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Arzu Jalilova - Wikipedia | Arzu Jalilova (Azerbaijani: Arzu Cəlilova; Russian: Арзу Джалилова; born 4 June 2004, Baku, Azerbaijan) is an Azerbanjani rhythmic gymnast.
This Azerbaijani biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:43:53 |
Field bean - Wikipedia | Field bean is a general term for several plants found growing within fields or shrubbery and may refer to:
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Muhammad Sharif Pasha al-Kabir - Wikipedia | El Sayed Muhammad Sherif Pasha Al-Kabir (died February 13, 1865) was an Albanian-Egyptian statesman during the time of Muhammad Ali of Egypt.
Muhammad's father was an army officer who was killed in battle when the boy was only four months old. He was a brilliant student who caught the eye of his uncle, Muhammad Ali Pasha,[1] the future Governor-General of Egypt, who was also a native of Kavala. Muhammad Ali adopted El Sayed Muhammad Sherif, and when the latter was 12 years old Muhammad Ali took him to Egypt and had him educated with his own sons in an elite boarding school known as the Princes' School, which was located at El-Khanka, a city 12 miles northeast of Cairo.[2][3] Muhammad Sherif married one of Muhammad Ali's daughters, making him both an adopted son and a son-in-law.[4]
Muhammad Sherif went on to become an important administrator in Muhammad Ali's regime, serving as Wali of Damascus during the Egyptian occupation from November 1832 to 1840. He also served as Finance Minister of Egypt in 1844.[5] On his death, Muhammad left a large fortune to his sons Khalil, Ali, and Osman.[6]
El Sayed Muhammad Sherif Pasha El-Kebir is referred to in most accounts under the abbreviated form of his name, which was Muhammad Sherif Pasha. However, he is not to be confused with Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1826-1887), also a native of Kavala, who served 3 times as Prime Minister of Egypt in the 1870s and 1880s.
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Southwest District School (Wolcott, Connecticut) - Wikipedia | The Southwest District School is a historic former district schoolhouse at 155 Nichols Road in Wolcott, Connecticut. Built in the early 1820s, it is the oldest of the town's surviving district schoolhouses, and the only example in the town of a structure built out of locally quarried granite. Now a museum of the local historical society, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.[1]
Wolcott's former Southwest District School stands in the southern part of the rural community, on the north side of Nichols Road a short way west of the Woodtick Recreation Area. It is a single-story structure, its main block built of granite and covered by a wooden-frame gabled roof. A wood-frame shed extends from the rear of the right side, giving the building an overall L shape. The main block was actually built in two sections: the older front section is formed out of locally quarried granite with rough untrimmed finish, while the rear section, a later addition, was built using commercially quarried stone. The shed addition acts as an entry vestibule, with the main block of the building taken up by a single large chamber. Its interior is finished in plaster, with a 20th-century concrete floor.[2]
The town of Wolcott was incorporated in 1796 out of Southington, and was divided into six school districts. This school was built after the previous school on this site, a wood-frame structure, burned in 1820. Records of a local family indicate that an ancestor attended the new school in 1821, but the date 1825 is found in the trim of the gable end. Although Wolcott is known for its granite outcrops, this is the only known example of a 19th-century building built entirely out of the material in the town. Its design may have been influenced by Bronson Alcott a Wolcott native who was then teaching in one of the other town schools, and published a treatise on the design of district schools. The school was enlarged in 1898 to meet increased demand, and continued in use as a school until 1930. It was used briefly as an overflow school space in the 1940s. It was acquired in 1963 by the local historical society, which now uses it as a museum space.[2]
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Adian Husaini - Wikipedia | Dr. Adian Husaini (born December 17, 1965) is an Islamic scholar from Indonesia. .[2][3]
He served on numerous organizations, including the chairman of the Council of Da'wah Islamiyah Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council), the secretary general of the Indonesian Committee for the Islamic World Solidarity (KISDI), the Indonesian Committee for Solidarity Palestine - Indonesian Ulema Council (KISP-MUI), the Commission on Religious Harmony of Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), and a member of the board of Majlis Tabligh Muhammadiyah.
He obtained his Islamic education in Madrasah Diniyah Nurul Ilmi Bojonegoro from 1971 to 1977,[1] Pondok Pesantren Ar Rasyid Kendal Bojonegoro from 1981 to 1984,[4] Pondok Pesantren Ulil Albab Bogor from 1988 to 1989, Arabic Language Education Institute, and LIPIA Jakarta in 1988.[5]
His undergraduate degree in veterinary is from Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), while master's degree in international relations is obtained from Postgraduate Program of International Relations of Jayabaya University Jakarta, with a thesis entitled Pragmatism of Israeli Foreign Policy. He holds a doctorate at the Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization-International Islamic University Malaysia (ISTAC-IIUM) in the field of Islamic thought and civilization.[1][6]
He worked as a researcher at the Indonesian Society for Middle East Studies (ISMES) Jakarta and the Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought & Civilizations (INSIST), and staff at Center for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies University of Indonesia (PKTTI-UI) Jakarta.
He has also been a journalist for Jakarta Daily News Buana, Republika Jakarta Daily, and a news analyst at Radio Muslim FM Jakarta, as well as a lecturer of Journalism and Islamic thought at Ibnu Khaldun University of Bogor and Pesantren Tinggi (Ma'had 'Aly) Husnayain Jakarta.
He writes many books, with most of his works being the criticism against the perceived rise of the liberal Islamic movement, especially in Indonesia. His book Pluralisme Agama: Haram (Religious Pluralism: Haram) challenged the liberal and progressive criticisms toward the 2005 fatwa by the Indonesian Ulema Council targeting religious pluralism. In his writings, he considers religious pluralism as an ideology which considers all religion to be true, thus undermining the legitimacy of Islam.[2] His book Christian-Western Hegemony in Islamic Studies in Higher Education was voted the 2nd best book of the Islamic Book Fair of 2007. At the same forum a year earlier, his book entitled The Face of Western Civilization: From Christian Hegemony to Secular-Liberal Dominance became the best non-fiction book.
| 2023-09-03 05:44:09 |
Jereh and Baladeh District - Wikipedia | Jereh and Baladeh District (Persian: بخش جره و بالاده) is a district (bakhsh) in Kazerun County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2016 census, its population was 35,524, in 9,967 families.[1] The District has one city: Baladeh. The District has three rural districts (dehestan): Dadin Rural District, Famur Rural District, and Jereh Rural District.
WikiMiniAtlas29°20′N 51°51′E / 29.333°N 51.850°E / 29.333; 51.850
This Kazerun County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:44:12 |
Asier Benito - Wikipedia | Asier Benito Sasiain (born 11 February 1995) is a Spanish professional footballer as a forward.
Benito was born in Amurrio, Álava, Basque Country. He finished his formation with CD Aurrerá de Vitoria, and made his senior debuts in the 2012–13 campaign, in Tercera División.
In 2013, Benito moved to Deportivo Alavés, being assigned to the reserves also in the fourth tier. On 17 June 2014, he renewed his link for a further year.[1] On 13 March 2016, Benito made his professional debut, coming on as a late substitute for Gaizka Toquero in a 1–3 away loss against CA Osasuna in the Segunda División championship.[2]
In 2017, he became involved in a contractual dispute with Alavés, subsequently transferring to another reserve team, Bilbao Athletic in Segunda División B.[3] The move allowed him to easily continue his studies at the University of Deusto while continuing as a player.[4]
On 2 July 2019, Benito signed a three-year deal with SD Eibar,[5] but was loaned to second division side SD Ponferradina on 6 August.[6] He scored his first professional goal on 5 October, netting his team's second in a 2–0 home win against CD Mirandés.
On 8 September 2020, Benito agreed to a one-year loan deal with CD Numancia, freshly relegated to the third division.[7]
Benito's elder brother, Ander, is also a footballer. A defender, he was groomed at Amurrio Club.[8]
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Andreas Meyer-Landrut - Wikipedia | Andreas Meyer-Landrut (born 31 May 1929) is a former German diplomat. He was West Germany's ambassador to the Soviet Union in Moscow from 1980 to 1983 and again from 1987 to 1989. He also served as the chief of staff to the office of the President of Germany during the presidency of Richard von Weizsäcker from 1989 to 1994.
Andreas Meyer-Landrut was born on 31 May 1929 in Tallinn, Estonia.[1] He and his family, Baltic German industrialists, were relocated from Estonia to occupied Poland at the beginning of World War II because of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. At the end of the war, the family fled westwards to Germany.[1]
After graduating in 1950 from high school (Gymnasium) with the Abitur in Bielefeld, Germany,[2] he studied Slavistics, Eastern European history and sociology at the University of Göttingen. He spent one year of his studies at the University of Zagreb, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia, and wrote his dissertation, which focused on the Croatian theatre of the 19th century.[3] He became Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Göttingen in 1954.[4]
In 1955, Meyer-Landrut joined West Germany's Foreign Office. His assignments abroad included Brussels, Tokyo and Brazzaville, where he served as the country's ambassador.[4] Due to his language skills, he became one of the experts on Russia in the German diplomats' corps. Five times he worked on assignments to the German embassy in Moscow. From 1980 to 1983 and again from 1987 to 1989 he served as West Germany's ambassador to the Soviet Union in Moscow. He held a key position at a time of rapprochement between the German government under Chancellor Helmut Kohl and the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev during the Perestroika period. During that time he also worked on behalf of ethnic Germans in Russia.[1]
From 1984 to 1986, he was undersecretary of the Foreign Office, serving under foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher. He then worked as the chief of staff to the office of the President of Germany during the presidency of Richard von Weizsäcker from 1989 to 1994.[4]
Following his civil service career, he managed the Moscow representation of DaimlerChrysler until 2002. He also joined the German-Russian Forum.[5]
Meyer-Landrut was married twice. His first wife was of Hungarian nobility;[6] they are the grandparents of the German singer Lena Meyer-Landrut, who won the 2010 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo.[1] German diplomat Nikolaus Meyer-Landrut is a nephew.
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Bronów, Opoczno County - Wikipedia | Bronów [ˈbrɔnuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żarnów, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.[1] It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Żarnów, 16 km (10 mi) south of Opoczno, and 78 km (48 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.
WikiMiniAtlas51°15′00″N 20°12′00″E / 51.2500°N 20.2000°E / 51.2500; 20.2000
This Opoczno County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:44:27 |
Cumulina - Wikipedia | Cumulina (October 3, 1997 - May 5, 2000), a mouse, was the first animal cloned from adult cells that survived to adulthood. She was cloned using the Honolulu technique developed by "Team Yana", the Ryuzo Yanagimachi research group at the former campus of the John A. Burns School of Medicine located at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. Cumulina was a brown Mus musculus or common house mouse. She was named after the cumulus cells surrounding the developing oocyte in the ovarian follicle in mice. Nuclei from these cells were put into egg cell devoid of their original nuclei in the Honolulu cloning technique. All other mice produced by the Yanagimachi lab are just known by a number.[1]
Cumulina was able to produce two healthy litters. She was retired after the second.
Cumulina's preserved remains can be visited at the Institute for Biogenesis Research, a part of the John A. Burns School of Medicine laboratory, in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Some of her descendants have been displayed at the Bishop Museum and the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois.[2]
This developmental biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:44:30 |
Héctor Benigno Varela - Wikipedia | Héctor Benigno Varela was an Argentine military officer, best known for having been responsible for the massacre of between 300 and 1,500 workers in the Santa Cruz province, during the events that became known as Patagonia Rebelde.[1][2][3]
He was born on January 27, 1875, in Renca, San Luis, son of Ramón S. Varela and Ramona Domínguez. He joined the San Martín Military College on February 19, 1895; then in December 1896 he started his military career in the 7th Cavalry Regiment. He then went on to the 3rd Regiment, where he was promoted to lieutenant in 1904.[4]
In 1919 he participated in the repression of workers' strikes during the Tragic Week, under the command of Luis Dellepiane.[5]
In November 1920, a rural workers' strike broke out in Santa Cruz, which went down in history as Patagonia Rebelde or Patagonia Tragica (Rebel Patagonia or Tragic Patagonia). Varela was appointed by Hipólito Yrigoyen to try to smooth things out between the parties. After meeting with the strikers, an agreement was reached. However, when Varela withdrew from Patagonia, the ranchers did not comply and the strike began again as if there had been no agreement.[1]
However, the government, being strongly criticized and accused of inaction by Santa Cruz landowners, conservative newspapers and embassies of foreign powers, sent Varela back to Santa Cruz with a force of 200 soldiers to violently repress the workers' movement. For more than a month Varela's troops persecuted the strikers, executing by firing squad most of them.[1]
The event that best illustrates the criminal methods used by Varela was the torture and execution of José Font, alias "Facón Grande", on December 23 by order of Varela himself, after he had assured him that he would respect his life if he surrendered peacefully.[1]
For these events he was honored by the nationalist paramilitary group Argentine Patriotic League.[5]
One year after the end of the massacre in Santa Cruz, on the morning of January 27, 1923, Héctor Benigno Varela was assassinated as he was leaving his house in the Palermo district of Buenos Aires by Kurt Gustav Wilckens, a German anarchist worker, who threw him a bomb and fired four shots at him, in accordance with the four shots that Varela himself ordered the firing squads.[6]
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2020–21 Stony Brook Seawolves men's basketball team - Wikipedia |
The 2020–21 Stony Brook Seawolves men's basketball team represented Stony Brook University in the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They played their home games at the Island Federal Credit Union Arena in Stony Brook, New York and were led by second-year head coach Geno Ford. They were members of the America East Conference. They finished the season 9-14, 7-9 in America East Play to finish in 7th place. In the America East tournament, they lost in the first round to UMass Lowell.
The Seawolves finished the 2019–20 season 20–13, 10–6 in America East play to finish in second place. They defeated Albany in the quarterfinals of the America East tournament before losing in the semifinals to Hartford.
Roster Last update: September 14, 2019
Source[1]
2019–20 Stony Brook Seawolves women's basketball team
| 2023-09-03 05:44:39 |
Grant Tullar - Wikipedia | Grant Colfax Tullar (5 August 1869 – 20 May 1950) was an American minister, composer, and hymn writer.
Tullar was born on August 5, 1869, in Bolton, Connecticut. His parents named him after President Ulysses S. Grant and Vice President Schuyler Colfax. Tullar's mother died when he was two, and his father was disabled from the Civil War, so both of these factors contributed to a tumultuous childhood.
In 1888, Tullar became a Methodist at a camp meeting. From there, he attended Hackettstown Academy in New Jersey, going on to be a Methodist minister in Dover, Delaware. In 1893, with the help of Isaac Meredith, Tullar founded the Tullar-Meredith Publishing Company in New York City, where he composed and produced church and Sunday school music in hymns and hymnals.
Perhaps his most famous is the poem "The Weaver," commonly referred to as "The Tapestry Poem."[1] Posthumously, this work gained popularity through the writings of Corrie ten Boom, who cited it as one of her favorites. In fact, the connection between Corrie ten Boom and this poem runs so deep that many people have mistakenly attributed the poem to her instead of Tullar.[2]
Tullar died on May 20, 1950, in Ocean Grove, New Jersey, and he was buried in Restland Memorial Park in Hanover.[3]
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Nationality Rooms - Wikipedia | The Nationality Rooms are a group of 31 classrooms in the University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral of Learning depicting and donated by the national and ethnic groups that helped build the city of Pittsburgh. The rooms are designated as a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation historical landmark and are located on the 1st and 3rd floors of the Cathedral of Learning, itself a national historic landmark,[4][5] on the University of Pittsburgh's main campus in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Although of museum caliber, 29 of the 31 rooms are used as daily classrooms by University of Pittsburgh faculty and students, while the other two (the Early American and Syrian-Lebanon) are display rooms viewed through glass doors, utilized primarily for special events, and can only be explored via special guided tour. The Nationality Rooms also serve in a vigorous program of intercultural involvement and exchange in which the original organizing committees for the rooms remain as participants and which includes a program of annual student scholarship to facilitate study abroad.[6] In addition, the Nationality Rooms inspire lectures, seminars, concerts exhibitions, and social events which focus on the various heritages and traditions of the nations represented. The national, traditional, and religious holidays of the nations represented are celebrated on campus and the rooms are appropriately decorated to reflect these occasions. The Nationality Rooms are available daily for public tours as long as the particular room is not being used for a class or other university function.[7]
The Nationality Room Program was founded by Ruth Crawford Mitchell at the request of Pitt Chancellor John Bowman in 1926, in order to involve the community in constructing the Cathedral of Learning and to provide the spiritual and symbolic foundation of the Cathedral that would make the inside of the building as inspiring and impressive as the outside. Under Mitchell's direction, invitations were extended to national communities in the Pittsburgh area to sponsor a room that was representative of their heritage. Each group formed a Room Committee responsible for fundraising, designing, and acquisition. The University provided the room and upkeep in perpetuity once completed, while all other materials, labor, and design were provided by the individual committees. These were sometimes partly provided for by foreign governments which, "...responded with generous support, often providing architects, artists, materials, and monetary gifts to assure authenticity and superb quality in their classrooms."[8] Each room is carefully designed and executed down to the switch plates, door handles, hinges, and wastebaskets. The work is often performed and designed by native artists and craftsmen and involves imported artifacts and materials. Mitchell remained Director of the Nationality Rooms program until 1956, having overseen the creation of the first 19 rooms on the first floor of the Cathedral. A successor to Mitchell wasn't named until 1965 when E. Maxine Bruhns took over the program, overseeing the completion of twelve additional rooms on the third floor. Bruhns retired on Jan. 1, 2020, after 54 years in the position, and died in July 2020.[9][10]
A typical room on the 1st floor built between 1938 and 1957 took between three and ten years to complete, and would have cost the equivalent of $435,490 today, which was no small undertaking, especially considering that the fundraising and construction of the initial rooms took place during the Great Depression and World War II. More recent rooms have cost in the range of US$750,000 and up, and took up to ten years to complete.[11] Upon completion of their rooms, the committees turn to a program of intercultural exchange and fundraising for nationality rooms scholarships which enable University of Pittsburgh students and faculty to study abroad. The room committees also sponsor cultural and fundraising events, lectures, concerts, exhibits, social events, and workshops on ethnic studies that may utilize the rooms. The committee may use its room for non-political meetings, lectures, or other functions if no classes are scheduled. Distinguished international visitors are received by the committees, and special projects are undertaken including the purchase of books for the University libraries, publication of volumes on topics from comparative literature to ethnic recipes, and the fostering of courses in the mother languages. National, traditional, and religious holidays are celebrated on campus, and committees decorate their rooms or mount displays to commemorate special occasions.
