19 Basketball World Cup.[3]
Includes current world ranking prior to the start of the tournament (in parenthesis).
This edition of the tournament will be using a different format as compared to what was used since 2018. Since there are only ten teams participating, a draw to determine the quarterfinal pairings will be held after all Preliminary games has finished.
The qualified teams shall be divided into four (4) pots. The cumulative ranking between the three (3) groups, established according to the FIBA Official Basketball Rules, Chapter D – Classification of Teams, shall be used to determine the teams in different pots as follows:
The teams from Pot D will be drawn against the teams from Pot G and the teams from Pot E will be drawn against the teams from Pot F;
Teams from the same group in the Group Phase cannot be drawn against each other in the Quarter-Finals.[7]
The Azadi Basketball Hall in Tehran will host all the games of the competition.[8]
All times are local (UTC+4:30).
| 2023-09-03 05:37:32 |
The Greatest Hits (3 Doors Down album) - Wikipedia | The Greatest Hits is a greatest hits album by American band 3 Doors Down.[1] It was released on November 19, 2012, via Republic Records.[1] The album features nine number-one hits that have been remixed and re-mastered, alongside three new songs, "One Light", "There's a Life", and "Goodbyes".[2][3] The three new songs are the first new releases with Chet Roberts on guitar.[4]
The album peaked at number 94 on the US Billboard 200, number 7 on Hard Rock Albums chart, and number 13 on Alternative Albums chart.[5]
All lyrics are written by Brad Arnold Production
This 2010s alternative rock album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article on a 2010s compilation album is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:37:36 |
The Doughboy (Los Angeles) - Wikipedia | The Doughboy is a sculpture installed in Los Angeles' Pershing Square, in the U.S. state of California.[1][2] It was dedicated in 1924. The inscription reads: "Dedicated to the sons and daughters of Los Angeles who participated in World War, 1917-1918".[3]
This war memorials and cemeteries-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:37:41 |
Garton Hone - Wikipedia |
Dr. Garton "Gar" Maxwell Hone (21 February 1901 – 28 May 1991) was an Australian medical practitioner noted as a tennis player of the 1920s and 1930s who also played first-class cricket for South Australia.
Born in Morphett Vale, South Australia, which was then a rural area, he was the son of Dr. Frank Sandland Hone and Lucy Hone, née Henderson. He excelled at various sports while growing up and earned Half Blues in tennis, Australian rules football and cricket at Adelaide University. While at University, Hone played his only first-class cricket match, for South Australia against Victoria in the 1919/20 Shield season. A right-handed top order batsman, Hone made two and eighteen, being dismissed leg before wicket by Warwick Armstrong. Hone bowled two expensive overs of leg spin, going for 21 runs.[1]
In football, Hone played as a ruckman and was originally chosen in the Adelaide University Football Club side to play Melbourne University Football Club in August 1919 but withdrew prior to the match.[2]
Hone first appeared at the Australasian Championships in 1920, where he lost in the opening round to. E. Rowe.[3] In 1924 he was defeated by eventual champion James Anderson in the semifinals. In 1925 he beat Gar Moon before losing in the quarters to Anderson. In 1926 Hone lost in the quarters to Jack Hawkes. In 1927 he lost in the second round to Richard Schlesinger. In 1929 he lost in the second round to Harry Hopman. In 1932 he lost in the second round to Jack Crawford. In 1934 he lost in round one to Pat Hughes. In 1924 Hone reached the mixed doubles final, with Esna Boyd. They lost the decider in straight sets to the pairing of Daphne Akhurst and James Willard. In 1925 he had his best ever showing in the men's doubles, with a semi final appearance, after teaming up with Rupert Wertheim.[4]
| 2023-09-03 05:37:45 |
Akçakuşak, Güçlükonak - Wikipedia | Akçakuşak (Kurdish: Şikefta Spî) is a village in the Güçlükonak District of Şırnak Province in Turkey.[2] It is populated by Kurds of the Harunan tribe and had a population of 582 in 2021.[1][3]
| 2023-09-03 05:37:49 |
Amaury Silva - Wikipedia |
Amaury Silva (born 6 March 1942) is a Brazilian footballer. He played in two matches for the Brazil national football team in 1963.[1] He was also part of Brazil's squad for the 1963 South American Championship.[2]
This biographical article related to association football in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:37:53 |
Air Taxi Association - Wikipedia | The Air Taxi Association (ATXA) was founded in June 2007 with the goal of encouraging the adoption of the next-generation air taxi model, commonly referred to as very light jet.
| 2023-09-03 05:37:56 |
Bruno Villabruna - Wikipedia | Bruno Villabruna (12 August 1884 – 16 October 1971) was an Italian lawyer and liberal politician.[1]
Born in Santa Giustina, near Belluno in the Veneto, he was first elected to parliament in 1921. After the rise to power of the fascists, he joined, unlike many other liberals, the democratic opposition around old leader Giovanni Giolitti and in 1924 refused to candidate himself in the fascist-led national union list. When all political parties were dissolved in early 1925, he retired from political life and kept on being a lawyer.
In July 1943, with the Mussolini regime having been overthrown, he was appointed podestà of Turin, but had to resign after 45 days because of the German occupation. In the liberated Northern Italy in 1945, he became a member of the Consulta Nazionale and in 1946 was elected to the Assemblea Costituente. He failed being elected to the first parliament of the Italian Republic in 1948, but a few months later he was appointed Secretary General of the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), that went through a deep crisis caused by his extreme right-wing predecessor Roberto Lucifero. Villabruna tried to convince the left-wing dissident group Movimento Liberale Indipendente (MLI) led by Count Nicolò Carandini to return into the ranks of PLI, which they had left in early 1948, but only in late 1951 did this operation come to a successful conclusion.
In 1954 Villabruna became Minister of Industry and Trade in the Scelba government, and let the leadership of the Liberal Party to Giovanni Malagodi, with whom he came into serious quarrels few time later. In 1955 he left the PLI. Together with Carandini and Leone Cattani he was now among the founders of the Radical Party. From 1958 to 1960 he was Secretary General of this party, retiring definitely to private life after its dissolution in 1962.
Villabruna died in 1971 in Torre Pellice, Pinerolo.
| 2023-09-03 05:38:00 |
Hilarographa celebesiana - Wikipedia |
Hilarographa celebesiana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Sulawesi.
The wingspan is about 16 mm. The costal area of the forewings is orange rust. The lines are orange, but more yellow towards the base. The hindwings are dark brown with yellowish white in males and yellowish orange extending into the anal field in females.
The species is named after its native island, Celebes, now named Sulawesi.[1]
This Chlidanotinae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:38:04 |
WNKJ (FM) - Wikipedia | WNKJ is a Christian radio station licensed to Hopkinsville, Kentucky, broadcasting on 89.3 MHz FM. The station serves the areas of Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and Clarksville, Tennessee, and is owned by Pennyrile Christian Community, Inc.[2]
WNKJ's programming includes Christian talk and teaching shows such as Truth for Life with Alistair Begg, Insight for Living with Chuck Swindoll, Turning Point with David Jeremiah, Revive our Hearts with Nancy Leigh DeMoss, Back to Genesis by the Institute for Creation Research, The Alternative with Tony Evans, Focus on the Family, and Unshackled![3]
WNKJ is simulcast on 91.7 WNLJ in Madisonville, Kentucky, as well as low powered translators on 92.1 in Murray, Kentucky, 98.9 in Dickson, Tennessee, and 101.7 in Providence, Kentucky.
WikiMiniAtlas36°48′34″N 87°24′20″W / 36.80944°N 87.40556°W / 36.80944; -87.40556
This article about a radio station in Kentucky is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:38:08 |
Dasystoma salicella - Wikipedia |
Dasystoma salicella, sometimes also known as the blueberry leafroller, is a moth of the family Lypusidae. It is endemic to Europe, but is an introduced species in North America.
The wingspan is 6 to 10 millimetres (0.24 to 0.39 in) for females (which are not able to fly) and 17 to 20 millimetres (0.67 to 0.79 in) for males. In males, the forewings are fuscous, somewhat
whitish-sprinkled; costal edge whitish-rosy; an irregular ill-defined dark fuscous transverse rather oblique fascia before middle, not reaching dorsum, and transverse mark in disc at 2/3 each preceded by a whitish suffusion. The hindwings are fuscous. In females, the forewings are grey, whitish -sprinkled; blackish oblique median and posterior fasciae. Hindwings light grey. The larvae are dull whitish-green; spots grey; head blackish; 2 with a blackish-green crescentic plate.[2]
The moth flies in one generation from March to April depending on the location.
The larvae feed on oak, birch, willow, rhododendron plants.
This article relating to the superfamily Gelechioidea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:38:12 |
Atsushi Kaneko - Wikipedia | Atsushi Kaneko (カネコアツシ, Kaneko Atsushi) (born 26 December 1966) is Japanese manga artist from Sakata, Yamagata Prefecture.
Two of his works, Bambi and Her Pink Gun and Soil, have been published in French.[1] Bambi and Her Pink Gun has also been published in English. Soil has been adapted into a television drama series.[2]
This biographical article about a manga artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:38:15 |
Villa de La Paz - Wikipedia |
Villa de La Paz is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí in central Mexico.[1]
WikiMiniAtlas23°41′N 100°43′W / 23.683°N 100.717°W / 23.683; -100.717
This article about a location in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:38:20 |
Vic Wertz - Wikipedia | Victor Woodrow Wertz (February 9, 1925 – July 7, 1983) was an American professional baseball first baseman and outfielder. He had a 17-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career from 1947 to 1963. Wertz played for the Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, and Minnesota Twins; all teams within the American League.
Wertz was signed as a free agent by the Detroit Tigers in 1942, and played in their minor league system until making his major league debut in 1947. He hit for the cycle on September 14, 1947, while in his rookie season with Detroit.[1]
Wertz finished in the Top 15 in MVP voting five times: 1949 (10th), 1950 (10th), 1956 (9th), 1957 (6th), and 1960 (14th).
Wertz was among the Top 10 in the American League in home runs in 1949 (20), 1950 (27), 1951 (27), 1952 (23), 1953 (19), 1956 (32), and 1957 (28). His 1956 total of 32 home runs was second best in the AL. For his career, Wertz hit 266 home runs and 1,178 RBIs with a .469 career slugging average and a .364 career on-base percentage.
Wertz was elected to the American League All-Star team four times (1949, 1951, 1952 and 1957). He missed part of the 1955 season when stricken with a nonparalytic form of polio, but returned in 1956.
Wertz started 1954 as a member of the newly formed Baltimore Orioles, who had moved from St. Louis, where they had played as the Browns. The Orioles played in the then mammoth Memorial Stadium, that frustrated the power-hitting left-handed batter. On June 1, 1954, he was traded by the Baltimore Orioles to the Cleveland Indians for Bob Chakales. When Wertz was traded, he was hitting only .202 with one home run after 29 games. He immediately became the starting first baseman for the Indians, replacing Bill Glynn, who held down the position the previous year.[2]
In the 1954 World Series, Wertz hit a long fly ball that Willie Mays caught, known as "The Catch". It went over 400 feet (120 m) to dead center of the Polo Grounds in New York,[3] and a sportswriter said, "It would have been a home run in any other park, including Yellowstone."[4]
After he retired from playing, Wertz kept a photo of “The Catch” in his office at his beer distribution company and explained he had no negative feelings about being remembered for hitting a deep fly out. "I'm very proud that I'm associated with it," Wertz told UPI in 1979. "I look at it this way: If that ball Willie caught had been a home run or a triple, how many people would've remembered me? Not many. This way, everybody who meets me for the first time always identifies me with Willie's catch, and that makes me feel good."[5]
Vic Wertz Field at the Berks County Youth Recreation Facility in Pennsylvania is named in his honor. The field was dedicated on April 19, 2013.[6]
Wertz was a World War II veteran. During and after his baseball career, Wertz worked in the Detroit area beer distribution business .[citation needed] When he retired to Mount Clemens, Michigan, he formed "Wertz Warriors", a group of sportsmen who raised funds for the Special Olympics Winter Games.[citation needed] He was the founder of an 800-mile snowmobile endurance ride, run annually in Michigan starting in 1982 to benefit the Special Olympics.[7]
Wertz died during heart surgery at Detroit's Harper Hospital on the morning of July 7, 1983. Surgeons were performing a coronary bypass and replacing a valve in his heart after he had suffered a heart attack the previous day.[8] He is buried at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Southfield, Michigan.
| 2023-09-03 05:38:24 |
Journalist in Space Project - Wikipedia |
The Journalist in Space Project was a NASA program designed to inform the public about spaceflight. Journalists would have flown in space on NASA's Space Shuttle. Some forty finalists were selected from over 1,700 applications, but the project was postponed indefinitely after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986.
From the earliest days of the Space Shuttle program, the National Air and Space Administration (NASA) had assumed that as experience with the Space Shuttle increased the safety of space flight, civilian passengers would be able to be taken along; journalists were specifically mentioned as likely candidates.[1] In 1985, as the Space Shuttle flights became more routine, NASA asked the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) to recommend journalists who could ride on the Space Shuttle as passengers as part of its Journalist in Space Project. The goal of the Journalist in Space Project was not simply to fly a journalist in space as a passenger, but to inform the public about spaceflight.[2]
The ASJMC was formed in 1984 from the merger of two existing organizations. With its headquarters at the University of South Carolina College of Journalism in Columbia, South Carolina, it represented schools of journalism in 170 colleges and universities across the United States.[3] The Journalist in Space Project was the ASJMC's first major project, and NASA's second citizens in space project after the Teacher in Space Project announced the year before. The ASJMC received US $50,000 (equivalent to $133,000 in 2022) in funding for the project.[2][4] Albert Scroggins, the dean emeritus of the University of South Carolina College of Journalism, was appointed its chief program officer.[5]
The ASJMC established a steering committee to coordinate the selection process.[2] It met with representatives of professional journalist organizations on 16 October 1985, and created a Journalism Advisory Committee to liaise with them about the selection process. The main concerns were that the selection criteria should be broad, so as to maximise the number of people who would be eligible, and that there should as few restrictions on their reporting as possible.[6]
The Journalist in Space Project was publicly announced at a NASA press conference on 24 October 1985.[5] Press releases were sent out, and the ASJMC published announcements in professional magazines. Copies of the announcement were sent directly to the Asian American Journalists Association, the California Chicano News Media Association, the National Association of Hispanic Journalists, the Native American Press Association, the Overseas Press Club of America, and the organizations represented on the Journalism Advisory Committee.[7]
To be eligible to participate, applicants had to be:
The individuals chosen to participate would receive training from NASA, and form part of a press pool for the period of training, the flight itself, and for up to thirty days afterwards. They would be free and encouraged to report as they chose, subject to privacy and national security concerns.[2][5]
Applications opened on 1 December 1985 and had to be submitted by 15 January 1986.[5] Application packages containing the necessary forms were mailed out to everyone who wrote in or telephoned a request. The forms did not include questions about the applicant's race, sex or age, as these were not considered relevant to the requirements of the project. Applicants were asked to provide three references and two samples of their work. They had to write two short essays, and were informed that interviews would be video recorded. They had to sign a form stating that they understood the requirements of the project.[8] Most application forms were received in the last few days. They were randomly assigned to one of the regional selection panels in the region where the applicant lived.[9] In all, there were 5,149 requests for applications, from which 1,705 applications were received. Of these, 728 were from newspaper journalists, 584 from broadcast journalists, 101 worked for magazines and 159 were freelance journalist. The remaining 133 worked for other media organizations and wire services.[10]
Sam Donaldson, the ABC News White House correspondent, asked President Ronald Reagan for a reference, but this was declined on the grounds that it would be unfair to provide him with special treatment.[11] Lynn Sherr asked her friend, astronaut Sally Ride, for a reference. "Fully aware that I would read what she wrote", Sherr recalled, "and no doubt convinced that she could arrange never to fly with a greenhorn like me (me, the Greek major who had avoided physics because botany seemed a more useful college major)—she typed out an essay that made me sound like Brenda Starr with wings."[12]
In his application essay, Walter Cronkite wrote: I do not agree that the men and women who have gone into space are so inarticulate or so narrowly focused that they've been unable to communicate with us groundlings... Even before television's superb pictures, our astronauts gave us an extraordinarily vivid sense of what it is like up there.
The principal thing that a journalist can offer is to free the public of the last lingering suspicion regarding reports from those who are part of the program; to guarantee that what is reported is free from control, or pressure, or even self interest.
In this sense the space-flying journalist will again be performing, as have all journalists through history, the role assigned him by our concept of a free press. He will be the people's surrogate, their eyes and ears in a situation in which the people themselves cannot participate.[13] The steering committee divided the United States into five geographic regions. In each region, there were four cooperating schools and one coordinating school which hosted the selection panels, of which there were four in each region. They consisting of working journalists and academics from the journalism faculty of colleges and universities in the region. At least three members of each panel had to be working journalists, and print and broadcast journalists were on every panel. Efforts were also made to ensure that the panels had good demographic representation. The method of scoring and ranking candidates was left entirely up to the individual section panels.[14] NASA gave final approval to the selection process on 18 November 1985.[15]
The selection panels would recommend five candidates each. A regional panel would interview the twenty semifinalists from its region, and select the best eight. The forty national semifinalists would then attend a national workshop and orientation event, during which they would be interviewed by a national selection panel consisting of fourteen journalists and academics, and former astronaut Terry Hart.[5] This panel would select the best five. These five finalists would undergo medical and background checks, and then be interviewed by the NASA's seven-person Space Flight Participant Evaluation Committee,[6] the same committee that had selected the candidates for the Teacher in Space Project.[16] They would select the prime and backup candidates for the mission,[6] The mission was scheduled to be flown on the Space Shuttle Challenger on 27 September 1986.[17]
The project was immediately and indefinitely suspended after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster on 28 January 1986. Astronaut Michael Smith, who was to have flown on the 27 September mission, was among those killed. [15][17] NASA and the ASJMC reviewed the project, and agreed to continue with the selection process.[18] The regional selection panels commenced work on 2 March and completed their selections by 5 April.[15] The semifinalists were then contacted and asked if they wished to continue. Two candidates withdrew at this point, and were replaced by alternative choices of the selection panels. The identity of the 100 regional semifinalists was publicly announced on 16 April. The applicants who were not selected were notified of their non-selection. All applicants were sent a personalized certificate of recognition for their participation in the project.[18]
Meanwhile, the steering committee had developed a set of standard procedures for video taped interviews of the 100 semifinalists. Although the project (and the whole Space Shuttle program) was under a cloud, NASA and the ASJMC decided to continue with the next phase of selection.[18] Interviews were conducted between 27 April and 13 May, and the forty finalists were publicly announced on 14 May 1986.[15]
Of the forty national semifinalists, fifteen worked for newspapers, fourteen in radio or television, three for magazines, five were freelance journalists, and three worked for wire services.[10]
Source: [19]
The steering committee expected that the workshop and selection of the five finalists would be conducted in October 1986, but on 1 July 1986, NASA asked the ASJMC to put the selection process on hold until such a time as another mission could be scheduled.[18][20] This never happened. The Journalist in Space Project was never revived.[13] In 1990, Japanese journalist Toyohiro Akiyama became the first journalist to fly in space, as a member of the Soyuz TM-11 mission.[21] An announcement was to be made in February 2003 that Miles O'Brien had been chosen as the first journalist to fly to the International Space Station on the Space Shuttle, but this was cancelled after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[22][23]
| 2023-09-03 05:38:28 |
British & Irish Lions - Wikipedia |
The British & Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players eligible for the national teams of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The Lions are a test side and most often select players who have already played for their national team, although they can pick uncapped players who are eligible for any of the four unions. The team currently tours every four years, with these rotating between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa in order. The most recent test series, the 2021 series against South Africa, was won 2–1 by South Africa.
From 1888 onwards, combined British rugby sides toured the Southern Hemisphere. The first tour was a commercial venture, undertaken without official backing.[3] The six subsequent visits enjoyed a growing degree of support from the authorities, before the 1910 South Africa tour, which was the first tour representative of the four Home Unions.[4] In 1949 the four Home Unions formally created a Tours Committee[5] and for the first time, every player of the 1950 Lions squad had played internationally before the tour.[6] The 1950s tours saw high win rates in provincial games, but the Test series were typically lost or drawn. The series wins in 1971 (New Zealand) and 1974 (South Africa) interrupted this pattern. The last tour of the amateur age took place in 1993. The Lions have also played occasional matches in the Northern Hemisphere either as one-off exhibitions or before a Southern Hemisphere tour.
The Shaw and Shrewsbury team first played in 1888 and is considered the precursor of the British & Irish Lions. It was then primarily English in composition but also contained players from Scotland and Wales. Later the team used the name British Isles.[when?] On their 1950 tour of New Zealand and Australia they officially adopted the name British Lions, the nickname first used by British and South African journalists on the 1924 South African tour[5] after the lion emblem on their ties, the emblem on their jerseys having been dropped in favour of the four-quartered badge with the symbols of the four represented unions.
When the team first emerged in the 19th century, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was one single state. The team continued after the Irish Free State was set up in 1922, but was still known as the British Lions or British Isles. The name "British & Irish Lions" has been used since the 2001 tour of Australia. The team is often referred to simply as the Lions.
As the Lions represent four rugby unions, which cover two sovereign states, they do not currently have a national anthem. For the 1989 tour, the British national anthem "God Save the Queen" was used.[7] For the 2005 tour to New Zealand, the Lions management commissioned a song, "The Power of Four", although it was met with little support among Lions fans at the matches and has not been used since.
For more than half a century, the Lions have worn a red jersey that sports the amalgamated crests of the four unions. Prior to 1950 the strip went through a number of significantly different formats.[8]
In 1888, the promoter of the first expedition to Australia and New Zealand, Arthur Shrewsbury, demanded "something that would be good material and yet take them by storm out here".[9] The result was a jersey in thick red, white and blue hoops, worn above white shorts and dark socks. The tours to South Africa in 1891 and 1896 retained the red, white and blue theme but this time as red and white hooped jerseys and dark blue shorts and socks.[9] The 1899 trip to Australia saw a reversion to red, white and blue jerseys, but with the blue used in thick hoops and the red and white in thin bands. The shorts remained blue, as did the socks although a white flash was added to the latter. The one-off test in 1999 between England and Australia that was played to commemorate Australia's first test against Reverend Matthew Mullineux's British side saw England wear an updated version of this jersey.[9] In 1903, the South Africa tour followed on from the 1896 tour, with red and white hooped jerseys. The slight differences were that the red hoops were slightly thicker than the white (the opposite was true in 1896), and the white flash on the socks introduced in 1899 was partially retained.[9] The Australia tour of 1904 saw exactly the same kit as in 1899. In 1908, with the Scottish and Irish unions not taking part, the Anglo-Welsh side sported red jerseys with a thick white band on tour to Australia and New Zealand.[8] Blue shorts were retained, but the socks were for the first time red, with a white flash.
The Scots were once again involved in Tom Smyth's 1910 team to South Africa. Thus, dark blue jerseys were introduced with white shorts and the red socks of 1908.[9] The jerseys also had a single lion-rampant crest. The 1924 tour returned to South Africa, retaining the blue jerseys but now with shorts to match. It is the 1924 tour that is credited as being the first in which the team were referred to as "the Lions", the irony being that it was on this tour that the single lion-rampant crest was replaced with the forerunner of the four-quartered badge with the symbols of the four represented unions, that is still worn today. Although the lion had been dropped from the jersey, the players had worn the lion motif on their ties as they arrived in South Africa, which led the press and public referring to them as "the Lions".[10]
The unofficial 1927 Argentina tour used the same kit and badge,[8] and three heraldic lions returned as the jersey badge in 1930.[8] This was the tour to New Zealand where the tourists' now standard blue jerseys caused some controversy. The convention in rugby is for the home side to accommodate its guests when there is a clash of kit. The New Zealand side, by then already synonymous with the appellation "All Blacks", had an all black kit that clashed with the Lions' blue. After much reluctance and debate New Zealand agreed to change for the Tests and New Zealand played in all white for the first time. On the 1930 tour a delegation led by the Irish lock George Beamish expressed their displeasure at the fact that while the blue of Scotland, white of England and red of Wales were represented in the strip there was no green for Ireland. A green flash was added to the socks, which from 1938 became a green turnover (although on blue socks thus eliminating red from the kit), and that has remained a feature of the strip ever since.[11] In 1936, the four-quartered badge returned for the tour to Argentina and has remained on the kits ever since,[8] but other than that the strip remained the same.
The adoption of the red jersey happened in the 1950 tour. A return to New Zealand was accompanied by a desire to avoid the controversy of 1930 and so red replaced blue for the jersey with the resultant kit being that which is still worn today, the combination of red jersey, white shorts and green and blue socks, representing the four unions.[12] The only additions to the strip since 1950 began appearing in 1993, with the addition of kit suppliers logos in prominent positions. Umbro had in 1989 asked for "maximum brand exposure whenever possible" but this did not affect the kit's appearance. Since then, Nike, Adidas and Canterbury have had more overt branding on the shirts, with sponsors Scottish Provident (1997), NTL (2001), Zurich (2005), HSBC (2009 and 2013),[11][13] Standard Life Investments (2017) and Vodafone (2021) [14]
[8]
Props
Hookers
Locks
Back row
Scrum-halves
Fly-halves
Centres
Back three
The earliest tours date back to 1888, when a 21-man squad visited Australia and New Zealand. The squad drew players from England, Scotland and Wales, though English players predominated. The 35-match tour of two host nations included no tests, but the side played provincial, city and academic sides, winning 27 matches. They played 19 games of Australian rules football, against prominent clubs in Victoria and South Australia, winning six and drawing one of these (see Australian rules football in England).
The first tour, although unsanctioned by rugby bodies, established the concept of Northern Hemisphere sporting sides touring to the Southern Hemisphere. Three years after the first tour, the Western Province union invited rugby bodies in Britain to tour South Africa. Some saw the 1891 team – the first sanctioned by the Rugby Football Union – as the England national team, though others referred to it as "the British Isles". The tourists played a total of twenty matches, three of them tests. The team also played the regional side of South Africa (South Africa did not exist as a political unit in 1891), winning all three matches. In a notable event of the tour, the touring side presented the Currie Cup to Griqualand West, the province they thought produced the best performance on the tour.
Five years later a British Isles side returned to South Africa. They played one extra match on this tour, making the total of 21 games, including four tests against South Africa, with the British Isles winning three of them. The squad had a notable Irish orientation, with the Ireland national team contributing six players to the 21-man squad.
In 1899 the British Isles touring side returned to Australia for the first time since the unofficial tour of 1888. The squad of 23 for the first time ever had players from each of the home nations. The team again participated in 21 matches, playing state teams as well as northern Queensland sides and Victorian teams. A four-test series took place against Australia, the tourists winning three out of the four. The team returned via Hawaii and Canada playing additional games en route.
Four years later, in 1903, the British Isles team returned to South Africa. The opening performance of the side proved disappointing from the tourists' point of view, with defeats in its opening three matches by Western Province sides in Cape Town. From then on the team experienced mixed results, though more wins than losses. The side lost the test series to South Africa, drawing twice, but with the South Africans winning the decider 8 to nil.
No more than twelve months passed before the British Isles team ventured to Australia and New Zealand in 1904. The tourists devastated the Australian teams, winning every single game. Australia also lost all three tests to the visitors, even getting held to a standstill in two of the three games. Though the New Zealand leg of the tour did not take long in comparison to the number of Australian games, the British Isles experienced considerable difficulty across the Tasman after whitewashing the Australians. The team managed two early wins before losing the test to New Zealand and only winning one more game as well as drawing once. Despite their difficulties in New Zealand, the tour proved a raging success on-field for the British Isles.
In 1908, another tour took place to Australia and New Zealand. In a reversal of previous practice, the planners allocated more matches in New Zealand rather than in Australia: perhaps the strength of the New Zealand teams and the heavy defeats of all Australian teams on the previous tour influenced this decision. Some commentators thought that this tour hoped to reach out to rugby communities in Australia, as rugby league (infamously) started in Australia in 1908. The Anglo-Welsh side (Irish and Scottish unions did not participate) performed well in all the non-test matches, but drew a test against New Zealand and lost the other two.
Visits that took place before the 1910 South Africa tour (the first selected by a committee from the four Home Unions) had enjoyed a growing degree of support from the authorities, although only one of these included representatives of all four nations. The 1910 tour to South Africa marked the official beginning of British Isles rugby tours: the inaugural tour operating under all four unions. The team performed moderately against the non-test teams, claiming victories in just over half their matches, and the test series went to South Africa, who won two of the three games. A side managed by Oxford University — supposedly the England rugby team, but actually including three Scottish players — toured Argentina at the time: the people of Argentina termed it the "Combined British".
The next British Isles team tour did not take place until 1924, again in South Africa. The team, led by Ronald Cove-Smith, struggled with injuries and lost three of the four test matches, drawing the other 3–3. In total, 21 games were played, with the touring side winning 9, drawing 3 and losing 9.
In 1927 a short, nine-game series took place in Argentina, with the British isles winning all nine encounters, and the tour was a financial success for Argentine rugby. The Lions returned to New Zealand in 1930 with some success. The Lions won all of their games that did not have test status except for the matches against Auckland, Wellington and Canterbury, but they lost three of their four test matches against New Zealand, winning the first test 6–3. The side also visited Australia, losing a test but winning five out of the six non-test games.