The first four rooms to be dedicated were the Scottish, Russian, German, and Swedish Rooms in 1938."[12] The newest rooms are the Turkish and Swiss rooms, both dedicated in 2012,[13][14] the Korean room dedicated in 2015,[15] and the Philippine Room dedicated in 2019.[16]
Original plans also proposed, in addition to the Nationality Rooms on the first floor, the creation of "Pennsylvania" classrooms on the second floor to be dedicated to the pioneering groups within the state along with third floor "Pittsburgh" classrooms dedicated to showcasing the history of the Western Pennsylvania or different eras of American history.[17][18] Although the plans for the series of rooms were drawn up, only one room was installed, the Early American Classroom, which is now counted among the other Nationality Rooms. The plans for the other Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania rooms were never executed, and the Nationality Room program grew to occupy all of the first and much of the third floor.
Upon completion of a room, a dedication ceremony is held with a formal presentation of a ceremonial key to the University's Chancellor to symbolize the bestowal and acceptance of the gift, and a commitment by the University to maintain the room in perpetuity. The nationality room committee officers then become members of the Nationality Council which provides scholarships for summer study abroad for Pitt students, along with other non-political cultural or educational events within the Nationality Program's scope. Today the Cathedral is home to 31 Nationality Rooms (29 working classrooms and two display rooms: the Early American Room and the Syrian-Lebanon Room), on the first and third floors. Each nationality room celebrates a different culture that influenced Pittsburgh's growth, depicting an era prior to 1787, the University's founding and the signing of the United States Constitution. Only one room does not follow this convention, with the French Classroom depicting the First French Empire of the early 19th century. There are seven additional rooms in the process of being approved and funded.[citation needed]
Set in the Cathedral of Learning's cornerstone in 1937 is a gift from the Nationality Room Committee chairpersons to the University: a copper plate engraved with these thoughts:
Since 1944, tours of the nationality rooms have been given to visitors by a Pitt student organization, Quo Vadis (Latin: Where do you go?), that guides over 40,000 tourists a year. With reservations, specially themed tours based on creature symbolism, images of royalty, and folktales are also given. An estimated 100,000 visitors, including self-guided and walk-in tourists, visit the Nationality Rooms each year.
The following principles, in order to assure commonality of purpose, authenticity, and non-political cultural emphasis, governed the creation of nationality rooms from the programs inception in 1926 until the completion of the Irish Classroom in 1957.
In the 1970s, policy revisions were implemented which retaining most of the earlier principles, utilized a broader definition of nation to include a body of people associated with a particular territory and possessing a distinctive cultural and social way of life. This allowed the creation of the Armenian and Ukrainian rooms prior to their establishment as independent nations following the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as allowing for the installation of the African Heritage Room.
The room must also be a functional teaching classroom with enough student tablet-armed seats, professor's lectern or table, adequate sight lines and lighting, modern audiovisual technology, and other necessities of a classroom. New rooms also have narrated tour equipment. Materials are to remain authentic and durable that are executed through architectural form and not mere surface embellishment and are to provide eternal qualities that have the potential to "teach" about the cultures with appropriate non-political symbols and artifacts.
The African Heritage Classroom was designed to reflect an 18th-century Asante temple courtyard in Ghana which would provide the setting for ceremonial events, learning, and worship. The classroom represents the entire continent of Africa with Yoruba-style door carvings by Nigerian sculptor Lamidi O. Fakeye depicting ancient kingdoms of Africa including Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia, Benin, Kongo/Angola, Kuba, Mali, and Zimbabwe. Plaster forms in the frieze represent the arts, music, science, languages, and literature of Africa. A display case housing artifacts from various African nations and the chalkboard area reflect patos around the courtyard. Below the chalkboard doors depicting the Igbo lozenge and star motif are Sankofa birds which symbolize the need to learn from the past in order to prepare for the future. The oxblood steps, two levels of student benches, and wainscot with relief decorations suggest the polished clay of an Asante temple. Openwork screens are present on the windows as they are used in Asante structures to filter the sun's rays while allowing air flow. Six chieftain stools provide informal seating near a hand-carved professor's lectern.
The Armenian Classroom[19] was inspired by the 10th- to 12th-century Sanahin Monastery. The design consists of intersecting arches and a domed ceiling built to lessen damage from frequent earthquakes in that country. The room's arches, built of Indiana limestone, make this the heaviest of the Nationality Rooms, weighing 22 tons, and required the second floor beneath the room to be reinforced in order to support its weight. The cornerstone is a basalt stone from the grounds of Sanahin. In the mortar behind it are the thumbprints of five of the oldest Armenian diaspora living in the Pittsburgh area, as well as the handprint of an infant of Armenian descent, symbolizing the continuity of the Armenian presence in western Pennsylvania.
The Austrian Nationality Room represents the 18th-century era of the Austrian Empire during its age of enlightenment under Empress Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II and incorporates Baroque elements of the Haydnsaal in Schloss Esterházy at Eisenstadt where Joseph Haydn served as Kapellmeister from 1766 to 1778. Ceiling paintings depict scenes from Roman mythology similar to those in the Haydnsaal. The room features Lobmeyer crystal chandeliers, gilded white lacquer seminar furniture patterned after that in the formal dining hall of Vienna's Hofburg, royal red-tapestried walls, gold-leafed pilasters, and a parquet floor inlaid in a starburst design. Exhibits in the display cases in the room trace the development of the multinational Austrian Empire and the birthplaces of representative Austrian composers born within its borders between the years 1000 and 1918.
The Chinese Classroom is inspired by the design of a palace hall in Beijing's Forbidden City and is dedicated to the memory of Confucius and his democratic ideal of classless education. The teacher and students sit at the same level around a moon-shaped teakwood table. The professor's chair is carved with the admonition to "Teach by inspiring gradually and steadily". A slate portrait of Confucius is present that is patterned after one in the Confucian temple at his birthplace of Qufu in Shandong Province. Above the red lacquered door, Chinese characters are carved into the stone lintel that proclaim that "Humility of mind goes with loftiness of character." Stone lions flank the entrance before carvings of the plum blossom, the national flower of China. The ceiling contains a coiling golden five-clawed imperial dragon surrounded by clouds denoting nature's energy and freedom. Painted squares portray dragons guarding the pearl of wisdom and the phoenix with the motan flower, a symbol of cultural wealth. The opened blackboard doors reveal painted renditions of the babao, or Eight Treasures, popular in Chinese art. On the base below is a carved version of the Bagua which consists of eight trigrams surrounding the circular Yin and Yang. Windows consist of frosted glass with stylized cames.
The Czechoslovak Classroom combines elements of a Slovak farmhouse, country church, and the Charles University in Prague while detailing men who contributed to Czechoslovak culture. The motto of the classroom, and of the former Czechoslovak government in exile, is proclaimed by the inscription of "Pravda Vítězí" which translates to "Truth Will Prevail" and surrounds a bronze relief portrait of the first President and founder of Czechoslovakia Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. In a wrought-iron case near the window bay, a letter penned by the hand of Masaryk to students at the University of Pittsburgh recalls John Amos Comenius' belief that "education is the workshop of humanity". All woodwork, except the furniture, is made of larch wood which grows to great heights in the Carpathian Mountains. The ceiling, with flat boards overlapping each other between heavy beams, is painted by Prague artists Karel Svolinský and Marie Svolinská and depicts botanically accurate flowers and plants of Czechoslovakia and reflects a typical Slovak farmer's home and the style of country churches. A "tree of life" design on the rear wall surrounds the text of the proclamation by King of Bohemia and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Charles IV that marked the founding of the University of Prague in 1348. The plaster reveals of the bay window area is decorated by murals of miraculous trees bearing flowers and fruits and harboring animals, birds, and insects reflecting "peasant writings" and executed by the artists in freehand. Ceiling panels portray eight famous persons in Czech and Slovak history from the 9th through 19th centuries including Cyril and Methodius who created the Cyrillic script, Waclaw who was the "Good King Wenceslaus" of the Christmas Carol, Jan Hus who was a champion of Czech religious freedom, John Amos Comenius who is considered the father of modern education, Ján Kollár a Slovak poet who called for Slavic unity, Ľudovít Štúr who developed the Slovak literary language, and Bishop Stefan Moyzes who pioneered popular education in Slovakia. Intarsia done by V. Kopka of Moravia are found on the entrance door panels and the professor's desk and lectern which depicts university academic disciplines. Embroidery, lace, Bohemian crystal, and historical documents are displayed in the wall cabinet.[20]
The Early American Room is one of two display rooms not used as a functional classroom, although it is opened for guided tours. The room was commissioned by longtime University Pittsburgh trustee George Hubbard Clapp, a descendant nine generations removed from Roger Clapp, an English captain who sailed into the New England port of Hull on May 30, 1630. The kitchen-living room of the early colonists was chosen to portray the sturdy simplicity of life in America during the 1650s.[21] The room's focus is a nine-foot fireplace constructed from 200-year-old handmade bricks with "fixings" of a log hook, heavy iron kettles, a spider, gridiron, longhandled waffle iron, bread shovel, skewers, ladles, and forks. A small recess in the brick wall served to bake bread. A tapered pole swings out from the end of the fireplace to be used for drying laundry or to hang a quilt to keep the cold draft from those gathered near the fire. Massive hand-hewn pine beams used in the seven-foot-high ceiling and the fireplace were collected after a careful search in Massachusetts. White pine is used for the heavy seminar table, benches, and chairs.[22] Wrought-iron candelabra are hinged with clasps to hold lighting tapers. Other light fixtures are of specially designed pierced tin.[23] The colonial-style windows were designed by glass artist Charles Connick.[24] Decorative items include a collection of 17th- and 18th-century American coins, a working spinning wheel, and a hand-stitched sampler. The small closet between the blackboard and fireplace contains a secret panel and once the concealed latch is discovered, its release causes the wall to swing open, revealing a hidden staircase to the upper loft, which has been furnished as a 19th-century bedroom. Included in the bedroom is a four-poster rope bed and small cradle, both of which belonged to pianist and composer Ethelbert Nevin. The bedroom also includes several personal items, including an 1878 wedding quilt, which belonged to Waitman Worthington McDaniel and his wife Martha Jane Poe, the grandmother of Nationality Director Maxine Bruhns.[25] The room is associated with various stories of unexplained incidents that have resulted in claims that the room is haunted.[25][26]
The English Classroom is designed in the Tudor-Gothic style after the House of Commons that was rebuilt by Sir Charles Barry following the fire of 1834. The English Classroom is the largest of the Nationality Rooms and incorporates several original items given as gifts from the British Government from the damaged House of Commons, whose Chamber was completely destroyed, following its bombing by the Luftwaffe in 1941, including the stone fireplace, hearth tiles, linenfold oak paneling, entrance doorframe, lintel, and corbels. The fireplace is from the Commons' "Aye Lobby", so named because members walk through it to vote "yes" to a bill, and is marked with the initials V.R. for Victoria Regina. The cast-iron fireback and andirons commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 and an inscription above the fireplace is from Shakespeare's King Richard II and uses lettering adapted from the letter tiles originally designed for medieval paving by the Monks of Chertsey Abbey in Surrey. The inscription reads: "Set in the silver sea.....this blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England." Above the doorway hangs a royal coat of arms made in 1688 during the reign of King James II. The linenfold paneling itself arrived at the University still having a blackened coat from the bombing.[27] Under the ceiling trusses are four carved limestone corbels from the House of Commons that are carved with a Tudor rose. Two corbels remain uncarved to emphasize the original carved corbels. The window frames, set in limestone, are characteristic of the Tudor period, and contain old imported glass, seeded and tinted, and encased in small, diamond-shaped leaded frames. Stained-glass window medallions depict the coats of arms of English towns and cities, literary and political figures, scholars of the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, and the Houses of Lords and Commons. Portraits of University of Pittsburgh alumnus and former Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, Andrew Mellon, and the former Earl of Chatham, William Pitt, after whom the City was named, flank the stained glass windows in the rear bay. A brick from 10 Downing Street serves as the room's cornerstone. The white oak floor is fitted together with wooden peg dowels. Tudor-Gothic oak benches resemble the old House of Commons benches and are similarly arranged. Two English oak tables with melon-shaped legs stand before the bay. Two House of Commons Library chairs upholstered in green leather and bearing the official gold crest featuring the portcullis and crown were a gift of Lord Alfred Bossom and were rebuilt using wood from actual chairs in the bombed House of Commons.[28][29]
The French Classroom was designed by Jacques Carlu, Director of School of Architecture in Fontainebleau, in the French Empire Period that reflects a French style inspired by the glories of the ancient and classical past that were rediscovered during the Napoleonic campaigns in Greece, Italy, and Egypt. This places the timeframe of inspiration for the classroom in the late 18th century and early 19th century, just after the founding of the University of Pittsburgh in 1787, therefore making it the only classroom which represents an era postdating the founding of the University, although many room elements are influenced by the Palace of Versailles which clearly predates it. The color scheme of the room is blue-gray, royal blue, and gold, which were suggested by French-American architect Paul Philippe Cret and are typical colors used at the height of the French Empire. The walls of the room are lined with wood paneling in classical proportions, and slender wall pilasters are capped with delicately carved ad gilded crowns. Carved ornaments of the Egyptian griffin and classical rosettes accentuate panel divisions. A wall cabinet containing art objects, books, and medallions balances the entrance door and maintains the room's symmetry. Crystal and metal chandeliers, which are simplified versions of those found in Palace of Versailles' Hall of Mirrors, hang from a grey plaster ceiling. A parquet floor pattern also reflects many rooms in the Palace of Versailles. A mahogany professor's chair and table are of the Directoire period design include bronze ornaments imported from France that are replicas of originals of Empire furniture in the Louvre. The mahogany student tablet armchairs are upholstered in royal blue. On the rear wall, a 16th-century Choufleur tapestry depicts an allegorical woodland scene including, among other animals, a unicorn which often served as a central figure in tapestries and legends from the Middle Ages. Gold damask draperies with a wreath and lyre motif add to the sense of French opulence and frame the windows which look out on the University's Heinz Memorial Chapel, itself an example of French Gothic architecture inspired by the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.[30]
The German Classroom was designed by German-born architect Frank A. Linder to reflect the 16th century German Renaissance as exemplified in the Alte Aula (Great Hall) of the University of Heidelberg. The woodwork of the room was done by German-born Philadelphia decorator Gustav Ketterer and includes walnut paneling framing the blackboards, columns carved with arabesques flanking the two entrance doorways, and support broken-arch pediments surmounted by carved polychromed crests of the two oldest German universities: Heidelberg (1386) and Leipzig (1409). The doors are mounted with ornate wrought-iron hinges and locks, and their upper panels are decorated with intarsia depicting the central square of Nürnberg on the front door and the fountain of Rothenburg on the rear door. Carved in the architrave above the paneling are the names of famous philosophers, poets, musicians, artists, and scientists. The intarsia doors of the four corner cabinets feature tales from German folklore including Parsifal who searched for the Holy Grail, Siegfried who was the hero of the Nibelungenlied, the maiden wooed in Goethe's poem Heidenröslein, and Lorelei who was the golden-haired Rhine maiden whose song lured sailors to destruction. Painted on the escutcheon above the front blackboard are words from Friedrich Schiller's Das Ideal und das Leben, "Stern endeavor, which no arduous task can shake, to the hidden fount of true attains." The rear wall has a quotation from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Was wir bringen which reads: "Great mastery results from wise restraint, and law alone points the way to liberty." Furniture includes the professor's leather upholstered chair stands on a small platform behind a burled walnut table and student tablet armchairs are walnut with scroll backs. Wrought-iron chandeliers are the work of German craftsman. The display case contains gifts of artworks and books from Germany's Ministry of Education. The stained-glass windows were designed by master stained glass artist Charles Connick, however they were not completed until 1953 by Connick protege Frances Van Arsdale Skinner.[24] The windows depict characters in the Grimm Brothers' fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Hansel and Gretel, and Cinderella.[31]
The classical architecture of the Greek Classroom[32] represents 5th-century BCE. Athens, the Golden Age of Pericles and includes marble columns and a coffered ceiling. Colored details from the Acropolis' Propylaea and Erectheum appear on white marble. The floor is paved with rectangular slabs of Dionessos Pentelic marble with dark vein.[33] Gray Kokinara marble is used for the dado. The room's columns and pilasters, as well as the coffered ceiling, bear painted decorations identical to those used on ancient Greek structures. The artwork was done by Athenian artist Demetrios Kokotsis who used the traditional encaustic painting method, employing earth colors and beeswax applied freehand which was then overlaid with 24-carat gold leaf rubbed on by polishing bones which required two men more than seven months to complete. White oak furniture, patterned after designs on Greek vases, is decorated with gold-leaf carvings and sunburst inlays of ebony. Student chair backs carry the names of Greek islands and towns. The professor's and guests' chairs bear the names of Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates. A line from Homer's Iliad exhorts students to strive for nobility and excellence. The deep red wall color is repeated in the drapery valance with its Greek key design. Archives in the alcove cabinet record visits by the Queen of Greece, and by ecclesiastic and diplomatic officials. In 1940, one of two marble pilasters for the room that was being constructed in Greece from the Mt Pentele stone quarry used to build the Parthenon, cracked shortly before shipping to the United States. With an invading World War II army massing on its borders, the column could not be replaced. Greek architect John Travlos ordered a matching crack etched into the undamaged column in order to preserve the symmetry. The marble was transported on the last ship to sail to America prior to the invasion and occupation of Greece. In November 1941, Travlos crouched under a blanket in his apartment closet listening to banned BBC radio broadcasts. Suddenly, Greek ecclesiastical music spouted from the radio, and Travlos heard the people of Pittsburgh dedicate his memorial to Greece.[27]
Dénes Györgyi, a professor at the Industrial Art School in Budapest, won the Hungarian Classroom design competition sponsored by Hungary's Ministry of Education in 1930 which features Magyar folk art combined with deep wood carvings and historic stained glass windows. The walls of the room are oak veneer stained a soft tobacco brown. The wood in the panels was carefully selected and matched, so that the natural grains form interesting decorative patterns. The ceiling is 70 wooden cazettas suspended in a wooden frame and has a predominant hue of "paprika red", a color inspired by the peppers which are hung to dry over white fences in Hungary. The cazettas are decorated with folk motifs (birds, hearts, and tulips) in turquoise, green, and white were painted by Antal Diossy in Budapest. Joining the ceiling and walls is an inscription frieze with the first two stanzas of Himnusz, the Hungarian National Anthem by Ferenc Kölcsey. Above the blackboard is the coat of arms of the University of Buda which was founded in 1388. At the top is the crown of St. Stephen, the patron saint of Hungary and its first Christian king. The student seats are made of oak and are unadorned except for stylized carved tulip ornaments on the back. A bench along the rear wall and guest chairs are upholstered in blue. Along the corridor wall, panels carved with floral, plant, and bird designs invoke a "tulip chest" which are the traditional hope chests of Hungarian village brides that are decorated with tulips. In the display case lined with soft blue velvet is an exhibit of Hungarian porcelain, lace, embroidery, and costumed dolls. Stained and painted glass windows depict the legend of Hungary's founding as well as important events in the nation's history and culture. The rear window depicts King Nimrod and his sons, Hunor and Magor, who pursued a white stag from the east to the fertile Danube plain. Descendants of Hunor became the Huns and those of Magor became the Magyars. The bay windows commemorate historic figures and events of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and 17th and 19th centuries. The oak entrance doors bears deep carvings of tulips, pomegranate leaves, daisies, and wheat. The door's center panel states the date of the room's completion in 1938. The carvings were made by American wood carvers of Hungarian birth from plaster models that were made in Budapest to ensure Magyar authenticity.[34]
The Indian Classroom is modeled on a typical 4th-9th century AD courtyard from Nalanda University, a Buddhist monastic university in Nalanda. At its peak, the university's five temples and 11 monasteries covered 32 acres (130,000 m2) and attracted thousands of students from all over Asia. The room depicts a classroom courtyard at Nalanda. The pale rose bricks, specially fabricated to reflect the hue and texture of the original, form the walls, floor, pilasters, and niches. Six stone columns decorated with rosettes, swags, and fruit echo those found at Nalanda. The rear sculpture wall, a scaled down version of one at Nalanda's Stupa #3, bears images of six Bodhisattvas. Flanking display cases hold replicas of ancient bronze sculptures found at the site. A watercolor triptych depicts male and female students at Nalanda as scholar-monk Silabhadra says farewell to 7th-century Chinese traveler Xuanzang. Gurus taught classes in the courtyards, which were surrounded by residential cells. The cherry wood chalkboard doors and flanking cabinets bear carved seals of Nalanda University with recumbent deer above a Sanskrit inscription. Cast steel grilles in front of the windows, hand wrought into forms which reflect decorative elements of the columns, filter the light and soften the view of the 20th-century outside world.[35] Renaissance 3 Architects received the Master Builders Association Craftsmanship Award for its construction.[36]
The Irish Classroom is the smallest of the Nationality Rooms.[37] The limestone room is designed in Irish Romanesque style, which flourished from the 6th to the 12th centuries and is similar in type, size, and materials to oratories first built on the west coast of Ireland. Adapted from Killeshin Chapel in County Carlow, the triangular doorway gable is carved with human and animal masks against a background of zig-zag and beaded designs. The blackboard frame's pendental arches are carved with foliage, images of wolfhounds, and stylized cat masks. On the opposite wall a sculptured stone chest, under a monumental recessed arch, is patterned after a bishop's tomb in Cormac's chapel. Its ornate sculpture depicts the "Great Beast", a greyhound-like animal wreathed in interlaced ornaments. On the chest rests a replica of the Gospels from the Book of Kells. The wrought-iron case bears bird and beast designs drawn from the Book of Kells. Stained-glass windows, created in 1956/7 by the Harry Clarke Studios in Dublin, portray famous teachers at three of Ireland's oldest centers of learning; St. Finnian at Clonard, St. Columkille at Derry, and St. Carthach at Lismore.[38] Illuminations in the Book of Kells inspired the chair design, except for the wolfhound heads. The oak-beamed ceiling is characteristic of Irish oratories. The cornerstone, from the Abbey of Clonmacnoise, is carved with the Gaelic motto, "For the Glory of God and the Honour of Ireland." The cornerstone conceals a container of earth from Northern Ireland (County Armagh) and the Republic of Ireland (County Meath).[39] The room was designed by Harold G. Leask, the former Inspector of National Monuments with The Office of Public Works (The O.P.W.) in Ireland.