In 1936 the British Isles visited Argentina for the third time, winning all ten of their matches and only conceding nine points in the whole tour. Two years later in 1938 the British Isles toured in South Africa, winning more than half of their normal matches. Despite having lost the test series to South Africa by game three, they won the final test. This is when they were named THE LIONS by their then Captain Sam Walker.
The first post-war tour went to New Zealand and Australia in 1950. The Lions, sporting newly redesigned jerseys and displaying a fresh style of play, managed to win 22 and draw one of 29 matches over the two nations. The Lions won the opening four fixtures before losing to Otago and Southland, but succeeded in holding New Zealand to a 9–9 draw. The Lions performed well in the remaining All Black tests though they lost all three, the team did not lose another non-test in the New Zealand leg of the tour. The Lions won all their games in Australia except for their final fixture against a New South Wales XV in Newcastle. They won both tests against Australia, in Brisbane, Queensland and in Sydney.
In 1955 the Lions toured South Africa and left with another imposing record, one draw and 19 wins from the 25 fixtures. The four-test series against South Africa, a thrilling affair, ended in a drawn series.
The 1959 tour to Australia and New Zealand marked once again a very successful tour for the Lions, who only lost six of their 35 fixtures. The Lions easily won both tests against Australia and lost the first three tests against New Zealand, but did find victory (9–6) in the final test.
After the glittering decade of the 1950s, the first tour of the 1960s proved not nearly as successful as previous ones. The 1962 tour to South Africa saw the Lions still win 16 of their 25 games, but did not fare well against the Springboks, losing three of the four tests. For the 1966 tour to Australia and New Zealand John Robins became the first Lions coach, and the trip started off very well for the Lions, who stormed through Australia, winning five non-tests and drawing one, and defeating Australia in two tests. The Lions experienced mixed results during the New Zealand leg of the tour, as well as losing all of the tests against New Zealand. The Lions also played a test against Canada on their way home, winning 19 to 8 in Toronto. The 1968 tour of South Africa saw the Lions win 15 of their 16 provincial matches, but the team actually lost three tests against the Springboks and drew one.
The 1970s saw a renaissance for the Lions. The 1971 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia, centred around the skilled Welsh half-back pairing of Gareth Edwards and Barry John, secured a series win over New Zealand. The tour started with a loss to Queensland but proceeded to storm through the next provincial fixtures, winning 11 games in a row. The Lions then went on to defeat New Zealand in Dunedin. The Lions only lost one match on the rest of the tour and won the test series against New Zealand, winning and drawing the last two games, to take the series two wins to one.
The 1974 British Lions tour to South Africa was one of the best-known and most successful Lions teams. Apartheid concerns meant some players declined the tour. Nonetheless, led by the esteemed Irish forward Willie John McBride, the tour went through 22 games unbeaten and triumphed 3–0 (with one drawn) in the test series. The series featured a lot of violence. The management of the Lions concluded that the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression. At that time, test match referees came from the home nation, substitutions took place only if a doctor found a player unable to continue and there were no video cameras or sideline officials to prevent violent play. The Lions decided "to get their retaliation in first" with the infamous "99 call". The Lions postulated that a South African referee would probably not send off all of the Lions if they all retaliated against "blatant thuggery". Famous video footage of the 'battle of Boet Erasmus Stadium' shows JPR Williams running over half of the pitch and launching himself at Van Heerden after such a call.
The 1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand saw the Lions drop only one non-test out of 21 games, a loss to a Universities side. The team did not win the test series though, winning one game but losing the other three.
In August 1977 the British Lions made a stopover in Fiji on the way home from their tour of New Zealand. Fiji beat them 25–21 at Buckhurst Park, Suva.
The Lions toured South Africa in 1980, and completed a flawless non-test record, winning 14 out of 14 matches. The Lions lost the first three tests to South Africa, only winning the last one once the Springboks were guaranteed to win the series.
The 1983 tour to New Zealand saw the team successful in the non-test games, winning all but two games, but being whitewashed in the test series against New Zealand.
A tour to South Africa by the Lions was anticipated in 1986, but the invitation for the Lions to tour was never accepted because of controversy surrounding Apartheid and the tour did not go ahead.[15] The Lions did not return to South Africa until 1997, after the Apartheid era. A Lions team was selected in April 1986 for the International Rugby Board centenary match against 'The Rest'. The team was organised by the Four Home Unions Committee and the players were given the status of official British Lions.[16]
The Lions tour to Australia in 1989 was a shorter affair, being only 12 matches in total. The tour was very successful for the Lions, who won all eight non-test matches and won the test series against Australia, two to one.
The tour to New Zealand in 1993 was the last of the amateur era. The Lions won six and lost four non-test matches, and lost the test series 2–1. The tour to South Africa in 1997 was a success for the Lions, who completed the tour with only two losses, and won the test series 2–1.
In 2001, the ten-game tour to Australia saw the Wallabies win the test series 2–1. This series saw the first award of the Tom Richards Trophy. In the Lions' 2005 tour to New Zealand, coached by Clive Woodward, the Lions won seven games against provincial teams, were defeated by the New Zealand Maori team, and suffered heavy defeats in all three tests.
In 2009, the Lions toured South Africa. There they faced the World Cup winners South Africa, with Ian McGeechan leading a coaching team including Warren Gatland, Shaun Edwards and Rob Howley. The Lions were captained by Irish lock Paul O'Connell.[17] The initial Lions selection consisted of fourteen Irish players, thirteen Welsh, eight English and two Scots in the 37-man squad. In the first Test on 20 June, they lost 26–21, and lost the series in the second 28–25 in a tightly fought game at Loftus Versfeld on 27 June.[18] The Lions won the third Test 28–9 at Ellis Park, and the series finished 2–1 to South Africa.
During June 2013 the British & Irish Lions toured Australia. Former Scotland and Lions full-back Andy Irvine was appointed as tour manager in 2010.[19] Wales head coach Warren Gatland was the Lions' head coach, and their tour captain was Sam Warburton. The tour started in Hong Kong with a match against the Barbarians before moving on to Australia for the main tour featuring six provincial matches and three tests.[20] The Lions won all but one non-test matches, losing to the Brumbies 14–12 on 18 June. The first test was followed shortly after this, which saw the Lions go 1-up over Australia winning 23–21. Australia did have a chance to take the win in the final moments of the game, but a missed penalty by Kurtley Beale saw the Lions take the win. The Wallabies drew the series in the second test winning 16–15, though the Lions had a chance to steal the win had it not been because of a missed penalty by Leigh Halfpenny. With tour captain Warburton out of the final test due to injury, Alun Wyn Jones took over the captaincy in the final test in Sydney. The final test was won by the Lions in what was a record win, winning 41–16 to earn their first series win since 1997 and their first over Australia since 1989.
Following his winning tour of Australia in 2013, Warren Gatland was reappointed as Lions Head Coach for the tour to New Zealand in June and July 2017. In April 2016, it was announced that the side would again be captained again by Sam Warburton. The touring schedule included 10 games: an opening game against the Provincial Barbarians, challenge matches against all five of New Zealand's Super Rugby sides, a match against the Māori All Blacks and three tests against New Zealand. The Lions defeated the Provincial Barbarians in the first game of the tour, before being beaten by the Blues three days later. The team recovered to beat the Crusaders but this was followed up with another midweek loss, this time against the Highlanders. The Lions then faced the Māori All Blacks, winning comfortably to restore optimism and followed up with their first midweek victory of the tour against the Chiefs. On 24 June, the Lions, captained by Peter O'Mahony, faced New Zealand in Eden Park in the first Test and were beaten 30–15. This was followed by the final midweek game of the tour, a draw against the Hurricanes. For the second Test, Gatland recalled Warburton to the starting team as captain. In Wellington Regional Stadium, the Lions beat a 14-man New Zealand side 24–21 after Sonny Bill Williams was red-carded at the 24-minute mark after a shoulder charge on Anthony Watson. This tied the series going into the final game, ending the side's 47-game winning run at home. In the final test at Eden Park the following week, the teams were tied at 15 points apiece with 78 minutes gone. Romain Poite signaled a penalty to New Zealand for an offside infringement after Ken Owens received the ball in front of his teammate Liam Williams, giving New Zealand the opportunity to kick for goal and potentially win the series. Poite, however, decided to downgrade the penalty to a free-kick after discussing with assistant referee Jérôme Garcès and Lions captain Sam Warburton. The match finished as a draw and the series was tied.
Warren Gatland was Lions head coach again for the tour to South Africa in 2021.[21] In December 2019, the Lions' Test venues were announced,[22] but the tour was significantly disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and all the games were played behind closed doors. South Africa won the test series by two games to one. In the deciding third test, Morne Steyn again kicked a late penalty to win the series.
Updated 31 July 2021
Overall test series results
The Lions now regularly tour three Southern Hemisphere countries; Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. They also toured Argentina three times before the Second World War. Since 1989 tours have been held every four years. The most recent tour was to South Africa in 2021.
In a break with tradition, the 2005 tour of New Zealand was preceded by a "home" fixture against Argentina at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 23 May 2005. It finished in a 25–25 draw. A similar fixture was held against Japan before the 2021 tour of South Africa at Murrayfield, with the Lions winning 28-10.
On tour, games take place against local provinces, clubs or representative sides as well as test matches against the host's national team.
The Lions and their predecessor teams have also played games against other nearby countries on tour. For example, they played Rhodesia in 1910, 1924, 1938, 1955, 1962, 1968 and 1974 during their tours to South Africa. They were also beaten by Fiji on their 1977 tour to New Zealand. In addition, they visited pre-independence Namibia (then South West Africa), in 1955, 1962, 1968 and 1974.
There have also been games in other countries on the way home. These include games in Canada in 1959 and 1966, East Africa (then mostly Kenya, and held in Nairobi), and an unofficial game against Ceylon (future Sri Lanka) in 1950.
The Lions have played a number of other matches against international opposition. With the exception of the matches against Argentina in 2005 and Japan in 2021, which were preparation matches for Lions tours, these matches have been one-offs to mark special occasions.
The Lions played an unofficial international match in 1955 at Cardiff Arms Park against a Welsh XV to mark the 75th anniversary of the Welsh Rugby Union. The Lions won 20–17 but did not include all the big names of the 1955 tour, such as Tony O'Reilly, Jeff Butterfield, Phil Davies, Dickie Jeeps, Bryn Meredith and Jim Greenwood.[23][24]
In 1977, the Lions played their first official home game, against the Barbarians as a charity fund-raiser held as part of the Queen's silver jubilee celebrations. The Baa-Baas line-up featured JPR Williams, Gerald Davies, Gareth Edwards, Jean-Pierre Rives and Jean-Claude Skrela. The Lions included 13 of the team who played in the fourth test against New Zealand three weeks before and won 23–14.[25]
In 1986, a match was organised against The Rest as a warm-up to the 1986 South Africa tour, and as a celebration to mark the International Rugby Board's centenary. The Lions lost 15–7 and the planned tour was subsequently cancelled.
In 1989, the Lions played against France in Paris. The game formed part of the celebrations of the bi-centennial of the French Revolution. The Lions, captained by Rob Andrew, won 29–27.
In 1990, a Four Home Unions team played against the Rest of Europe in a match to raise money for the rebuilding of Romania following the overthrow of Nicolae Ceaușescu in December 1989. The team used the Lions' logo, while the Rest of Europe played under the symbol of the Romanian Rugby Federation.
Updated 7 August 2021 [2]
Updated 31 July 2021 [2]
Updated 31 July 2021 [2]
a. ^ Names of the Lions in the languages of Britain and Ireland:
| 2023-09-03 05:38:33 |
Formula Regional European Championship - Wikipedia | The Formula Regional European Championship by Alpine (FRECA) is a FIA-certified regional European Formula 3 racing series. On 12 October 2018 it was announced that the Italian autosport regulator Automobile Club d’Italia (ACI) and karting promoter WSK would organize the inaugural year of the championship in 2019.[1] Their bid was chosen over Renault Sport's bid with the same chassis, who attracted fewer votes from Single-Seater Commission members.[1] Following the 2020 season, the Formula Renault Eurocup merged with the Formula Regional European Championship to become the Formula Regional European Championship by Alpine.[2]
The championship's first season featured eight rounds on the circuits across Europe with half of them in Italy.[3]
The driver champions receive FIA Super License points. The series is intended to be a stepping stone between Formula 4 and the international FIA Formula 3 Championship.[4]
The championship features Tatuus-designed and built cars. The cars will be constructed out of carbon fibre and feature a monocoque chassis which feature a number of enhanced safety features including the new Halo device and improved side impact protection, and will have a six-speed paddle-shift sequential gearbox.[1] In the 2019 and 2020 seasons, the car was powered by a Alfa Romeo 270PS (200kW) turbo engine tuned by Autotecnica.[1] After the merge with Formula Renault Eurocup for the 2021 season the championship uses Renault engines.
* Season still in progress.
Notes:
| 2023-09-03 05:38:38 |
Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm - Wikipedia | In computational algebra, the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm is a method for factoring polynomials over finite fields (also called Galois fields).
The algorithm consists mainly of exponentiation and polynomial GCD computations. It was invented by David G. Cantor and Hans Zassenhaus in 1981.
It is arguably the dominant algorithm for solving the problem, having replaced the earlier Berlekamp's algorithm of 1967. It is currently implemented in many computer algebra systems.
The Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm takes as input a square-free polynomial
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
(i.e. one with no repeated factors) of degree n with coefficients in a finite field
F
q
{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{q}}
whose irreducible polynomial factors are all of equal degree (algorithms exist for efficiently factoring arbitrary polynomials into a product of polynomials satisfying these conditions, for instance,
f
(
x
)
/
gcd
(
f
(
x
)
,
f
′
(
x
)
)
{\displaystyle f(x)/\gcd(f(x),f'(x))}
is a squarefree polynomial with the same factors as
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
, so that the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm can be used to factor arbitrary polynomials). It gives as output a polynomial
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle g(x)}
with coefficients in the same field such that
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle g(x)}
divides
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
. The algorithm may then be applied recursively to these and subsequent divisors, until we find the decomposition of
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
into powers of irreducible polynomials (recalling that the ring of polynomials over any field is a unique factorisation domain).
All possible factors of
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
are contained within the factor ring
R
=
F
q
[
x
]
⟨
f
(
x
)
⟩
{\displaystyle R={\frac {\mathbb {F} _{q}[x]}{\langle f(x)\rangle }}}
. If we suppose that
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
has irreducible factors
p
1
(
x
)
,
p
2
(
x
)
,
…
,
p
s
(
x
)
{\displaystyle p_{1}(x),p_{2}(x),\ldots ,p_{s}(x)}
, all of degree d, then this factor ring is isomorphic to the direct product of factor rings
S
=
∏
i
=
1
s
F
q
[
x
]
⟨
p
i
(
x
)
⟩
{\displaystyle S=\prod _{i=1}^{s}{\frac {\mathbb {F} _{q}[x]}{\langle p_{i}(x)\rangle }}}
. The isomorphism from R to S, say
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
, maps a polynomial
g
(
x
)
∈
R
{\displaystyle g(x)\in R}
to the s-tuple of its reductions modulo each of the
p
i
(
x
)
{\displaystyle p_{i}(x)}
, i.e. if:
then
ϕ
(
g
(
x
)
+
⟨
f
(
x
)
⟩
)
=
(
g
1
(
x
)
+
⟨
p
1
(
x
)
⟩
,
…
,
g
s
(
x
)
+
⟨
p
s
(
x
)
⟩
)
{\displaystyle \phi (g(x)+\langle f(x)\rangle )=(g_{1}(x)+\langle p_{1}(x)\rangle ,\ldots ,g_{s}(x)+\langle p_{s}(x)\rangle )}
. It is important to note the following at this point, as it shall be of critical importance later in the algorithm: Since the
p
i
(
x
)
{\displaystyle p_{i}(x)}
are each irreducible, each of the factor rings in this direct sum is in fact a field. These fields each have degree
q
d
{\displaystyle q^{d}}
.
The core result underlying the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm is the following: If
a
(
x
)
∈
R
{\displaystyle a(x)\in R}
is a polynomial satisfying:
where
a
i
(
x
)
{\displaystyle a_{i}(x)}
is the reduction of
a
(
x
)
{\displaystyle a(x)}
modulo
p
i
(
x
)
{\displaystyle p_{i}(x)}
as before, and if any two of the following three sets is non-empty:
then there exist the following non-trivial factors of
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
:
The Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm computes polynomials of the same type as
a
(
x
)
{\displaystyle a(x)}
above using the isomorphism discussed in the Background section. It proceeds as follows, in the case where the field
F
q
{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{q}}
is of odd-characteristic (the process can be generalised to characteristic 2 fields in a fairly straightforward way[citation needed]). Select a random polynomial
b
(
x
)
∈
R
{\displaystyle b(x)\in R}
such that
b
(
x
)
≠
0
,
±
1
{\displaystyle b(x)\neq 0,\pm 1}
. Set
m
=
(
q
d
−
1
)
/
2
{\displaystyle m=(q^{d}-1)/2}
and compute
b
(
x
)
m
{\displaystyle b(x)^{m}}
. Since
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
is an isomorphism, we have (using our now-established notation):
Now, each
b
i
(
x
)
+
⟨
p
i
(
x
)
⟩
{\displaystyle b_{i}(x)+\langle p_{i}(x)\rangle }
is an element of a field of order
q
d
{\displaystyle q^{d}}
, as noted earlier. The multiplicative subgroup of this field has order
q
d
−
1
{\displaystyle q^{d}-1}
and so, unless
b
i
(
x
)
=
0
{\displaystyle b_{i}(x)=0}
, we have
b
i
(
x
)
q
d
−
1
=
1
{\displaystyle b_{i}(x)^{q^{d}-1}=1}
for each i and hence
b
i
(
x
)
m
=
±
1
{\displaystyle b_{i}(x)^{m}=\pm 1}
for each i. If
b
i
(
x
)
=
0
{\displaystyle b_{i}(x)=0}
, then of course
b
i
(
x
)
m
=
0
{\displaystyle b_{i}(x)^{m}=0}
. Hence
b
(
x
)
m
{\displaystyle b(x)^{m}}
is a polynomial of the same type as
a
(
x
)
{\displaystyle a(x)}
above. Further, since
b
(
x
)
≠
0
,
±
1
{\displaystyle b(x)\neq 0,\pm 1}
, at least two of the sets
A
,
B
{\displaystyle A,B}
and C are non-empty and by computing the above GCDs we may obtain non-trivial factors. Since the ring of polynomials over a field is a Euclidean domain, we may compute these GCDs using the Euclidean algorithm.
One important application of the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm is in computing discrete logarithms over finite fields of prime-power order. Computing discrete logarithms is an important problem in public key cryptography. For a field of prime-power order, the fastest known method is the index calculus method, which involves the factorisation of field elements. If we represent the prime-power order field in the usual way – that is, as polynomials over the prime order base field, reduced modulo an irreducible polynomial of appropriate degree – then this is simply polynomial factorisation, as provided by the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm.
The Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm is implemented in the PARI/GP computer algebra system as the factorcantor() function.
| 2023-09-03 05:38:43 |
Pelarco - Wikipedia |
Pelarco is a town and commune in Talca Province, Maule Region of Chile. The commune spans an area of 331.5 km2 (128 sq mi).[3]
According to data from the 2002 Census of Population and Housing, Pelarco had 7,266 inhabitants; of these, 1,822 (25.1%) lived in urban areas and 5,444 (74.9%) in rural areas. At that time, there were 3,714 men and 3,552 women. The population fell 5.0% (382 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.[3]
As a commune, Pelarco is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Alfredo Pérez Leiva (Ind.).[1]
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Pelarco is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Pablo Lorenzini (PDC) and Pedro Pablo Alvarez-Salamanca (UDI) as part of the 38th electoral district, together with Curepto, Constitución, Empedrado, Pencahue, Maule, San Clemente, Río Claro and San Rafael. The commune is represented in the Senate by Juan Antonio Coloma Correa (UDI) and Andrés Zaldívar Larraín (PDC) as part of the 10th senatorial constituency (Maule-North).
| 2023-09-03 05:38:47 |
Eno James Ibanga - Wikipedia | Eno James Ibanga listeni is a Nigerian academic. He is a professor of solid state physics/materials science. He serves as the Vice Chancellor for Akwa Ibom State University (AKSU). On 3 August 2020, His Excellency Governor Udom Gabriel Emmanuel appointed Professor Eno James Ibanga as commissioner in the state ministry works & Fire service. He is married and blessed with children.
James Ibanga earned his PhD in Solid State Physics in 2000 from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Ibanga began his career as a university lecturer at University of Calabar in 1982. He was appointed Professor of Physics in University of Uyo in 2008 and Head of Physics Department and Dean of Student Affairs. Ibanga is a Physics lecturer. He was Associate Professor in Nassarawa State University, Keffi, in 2004 and a Senior Lecturer, University of Agriculture, Makurdi in 2002. He was a lecturer in the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta in 1986.
Ibanga was a Visiting Lecturer to various institutions including Akwa Ibom State University from 2009 - 2013, Benue State University, Makurdi, 2006-2011 and University of Agriculture, Makurdi, 2007-2010. His is an external examiner for University of Abuja; Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Ogbomosho; University of Ilorin and Obafemi Awolowo University. He has been a member of Faculty Senates, Boards and Committees in these Universities. He served NUC as member and also chairman of accreditation panels of degree programmes in physical sciences.
| 2023-09-03 05:38:50 |
Arden Municipality - Wikipedia | Arden municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in North Jutland County on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark until 1 January 2007. The municipality covered an area of 228 km2, and had a total population of 8,513 (2005). Its last mayor was Hans Christian Maarup, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party.
The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Arden.
The municipality was created in 1970 due to a kommunalreform ("Municipality Reform") that combined Astrup, Store Arden, Oue-Valsgaard, Rold-Vebbestrup and Rostrup municipalities.
On 1 January 2007 Arden municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with former Hadsund and Hobro municipalities, and part of Mariager Municipality to form the new Mariagerfjord Municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 769 km2 and a total population of 43,049 (2005). The new municipality belongs to the Region Nordjylland ("North Jutland Region").
Rold Skov (Rold Forest) is the best known attraction in Arden municipality.
WikiMiniAtlas56°46′11″N 9°51′32″E / 56.76972°N 9.85889°E / 56.76972; 9.85889
This article about a location in the North Jutland Region (Denmark) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:38:54 |
Sunny Tang - Wikipedia | Sunny Tang is a Canadian practitioner of wing chun kung fu and wushu. He was the 2003 World Traditional Masters champion and is the founder of Wushu Canada, as well as the Sunny Tang Martial Arts Centre chain of martial arts centres in Canada. He is a recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal and an inductee into the Canadian Martial Arts Hall of Fame.
Sunny Tang was born in Hong Kong on September 3, 1946.[1][2] In 1960 Tang began his training under Ip Man and Moy Yat in his home city. He is a practitioner and teacher of both wing chun kung fu and modern wushu.[3]
Tang emigrated to England in 1971 to open a Wing Chun school in Worcester.[3] He then moved to Toronto in 1973, where he was one of the first practitioners of wing chun in the country, opening the Sunny Tang Martial Arts Centre.[4] The business became a chain, numbering ten centres across Canada.[1] In 1993 Tang founded Wushu Canada, the official national federation representing Canada to the International Wushu Federation.[2] Tang was also the team leader of Team Canada for the Pan American Wushu Championships in both 1996 and 1998, as well as the World Wushu Championships in 1995 and 2003.[5]
In 2003 Sunny Tang won the gold medal at the World Traditional Masters competition in China.[2] In 2009, he was then the organizer of the 10th World Wushu International Championships in Toronto. Today, Tang is a board member of the International Executive Board of the International Wushu Federation, President of Wushu Canada, and the President of the International Moy Yat Wing Chun Federation.[3]
In 1989 a video interview with Tang about Chinese-Canadian culture was included in the collection of the Canadian Museum of History.[3] He then received the Canada Day Achievement Award in 1990, and performed before Queen Elizabeth II in 1992 on the occasion of Canada’s 125th Anniversary.[2] Tang received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 and in 2016, he was inducted into the Canadian Martial Arts Hall of Fame.[3] Tang has also appeared on the cover of Wing Chun Illustrated.[4]
www.sunnytang.com
| 2023-09-03 05:38:59 |
Beryl Dean - Wikipedia | Beryl Dean MBE (2 August 1911 – 2001) was a British embroiderer. She was known for rejecting the traditional Victorian designs and for creating her own contemporary embroidery designs.
Dean was born in Bromley in 1911. Her mother, Marion, was a natural artist and her father was a share dealer. She gained her skills at the Royal School of Needlework.[1] She graduated in 1932 and went on to study dress design and leatherwork at Bromley School of Art.[2] Her early promise was recognised in 1935 when the Royal College of Art gave her a Royal Exhibition.[3]
In 1946 she left the Eastbourne School of Art, where she was lecturer for seven years, to join King's College, Newcastle upon Tyne.[3] In response to concern that textile skills were diminishing, Dean helped the Needlework Development Scheme who were trying to re-energise needlework teaching in schools.
Dean rejected the traditional Victorian designs used in religious embroidery and sought to create her own contemporary designs. In the 1950s she took on commissions from Guildford and Chelmsford Cathedrals, King's Lynn Minster, St Martin's Church, Dorking, and St Giles' in Northbrook, Illinois.[3]
In 1958 she published her book "Ecclesiastical Embroidery"[4] and lectures on the subject in Britain and America. In 1968 she established new interest in the subject when she helped curate an exhibition at St Paul's Cathedral, and groups of people interested in contemporary ecclesiastical embroidery formed in Britain.[3]
In 1969, with funding that included the descendants of the Knights of the Garter, Dean set out on a five-year task to create five embroidered panels to hang in the Rutland chantry of St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. The five panels represent the annunciation, the visitation, the adoration of the magi, the temptation of Christ in the wilderness, and the miracle at Cana. Only one of the panels is normally on display to the public.[5]
Dean died on 27 March 2001.[6] Her 1984 piece "Head of Christ" is in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The embroidery, which uses a difficult technique, was inspired not by a commission, but by Dean's imperative to give good use to some remaining skeins of Japanese gold thread.[3]
| 2023-09-03 05:39:02 |
The Scorpion with Two Tails - Wikipedia | The Scorpion with Two Tails (Italian: Assassinio al cimitero etrusco, lit. 'Murder in the Etruscan Cemetery') is a 1982 film directed by Sergio Martino.[4]
Joan has nightmares of Etruscan sacrifices. She knows very well the Etruscan language and her husband Arthur is an archeologist studying Etruscan tombs. In a nightmare she foresees her husband's death. And Arthur is then killed in the same way the Etruscans killed their sacrifice victims, convincing her that someone (or something) may be after her as well.
The Scorpion with Two Tails originally started life as an 8-part television series to be titled Il mistero degli Etruschi or Lo scorpione a due code.[1] Two original scripts are located in the SIAE archives, one signed by Ernesto Gastaldi and one by Dardano Sacchetti in 1982.[1][5] The French film producer Jacques Leitienne is also listed in the credits as a co-writer, but this was purely for bureaucratic reasons.[1][2]
Shooting lasted for four months in Volterra, Cerveteri, Formello, New York City and at R.P.A. Elios Studios in Rome.[1][2] Although originally made for television, the film was shot on 16mm and blown up to 35mm for its theatrical release.[2]
The Scorpion with Two Tails was distributed theatrically in Italy by Medusa on 17 September 1982.[1] It was distributed in France as Crime au cimetière étrusque on 24 August 1983.[1] In the late 1980s the series was purchased by Reteitalia to be shown as a two-part feature for Canale 5.[2] This abridged version was re-edited by Claudio Lattanzi but was never shown on Canale 5.[2]
Sergio Martino later regretted the film saying "it didn't add anything to my career, not even from an economic standpoint."[5]
This article related to an Italian film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article about a 1980s horror film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:39:07 |
Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi - Wikipedia | The Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (House of the Knights of Rhodes) is a building in Rome. Sited in the ruins of the Forum of Augustus, it was built by the Knights Hospitaller at the end of the 13th century and since 1946 has been used by their successors, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
The Forum of Augustus and Temple of Mars Ultor were probably destroyed by earthquakes in the 5th century. In the medieval era it was known by several names - the forum itself as Foro transitorio, Foro di Nerva and Foro di San Basilio, and the temple as Palatium Traiani Imperatoris (palace of emperor Trajan) or the temple of Nerva ('tempio di Nerva'). 'Foro di San Basilio' refers to the first medieval use of the Forum, the small 10th century church of San Basilio al Foro di Augusto and its adjoining Basilian monastery, built on the podium of the temple and its exedra. The walls of that complex were found during the 1930s demolition phase and dated to the 9th-10th centuries.
The Basilian church was a small oratory built into the temple's apse. It was originally intended to be used as a monastery.
The convent was demolished in 1930 and the building was transferred to the Comune di Roma, which restored it between 1940 and 1950 before assigning it to the Order of Malta straight after World War Two.
Media related to Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
| 2023-09-03 05:39:13 |
Eliodoro Villazón - Wikipedia |
Eliodoro Villazón Montaño (22 January 1848 – 12 September 1939) was a Bolivian lawyer and politician who served as the 27th president of Bolivia from 1909 to 1913 and as the 15th vice president of Bolivia from 1904 to 1909.