Gov. David L. Lawrence, Art Rooney Sr., founding owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and James W. Knox, a member of the Pittsburgh Irish community, were on the room's organizing committee. After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy ordered a Marine guard to deliver the Oval Office Presidential and American flags to Evelyn Lincoln, private secretary to the president. In her will, Lincoln bequeathed the flags to the University of Pittsburgh for the Irish Room in honor of Knox. The John F. Kennedy scholarship for study in Ireland and a James W. Knox endowment for graduate study abroad were created from the proceeds generated from their auction.[40]
The Israel Heritage Classroom reflects the simplicity of a 1st-century Galilean stone dwelling or house of assembly, this room's benches are patterned after those in the 2nd-3rd-century synagogue of Capernaum. The Ten Commandments, carved in Hebrew, grace the oak entrance door. Grapes, pomegranates, and dates on the stone frieze, copied from Capernaum, represent crops grown in the Galilee. On the window wall, an inscription discovered in the 6th-century Rehob synagogue cites the Talmudic laws governing the growing of crops each seventh year. A scroll fragment in the rear case replicates the Dead Sea Isaiah Scroll segment which contains the prophecy "They shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks..." Ancient wine jars flank the scroll. The professor's table, based on one found in Jerusalem's 1st-century burnt house, stands before a copy of the only existing stone Menorah which served as a functional candelabrum. The quotation on the chair reads: "I learned much from my teachers, more from my colleagues, and most of all from my pupils." Three segments from the 6th-century Dura Europos murals grace the chalkboard doors, Ezra the Scribe, reads the law; Moses brings forth water for the 12 tribes; and the sons of Aaron consecrate the Temple. Oak benches bear the names of the 12 tribes of Israel. The floor mosaic replicates one in the 6th century Galilean synagogue of Beth Alpha.
The Italian Classroom reflects the serenity of a 15th-century Tuscan monastery, with its traditional devotion to religion, art, music, and education. The rear choir stall bench and shuttered windows introduce the monastic theme. The blackboard doors recall an armadio, a cabinet behind an altar used to hold priestly vestments. The turquoise soffitto a cassettoni (coffered ceiling), embellished with carved, gold-leafed rosettes, was inspired by one originally in the San Domenico Convent at Pesaro. In the architrave, names of famous Italians are inlaid in olive wood. The lettering resembles that used in the inscription on the Arch of Titus in Rome. Bay benches are cushioned in red velvet. The red tile floor is set in a herring-bone pattern similar to that of Florence's Palazzo Vecchio. An original Florentine fireplace, made of sandstone from the quarries of Fiesole, bears the carved Latin inscription, "O Lord, do not forsake me." On either side stand Savonarola chairs. Monastery bench designs, adapted for student use, are carved with names and founding dates of Italian universities. The oldest is the University of Bologna, established in 1088. From the front of the room, a bronze bust of Dante Alighieri faces Giovanni Romagnoli's mural of Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia, the first woman in the world to achieve a university degree when she was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1678 by the University of Padua.
The Japanese Nationality Room celebrates traditional Japanese carpentry and woodcraft, evoking the mid-18th century minka which were houses of the non-ruling classes of Japan. This room is representative of minka that might be the residence of an important village leader in a farm village on the outskirts of Kyoto and the design represents the core rooms of the house: a plank-floored ima or household sitting room and the adjacent doma, an area with a compacted earthen floor used as an entry-way, for cooking and as a work space. The doma was also a space for household life, where farm, business and craft activities could be carried out under a roof. In the past it also provided a place for drying grain during rainy weather. A central feature of the room is the massive, rough-hewn beam, the ushibari of Japanese pine, supported by posts at the boundary of the ima and doma elements of the room. The main beam in this room had been carefully preserved by the carpenters in Japan for many years until a project could be found to appropriately utilize its unique curvature. To accommodate the weight concentrated on the primary post, the daikokubashira, the layout of the room has been designed so that this main post sits directly above the building's existing superstructure. The major posts are made of zelkova, (keyaki), a hardwood with a distinctive grain pattern. The other beams are made of American pine. The posts and beams are connected without nails, using traditional joinery techniques. The ceiling is of bamboo with joined beams which would have allowed for the circulation of warm air from fireplaces below. The walls mimics the typical mud plaster walls through the use of textured wallpaper and wooden wainscoting for greater durability. The bay window is a structure not in keeping with traditional Japanese design and has been masked with panels that suggest shôji, sliding doors of lattice frames, covered with translucent paper. The ima is suggested with a plank wood floor covering the largest portion of the room. The floor toward the front of the room is made of a simulated earthen material to represent a portion of the doma where it meets the ima's wooden floor. Although the traditional design would call for the wooden floor to be much higher than the dirt floor, this feature has been eliminated in the classroom for practicality. Located on the rear wall, is the tokonoma, a raised alcove for the display of treasured objects, flower arrangements, and seasonal decorations. The tokonoma has been built in shoin-style, with shôji along its exterior side. The corner post, tokobashira, is made of ebony and the floor of the tokonoma is tatami. The display cases at the rear of the room and along the interior wall contain artifacts in keeping with the period and include a chagama and furo, an iron kettle with metal charcoal hearth/brazier combination, used in the "tea ceremony". While typical minka would have no chairs at all, in keeping with its function as a classroom, the classroom has wooden chairs designed and crafted specifically for students and are consistent in design with the rest of the room. Sliding wooden panels cover the blackboard at the front of the room. The interior surface of the entry door has been modified with a wooden treatment that suggests the sliding door that was the typical entrance to a house of this period.[41]
The Korean Nationality Room is based on the 14th century Myeong-nyundang (Hall of Enlightenment), the main building at the Sungkyunkwan in Seoul which served as Korea's royal academy during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties from 918 to 1897.[42] The room mimics the three connected rooms of the Myeong-nyundan with twin oak columns forming a symbolic boundary and a central room featuring a lofted ceiling that contains two hand-carved phoenixes facing a symbolic pearl of wisdom, a design inspired by the royal palace of the Joseon Dynasty.[43]
The room was primarily built off-site in Korea, disassembled, and shipped to Pittsburgh, where it was reassembled in the Cathedral of Learning by Korean carpenters who kept with traditional Korean building practices of not using nails or screws in construction.[42] The room features hand cut and hand engraved Douglas fir and red pine logs from South Korea that include swirling engraved designs based on traditional Korean architecture.[44] Windows are covered with a specially produced paper product made of mulberry tree fiber.[42] A symbolic back door leading to a windowed bay that faces Heinz Chapel alludes to a door in the Myeong-nyudang which leads to the Sungkyunkwan's courtyard.[15] The south wall displays three documents that explain the letters and principles of the Hangul, or Korean alphabet, which was created by the court of Sejong the Great in 1443.[45] A display niche to the right of the classrooms blackboards contains a book illustrating Crown Prince Hyomyeong's matriculation to Sungkyunkwan in 1817, while another niche displays the Four Treasures of the Study: brush, ink, paper and ink-stone.[45] Furnishings include freestanding, hard-oak desks by Korean designer Ji-hoon Ha that accommodate two to three students and are specifically designed for laptops.[44] The room also contains an 85-inch, 3-D LED screen and central speaker system and is the first nationality room to be constructed with such technology.[42]
The Lithuanian Classroom is dominated by a fresco depicting Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis' famous painting The Two Kings, which portrays the reverence Lithuanians have for their villages. This mural sets the tone for a room that pays tribute to the symbolism and love of nature and home reflected in Lithuanian folk art. The door's wooden planks are laid in a diamond pattern similar to those of many farm structures. At the center of the door is a carved rosette, symbol of fire. Above the entrance, a stylized sun between two horses' heads represents light and sound believed to ward off evil spirits. The white oak molding of intersecting scallops resembles decorations found on farm granaries or kleitis. Names of famous Lithuanians are carved on the frieze above the blackboard. The wall fabric is linen woven in a design called "The Path of the Birds". Its frame is of white oak and rare bog oak that acquires its deep hue while submerged in a marshy bog for decades. Lithuanian farmers would thus preserve prime trees in order to make furniture pieces that were treasured as heirlooms. The professor's desk is modeled after a household table and the lectern incorporates details of a spinning wheel spindle. Student chairs are carved with a design found on household utensils. The radiator enclosure is perforated with a design of wild rue leaves, a Lithuanian national emblem. Traditionally, a bride is crowned with a wreath of rue, symbol of chastity. Windows of handpressed glass bear leaded medallions in the form of sun ornaments often found on roadside shrines.
The Norwegian Classroom was designed in Oslo in an 18th-century peasant style using Norwegian building techniques, painted decoration, and craftsmanship by architect Georg Eliassen just prior to the outbreak of World War II. Plans for the room were sent on the last ship to leave Petsamo for the United States where they were completed by University Architect Albert A. Klimcheck. Walls of the main space are paneled with vertical overlapping spruce boards hand-rubbed with wax. The walls in the front of the room are painted a soft blue and decorated with floral designs reminiscent of the 18th century rosemaling technique.
Because living and bedrooms were often merged into one room during this era, two of the panels swing open as if they would reveal traditional built-in-beds, but instead conceal the blackboard. The room features high-sloped ceilings reflective of those in Nordic peasant homes that keep snow from accumulating during the severe winters. Spruce boards are laid in a herringbone pattern slanting upward to a plane of flat boards decorated by two hand-carved, painted rosettes with a symbol for the midnight sun. Wooden chandeliers bearing a painted design incorporating "1945", the year the room was opened, hang from the flat surfaces. The professor's section of the room has a low raftered ceiling.
The transition between the two parts of the room is indicated by a corner kleberstone fireplace in which birch logs were burned standing on end to assure that smoke would rise up the chimney. Windows are of handmade opalescent glass tinted pale yellow. Since a bay window is not a Scandinavian tradition, the area is plastered, paved with slate, and treated as a traditional alcove. The student tablet armchairs are low-backed and the professor's chair is of a typical Viking design with carved heads of beasts and an intertwining dragon motif that traditionally serves as a symbol that protects against evil.
The room features a century-old grandfather clock with an engraved dial and a case that is painted to match the wall decorations of the smaller room. Above the rear wall bench and flanked by corner display cabinets decorated with rosemaling, hangs a framed copy of a 1695 Norwegian woolen tapestry depicting the Biblical parable of the five wise and five foolish virgins[46]
The Philippine Nationality Room[47] began construction on May 3, 2018, overcoming a prior hold on the project since 2011.[11][48] The design of the Philippine room is based on a traditional bahay na bato.[11] Meaning "house of stone", bahay na bato is a long-lasting type of home that became popular in the Philippines during the years of Spanish rule (mid-1500s to 1898). The room is particularly based on the interiors of the Quema House in the city of Vigan.[49] The Philippine Nationality Room was designed by Pittsburgh architect Warren Bulseco and Philippine architect Melinda Minerva “Popi” Laudico. Professor Fernando Zialcita, a noted authority on Philippine ancestral houses from Ateneo de Manila University, served as adviser to the project. Filipino-American artist Eliseo Art Silva created paintings for the room.
The room features lattice-patterned capiz shell windows, a popular alternative to glass in the Philippines due to frequent typhoons. The chairs are backed with solihiya, rattan woven into a sunburst pattern. An etched silver Murano mirror from Europe and a bronze chandelier from the United States highlight the role of imported design in Filipino culture.
Other artifacts showcase pre-Colonial cultures. The Golden Tara is a Hindu sculpture viewed by the Manobo tribe as a protective nature spirit. The Manunggul Jar, excavated from a Neolithic burial site in Palawan, depicts human figures traveling in a boat to the afterlife. The room's ceremonial key, designed by Christopher Purpura, incorporates mythological figures from the Meranao people of Mindanao—the serpent Naga and the bird Sarimanok.
The Polish Classroom was inspired by rooms in Cracow's Wawel Castle, for centuries the residence of kings. The Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, and the science that his theories revolutionized, are also a major theme of the room. A replica of the famous Jan Matejko portrait of Copernicus shows him as a young man pursuing his study of the universe from a workshop on the roof of his uncle's house in Allenstein (Olsztyn). In the bay stands an enlarged replica of the 16th-century Jagiellonian globe, one of the oldest existing globes to depict North America as a separate continent. The original globe was only eight inches high and was designed to operate as a clock and calendar. It took a metalsmith in Cracow five years to complete the large globe in this room.
Artists from Cracow also came to Pittsburgh to paint the ceiling of 18-foot (5.5 m) beams with informal geometric Renaissance decorations. The room is illuminated by a bronze chandelier bearing a stylized Polish eagle. The walnut seminar table was copied from one in a state dining room at Wawel Castle. The windows combine hexagonal handmade roundels, similar to those in Wawel Castle, with stained-glass coats of arms representing Polish institutions of higher education. The cornerstone is a fragment of Gothic cornice preserved from the Collegium Maius (1369), the ancient Jagiellonian Library. Poland's music is represented by the original manuscript of Ignace Paderewski's only opera, Manru, which is displayed in the archive cabinet.
The Romanian Classroom was designed in Bucharest by Nicolae Ghica-Budeşti. The carved doorframe is characteristic of stone thresholds of Romanian monasteries and is made is of American limestone selected due to its similarity to Romanian limestone used in the royal palace at Bucharest. The entrance door of the Romanian Classroom is ornately carved oak reminiscent of Byzantine churches in Romania. The words of Vasile Alecsandri, one of the greatest Romanian poets of the 19th century, are carved overhead in the stone door frame from his Ode to the Year 1855: "The Romanian is like the mighty rock which amidst the waves of the stormy and majestic sea forever remains unmoved." The floor is laid in square blocks of pink marble imported from quarries at Ruşchiţa. The black boards are set in arched oak panels, carved in a manner of icon screens in Eastern Orthodox and Greek Catholic Romanian churches. These are separated by carved-twisted rope which suggests the Roman origin of many of Romania's artistic traditions. Ancient original icons from Romania depicting the Virgin and Child, Christ, the Dormition of the Virgin, and Saint Mark are embedded in the upper section of each panel.
White arca paint mixed with color gives the smooth plastered walls a bluish pink tint. A Byzantine-style mosaic embedded in the rear wall, a gift of the Romanian government, was executed by Bucharest ceramicist Nora Steriade in gold, turquoise, bronze, ruby red, and black pieces of glass, and was originally part of the Romanian Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair.[50] The lettering for the inscription and for the entrance text is the work of Alexander Seceni. The mosaic depicts Constantin Brâncoveanu, Prince of Wallachia, who refused to recant the Christian faith even at the cost of his own life and the lives of the male members of his family. The six windows have rounded Romanesque heads reflecting tradition brought from Rome when they conquered the original Dacian settlers in 106 AD.
Two small window casements are deeply recessed and have marble window ledges. The four large center windows, form an alcove shut off from the main part of the room by an iron grilled gates wrought in Romania and hung in an arch. These gates swing back in folded sections against the plastered wall. A slab of polished marble tops the wrought-iron radiator grille. Yellow silk draperies frame the windows and ancient icons befitting the season and holidays are exhibited in the alcove which is reminiscent of an icon shrine in an Orthodox Church. The student chairs are of dark oak hand-carved by Romanian peasant artisans using simple pocketknives and each splat bears a different design. The professor's reading desk was adapted from an Eastern Orthodox Church lectern.[51]
The Russian Classroom contains folk ornamentation with traditional motifs from Byzantium, the spiritual center of Russia. The seminar table is made of oak slabs matched in contrasting grain and held together by ornamental keys. The cut-out apron is characteristic of massive tables in the Vologda district. The back of each student's chair has a cruciform circle pattern surmounted by triangles carved with symbols of regional or stylistic significance including the reindeer which symbolizes the tundra and the sturgeon that represents the Volga River. The professor's chair has a back of spirals surmounted by two peacocks worshipping the tree of life. The podium is ecclesiastic in character and suggests the analoi used in Orthodox churches to support heavy Bibles. The blackboard is patterned after a triptych, or three-leafed frame which holds icons.
The doors of the blackboard are a grille of wooden spirals backed by red velvet. Above them is a carved panel with Sirin and Alcanost, the twin birds of Russian folklore that depict joy and sorrow as indistinguishable. A dado or low wainscot of simple horizontal oaken boards surrounds the room and incorporates the blackboard, the corner cupboard, and kiot which is a Slavic term for a wall frame treated as a piece of furniture. Within the kiot hangs a vishivka (appliqué and embroidery) banner of Saint George, patron saint of Moscow since the 15th century. The banner was made with pieces of 16th and 17th century fabric from Venice and Paris and is an example of needlework once popular with the Russian aristocracy. The words "Valorous youth victorious over forces of evil and darkness" are carved in both Russian and English below the banner. A copy of the Avinoff family icon in the room depicts the miraculous saving of the city of Kitej from a Tartar invasion in the 14th century. The ceiling is cornered with designs resembling those used to form traditional Easter cakes and which symbolize the four seasons, with a bud for Spring, a sunflower for summer, grapes for Autumn, and a pine cone for Winter. A wrought iron chandelier was created by Russian-born Hyman Blum.
Following a visit from Dmitry Medvedev in 2009, a display cabinet with carved ornamentation matching the rooms original carvings was installed to house three gifts presented by the then Russian President.[52]
The Scottish Classroom was designed by Reginald Fairlie of Edinburgh in the period style of the early 17th century. The woodwork is carefully selected and treated English pollard oak. The names of distinguished Scots are carved in the ribbon bands of the panels and include David Livingstone who was an African missionary and explorer, Robert Louis Stevenson who authored Treasure Island, and Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin. The inscriptions above the doors and the rear cabinet are from "The Brus" by the 14th-century Scottish poet John Barbour. The room's oak doors were copied from the entrance of Rowallan Castle in Ayrshire. A 16th-century Scottish proverb above the blackboard was taken from the Cowgate in Edinburgh and is known as "the Scottish Golden Rule" which reads: "Gif Ye did as Ye sould Ye might haif as Ye would." The plaster frieze was adapted from the plaster frieze at Elcho Castle in Perthshire and incorporates symbols of 14 Scottish clans which had members on the room committee, such as the buckle of the Leslie Clan. The thistle, Scotland's national flower, is rendered on the cornerstone as a tree-of-life. The overmantel of the Scottish sandstone fireplace that is flanked by carved kists, or log storage chests, is dominated by a portrait of poet Robert Burns that is copied from an original by Alexander Nasmyth which hangs in the National Portrait Gallery of Scotland. Above the portrait is the cross of St. Andrew, Scotland's patron saint. The bronze statuettes on the mantel near an arrangement of dried heather are miniature replicas of heroic statues at the gateway to Edinburgh Castle and represent the 13th-century patriot Sir William Wallace and the 14th century freedom fighter, Robert the Bruce, both of whom were popularized in the movie Braveheart.
Medallions in the bay windows represent the coats of arms of the four ancient Scottish universities: Glasgow, St. Andrew's, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh. The medallions in the front and rear windows are of Elgin and Melrose Abbeys which were 13th and 16th century seats of learning. The draperies are of crewel-embroidered linen. The rooms lighting fixtures were inspired by an iron coronet in Edinburgh's John Knox Museum that was retrieved from the battlefield of Bannockburn at which Scotland won its independence from England in 1314. Student's seats resemble a chair that belonged to John Knox. An old Scottish church furnished the pattern for the reading stand. The rear cabinet, based on an aumbry or weapon closet, contain artifacts such as pewter and china used at Soutar's Inn in Ayrshire that was frequented by Robert Burns. The panels in the doors, mantel, and in-the-wall cabinets were carved in Edinburgh by Thomas Good and then shipped to Pittsburgh. The cabinetwork was done in the shops of Gustav Ketterer of Philadelphia. Wrought ironwork was done by Samuel Yellin. Cut into stone above the doorways are the thistle and the Lion Rampant, the Scottish emblem incorporated into Britain's royal arms. The chairman of the original Scottish Classroom Committee was Jock Sutherland.[53][54]
The Swedish Classroom reflects a peasant cottage and contains murals painted by Olle Nordmark. The special glory of the room is the rear wall paintings. The inspiration for the four framed paintings came from painted panels done by the 18th-century painter from Hälsingland, Gustav Reuter. Linton Wilson found the panels at the Nordic Museum.[55]
The hooded brick fireplace derives from an original in the Bollnäs Cottage in Skansen, the famous outdoor museum in Stockholm. The brilliant white walls and fireplace are constructed of 200-year-old handmade bricks. The fire tools were handwrought by Ola Nilsson, a Swedish blacksmith. He reconstructed tools used in his childhood home in Sweden.[56]
A subtle sense of humor associated with the Swedish people is revealed in the room's paintings. A wall fresco secco depicts the Three Wise Men dressed as cavaliers riding to Bethlehem, in two directions. In their midst is Sweden's patron saint, St. Catherine. The sloped ceiling bears decorations in which the central figure is the Archangel Gabriel, seen as a droll trumpeter with two left feet. Nearby are renditions of Justice and Knowledge surrounded by groupings of flowers. Justice uses her blindfold to hold scales that appear balanced but have an off-center fulcrum. Knowledge seems puzzled as she contemplates writing on her slate with a quill pen.
Furniture and woodwork are the work of Erik Jansson of Philadelphia.[55] The classroom's oak furniture is stained a muted gray-blue tone, similar to that found in old Swedish homes. Floral designs, in colors that complement the amber tone of fir wall benches, brighten the door and archive cabinet. The red brick floor is set in a herringbone pattern.
The Swiss Classroom is modeled after a 15th-century room from Fraumunster Abbey displayed in the Swiss National Museum in Zurich, Switzerland.[57] The room is paneled in pine wood and features four white oak trestle tables and four display cases that represent the four languages of Switzerland: French, German, Italian, and Romansch. 26 country-style chairs contain painted carvings of the symbols of Switzerland's cantons that form the Swiss Confederation which united in 1291. The furniture and woodwork were crafted by Richard Sink of French Creek, WV.[57]
A centerpiece of the room is a reproduction of a cocklestove that is modeled on a H.H. Graaf family oven on display in Schloss Wülflingen Castle, Winterthur. The cocklestove's ornate tiles contain several painted Swiss motifs that including various animals, plants, edelweiss, the heraldic emblem of the Graaf family, and a depiction of the Swiss legend of William Tell.[58] Windows are leaded and feature three stained-glass shields of the original Swiss cantons as well as the Swiss Cross.
The Swiss Cross is also displayed stone over the door, within the window of the door, and on the lectern which is modeled on a 17th-century schoolmaster's desk. A carved and painted frieze depicts Swiss flora and fauna and an antique map depicts Switzerland by its ancient Latin name of "Helvetia". Portraits on the back wall, done in the style of Hans Holbein the Younger, depict Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Wood beamed ceiling contains LED lights that are hidden behind rosettes.[14]
Originally a library built in 1782 in a wealthy Damascan merchant's home, the Syria-Lebanon Room was moved intact to its location in the Cathedral of Learning following a six-year effort to fund and install the room by the Syrian and Lebanese communities in Pittsburgh. Because of the fragility and pricelessness of the furnishing, it has been closed for class use and is one of two display rooms. The linden-paneled walls and ceilings are decorated with “gesso painting,” a mixture of chalk and glue applied by brush in intricate relief, then painted and overlaid with silver and gold leaf. The room features a (now improperly oriented) mihrab with a stalactite vault traditionally housing the Koran and prayer rug. Set in the walls are book cabinets and display shelves.[59] The room is illuminated by an old mosque lamp of perforated copper with handblown glass wells that originally held oil, water, and wicks. The sofas, from the Arabic word "suffah", are covered in satin and rest on a dark red and white marble foundation. The marble floor slopes down at the entrance where visitors would remove their shoes before entering. In 1997, a glass-paneled French-style door to the room was added to allow the room to be visible from passers-by. The doors were patterned after a grille design found on the windows of the 18th century Ibn Room in the Islamic section of the Metropolitan Museum in New York City.[60]
The Turkish Nationality Room was based on a baş odası, or main room, of a typical Turkish house or hayat with an outer gallery and a side iwan. The iwan is intended to be used as an entrance area similar to the royal pavilion, annexed to the Yeni Mosque in the Eminönü district of Istanbul, which was built in 1663 for the use of Sultan Mehmet IV.[61] In the iwan of the Turkish Nationality Room, four ceramic panels, painted on clay tiles in Ankara, represent various cultures and points in Turkish history.[62] The largest ceramic is a portrait of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, who is depicted instructing the nation on the Turkish alphabet adopted in 1928. Other panels depict Uighur princesses, who represent the importance of women in circa 9th-century Turkish culture, a reproduction of "Two merchants in conversation" by Mehmed Siyah Kalem which signifies the appearance of realism in Turkish drawing around the 14th century; and a depiction of Suleiman the Magnificent at the circumcision ceremony of Şehzade Beyazıt and Şehzade Cihangir which represents the apex of Ottoman power and culture in the 16th century. The main room attempts to convey the theme of democracy with its seating distributed around the perimeter of the room which suggests that all occupants are equals. Hardwood seats mimic divan-style seating found in a typical baş odası with back panels that function as writing tablets which when retracted form a "parted curtain" motif, a common shape used for household wall niches. The room's ceiling, modeled after the Emirhocazade Ahmet Bey summer house in Safranbolu, is a combination of traditional çitakâri and kündekâri carpentry art that creates intricate geometric patterns using small pieces of wood attached without metal fasteners or glue. Clear glass windows along one wall frame a painted mural depicting a panoramic view of Istanbul which is feature similar to that seen in the mirrored room of the Topkapi Palace. The stained glass windows depict a tulip shape which served as a symbol of the Ottomans in the 18th century. Display cases contain historic examples of Turkish calligraphy, ceramics, jewelry, miniatures and textiles as well as an evil eye. The entrance symbol above the exterior door depicts the current flag of Turkey, adopted in 1936.
The Ukrainian Classroom is designed in Baroque style with richly carved wood, colorful ceramics, and intricate metalwork in this adaptation of a nobleman's reception room. The entrance has an archaic trapezoidal form with carved motifs of water (chevron), wheat, and sunflowers. The lintel inscription commemorates Ukraine's millennium of Christianity (988–1988). The stove tiles depict festival practices and daily life. A pokutia, or place of honor, is defined by the benches and the traditional icons of St. Nicholas, the Mother of God, Christ the Teacher, and St. George.
The chalkboard doors bearing the Tree of Life are surmounted by three Cyrillic alphabets used in Ukraine in the 11th, 17th, and 19th centuries. On the right wall, a copper bas-relief depicts the development of Ukrainian culture over the millennia. It portrays cultural centers, historical figures, rituals, monuments, and the evolution of Ukrainian ornament. The massive crossbeam's elaborate carvings include a protective solar symbol and a quotation from Ukraine's bard Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861): "Learn, my brothers! Think and read ... Learn foreign thoughts, but do not shun your own country!" Beyond the wood posts, reminiscent of a gallery, the display case houses traditional Ukrainian art and crafts.
The Welsh Classroom, was perhaps the longest in coming, as reservations for a Welsh room were originally requested in the 1930s.[63] The existing room, installed on the third floor of the Cathedral of Learning, is patterned after the Pen-rhiw Chapel at St Fagans National History Museum near Cardiff and represents a traditional 18th-century Welsh capel, or chapel, which often became the center of village social life.[64] By this period, the English ruled the country and imposed law requiring English as the official language of the courts and churches. In order to worship and hold church services in their native Welsh language, and spurred on by the non-conformist movement started by the Protestant Reformation, the Welsh people met in secret locations such as barns or homes, as suggested by the simple white walled capel modeled in this Nationality Room. The minister would live at one end as depicted by the display case with dishes and pottery that would be found in a Welsh kitchen and the long oak case clock seated on a Welsh slate foundation opposite the main blue door. The clock, considered one of the most important furnishings in a Welsh home, has, instead of numbers, a painted square face that spells out "Richard Thomas" suggesting that he was both the maker and owner of the clock. The bay window serves as the focus of the Welsh chapel worship, including a blue raised pulpit with a view of the entire congregation and two Deacon's benches from which to monitor the actions of the minister and congregation.
At the other end of the room is a table bearing a lectern, as such worship places would often become a school room for both children and adults during week days. Above the chalk board is the Lord's Prayer, written in Welsh.[65] Pew benches of pine face the lectern. Along the wall, larger and more comfortable blue-painted pew boxes with wooden floors, often also serving as barn cattle stalls, would have served wealthier families who would sometimes bring straw, blankets, hot bricks, or dogs to keep them warm. To reflect the simplicity of such meeting places, the ceiling beams are made of poplar and flooring suggests a typical capel dirt floor. The carved stone dragon over the doorway, the long-time Welsh national symbol, represents the legendary victory of the Red Dragon over the White Dragon of numerous tales of medieval Wales and represents the triumph of Good over Evil.[66][67][68]
The Yugoslav Classroom was designed by Professor Vojta Braniš, a sculptor and director of the Industrial Art School in Zagreb. The walls are paneled in Slavonian oak and hand-carved with geometric figures and the old Slavonic heart design which is combined with a running geometric border, a favorite with South Slavs. This type of work, known as "notch-carving", was traditionally done with a penknife as pastime of peasants. On the corridor wall is a specially designed coat of arms featuring a double-headed eagle symbolizing the religious influences of Eastern Empire of Byzantium and Western Empire of Rome along with the founding dates of the universities in Belgrade, Ljubljana, and Zagreb. The ceiling is carved with intricate Croatian, Slovenian, and Serbian folk motifs and the wooden chandeliers are similar to those in the White Palace in Belgrade. The professor's chair and guests chairs were carved by students at the International Art School in Zagreb, and each spindle of the chairs bears a different notched design. At the window, a bronze sculpture by Vojta Braniš, "Post-War Motherhood", depicts a barefoot mother nursing her child whom she has protected during the long months of war. In the display cabinet is a lace portrayal of the Madonna of Brežje by Slovenes Leopoldina Pelhan and her student Mila Božičkova which took six months to complete and was inspired by the story of a lace Madonna created by the villagers of Sveta Gora in order to replace a priceless painting during World War I.[69] The ceiling squares contain one of the three alternating ceiling ornaments suggesting flowers, stars, the sun, and other radiating geometric patterns, which are organized into a matrix of 9 by 7 squares.
Above the paneled walls, six portraits depict prominent Yugoslavs. On the front wall are portraits of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864) who compiled the Serbian dictionary and collected, edited, and published Serbian national ballads and folk songs; and Croatian statesman Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer (1815–1905) who was known for his efforts to achieve understanding between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches, founder of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (now the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts). On the corridor wall are likenesses of Baron George von Vega (1754–1802), a Slovenian officer in the Austrian army and mathematician recognized for various works including a book of logarithm tables; and Petar Petrović Njegoš (1813–1851), the last prince-bishop of Montenegro, who was celebrated for his poetry. Represented on the rear wall are Rugjer Bošković (1711–1787), a Croatian scientist distinguished for his achievements in the fields of mathematics, optics, and astronomy; and France Ksaver Prešeren (1800–1849) who is considered one of the greatest native-language Slovenian poets.
The Yugoslav Classroom's Executive Committee was first organized in 1926 under the chairmanship of Anton Gazdić, the president of the Croatian Fraternal Union. After his death in September 1933 the new chairman was Steve Babić, the previous vice-chairman, and the new vice-chairwoman became Catherine Rušković McAleer. Famous Croatian sculptor Ivan Meštrović was a great supporter of the Classroom and gave two of his works to the University, one a bust of Mihajlo Pupin and the other a self-portrait.[70] The Classroom was designed to portray the culture and traditions of the Yugoslavs, who were considered as inhabitants of the various Yugoslavian regions: Croatians, Dalmatians, Slavonians, Slovenians, Serbians, Bosnians and Montenegrins.[71]
The University has two additional Nationality Room Committees which are in various stages of fund raising and room design.[11][72][73]
Proposed rooms include the following:
Prior projects for Danish,[77][78] Latin American, Moroccan, and Caribbean[79] rooms have been discontinued.[11]
Austrian Room
Chinese Room
Czechoslovak Room
Hidden upstairs bedroom of the Early American Room
German Room
Hungarian Room
Italian Room
Scottish Room
Swiss Room
Turkish Classroom
Yugoslav Room
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev meets with students in the Russian Room on September 24, 2009.
| 2023-09-03 05:44:48 |
Lorena Cacciatore - Wikipedia |
Lorena Cacciatore (born 30 September 1987) is an Italian actress.