Villazón was born on January 22, 1848, in the town of Sacaba in the department of Cochabamba. He was the son of José Manuel Villazón and Manuela Montaño.[1] He graduated as a lawyer from the University of San Francisco Xavier and one of the most distinguished lawmakers in the country.
At the age of twenty, during the de facto government of President Mariano Melgarejo (1864-1871), Villazón founded the newspaper El Ferroviario. Villazon married Enriqueta Torrico.[1]
He began his political career at a very young age, joining the Partido Rojo, a party founded by former president José María Linares. He was also a municipal councilor for the city of Cochabamba and Deputy for the department of Cochabamba on several occasions.[1][2]
At the age of twenty-three, Villazón attended the National Assembly of 1871 which had been called by the government of newly installed President Agustín Morales after the overthrow of Melgarejo.[2] Furthermore, he attended the Conventions of 1880 and 1889 as a delegate. He was Minister of Finance and Industry during the government of President Narciso Campero, in which he also represented Bolivia as its financial agent in Europe.[1][3] Specialized in finance, Villazón made a considerable fortune by managing the fortunes of several magnates of his time, including that of Francisco Argandoña and Gregorio Pacheco.[4]
Because of his affluence and political power, he was one of the main founders of the Liberal Party of Bolivia and supported his party during the Bolivian Civil War of 1898-1899. He was Minister of Foreign Relations during the government of liberal President José Manuel Pando, and he devoted himself to resolving border conflicts with Bolivia's neighboring countries.[4][5]
During the presidency of Ismael Montes, Villazón became Vice President of Bolivia at the age of 56, serving from 1904 to 1909.[6] He also worked as a defense attorney in the Bolivian-Peruvian border dispute over the Manuripi.[5]
Villazón ran as the Liberal Party's candidate for the presidency during the 1909 general elections. He triumphed by a wide margin that year, succeeding Ismael Montes as president. He was installed as president of Bolivia at sixty-one years of age, on August 12, 1909, along with his 2 vice presidents: Macario Pinilla Vargas (first vice-presidency) and Juan Misael Saracho (second vice-presidency).[1][3][6]
His government was one of the most prosperous in the republican history of Bolivia, since it enjoyed a budget surplus and a context of tranquility, despite the mining crisis of 1908. He created the Higher Institute of Commerce of La Paz, hoping to further the economic stability the country was enjoying. He also founded the Oruro School of Mines, today the National Faculty of Engineering, and built railway from Cochabamba to Arani, inaugurated in 1913.[1]
Villazón signed a Border Rectification Treaty with Peru, known as the Polo-Sánchez Bustamante Treaty. It was signed in the city of La Paz on September 17, 1909, by the Minister Plenipotentiary of Peru, Solón Polo, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bolivia, Daniel Sánchez Bustamante.[7] This treaty put an end to the Peruvian-Bolivian border dispute, and prevented an alliance between Bolivia and Chile against Peru. It also fixed some pending boundary issues with Argentina.
At the end of his term, he handed over the command of his party to his eventual successor, Ismael Montes, who won the general elections of 1913 and was inaugurated as president on August 14.[3] Villazón then traveled to Buenos Aires to work as Plenipotentiary Ambassador of Bolivia in Argentina.[5]
Twenty-six years after having left the presidency, Eliodoro Villazón died on September 12, 1939, in the city of Cochabamba at the age of ninety-one. It is also worth mentioning that Villazón became one of the four oldest presidents of Bolivia, along with Hugo Ballivián, Víctor Paz Estenssoro and Lidia Gueiler.
| 2023-09-03 05:39:18 |
Julian W. Hill - Wikipedia | Julian W. Hill (1904-1996) was an American chemist who helped develop nylon.[1]
Julian W. Hill was born in 1904, and he grew up in Warrenton, Missouri.[2] He graduated from the School of Engineering & Applied Science at Washington University in St. Louis in 1924, where he earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering, and he went on to earn a PhD in organic chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1928.[2][3][1]
Hill joined DuPont, where he worked as a chemist in the Experimental Station laboratories under Wallace H. Carothers's supervision.[3] He initially studied polymers in the 1920s.[1] By 1930, he had used a cold drawing method to produce a polyester.[2][4] Hill's cold drawing method was used by Carothers in 1934 to develop the polyamide later named nylon, which was patented by DuPont[3] and was a greater commercial success due to its higher melting point.[2]
Hill was promoted to assistant director of the chemical department.[2] He also served on DuPont's steering committee from 1932 to 1951.[2] He became the Chair of DuPont's Committee on Educational Aid in 1951, and he helped fund academic programs in the United States until his retirement in 1964.[2][3][1]
Hill married Mary Louisa "Polly" Butcher, a Vassar College alumna, in 1931.[5] They had two sons and a daughter.[3] He had poliomyelitis.[3] He retired at the Cokesbury Village retirement village in Hockessin, Delaware with his wife, where he died on January 29, 1996.[3]
This biographical article about an American chemist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:39:22 |
Team Colpack–Ballan - Wikipedia | Team Colpack–Ballan is an Italian cycling team based in Bergamo, Italy.[1]
The name Colpack is familiar to Italian teams, having previously been a co-sponsor of the De Nardi-Colpack and Team Colpack-Astro squads.
In January 2017 it was announced that Colpack had become the official development squad for the new Bahrain–Merida team.[2]
| 2023-09-03 05:39:26 |
Theodor Emil Schummel - Wikipedia | Theodor Emil Schummel (23 May 1786, Breslau—24 February 1848) was a German entomologist who specialised in Diptera.
Schummel was a private tutor in Breslau. He was a member of Schlesische Gesellschaft für vaterländische Cultur (Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture) a largely scientific society which received royal ratification in 1809 after the draft of its constitution was sent to the government in Königsberg and published many of his shorter scientific papers on insects in the society's journal Übersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Kultur, abbreviated Übers Arb. Ver. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Kult.
Partial list
This article about a German zoologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article about an entomologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:39:30 |
Sham Shui Po Barracks - Wikipedia | Sham Shui Po Barracks was a British Army facility built in the 1920s in the Sham Shui Po area of Kowloon, Hong Kong. The base was bounded by Fuk Wa Street to the east by Yen Chow Street and to the west by Tonkin Street and Camp Street.
The buildings on one side were known as Hankow Barracks, and the other Nanking Barracks. There was a large parade ground. Smaller buildings were later added, and the large Jubilee Buildings were constructed as married quarters.
During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army used it as a POW camp for British, Indian and Canadian soldiers. This was the main POW Camp in Hong Kong, operating from before the British surrendered the Colony, to the Japanese surrender. By the later date, it was the only POW facility operating in Hong Kong, bar the hospital at the Central British School (now King George V School). Many POWs died here, especially in the diphtheria epidemic of 1942, and all shipments of POWs to Japan left from Sham Shui Po's Bamboo Pier.
In 1959, the military handed a strip of land within the base to the Hong Kong government so that Lai Chi Kok Road could be extended.[1]
In the late 1970s and early 1980s the camp was used to house Vietnamese refugees.
The camp was re-developed for housing in the early 1990s. None of the former military structures exists and only plaques commemorating the POW camp remain, together with maple trees commemorating the Canadians held here. These can be found at Sham Shui Po Park, also part of the former base.
WikiMiniAtlas22°19′55″N 114°09′29″E / 22.332°N 114.158°E / 22.332; 114.158
| 2023-09-03 05:39:35 |
Katie Hill (basketball) - Wikipedia |
Katie Hill (born 17 February 1984) is an Australian 3.0 point wheelchair basketball player. She participated in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, where she won a bronze medal, and the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, where she won a silver medal. She has over 100 international caps playing for Australia.
Hill plays for the Sydney University Flames in the Australian Women's National Wheelchair Basketball League (WNWBL). As the Hills Hornets, her team won the league championship in 2007, 2008 and 2009. After changing their name to the Sydney University Flames, they again won the WNWBL championship in 2010. She was named 4 point Most Valuable Player (MVP) and a member of the All Star Five in 2007. In 2009, she scored 21 points in the Hornets' 66–49 final win against the Perth Western Stars, and was named MVP of the finals series.
Hill made her national team debut in 2005 in Malaysia at the World Junior Wheelchair Basketball Championships, and has played for the Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team, universally known as the Gliders, at the IWBF World Wheelchair Basketball Championships in Amsterdam in 2006 and Birmingham in 2010, and at the 2007, 2009 and 2010 Osaka Cups in Japan.
Katie Hill was born in Kogarah, New South Wales, on 17 February 1984,[1] the youngest of three children.[2] She has spina bifida, a condition she has had since birth.[3] As of 2013[update], she lives in Panania, New South Wales,[1] and works as a receptionist at Salesforce.com.[2]
Hill is a 3.0 point player,[4] who started playing wheelchair basketball in 1996.[5] In financial year 2012/13, the Australian Sports Commission gave her a A$20,000 grant as part of their Direct Athlete Support (DAS) program. She received $11,000 in 2011/12, $17,000 in 2010/11, $5,571.42 in 2009/10 and $5,200 in 2008/09.[6] In 2012 and 2013, she had a scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport.[5][7][8]
Hill currently plays club wheelchair basketball for the Sydney University Flames in the Australian Women's National Wheelchair Basketball League (WNWBL), and the Sydney University Wheelkings in the mixed National Wheelchair basketball League.[4][9] Playing with the Hills Hornets, who won the league championship, she was named 4 point Most Valuable Player (MVP) and part of the All Star Five in 2007.[10][11] In the 2009 finals series, she scored 20 points in the semi-final to get the Hills Hornets into the final, and then 21 points and 7 assists in the Hornets won 66–49 final win against the Perth Western Stars. She was named MVP of the finals series.[12][13][14] In all, the Hornets won eight straight championships from 2002 to 2009, before changing their name to the Sydney University Flames in 2010, and claiming a ninth title that year.[11]
Hill made her national team debut in 2005 in Malaysia at the World Junior Wheelchair Basketball Championships.[5] She played for the Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team, universally known as the Gliders,[15] at the IWBF World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Amsterdam in the Netherlands in 2006,[9] where the Gliders came fourth,[16] at the 2007 Asia Oceania Qualification tournament, and at the 2007 and 2009 Osaka Cup in Japan.[9] She subsequently represented Australia at the 2010 World Championships in Birmingham, where the Gliders again finished fourth,[16][3] and was a member of the 2010 team that played in the Osaka Cup.[17] By August 2012, she had played 110 international games.[18]
Hill was part of the bronze medal-winning team at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing,[19][3][20] and again at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. The Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics posted wins in the group stage against Brazil,[21] Great Britain,[22] and the Netherlands,[23] but lost to the Canada.[24] This was enough to advance the Gliders to the quarter-finals, where they beat Mexico.[25] The Gliders then defeated the United States by a point to set up a final clash with Germany.[26] The Gliders lost 44–58, and earned a silver medal.[27] Hill played in all seven games, for a total of 107 minutes, scoring 25 points, with six assists and eight rebounds.[28]
| 2023-09-03 05:39:39 |
Fall in Love Again - Wikipedia | "Fall in Love Again" is Ms. Dynamite's second and final single from her second album, Judgement Days. It features a sample from When I Fall in Love by Ken Boothe.[1][2][3][4]
| 2023-09-03 05:39:43 |
Masazumi Tajima - Wikipedia |
Masazumi Tajima (田島 正純, Tajima Masazumi, born 5 April 1933) is a Japanese cyclist. He competed in three events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.[1]
This biographical article relating to Japanese cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:39:46 |
Laski, Białogard County - Wikipedia | Laski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈlaskʲi]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Białogard, within Białogard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.[1] It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Białogard and 106 km (66 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
WikiMiniAtlas53°56′43″N 15°55′13″E / 53.94528°N 15.92028°E / 53.94528; 15.92028
This Białogard County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:39:50 |
Thomas Kempshall - Wikipedia |
Thomas Kempshall (c. 1796 – January 14, 1865) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
Born in England around 1796, Kempshall attended the common schools. He immigrated to the United States with his father, who settled in Pittsford, New York, in 1806. He moved to Rochester, New York, in 1813, where he was employed as a carpenter. He engaged in mercantile pursuits and later became engaged in milling.
He served as member of the board of aldermen of Rochester, New York in 1834 and again in 1844, serving as mayor in 1837. He was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor in 1852.
Kempshall was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1839 – March 3, 1841).
He died in Rochester, New York, January 14, 1865, aged about 69 years. He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
| 2023-09-03 05:39:55 |
Hotchiku - Wikipedia |
The hotchiku (法竹, "bamboo of [the] dharma"; lit. 'dharma bamboo'), sometimes romanized as hocchiku or hochiku, is a Japanese aerophone, an end-blown bamboo flute, crafted from root sections of bamboo.[1] The bamboo root is cleaned and sanded, resulting in a surface patterned with many small, circular knots where the roots formerly joined the stalk. The same part of the bamboo plant is also used to produce the shakuhachi but, unlike the shakuhachi, the hotchiku's inside (bore) and outside surfaces are left unlacquered, and an inlay is not used in the mouthpiece. The membranes at the nodes inside a hotchiku bore are generally left more intact than those of a shakuhachi, though older komuso shakuhachi also share this trait. Together, these characteristics make for a visibly and audibly raw and organic instrument. Hotchiku are sometimes referred to as jinashi nobekan, meaning "without ji [a paste made of clay and lacquer, used to smooth the bore on modern shakuhachi], one-piece"; hotchiku are not cut in two pieces for crafting or storage, unlike modern shakuhachi that are used as musical instruments. Hotchiku have four holes down the front for fingers and one hole on the back for the thumb of the upper hand. The instrument is capable of a range of at least two octaves, and more if the instrument is well-crafted and in the hands of an experienced player; they can be fashioned to any length, suitable bamboo permitting, with longer instruments having their frequency range shifted proportionally lower. Hotchiku are typically longer than other variations of the shakuhachi, and almost always thicker and heavier.
The techniques for playing the hotchiku are similar to shakuhachi techniques, although the sound resulting from hotchiku is more fragile and possibly less well tuned to musical scales than are modern, refined (ji-ari, or tuned ji-nashi) shakuhachi. The angle of the utaguchi (歌口, lit. 'singing mouth'), or blowing edge, of a hotchiku is closer to perpendicular to the bore axis than that of a modern shakuhachi, but this is mostly a choice of the maker depending upon the size of the bamboo. Older komuso and myoan shakuhachi also share this trait, though unlike hotchiku they usually have an inlaid blowing edge. This property, along with the unlacquered bore, results in a rough and breathy timbre.
Because of its extremely natural construction, the hotchiku is commonly used for suizen (吹禅) (blowing Zen meditation). Playing traditional honkyoku is generally only attempted by highly skilled shakuhachi musicians, since the blowing and fingering techniques required for honkyoku have to be altered considerably. Since hotchiku are not generally tuned to a standard musical scale, they do not commonly accompany other instruments.
The term hotchiku was popularized by Watzumi Doso.[who?] Traditional komuso shakuhachi were quite similar, with three primary differences. First, modern hotchiku performers such as Doso[who?] and Okuda[who?] often prefer exceptionally long shakuhachi, while komuso shakuhachi rarely exceeded 2.1 shaku. Second, komuso shakuhachi had an inlaid mouthpiece, which protects the blowing edge from taking on excess moisture and rotting out. Thirdly, though ji is not used, the inside is painted with urushi, a natural lacquer made from the sap of the urushi tree, used in Japan from antiquity. Like the mouthpiece inlay, this protects the bore from taking on excess moisture and contributes to the flute's longevity.
Lacking urushi and a mouthpiece inlay, hotchiku gradually take on moisture as they are played, making the tone less stable. Though komuso shakuhachi were not tuned to a precise scale either, they could generally be played together. As their hole positions were either calculated or copied from another shakuhachi, a particular honkyoku piece could be played roughly the same way on any shakuhachi. Hotchiku take even more freedom; some of Watazumi Doso's instruments were literally a piece of bamboo cut down with some holes seemingly randomly bored into it.
Distinguishing hotchiku from shakuhachi in general can be difficult, as there are many types of shakuhachi. In addition to komuso shakuhachi, there are also modern ji-nashi nobekan shakuhachi, such as those made by John Kaizan Neptune,[who?] which are tuned to be played with modern (Western) musical instruments. Again, since the abolition of the Fuke sect in 1871, modern shakuhachi have been made in two halves in order to tune them more precisely, but shakuhachi used for Zen practice have been primarily "nobekan" shakuhachi since the beginning. The term shakuhachi encompasses all of these, including komuso shakuhachi, and should not be understood as referring only to the modern, more musical iteration of the instrument.
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Spirembolus mundus - Wikipedia |
Spirembolus mundus is a species of sheet weaver found in the United States and Canada.[1] It was described by Millidge in 1980.[1]
This Linyphiidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:40:03 |
Intellectual responsibility - Wikipedia | Intellectual responsibility (also known as epistemic responsibility) is a philosophical concept related to that of epistemic justification.[1] According to Frederick F. Schmitt, "the conception of justified belief as epistemically responsible belief has been endorsed by a number of philosophers, including Roderick Chisholm (1977), Hilary Kornblith (1983), and Lorraine Code (1983)."[2]
A separate concept was introduced by the linguist and public intellectual Noam Chomsky in an essay published as a special supplement by The New York Review of Books on 23 February 1967, entitled "The Responsibility of Intellectuals". Chomsky argues that intellectuals should make themselves responsible for searching for the truth and the exposing of lies.
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Intermediate band photovoltaics - Wikipedia | Intermediate band photovoltaics in solar cell research provides methods for exceeding the Shockley–Queisser limit on the efficiency of a cell. It introduces an intermediate band (IB) energy level in between the valence and conduction bands. Theoretically, introducing an IB allows two photons with energy less than the bandgap to excite an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. This increases the induced photocurrent and thereby efficiency.[1]
Luque and Marti first derived a theoretical limit for an IB device with one midgap energy level using detailed balance.[1] They assumed no carriers were collected at the IB and that the device was under full concentration.[1] They found the maximum efficiency to be 63.2%, for a bandgap of 1.95eV with the IB 0.71eV from either the valence or conduction band.[1]
Under one sun illumination the limiting efficiency is 47%.[2]
Green and Brown expanded upon these results by deriving the theoretical efficiency limit for a device with infinite IBs.[3] By introducing more IB's, even more of the incident spectrum can be utilized.
After performing the detailed balance, they found the maximum efficiency to be 77.2%.[3]
This efficiency is less than that of a multijunction cell with infinite junctions. This is because in multijunction cells, electrons are captured exactly after being excited to a higher energy state, while in an IB device, the electrons still need another energy transition to reach the conduction band and be collected.[3]
IBs have theoretical potential to become high efficiency devices, but they are hard to make. Introducing an IB greatly increases non-radiative recombination mechanisms.[4] Additionally, IBs need to be partially filled to allow for carrier movement to and from the IB. This often requires donor carriers.[2] The three current methods of fabricating IB devices are described below.
The first method is to introduce small, homogeneous quantum dot (QD) structures into a single junction device.[2]
This creates an IB, which can be tuned by changing the shape and size of the QDs.[5] For an experimental device to show high efficiency potential, it must demonstrate that it can generate current from the absorption of sub-bandgap photons, while preserving the output voltage of the device.[5] Using epitaxially-grown quantum dots, some experimental devices, such as InAs/GaAs, have been able to do this.[5] Preliminary InAs/GaAs devices have been able to produce efficiencies as high as 18.3%, although this is still lower than the comparable single junction device.[6] Unfortunately, QD structures have several issues:[2]
Therefore, more research is needed to fabricate truly high efficient devices. Specifically, high-density QD structures with long carrier lifetimes need to be developed and new materials need to be found to eliminate the need to use donor carriers to fill the IB.[2]
Findings related with chemically-synthesized colloidal quantum dots (CQDs)[7] and perovskite-based photovoltaic materials have shown potentially favorable conditions to realize IB semiconductors. CQDs made of low-bandgap (in near-infrared) materials allow strong carrier confinement, high radiative lifetimes, large Bohr radius,[8] and can overcome the main aforementioned limitations of epitaxially-grown dots.[9] First, CQDs can be densely packed (densities up to 1019–1020 dots/cm3) in films that are highly absorbent. Second, the CQDs’ size is precisely controlled, allowing for a true 3-bandgap configuration. For instance, PbS CQDs embedded in a wide-bandgap perovskite host can allow the optimum IB configuration and can provide absorption coefficients associated to the IB transitions with values (up to ~105 cm−1) comparable to bulk materials.[10] Also promisingly, perovskites and CQDs combined in solution can produce epitaxially-aligned dots-in-host heterocrystals (CQD@Perovskite), where the dots are passivated by the perovskite and remain well dispersed with a concentration tuned by controlling the ratio of mixed solutions.[11]
Another method of fabricating an IB device is to use highly mismatched alloys. The use of these mismatched alloys introduces an IB due to the band anti-crossing (BAC) mechanism.[12] This is essentially the splitting of the valence or conduction band, depending on the alloy type, into two bands.[12] These materials are typically made of III-V alloys, however they have also been fabricated with II-VI alloys.[12]
The two most studied alloys are ZnTe doped with O and GaAs doped with N.[13] Both of these devices have experimentally shown the absorption of sub-bandgap photons, however neither has been able to demonstrate voltage preservation.[13] Despite this, ZnTeO devices have demonstrated a higher photocurrent and efficiency than a comparable single bandgap ZnTe device.[6]
Unfortunately, both structures exhibit efficiency less than 1%.[6] Moving forward, more research is needed to find materials with natural partially filled IB bands.[5]
Finally, the last approach is to introduce deep level impurities (DLI) into a semiconductor bulk material.[5]
This method is similar to highly mismatched alloys, however the doping percentages are much less. The biggest issue with these devices is that the non-radiative recombination, predominantly Shockley-Read-Hall, significantly increases.[14]
Significant research in this field was aimed at achieving “lifetime recovery”, or the ability to increase carrier lifetime by introducing more DLIs.[15] In particular, it was believed that lifetime recovery could be achieved by increasing the DLI concentrations to the insulator to metal transition.[15] Krich, however, disproved this and in the process proposed a “figure of merit” to determine if materials would be suitable for high efficiency IB's.[15] The idea was that if the non-radiative recombination lifetime was significantly higher than the transit time for an electron to move from the conduction band to the IB, then the material could increase efficiency.[15] Essentially, the electron could reach the IB before recombining, leading to a higher induced photocurrent.
This figure of merit has been used to explain why no usable device has been fabricated using highly doped silicon. Chalcogen doped silicon, in particular, have low figures of merit due to their small non-radiative recombination lifetimes.[16] To achieve IB devices, more research needs to be done to find a bulk semiconductor material that exhibits higher non-radiative recombination lifetimes.
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Brest, Kyustendil Province - Wikipedia | Brest (Bulgarian: Брест) is a village in Treklyano Municipality, Kyustendil Province, south-western Bulgaria.[1] In 2011, the village had only one inhabitant who was eighty-three years old, down from two inhabitants in 2008 and further down from 97 people in 1956. It is most likely a ghost village, with no population.
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Cycling at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – men's 1 km time trial B - Wikipedia |
The men's 1 km time trial, Class B track cycling event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place on 1 September at London Velopark. This class is for blind and visually impaired cyclists riding with a sighted pilot.
WR = world record; DNF = did not finish.
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Naameh, Iran - Wikipedia | Naameh (Persian: نعمه, also Romanized as Na‘ameh; also known as Naghmeh and Nahmeh)[1] is a village in Chah Varz Rural District, in the Central District of Lamerd County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 174, in 38 families.[2]
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Zibeon - Wikipedia |
Zibeon (Heb. צבעוֹן, Tsibon': 'dyed' (Gesen.) or 'robber' (Fürst); Sept. Σεβεγών; Vulg. Sebeon) is one or perhaps two biblical figures mentioned in the Book of Genesis and the First Book of Chronicles.[1]
According to the Book of Genesis, Zibeon was the father of Anah, whose daughter Aholibamah was Esau's wife,[2] before 1963 BC according to the Ussher chronology.[1] Although called a Hivite, he may be the same as Zibeon the son of Seir the Horite who is mentioned in the First Book of Chronicles,[3] with Horite signifying 'cave-dweller' and Hivite being the name of his tribe, for nothing is known of any race of the Troglodytes; or perhaps הִחַוַּי ('the Hivite') is a mis-transcription for הִחֹרַי ('the Horite').[1]
Another difficulty connected with this Zibeon is that Anah in Genesis is called his daughter,[2] and his son;[4] but this difficulty may perhaps be explained by supposing that בת refers to Aholibamah, and not to the name next preceding it.[1] The Samaritan, it should be observed, has בן.[1][clarification needed] An allusion is made to some unrecorded fact in the history of the Horites in the passage "This [was that] Anah that found the mules in the wilderness as he fed the asses of Zibeon his father".[4] The word rendered 'mules' in the Authorized Version is the Hebrew יֵמַים, yemim, perhaps the Emim, or giants, as in the reading of the Samuel הָאֵימַים, and so also Onkelos and Pseudo-Jonathan; Gesenius prefers 'hot-springs', following the Vulgate rendering.[1] Zibeon was also one of the dukes or phylarchs of the Horites.[5][1]
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Baby in Vain - Wikipedia | Baby in Vain is an all-girl rock trio from Denmark consisting of Lola Hammerich, Benedicte Pierleoni and Andrea Thuesen. The band was formed in 2010 and their music can be described as grunge, blues and indie-inspired guitar-based noise rock.
Baby in Vain toured as warm-up act for The Floor Is Made Of Lava in the fall of 2012 and performed at the Pavilion Junior Stage at the 2013 Roskilde Festival.
Baby In Vain played a 2014 version of 90s stoner rock and grunge, with heavy guitar riffs and screeching vocals, but still draws in references from sludge and heavy metal.
In 2017 they released their debut album More Nothing.
They received mentions from Mojo Magazine’s Kieron Tyler, Vice and Intro Magazine. They've supported Ty Segall and guitar icon Thurston Moore's band Chelsea Light Moving, and have toured Europe extensively.
This article about a Danish band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This indie rock band-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:40:29 |
Denys Panasyuk - Wikipedia | Denys Charitonowitsch Panasyuk (Ukrainian - Денис Харитонович Панасюк; 5 (17) May 1900, Hanschyna – 8 June 1984, Kiev) was a Ukrainian Soviet lawyer and politician. He was a deputy of the 35th convocation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party from 1954 to 1966. From 1947 to 1953 he was Minister of Justice for the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and from August 1953 to February 1963 its prosecutor general (at that time subordinate to the Prosecutor General of the Soviet Union).[1]
This Ukrainian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:40:33 |
United Bank of Albania - Wikipedia | The United Bank of Albania, formerly known as the Arab-Albanian Islamic Bank, is an Albanian bank that provides banking services with headquarters in Tirana.
In 2021, United Bank of Albania had a market share of 0.67%, making it the smallest bank in Albania.[1]
The bank was founded by the state-owned National Commercial Bank of Albania (NCBA) and a group of Islamic investors. In 2000 NCBA was privatized and its 40% stake in UBA was acquired by the Ministry of Finance. In March 2009 the Ministry of Finance agreed to sell 40% of its shares to the Islamic Development Bank.[2]
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Oxbow Park (Seattle) - Wikipedia | WikiMiniAtlas47°32′42″N 122°19′18″W / 47.545088°N 122.321582°W / 47.545088; -122.321582
Oxbow Park is a public park in the Georgetown neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. It houses the landmark Hat 'n' Boots roadside attraction, which was relocated to the park.
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Trechus simienensis - Wikipedia |
Trechus simienensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae.[1] It was described by Jeannel in 1954.[1]
This Trechus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:40:47 |
Rafita Mirabal - Wikipedia | Rafita Mirabal (born 1997) from the Mexican state of Aguascalientes[1] is believed to be the world's youngest bullfighter.[2] He was discovered in a bullfighting school in his home state and has performed at least 24 fights from 2005 to April 2006[3] and several more since then. He enters the arena with only a red cape and a short sword to protect himself. His fights differ from those by adult bullfighters. The bulls he fights are smaller (about 400 lb, 180 kg) and he does not kill them, which seems to have an inherent attraction for the audience.[2] Because he is not strong enough to drive a sword into a bull's heart, "he might just wound the animals, and then they (animal rights activists) would repeat the thing about (the sport) being a massacre," according to Jose San Martin, the boy's manager.[3]
During a fight in San Miguel de Allende on April 15, 2006[1] Mirabal was swept into the air and trampled by a vaquilla (horned cow). Older bullfighters distracted the animal to give Mirabal to the time to recover and get back in the fight.[3]
This biographical article about bullfighting in Mexico is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:40:51 |
Amusium - Wikipedia |
Amusium is a genus of scallops, marine bivalve molluscs belonging to the family Pectinidae.
Extinct species within this genus include:[2]
This genus is known in the fossil record from the Carboniferous period to the Quaternary period (age range: 336.0 to 0.012 million years ago). These fossils have been found all over the world.[2]
This bivalve-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:40:54 |
IERI - Wikipedia | The European Institute of International Relations (Institut Européen des Relations Internationales IERI) is an independent research center, providing training and debates on major international issues. It was established in 1997.
IERI's areas of study and research cover different fields of international relations, including economic, political, strategic and security aspects.[1]
IERI is a founder of an institution of higher education named ADE (Academia Diplomatica Europaea), organizing conferences and representing a forum for diplomats, military and senior officials.
The IERI's initiatives are preserved in the perspective of the emergence of diplomatic, geopolitical and strategic culture according to the provisions related to the European External Action Service.[2]
At the beginning of 1990, following the German and European reunification, the activation of a political role of the European Community led to a new impetus of European integration.[3]
From the year 1992, now named the European Union had in its hands the first tools to assert its existence on the international level.[4]
It is in this perspective that has placed a University professor, Mr. Irnerio Seminatore in the creation of the European Institute of International Relations.
The studies of IERI include 3 areas:
IERI regularly publishes “working papers” and “IERI news” on topics dealt with the annual courses and conferences of the Academia Diplomatica Europaea (ADE), as well as on current issues.
Theoretical essays are devoted to international system, doctrinal or epistemological approaches (“Europe between Utopia and Realpolitik”, “Essays on Europe and International system” and “Six studies on International Balance”), to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Institutions of regional integration in the Gulf, Asia and America. IERI also publishes the “Journal of CFSP-ESDP”, the Journal of European Common Foreign Policy, Security and Common Defence.[5]
Academia Diplomatica Europaea is an institution of higher education specialized in providing a post-graduate training in diplomacy, security and defence. It includes a set of introductory seminars to the geopolitical and strategic thinking and to the study of globalization and international security.
ADE is addressed to diplomats officials, experts on foreign and defence policy, international affaires leaders, doctoral students and university researchers.
ADE issues a diploma.
Over 300 conferences have been held since the founding of ADE. They have gathered a faculty composed of European Commissioners, Ministers, Ambassadors, Diplomats, Senior Staff of the EU and of Member States, specialists, academics and other professionals.[2]
WikiMiniAtlas50°50′43″N 4°22′58″E / 50.845188°N 4.382666°E / 50.845188; 4.382666
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2001 Census of India - Wikipedia |
The 2001 Census of India was the 14th in a series of censuses held in India every decade since 1871.[1]
The population of India was counted as 1,028,737,436 consisting of 532,223,090 males and 496,514,346 females.[2] Total population increased by 182,310,397, 21.5% more than the 846,427,039 people counted during the 1991 census.[2]
Hindus comprise 82.75 crore (80.45%) and Muslims were 13.8 crore (13.4%) in 2001 census.[3][4] Census 2001 showed 108 faiths under the head "Other Religions and Persuasion" (ORP) in India.[5] 700,000 people did not state their religion.[6]
Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages". According to 2001 Census, 53.6% of Indian population know Hindi, in which 41% of them have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue.[7][8][9] English is known to 12.18% Indians in the 2001 census. The number of bilingual speakers in India is 25.50 crore, which is 24.8% of the population in 2001.[10] India (780) has the world's second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea (839).[11]
of total population[14]
Overview of 2001 population, separated by gender and age bracket.
2001 overview based on religious affiliation and language.
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Samyang 35mm F1.4 AS UMC - Wikipedia | The Samyang 35mm F1.4 AS UMC is an interchangeable moderate wide angle prime lens for cameras with full frame or smaller sensor. It was announced by Samyang on September 16, 2010.[1]
This photography-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:41:05 |
Smedjebackens FK - Wikipedia | Smedjebackens FK is a Swedish football club located in Smedjebacken.[1]
Smedjebackens FK currently plays in Division 4 Dalarna which is the sixth tier of Swedish football.[2] They play their home matches at the Herosvallen in Smedjebacken.[3]
The club is affiliated to Dalarnas Fotbollförbund.[4] Smedjebackens FK have competed in the Svenska Cupen on 10 occasions and have played 18 matches in the competition.[5]
* League restructuring in 2006 resulted in a new division being created at Tier 3 and subsequent divisions dropping a level.
[6]
[7]
[8]
This article about a Swedish football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:41:09 |
Northcote, Victoria - Wikipedia |
Northcote (/ˈnɔːθkət/ i) is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria,[2] Australia, 7 km (4.3 mi) north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Darebin local government area. Northcote recorded a population of 25,276 at the 2021 census.[1]
The area now known as Northcote is on the traditional lands of the Wurundjeri people. According to the Darebin Historical Encyclopedia,[3] European settlers knew the Wurundjeri as the 'Yarra' tribe. They were closely associated with the Yarra River and its subsidiaries, with various subgroups of the tribe owning lands at various spots on the course of the Yarra.
The southerly surveyed portion is now Westgarth. It was the area further north of present-day Westgarth which saw settlement and development, particularly around the mansion built by William Rucker on Bayview Street in 1842 (the area now known as Ruckers Hill). Large, expensive houses were built throughout the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s. Lower Plenty Road (or High Street as it is known today) became the central street of Northcote, instead of Westgarth Street as initially proposed. A bridge was built across the Merri Creek in 1858, making access to the area more convenient. Throughout the 1850s, churches, schools, and hotels were built. (see Timeline). The Pilgrim Inn became the Red House hotel, at the back of which the owner, G. F. Goyder, constructed a racetrack, on which steeplechase and walking races were conducted.[4]
Throughout the 1880s, land in Northcote was relatively cheap. This attracted speculative property investors, as well as people of limited financial means, setting in place Northcote's reputation as a working-class suburb. More businesses opened along High Street, as well as churches and schools. The Little Sisters of the Poor began building on a site along St Georges Road, which still exists today. The town hall was built in 1890, the same year the Borough of Northcote was proclaimed. The Northcote Football Club was established in 1898, with its home ground at Northcote Park.
The Northcote Picture Theatre opened in 1912. Its building is now one of the oldest surviving picture theatres in Victoria.[citation needed] It is now used as a reception centre. A free library opened in 1911, financed by Scottish philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Throughout the 1920s, development grew along St Georges Road. Northcote High School opened in 1926.
The Preston and Northcote Community Hospital (commonly known as "PANCH")[5] at 205 Bell Street, opened in 1958.
Access to Northcote via public transport was initially via the Inner Circle line, which when linked to the Heidelberg line in 1888, ran close to the southern border of the suburb. The line to Whittlesea was opened in 1891, creating a direct line to Northcote, although the line initially journeyed via Royal Park, Carlton North, and Fitzroy North, before a line was built from Clifton Hill to Melbourne through the suburbs of Collingwood and Richmond in 1901 to 1903.[citation needed] The northern section of the Inner Circle Line was closed to passengers in 1948, leaving the eastern section (from Melbourne to Clifton Hill, via Richmond and Collingwood).
Eight bus routes service Northcote:
Northcote has five railway stations along two lines. The Mernda line serves Merri, Northcote and Croxton stations. The Hurstbridge line serves Westgarth and Dennis stations.
A cable tram began operations along High Street in 1890.[citation needed] It was replaced in the early 1940s by a double-decker bus service, which was in turn replaced with an electric tram service in the 1950s (now tram route ). An electric tram service opened along St Georges Road in 1920 (now tram route ).
Northcote as a suburb has undergone gentrification over the last 25 years. In the 1990s, Northcote was classified as a low socio-economic area relative to the rest of Melbourne.[14] During the 1996 to 2006 decade, the number of two earner households rose by ten percentage points; the share of households in the top income quintile went from 14 to 19 per cent; and, the percentage of persons age 15 years and above with a bachelor's degree or high rose from 14 to 27 per cent (a much greater increase than experience by Melbourne as a whole). In 2011, a report from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute at Swinburne and Monash universities revealed Northcote had experienced the most intense gentrification of any Melbourne suburb in recent years. In 2013, Northcote was one of only four Melbourne suburbs whose median house price was at an all-time peak.[15] This has resulted in a significant change in the demographics of the suburb. An AHURI report states that between 2001 and 2006, almost 35 per cent of the members of vulnerable groups, including low-income households, single parent families and immigrants, had moved out of the area.
Since 2006, the most significant increases in occupation have come from those working in professional and managerial roles, with less residents now living in Northcote employed in manual labour positions. As a result, residents of Northcote now earn on average $1536 a week, $200 per week higher than the Melbourne average.[16] These changes in the population and demographics of Northcote and the greater Darebin area, have led to increases in the amount of cafes, bars, restaurants and other small businesses operating in the region. Estimates suggest that the greater Darebin area has seen its gross regional product increase by $1 billion in the last 10 years, to $5.23 billion.[17]
In 2011, 68.9% of residents in Northcote were born in Australia. However, 54% of those residents born in Australia had at least one parent born overseas, and 38.7% had both parents born overseas. This reflects the large numbers of second-generation families living in the area.[18]
The most common languages spoken in Northcote other than English are:
All Nations Park is located adjacent to the Northcote Plaza Shopping Centre (which itself opened in October 1981 at the site of the old brickworks).[citation needed]
All Nations Park is a contemporary 13 hectare regional park created on the site of the former Northcote brickworks. When the brickworks closed the site became a tip. In the 1980s, the rubbish still remaining in the site was sealed beneath a compacted clay 'cap', and was then covered in soil, including the formation of an artificial hill which newcomers to the area sometimes mistake for Ruckers Hill (actually located a few hundred metres to the southeast). There are also vents built into the ground to vent the gases produced by the landfill underneath, which prevents pressure under the soil from building up and potentially causing an explosion.[19]
There are skating facilities, as well as basketball courts, play equipment and picnic facilities. There is a lot of open space. There is also a large native garden giving special attention to plants indigenous to the area, and a series of ponds.
The park was also the location of a December 2008 shooting involving police and a 15-year-old boy named Tyler Cassidy. Cassidy was shot several times and died on location.,[20] Tyler Cassidy is the youngest person confirmed to have been killed by Police in Australia.
Gumbri Park, formerly Batman Park, (Coordinates WikiMiniAtlas37°46′05″S 144°59′34″E / 37.768054°S 144.9926958°E / -37.768054; 144.9926958 ) is a 1.6 hectares (4.0 acres) metropolitan park. It was purchased by the Northcote Council in 1907 and is recognised for its historical significance as the second oldest park in Northcote.[21] It hosts many established trees for shade and is close to buses, trains and trams. As part of a wider campaign to remove the controversial explorer John Batman's name from public places and buildings, the park was renamed from Batman Park to Gumbri Park in May 2017, in honour of the last Aboriginal girl to be born on Coranderrk mission.[22] 1n 2018, the name change was rejected by the direct descendants of Gumbri, Ian and Gary Hunter, so the name change was rejected by the Office of Geographic Names.[23] The current status of the name change is unknown as a result. The park hosts a playcentre, a playground, toilets, and the Pioneer's Retreat building, currently used by an incorporated association, We-Cycle.
Johnson Park is a popular large neighbourhood park of almost two hectares. The land Johnson Park occupies was purchased by the former City of Northcote in 1859. The traditional owners of land where Johnson Park stands today are the Wurundjeri-Willampatriliny people. In 1913, five acres was bought in Bastings Street on the flat low-lying basalt soils between Rucker Hill and Darebin Creek. Originally known as the East Ward Park, it was slowly transformed into what was to become Johnson Park today.[24]
The state seat of Northcote is currently represented by Kat Theophanous, a member of the Labor Party and the federal seat of Cooper, which covers Northcote, is held by Ged Kearney, also from the ALP. The state seat of Northcote was one of the safest Labor seats in the entire country, being held by a Labor member continuously from 1927 to 2017. After a steady increase in their primary vote from the early 2000s, The Greens eventually won the seat in the 2017 by-election following the death of Labor member Fiona Richardson, represented by Lidia Thorpe. Labor then regained the seat following the 2018 Victorian state election.
The ALP in Northcote has been the subject of a number of academic studies. Ethnic branches were established in Northcote during 1975, the first in Victoria.[25] The first branches were Westgarth, a Greek branch, and Croxton, an Italian branch.[26] An additional Greek branch, Northcote East, was also established in the area.[27]
The 2022 Victorian State Election campaign has seen alleged vandalism of election advertisements, particularly targetted at ALP Candidate Kat Theophanous.[28]
The area surrounding Northcote is home to local sporting teams:
^ = territory divided with another LGA
| 2023-09-03 05:41:17 |
Büğdüz, Çorum - Wikipedia |
Büğdüz is a village in the Çorum District of Çorum Province in Turkey.[1] Its population is 350 (2022).[2]
This geographical article about a location in Çorum District, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:41:21 |
Tivoli Provisioning Manager - Wikipedia | Tivoli Provisioning Manager (TPM) is a product in IBM´s Tivoli Software brand. Its purpose is to automate the provisioning of virtual servers and software. TPM is a "manager of managers", in that it does not manage any hardware itself, but issues commands to the hypervisors that do actually manage the hardware. TPM can orchestrate the various tasks, and provide a common interface for different platforms, notably Intel-based managed by VMware to host MS-Windows and Linux virtual servers; and IBM's own AIX servers running on pSeries.
TPM originated with Think Dynamics which IBM acquired in 2003.[1] Their "Think Control" product was good in provisioning and managing (virtual) servers in data centers. IBM added their "OPAL" Integrated Service Management Library, and marketed their new product as "Tivoli Intelligent Orchestrator" - hence the appearance of the letters "tio" in many product files of TPM.
While TIO appears to not have been a huge success, IBM spun off the deployment engine as a product of itself.
TPM works from an extensive Data Center Model that contains all server- and software-components, with their attributes and relations. As of v7.1, this is part of the Maximo database (maxdb71).
All TPM's actions are executed by WorkFlows. These are written in a proprietary interpreted procedural scripting language. Most information must be drawn through queries from the DCM. Most string manipulation must be done by Jython calls - because both the WorkFlow interpreter and Jython parse, interpret, and manipulate these strings, great care must be taken in writing them. Actions on server systems are done through scriptlets, which generate (shell) scripts that are executed on the target servers.
For developing TPM workflows, one needs the so-called Automation Package Development Environment (APDE): this is the Eclipse Integrated Development Environment with a special TPM plugin. It needs to be configured to have access to the DCM database: all workflow code is stored by line in the database.
| 2023-09-03 05:41:25 |
Alkalihalobacillus lehensis - Wikipedia |
Bacillus lehensis[3]
Alkalihalobacillus lehensis is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming and alkalitolerant bacterium from the genus of Alkalihalobacillus which has been isolated from soil from Leh.[1][3][2]
This bacilli-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:41:28 |
Pushnoy, Murmansk Oblast - Wikipedia | Pushnoy (Russian: Пушно́й) is a rural locality (an inhabited locality) in Pushnovsky Territorial Okrug of Kolsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia,[1] located on the Kola Peninsula beyond the Arctic Circle at a height of 131 meters (430 ft) above sea level. Population: 782 (2010 Census).[2]
This Murmansk Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:41:34 |
Utralvoherpia - Wikipedia |
Utralvoherpia is a genus of solenogasters, shell-less, worm-like, marine mollusks.[1][2]
This Solenogaster-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:41:38 |
TMEM101 - Wikipedia | 84336 76547 ENSG00000091947 ENSMUSG00000020921 Q96IK0 Q91VP7 NM_001304813NM_001304814NM_032376 NM_029649 NP_001291742NP_001291743NP_115752 NP_083925 Transmembrane protein 101 (TMEM101) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM101 gene.[5] The TMEM101 protein has been demonstrated to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway.[6] High levels of expression of TMEM101 have been linked to breast cancer.[7]
Known aliases of TMEM101 include Putative NF-Kappa-B-Activating Protein 130, FLJ23987, and MGC4251.[8]
TMEM101 is located on the minus strand of the long arm of human chromosome 17 at the locus 17q21.31.[5] The gene is 12,758 bp long, and it ranges from position 44,011,188 to position 44,023,946 on chromosome 17.[5] TMEM101 is located between the genes NAGS and LSM12.[5]
NCBI RefSeq contains five mRNA transcript variants for TMEM101.[5] Transcript variants 1, 2, and 3 have been found experimentally, while transcript variants X1 and X2 have been predicted computationally.[5] The last three exons of all five transcript variants are identical. The second exon is identical in transcript variants 2 and 3. The first exon of variant X1 and the second exon of variant X2 are nearly identical to the second exon of variants 2 and 3, but both contain an additional segment of bases at the 3’ end of this exon, and the first exon of variant X1 has 6 extra bases on the 5’ end. The first exon differs considerably in length between variants 2, X2, and 3.
There are two known isoforms of the TMEM101 protein. Isoform a is encoded by transcript variant 1, while isoform b is encoded by transcript variants 2 and 3.[5] Transcript variants X1 and X2 are also predicted to encode isoform b. Isoform b lacks the first 58 amino acids following the N-terminus of isoform a, but the remaining 199 amino acids are identical to isoform a.
Isoform a of the TMEM101 protein has a predicted molecular weight of about 29 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of about 9.6.[9] In terms of amino acid composition, TMEM101 is relatively rich in the hydrophobic amino acids leucine and tyrosine, and relatively poor in the hydrophilic amino acids asparagine and threonine.[10] It is also relatively poor in the sum of the two negatively charged amino acids, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.[10]
Isoform a of the TMEM101 protein contains 8 transmembrane domains.[11]
The Ali2D, I-TASSER, and Phyre2 models all predict that the secondary structure of TMEM101 is predominately composed of alpha helices.[12][13][14] The Phyre2 prediction is presented in the figure to the right.
The I-TASSER highest confidence model for the predicted tertiary structure for the TMEM101 protein resembles the structure of a polytopic transmembrane alpha-helical protein.[13]
The lysine at position 4 in the TMEM101 protein is predicted to be acetylated by the EP300 acetyltransferase enzyme.[15]
There are five predicted phosphorylation sites located outside of transmembrane domains on the cytoplasmic side of the TMEM101 protein, which are listed in the table below.[16]
Immunofluorescent staining experiments have detected the TMEM101 protein in the plasma membrane and the nucleoplasm.[17]
The Genomatix Gene2Promoter tool lists 7 promoter regions for the Homo sapiens TMEM101 gene.[18] The promoter that is supported by the greatest number of mRNA transcripts is 1525 bp long and spans the base pairs 44014913–44016437 on the negative strand of human chromosome 17. This promoter overlaps the start of transcription of mRNA transcript variant 1.
The following table presents a selected list of transcription factors that are predicted by the Genomatix MatInspector tool to bind to the GXP_8985856 promoter.[19]
According to RNA-Seq data, TMEM101 is expressed in a wide range of tissues with low tissue specificity.[20] Relatively, it is expressed most highly in breast tissue, the seminal vesicles, the kidneys, and endometrial tissue.[20]
A cross section of a mouse embryo that has been stained for TMEM101 mRNA using in situ hybridization techniques shows noticeably lower levels of TMEM101 transcript in the liver than in other tissues.[21]
TMEM101 has been observed to be expressed at lower levels in ovarian endometriotic cells than in uterine endometrial cells within the same individuals.[22][23]
TMEM101 has also been observed to be expressed at higher levels in estrogen receptor positive ovarian cancer tumors than in estrogen receptor negative ovarian cancer tumors in mouse xenograft models.[24][25]
The IntAct database indicates that the following proteins that have been found to interact with the TMEM101 protein through two-hybrid screening experiments.[26]
TMEM101 has orthologs in Mammalia, Sauropsida, Amphibia, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Mollusca, Annelida, Echinodermata, Cnidaria, and Placozoa, among others. A table of selected orthologs is listed below. There are no known paralogs of TMEM101.
The most distantly related species to humans that possesses an ortholog of TMEM101 is Trichoplax adhaerens. Given that Ctenophorans do not possess orthologs of TMEM101, it appears that TMEM101 originated in the basal ParaHoxozoa clade after its divergence from Ctenophora approximately 948 million years ago. Based on a molecular clock analysis, the protein sequence of TMEM101 has on average evolved faster than Cytochrome c but slower than Fibrinogen alpha.
TMEM101 cDNA transcripts have been demonstrated to activate the transcription of NF-κB controlled genes in human embryonic kidney cells.[6]
TMEM101 has been noted as a biomarker of breast cancer. High expression of TMEM101 is associated with the Luminal molecular subtype of breast cancer.[7] Additionally, high levels of TMEM101 are associated with an increased risk score for the diagnosis of early stage triple-negative breast cancer.[27]
| 2023-09-03 05:41:42 |
Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum - Wikipedia |
Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum is a 2010 Malayalam-language film directed by Haridas Kesavan. Mukesh, Dhanya Mary Varghese, Jagadish and Suraj Venjaramood star.[1][2]
This film tells the story of the mysterious Sadasivan who walks into a house at a village called Pancharakkara, knowing that the man of the house Kumaran has committed suicide. Soon he becomes dear to everyone around, and is a big help to Kumaran's widow Soumini who has been left adrift after her husband's demise.
The movie is set around the house. The Panchayat President sneaks around with ulterior motives in mind at midnight. The local tea shop owner, the tailor and the drunkard are involved.
Kuttappan, a blind man, hops into a car to show the guests their way. He appears in almost every scene and throws in some big surprises.
This article about a Malayalam film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:41:46 |
CHOO-FM (British Columbia) - Wikipedia | CHOO-FM was a radio station which broadcast on 101.7 MHz in Tofino, British Columbia, Canada from 2000 to 2002.
On July 15, 1999, P. L. M. Broadcasting Ltd. received approval from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to operate a new FM radio station at Tofino.[1] The new station would broadcast with 50 watts of power with a mixture of a MOR format, including modern and light rock, classic and modern country music as well as local talent, and a talk show. The station also provided native languages like Nuu-chah-nulth language, consisting of stories and native music, along with two hours of french-language programming weekly. Funding for the station was to be provided by the Ma-Mook Development Corporation, a non-profit business development corporation created by the five Central Region First Nations of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council.
CHOO-FM signed on at 101.7 MHz in early 2000. In 2001, the station switched to an adult contemporary format to attract more listeners.
On January 15, 2002, CHOO-FM broadcasting at 50 watts on 101.7 MHz was shut down, due to a lack of advertising revenue and other problems. CHOO-FM's licence renewal was approved on August 15, 2005 (from September 1, 2005 to October 31, 2006).[2]
The CHOO callsign was formerly used at a radio station in Ajax, Ontario from 1967 to 1994, which is known today as CJKX-FM. As of 2009, the current CHOO callsign now belongs to a radio station in Drumheller, Alberta, known as CHOO-FM.
This article about a radio station in British Columbia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:41:50 |
Royal Canin - Wikipedia |
Royal Canin is a French manufacturer and global supplier of cat and dog food. The company is a subsidiary of Mars, Incorporated. It undertakes research into the specific nutritional needs of dogs and cats.
The company was established by French veterinary surgeon Jean Cathary, after he successfully treated a number of skin and coat conditions in pets by feeding them a cereal-based diet he prepared in his garage. He realized that nutrition was an important part of pets' health.[1] After importing an extruder from the United States, a process used in this industry for the first time in 1956,[2] the company was the first to manufacture dry pet food in France. Aimed primarily at breeders, production steadily increased and distribution extended further into the European market. Royal Canin was sold to the Guyomarc'h Group in 1972, and underwent a further period of expansion, especially in the area of research and development, before being purchased by the Paribas Bank in 1990. The company was floated on the French stock exchange but removed later after it was sold to Mars, Incorporated in 2002.[3][4]
The company was established by the French veterinary surgeon Jean Cathary in 1968.[5] He had a veterinary practice in a village in the Gard region of France and was concerned many people's pets were being presented with a variety of health problems, especially skin and coat conditions. Convinced the cause was dietary, Cathary devised a cereal–based recipe, which he prepared in an oven in his garage.[6][7]
The diet successfully alleviated the problems pets were presented with, so in 1968, Cathary registered the food with the trademark “Royal Canin”. He closed his veterinary practice to concentrate on manufacturing and distributing the feed. An extruder was imported from the U.S. and Royal Canin became the first manufacturer of dry pet food in France and the first European company to use an extruder.[7] The target market was primarily breeders and German Shepherd associations; television advertising was used to promote the product.[7]
Production steadily increased and in 1970, the company was incorporated as "Royal Canin S. A."; a larger factory was opened in Aimargues and began distribution throughout Europe. Forty staff were employed in the annual production of five–thousand five hundred tons of feed. A subsidiary, Royal Canin Iberica, was established in Spain. In March 1972, Cathary sold the company to the Guyomarc'h Group,[6][8][9] a much larger, family-run animal feed business founded by Jean Guyomarc’h in 1954, which specialised in livestock feed.[10][a]
In 1972, Royal Canin was sold to the Guyomarc'h Group. The new ownership allowed the company to further undergo a period of expansion, especially in the area of research and development.[11][12] A second factory was inaugurated in 1975 in Cambrai, France.
The period under the ownership of Guyomarc'h saw a marked expansion of the company, particularly in the area of research and development. A dedicated research centre was opened in Saint-Nolff, Brittany, during 1973. Over the ten years up to 1982 additional subsidiaries were also set up in other European countries. These included Italy, Sweden, Belgium, Spain, Germany and Denmark. Another factory was built in northern France to service sales in the countries of the north of Europe.[9] From 1982 onwards, Royal Canin diversified its portfolio to products such as canned food and bird seed and saw its production quadruple to 200,000 tons in 10 years.[12]
The Guyomarc'h group of companies was purchased by the Paribas Bank in 1990.[13] Royal Canin recorded a loss in 1993; the following year the Guyomarc'h group was divided into four separate businesses, one of which remained as Royal Canin. In 1944, a new CEO was appointed and focused on 3 pillars: dry food, health through nutrition and dog-handling expertise.[12][14] The bank wished to sell Royal Canin but its chairman managed to persuade it to list it on the Paris stock exchange instead, which took place in 1997.[15] Forty–three percent of the company was floated on the stock market and it raised the company's valuation to four and half billion francs. The additional revenue raised provided the funding to buy Crown Pet Foods in 1999 and the James Wellbeloved brand in 2000.[6][16][17]
In 1999, Guyomarc'h site was recognized and Royal Canin's activities became autonomous from the other activities of Guyomarc'h site.[18]
The bank sold its holding in the company to Mars, Incorporated in July 2002 for in excess of one and a half billion euros. The majority of this payment, almost ninety–three percent, was for "goodwill". The European Commission only agreed to the takeover by Mars if Royal Canin disposed of some assets to Agrolimen, a Spanish company.[9][19] Royal Canin was removed from the stock exchange listing after the take over by Mars.[20]
In 2002, Mars acquired 40% of Royal Canin's stakes.[21][22] According to the economic daily newspaper Les Echos, it was a marriage between a French SME, European leader, with a powerful global distribution network.[22]
In March 2004, Royal Canin acquired the US and Canadian veterinary-grade food brands IVD, Medi–Cal and Techni–Cal from Del Monte Foods for $82.5 million.[23]
The company was one of the many brands affected by the 2007 pet food recalls. As at 30 April 2012, the FDA had reported no subsequent Class I, II, or III recalls by Royal Canin.[24]
By 2008, as much as eighty percent of Royal Canin's one and a half billion euro revenue was generated from sales outside France. The number of staff employed worldwide was around four thousand five hundred.[25]
In 2012, Royal Canin established one of its logistics platforms in Verdun, France.[26]
In 2018, Royal Canin celebrated its 50th anniversary.[27]
In 2021, Mars announced that it would invest 46 million euros in France, among which 22 million euros dedicated to its French and Global headquarters in Aimargues, France, where the historic plant, a pilot plant and an R&D center are located.[28]
Royal Canin's motto is "A Better World for Pets"[29]
Royal Canin has about 260 different formulas. The food adapted to each animal,[30] physiology and sensitivities[31] and meets the needs of the dog [32] or cat, exactly according to the firm.