Born in Palermo, after having attended the psycho-pedagogical high school "Finocchiaro Aprile" in the Sicilian capital,[1] she moved to Rome to become a student of the Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico, which she left after the first year due to the filming of Agrodolce.[2]
Actress of theater, cinema and television, she made her debut at Rai in 2009 with the role of Eleonora Scaffidi in the soap opera Agrodolce.[3] In 2011 she co-starred in La vita che corre, a television miniseries directed by Fabrizio Costa, where she plays Anna.[4] The following year she took part in the film Love Is Not Perfect directed by Francesca Muci alongside the actress Anna Foglietta, playing the role of Adriana.[5]
Following her academic experience she continued her training through internships abroad, working with some actor coaches of the Actors Studios in New York. After her debut at the cinema she took part in numerous Rai fictions, including Don Matteo 11, playing mostly dramatic and controversial roles.[6]
On 26 September 2021, she became the mother of Edoardo from her relationship with football player Federico Marchetti.[7]
| 2023-09-03 05:44:52 |
SG Dynamo Erfurt - Wikipedia | SG Dynamo Erfurt is a German sports club which became defunct after reunification.
It existed from 1966 until 1989.[1]
This article about a German football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:44:55 |
Taylor Luvambo - Wikipedia |
Taylor Luvambo (born 5 July 1999) is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger for Guingamp.
Luvambo is a product of the youth academies of Racing Paris, FC Asnières, Paris Saint-Germain and Nantes. He began his career with the reserves of Nantes, before moving to Fleury for the 2020-21 season. He moved to the reserves of Guingamp in the summer of 2021, scoring 10 goals in 26 appearances in his debut season with them.[1] On 10 June 2022, he signed a professional contract with Guignamp for 2 years.[2] He made his senior debut with Guingamp in a 4–0 Ligue 2 win over Pau FC on 28 July 2022, and made 2 assists as he started the game.[3]
Born in France, Luvambo is of Congolese descent.[4] He is a youth international for France, having represented the France U18s in 2017.[5]
| 2023-09-03 05:44:59 |
Steve McCooke (athlete) - Wikipedia |
Stephen Hunter McCooke (4 September 1918 – 16 March 2007) was a British long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 10,000 metres at the 1948 Summer Olympics.[1]
This biographical article relating to British athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:45:03 |
Tolima State - Wikipedia | Tolima State was one of the states of Colombia.[1]
On July 12, 1861, after raising in arms against the constitutional government of the president Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, the general Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera created the Tolima State, carved out of Cundinamarca State.
In 1863 it bordered:
In 1861, Mariquita Department and Neiva Department were separated from Cundinamarca State to form Tolima State.[2]
In 1869, the state was divided into 3 departments, each further into districts:[1]
WikiMiniAtlas4°26′00″N 75°13′00″W / 4.43333°N 75.2167°W / 4.43333; -75.2167
This Colombia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:45:07 |
Trajectory inference - Wikipedia | Trajectory inference or pseudotemporal ordering is a computational technique used in single-cell transcriptomics to determine the pattern of a dynamic process experienced by cells and then arrange cells based on their progression through the process. Single-cell protocols have much higher levels of noise than bulk RNA-seq,[1] so a common step in a single-cell transcriptomics workflow is the clustering of cells into subgroups.[2] Clustering can contend with this inherent variation by combining the signal from many cells, while allowing for the identification of cell types.[3] However, some differences in gene expression between cells are the result of dynamic processes such as the cell cycle, cell differentiation, or response to an external stimuli. Trajectory inference seeks to characterize such differences by placing cells along a continuous path that represents the evolution of the process rather than dividing cells into discrete clusters.[4] In some methods this is done by projecting cells onto an axis called pseudotime which represents the progression through the process.[5]
Since 2015, more than 50 algorithms for trajectory inference have been created.[6] Although the approaches taken are diverse there are some commonalities to the methods. Typically, the steps in the algorithm consist of dimensionality reduction to reduce the complexity of the data, trajectory building to determine the structure of the dynamic process, and projection of the data onto the trajectory so that cells are positioned by their evolution through the process and cells with similar expression profiles are situated near each other.[6] Trajectory inference algorithms differ in the specific procedure used for dimensionality reduction, the kinds of structures that can be used to represent the dynamic process, and the prior information that is required or can be provided.[2]
The data produced by single-cell RNA-seq can consist of thousands of cells each with expression levels recorded across thousands of genes.[7] In order to efficiently process data with such high dimensionality many trajectory inference algorithms employ a dimensionality reduction procedure such as principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), or t-SNE as their first step.[8] The purpose of this step is to combine many features of the data into a more informative measure of the data.[4] For example, a coordinate resulting from dimensionality reduction could combine expression levels from many genes that are associated with the cell cycle into one value that represents a cell's position in the cell cycle.[8] Such a transformation corresponds to dimensionality reduction in the feature space, but dimensionality reduction can also be applied to the sample space by clustering together groups of similar cells.[1]
Many methods represent the structure of the dynamic process via a graph-based approach. In such an approach the vertices of the graph correspond to states in the dynamic process, such as cell types in cell differentiation, and the edges between the nodes correspond to transitions between the states.[6] The creation of the trajectory graph can be accomplished using k-nearest neighbors or minimum spanning tree algorithms.[9] The topology of the trajectory refers to the structure of the graph and different algorithms are limited to creation of graph topologies of a particular type such as linear, branching, or cyclic.[4]
Some methods require or allow for the input of prior information which is used to guide the creation of the trajectory. The use of prior information can lead to more accurate trajectory determination, but poor priors can lead the algorithm astray or bias results towards expectations.[6] Examples of prior information that can be used in trajectory inference are the selection of start cells that are at the beginning of the trajectory, the number of branches in the trajectory, and the number of end states for the trajectory.[10]
MARGARET employs a deep unsupervised metric learning approach for inferring the cellular latent space and cell clusters. The trajectory is modeled using a cluster-connectivity graph to capture complex trajectory topologies. MARGARET utilizes the inferred trajectory for determining terminal states and inferring cell-fate plasticity using a scalable Absorbing Markov chain model.[11]
Monocle first employs a differential expression test to reduce the number of genes then applies independent component analysis for additional dimensionality reduction. To build the trajectory Monocle computes a minimum spanning tree, then finds the longest connected path in that tree. Cells are projected onto the nearest point to them along that path.[5]
p-Creode finds the most likely path through a density-adjusted k-nearest neighbor graph. Graphs from an ensemble are scored with a graph similarity metric to select the most representative topology. p-Creode has been tested on a range of single-cell platforms, including mass cytometry, multiplex immunofluorescence,[12] and single-cell RNA-seq. No prior information is required.[13]
Slingshot takes cluster labels as input and then orders these clusters into lineages by the construction of a minimum spanning tree. Paths through the tree are smoothed by fitting simultaneous principal curves and a cell's pseudotime value is determined by its projection onto one or more of these curves. Prior information, such as initial and terminal clusters, is optional.[10]
TSCAN performs dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis and clusters cells using a mixture model. A minimum spanning tree is calculated using the centers of the clusters and the trajectory is determined as the longest connected path of that tree. TSCAN is an unsupervised algorithm that requires no prior information.[14]
Wanderlust was developed for analysis of mass cytometry data, but has been adapted for single-cell transcriptomics applications. A k-nearest neighbors algorithm is used to construct a graph which connects every cell to the cell closest to it with respect to a metric such as Euclidean distance or cosine distance. Wanderlust requires the input of a starting cell as prior information.[15]
Wishbone is built on Wanderlust and allows for a bifurcation in the graph topology, whereas Wanderlust creates a linear graph. Wishbone combines principal component analysis and diffusion maps to achieve dimensionality reduction then also creates a KNN graph.[16]
Waterfall performs dimensionality reduction via principal component analysis and uses a k-means algorithm to find cell clusters. A minimal spanning tree is built between the centers of the clusters. Waterfall is entirely unsupervised, requiring no prior information, and produces linear trajectories.[17]
| 2023-09-03 05:45:11 |
Port of Almeria - Wikipedia | The Port of Almería is a busy ferry-port in Almería, Spain.
The port is located in the center of the city, and serves primarily as a ferry terminal.
Crossings to destinations in North Africa take approximately 6 hours (normal ferry to Nador or Melilla). This is a much longer (and more expensive) crossing than the short crossings from Algeciras to Tangier, but it is more convenient for people traveling to the Rif area or Algeria.
Almería offers also a marina and a normal commercial port: it can receive cargo ships and cruise ships. The Royal Navy uses the port.[citation needed]
The ferry terminal is busy. Moroccan nationals living in Western Europe use the crossings from Almería to visit relatives in the summer. The port offers several sailings each day to different destinations in northern Morocco and Algeria.
The port has a large waiting and sorting area for cars. As people have often traveled a very long distance, they tend to arrive hours before departure of the ship. To prevent overheating, most waiting areas for the cars are under a roof to protect the car and its passengers from the sun. The main terminal building has the offices of all the operating companies, where they sell the tickets or exchange your prepaid tickets for a boarding pass. The terminal building is open 24 hours a day and includes a café, a small shop/kiosk for refreshments, and a call-shop. Foot passengers can wait inside the terminal building for their ship.
Embarkation for foot passengers is situated on the first floor of the terminal building. After the Spanish immigration checks, a network of footbridges lead to the ship. These footbridges can reach each quay and via moving 'last metres', so that one can board the ships without having to touch the ground. The loading and unloading of cars does not interfere with the embarkation or disembarkation of foot passengers.
Outside the main terminal building, there are a few restaurants, offering passengers a simple menu or drinks. There is also a small supermarket that is open 24 hours and facilities like toilets and showers.
As Almería is a busy port where ships tend to constantly arrive and/or sail, all ships have to use a harbour pilot. On arrival, the pilot boards the ship when it arrives at the piers and leaves the ship when the first warp is fastened. On departure, the pilot leaves the ferry just before it passes the pier-head. A complicating factor for arriving ships is that all ferries have to swing round before docking: as the ships moor in Africa with the bow towards the key they have to dock in Almería with the stern facing the key or cars would have to turn on the ships or disembark driving backwards.
At the entrance of the port is a large tower for the officers of the Vessel Traffic Services (VTS). The tower provides the staff with a good view over the harbour entrance and the entire port area. The VTS is fitted with radar on top of the tower.
Several shipping companies offer frequent connections with North Africa.[1]
WikiMiniAtlas36°50′1.25″N 02°28′0.84″W / 36.8336806°N 2.4669000°W / 36.8336806; -2.4669000
| 2023-09-03 05:45:15 |
Hamzah Fansuri - Wikipedia | Hamzah Fansuri (Jawi: حمزه فنسوري ; also spelled Hamzah Pansuri, d. c. 1590 ?) was a 16th-century Sumatran Sufi writer, and the first writer known to write mystical panentheistic ideas in the Malay language. He wrote poetry as well as prose.
Information on Hamzah's life comes largely from the takhallus bait (pen-name stanza) that ends his poetry (syair), as well as from the work of his disciple Hasan Fansuri and commentaries on Hamzah's poems. However, many of his biographical details are uncertain.[1] His name indicates that he may be from Barus (also known as Fansur to the Arabs), or have spent a large part of his life there.[2][3] A link to the Siamese Ayutthaya (Shahr-i-Naw) has also been proposed, although it may be that he travelled to Ayutthaya rather than that being his birthplace.[4] He was inducted into a Sufi order[5] and it is thought that he may have worked at the court of the Aceh Sultanate.
Hamzah travelled widely, and was known to have visited the Malay Peninsula, Mughal India, Mecca and Medina, and Baghdad.[3] He was one of the earliest Southeast Asians to have completed the hajj during the early 16th century.[6][5] The date of his death is generally assumed to be around 1590 or earlier,[4] although a later date during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda has also been proposed.[1] However, an inscription on a gravestone found in Mecca for a Shaykh Hamza b. Abd Allah al-Fansuri (note that this identification has been challenged) recorded a date of April 11, 1527.[7] Such an early date, if confirmed, may suggest that Hamzah did not live or work in Aceh, rather he was in Barus before leaving for Mecca where he died.[2]
Hamzah Fansuri's panentheism was derived from the writings of the medieval Islamic scholars. He was influenced by Ibn Arabi's doctrine of Waḥdat al-Wujūd popular in Persia and Mughal India during the 16th century.[3] He perceived God as immanent within all things, including the individual, and sought to unite one's self with the indwelling spirit of God. He employed the doctrine of seven stages of emanation (martabat) in which God manifests Himself in this world, ending in the Perfect Man, a doctrine widespread in Indonesia at the time. His teachings were promoted by Aceh theologian Shamsuddin al-Sumatrani.
However, his views were later deemed heretical by Nuruddin ar-Raniri for not conforming to the Islamic belief that God remained unchanged by His creation.[8] Nuruddin travelled to Aceh and under his influence, the Sultana Taj ul-Alam attempted to eradicate Hamzah's works and name, and his writings were burnt.[3]
The poetry, syair or ruba'i, of Hamzah Fansuri are usually not more than 13-15 stanzas, but some may be up to 21.[9] 32 of his poems have survived, and Hamzah included in each poem his name and information about himself in the last stanza (takhallus bait). Scholars have commented on his technical skill and mastery in his rhymes, the effective blending Arabic words into Malay poetic structure. They also noted a fondness for pun in his works that displays his humour and poetical virtuosity.[4][10] He also wrote prose, and his three surviving works in prose are:
He was the first writer to write about Sufi doctrines in the Malay language, or indeed any other languages of the Malay archipelago.[11]
| 2023-09-03 05:45:19 |
Howick Hall - Wikipedia |
Howick Hall, a Grade II* listed building in the village of Howick, Northumberland, England, is the ancestral seat of the Earls Grey. It was the home of the Prime Minister Charles, 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845), after whom Earl Grey tea is named. Howick Hall is the location of the Howick Hall Gardens & Arboretum.
Howick has been owned by the Grey family since 1319. A tower house, which once stood on the site and was demolished in 1780, was described in a survey of 1715 as "a most magnificent freestone edifice in a square figure, flat roofed and embattled" and with "a handsome court and gateway on the front".
The Hall which stands on the site today was built in 1782 by Newcastle architect, William Newton. The entrance was originally on the south side. The 2nd Earl Grey employed George Wyatt in 1809 to enlarge the house by moving the entrance to the north side, filling out the front hall and the two quadrants linking the house to its wings, and building the first terrace on the south side.
A fire destroyed the whole of the interior of the main house in 1926, with all of the contents of the top two floors. It was rebuilt in 1928 to designs by Sir Herbert Baker, who altered the north façade by introducing a portico above the front hall in order to make the house smaller with an open well in the middle, with a rotunda linking the front and back on the ground floor.
The family moved out of the main house shortly after the death of Charles Grey, 5th Earl Grey in 1963. In 1973 his grandson, Charles Baring, 2nd Baron Howick of Glendale, converted the west wing into a home, where he and his family now live.
| 2023-09-03 05:45:23 |
Wu Yang - Wikipedia | Wu Yang (simplified Chinese: 武杨; traditional Chinese: 武楊; pinyin: Wǔ Yáng; born January 5, 1992) is a Chinese table tennis player.[1] She won the gold medal in the team events in the Asian Table Tennis Championships in 2009.[4] She won the singles title at the 2009 World Junior Table Tennis Championships. She is known for her unorthodox but consistent chopping style, and can also be a strong counter-attacker.
This biographical article relating to a People's Republic of China table tennis figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:45:27 |
Huis ter Heide, Utrecht - Wikipedia | Huis ter Heide is a village in the central Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Zeist, Utrecht, about 2 km northeast of the centre of the town Zeist.[3]
The village was first mentioned in 1681 as 't Huys ter Heyde, and means "house on the heath" which is a reference to an inn.[4] Between 1652 and 1653, the main road from Utrecht to Amersfoort was built, and estates and villas were constructed along the road. The Dutch Reformed Church was built between 1858 and 1859[5] Between 1901 and 1941, there was railway stop in the village.[6] The first McDonald's Drive-in restaurant in the Netherlands is located in Huis ter Heide.
Tea house
Village in Huis ter Heide
McDonald's drive-in
Office building
This Utrecht location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:45:31 |
Eradicator (video game) - Wikipedia | Eradicator is a 1996 science fiction-themed video game developed by Accolade for MS-DOS compatible operating systems. The game was re-released on Steam in 2014 and on GOG.com in 2016 with support for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Players choose to play as one of three characters: Kamchak the alien Treydan warrior, human mine engineer Dan Blaze, and mercenary Eleena Brynstaarl. Players then have to complete a series of unique objectives and puzzles within each level. Perspective can be set between first and third-person, as well as additional options such as picture-in-picture. The game allows for the use of twenty different weapons through twenty five levels set within a mysteriously reactivated alien fortress on the planet Ioxia, source of the valuable mineral element Mazrium.
Eradicator also features the ability to remotely control various apparatus and projectiles, among other unique power ups. Areas are themed as defense and miscellaneous bases, factories and refineries, and biological research laboratories. Enemies are ground- and air-based cybernetic mechanisms and alien creatures. Visually and mechanically, the game is sector-based 2.5D, comparable to Doom and the contemporary Duke Nukem 3D. Multiplayer gameplay over modem and LAN is supported; the game includes several deathmatch levels.