The principle of Royal Canin is 'the health of animals through good nutrition'.[33]
In the UK, Royal Canin is a member of the Pet Food Manufacturers Association (PFMA).[34]
The products are adapted for different digestive capacity and divergent growth periods.[35]
The company develops several different diet formulas, also for medical prevention and care [36] such as Renal Feline Special for feline urinary,[37] tract health,[38] suitable kibbles for dogs with allergies[39] or digestive disorders.[40]
Some veterinary foods are available through prescription only, such as the Wet Diet brand.[41]
Pill Assist, a treat designed to help owners to give medication to their cats by masking tablets and capsules.[42] In some countries, Royal Canin has its own Veterinary Channel.[43]
In collaboration with experts, Royal Canin led in the development of publications such as the Dog's Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Canine Clinical Nutrition,[44][45][46] the Royal Canin Cat Encyclopedia, and other books like Nutrition of the pets with the French Veterinary Academia.[47][48][49]
Royal Canin bases the production of its feeds on scientific research[50] and set up its first research centre in St-Nolff in 1973; a subsequent research centre was established in Missouri in the late 1980s, and a research facility was also opened in Brazil. Products are tested non-invasively on a "focus group" of about 500 pets (dogs and cats) selected for the characteristics of their breeds.[51] Daniel Cloche was one of the scientists who first worked at the company's French research facility and was described as "one of the pioneers in researching bone–related disorders and diseases among dogs". Research indicated bone problems in large dogs could be dietary, so different recipes were developed to specifically address this. In 1980, Royal Canin brought out a new feed called AGR, especially for puppies categorised as large breeds. At that time, the company also turned its attention towards producing cat foods to suit specific dietary requirements.[6][9]
Henri Lagarde was chairman of the company during the 1990s, and drove the implementation of three core policies. Firstly, the physiology and biology of pets should be studied to increase the company's knowledge base. Secondly, all products had to address specific needs; this was further endorsed by the Research and Development section having mandatory instructions that "no veterinarian or university should be able to refute any of Royal Canin's nutritional arguments". Finally, animals and their nutritional requirements were to be treated with "knowledge and respect" rather than being humanised.[52] The company theme became "knowledge and respect".[50]
With the help of academics, the company also produces encyclopedias about dog and cat breeds, which have been translated into fifteen languages. There are also books on breeding, nutrition and publications aimed at breeders and veterinary surgeons. Royal Canin also published the scientific quarterly titled FOCUS which was circulated to in excess of seventy thousand veterinarians worldwide in eleven different languages. FOCUS is now called Veterinary Focus magazine. This is in addition to the one thousand four hundred fifty veterinary literatures produced for the Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition.[53][54]
Royal Canin conducted some studies, like the one on the life expectancy of dogs and cats, which shows that due to the progress in veterinary medicine and animal food, dogs and cats live longer.[55][56]
In 2012, Royal Canin participated in a Peer-Reviewed Publication which concluded that diets high in saturated fat are not associated with adverse effects in healthy cats.[57] The same year, another research was conducted by the WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, provided new insights into dogs' natural feeding.[58]
Royal Canin partners with some veterinarians, employed or not, in studies and medical recommendations.[59][60][61][62][63]
In 1994, Lagarde was determined the company should be seen as dealing with "specialists". He insisted that the word "traditional" must never be used and the word was removed from every document and company computer file being replaced by "specialist" instead.[52]
There are teams of trained veterinary technicians to help and advise breeders and other professionals. The company coined a new description for its teams of trained sales staff as "cynotechnicians", who were already well established and passionate about the canine world; some were show judges or had gained an international reputation for their breeding skills.[64]
In 2019, Royal Canin signed an agreement to partner with MAssey University Foundation by offering a scholarship in health nutrition for cats and dogs veterinary science.[65]
The company sponsors and participates in thousands of cat and dog shows each year around the world, like local and regional Canine Club.[66][67] The company withdrew from sponsoring the UK Contest of Champions event in 2009 but was quoted as stating it was increasing its sponsorship of dog shows.[68] In 2010, Royal Canin financed the Subculture Animal Friends association, animal rights activists linked to punk band Subculture which fight animal cruelty.[69]
In 2017, Royal Canin collaborated with an association which promotes the integration of people wih disabilities through sport in the context of Para Skiing Championships in Spain.[70]
In 2013, Four Paws, an international animal welfare group, accused Royal Canin of sponsoring events that included illegal bear-baiting in Ukraine.[71] The company confirmed the allegations[72] and promised to take action to put an end to its sponsorship of such events.[73] Subsequently, the company made a commitment to support the rescue of bears used and began negotiations with the group to determine a detailed project plan.[74][75][76] In July, the company announced that it would fund the constructions of a rescue facility for bears.
In 2022, in the field of healthcare, Royal Canin partnered with PDSA, a UK-veterinary charity, to tackle obesity among pets.[77] The same year, Royal Canin and RACE Foundation renewed their collaboration on the theme of the well-being and safety of animals during travel.[78][79][80]
Royal Canin's head office is in Aimargues, southern France.[81][82] There are sixteen production facilities worldwide,[83][2] in addition to Aimargues including at Cambrai in northern France; Johannesburg, South Africa; Descalvado, Brazil;[81] and González Catán, near Buenos Aires, Argentina.[81]
The plant located in Rolla, Missouri, produces only dry pet feeds.[84] Royal Canin was fined for "violating the Clean Water Act" in 2005 at this site.[85]
In 2004, production facilities at Dmitrov, near Moscow, Russia, opened. Royal Canin committed twelve million euros in the construction of the factory and anticipated annual production of twenty–two thousand tons a year.[81][86]
The Polish government announced construction was to start in February 2006 on a fifty million euro factory in Niepołomice, Poland, which would provide employment for in excess of one hundred fifty staff. At the time of the announcement, it was described as "the ninth and most modern of all of those which belong to the company"; this was because of the laboratory that was to be included in the design.[87][88]
The company's first UK facility, at Castle Cary, near Bristol, opened in December 2007, two years later than expected. Annual production was expected to be two thousand tons, employing eighty staff. Although objections were raised by some local residents, others welcomed the facility.[89] The Environment Agency received complaints of an "unbearable smell" after production started. The company installed carbon filters and a new condenser at a cost of a million pounds in attempts to address the problem.[90][91]
In 2008, the company invested seventy–three million dollars in the construction of a factory at Guelph, Ontario, Canada.[92][93]
A factory at North Sioux City, South Dakota, USA, was originally purchased by Mars in 2007 and worked under the Mars Petcare brand. This was then re-branded to Royal Canin in 2011, where it manufactures both wet and dry pet food.[84]
Royal Canin's twelfth production facility was fully built at the end of 2009 and is located in Shanghai, China.[94]
A new plant has been opened in 2017 in South Korea in Gimje, North Jeolla Province.[95]
In 2021, the company announced that it would invest $185 millionfor its facility in North Sioux City in South Dakota.[96][97] The project aimed at creating 149 new full-time jobs.[98] The same year Royal Canin announced an investment of $200 million to expand its manufacturing facility in Lebanon, Tennessee.[99] The expansion began in 2019.[100]
Since July 2022, Cécile Coutens has been the new president. She succeeds Loïc Moutault.[101] She is the first woman at the head of Royal Canin.[102][103]
Founded in 2020,[108] the Royal Canin Foundation aims to reinforce the positive role that domestic animals play in the health and well-being of people[109],with topics such as COVID-19 detection, cancer detection, puppy education and children with autism.[110][111][112] For example, the foundation partners with Dogpoint, in spain, to facilitate access to assistance dogs for children with ASD.[113][114] In France, the foundation supports the France Victimes Project and has signed an agreement to finance the deployment of 3 new local assistance dogs per year by 2025.[115] In Mexico, the Foundation uses a brigade of assistant dogs called BREC K-9 to help with natural catastrophes such as earthquakes.[116][117]
In October 2021, the Royal Canin brand announced its commitment to become carbon neutral certified by 2025[118][119][120] and adhere to the PAS 2060 standard for carbon neutrality.[121] The brand claimed to have begun moving toward carbon neutrality in 2022, by having its first product range carbon-neutral certified. [122][123]
The Royal Canin brand announced that it would carry out the following actions: transitioning to renewable electricity, procuring sustainable ingredients, reducing waste and boosting circularity and implementing climate-smart business transformation.[124][125] For any residual emissions that Royal Canin cannot completely remove or reduce, the brand will invest in high-quality, removal-based certified carbon credits.[122] Royal Canin declares qualifying the carbon footprint of 100% of its raw materials.[126][127] Around 2020, Royal Canin's factories already used 72% of renewable electricity for its factories around the world[128] powered by systems that had been built in the past 20 years.
Royal Canin organizes events related to the pet and industry, such as the Vet Symposium,[129][130] aimed at veterinarians, and the PRO Experts Forum, aimed at breeders.[131]
A Royal Canin advertisement from the 1980s featured a running German Shepherd in slow motion, set to the instrumental theme "Chi Mai" composed by Ennio Morricone.[132][133] Alain Chabat parodied this advertisement by including a slow-motion chase scene (with "Chi Mai" as the background music) between Idéfix and a legionary in the 2002 film Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra.[134][135]
In 2013, following a controversy sparked by the support of dog and bear fights by its Ukrainian subsidiary, the company announced its commitment to assisting in the protection of bears in Ukraine.[136][137]
In 2017, the brand was mentioned in a report by France 5, "What Kind of Kibble for Our Pets?" and in the book "Ce Poison Nommé Croquette" by Jérémy Anso, criticizing the quality of products from Hill’s Pet Nutrition and Royal Canin, among others.[138][139][140]
Bibliography
| 2023-09-03 05:41:53 |
Last Frontier Heliskiing - Wikipedia | Last Frontier Heliskiing is a backcountry heliskiing destination located in the Skeena Mountains and Coast Mountains of Northern British Columbia. Founded in 1996,[1] Last Frontier Heliskiing operates out of two locations: Bell 2 Lodge[2] on the Stewart-Cassiar Highway in Bell II, and the Ripley Creek Inn,[3] in Stewart. Last Frontier Heliskiing is a heliskiing operator within the province of British Columbia[4] (List of heli-skiing operators in B.C.) with access to 10,100 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi) of skiable terrain.[5]
Ernie Kreese built the original building foundations of the Bell 2 Crossing in 1979 as a basic gas station and garage.[6] Bell 2 Lodge is located at the second bridge crossing over the Bell-Irving River on the Stewart-Cassiar Highway, one of the two main highways linking British Columbia and Alaska. Later, a small restaurant and multiple cabins were added to the facility. In 1994, the founding partners of Last Frontier Heliskiing, George Rosset, Franz Fux, Mike Watling and Geoff Straight discovered Bell 2. They set on to explore the Skeena mountains surrounding Bell 2 to evaluate the potential for a new heliskiing destination. Satisfied with their find, they decided in 1996 to put the location to trial with an 8 weeks initial heliskiing program out of Bell 2 Lodge, using a single A-star helicopter. The film crew of Teton Gravity Research took this opportunity to explore this yet unmediated mountainous part of the world, which they initially captured in their movie 'Re-Session'.[7] What once was a rustic and remote gas station became a heliski village since the purchase of Bell 2 lodge in 1996. Renovations between 1998 and 2003 occurred and lead to a full rebuilt and modernization of the lodge facilities.[8]
Following the success of Bell 2 Lodge, The lead guides from Last Frontier Heliskiing George Feitzinger and Andre Ike explored the south of the tenure with the aim of establishing a whole new heliskiing zone deep into the coast mountains. Their findings lead to the establishment of a new heliskiing destination in 2005, the Ripley Creek Inn, located in Stewart.[9]
Bell 2 Lodge is located 340 kilometres (210 mi) northwest of Terrace in the locality of Bell II;[10] the resort is situated along the Stewart-Cassiar Highway at the second crossing of the Bell-Irving River.[11] The Ripley Creek Inn is located 310 kilometres (190 mi) northwest of Terrace in the town of Stewart,[12] 3 km (2 mi) away from Hyder, Alaska.[13]
Last Frontier Heliskiing is a member of HeliCat Canada, an association seeking operating standards with regards to safety, risk management and sustainability within the heli and catskiing industry.[14] All the guides at Last Frontier Heliskiing are ACMG or UIAGM certified mountain guides.[15] Since 2008, Last Frontier Heliskiing has established mandatory for all guests and guides to wear an ABS Airbag pack[16] in the mountains for avalanche safety reasons. The skiing guests and guides are all equipped with Avalanche transceivers, Avalanche airbags, shovels, and probes.
Since 2007, Last Frontier Heliskiing has taken active participation in scientific studies lead on the behavior of wild Mountain goats in order to analyze the impact and potential harm of helicopter operations happening within the goats’ natural habitat.[17] General guidelines with regards to restricted and sensitive zones [18] have been established as a response to these studies, in order to avoid causing any disturbances on endangered wildlife species with heliskiing activities.
Last Frontier Heliskiing has hosted many well-known skiing and snowboarding professionals over the years.
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Basin Groups - Wikipedia | Basin Groups refers to 9 subdivisions of the lunar Pre-Nectarian geologic period. It is the second era of the Hadean.
The motivation for creating the Basin Groups subdivisions was to place 30 pre-Nectarian impact basins into 9 relative age groups. The relative age of the first basin in each group is based on crater densities and superposition relationships, whereas the other basins are included based on weaker grounds.[1] Basin Group 1 has no official age for its base, and the boundary between Basin Group 9 and the Nectarian period is defined by the formation of the Nectaris impact basin.
The age of the Nectaris basin is somewhat contentious, with the most frequently cited numbers placing it at 3.92 Ga, or more infrequently at 3.85 Ga.[2] Recently, however, it has been suggested that the Nectaris basin could be, in fact, much older and might have formed at ~4.1 Ga.[3] Basin Groups are not used as a geologic period on any of the United States Geological Survey lunar geologic maps. Basin Groups 1-9 and the earlier (informal) Cryptic era together make up the totality of the Pre-Nectarian period.
Since little or no geological evidence on Earth exists from the time spanned by the Pre-Nectarian period of the Moon, the Pre-Nectarian has been used as a guide by at least one notable scientific work[4] to subdivide the unofficial terrestrial Hadean eon. In particular, it is sometimes found that the Hadean eon is subdivided into the Cryptic era and Basin Groups 1-9 (which collectively make up the Pre-Nectarian), and the Nectarian and Lower Imbrian. The first lifeforms (self replicating RNA molecules, see RNA world hypothesis) may have evolved on earth around 4 bya during this era.
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Never Ending Tour 1988 - Wikipedia | The Never Ending Tour is the popular name for Bob Dylan's endless touring schedule since June 7, 1988.[1][2][3]
On the first year of the tour he performed 71 concerts. This is the second fewest performances on a 'Never Ending Tour' yearly tour.The 1988 tour stayed within North America, performing 63 concerts in the United States and eight in Canada. He performed in 29 states in the US and six provinces in Canada.[4][5]
This set list is representative of the performance on October 16, 1988 in New York City. It does not represent the set list at all concerts for the duration of the tour.[6]
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Whimoon High School - Wikipedia | Whimoon High School (Korean: 휘문고등학교; Hanja: 徽文高等學校; RR: Hwimun Godeunghakgyo) is a private high school in South Korea, located in Daechi-dong, Seoul. It is one of the oldest high schools in South Korea. It is one of the famous and prestigious schools in South Korea. It is well known for the extremely high competition in the school, as well. Its outcome of admission for college is not comparable to any other school in South KoreaSouth Korea.
Whimoon High School traces its beginnings to the opening of Kwangsung-Euisuk in 1901, making it one of the country's oldest high schools still in operation. The founder is Min Young-whi, a nephew of Empress Myeongseong. From the very beginning, Whimoon was intended to be an educational institution to nurture the best and brightest. In 1904, entrance examinations were held to recruit prospective students. Emperor Gojong gave the name school its current the name "Whimoon" in 1906.
In 1914, Whimoon Euisuk became Whimoon Private Normal School and then became Whimoon Middle School in 1928, in line with the changing educational policies of the era. During the Japanese colonial era, the school silently played a role in the Korean independence movement by continuously teaching the Korean language despite it being banned by the colonial government. It first became known for its liberal school culture, an extensive sports program and placing equal emphasis on humanities and liberal arts alongside languages and the sciences. At that time, all schoolboys had to keep a military-style buzz cut and had to abide by a very strict dress code. However, Whimoon did not require its boys to adhere to that mandated hair and dress code. Instead, their students were only expected to maintain a neat appearance and had several types of uniforms to choose from, which was unheard of. The unique school culture would persist into the 1970s.[1]
Initially Whimoon was a six-year school. With the 1957 government policy of "3+3" (3 years of middle school and 3 years of high school), Whimoon was legally split into two separate schools: Whimoon Middle School and Whimoon High School. Both schools still maintain an affiliation, with a large number of alumni from the post-war years having attended both schools.
Originally, the location of the school was middle of Seoul (Jongro-gu). In 1977 and 1979 both schools moved to their current locations in Gangnam, across the Han River. In 2010, it became a self-governing (private) school.[2]
By the law of private school education, Whimoon High School was selected to be a privately-operated high school above numerous other schools. The students who have a higher GPA than other students in their middle school can apply to Whimoon High School.
Whimoon High School is an early pioneer in championing the notion of the "student-athlete" in South Korean education. Students were encouraged to join a sports club to complement their academic pursuits. The two sports which the school is best known for – baseball and basketball – were introduced in 1907 and 1927 respectively.[1]
In 2010, Whimoon Baseball team won the President's National High School Baseball Championship for the fifth time. More recently, in 2014, the baseball team won the Bonghwang High School Baseball Tournament, considered to be one of the country's premier high school baseball tournaments.[3][4]
It was one of the earliest high schools to introduce basketball and has continuously produced players who have gone on to play professionally in the Korean Basketball League and the South Korean national team.[5][6] During the 1960s to 1980s, it gained a reputation as one of the city's top schools for high school basketball, along with Yongsan and Kyungbock High Schools. Since the 2000s, Whimoon has become better known for baseball and the basketball rivalry has been more centered on Yongsan and Kyungbock.[5][7]
WikiMiniAtlas37°30′18″N 127°03′43″E / 37.50500°N 127.06194°E / 37.50500; 127.06194
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Erdmuthe Maria Theresia of Dietrichstein - Wikipedia | Erdmuthe Maria Theresia of Dietrichstein (17 April 1662 – 16 March 1737), was an Austrian noblewoman, Princess of Liechtenstein by marriage to Hans-Adam I, Prince of Liechtenstein.
Born in Nikolsburg, she was the fifth child and second (but eldest surviving) daughter of Ferdinand Joseph, 3rd Prince of Dietrichstein, member of the princely House of Dietrichstein, and his wife, Princess Marie Elisabeth of Eggenberg (1640-1715), Duke of Krumau and Princely Count (gefürsteter Graf) of Gradis am Sontig.
In Vienna on 16 February 1681, Erdmuthe married with her first cousin, Hans-Adam, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein (16 August 1662 – 16 June 1712). They had eleven children:[1][2][3]
After the death of her father-in-law in 1684, Erdmuthe became in Princess consort of Liechtenstein. She died in Vienna aged 74 and was buried in the Liechtenstein family crypt in Vranov.
| 2023-09-03 05:42:11 |
Judolia antecurrens - Wikipedia |
Judolia antecurrens is an extinct species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Wickham in 1913.[1]
This Lepturinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:42:14 |
Zimbabwean women's cricket team in Namibia in 2018–19 - Wikipedia |
The Zimbabwe women's cricket team toured Namibia in January 2019 to play a five-match Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) series known as the Namib Desert Challenge.[1] These were the first matches with WT20I status to be played by Zimbabwe after the International Cricket Council announced that all matches played between women's teams of Associate Members after 1 July 2018 would have full T20I status.[2] The venue for all of the matches was the Sparta Cricket Club Ground in Walvis Bay.[1] Zimbabwe won the series 5–0.[3]
The tournament provided both teams with some preparation ahead of the 2019 ICC Women's Qualifier Africa.[1]
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Lenzi - Wikipedia | Lenzi (Persian: لنزي, also Romanized as Lenzī)[1] is a village in Chubar Rural District, Haviq District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 157, in 32 families.[2]
This Talesh County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:42:21 |
L. Peter Deutsch - Wikipedia | L Peter Deutsch (born Laurence Peter Deutsch on August 7, 1946, in Boston, Massachusetts) is the founder of Aladdin Enterprises and creator of Ghostscript, a free software PostScript and PDF interpreter.
Deutsch's other work includes the Smalltalk implementation that inspired Java just-in-time compilation technology about 15 years later.[1]
Some stories about him are included in the book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution.
Deutsch wrote the PDP-1 Lisp 1.5 implementation and first REPL, Basic PDP-1 LISP, "while still in short pants" and finished it in 1963, when he was 17 years old.[2] He collaborated with Calvin Mooers on the TRAC programming language and wrote its first implementation, on the PDP-1, in 1964.[3][4]
From 1964 to 1967, during his study at the University of California, Berkeley, he worked with Butler Lampson and Charles P. Thacker on the Berkeley Timesharing System, which became the standard operating system for the SDS 940 mainframe that would later be used by Tymshare, NLS, and Community Memory.
Deutsch is the author of several Request for Comments (RFCs), The Eight Fallacies of Distributed Computing, and originated the Deutsch limit adage about visual programming languages.
Deutsch received a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973,[5] and has previously worked at Xerox PARC and Sun Microsystems. In 1994, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
Deutsch's father was the physicist Martin Deutsch, a professor at MIT.
Deutsch changed his legal first name from "Laurence" to "L" on September 12, 2007.[6] His published work and other public references before that time generally use the name L. Peter Deutsch (with a dot after the L).
After auditing undergraduate music courses at Stanford University, in January 2009, he entered the postgraduate music program at California State University, East Bay, and was awarded a Master of Arts (M.A.) in March 2011. As of mid-2011, he has had six compositions performed at public concerts, and now generally identifies himself as a composer rather than a software developer or engineer.
This biographical article relating to a computer specialist in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:42:24 |
Fourspine cichlid - Wikipedia |
The fourspine cichlid (Neolamprologus tetracanthus) is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it lives in areas with sandy substrates. In addition to feeding on other fishes and insect larvae, this species is specialized to suck molluscs from their shells. This species can reach a length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) TL. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade.[2]
This Lamprologini-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:42:28 |
The Rich Man's Wife - Wikipedia | The Rich Man's Wife is a 1996 American thriller film written and directed by Amy Holden Jones and starring Halle Berry. The title character becomes a suspect when her husband is murdered and the investigating detectives are suspicious of her alibi. The film was released on September 13, 1996.
Josie Potenza is the trophy wife of workaholic Hollywood producer Tony Potenza, but their marriage is crumbling due to his increased drinking resulting from stress at work. She convinces him to join her for a romantic getaway at a secluded lakeside cabin, but when it becomes obvious his concerns about the studio are going to take precedence over relaxation, she begrudgingly tells him to return home but decides to stay on her own for a few days.
Josie sees Cole Wilson ogling her at a local bar and, uncomfortable with the unwanted attention, she leaves. Her jeep breaks down on a dark, secluded country road and as she starts to hike to the cabin, Cole pulls up in his truck and offers her a lift. He convinces her he is harmless and when he extends an invitation to dinner the following night, Josie accepts.
As they linger over drinks after dinner, Josie discusses her unhappy marriage. Although there are problems, and she sometimes fantasizes about her husband's death, she is grateful to Tony for all he has given her and still has hopes for their future. Cole becomes aggressive and she resists his advances. During the drive back to the cabin, he turns off his headlights and begins to drive erratically, and Josie becomes hysterical. When he tries to force himself on her, Josie fires a gun she found in a kitchen drawer and grazes his face with the bullet. Vowing revenge, Cole leaves.
With the passing of time, Tony stops drinking and he and Josie successfully work at repairing their damaged marriage. On the way home one rainy night, he stops at an ATM, and Cole conceals himself in the back seat of his car. He forces him to drive to a secluded park and shoots him numerous times, then goes to Josie's home and reveals he has killed her husband. He warns her if she reports him to the police he will tell them she hired him to murder Tony, and demands $30,000 for his silence. When the police question Josie she says nothing about Cole's involvement, but her story - or lack of one - makes detective Dan Fredricks suspicious, and his African American partner Ron Lewis accuses him of suspecting Josie simply because she is black and her husband was white.
Josie tells her lover, struggling restaurateur Jake Golden that she knows the identity of Tony's killer but he warns her not to reveal anything. He has an ulterior motive - Jake, desperate for money to finance his failing business when his partner Tony bailed out, had hired Cole to kill Tony so Josie would be free to marry him and he could benefit from her wealth. Complications arise when attorney Bill Adolphe tells Josie all her husband's assets were in his name and he died intestate. All his accounts have been frozen and Josie will have to wait an undetermined amount of time for the court to supervise probate.
While Jake's ex-wife Nora tries to convince the police he may have killed Tony, Josie becomes the target of the increasingly deranged Cole. After killing Jake, he traps her in her garage and Josie kills him in the ensuing skirmish. Josie pleads self defense, and when Nora tells them she doesn't believe Josie is clever enough to have masterminded any of the events that have transpired, the police let her go, unaware the two women are partners in crime.
The Rich Man's Wife received negative reviews from critics. The film holds a 13% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 15 reviews.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times observed, "The movie proceeds more or less satisfactorily for 94 minutes, and then in the last 60 seconds expects us to revise everything we thought we knew, or guessed, or figured out - just because of an arbitrary ending.". He praises the dialogue and the character development, but criticizes the discontinuity of the ending which abruptly negates the previous plot development.[2]
Lawrence van Gelder of The New York Times said, "The film owes no little debt to Alfred Hitchcock's thriller Strangers on a Train and to all those movies in which homicidal maniacs pop up unexpectedly, lone women hear creaking doors and ominous footsteps, thunderstorms erupt at convenient moments and couples who share disturbing confidences speed along dark, deserted roads while windshield wipers sweep across close-ups of their tense faces. Rich Man's Wife also owes a debt to its audience, whose credibility is sorely taxed at turning points where sensible individuals would disagree with Josie's actions."[3]
Calling the film "a passable genre piece with weird plot twists and mediocre acting from the gorgeous Berry," Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle compared it to "the old Lana Turner melodramas with the glossy sets, soft-focus photography and operatic emotional range." He continued, "Jones serves this slice of ham with slick direction and Haskell Wexler's handsome photography, and keeps twisting the plot and our presumptions right up to the final scene. It's diverting, good-looking trash, and it might be more defensible if Berry were genuinely talented and didn't have such a thin, high-school-cheerleader voice."[4]
Barbara Shulgasser of the San Francisco Examiner felt the only reason to see the film "is to watch a charming actress called Clea Lewis . . . play a wronged ex-wife and steal the show in two short scenes. The rest of the movie is so cluttered with old plot twists and a lame attempt at what the filmmakers must have thought would be a surprise ending that the dialogue was drowned out half the time by audience members pleading with characters not to do the same dumb things we've all seen movie characters do hundreds of times before in equally bad movies . . . Writer-director Amy Holden Jones has written other ridiculous scripts before, including the one for Indecent Proposal, but she directed the laudable Jamie Lee Curtis vehicle Love Letters, so there really is no excuse for the sheer ineptitude of this movie."[5]
Godfrey Cheshire of Variety said, "Thrills have seldom seemed as routine as they do in The Rich Man's Wife, a lady-and-the-psycho yarn so generic it might have been constructed by computer printout . . . Although her script is the source of the film's hackneyed feel, Jones' direction is generally top-drawer. Beyond her work with the supporting cast, she provides a polished, fluid look and proves especially effective at mounting punchy, visceral action scenes."[6]
During a 2019 appearance on The Late Late Show with James Corden, Berry was asked if she had ever realized a film was going to be poorly received during filming. She replied by citing The Rich Man's Wife, saying: "I'm sorry everybody who worked on this movie. Everybody, sorry, but the truth is the truth. [...] I kinda knew it wasn't gonna be the greatest cinematic experience for the people. You go into these movies always with the best intentions. [...] Then sometimes you get on the set and you realize, 'What, was I high when I agreed to do this?'"[7]
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Jenifer Loon - Wikipedia |
Jenifer W. Loon (born September 17, 1963) is an American politician who was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 2009 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party of Minnesota, she represented District 48B, which was primarily in Eden Prairie, located in southwestern Hennepin County in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Loon is also a legislative policy consultant.[1]
Loon grew up on a dairy farm in rural South Dakota. While in high school, she was a page in the South Dakota House of Representatives, where her uncle was a member.[2] Loon graduated from Augustana College in Sioux Falls in 1985, earning her BA in Government and International Affairs.[3]
After graduating from college, Loon became active in government at the national level. She was a legislative assistant to U.S. Senator Larry Pressler from 1986 to 1988, and a lobbyist and legislative representative for Associated Builders and Contractors, a national trade association representing Merit Shop construction companies, from 1988 to 1990. She worked in several staff positions for the U.S. House of Representatives from 1990 to 1997, including legislative director, minority policy director, minority staff director, and staff director for the House Committee on Small Business (1995–1997), where she worked directly with the committee chair, Congresswoman Jan Meyers of Kansas. From 2003 to 2007, she was director of government affairs, lead federal lobbyist and legislative strategist for ACA International, a national trade association representing the credit and collection industry.[4][5][6]
Loon was first elected in 2008, running after seven-term Representative Erik Paulsen opted not to seek reelection in order to run for the U.S. House of Representatives.[7]
Loon was one of only four Republican representatives to vote in favor of the same-sex marriage bill passed by the House on May 9, 2013.[8]
In 2018, Loon was defeated for reelection by DFL challenger Carlie Kotyza-Witthuhn.
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Petrus Lotichius Secundus - Wikipedia | Petrus Lotichius Secundus or Peter Lotz (2 November 1528 in Niederzell/Schlüchtern – 7 November 1560 in Heidelberg) was a scholar and a significant Neo-Latin poet of the 16th century.
Petrus Lotichius Secundus was born “Peter Lotz” in 1528 in Niederzell, today a district of Schlüchtern (Hesse). In his childhood he attended convent school in Schlüchtern (1535/1537), which was founded by his uncle, the abbot Petrus Lotichius (Peter Lotz). The Frankfurt humanist Jakob Micyllus inspired his interest in Latin poetry. He began his university education in Marburg in 1544, but quickly moved to Leipzig to study with Joachim Camerarius, and from there to Wittenberg to study with Philip Melanchthon. In the winter of 1546/47, he served as a soldier in the Schmalkaldic War on the Protestant side in Magdeburg. He earned his Master of Arts degree in Wittenberg in 1548. He traveled as a companion to the nephew of the Würzburg canon Daniel Stiebar to Paris in 1550/51. Towards the end of 1551 he commenced the study of medicine and botany at the Montpellier which he continued in late 1554 in Padua and later received his doctorate at the University of Bologna in 1556. He was appointed by Elector Otto Henry as professor of medicine and botany at the University of Heidelberg in 1557, where he quickly attracted a circle of young poets around him. He suffered from a reoccurring fever since 1556 and died on 7 November 1560 (possibly as a result of poisoning from his time in Bologna) as one of the most important German poets of his time. He left behind an extensive body of poems based on classical models.
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Loire 11 - Wikipedia | The Loire 11 was a French three-seat general-purpose monoplane designed and built by Loire Aviation of St. Nazaire.[1]
The Loire 11 was the first original design by the company and was designed to meet a requirement for a general-purpose transport for operation in the French colonies.[1] It was a strut-braced high-wing monoplane with three-seats and powered by a 300 hp (224 kW) Lorraine Algol radial engine.[1] Only two prototypes were produced in 1930 and the project was abandoned in 1931 when the type failed to interest the French government.[1]
Data from NACA Aircraft Circular No.157 General characteristics
Performance
This aircraft of the 1930s article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:42:43 |
Arrowsmith (film) - Wikipedia |
Arrowsmith is a 1931 American pre-Code drama film directed by John Ford and starring Ronald Colman, Helen Hayes, Richard Bennett, and Myrna Loy. It was adapted from Sinclair Lewis's 1925 novel Arrowsmith by Sidney Howard, departing substantially from the book regarding Arrowsmith's womanizing and other key plot elements. The pre-Code film received four Oscar nominations, including the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Writing, Adaptation (Howard), Best Cinematography (Ray June), and Best Art Direction (Richard Day).[2]
An idealistic young medical student, Martin Arrowsmith, introduces himself assertively to Dr. Max Gottlieb, a noted bacteriologist. Though Gottlieb deems Arrowsmith not yet ready to study with him, he is impressed by the young man's determination and honest self-appraisal, and encourages him to take the standard course of study first. When Arrowsmith graduates, Gottlieb offers him a position as his research assistant, but the young man reluctantly turns him down, having fallen in love with a nurse, Leora. He would be unable to support her on a research assistant's meager salary. He marries, and the couple sets off for Leora's rural home town in South Dakota.
Unhappy with the vicissitudes of his medical practice there, he is drawn by a former client across the boundary into veterinary medicine when the man's cows are dying - even faster when given injections by the local state health official. Determined to find a cure of his own, he carries out scientific research in his kitchen, eventually developing a successful serum. Reinvigorated, he decides to abandon his practice and join Gottlieb as a research scientist at the renowned and extremely well-funded McGurk Institute in New York. Meanwhile, Leora miscarries and cannot have any more children, so she devotes herself to her husband's career.
After two fallow years at McGurk, Arrowsmith stumbles onto an antibiotic serum that he does not understand (and is unsure how he produced), yet has demonstrated the ability to kill at least one type of germ. He shortly is able to replicate it, and in order to study its efficacy on other microbes is sent to the West Indies, where a virulent outbreak of bubonic plague has arisen. He is coincidentally teamed with a popular Swedish lecturer on "Heroes of Health" he once met while still in South Dakota, Dr. Gustav Sondelius, who is extremely enthusiastic over both the team and the serum's prospects to help cure the disease. Leora accompanies her husband, despite his fear for her safety.
Arrowsmith has strict instructions from Gottlieb to employ the scientific method in his efforts, conducting a blind study by administering the serum to one-half his patients and a placebo injection to the other. Upon learning of this, the West Indies governor, Sir Robert Fairland, refuses to allow him to proceed. Seeking to break the impasse, black Dr. Oliver Marchand suggests Arrowsmith conduct his experiment in a backwater community on a neighboring island where the infection is rampant. Arrowsmith agrees, insisting Leona stay behind for her own protection. The study begins. Among those seeking an inoculation of Arrowsmith's serum is Mrs. Joyce Lanyon, a New York socialite stranded on the island. They are attracted to each other, though their subsequent affair is only hinted at obliquely.
Sondelius contracts the disease. In his death throes, he pleads with Arrowsmith to abandon scientific protocol and save as many lives as possible. Concerned about his wife's welfare, Arrowsmith asks Marchand to check on her upon his return to the main island, only to have his colleague die while on the phone before he can give his report. Arrowsmith races home, but Leora is dead. In a drunken delirium, he gives the serum to all, saving the Indies from the plague. Upon his return to New York, he is hailed by the press and feted by McGurk Institute head Dr. Tubbs, who seeks to take advantage of Arrowsmith's glory. Arrowsmith instead rushes directly to Gottlieb.
Desperate to explain his abandonment of research principles and his mentor's specific mandate to advance science rather than practice medicine, Arrowsmith discovers that Gottlieb has had a stroke, is insensible, and near death. Disgusted with all that is transpiring, friend and colleague Terry Wickett, a prominent chemist at the Institute, announces abruptly that he is quitting to set up his own "shoestring" laboratory to pursue science. Turning his back on public adulation, a promotion, and a big raise, Arrowsmith resigns to join forces with Wickett. Joyce Lanyon appears, seeking to rekindle their relationship, but he spurns her, committing himself to his career.
The film is only somewhat faithful to the novel, among other significant changes omitting Arrowsmith's serial womanizing, and completely skipping all mention of Arrowsmith's wealthy, self-centered second wife. Myrna Loy has only a few scenes with Colman, and their relationship is undeveloped to the point of being indecipherable. According to Robert Osborne, host of Turner Classic Movies, Helen Hayes claimed that as filming went on various scenes were dropped from the script without explanation. It is claimed that Samuel Goldwyn had hired director John Ford on condition that he not drink during the production. Allegedly Ford sped up filming at the expense of plot and continuity to get to a bottle.[citation needed]
The film was a financial and critical success. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, including for Best Picture, Best Writing, Adaptation (Howard), Best Art Direction (Richard Day) and Best Cinematography (Ray June).[3][4]
| 2023-09-03 05:42:47 |
Indoor–outdoor thermometer - Wikipedia |
An indoor–outdoor thermometer is a thermometer that simultaneously provides a measurement of the indoor and outdoor temperatures. The outdoor part of the thermometer requires some kind of remote temperature sensing device. Conventionally, this was done by extending the bulb of the thermometer to the remote site. Modern instruments are more likely to use some form of electronic transducer.
In an indoor–outdoor thermometer based on a conventional liquid-in-glass thermometer, the stem of the outdoor thermometer is connected to the bulb by a long, flexible or semi-rigid capillary. The temperature scale is marked on the stem as usual. However, the temperature that is actually measured is the temperature at the bulb.[1]
Ambient corrections are difficult to achieve with this system and are not usually done. So it is not as accurate as a conventional precision thermometer. Rather, it is typically used for low-cost applications such as private houses. The main issue with accuracy is that if the bulb and the stem are at different levels, there is a change in reading due to the change in pressure head. A further problem is that changes in the ambient temperature of the indoor part of the device can cause a change in reading as well as the temperature of the outdoor part of the device. This effect can be minimised by making the bulb large and the capillary a small diameter. This ensures that changes in the outside temperature produce large changes in the column of liquid in the stem and will tend to swamp the smaller changes caused by the changes in the indoor temperature.[2]
Common working liquids used are toluene and alcohol. Both of these have large temperature coefficients of expansion and do not freeze or boil in the temperature range of interest.[3]
The sensors can be any of the types used in electronic thermometers. Thermistors are common and semiconductor junctions can also be used. Indoor-outdoor electronic thermometers are a frequent hobbyist project and are sometimes sold as kits. Many indoor-outdoor thermometers on sale are wireless devices requiring no physical connection to the sensor placed outside. In these cases the sensor needs to be battery-powered.[4]
The primary purpose of the indoor-outdoor thermometer is to allow the outside temperature to be indicated inside a building, thus removing the need to go outside to take a temperature reading. They are also used in vehicles, and are particularly useful for municipal vehicles involved in snow and ice clearance.[5] Building maintenance engineers can use an indoor-outdoor thermometer that has not been installed to get a quick reading of air temperature in a location inside a building. This is done by swinging the bulb of the outdoor sensor in the air while still attached to the instrument.[6] This will get a faster reading because the bulb will come up to temperature much more quickly than the indoor sensor built into the instrument.
| 2023-09-03 05:42:50 |
Stone Beit Midrash Program - Wikipedia | Yeshiva University is an institution that strives to produce well rounded Jewish students by providing them with a dual curriculum in both Torah studies and General knowledge.[1] In the undergraduate men’s program there are four Torah studies tracks, in order to properly serve a diverse student population.[2] One of them is the Irving I. Stone Beit Midrash Program, referred to as “BMP”. In addition there are three others: JSS (James Striar School), IBC (Isaac Breuer College), and MYP (Mazer School of Talmudic Studies). JSS is geared towards, “those new to Hebrew language and textual study who want to attain a broad-based Jewish philosophical and text education.” IBC is geared towards students who wish to study seriously but in a classroom setting.[3] MYP, the most rigorous of the four programs, is for those seeking the deepest exposure to traditional learning.[4]
With funding from the Irving I. Stone Support Foundation BMP was established in 1995. It is geared towards students who are not interested “in a classical yeshiva approach”, which gives the most rigorous deep exposure in a Yeshiva setting[5] that the Mazer School of Talmudic Studies (known as “YP”) has to offer but rather desire more flexible chavruta (study partner)/shiur (lecture) options.[6] The goal of this program, “is to create educated and committed Jewish lay leaders” whose breadth of knowledge spans the gamut of Jewish disciplines such as: Talmud, Tanakh, Jewish Law, and Jewish thought.[7]
The program has about 300 students divided into nine classes (shiurim) ranging in level from beginner to advanced.[8] As part of the curriculum students are taught both Tanakh and Jewish Law twice a week. "Tanakh study revolves around central stories and themes, as expounded by the classic commentaries. By the completion of their time in BMP students will have completed the entire Neviim Rishonim (Early Prophets.)[9]
The curriculum of Jewish Law covers the range of the basic laws students will need in their daily life, including the laws of Shabbat, Kashrut, family law, and synagogue, among others. On Sundays students are taught Jewish Thought. Besides for all of the elements of the curriculum already mentioned the most central focus of the program is on Talmud study. Students first study with a partner (chavruta) in the Beit Midrash (learning center) and subsequently hear a lecture (shiur) by an experienced Talmud scholar; the Rabbi. Students are required to purchase the Talmudic Tractate which is being studied in any given year.[10] In addition to their morning studies requirements, BMP students can also opt into an optional learning program on Monday through Wednesday night.[11]
Monday-Thursday
9:00–10:20 Tanakh/Jewish Law
10:30–11:40 Sikha (Inspirational Lecture)/ Morning Seder (study time with a partner independent of the Instructor)
11:45–12:55 Talmud Lecture
1:00–2:30 Lunch, Hebrew/Bible Classes
3:00–8:00 College courses and dinner
8:15–10:00 Night Seder (study time with a partner) in Harry Fischel Beit Midrash (Learning Center)
Sunday
10:00–11:40 Talmudic Lecture [12]
The BMP faculty consists of three distinct categories. First of all there is the overall heads of all the undergraduate Torah Studies program’s in Yeshiva University, which includes BMP. Each class (shiur) in BMP has a warm Rabbi/teacher who provides the main instruction for the class while also forming a close relationship with the students. In addition each class (Shiur) has a Sho'eil U'meishiv (Teachers Assistant) who is available to discuss the topic being studied in order to help the students prepare for class (shiur). These Teacher Assistants also contribute towards the warm BMP environment.[13]
Heads of the Undergraduate Torah Studies at Yeshiva University
Rabbi Menachem Penner-The Max and Marion Grill Dean
Rabbi Yosef Kalinsky-Associate Dean
Rebbeim/Teachers
Rabbi Eli Belizon, Rabbi Aharon Ciment, Rabbi Meir Goldwicht, Rabbi Daniel Rapp, Rabbi Eitan Schnall, Rabbi Moshe Tzvi Weinberg
Shoelim-Umeishivim
Rabbi Shmuel Goldstein, Rabbi Zac Katz, Rabbi Shimon Danielli, Rabbi Shaya Katz, Rabbi Alex Landsman, Rabbi Yisrael Apfel, Rabbi Yehuda Meyers, Rabbi Justin Wexler[14]
While BMP has certain theoretical goals, as mentioned above, in practice, BMP means something different to various elements of the student body. To many students BMP is a program filled with warmth, excitement, and a serious commitment to learning Jewish topics. One student commented, “The warmth that the Rebbeim in the program provide is unmatched, and the chevrah (group of friends) that are created through that warmth last a lifetime.” This same student extolled the serious commitment to Jewish studies that BMP students take upon themselves, manifested by the night learning program from Monday through Wednesday night which many choose to join.[15] Students like this one perceive BMP as an equal alternative to the Mazer School of Talmudic Studies in terms of commitment and seriousness to Judaism and the study of Jewish topics. These students simply chose BMP over the Mazer School of Talmudic Studies because they value the warm relationship that BMP offers to its students. They reject the notion that BMP is a less serious program as compared to the Mazer School of Talmudic Studies.[16]
However, other students do not see things in the same light. Over the years there has been a controversy regarding the placement of different morning programs in the various learning centers. BMP used to learn in its own Beit Midrash (learning center) in Furst Hall. In recent years they have been relocated into the Glueck and Fischel Batei Midrash (learning centers), joining the students from the Mazer School of Talmudic Studies. While many BMP students laud this relocation to what President Joel has termed the “[h]eart of our Yeshiva,” [17](the Glueck and Fischel learning centers) many of the students in the Mazer School of Talmudic Studies are unhappy with these new developments. A particularly passionate student remarked that “[t]he learning of YP students (Mazer School of Talmudic studies students) would be best if they were surrounded by equally motivated and strong Torah learners.” This student’s opinion, contrary to the view mentioned above, is that BMP lacks the level of seriousness and commitment to Torah that the Mazer School of Talmudic Studies has to offer.[18]
This perspective on BMP is exacerbated by policy changes in regards to the Jewish studies requirements. Previously BMP students, similar to their Mazer School of Talmudic Studies counterparts, did not have the option to fulfil any of their Jewish studies requirements as part of their morning studies. Rather they were expected to spend the whole morning in the Beit Midrash (learning center). In recent years, BMP students have been given the opportunity to take a Bible course twice a week during part of the morning in order to fulfil an element of their Jewish studies requirements. This new development has left many concerned that the seriousness of the Beit Midrash (learning center) will be diminished as students come and go during the morning studies. Yet, not all students take such a negative view of such changes. One student claimed that “the new morning structure, which allows for seniors to take a Bible class in the morning, allows for students to allocate their morning studies more efficiently, making the most of their time both in the Beis Medresh and in the classroom.” [19]
| 2023-09-03 05:42:54 |
Polissia Okruha - Wikipedia | Polissia Okruha (Ukrainian: Поліська округа, romanized: Poliska okruha) was an administrative division of the Ukrainian State (Ukraine) that was created on August 14, 1918 by the resolution of the Council of Ministries. The okruha was governed by a starosta from Mozyr (today Belarus). The territory was named after its historical location Polesia (Polissia in Ukrainian).
| 2023-09-03 05:42:58 |
The Road to Klockrike - Wikipedia | The Road to Klockrike (Swedish: Vägen till Klockrike) is a 1953 Swedish drama film directed by Gunnar Skoglund and starring Anders Ek, Edvin Adolphson and Annika Tretow.[1]
It was shot at the Centrumateljéerna Studios in Stockholm. The film's sets were designed by the art director Bibi Lindström. It is based on the 1848 novel The Road to Klockrike by Harry Martinson.
This article related to a Swedish film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:43:02 |
Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai - Wikipedia |
Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, commonly known by its former name Madras Law College, is a law school, located in Chennai (Madras), Tamil Nadu, India. It is also referred to as Government Law College or GLC, Chennai. It was established in 1891. It was renamed in 1990, as Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, by the Government of Tamil Nadu in commemoration of the birth centenary of B. R. Ambedkar. In 1997, the Government of Tamil Nadu passed an Act which brought the college under the wings of the newly established Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, splitting the college from the University of Madras.
The genesis of Legal Education in Madras can be traced to the informal law classes conducted by Mr. George Norton, Advocate General of Madras State (1827–1853) in his house in the form of conversations in the early 19th century. In 1852, at the direction of Sir Henry Eldred Pottinger, the Governor of Madras during that period, a Government High School was expanded into the Presidency College, Chennai. Mr. John Bruce Norton, was appointed as the first Professor of law in 1855, who delivered his lectures at the Presidency College, Chennai. Till 1884, there was only one Professor of Law in the Presidency College, Chennai. To supplement lectures by tutorials, a second Professor was appointed in 1884 and to him, the tutorial work was entrusted. The Scheme was put on trial for two years and it proved a success. So it was continued for two more years from 1 January 1886.
H. B. Grigg, the Director of Public Instruction, who evinced keen interest in improving the status of legal education in Madras, sent a proposal to the Government for setting up a Central Law College in Madras. The Government concurred with Mr. Grigg that changes were necessary in the arrangements for Law Instruction and that an independent institution should be established. In 1885, Mr. Justice T. Muthuswamy Iyer also gave his warm support to the proposal. The Proposal was sanctioned by the Secretary of State, on the advice of the Council of Legal Studies (Education) in London and the Law College was established as an independent institution under the control of the Director of Public instruction. Mr. Reginald, A. Nelson, the first Principal, entered upon his duties on 2 May 1891.
Thus, the Law College came into existence. For seven and a half years after birth, it had no habitation of its own and the college was housed at the Senate House of the University of Madras. A project to place the new institution as near the High Court as possible led to the selection of a site for erecting a structure to the west of the High Court building. The building structure of the Law College was designed by Mr.Henry Irwin, the Government Architect and the Law College moved into that building on 9 January 1899. As a natural consequence of gaining a building of its own, the Law College was converted into a full time institution.[1]
The Diamond Jubilee of Madras Law College was celebrated on 14 March 1952.[2] P. V. Rajamannar, the first Indian to become the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, presided over the function.
In 2018, the Law College was split into two different campuses and moved to different campuses as the building structure which housed the college for more than 100 years, was found to be damaged and had a risk of collapsing.
At present, the admissions are made through Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University. It enrolls 562 students every year.
In the early seventies, the college was upgraded into a post-graduate institution with the introduction of M.L. courses. It primarily offers 5-year integrated B.A., B.L. and 3-year B.G.L. under-graduate programmes.
From 1973 to 1974, the Tamil Language has also been made as a medium of instruction in Law as part of a government policy to introduce Tamil as official language at all levels in the state.
With a view to upgrading the standards of legal education, B.A.B.L., (Hons) course was initially introduced in the college from the academic year 2002–2003. But the same was shifted to the Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University with effect from the academic year 2006–2007.
Until 2015, the Madras Law College was located within the campus of High Court of Madras. Its building structure being very similar to the High Court structures, popularly, many South-Indian movies have been known to portray the Law college structures as Court halls wherever the movie required a court room scenes. The Primary structure of the old campus, designed by English architect Henry Irwin, is a classic example of Indo-Saracenic Architectural style. It used to house most of the Administrative sections of the college and the Moot Hall. The Library was housed in a newer building built around 2008 and more classrooms were also added with additional blocks. The old campus had many other old structures and tombs. The college used to have a large sports ground adjacent to it in the early 1990s, which was eventually taken over for accommodating the High Court structures and turned into a car parking facility.
In 2018, the Campus was split into two and moved to two different premises outside the Chennai City limits. The decision to shift the campus was made after the discovery of core damages to the primary structure of the college building owing to the Metro Rail construction work around 2015. Presently, the campus at Pudupakkam Village, Chengalpet taluk of Kancheepuram district, accommodates 1,205 students who study five-year law courses. The campus at Pattaraiperumbudur Village, Thiruvallur District, accommodates 1,123 students who study three-year law courses.[3]
The college does not provide a hostel within its campus. The men's hostel has been at No. 92, Millers Road Kilpauk, Chennai since 1959 and women's hostel has been at No. 133, Walajah Road, Chepauk, Chennai. The hostel facilities are very limited and are filled up on merit basis.
The college has been actively participating in many Moot courts, in India and also internationally and occasionally it hosts its own National level Moot Court Competition called as FIAT JUSTITIA.[citation needed]
Bar-at-law
I.C.S. Director of Legal Studies and Head of the department.
(Bar-at-law)
(Bar-at-law)
(Bar-at-law)
Bar-at-Law
Bar-at-Law
Bar-at-Law
(Madras),Bar-at-Law.
Principal and Head of Department
(Cantab), Bar-at-law
WikiMiniAtlas13°5′15.17″N 80°17′8.27″E / 13.0875472°N 80.2856306°E / 13.0875472; 80.2856306
| 2023-09-03 05:43:05 |
Jasen (reserve) - Wikipedia | The Public Enterprise for Managing and Protection of the Multipurpose Area Jasen (Macedonian: Јавно претпријатие за управување и заштита на повеќенаменското подрачје „Јасен“) or just Reservе Jasen (Macedonian: Резерват „Јасен“) is a nature reserve in North Macedonia. It was turned into a protected nature reserve in 2010 (part of it was declared a reserve as far back as 1958) and is situated only 15 km from Skopje. The park compromises around 24,000 hectares (59,000 acres) of caves, mountains, underground rivers and lakes. The lowest point is the still uncharted canyon lake Matka. The highest point is Mount Karadzica with a height of almost 2,500 metres (8,200 ft).
The park is home to the endangered Eurasian lynx and the rare Balkan chamois.
The territory of today's Public Enterprise for Managing and Protection of the Multipurpose Area Jasen was already in the period from 1958 to 1960 declared to be a reserve. The declaration had as goal the protection of the fauna, floral, biological, geological, natural and hydrological rarities.
| 2023-09-03 05:43:09 |
Paul Trynka - Wikipedia |
Paul Trynka is a British rock journalist and author. He was the editor of the music magazine Mojo[1] from 1999 to 2003, and has also worked as editorial director of Q and editor of International Musician.[2] In 2004, he edited publisher Dorling Kindersley's compilation of the Mojo Special Limited Edition issues on the Beatles.[2] He has also written for The Independent[3] and Classic Rock magazine,[4] and contributed articles on music, fashion, design or travel for The Guardian, Elle and Blueprint, among other publications.[2] Before turning to journalism, he worked as a professional musician with the band Nyam Nyam, recording albums for the Beggars Banquet and Factory Benelux record labels.[2]
Trynka has written or co-written the books Electric Guitar (1993), Portrait of the Blues (1996) and Denim (2001).[2] In 2005, Trynka published Iggy Pop: Open Up and Bleed, a biography of Iggy Pop. A review in The Guardian describes the book as "piecing together the chaotic life story of this often unhinged performer in thorough and scrupulously non-judgmental detail".[5] In 2011, he published Starman: David Bowie, a biography of English musician David Bowie.[6] Writing in The New York Times, Dwight Garner described it as "a better-than-average rock biography, but just barely".[7]
Trynka wrote Sympathy for the Devil: The Birth of the Rolling Stones and the Death of Brian Jones, a 2014 biography of Rolling Stones guitarist Brian Jones.[8] The book was published in the United States as Brian Jones: The Making of the Rolling Stones.[8] In his review for The New York Times, Larry Rohter said the book "challenges the standard version of events" by recognising Jones' importance on a par with Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, and added: "Though Mr. Trynka sometimes overstates Jones’s long-term cultural impact, his is revisionist history of the best kind – scrupulously researched and cogently argued – and should be unfailingly interesting to any Stones fan."[8]
| 2023-09-03 05:43:12 |
Uprising (novel) - Wikipedia | Uprising is a young-adult novel by Margaret Peterson Haddix and published by Simon & Schuster in September 2007. The novel is a fictionalized account of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. According to Maureen Paschal of The Washington Post, it "helps reinforce how immigrants have often struggled with hardship and unfairness".[1]
Bella, newly arrived in New York City from Calia, Italy, starts work at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. There, along with 500 other immigrants, she works long hours at a grueling job under terrible conditions. Yetta, a coworker from Russia, has been crusading for a trade union. When factory conditions worsen, workers rise up in a strike. Jane, a runaway daughter of a wealthy businessman, who later works as a governess for Mr. Blanck (one of the owners), learns of the workers and becomes involved with their cause.
Bella and Yetta are at work and Jane is visiting the factory on March 25, 1911, when a spark ignites piles of cloth, leading to one of the worst workplace disasters in history, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. In the end, only Bella survives, by going onto the roof and climbing to a nearby building and out their exit. Bella tells her story to her two daughters, Yetta and Jane.
| 2023-09-03 05:43:16 |
2023 Weather Guard Truck Race on Dirt - Wikipedia | The 2023 Weather Guard Truck Race on Dirt was the 6th stock car race of the 2023 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, and the 3rd iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, April 8, 2023, at a dirt version of Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol, Tennessee, a 0.553 miles (0.890 km) permanent oval-shaped short track. The race took the scheduled 150 laps to complete. In a wreck-filled race that brought numerous cautions, Joey Logano, driving for ThorSport Racing, would put on a dominating performance, winning both stages, leading 138 of the 150 laps, and earning his second career NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series win, along with his first of the season.[1] To fill out the podium, Ty Majeski, driving for ThorSport Racing, and William Byron, driving for Kyle Busch Motorsports, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.
Bristol Motor Speedway, formerly known as Bristol International Raceway and Bristol Raceway, is a NASCAR short track venue located in Bristol, Tennessee. Constructed in 1960, it held its first NASCAR race on July 30, 1961. Despite its short length, Bristol is among the most popular tracks on the NASCAR schedule because of its distinct features, which include extraordinarily steep banking, an all concrete surface, two pit roads, and stadium-like seating.
In 2021, the race shifted to a dirt surface version of the track and was renamed the Pinty's Truck Race on Dirt.[2] On January 25, 2021, NASCAR announced the stage lengths of all events in all three series. According to the stage lengths, it states the race will consist of 150 laps.
Practice was originally scheduled to be held on Friday, April 7, at 5:35 PM EST, and 8:02 PM EST, but was cancelled due to rain showers. Qualifying was held on Saturday, April 8, at 4:30 PM EST. For qualifying, drivers will be split into four different 15 lap heat races, and their finishing position will determine the starting lineup.[3][4] Ben Rhodes, Stewart Friesen, Joey Logano, and Matt Crafton would win the four heat races, and Zane Smith would earn the pole.[5]
Stage 1 Laps: 40
Stage 2 Laps: 50
Stage 3 Laps: 60
| 2023-09-03 05:43:19 |
José Luis Blanco - Wikipedia | José Luis Blanco Quevedo (born 3 June 1975 in Lloret de Mar) is a Spanish middle-distance runner, who mostly concentrated on the 3000 metres steeplechase. Blanco won a silver medal in this event at the 2006 European Championships and the bronze medal at the 2010 European Athletics.
At the 2006 European Championships, in a contest where pre-race favourite Simon Vroemen was ruled out due to food poisoning, Blanco tried to outrun the pack of competitors after the first three-thirds which were somewhat slow. Accelerating with 500 metres to go, Blanco led the race with one lap left. With 150 metres left, he was overcome by Jukka Keskisalo, but hung on to second place.[1]
His personal best time is 8:12.86 minutes, achieved in Huelva in June 2006.[2]
This biographical article relating to Spanish athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:43:23 |
Carla Dunlap-Kaan - Wikipedia | Carla Dunlap-Kaan (born October 22, 1954) is a professional American female bodybuilding champion.[1]
Dunlap was born in 1954, in Newark, New Jersey. She started competing in sports with gymnastics at age 10. She later competed in swimming, both speed and synchronized. Dunlap attended the Newark School of Fine and Industrial Arts on a full scholarship, earning a degree in Advertising Design. She won the gold medal in synchronized swimming in the 1977 Junior National Team Championships, and a bronze medal at the inaugural National Sports Festival in 1978.
In 1979, Dunlap decided to enter the "Best in the World" bodybuilding contest at the suggestion of Steve Wennerstrom. She had never trained for bodybuilding, but still placed fifth among 45 entrants. She started training seriously for bodybuilding the following March, and was soon competing successfully in top level amateur contests. She won the NPC Nationals in 1981, and 1982. Her most successful year of competition was 1983 when she won three pro shows, including the Ms. Olympia contest (she had lost the Ms. Olympia to Rachel McLish by two points in 1982). In addition to her individual accomplishments, Dunlap won the World Professional Mixed Pairs title in 1984 and 1988 with Tony Pearson. Dunlap is the only female bodybuilder to have competed in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. In January 1999, Dunlap was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame. In June 2009, she was inducted in to the AOBS Hall Of Fame (Association of Oldetime Barbell and Strongmen)[2]
Away from the contest stage, Dunlap appeared in the bodybuilding documentaries Women Of Iron (1984, with fellow competitor Deborah Diana) and Pumping Iron II: The Women (1985). She was selected by ABC to represent women's bodybuilding in the women's Superstars competition in 1984, where she finished seventh in a field of eleven competitors. Dunlap was a regular on ESPN's BodyShaping series from 1990 to 1995. She has also appeared as a color commentator on bodybuilding and fitness telecasts for NBC, U.S., and ESPN.
| 2023-09-03 05:43:27 |
Nichigo Press - Wikipedia |
Nichigo Press, established 1977, is Australia's longest established Japanese language newspaper.
The word nichigo is a romanisation of the Japanese, 日豪（にちごう or nichi'gō）, which literally means "Japan-Australia".
Three editions are published monthly. Nichigo Press National Edition is distributed nationally, but mostly contains information specific to Sydney. Nichigo Press Queensland Edition and Nichigo Press Victoria Edition are distributed later in the month, are less comprehensive, and contain material specific to the north-eastern and south-eastern regions of Australia respectively.