Tommo purchased the rights to this game and digitally publishes it through its Retroism brand in 2015.[2] On February 26, 2016 it was released onto DRM-free retailer GOG.com with support for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux through DOSBox.[3] Despite its limited uptake, the game received positive reviews from GameSpot[4] and GameRevolution,[5] as well as Coming Soon Magazine,[6] The Computer Show[7] and VrEOnline.[8]
The game was originally conceived by Joe Ybarra's Creative Insights as “Marble Madness with a 3rd-person view” with the player character being a frog, but this was scrapped in favour of the final darker design upon the project's purchase by Accolade. This brought about the game's conversion to first-person primacy, although the original wholly third-person design lived on in the game's emphasis on platforming. Some developers from the game went on to create Slave Zero, a similar third/first person hybrid.[9] Voice actors were brought in from the game Deadlock: Planetary Conquest.[10]
| 2023-09-03 05:45:35 |
Gareth Davies (footballer, born 1959) - Wikipedia |
Gareth Robert Davies (born 6 October 1959) is a Welsh former professional footballer.
Born in Cardiff, Davies began his career with his hometown side Cardiff City in November 1982,[1] joining from non-league side Sully.[2] He made his debut in a 2–0 defeat against Stockport County during the 1986–87 season, but he went on to make just one more league appearance for the club before returning to non-league football.[3]
| 2023-09-03 05:45:38 |
Ensign Records - Wikipedia |
Ensign Records was a record label started in 1976 by London-born Nigel Grainge, elder brother of UMG Chairman Sir Lucian Grainge.
Nigel Grainge began his career in the record business as a sales office assistant at Phonogram UK in 1970. After a promotion to US-affiliated labels manager, he was responsible for the marketing and chart success of many hits by acts such as Faron Young, The Detroit Emeralds, The Stylistics, Chuck Berry, Rod Stewart (switching "Maggie May" from an original 'B' side), and eventually became the company's head of A&R from 1974 to 1976. He directly signed Thin Lizzy, 10cc, The Steve Miller Band, and a worldwide license for the successful All Platinum label (hits by Shirley & Co, the Moments, etc.), among others, before deciding to leave and set up his own independent label, funded by Phonogram Inc., which distributed it.
Ensign had early success with The Boomtown Rats in 1977, who went on to have 13 UK Top 20 entries including two at number 1 – "Rat Trap" and "I Don't Like Mondays". Ensign also had a constant stream of UK and European hits with Flash and the Pan, Eddy Grant, Light of the World, and Phil Fearon & Galaxy. Grainge's cohort throughout the life of the label was London DJ Chris Hill.[1]
Grainge sold the company to Chrysalis Records in 1984 and continued to run it from their offices in Notting Hill until the mid-1990s. The roster had reached its most credible peak with Sinéad O'Connor, The Waterboys, World Party, and the Blue Aeroplanes. The Waterboys' contract with Ensign expired in 1991.[2]
By 1990, millions of records had been sold by O'Connor, the biggest success being "Nothing Compares 2 U" which hit number one in over 30 countries.
After EMI acquired Chrysalis Records in 1991, Grainge felt stifled by the corporate changes and requested to leave the company, and the label was folded into its parent.
With the acquisition of the EMI group by Universal in 2012, the ownership of the Ensign catalogue of artists was transferred to Parlophone/Warner Music Group,[3] and in 2016 Ensign and Chrysalis were acquired by Blue Raincoat Music.
Chris Hill continues to DJ in the London area, and Grainge relocated to Santa Monica, California in 2002, where he co-founded cultural search-engine TunesMap, owned by G. Marq Roswell, and [4] worked as a special advisor on the HBO series Vinyl.[5] He died, at age 70, on 11 June 2017.[6][7]
| 2023-09-03 05:45:43 |
Constituency RSM-160 - Wikipedia | RSM-160 is a reserved Constituency of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh.[1]
This article related to a constituency in Sindh, Pakistan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:45:47 |
Pargny-sous-Mureau - Wikipedia | Pargny-sous-Mureau (French pronunciation: [paʁɲi su myʁo] i) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
The commune occupies the valley of the little River Saônelle, being positioned between Liffol-le-Grand et Coussey, near the western edge of the département.
The Premonstratensian Abbey was demolished in 1790, though a few pieces of walls and a porch survive, albeit in an increasingly bad condition.
A stream crosses the grounds of the former abbey, its water still channeled for a section, within a man-made tunnel.
This Vosges geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:45:53 |
Agha Shahid Ali - Wikipedia |
Agha Shahid Ali (4 February 1949 – 8 December 2001) was an Indian-born[1] Kashmiri-American poet, of Afghan and Indian descent, who immigrated to the United States,[2][3][4] and became affiliated with the literary movement known as New Formalism in American poetry. His collections include A Walk Through the Yellow Pages, The Half-Inch Himalayas, A Nostalgist's Map of America, The Country Without a Post Office, and Rooms Are Never Finished, the latter a finalist for the National Book Award in 2001.
The University of Utah Press awards the Agha Shahid Ali Poetry Prize annually in memory of this "celebrated poet and beloved teacher."[5]
J&K authorities have removed three poems – Postcard from Kashmir, In Arabic and The Last Saffron from the curriculum of University of Kashmir and two poems, I see Kashmir from New Delhi at Midnight and Call me Ishmael Tonight from the Cluster University. Education advisors in Delhi/Srinagar have maintained that such “Resistance Literature” sustains “secessionist mindset, aspiration & narrative” among students[6][7][8]
Agha Shahid Ali was born on February 4, 1949, in New Delhi, East Punjab, Dominion of India,[1] into an illustrious Afghan Qizilbashi Agha family based in Srinagar, Kashmir.[9][10] He grew up in India's Kashmir Valley, and left for the United States in 1976.[11] Shahid's father Agha Ashraf Ali was a renowned educationist. His grandmother Begum Zaffar Ali was the first woman matriculate of Kashmir.[12] Shahid was educated at the Burn Hall School, later University of Kashmir and Hindu College, University of Delhi.[2] He earned a PhD in English from Pennsylvania State University in 1984, and an M.F.A. from the University of Arizona in 1985.[2] He held teaching positions at nine universities and colleges in India and the United States.[2]
Shahid was born a Shia Muslim, but his upbringing was secular. Shahid and his brother Iqbal both studied at an Irish Catholic parochial school and, in an interview, he recalled that: "There was never a hint of any kind of parochialism in the home."[13]
Ali expressed his love and concern for his people in In Memory of Begum Akhtar and The Country Without a Post Office, which was written with the Kashmir conflict as a backdrop.[12] He was a translator of Urdu poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz (The Rebel's Silhouette; Selected Poems),[14] and editor for the Middle East and Central Asia segment of Jeffery Paine's Poetry of Our World.[15] He also compiled the volume Ravishing DisUnities: Real Ghazals in English. His last book was Call Me Ishmael Tonight, a collection of English ghazals, and his poems are featured in American Alphabets: 25 Contemporary Poets (2006) and other anthologies.
Ali taught at the MFA Program for Poets & Writers at University of Massachusetts Amherst, at the MFA Writing Seminars at Bennington College as well as at creative writing programs at SUNY-Binghamton, University of Utah, Baruch College, Warren Wilson College, Hamilton College and New York University.
Ali never married.[16] He was gay.[17][18] He died of brain cancer in December 2001 and was buried in Northampton, Massachusetts, in the vicinity of Amherst, a town sacred to his beloved poet Emily Dickinson.[citation needed]
This list represents the published output of Ali, arranged in chronological order and sorted by the manner in which he contributed to the work in question.
Ali was deeply moved by the music of Begum Akhtar.[citation needed] The two had met through a friend of Akhtar's when Ali was a teenager and her music became a lasting presence in his life. Features of her ghazal rendition—such as wit, wordplay and nakhra (affectation)—were present in Ali's poetry as well. However, Amitav Ghosh suspects that the strongest connection between the two rose from the idea that "sorrow has no finer mask than a studied lightness of manner"—traces of which were seen in Ali's and Akhtar's demeanor in their respective lives.[20][21]
| 2023-09-03 05:45:56 |
Pensions in Austria - Wikipedia | The pensions system in Austria is composed of three parts: occupational pensions, private pensions, and state pensions.[1] However, private and occupational pensions are secondary to the public pension issued through the state. According to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), Austria's pension system is categorized as targeted.[2] This means that their system is set up to preferentially benefit poorer pensioners than those that are better off.
Austria introduced their uniform pension system through The Act on the Harmonisation of Austrian Pension Systems on January 1, 2005. This act provides a pension for anyone employed and under the age of 50.[3] This uniform pension system is the reason why private and occupational pensions are second to the state pension. Austria's public (or state) pension system is a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system. This system is funded by those currently working and employers too. Employees contribute 10.25% of their earnings to the pension system and employers contribute 12.55%.[4] A recent reform merged the two Austrian Pension Agencies that represented blue-collar and white-collar workers into one: the Austrian Pension and Retirement Agency.[5]
To receive the Austrian state pension a citizen must have paid contributions for at least 180 months (15 years). The longer a citizen pays, the higher their income replacement ratio is. If a worker pays into their pension for 45 years then they can receive up to 80% of their average lifetime income while retired. This is referred to as the 45 - 65 - 80 rule. When the citizen reaches retirement age (65 for men and 60 for women) they can then apply to receive their state pension.[5] The age of retirement for women will gradually increase until it reaches 65 by 2033. Early retirement at the age of 62 was also an option until 2017.[4] Pension benefits are based on personal income taxation and the benefits are adjusted yearly by inflation.
There are supplemental occupational pension plans that can be provided by employers to their staff.The occupational pension plan that employers can provide is Pensionskassen.[6] This pension fund is set up through a legal contract that ensures the pension fund is completely separate from the company. Large companies set up their own pension funds while smaller companies can join multi-employer pension funds. Other supplemental funds are:
These other funds are ways for citizens to invest in their retirement and supplemental funds to their state pension.
Austria's public pension system is expensive and it is only becoming a larger entity. In 1970, 9.9% of the countries' gross domestic product (GDP) was attributed to public pension expenditures and that amount increased to about 14.5% in the year 2000.[7] This is because the contributions made by employees and employers are simply not enough to cover the retirement bill. This increase in cost is attributed to many components some of which are the option of early retirement and disability pensions. Even though the retirement age is 65, the number of elderly people between ages 60 and 65 in the workforce make up only 10%.[7] Because of these increased costs, Austria imposed reforms that mainly discouraged early retirement by withholding full pension amounts until the receiver reached age 65. The required contribution period was also extended.
Other problems that Austria faces with their pension system is the fact that people are living longer, while at the same time fertility rates are going down. Since the pension system is based on the contributions by those currently working, if the labor force goes down due to low fertility rates, then the amount of money available for pensioners is also reduced. The fact that those receiving pensions are also living longer is also responsible for the increased cost. As a result, the ratio of elderly people to those working and contributing to the pension fund will more than double within the next 30 years.[7]
The 2003 Austrian Pension Reform had five main elements aimed at lowering the burden of the pension fund on the state.[8]
] | 2023-09-03 05:46:00 |
Katoen Natie - Wikipedia | Katoen Natie is an international logistics service provider and port operator. The company is present in 36 countries in five continents and employs about 13.000 people worldwide. In 2009 the company had 154 logistics platforms.[clarification needed] Its headquarters are located in Antwerp, Belgium.
The company is organized in 7 main business units, each focusing on a specific branch:
Incorporated in 1854 as a cooperative in the port of Antwerp (Belgium), the original activities of Katoen Natie consisted of typical wharfinger activities: the reception and handling of goods on the docks, especially cotton – hence the ‘Katoen’ in the name- and other commodities such as jute, coffee, cocoa, wool, rubber, aluminum. The wharfinger (Natie) traditionally formed the link between the stevedoring (loading and discharging of ships) and transport activities to and from the hinterland.
In the 1980s the range of sectors was expanded to include consumer goods (e.g. textiles, electronics, DIY articles, fast-moving consumer goods) and the petrochemical, chemical and automotive industries.
The 1990s marked a strong international growth for Katoen Natie. Nowadays, the company is present in Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa.[citation needed]
Katoen Natie offers integrated logistics solutions[buzzword], including warehousing and storage, packing and (re)packaging, transport and distribution, value-added services, cleaning and repair, projects & process engineering and port operations. Each business unit has its own set of services:
Katoen Natie offers a global logistic service[clarification needed] for the petrochemicals industry. The supply scope includes product related activities such as homogenizing, drying, sieving, deodorizing, grinding, dedusting... of plastics.
Provides the link between producers and end-users of specialty chemicals and high-tech plastics.
Manages the logistics and distribution of fast-moving goods such as textiles, DIY, sporting goods, consumer electronics, preserved food, etc.
The Industry business group offers supply chain solutions[buzzword] to customers in the automotive world, such as vehicle manufacturers, first and second tier suppliers and suppliers to the aftermarket. This business unit also offers solutions[buzzword] to manufacturers and distributors of industrial products, such as machinery, tools and semi-finished products .
This business unit provides logistics and engineering services. From transport and reception of general cargo and commodities to the conditioning, repackaging and distribution towards the final customer, plus everything in between.
Offers stevedoring and terminal services for containers, general cargo, rolling stock and forest products. It also provides container depots, maintenance & repair and warehousing services, in ports in Europe and South America.
This business unit is active in designing and building industrial processing lines and logistics terminals. Services offered range from process technologies, product handling, dosing, mixing, storage characteristics, process controls,... to total project management of green-field terminal/facility build: permit requests, civil and mechanical construction, utility analyses and tie-ins to local networks.
In 2009 Katoen Natie installed 800.000 m2 of solar panels on the roofs of its warehouses in Kallo, Antwerp, Genk and Ghent. These installations produce a yearly amount of about 35 gigawatt hours, accounting for 25% of the total solar energy capacity of the Flemish region. The electricity that is generated with these solar panels is mainly used for the Katoen Natie's own electricity supply. The remaining energy is transferred back to the electricity net.
In 2017 Katoen Natie installed six wind turbines at the Loghidden City logistics park in Kallo. Together the windmills generate about 52 GWh per year which is roughly equivalent to the annual electricity consumption of 13,000 households.
The company is currently investigating the implementation of electric cars.
Centrally located in the port of Antwerp lies Loghidden City, a high-tech logistics complex covering some 260 hectares. It has 350m of wharf at the entrance of the Kallo lock where barges and feeders can be loaded and unloaded. The logistics complex counts about 150 warehouses of 8000 m2 each.
The group has an art collection, housed in its headquarters. HeadquARTers was created by the architects Robbrecht and Daem. Four 19th century warehouses, two Art Nouveau houses and one new building have been integrated into the company's headquARTers.
HeadquARTers houses the world's largest collection of textiles and “objets d’art” of the Coptic art (late Egyptian period). Some of the fabrics date from as far back as 2000 BC.
In addition, the Katoen Natie headquarters houses an extensive Cobra collection with works by the Belgian artists Pierre Alechinsky and Christian Dotremont, the Dutchmen Karel Appel, Corneille, Rooskens and Lucebert and the Danish artists Asger Jorn, Carl-Henning Pedersen and Egill Jacobsen. Contemporary artists from Latin America are represented as well. Installations by the hand of Wim Delvoye, Jan Fabre, Panamarenko, Denmark, Kobe and Marcel Broodthaers complete the collection.
| 2023-09-03 05:46:04 |
Greg Plitt - Wikipedia |
George Gregory Plitt, Jr. (November 3, 1977 – January 17, 2015) was an American fitness model and actor. He starred in the Bravo television series Work Out.[2] He died at age 37 when he was struck by a train locomotive while filming a video.
Greg Plitt was originally from Lutherville, Maryland. His mother was an interior designer, and his father was a real estate agent.[2] Plitt had an older sister who attended the United States Naval Academy.[1]
Plitt said that he had been a fitness buff since his father bought a home gym when Plitt was in sixth grade; he was further inspired after seeing how his older sister changed after her first year in the Naval Academy.[3]
Plitt was a graduate of Gilman School, Class of 1996, in Baltimore, Maryland, where he was on the football, wrestling, and golf teams. He was also a graduate of the United States Military Academy, Class of 2000,[2] and was both Airborne and Ranger qualified.
Plitt served in the US Army as a Ranger for five years.[2]
He was a certified personal trainer in Los Angeles. He was a member of the official MET-Rx athlete and was awarded the MET-Rx Athlete of the Year award for 2012.[4] He was the author of the workout program MFT28 as featured by Bodybuilding.com and appeared on covers and/or in editorials for Maxim, AXL, American Health & Fitness, Flaunt, Men's Fitness, Muscle & Fitness, Men's Health, FitnessRx for Men, Instinct Magazine, and Men's Exercise, among others.
Plitt compared his work as a physical trainer to his work training military recruits:
That transformation that you see when someone becomes a soldier; many of them come in with real bad attitudes.... they start changing their ways and they become the men they always wanted to be. Then other soldiers start looking up to them as role models. Then they're proud and they hold their heads high. That's more gratifying than anything I've done. That's what's so cool about it — to be able to train somebody and transform them and bring out all of the great qualities that everyone possesses.[3] Plitt was a global spokesperson/model for Thierry Mugler's Angel Men and ICE*Men men's fragrances. He did TV commercials for Old Spice Body Wash, ESPN's Great Outdoor Games, Under Armour, MTV, Zoli Sinks, Gold's Gym Power Flex, Bowflex, and modeled for Under Armour, Old Navy Jeans, Calvin Klein, Modell's, and Skimpies, among others.
In his later career, he had several acting roles. Images of his body were used to create Dr. Manhattan's muscular physique in the 2009 film Watchmen,[5] as well as the corpse of General Zod in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[6]
Plitt was struck and killed by a southbound Metrolink Antelope Valley Line train 268, led by Metrolink MP36PH-3C locomotive no. 888 in Burbank, California, on January 17, 2015, while running between the rails. The entire incident resulting in his death was recorded by an onboard event recorder camera mounted in the cab of the lead locomotive.[7][8] After examining the video, police reportedly told TMZ Plitt may have been trying to outrace the train when it approached for a video he was shooting. He was shortly after knocked off the tracks and out of frame.[9] He may have believed the train was coming up behind him on a parallel track, not the one he was on.[10] The video was for a self-produced energy drink commercial.[11]
| 2023-09-03 05:46:07 |
Napoleon Marache - Wikipedia | Napoleon Marache (June 15, 1818 – May 11, 1875)[1] was a chess player, problem composer, and journalist. He was born in France and moved to the United States at around 12 years of age. He learned the game of chess around 1844, and immediately became a devotee. He began composing chess problems and writing about chess the following year. In the mid-19th century, he was both one of America's first chess journalists and one of its leading players. In 1866, he published Marache's Manual of Chess, which was one of the country's first books on chess, and also one of its first books on backgammon. He is perhaps best known today for having lost a famous game to Paul Morphy.