Nichigo Press is a free publication, and is financed by advertising.
Copies of all three editions are distributed through the Japanese Embassy in Australia, the Australian states' Consulates General of Japan, and various Japan-related businesses.
| 2023-09-03 05:43:30 |
March 811 - Wikipedia | The March 811 is a Formula One car built by March Engineering and used by RAM Racing in the 1981 Formula One World Championship. Designed by Robin Herd, Gordon Coppuck, and Adrian Reynard, it was powered by the traditional 3.0 L (180 cu in) Ford-Cosworth DFV V8 engine. It initially used Michelin tyres, but eventually switched to Avon tyres at the 1981 French Grand Prix. It was March's first Formula One car since 1977.[2][3][4]
The March 811 was designed on behalf of RAM Racing.
RAM Racing was a British racing team that had been involved in various motorsport classes since 1975. In the second half of the 1970s, the team's focus was on the Aurora AFX Formula One Series, an all-British championship run under Formula One regulations. RAM won the championship title of this series in the 1980 season. In the Formula 1 World Championship, on the other hand, RAM initially only competed sporadically. In 1976, 1977, and 1980 it used race cars from other manufacturers such as Brabham, March and Williams, which were purchased or rented, as a pure customer team at selected Grand Prix events. After RAM with the racer Emilio de Villota won the Aurora Series in 1980, team manager John Macdonald decided to take part in the Formula 1 World Championship regularly from 1981. Unlike in the Aurora series, the use of customer chassis was no longer permitted; rather, each team had to construct its own racing car. In the autumn, however, RAM did not have the logistical and technical requirements for the construction of a Formula 1 car.
The team, therefore, linked up with British racing car designer Robin Herd, who had been one of the founders of March Engineering in 1969 and was still one of the owners of the established racing car manufacturer. Herd and RAM founded the company March Grand Prix in the autumn of 1980, which was legally and organizationally independent and had nothing to do with March Engineering. No technology transfer with March Engineering, where Formula 2 cars were still being manufactured, took place. The cars were eventually assembled at March Engines, another independent company also owned by Robin Herd.
For reasons of better publicity, the car that Herd designed for RAM was given the type designation "March", and the model designation 811 also followed the nomenclature customary at March Engineering, according to which the first two digits documented the year of manufacture and the third digit the racing formula for whom the car was intended. In motorsport literature, the March 811 (just like its successor 821) is not seen as a member of the traditional March family; rather, it is occasionally described as "March who was no March".
RAM Racing reported under the name March Racing Team for the races of the 1981 Formula 1 season.
Conceptually, the March 811 was a copy of the Williams FW07, which in turn was heavily based on the Lotus 79. Observers emphasized this in the formulation: "March is building a Williams." Over the course of the year, the basic construction was "tinkered with". One after the other three designers worked on the car, pursuing different philosophies. Robin Herd, the author of the design, was followed for a few weeks by Gordon Coppuck, who was replaced by Adrian Reynard in the early summer of 1981.[5]
The 811 was considered a very simply constructed car, had an aluminum monocoque and sheet piling made of magnesium. Robin Herd used internal torsion bar springs front and rear. The drive was a naturally aspirated Cosworth (DFV) engine, which was connected to a five-speed gearbox from Hewland (type FGA). The brakes came from AP, the tyres initially from Michelin, and later, from the French Grand Prix onwards, from Avon. Observers got the impression that the Avon tyres improved the handling of the 811.
Since Herd, unlike Patrick Head at Williams, did not use expensive but lightweight plastics for the 811, the weight of the first three chassis was 632 kg, well above the minimum permissible weight. Coppuck tried to reduce weight by using thinner aluminum sheets. This increased the torsional flexibility of the 811: the monocoque of chassis 04 and 05 warped when driving. Only the sixth chassis, which made its debut at the British Grand Prix, reached the minimum weight of 580 kg.
John Macdonald, RAM Racing team boss, and client of the 811 was disappointed with the race car: “When I saw March GP doing a copy of a Williams, I knew they weren't serious. A copy is never as good as the original". Herd did it "in March's typical way: they cut corners and corners instead of using the same material as Williams". Outside observers felt that the March 811 was not only poorly designed but also poorly assembled. On the occasion of the Brazilian Grand Prix, in which suspension parts fell off the car, team boss John Macdonald told the press: "this car is a pile of shit, and that's official". Derek Daly described the vehicle as a "sleeper" and named the lack of quality as the main reason to leave the team for Theodore the following season.[6]
March Engines built six examples of the March 811 between January and June 1981.[7]
In the 1981 Formula 1 season, the March 811s were used by the March Grand Prix team , which was in fact Team RAM Racing. The racing team was sponsored by the Irish brewery Guinness for most of the year's races . The cars were painted black with white sponsor lettering.
The team started the season with two riders. For the first car, RAM committed the Chilean Formula 1 debutant Eliseo Salazar . Robin Herd wanted to give the second car to the Italian Teo Fabi ; However, RAM team boss John Macdonald pushed through the Irishman Derek Daly . Macdonald later publicly regretted this choice. [9]
The team debuted at the 1981 South African Grand Prix , a race that did not have World Championship status. For political reasons, only the teams organized in the FOCA started here; Ferrari , Alfa Romeo , Osella and Renault were absent. In a field of just 18 riders, Daly finished 11th and last; Salazar retired after 18 laps due to a gearbox failure.
Five weeks later, the World Championship began with the US West Grand Prix . Salazar was entered for the first six World Championship races. He only qualified for the San Marino Grand Prix ; in all other races he failed in qualifying or pre-qualification. In Imola he retired after completing 38 laps due to an engine defect. After two more non-qualifications, Salazar gave up his involvement with RAM and joined rival team Ensign along with his sponsor . After Salazar's departure, the second March chassis was not reassigned; the team continued the season with just one car.
Daly contested all races of the 1981 season for RAM. At the beginning of the season he drove the chassis RM01, RM02 and RM03 twice. He did not qualify with any of the chassis. Only when he took over the RM04 chassis previously used by Salazar for the Spanish Grand Prix did he qualify for a race for the first time. In Spain he finished 16th, five laps down. From the British Grand Prix Daly had access to the new Adrian Reynard revised RM06 chassis fitted with Avon tyres. With the new chassis, Daly (apart from the last race of the season in Las Vegas) regularly the qualification. His best grid position was 17th in Great Britain; here he achieved the best result of the team this year with seventh place. However, the car continued to be unreliable. Four failures were due to technical defects.
RAM Racing didn't score a championship point with the March 811.
Colin Bennett Racing entered the 811 RM05 in the British Formula One Championship with Italian driver Val Musetti in the first half of 1982. The championship consisted of five races held on British circuits. During the year, seven teams with a total of 10 drivers took part in the series. Musetti contested the first three races of the season. At the International Gold Cup in Oulton Park , Musetti failed due to technical reasons. The subsequent Caribbean Airways Trophy at Brands Hatch , in which only six riders competed, Musetti finished third, and at the Rivet Supply Trophy at Thruxtonhe finished second. Musetti skipped the remaining two races of the British Formula 1 Championship.
In the summer of 1982, Colin Bennett Racing left the British Formula 1 championship and instead became involved in the North American Cam-Am series. Vehicles with 5.0-liter eight-cylinder engines derived from standard engines were permitted there, as were Formula 1 cars with 3.0-liter racing engines. Colin Bennett Racing competed in two races in this series in the summer of 1982. The team reported the March 811 RM05 for Val Musetti and the 811 RM06 for Arnold Glass. The team debuted at the fourth race of the season at Elkhart Lake . Musetti qualified as the best driver with a 3.0-liter car for ninth place on the grid. He did not finish the race because the power transmission broke on the ninth lap. Glass started the race from position 28 and finished 17th. In the subsequent race in Trois-Rivières, Canada, Glass failed to qualify while Musetti finished 12th on the grid. Musetti did not finish this race either. Colin Bennett Racing then gave up participation in the Can-Am series.
After the Trois-Rivières race, Colin Bennett sold the March 811 RM05 to the Canadian team Gordon Lightfoot Racing. It started with John Graham in the last four races of the season. Graham finished all races. His best finish was eighth in the final race at Laguna Seca Raceway.
The car proved not very competitive, never reaching the points and often having difficulty in qualifying. The best result was a seventh-place finish with Derek Daly at the British Grand Prix.
In addition to Daly, the car was entrusted to the Chilean Eliseo Salazar, who however was never able to qualify. Only one car entrusted to the Irish driver was lined up from the Spanish Grand Prix.
The March team, unfortunately, finished the 1981 Formula One World Championship season with 0 points.
| 2023-09-03 05:43:33 |
Jillian Sullivan - Wikipedia |
Jillian Sullivan is a writer of fiction, non-fiction, and poetry and a creative writing teacher. Her work has been published in New Zealand and overseas.
Jillian Sullivan was born in Masterton[1] in 1957.[2]
She has written novels and short stories for adults, children and teenagers, as well as creative non-fiction and poetry. Her work has been included in anthologies and published in journals such as Landfall, Takahē, North and South and Headland. She was awarded a Master of Creative Writing, with Distinction, at Massey University in 2011.[3][4][5]
After living in Nelson for many years, she moved to Oturehua in Central Otago. Her memoir A Way Home relates the story of how she achieved her dream to build a straw-bale house.[6][7][8]
She runs workshops at literary festivals[9] and teaches creative writing in New Zealand, in Rosemont College, Philadelphia[10] and at the Highlights Foundation, Pennsylvania.[11]
She has five children and nine grandchildren[1][4][12][13] and worked part-time for several years as a nurse aid at the Maniototo Hospital.[13][14][15]
Jillian Sullivan was runner-up in the 2002 Sunday Star Times Short Story Competition.[2] She won the Tom Fitzgibbon Award in 2003 and the Maurice Gee Prize for Children’s Writing in 2005.[1]
She won the Kathleen Grattan Prize for a Sequence of Poems in 2011[16] - this later leading to the publication of her book parallel,[4] as well as the 2016 Takahē Poetry Competition with her poem 'My Mother at the Edge of Town'.[17]
In 2017 she was awarded the New Zealand Society of Authors Peter & Dianne Beatson Fellowship to work on a collection of creative non-fiction essays with a conservation theme.[15][18]
In 2018, she won the Juncture Memoir Contest in America with her essay ‘Between Lands’,[19] and her essay ‘In the Midst of My True Life’ won the Best Non-fiction Bonus Prize in the 2018 Elyne Mitchell Writing Awards.[12][20] She was highly commended in the 2018 Warren Trust Awards for Architectural Writing.[21]
Creative Non-fiction
A Way Home - building a new life and a strawbale house in Central Otago (Potton and Burton, 2016)
Fishing from the Boat Ramp - A Guide to Creating (Steele Roberts, 2009) Also published as an e-book: A Guide to Creating
Poetry
parallel (Steele Roberts, 2014)
Children’s novels
Shreve's Promise (Scholastic, 2004) - winner of the Tom Fitzgibbon Award in 2003
What About Bo? (Scholastic, 2005) - named in the Storylines Notable Book Awards 2006
Silverstream (Pearson NZ, 2008)
Short stories
Hey Tony (Orchard Press, 1999)
Launched and Other Stories (Pearson Education NZ, 2005)
Mythology
Myths and Legends – The Gift of Stories from Our Cultures (Pearson Education NZ, 2007)
| 2023-09-03 05:43:38 |
Heinrich Himmler - Wikipedia |
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈluːɪtpɔlt ˈhɪmlɐ] i; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was the Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany, and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany, primarily known for being a main architect of the Holocaust.
As a member of a reserve battalion during the First World War, Himmler did not see active service or combat. Having joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925, he was appointed Reichsführer-SS by Adolf Hitler in 1929. Over the next sixteen years, Himmler developed the SS from a 290-man battalion into a million-strong paramilitary group. He was known for good organisational skills and for selecting highly competent subordinates, such as Reinhard Heydrich in 1931. From 1943 onwards, he was both Chief of the Kriminalpolizei (Criminal Police) and Minister of the Interior, overseeing all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo (Secret State Police). He also controlled the Waffen-SS, the military branch of the SS.
Himmler's interest in occultism and Völkisch topics influenced the development the racial policy of Nazi Germany; he also incorporated esoteric symbolism and rituals into the SS. He was the principal overseer of Nazi Germany's genocidal programs, forming the Einsatzgruppen and administering extermination camps. In this capacity, Himmler directed the killing of some six million Jews, between 200,000 and 500,000 Romani people, and other victims. A day before the launch of Operation Barbarossa, Himmler commissioned the drafting of Generalplan Ost, which was approved by Hitler in May 1942. The total number of civilians killed by the Nazi regime is estimated to be between 11 to 14 million people, most of whom were Polish and Soviet citizens.
Late in the Second World War, Hitler briefly appointed Himmler as military commander and later Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the administration of the entire Third Reich (Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung). Specifically, he was given command of the Army Group Upper Rhine and the Army Group Vistula. After Himmler failed to achieve his assigned objectives, Hitler replaced him in these posts. Realising the war was lost, Himmler attempted to open peace talks with the western Allies without Hitler's knowledge, shortly before the end of the war. Hearing of this, Hitler dismissed him from all his posts in April 1945 and ordered his arrest. Himmler attempted to go into hiding but was detained and then arrested by British forces once his identity became known. While in British custody, he died by suicide on 23 May 1945.
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).[3]
Himmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler.[4][5] He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics.[6] He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.[7]
Himmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and "the serious discussion of religion and sex".[8][9] In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut.[10] After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agriculture at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) [11] following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.[12][13]
Although many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe.[14] Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates.[15] He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the "League of Apollo", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism.[16][17] During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Battalion"; SA).[18][19] Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).[20]
In 1922, Himmler became more interested in the "Jewish question", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts.[21] After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923.[22][23]
Himmler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1923,[24] receiving party number 14303.[25][26] As a member of Röhm's paramilitary unit, Himmler was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch—an unsuccessful attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party to seize power in Munich. This event would set Himmler on a life of politics. He was questioned by the police about his role in the putsch but was not charged because of insufficient evidence. However, he lost his job, was unable to find employment as a farm manager, and had to move in with his parents in Munich. Frustrated by these failures, he became ever more irritable, aggressive, and opinionated, alienating both friends and family members.[27][28]
In 1923–24, Himmler, while searching for a world view, came to abandon Catholicism and focused on the occult and in antisemitism. Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a religion for him. Himmler found the Nazi Party appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. Initially, he was not swept up by Hitler's charisma or the cult of Führer worship. However, as he learned more about Hitler through his reading, he began to regard him as a useful face of the party,[29][30] and he later admired and even worshipped him.[31] To consolidate and advance his own position in the Nazi Party, Himmler took advantage of the disarray in the party following Hitler's arrest in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch.[31] From mid-1924 he worked under Gregor Strasser as a party secretary and propaganda assistant. Travelling all over Bavaria agitating for the party, he gave speeches and distributed literature. Placed in charge of the party office in Lower Bavaria by Strasser from late 1924, he was responsible for integrating the area's membership with the Nazi Party under Hitler when the party was re-founded in February 1925.[32][33]
That same year, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) as an SS-Führer (SS-Leader); his SS number was 168.[26] The SS, initially part of the much larger SA, was formed in 1923 for Hitler's personal protection and was re-formed in 1925 as an elite unit of the SA.[34] Himmler's first leadership position in the SS was that of SS-Gauführer (district leader) in Lower Bavaria from 1926. Strasser appointed Himmler deputy propaganda chief in January 1927. As was typical in the Nazi Party, he had considerable freedom of action in his post, which increased over time. He began to collect statistics on the number of Jews, Freemasons, and enemies of the party, and following his strong need for control, he developed an elaborate bureaucracy.[35][36] In September 1927, Himmler told Hitler of his vision to transform the SS into a loyal, powerful, racially pure elite unit. Convinced that Himmler was the man for the job, Hitler appointed him Deputy Reichsführer-SS, with the rank of SS-Oberführer.[37]
Around this time, Himmler joined the Artaman League, a Völkisch youth group. There he met Rudolf Höss, who was later commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, and Walther Darré, whose book The Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race caught Hitler's attention, leading to his later appointment as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. Darré was a firm believer in the superiority of the Nordic race, and his philosophy was a major influence on Himmler.[34][38][39]
Upon the resignation of SS commander Erhard Heiden in January 1929, Himmler assumed the position of Reichsführer-SS with Hitler's approval;[37][40][a] he still carried out his duties at propaganda headquarters. One of his first responsibilities was to organise SS participants at the Nuremberg Rally that September.[41] Over the next year, Himmler grew the SS from a force of about 290 men to about 3,000. By 1930 Himmler had persuaded Hitler to run the SS as a separate organisation, although it was officially still subordinate to the SA.[42][43]
To gain political power, the Nazi Party took advantage of the economic downturn during the Great Depression. The coalition government of the Weimar Republic was unable to improve the economy, so many voters turned to the political extreme, which included the Nazi Party.[44] Hitler used populist rhetoric, including blaming scapegoats—particularly the Jews—for the economic hardships.[45] In September 1930, Himmler was first elected as a deputy to the Reichstag.[46] In the 1932 election, the Nazis won 37.3 percent of the vote and 230 seats in the Reichstag.[47] Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933, heading a short-lived coalition of his Nazis and the German National People's Party. The new cabinet initially included only three members of the Nazi Party: Hitler, Hermann Göring as minister without portfolio and Minister of the Interior for Prussia, and Wilhelm Frick as Reich Interior Minister.[48][49] Less than a month later, the Reichstag building was set on fire. Hitler took advantage of this event, forcing Hindenburg to sign the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial.[50] The Enabling Act, passed by the Reichstag on 23 March 1933, gave the Cabinet—in practice, Hitler—full legislative powers, and the country became a de facto dictatorship.[51] On 1 August 1934, Hitler's cabinet passed a law which stipulated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hindenburg died the next morning, and Hitler became both head of state and head of government under the title Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor).[52]
The Nazi Party's rise to power provided Himmler and the SS an unfettered opportunity to thrive. By 1933, the SS numbered 52,000 members.[53] Strict membership requirements ensured that all members were of Hitler's Aryan Herrenvolk ("Aryan master race"). Applicants were vetted for Nordic qualities—in Himmler's words, "like a nursery gardener trying to reproduce a good old strain which has been adulterated and debased; we started from the principles of plant selection and then proceeded quite unashamedly to weed out the men whom we did not think we could use for the build-up of the SS."[54] Few dared mention that by his own standards, Himmler did not meet his own ideals.[55]
Himmler's organised, bookish intellect served him well as he began setting up different SS departments. In 1931 he appointed Reinhard Heydrich chief of the new Ic Service (intelligence service), which was renamed the Sicherheitsdienst (SD: Security Service) in 1932. He later officially appointed Heydrich his deputy.[56] The two men had a good working relationship and a mutual respect.[57] In 1933, they began to remove the SS from SA control. Along with Interior Minister Frick, they hoped to create a unified German police force. In March 1933, Reich Governor of Bavaria Franz Ritter von Epp appointed Himmler chief of the Munich Police. Himmler appointed Heydrich commander of Department IV, the political police.[58] Thereafter, Himmler and Heydrich took over the political police of state after state; soon only Prussia was controlled by Göring.[59] Effective 1 January 1933, Hitler promoted Himmler to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer, equal in rank to the senior SA commanders.[60] On 2 June Himmler, along with the heads of the other two Nazi paramilitary organizations, the SA and the Hitler Youth, was named a Reichsleiter, the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. On 10 July, he was named to the Prussian State Council.[46] On 2 October 1933, he became a founding member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law at its inaugural meeting.[61]
Himmler further established the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt or RuSHA). He appointed Darré as its first chief, with the rank of SS-Gruppenführer. The department implemented racial policies and monitored the "racial integrity" of the SS membership.[62] SS men were carefully vetted for their racial background. On 31 December 1931, Himmler introduced the "marriage order", which required SS men wishing to marry to produce family trees proving that both families were of Aryan descent to 1800.[63] If any non-Aryan forebears were found in either family tree during the racial investigation, the person concerned was excluded from the SS.[64] Each man was issued a Sippenbuch, a genealogical record detailing his genetic history.[65] Himmler expected that each SS marriage should produce at least four children, thus creating a pool of genetically superior prospective SS members. The programme had disappointing results; less than 40 per cent of SS men married and each produced only about one child.[66]
In March 1933, less than three months after the Nazis came to power, Himmler set up the first official concentration camp at Dachau.[67] Hitler had stated that he did not want it to be just another prison or detention camp. Himmler appointed Theodor Eicke, a convicted felon and ardent Nazi, to run the camp in June 1933.[68] Eicke devised a system that was used as a model for future camps throughout Germany.[38] Its features included isolation of victims from the outside world, elaborate roll calls and work details, the use of force and executions to exact obedience, and a strict disciplinary code for the guards. Uniforms were issued for prisoners and guards alike; the guards' uniforms had a special Totenkopf insignia on their collars. By the end of 1934, Himmler took control of the camps under the aegis of the SS, creating a separate division, the SS-Totenkopfverbände.[69][70]
Initially the camps housed political opponents; over time, undesirable members of German society—criminals, vagrants, deviants—were placed in the camps as well. In 1936 Himmler wrote in the pamphlet "The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization" that the SS were to fight against the "Jewish-Bolshevik revolution of subhumans".[71] A Hitler decree issued in December 1937 allowed for the incarceration of anyone deemed by the regime to be an undesirable member of society.[72] This included Jews, Gypsies, communists, and those persons of any other cultural, racial, political, or religious affiliation deemed by the Nazis to be Untermensch (sub-human). Thus, the camps became a mechanism for social and racial engineering. By the outbreak of World War II in autumn 1939, there were six camps housing some 27,000 inmates. Death tolls were high.[73]
In early 1934, Hitler and other Nazi leaders became concerned that Röhm was planning a coup d'état.[74] Röhm had socialist and populist views and believed that the real revolution had not yet begun. He felt that the SA—now numbering some three million men, far dwarfing the army—should become the sole arms-bearing corps of the state, and that the army should be absorbed into the SA under his leadership. Röhm lobbied Hitler to appoint him Minister of Defence, a position held by conservative General Werner von Blomberg.[75]
Göring had created a Prussian secret police force, the Geheime Staatspolizei or Gestapo in 1933 and appointed Rudolf Diels as its head. Göring, concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to use the Gestapo effectively to counteract the power of the SA, handed over its control to Himmler on 20 April 1934.[76] Also on that date, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of all German police outside Prussia. This was a radical departure from long-standing German practice that law enforcement was a state and local matter. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SD.[77]
Hitler decided on 21 June that Röhm and the SA leadership had to be eliminated. He sent Göring to Berlin on 29 June, to meet with Himmler and Heydrich to plan the action. Hitler took charge in Munich, where Röhm was arrested; he gave Röhm the choice to commit suicide or be shot. When Röhm refused to kill himself, he was shot dead by two SS officers. Between 85 and 200 members of the SA leadership and other political adversaries, including Gregor Strasser, were killed between 30 June and 2 July 1934 in these actions, known as the Night of the Long Knives.[78][79] With the SA thus neutralised, the SS became an independent organisation answerable only to Hitler on 20 July 1934. Himmler's title of Reichsführer-SS became the highest formal SS rank, equivalent to a field marshal in the army.[80] The SA was converted into a sports and training organisation.[81]
On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws—to the Reichstag. The laws banned marriage between non-Jewish and Jewish Germans and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. The laws also deprived so-called "non-Aryans" of the benefits of German citizenship.[82] These laws were among the first race-based measures instituted by the Third Reich.
Himmler and Heydrich wanted to extend the power of the SS; thus, they urged Hitler to form a national police force overseen by the SS, to guard Nazi Germany against its many enemies at the time—real and imagined.[83] Interior Minister Frick also wanted a national police force, but one controlled by him, with Kurt Daluege as his police chief.[84] Hitler left it to Himmler and Heydrich to work out the arrangements with Frick. Himmler and Heydrich had greater bargaining power, as they were allied with Frick's old enemy, Göring. Heydrich drew up a set of proposals and Himmler sent him to meet with Frick. An angry Frick then consulted with Hitler, who told him to agree to the proposals. Frick acquiesced, and on 17 June 1936 Hitler decreed the unification of all police forces in the Reich and named Himmler Chief of German Police and a State Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior.[84] In this role, Himmler was still nominally subordinate to Frick. In practice, however, the police were now effectively a division of the SS, and hence independent of Frick's control. This move gave Himmler operational control over Germany's entire detective force.[84][85] He also gained authority over all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies, which were amalgamated into the new Ordnungspolizei (Orpo: "order police"), which became a branch of the SS under Daluege.[84]
Shortly thereafter, Himmler created the Kriminalpolizei (Kripo: criminal police) as the umbrella organisation for all criminal investigation agencies in Germany. The Kripo was merged with the Gestapo into the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo: security police), under Heydrich's command.[86] In September 1939, following the outbreak of World War II, Himmler formed the SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA: Reich Security Main Office) to bring the SiPo (which included the Gestapo and Kripo) and the SD together under one umbrella. He again placed Heydrich in command.[87]
Under Himmler's leadership, the SS developed its own military branch, the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT), which later evolved into the Waffen-SS. Nominally under the authority of Himmler, the Waffen-SS developed a fully militarised structure of command and operations. It grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions during World War II, serving alongside the Heer (army), but never being formally part of it.[88]
In addition to his military ambitions, Himmler established the beginnings of a parallel economy under the umbrella of the SS.[89] To this end, administrator Oswald Pohl set up the Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe (German Economic Enterprise) in 1940. Under the auspices of the SS Economy and Administration Head Office, this holding company owned housing corporations, factories, and publishing houses.[90] Pohl was unscrupulous and quickly exploited the companies for personal gain. In contrast, Himmler was honest in matters of money and business.[91]
In 1938, as part of his preparations for war, Hitler ended the German alliance with China and entered into an agreement with the more modern Japan. That same year, Austria was unified with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss, and the Munich Agreement gave Nazi Germany control over the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia.[92] Hitler's primary motivations for war included obtaining additional Lebensraum ("living space") for the Germanic peoples, who were considered racially superior according to Nazi ideology.[93] A second goal was the elimination of those considered racially inferior, particularly the Jews and Slavs, from territories controlled by the Reich. From 1933 to 1938, hundreds of thousands of Jews emigrated to the United States, Palestine, Great Britain, and other countries. Some converted to Christianity.[94]
According to Himmler biographer Peter Longerich, Himmler believed that a major task of the SS should be "acting as the vanguard in overcoming Christianity and restoring a 'Germanic' way of living" as part of preparations for the coming conflict between "humans and subhumans".[95] Longerich wrote that, while the Nazi movement as a whole launched itself against Jews and Communists, "by linking de-Christianisation with re-Germanization, Himmler had provided the SS with a goal and purpose all of its own".[95] Himmler was vehemently opposed to Christian sexual morality and the "principle of Christian mercy", both of which he saw as dangerous obstacles to his planned battle with "subhumans".[95] In 1937, Himmler declared:
We live in an era of the ultimate conflict with Christianity. It is part of the mission of the SS to give the German people in the next half century the non-Christian ideological foundations on which to lead and shape their lives. This task does not consist solely in overcoming an ideological opponent but must be accompanied at every step by a positive impetus: in this case that means the reconstruction of the German heritage in the widest and most comprehensive sense.[96] In early 1937, Himmler had his personal staff work with academics to create a framework to replace Christianity within the Germanic cultural heritage. The project gave rise to the Deutschrechtliches Institut, headed by Professor Karl Eckhardt, at the University of Bonn.[97]
When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Heinrich Müller masterminded and carried out a false flag project code-named Operation Himmler. German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes which deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany. The incidents were then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II.[98] At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians, including Jews and ethnic Poles. The Einsatzgruppen (SS task forces) had originally been formed by Heydrich to secure government papers and offices in areas taken over by Germany before World War II.[99] Authorised by Hitler and under the direction of Himmler and Heydrich, the Einsatzgruppen units—now repurposed as death squads—followed the Heer (army) into Poland, and by the end of 1939 they had murdered some 65,000 intellectuals and other civilians. Militias and Heer units also took part in these killings.[100][101] Under Himmler's orders via the RSHA, these squads were also tasked with rounding up Jews and others for placement in ghettos and concentration camps.
Germany subsequently invaded Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, and France, and began bombing Great Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom.[102] On 21 June 1941, the day before invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East); the plan was approved by Hitler in May 1942. It called for the Baltic States, Poland, Western Ukraine, and Byelorussia to be conquered and resettled by ten million German citizens. The current residents—some 31 million people—would be expelled further east, starved, or used for forced labour. The plan would have extended the borders of Germany to the east by one thousand kilometres (600 miles). Himmler expected that it would take twenty to thirty years to complete the plan, at a cost of 67 billion ℛ︁ℳ︁.[103] Himmler stated openly: "It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food supply."[104]
Himmler declared that the war in the east was a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional values of old Europe from the "Godless Bolshevik hordes".[105] Constantly struggling with the Wehrmacht for recruits, Himmler solved this problem through the creation of Waffen-SS units composed of Germanic folk groups taken from the Balkans and eastern Europe. Equally vital were recruits from among the Germanic considered peoples of northern and western Europe, in the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Denmark and Finland.[106] Spain and Italy also provided men for Waffen-SS units.[107] Among western countries, the number of volunteers varied from a high of 25,000 from the Netherlands[108] to 300 each from Sweden and Switzerland. From the east, the highest number of men came from Lithuania (50,000) and the lowest from Bulgaria (600).[109] After 1943 most men from the east were conscripts. The performance of the eastern Waffen-SS units was, as a whole, sub-standard.[110]
In late 1941, Hitler named Heydrich as Deputy Reich Protector of the newly established Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Heydrich began to racially classify the Czechs, deporting many to concentration camps. Members of a swelling resistance were shot, earning Heydrich the nickname "the Butcher of Prague".[111] This appointment strengthened the collaboration between Himmler and Heydrich, and Himmler was proud to have SS control over a state. Despite having direct access to Hitler, Heydrich's loyalty to Himmler remained firm.[112]
With Hitler's approval, Himmler re-established the Einsatzgruppen in the lead-up to the planned invasion of the Soviet Union. In March 1941, Hitler addressed his army leaders, detailing his intention to smash the Soviet Empire and destroy the Bolshevik intelligentsia and leadership.[113] His special directive, the "Guidelines in Special Spheres re Directive No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)", read: "In the operations area of the army, the Reichsführer-SS has been given special tasks on the orders of the Führer, in order to prepare the political administration. These tasks arise from the forthcoming final struggle of two opposing political systems. Within the framework of these tasks, the Reichsführer-SS acts independently and on his own responsibility."[114] Hitler thus intended to prevent internal friction like that occurring earlier in Poland in 1939, when several German Army generals had attempted to bring Einsatzgruppen leaders to trial for the murders they had committed.[114]
Following the army into the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen rounded up and killed Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi state.[115] Hitler was sent frequent reports.[116] In addition, 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation, mistreatment or executions in just eight months of 1941–42.[117] As many as 500,000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war; most of them were shot or gassed.[118] By early 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour.[119] Jews from all over Germany and the occupied territories were deported to the camps or confined to ghettos. As the Germans were pushed back from Moscow in December 1941, signalling that the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union had failed to materialize, Hitler and other Nazi officials realised that mass deportations to the east would no longer be possible. As a result, instead of deportation, many Jews in Europe were destined for death.[120][121]
Nazi racial policies, including the notion that people who were racially inferior had no right to live, date back to the earliest days of the party; Hitler discusses this in Mein Kampf.[122] Around the time of the German declaration of war on the United States in December 1941, Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be "exterminated".[121] Heydrich arranged a meeting, held on 20 January 1942 at Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin. Attended by top Nazi officials, it was used to outline the plans for the "final solution to the Jewish question". Heydrich detailed how those Jews able to work would be worked to death; those unable to work would be killed outright. Heydrich calculated the number of Jews to be killed at 11 million and told the attendees that Hitler had placed Himmler in charge of the plan.[123]
In June 1942, Heydrich was assassinated in Prague in Operation Anthropoid, led by Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš, members of Czechoslovakia's army-in-exile. Both men had been trained by the British Special Operations Executive for the mission to kill Heydrich.[124] During the two funeral services, Himmler—the chief mourner—took charge of Heydrich's two young sons, and he gave the eulogy in Berlin.[125] On 9 June, after discussions with Himmler and Karl Hermann Frank, Hitler ordered brutal reprisals for Heydrich's death.[124] Over 13,000 people were arrested, and the village of Lidice was razed to the ground; its male inhabitants and all adults in the village of Ležáky were murdered. At least 1,300 people were executed by firing squads.[126][127] Himmler took over leadership of the RSHA and stepped up the pace of the killing of Jews in Aktion Reinhard (Operation Reinhard), named in Heydrich's honour.[128] He ordered the Aktion Reinhard camps—three extermination camps—to be constructed at Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka.[129]
Initially the victims were killed with gas vans or by firing squad, but these methods proved impracticable for an operation of this scale.[130] In August 1941, Himmler attended the shooting of 100 Jews at Minsk. Nauseated and shaken by the experience,[131] he was concerned about the impact such actions would have on the mental health of his SS men. He decided that alternate methods of killing should be found.[132][133] On his orders, by early 1942 the camp at Auschwitz had been greatly expanded, including the addition of gas chambers, where victims were killed using the pesticide Zyklon B.[134] Himmler visited the camp in person on 17 and 18 July 1942. He was given a demonstration of a mass killing using the gas chamber in Bunker 2 and toured the building site of the new IG Farben plant being constructed at the nearby town of Monowitz.[135] By the end of the war, at least 5.5 million Jews had been killed by the Nazi regime;[136] most estimates range closer to 6 million.[137][138] Himmler visited the camp at Sobibór in early 1943, by which time 250,000 people had been killed at that location alone. After witnessing a gassing, he gave 28 people promotions and ordered the operation of the camp to be wound down. In a prisoner revolt that October, the remaining prisoners killed most of the guards and SS personnel. Several hundred prisoners escaped; about a hundred were immediately re-captured and killed. Some of the escapees joined partisan units operating in the area. The camp was dismantled by December 1943.[139]
The Nazis also targeted Romani (Gypsies) as "asocial" and "criminals".[140] By 1935, they were confined into special camps away from ethnic Germans.[140] In 1938, Himmler issued an order in which he said that the "Gypsy question" would be determined by "race".[141] Himmler believed that the Romani were originally Aryan but had become a mixed race; only the "racially pure" were to be allowed to live.[142] In 1939, Himmler ordered thousands of Gypsies to be sent to the Dachau concentration camp and by 1942, ordered all Romani sent to Auschwitz concentration camp.[143]
Himmler was one of the main architects of the Holocaust,[144][145][146] using his deep belief in the racist Nazi ideology to justify the murder of millions of victims. Longerich surmises that Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich designed the Holocaust during a period of intensive meetings and exchanges in April–May 1942.[147] The Nazis planned to kill Polish intellectuals and restrict non-Germans in the General Government and conquered territories to a fourth-grade education.[148] They further wanted to breed a master race of racially pure Nordic Aryans in Germany. As a student of agriculture and a farmer, Himmler was acquainted with the principles of selective breeding, which he proposed to apply to humans. He believed that he could engineer the German populace, for example, through eugenics, to be Nordic in appearance within several decades of the end of the war.[149]
On 4 October 1943, during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of Poznań (Posen), and on 6 October 1943, in a speech to the party elite—the Gauleiters and Reichsleiters—Himmler referred explicitly to the "extermination" (German: Ausrottung) of the Jewish people.[150]
A translated excerpt from the speech of 4 October reads:[151]
I also want to refer here very frankly to a very difficult matter. We can now very openly talk about this among ourselves, and yet we will never discuss this publicly. Just as we did not hesitate on 30 June 1934, to perform our duty as ordered and put comrades who had failed up against the wall and execute them, we also never spoke about it, nor will we ever speak about it. Let us thank God that we had within us enough self-evident fortitude never to discuss it among us, and we never talked about it. Every one of us was horrified, and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time, when the order is given and when it becomes necessary.
I am talking about the "Jewish evacuation": the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. "The Jewish people is being exterminated", every Party member will tell you, "perfectly clear, it's part of our plans, we're eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter." And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person—with exceptions due to human weaknesses—has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and '17 ...[152][153]
Because the Allies had indicated that they were going to pursue criminal charges for German war crimes, Hitler tried to gain the loyalty and silence of his subordinates by making them all parties to the ongoing genocide. Hitler therefore authorised Himmler's speeches to ensure that all party leaders were complicit in the crimes and could not later deny knowledge of the killings.[150]
As Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood (RKFDV) with the incorporated VoMi, Himmler was deeply involved in the Germanization program for the East, particularly Poland. As laid out in Generalplan Ost, the aim was to enslave, expel or exterminate the native population and to make Lebensraum ("living space") for Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans). He continued his plans to colonise the east, even when many Germans were reluctant to relocate there, and despite negative effects on the war effort.[154][155]
Himmler's racial groupings began with the Volksliste, the classification of people deemed of German blood. These included Germans who had collaborated with Germany before the war, but also those who considered themselves German but had been neutral; those who were partially "Polonized" but "Germanizable"; and Germans who were of Polish nationality.[156] Himmler ordered that those who refused to be classified as ethnic Germans should be deported to concentration camps, have their children taken away, or be assigned to forced labour.[157][158] Himmler's belief that "it is in the nature of German blood to resist" led to his conclusion that Balts or Slavs who resisted Germanization were racially superior to more compliant ones.[159] He declared that no drop of German blood would be lost or left behind to mingle with an "alien race".[155]
The plan also included the kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany.[160] Himmler urged:
Obviously in such a mixture of peoples, there will always be some racially good types. Therefore, I think that it is our duty to take their children with us, to remove them from their environment, if necessary by robbing, or stealing them. Either we win over any good blood that we can use for ourselves and give it a place in our people, ... or we destroy that blood.[161]
The "racially valuable" children were to be removed from all contact with Poles and raised as Germans, with German names.[160] Himmler declared: "We have faith above all in this our own blood, which has flowed into a foreign nationality through the vicissitudes of German history. We are convinced that our own philosophy and ideals will reverberate in the spirit of these children who racially belong to us."[160] The children were to be adopted by German families.[158] Children who passed muster at first but were later rejected were taken to Kinder KZ in Łódź Ghetto, where most of them eventually died.[160]
By January 1943, Himmler reported that 629,000 ethnic Germans had been resettled; however, most resettled Germans did not live in the envisioned small farms, but in temporary camps or quarters in towns. Half a million residents of the annexed Polish territories, as well as from Slovenia, Alsace, Lorraine, and Luxembourg were deported to the General Government or sent to Germany as slave labour.[162] Himmler instructed that the German nation should view all foreign workers brought to Germany as a danger to their German blood.[163] In accordance with German racial laws, sexual relations between Germans and foreigners were forbidden as Rassenschande (race defilement).[164]
On 20 July 1944, a group of German army officers led by Claus von Stauffenberg and including some of the highest-ranked members of the German armed forces attempted to assassinate Hitler, but failed to do so. The next day, Himmler formed a special commission that arrested over 5,000 suspected and known opponents of the regime. Hitler ordered brutal reprisals that resulted in the execution of more than 4,900 people.[165] Though Himmler was embarrassed by his failure to uncover the plot, it led to an increase in his powers and authority.[166][167]
General Friedrich Fromm, commander-in-chief of the Replacement Army (Ersatzheer) and Stauffenberg's immediate superior, was one of those implicated in the conspiracy. Hitler removed Fromm from his post and named Himmler as his successor. Since the Replacement Army consisted of two million men, Himmler hoped to draw on these reserves to fill posts within the Waffen-SS. He appointed Hans Jüttner, director of the SS Leadership Main Office, as his deputy, and began to fill top Replacement Army posts with SS men. By November 1944 Himmler had merged the army officer recruitment department with that of the Waffen-SS and had successfully lobbied for an increase in the quotas for recruits to the SS.[168]
By this time, Hitler had appointed Himmler as Reichsminister of the Interior, succeeding Frick, and General Plenipotentiary for Administration (Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung).[169] At the same time (24 August 1943) he also joined the six-member Council of Ministers for the Defense of the Reich, which operated as the war cabinet.[170] In August 1944 Hitler authorised him to restructure the organisation and administration of the Waffen-SS, the army, and the police services. As head of the Replacement Army, Himmler was now responsible for prisoners of war. He was also in charge of the Wehrmacht penal system, and controlled the development of Wehrmacht armaments until January 1945.[171]
On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France during Operation Overlord.[172] In response, Army Group Upper Rhine (Heeresgruppe Oberrhein) group was formed to engage the advancing US 7th Army (under command of General Alexander Patch[173]) and French 1st Army (led by General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny) in the Alsace region along the west bank of the Rhine.[174] In late 1944, Hitler appointed Himmler commander-in-chief of Army Group Upper Rhine.
On 26 September 1944 Hitler ordered Himmler to create special army units, the Volkssturm ("People's Storm" or "People's Army"). All males aged sixteen to sixty were eligible for conscription into this militia, over the protests of Armaments Minister Albert Speer, who noted that irreplaceable skilled workers were being removed from armaments production.[175] Hitler confidently believed six million men could be raised, and the new units would "initiate a people's war against the invader".[176] These hopes were wildly optimistic.[176] In October 1944, children as young as fourteen were being enlisted. Because of severe shortages in weapons and equipment and lack of training, members of the Volkssturm were poorly prepared for combat, and about 175,000 of them died in the final months of the war.[177]
On 1 January 1945, Hitler and his generals launched Operation North Wind. The goal was to break through the lines of the US 7th Army and French 1st Army to support the southern thrust in the Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes offensive), the final major German offensive of the war. After limited initial gains by the Germans, the Americans halted the offensive.[178] By 25 January, Operation North Wind had officially ended.
On 25 January 1945, despite Himmler's lack of military experience, Hitler appointed him as commander of the hastily formed Army Group Vistula (Heeresgruppe Weichsel) to halt the Soviet Red Army's Vistula–Oder offensive into Pomerania[179] – a decision that appalled the German General Staff.[180] Himmler established his command centre at Schneidemühl, using his special train, Sonderzug Steiermark, as his headquarters. The train had only one telephone line, inadequate maps, and no signal detachment or radios with which to establish communication and relay military orders. Himmler seldom left the train, only worked about four hours per day, and insisted on a daily massage before commencing work and a lengthy nap after lunch.[181]
General Heinz Guderian talked to Himmler on 9 February and demanded, that Operation Solstice, an attack from Pomerania against the northern flank of Marshal Georgy Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front, should be in progress by the 16th. Himmler argued that he was not ready to commit himself to a specific date. Given Himmler's lack of qualifications as an army group commander, Guderian convinced himself that Himmler tried to conceal his incompetence.[182] On 13 February Guderian met Hitler and demanded that General Walther Wenck be given a special mandate to command the offensive by Army Group Vistula. Hitler sent Wenck with a "special mandate", but without specifying Wenck's authority.[183] The offensive was launched on 16 February 1945, but soon stuck in rain and mud, facing mine fields and strong antitank defenses. That night Wenck was severely injured in a car accident, but it is doubtful that he could have salvaged the operation, as Guderian later claimed. Himmler ordered the offensive to stop on the 18th by a "directive for regrouping".[184] Hitler officially ended Operation Solstice on 21 February and ordered Himmler to transfer a corps headquarter and three divisions to Army Group Center.[185]
Himmler was unable to devise any viable plans for completion of his military objectives. Under pressure from Hitler over the worsening military situation, Himmler became anxious and unable to give him coherent reports.[186] When the counter-attack failed to stop the Soviet advance, Hitler held Himmler personally liable and accused him of not following orders. Himmler's military command ended on 20 March, when Hitler replaced him with General Gotthard Heinrici as Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Vistula. By this time Himmler, who had been under the care of his doctor since 18 February, had fled to the Hohenlychen Sanatorium.[187] Hitler sent Guderian on a forced medical leave of absence, and he reassigned his post as chief of staff to Hans Krebs on 29 March.[188] Himmler's failure and Hitler's response marked a serious deterioration in the relationship between the two men.[189] By that time, the inner circle of people whom Hitler trusted was rapidly shrinking.[190]
In early 1945, the German war effort was on the verge of collapse and Himmler's relationship with Hitler had deteriorated. Himmler considered independently negotiating a peace settlement. His masseur, Felix Kersten, who had moved to Sweden, acted as an intermediary in negotiations with Count Folke Bernadotte, head of the Swedish Red Cross. Letters were exchanged between the two men,[191] and direct meetings were arranged by Walter Schellenberg of the RSHA.[192]
In March 1945, Himmler issued a directive that Jews were to be marched from the South-east wall (Südostwall) fortifications construction project on the Austro-Hungarian border, to Mauthausen. He desired hostages for potential peace negotiations. Thousands died on the marches.[193][194]
Himmler and Hitler met for the last time on 20 April 1945—Hitler's birthday—in Berlin, and Himmler swore unswerving loyalty to Hitler. At a military briefing on that day, Hitler stated that he would not leave Berlin, in spite of Soviet advances. Along with Göring, Himmler quickly left the city after the briefing.[195] On 21 April, Himmler met with Norbert Masur, a Swedish representative of the World Jewish Congress, to discuss the release of Jewish concentration camp inmates.[196] As a result of these negotiations, about 20,000 people were released in the White Buses operation.[197] Himmler falsely claimed in the meeting that the crematoria at camps had been built to deal with the bodies of prisoners who had died in a typhus epidemic. He also claimed very high survival rates for the camps at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen, even as these sites were liberated and it became obvious that his figures were false.[198]
On 23 April, Himmler met directly with Bernadotte at the Swedish consulate in Lübeck. Representing himself as the provisional leader of Germany, he claimed that Hitler would be dead within the next few days. Hoping that the British and Americans would fight the Soviets alongside what remained of the Wehrmacht, Himmler asked Bernadotte to inform General Dwight Eisenhower that Germany wished to surrender to the Western Allies, and not to the Soviet Union. Bernadotte asked Himmler to put his proposal in writing, and Himmler obliged.[199][200]
Meanwhile, Göring had sent a telegram, a few hours earlier, asking Hitler for permission to assume leadership of the Reich in his capacity as Hitler's designated deputy—an act that Hitler, under the prodding of Martin Bormann, interpreted as a demand to step down or face a coup. On 27 April, Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's HQ in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein, was caught in civilian clothes preparing to desert; he was arrested and brought back to the Führerbunker. On the evening of 28 April, the BBC broadcast a Reuters news report about Himmler's attempted negotiations with the western Allies. Hitler had long considered Himmler to be second only to Joseph Goebbels in loyalty; he called Himmler "the loyal Heinrich" (German: der treue Heinrich). Hitler flew into a rage at this betrayal, and told those still with him in the bunker complex that Himmler's secret negotiations were the worst treachery he had ever known. Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest, and Fegelein was court-martialed and shot.[201]
By this time, the Soviets had advanced to the Potsdamer Platz, only 300 m (330 yd) from the Reich Chancellery, and were preparing to storm the Chancellery. This report, combined with Himmler's treachery, prompted Hitler to write his last will and testament. In the testament, completed on 29 April—one day prior to his suicide—Hitler declared both Himmler and Göring to be traitors. He stripped Himmler of all of his party and state offices and expelled him from the Nazi Party.[202][203]
Hitler named Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as his successor. Himmler met Dönitz in Flensburg and offered himself as second-in-command. He maintained that he was entitled to a position in Dönitz's interim government as Reichsführer-SS, believing the SS would be in a good position to restore and maintain order after the war. Dönitz repeatedly rejected Himmler's overtures[204] and initiated peace negotiations with the Allies. He wrote a letter on 6 May—two days before the German Instrument of Surrender—formally dismissing Himmler from all his posts.[205]
Rejected by his former comrades and hunted by the Allies, Himmler attempted to go into hiding. He had not made extensive preparations for this, but he carried a forged paybook under the name of Sergeant Heinrich Hizinger. With a small band of companions, he headed south on 11 May to Friedrichskoog, without a final destination in mind. They continued on to Neuhaus, where the group split up. On 21 May, Himmler and two aides were stopped and detained at a checkpoint in Bremervörde set up by former Soviet POWs. Over the following two days, he was moved around to several camps[206] and was brought to the British 31st Civilian Interrogation Camp near Lüneburg, on 23 May.[207] The officials noticed that Himmler's identity papers bore a stamp which British military intelligence had seen being used by fleeing members of the SS.[208]
The duty officer, Captain Thomas Selvester, began a routine interrogation. Himmler admitted who he was, and Selvester had the prisoner searched. Himmler was taken to the headquarters of the Second British Army in Lüneburg, where a doctor conducted a medical exam on him. The doctor attempted to examine the inside of Himmler's mouth, but the prisoner was reluctant to open it and jerked his head away. Himmler then bit into a hidden potassium cyanide pill and collapsed onto the floor. He was dead within 15 minutes,[209][210] despite efforts to expel the poison from his system.[211] Shortly afterward, Himmler's body was buried in an unmarked grave near Lüneburg. The grave's location remains unknown.[212]
Himmler was interested in mysticism and the occult from an early age. He tied this interest into his racist philosophy, looking for proof of Aryan and Nordic racial superiority from ancient times. He promoted a cult of ancestor worship, particularly among members of the SS, as a way to keep the race pure and provide immortality to the nation. Viewing the SS as an "order" along the lines of the Teutonic Knights, he had them take over the Church of the Teutonic Order in Vienna in 1939. He began the process of replacing Christianity with a new moral code that rejected humanitarianism and challenged the Christian concept of marriage.[213] The Ahnenerbe, a research society founded by Himmler in 1935, searched the globe for proof of the superiority and ancient origins of the Germanic race.[214][215]
All regalia and uniforms of Nazi Germany, particularly those of the SS, used symbolism in their designs. The stylised lightning bolt logo of the SS was chosen in 1932. The logo is a pair of runes from a set of 18 Armanen runes created by Guido von List in 1906. The ancient Sowilō rune originally symbolised the sun, but was renamed "Sieg" (victory) in List's iconography.[216] Himmler modified a variety of existing customs to emphasise the elitism and central role of the SS; an SS naming ceremony was to replace baptism, marriage ceremonies were to be altered, a separate SS funeral ceremony was to be held in addition to Christian ceremonies, and SS-centric celebrations of the summer and winter solstices were instituted.[217][218] The Totenkopf (death's head) symbol, used by German military units for hundreds of years, had been chosen for the SS by Julius Schreck.[219] Himmler placed particular importance on the death's-head rings; they were never to be sold, and were to be returned to him upon the death of the owner. He interpreted the death's-head symbol to mean solidarity to the cause and a commitment unto death.[220]
As second in command of the SS and then Reichsführer-SS, Himmler was in regular contact with Hitler to arrange for SS men as bodyguards;[221] Himmler was not involved with Nazi Party policy-making decisions in the years leading up to the seizure of power.[222] From the late 1930s, the SS was independent of the control of other state agencies or government departments, and he reported only to Hitler.[223]
Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others. In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently.[224][225] Hitler typically did not issue written orders, but gave them orally at meetings or in phone conversations; he also had Bormann convey orders.[226] Bormann used his position as Hitler's secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler.[227]
Hitler promoted and practised the Führerprinzip. The principle required absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus Hitler viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex.[228] Accordingly, Himmler placed himself in a position of subservience to Hitler, and was unconditionally obedient to him.[229] However, he—like other top Nazi officials—had aspirations to one day succeed Hitler as leader of the Reich.[230] Himmler considered Speer to be an especially dangerous rival, both in the Reich administration and as a potential successor to Hitler.[231] Speer refused to accept Himmler's offer of the high rank of SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer, as he felt to do so would put him in Himmler's debt and obligate him to allow Himmler a say in armaments production.[232]
Hitler called Himmler's mystical and pseudoreligious interests "nonsense".[233] Himmler was not a member of Hitler's inner circle; the two men were not very close, and rarely saw each other socially.[234][224] Himmler socialised almost exclusively with other members of the SS.[235] His unconditional loyalty and efforts to please Hitler earned him the nickname of der treue Heinrich ("the faithful Heinrich"). In the last days of the war, when it became clear that Hitler planned to die in Berlin, Himmler left his long-time superior to try to save himself.[236]
Himmler met his future wife, Margarete Boden, in 1927. Seven years his senior, she was a nurse who shared his interest in herbal medicine and homoeopathy, and was part owner of a small private clinic. They were married in July 1928, and their only child, Gudrun, was born on 8 August 1929.[237] The couple were also foster parents to a boy named Gerhard von Ahe, son of an SS officer who had died before the war.[238] Margarete sold her share of the clinic and used the proceeds to buy a plot of land in Waldtrudering, near Munich, where they erected a prefabricated house. Himmler was constantly away on party business, so his wife took charge of their efforts—mostly unsuccessful—to raise livestock for sale. They had a dog, Töhle.[239]
After the Nazis came to power the family moved first to Möhlstrasse in Munich, and in 1934 to Tegernsee, where they bought a house. Himmler also later obtained a large house in the Berlin suburb of Dahlem, free of charge, as an official residence. The couple saw little of each other as Himmler became totally absorbed by work.[240] The relationship was strained.[241][242] The couple did unite for social functions; they were frequent guests at the Heydrich home. Margarete saw it as her duty to invite the wives of the senior SS leaders over for afternoon coffee and tea on Wednesday afternoons.[243]
Hedwig Potthast, Himmler's young secretary starting in 1936, became his mistress by 1939. She left her job in 1941. He arranged accommodation for her, first in Mecklenburg and later at Berchtesgaden. He fathered two children with her: a son, Helge (born 15 February 1942, Mecklenburg) and a daughter, Nanette Dorothea (born 20 July 1944, Berchtesgaden). Margarete, by then living in Gmund with her daughter, learned of the relationship sometime in 1941; she and Himmler were already separated, and she decided to tolerate the relationship for the sake of her daughter. Working as a nurse for the German Red Cross during the war, Margarete was appointed supervisor in one of Germany's military districts, Wehrkreis III (Berlin-Brandenburg). Himmler was close to his first daughter, Gudrun, whom he nicknamed Püppi ("dolly"); he phoned her every few days and visited as often as he could.[244]
Margarete's diaries reveal that Gerhard had to leave the National Political Educational Institute in Berlin because of poor results. At the age of 16 he joined the SS in Brno and shortly afterwards went "into battle". He was captured by the Russians but later returned to Germany.[245]
Hedwig and Margarete both remained loyal to Himmler. Writing to Gebhard in February 1945, Margarete said, "How wonderful that he has been called to great tasks and is equal to them. The whole of Germany is looking to him."[246] Hedwig expressed similar sentiments in a letter to Himmler in January. Margarete and Gudrun left Gmund as Allied troops advanced into the area. They were arrested by American troops in Bolzano, Italy, and held in various internment camps in Italy, France, and Germany. They were brought to Nuremberg to testify at the trials and were released in November 1946. Gudrun emerged from the experience embittered by her alleged mistreatment and remained devoted to her father's memory.[247][248] She later worked for the West German spy agency Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) from 1961 to 1963.[249]
Peter Longerich observes that Himmler's ability to consolidate his ever-increasing powers and responsibilities into a coherent system under the auspices of the SS led him to become one of the most powerful men in the Third Reich.[250] Historian Wolfgang Sauer says that "although he was pedantic, dogmatic, and dull, Himmler emerged under Hitler as second in actual power. His strength lay in a combination of unusual shrewdness, burning ambition, and servile loyalty to Hitler."[251] In 2008, the German news magazine Der Spiegel described Himmler as one of the most brutal mass murderers in history and the architect of the Holocaust.[252]
Historian John Toland relates a story by Günter Syrup, a subordinate of Heydrich. Heydrich showed him a picture of Himmler and said: "The top half is the teacher, but the lower half is the sadist."[253] Historian Adrian Weale comments that Himmler and the SS followed Hitler's policies without question or ethical considerations. Himmler accepted Hitler and Nazi ideology and saw the SS as a chivalric Teutonic order of new Germans. Himmler adopted the doctrine of Auftragstaktik ("mission command"), whereby orders were given as broad directives, with authority delegated downward to the appropriate level to carry them out in a timely and efficient manner. Weale states that the SS ideology gave the men a doctrinal framework, and the mission command tactics allowed the junior officers leeway to act on their own initiative to obtain the desired results.[254]
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| 2023-09-03 05:43:42 |
Salmon (given name) - Wikipedia | Salmon is a masculine given name which may refer to:
| 2023-09-03 05:43:46 |
Jon Kimche - Wikipedia |
Jon Kimche (17 June 1909 – 9 March 1994) was a journalist and historian.[1] A Swiss Jew, he arrived in England at the age of 12, becoming involved in the Independent Labour Party as a young man. In 1934–35, he worked with George Orwell in a Hampstead bookshop, Booklover’s Corner, and later managed the ILP's bookshop at 35 Bride Street, near Ludgate Circus. As chair of the ILP Guild of Youth, he visited Barcelona in 1937, where he again met Orwell.
In the early war years, he contributed articles on military strategy to the Evening Standard and, on the recommendation of Michael Foot, was hired by Aneurin Bevan in 1942 as the de facto editor of the left-wing weekly Tribune. (Bevan was nominally the editor but had neither the time nor the technical expertise to do the job, and Kimche was both an alien and a member of the ILP rather than the Labour Party, which Tribune supported.) He left Tribune to join Reuters in 1945 but returned in 1946, though by now his primary interest was in the Middle East—specifically, in the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. He was fired from his Tribune job after disappearing from the office in December 1947 to Istanbul to negotiate safe passage with the Turkish authorities for two ships sailing from Bulgaria with thousands of Jews aboard bound for Palestine.
From this point on, Kimche made a name for himself as an analyst of Middle Eastern politics, writing several books and innumerable articles. He was for 15 years editor of the Jewish Observer and Middle East Review and was Middle East correspondent of the Evening Standard until 1973. He was one of the original senior members of the Next Century Foundation.
Kimche wrote The Secret Roads: The "Illegal" Migration of People, 1938-1948 published by Secker and Warburg in 1954. The book details the passages of Jewish refugees throughout Europe en route to Palestine. The Haganah, and in some cases Jewish youth groups, such as the Bricha, accomplished this. Kimche documents this group's activities in arranging for Jewish orphans to arrive from all over Europe to Marseilles in 1947 and board the Exodus, which was bound for Palestine. He also wrote several books in collaboration with his brother David Kimche.
| 2023-09-03 05:43:50 |
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