Marache was born in Meaux, France in June 1818, three years to the month after his namesake Napoleon Bonaparte's final defeat at Waterloo. Marache moved to the United States at around 12 years of age.[2] He learned the game around 1844 and immediately became a serious student of the game.[3] He learned so quickly that he was able, three weeks after his first lesson, to give his tutor rook odds.[3][4]
In 1845, Marache began composing chess problems.[5] In 1846, he became the "first chess editor in America",[6][7] publishing the periodical The Chess Palladium and Mathematical Sphinx.[8][9] At approximately the same time, Charles Stanley started another American chess periodical, The American Chess Magazine.[8][9] The two publications feuded shamelessly, with Stanley calling Marache's publication "a most ridiculous jumble of unintelligible nonsense" and "sixteen pages of soiled waste-paper".[8][9] Only three issues of The Chess Palladium and Mathematical Sphinx were published, dated October, November, and December 1846.[10] The American Chess Magazine ceased publication in 1847.[7][8][11] At various times in the 1850s and 1860s, Marache was the chess editor or chess columnist for the New York Clipper, Porter's Spirit of the Times, and Wilkes' Spirit of the Times.[12][13]
In 1865, Marache wrote the chess section for a new edition of Hoyle's guide to games.[5] Shortly after the end of the Civil War, Morphy traveled to New York to work on an annotated collection of his games, with Marache acting as secretary and Charles A. Gilberg working closely with Morphy.[14] Unfortunately, the book was never published, since prospective publishers "asked that he enrich the collection ... with new games", which Morphy refused to do.[15]
In 1866, Marache published Marache's Manual of Chess, one of the first chess books in the United States.[16][17] At the end of the book, Marache also gave the rules and discussed strategy for backgammon, Russian backgammon, and dominoes.[18] The book was also one of the earliest books on backgammon in the United States.[19] It was still in print in 1928, the publisher's name having since been changed to "Fitzgerald Publishing Corporation", New York.[20]
In 1855–56, in a competition among eight of the leading players of the day, Marache won the championship cup of the New York Chess Club.[3] Later that same winter, he finished first in a sixteen-player tournament.[3] On August 30, 1856, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper published a challenge issued by Ernest Morphy to "Mr. Stanley or Marache (and we presume any player in the country)" to play a match against his nephew, Paul Morphy.[21] No one accepted the challenge.[22]
In 1857, Marache was one of the sixteen leading American players who participated in the First American Chess Congress, Morphy's triumphant first (and only) tournament.[23] Marache defeated Daniel Fiske in the first round, losing his first two games but winning the remaining three. In the second round, he lost to Benjamin Raphael, winning two games, drawing two, and losing three.[5][24]
Marache and Morphy did not meet in the tournament,[25] but played five games in 1857 in which Morphy gave odds of pawn and move, with Morphy winning three and drawing two.[26][27] In 1859 Morphy, who could successfully give odds of a knight to almost any player in the country, beat Marache in a game at those odds,[28][29] after Marache blundered away his extra piece to what is today a well-known trap in the Max Lange Attack.[30]
In 1858, Marache was one of the players who represented the New York Chess Club in the second game of a two-game telegraph match with its Philadelphia counterpart, which resulted in a win for New York. Marache substituted for Fiske, who had been one of the New York players in the first game, which had ended in a draw.[31]
Marache is perhaps best known today for losing the following brilliancy against Morphy in 1857,[32] in which Marache played White in an Evans Gambit:[33]
Marache-Morphy, New York 1857 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.d4 exd4 7.e5? d5! 8.exd6 Qxd6 9.O-O Nge7 10.Ng5? Better was 10.Ba3, although White's attacking prospects would not be enough to compensate for the sacrificed pawn.[34] O-O 11.Bd3 Bf5! Sacrificing an exchange, for which Black gets three pawns and a strong attack.[34] 12.Bxf5 Nxf5 13.Ba3 Qg6 14.Bxf8 Qxg5 15.Ba3 dxc3 16.Bc1 Qg6 17.Bf4 Rd8 18.Qc2 Ncd4 (position at left) 19.Qe4 The alternatives were no better: 19.Qd3 Ng3!! wins the queen for two knights after 20.Qxg3 Ne2+; 19.Rd1 Ne3! 20.Qxg6 Ne2+ 21.Kh1 Rxd1#; 19.Qa4 b5! 20.Qxa5 Ne2+ 21.Kh1 Nxf4 22.Rg1 (or 22.g3 Qc6+ 23.f3 Qxf3+!!) Rd1! 23.g3 Qc6+ and mate next.[34] Ng3!! (position at right) 20.Qxg6 White has no reasonable alternative, e.g. 20.Bxg3 Qxe4 or 20.Qe7 Nde2+ wins the queen. Nde2# 0-1[35]
At left is a chess problem composed by Marache, which he called, "One of the most difficult two-move compositions extant."[36] Edward Winter calls it, "An interesting problem with a Zugzwang theme."[37] The key move is 1.Bf7! (see diagram at right).
| 2023-09-03 05:46:11 |
Rana (software) - Wikipedia | Rana is a female voice library originally released for Vocaloid 3 software.
Rana was originally released for Vocalo-P ni Naritai (ボカロＰになりたい) as a special Vocaloid release for the magazine. Those wishing to own her permanently had to buy every issue of the magazine to obtain all 30 tickets for use of her vocal and register them. Due to the method of obtaining Rana, she was a Japan exclusive vocal and it was impossible to receive a full version without a Japanese address to send the tickets from.[1] Her purchase limitation was due to legal reasons.[2]
On January 26, 2015, in response to a tweet, We've Inc. said that a V4 update for Rana is in consideration.[3] Later, on September 8, 2015, Rana was confirmed to have a Vocaloid 4 update in the works.[4] It was announced on the Net Vocaloid site that Rana's V4 will be released sometime in December 2015.[5] At THE VOC@LOID M@STER 33, the first 100 visitors to the "Rana Experience" booth would have a chance to get Rana V4 early. It was also mentioned that there would be a discount for customers who purchased all 30 of the magazines that corresponded with her Vocaloid 3 vocal.[6][7] Other than the new capability to "growl", a standard for all Vocaloid 4 vocals, there were no differences between the original Rana software and the new updated Rana V4 release in terms of vocal results. Those who had registered all 30 tickets from the original version of Rana also were given a discounted upgrade offer.
Her hood in the shape of a bear's head, when it is pulled over her head, the light bulbs on her head fit into two cut outs on the hood, making them resemble a bear's ears.[8]
The 5 digit number on her cheek is unique to each user who purchases the magazine.[9] However, according to an official Twitter message, her official number is "00001".[10]
She has 4 robotic pets; a pink panda called Morio Shishou (森男師匠), a green puppy called Jasmine Kenkyuuin (じゃすみん研究員), a yellow bird called Sacchan/Sakiko' (さっちゃん/咲子) and a blue bird called Kou-chan (こうちゃん) that was introduced for her Vocaloid 4 release. They appear on her cover box cover art alongside Rana herself.
| 2023-09-03 05:46:16 |
Ida Noddack - Wikipedia | Ida Noddack (25 February 1896 – 24 September 1978), née Tacke, was a German chemist and physicist. In 1934 she was the first to mention the idea later named nuclear fission.[2][3][4] With her husband Walter Noddack, and Otto Berg, she discovered element 75, rhenium. She was nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Ida Tacke was born in Lackhausen (nowadays a part of the city of Wesel) in the northern Rhine region in 1896. She described how she picked her path of study by stating, "since I did not want to be a teacher at all, and research and industry employed proportionally fewer physicists at that time, I decided to become a chemist– a decision that was welcomed by my father who owned a small varnish factory in the Lower Rhine region."[5] She chose to attend the Technical University of Berlin because she was drawn to its long and demanding programs. She entered the school in 1915, six years after women were allowed to study in all of Berlin's universities. Nine out of the eighty-five members of her class studied chemistry.[6] In 1918, she graduated from the University with a degree in chemical and metallurgical engineering, specifically on higher aliphatic fatty acid anhydrides.[7] She was one of the first women in Germany to study chemistry, and she was a part of one of the first generations of female students in Germany. In addition, the percent of women studying chemistry increased from 3% before World War I to 35% during the war.[6] After graduating, she worked in the chemistry laboratory of the Berlin turbine factory of AEG, which is a company that is affiliated with General Electric in the United States.[7]
The building she worked in, designed by Peter Behrens, was world-famous and resembled a turbine. She met her husband, Walter Noddack, at the Technical University of Berlin while he was working as a researcher.[7] They were married in 1926.[8] Both before and after their marriage they worked as partners, an "Arbeitsgemeinschaft" or "work unit."[9]
In 1934, Enrico Fermi bombarded uranium with neutrons in his laboratory in Rome, and identified a new type of radioactivity whose atomic chemistry differed greatly from uranium and similar elements. He published his findings claiming this to be evidence of a new transuranic element. Ida Noddack quickly published a paper questioning Fermi’s conclusion.[10] Noddack correctly criticized Enrico Fermi's chemical proofs in his 1934 neutron bombardment experiments, from which he postulated that transuranic elements might have been produced. This theory was widely accepted for a few years. However, Noddack's paper "On Element 93" suggested a number of possibilities, but centered on Fermi's failure to chemically eliminate all lighter than uranium elements in his proofs, rather than only down to lead.[11] The paper is considered historically significant today not simply because she correctly pointed out the flaw in Fermi's chemical proof but because she suggested the possibility that "it is conceivable that the nucleus breaks up into several large fragments, which would of course be isotopes of known elements but would not be neighbors of the irradiated element."[12] In doing so she presaged what would become known a few years later as nuclear fission. However, Noddack's theory did not exhibit experimental proof or a theoretical basis for this possibility. Therefore, the paper was generally ignored and mocked by others, despite the fact that she was correct.[13] Several German scientists, like Otto Hahn, saw Noddack's work as "ridiculous."[7] A woman's position in the workplace had been dwindling for years due to the 1929 Wall Street crash. In 1932, a German law, replicating others in Europe, was put into place that obligated married women to leave their jobs and become housewives so that there would be more positions available for men. Noddack was able to escape this law due to her status as an "unpaid collaborator."[7] This may have caused her to be looked down upon by men in the field as she was only able to work due to this loophole.[citation needed]
Noddack's idea of nuclear fission was not confirmed until much later. Experiments along a similar line to Fermi's, by Irène Joliot-Curie, Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Pavle Savić in 1938 raised what they called "interpretational difficulties" when the supposed transuranics exhibited the properties of rare earths rather than those of adjacent elements. Ultimately on December 17, 1938, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann provided chemical proof that the previously presumed transuranic elements were isotopes of barium, and Hahn wrote these exciting results to his exiled colleague Lise Meitner, explaining the process as a 'bursting' of the uranium nucleus into lighter elements. Meitner and Otto Frisch utilized Fritz Kalckar and Niels Bohr's liquid drop hypothesis (first proposed by George Gamow in 1935) to provide a first theoretical model and mathematical proof of what Frisch coined nuclear fission. Frisch also experimentally verified the fission reaction by means of a cloud chamber, confirming the energy release. Therefore, Noddack's original hypothesis was finally accepted.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
Noddack and her husband-to-be looked for the then still unknown elements 43 and 75 at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt. In 1925, they published a paper (Zwei neue Elemente der Mangangruppe, Chemischer Teil) and called the new elements rhenium (75) and masurium (43). They named the elements rhenium in respect of Ida's birthplace, and masurium in honor of his.[7] After scientists were sceptical of their results, the Noddack's began to perform more experiments to confirm their discoveries. Only rhenium's discovery was confirmed. They were unable to isolate element 43 and their results were not reproducible.[7] These achievements led to Ida being awarded the German Chemical Society's prestigious Liebig Medal in 1931.
Element 43 was definitively isolated in 1937 by Emilio Segrè and Carlo Perrier from a discarded piece of molybdenum foil from a cyclotron which had undergone beta decay. It was eventually named technetium due to its artificial source. No isotope of technetium has a half-life longer than 4.2 million years and was presumed to have disappeared on Earth as a naturally occurring element. In 1961 minute amounts of technetium in pitchblende produced from spontaneous 238U fission were discovered by B. T. Kenna and Paul K. Kuroda.[24]
Based on this discovery, Belgian physicist Pieter van Assche constructed an analysis of their data to show that the detection limit of Noddacks' analytical method[clarification needed] could have been 1000 times lower than the 10−9 value reported in their paper, in order to show the Noddacks could have been the first to find measurable amounts of element 43, as the ores they had analyzed contained uranium.[25]
Using Van Assche's estimates of the Noddacks' residue compositions, NIST scientist John T. Armstrong, simulated the original X-ray spectrum with a computer, and claimed that the results were "surprisingly close to their published spectrum!"[26]
Gunter Herrmann from the University of Mainz examined van Assche's arguments, and concluded they were developed ad hoc, and forced to a predetermined result.[27]
According to Kenna and Kuroda 99technetium content expected in a typical pitchblende (50% uranium) is about 10 −10 g/kg of ore.
F. Habashi pointed out that uranium was never more than about 5% in Noddacks' columbite samples, and the amount of element 43 could not exceed 3 × 10 −11 µg/kg of ore. Such a low quantity could not be weighed, nor give X-ray lines of element 43 clearly distinguishable from the background noise. The only way to detect its presence was to carry out radioactive measurements, a technique the Noddacks were not able to employ, but Segrè and Perrier did.[28][29][30][31][32]
Following on the van Assche and Armstrong claims, an investigation was made into the works of Masataka Ogawa who had made a prior claim to the Noddacks. In 1908 he claimed to have isolated element 43, calling it Nipponium. Using an original plate (not a simulation), Kenji Yoshihara determined Ogawa had not found the Period 5 Group 7 element 43 (eka-manganese), but had successfully separated Period 6 Group 7 element 75 (dvi-manganese) (rhenium), preceding the Noddacks by 17 years.[33][34][35]
However this claim has been disputed by chemistry historian Eric Scerri in his book titled "A Tale of Seven Elements" E. R. Scerri (2013). A Tale of Seven Elements. New York;Oxford:Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539131-2.
Ida Noddack was nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry due to her discovery of rhenium and masurium. Noddack and her husband were repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1932, 1933, 1935 and 1937 (once by Walther Nernst and K. L. Wagner for 1933; both Noddacks were nominated by W. J. Müller for 1935 and by A. Skrabal for 1937).[7] The two of them were also awarded the German Chemical Society's prestigious Liebig Medal in 1931. In 1934, they received the Scheele Medal of the Swedish Chemical Society as well as the German patent for rhenium concentrate.[36]
In 2020 a memorial medal of the discovery was issued by ISTR, designed by Igor Petrov.[37][38]
| 2023-09-03 05:46:20 |
Mary H. Odom - Wikipedia | Mary Horne Odom (January 29, 1921 – November 22, 2014) was an American educator and politician.
Born in Greenville, North Carolina, Odom graduated from Greenville High School and then received her bachelor's degree from what is now East Carolina University. Odom also went to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Odom was a high school teacher. Odom also worked for the United States Post Office and was a reporter for the Laurinburg Exchange. She lived in Wagram, North Carolina. Odom served in the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1971 and 1972 as a Democrat and then in the North Carolina State Senate in 1975 and 1976.
Odom died at the age of 93 in Raleigh, North Carolina.[1][2]
This article about a North Carolina politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:46:24 |
Khuda Bakhsh (footballer) - Wikipedia | Khuda Bakhsh (born 10 January 1980)[1] is a Pakistani former footballer who played as a forward.
Bakhsh started his career at Allied Bank in the 1999, he scored his first goal for the club in the finals of 1999 National Football Challenge Cup, scoring the equaliser against Khan Research Laboratories. Bakhsh won his first silverware when Allied Bank defeated Khan Research Laboratories 5–4 on penalties after the game ended 1–1 after extra-time.[2]
In 2000 National Football League, Bakhsh scored three goals for Allied Bank, which included a brace against Pakistan Police in a 6–1 victory, scoring goals in 57th and 73rd minutes. Bakhsh's third goal came against Punjab Reds, breaking the deadlock on 74th minute. Bakhsh won his first league title as Allied Bank defeated Habib Bank 1–0 in the finals.[3]
Bakhsh joined WAPDA before the start of 2001 season, Bakhsh formed the attacking duo with Arif Mehmood. Bakhsh with Mehmood scored eight goals in 6 matches as WAPDA went onto win their third national league. Bakhsh scored three goals in the league, a brace against NWFP Green in group stage and an equaliser against Khan Research Laboratories in the finals.[4]
Bakhsh won his third consecutive league title in 2002, when WAPDA won the league again, although Bakhsh only scored one goal throughout the season, scoring against Pakistan Machine Tool Factory in the quarter-finals of 2002 National Football Challenge Cup.[5]
In 2003 National Football Championship, Bakhsh ended season with five goals in seven matches as Bakhsh and WAPDA won their fourth league title, (Bakhsh won in 1999 and 2000 with Allied Bank). Bakhsh scored a brace against NWFP Red and one against Sui Southern Gas in a 3–0 and 2–1 win respectively. Bakhsh scored in 5th minutes in quarter-finals against Pakistan Telecommunication on 14 May 2003. On 16 May 2003, Bakhsh scored the opening goal against Habib Bank in the semi-finals as WAPDA won the game 4–1. Two days later, on 18 May 2003, WAPDA defeated Pakistan Army 4–2 on penalties when the game ended 0–0 after extra-time. Bakhsh converted the opening penalty in the shoot-out.[6]
Bakhsh scored two goals in 2003 National Football Challenge Cup as WAPDA were knocked out in quarter-finals by Pakistan Navy.[7]
In 2004–05, Bakhsh scored both goals in the opening game against his former club Allied Bank, scoring on 35th and 70th minutes. On 2 June 2004, Bakhsh scored a goal in a 1–1 draw against Panther Club. Two days later in reverse fixture, Bakhsh scored a brace as WAPDA defeated Panther Club 4–0. On 12 June, Bakhsh scored the opening goal in 4–0 victory over Wohaib. One month later on 17 July, WAPDA defeated Mardan Football Club 10–0, as the attacking duo Bakhsh and Mehmood scored six goals (Bakhsh scored 2 and Mehmood scored 4). Bakhsh didn't scored any goals until 13 August when he scored the lone goal of the match as WAPDA defeated Habib Bank 1–0. A month later, on 12 September, Bakhsh scored his first hat-trick against Afghan Chaman, WAPDA won the game 6–0, with attacking partner Mehmood scoring a hat-trick as well. Bakhsh won his fourth consecutive league, as WAPDA finished first on goal difference. Bakhsh scored 16 goals in 30 matches, as he along with Mehmood scored a total of 36 goals in 30 matches.[8]
In 2005–06 league Bakhsh scored only five goals in 22 matches, as WAPDA finished second to Pakistan Army. Bakhsh scored two goals in 2005 National Football Challenge Cup, including a goal in finals against Pakistan Telecommunication, although WAPDA lost the finals 2–1.[9]
Bakhsh missed the whole 2006–07 season due to a knee injury.[10]
Bakhsh returned from injury in 2007–08, opening a brace in the opening game against Pakistan Television, WAPDA won the game 3–0. His third goal of the season came against Khan Research Laboratories in a 3–1. Bakhsh went on to score three more goals to finish the season with six goals in 14 appearances. Bakhsh won his sixth league title as WAPDA defeated Pakistan Army on the final match day to secure the title by 1 point.[11]
Bakhsh scored five goals in the 2008–09 season, winning his seventh league in total and third with WAPDA.[12] In 2009–10 Bakhsh scored only two goals in 20 appearances, his worst scoring record.[13]
Bakhsh earned his first international cap in 2003 as a substitute against India in a 1–0 victory in the 2003 SAFF Championship.[1] He played his last international match in a 7–0 victory against Bhutan in the 2009 SAFF Championship.[1]
| 2023-09-03 05:46:28 |
Bibliography - Wikipedia | Bibliography (from Ancient Greek: βιβλίον, romanized: biblion, lit. 'book' and -γραφία, -graphía, 'writing'), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology[1] (from Ancient Greek: -λογία, romanized: -logía). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography).[2]
The word bibliographia (βιβλιογραφία) was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for "the intellectual activity of composing books." The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books.[3] Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object.[4] Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.[5]
Bibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about "the science of bibliography."[6][7] However, there have recently been voices claiming that "the bibliographical paradigm" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).[8]
The quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS[9][10] and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.[11]
Carter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes.[2] Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.
Bowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.
Descriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.
In addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography.[12] Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.
D. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as "the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include "non-book texts" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.[13]
Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books.[14][15] In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs[16] and websites.
An enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a "bibliography," is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.
Enumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.
Citation styles vary.
An entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:
An entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:
A bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.
Bibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.[17][18]
Fredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description
(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, "[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents" (124).
Descriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:
This branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography.[19] Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining "the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text" (Bowers 498[1]).
A bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer."[20]
A bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.
The term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries[21] and bibliographic databases.
One of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).
Systematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:
| 2023-09-03 05:46:31 |
Andrea Meza - Wikipedia |
Alma Andrea Meza Carmona (born 13 August 1994) is a Mexican model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe 2020. Since winning the title, she became the third Mexican woman to be crowned Miss Universe. Meza holds the record of the shortest completed reign in Miss Universe history to date.
She had previously been crowned Mexicana Universal 2020 and Miss Mexico 2017, and placed as the first runner-up at Miss World 2017.
Alma Andrea Meza Carmona was born on 13 August 1994 in Chihuahua City to parents Alma Carmona and Santiago Meza. She grew up in Chihuahua City as the eldest of three daughters, and is of partial Chinese descent.[2] After completing secondary school, Meza enrolled in the Autonomous University of Chihuahua, where she studied software engineering.[3] She graduated with her degree in 2017, and subsequently began working in Mexico as a software engineer in addition to her career as a model.[1]
Meza began her pageantry career in 2016, after she was selected to represent Chihuahua at Miss World Mexico 2016. This was the first edition of the pageant after the Nuestra Belleza México competition lost its license for Miss World. In the pageant, Meza advanced to the top sixteen, then the top ten, and ultimately the top five. After reaching the top five, Meza was one of the two contestants awarded a crown, being crowned as Miss Mexico 2017.[4] Ana Girault, representing Mexico City, was crowned Miss Mexico 2016 and given the opportunity to represent Mexico at Miss World 2016, while Meza was given the opportunity to represent Mexico at Miss World 2017. Also, Meza won the sports challenge at the competition.[4]
As the winner of Miss Mexico 2017, Meza represented Mexico at the 67th edition of Miss World 2017, held on 18 November 2017 at Sanya City Arena in Sanya, China. In the pre-pageant activities, Meza won group sixteen of the Head-to-Head Challenge, which gave her direct entry into the top forty. Additionally, she placed as the fourth runner-up in the talent competition.[6][5]
During the finals of the competition, Meza advanced from the top forty into the top fifteen, top ten, and top five. After reaching the top five, Julia Morley announced Meza as the first runner-up behind the winner, Manushi Chhillar from India.[7][8] In addition to her first runner-up finish, Meza was additionally crowned Miss World Americas, placing her within the 2017 Miss World Continental Queens of Beauty.[9][10]
In 2020, Meza was crowned Mexicana Universal Chihuahua 2020, allowing her to represent Chihuahua at Mexicana Universal 2020. During pre-pageant activities, Meza won six challenges, including the sports challenge. The final was held on 29 November 2020 in Querétaro City. Meza advanced to the top fifteen and top ten, ultimately being crowned Mexicana Universal 2020.[11][12][13]
As Mexicana Universal, Meza represented Mexico at the Miss Universe 2020 pageant. The final of the competition was held on May 16, 2021, at the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood in Hollywood, Florida, after being postponed from late 2020 to May 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[14] Meza advanced from the initial pool of 74 contestants to the top 21, then the top ten, and finally the top five, where she was crowned the winner by the outgoing titleholder Zozibini Tunzi of South Africa. Following her win, she became the third Mexican woman to win the crown, following Lupita Jones in 1991 and Ximena Navarrete in 2010.[15][16]
With Meza's victory at Miss Universe 2020, this marked Mexico's second consecutive year in the top 3 after Sofía Aragón, Mexicana Universal 2019, finished as the second runner-up at Miss Universe 2019. Meza also surpassed Brook Lee's record of being the oldest to win Miss Universe by winning at the age of 26 years and 276 days.[17] This record was later broken during the Miss Universe 2022 competition when R'Bonney Gabriel won at the age of 28 years and 300 days.
In her capacity as Miss Universe, Meza traveled to various cities within the United States,[18] South Africa,[19] Puerto Rico,[citation needed] Dominican Republic,[citation needed] The Bahamas,[20] Israel,[21] and her home country of Mexico.[22]
After winning Miss Universe, Meza was succeeded as Mexicana Universal by Débora Hallal, who was appointed Mexicana Universal 2021.[23]
On December 13, 2021, Meza crowned Harnaaz Sandhu of India as her successor at the Universe Dome, Eilat, Israel, marking the end of the shortest completed reign in Miss Universe history of 211 days.
Miss Universe Andrea Meza
Miss USA Asya Branch
Miss Teen USA Kiʻilani Arruda
Miss Universe Andrea Meza
Miss Earth Lindsey Coffey
| 2023-09-03 05:46:34 |
Powerlifting at the 2011 Parapan American Games - Wikipedia |
Powerlifting was contested at the 2011 Parapan American Games from November 17 to 19 at the Weightlifting Forum in Guadalajara, Mexico.
| 2023-09-03 05:46:38 |
WKTH - Wikipedia | WKTH (88.5 FM) is a K-Love affiliated radio station licensed to the city of Tullahoma, Tennessee. It is owned by Educational Media Foundation. The station broadcasts at 88.5 FM with an effective radiated power output of 1,900 watts as authorized by the Federal Communications Commission.
The station began broadcasting in 1998, and held the call sign WAUT.[1][2] The station was originally owned by the American Family Association and was an affiliate of American Family Radio.[3][4] On March 1, 2012, the station's call sign was changed to WLYJ.[2] In 2012, American Family Association donated the station to Joy Christian Communications.[5] The station aired a Gospel music format and was flagship station of the Joy Christian Radio network.[6] Effective May 13, 2019, Joy Christian Ministries traded WKTH to Educational Media Foundation, in exchange for 98.9 FM WLYJ in Quitman, Mississippi.[7]
| 2023-09-03 05:46:42 |
Budhaditya Mukherjee - Wikipedia |
Pandit Budhaditya Mukherjee[2] is an Indian classical sitar and surbahar maestro of the Imdadkhani gharana (school),[3] recognizable by his intricate vocalic playing complemented by spectacular high speed playing. He holds a unique distinction of being the ever first artist (not just musician) in history to perform in the House of Commons, London. Famously proclaimed the "sitar artist of the century" by veena great Balachander, he has performed in thousands of concerts since the 1970s in India, America, Australia, the UAE, and almost all of Europe.[4]
He was born in a musical family in Bhilai, India, in 1955, where his father was a senior official of the Bhilai Steel Plant. His father Acharya Pandit Bimalendu Mukherjee was trained in a plethora of instruments including the sitar, sarod, surbahar, rudra veena, sarangi, and vocal music. The senior Mukherjee often hosted veteran musicians at his home. In a video, Budhaditya recollects having sat on the lap of the legendary singer Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan.
When Budhaditya was five years old, Bimalendu Mukherjee started teaching him on a small sitar and trained him for several decades thereafter.
In 1970, he won two national-level music competitions, and soon after was famously endorsed in glowing terms first by legendary film maker Satyajit Ray and then South Indian veena great Balachander, who proclaimed him "sitar artist of the century."[citation needed] In 1975, Budhaditya became a grade-A artist with All India Radio (he was promoted to top grade in 1986). During the 70s he became the first ever sitarist to play the tappa, a form of vocal music rolling with repeated high speed taans, and as of 2018, is probably the only sitarist to have effectively presented the tappa. He graduated as a First Class Metallurgical Engineer from National Institute of Technology, Raipur, while already a performing artist. During college, he is said to have written an exam right after arriving from the airport after performing. His son, Bijoyaditya, was born in 1984, and started training with Bimalendu and Budhaditya at the age of 5.
Mukherjee has toured the world extensively, giving concerts in over 25 countries, and from 1983 and 1995, respectively, taught from time to time at the Istituto Interculturale di Studi Musicali Comparati in Venice (alongside tabla player Sankha Chatterjee) and the Rotterdam Conservatory. He has also recorded widely, and at the age of 47, his discography spanned exactly 47 CDs, LPs and cassettes. In 1995, he started recording on the surbahar (bass sitar), first as a two-part series (Brilliance of Sound) for Beethoven Records in Kolkata (ragas Yaman and Marwa), then raga Komal re Asavari for RPG/HMV on Tribute to My Father, My Guru (STCS 850362). In 2003, he was the first Indian classical musician to have an enhanced CD published: Thumriyan (RCD-2224), on Bengali label Rhyme Records in Kansas, containing ragas Piloo and Bhairavi.
Pandit Budhaditya belongs to the Imdadkhani gharana, the name coined by himself, to credit Ustad Imdad Khan, who created the unique style and had named it after Etawah, where he lived.
His alap consists of deep and fine meends (gliding across notes) for which he pulls the string up to five and a half notes on a given fret. This technique is part of executing the gayaki or vocal style of playing, Budhaditya is particularly known for his high speed and clarity, which he says is a product of good control over the instrument, and should be played only for complementing the music. However, he has mentioned that in his early years, when he was still in search of a good sitar, he had to play high speed to make a career as a musician.[5]
Budhaditya's typical concerts have been full length renditions of the ragas starting from developing through alap, jor, and then improvising over a composition with tabla accompaniment, before playing a high speed composition and jhala, and finishing with a shorter rendition in a different raga. He often develops the raga in the khayal gayaki ang, or the way a vocalist would do in the khayal style of singing.
Pt. Budhaditya Mukherjee's rendition of Ustad Imdad Khan Saheb's Razakhani gat in Raag Bihag:[6]
Pandit Mukherjee said that he changed 9 sitars in his initial 20 years of performing, while looking for the tone he wanted. By the mid 90s, he realized it was time for him to research the sitar making process to bring out the tone he had in his mind. There started his research along with a sitar maker, during which they damaged several sitars and built 2 sitars on opposing principles alongside a third one with favorable principles learned from the other two. After the 15 years of research, he can now produce the exact tone of his choice by modifying any sitar. Also, as seen in many videos beginning about the year 2000, his modifications include the permanent installation of Suzuki-style fine tuners for the chikari (drone) strings on his sitar.
Very few sitar players play the surbahar, a bass version. Panditji has recorded relatively very few albums on the surbahar and there a few more recordings available online, all of which show deep alaps, and a solid command on the instrument.
In a concert video, he has demonstrated tough taans (fast phrases) on the surbahar, involving pulling the string to over 5 notes at a time.
Pandit Budhaditya Mukherjee has performed all over the world for more than five decades. Most recently, he performed twice at the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto, Canada in 2016 and 2019 for the Raag-Mala Music Society of Toronto.[7] [8]
| 2023-09-03 05:46:45 |
Anders Nilsen Wiborg - Wikipedia | Anders Nilsen Wiborg (c. 1655 – 1718) was the fourth commander of the Christiansfjeld Fortress in Norway. He commanded from 15 January 1717 until his death at Kongsvinger during the Great Northern War on 10 October 1718.
He became a second lieutenant (Fähnrich) in the Oppland National Infantry Regiment in 1678. This would place his birth about 1655. He became a Sekondløytnanat in the Fåbergske Company in 1682. He became a First Lieutenant in 1685. In 1697 he became a Lieutenant Captain in the South Hedemark National Guard Company. Later that year he became Captain and commander of the Osterdal Company, which was sent to Denmark in 1714 under orders of the Danish King.
Charles XII of Sweden attacked Norway in the summer of 1716; the attack had been expected for a long time. On 15 January 1717 Wiborg returned to Norway, was promoted to Major and made Commandant of Christiansfjeld. His death at Kongsvinger on 10 October 1718 occurred only shortly before Charles XII's death on 30 November 1718, in the siege trenches of the Swedish assault on the Norwegian fortress at Fredriksten.
Anders Wiborg was married twice. His first marriage was to Margrethe Petersdatter Skridshol of Ringsaker Parish, Hedmark County, who bore him eight children. His second marriage was to Margrethe Madfeldt of Romedal Parish who bore his seven children. He also maintained a mistress.
This biographical article related to the Norwegian military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This biographical article related to the military of Denmark is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:46:49 |
British Rail Class 27 - Wikipedia |
British Rail's Class 27 comprised 69 diesel locomotives built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRCW) during 1961 and 1962. They were a development of the earlier Class 26; both were originally classified as the BRCW Type 2. The Class 27s were numbered D5347-D5415.[1]
Original allocations were D5347–D5369 to Glasgow Eastfield, D5370–D5378 to Thornaby and D5379–D5415 to London Cricklewood for Tilbury Boat trains and Cross-London freight services. In the period September to December 1963, some of the Cricklewood allocation were transferred to Leicester and in December 1965 the Thornaby allocation was also nominally transferred to Leicester to join them. Traffic changes combined with reallocation of Class 25s led to the gradual transfer of the Leicester and Cricklewood locomotives to Scotland during 1969 thus concentrating the whole class within Scotland and being part of the replacement fleet that allowed the withdrawal of the poorly performing Clayton Class 17 locomotives from traffic. For many years they were extensively used on the West Highland Line. By September 1986, the final vacuum brake only locomotives had been withdrawn, regular duties on passenger services had ceased and only twenty-one of the class remained, allocated entirely to Eastfield depot. A mass withdrawal in July 1987 due to the presence of blue asbestos left 27008 as the last in service. Its final working was on 13 August and the loco was officially withdrawn on 19 August 1987. The Class 27s were actually outlived by the older Class 26s, whose less powerful engines were more reliable.
By the late 1960s, the Swindon-built Inter City DMUs operating the Edinburgh Waverley - Glasgow Queen Street express service were becoming unreliable. In 1970 the decision was made to replace them with locomotive-hauled carriages. So between 1971 and 1973, twenty-four Class 27s were fitted-up with dual (vacuum and air) brakes and reclassified Class 27/1, while 36 Mark 2 carriages (7 brake second opens, 22 open seconds, and 7 corridor firsts) swapped their vacuum-operated shoe brakes for air-operated disc brakes and were though-wired with "Blue Star" control cables to enable "top and tail" push-pull working. It was later decided that as the Mark 2 stock was dual (steam or electric) heated, to convert half the 27/1 fleet to electric train heat, by replacing the train heating boiler with a Deutz 8-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine and alternator. The conversions were then classified as Class 27/2, and were used on one end of the train, with a 27/1 on the other.
The very intensive 90 mph (140 km/h) "push-pull" service was demanding on the locomotives and reliability started to suffer. The 27/2s, especially, appeared prone to fire damage, especially from their electric train heating alternators. The push-pull sets were replaced in 1980 by single Class 47/7s at one end of a rake of Mark 2 carriages and a DBSO. The Class 27/1s and 27/2s were then renumbered to 27/0 and could often be found on Edinburgh-Dundee semi-fast passenger services, until their replacement, briefly by Class 101 and subsequently by Class 150 Sprinter DMUs in 1987, whilst the remainder were largely used on freight.
Eight examples of the class have been preserved at various heritage railways in Great Britain.[9] Two members of this class were rescued from Vic Berry's Scrapyard in the 1980s. D5410/27059 was rescued from Vic Berry's Scrapyard in September 1987 [10] and D5401/27056 was also rescued from there in October 1987.[11]
27001 at the Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway
27066 on the Dean Forest Railway
D5401 (27056) at the Great Central Railway
| 2023-09-03 05:46:52 |
1940 Pacific hurricane season - Wikipedia | The 1940 Pacific hurricane season ran through the summer and fall of 1940. Before the satellite age started in the 1960s, data on east Pacific hurricanes was extremely unreliable. Most east Pacific storms were of no threat to land. During this season, there is a former typhoon that crossed into central north Pacific.
Late on June 17, west-northwest of Acapulco and close to the coast of Mexico, an area of thunderstorms formed into a tropical cyclone. The system was very small, and eventually became a hurricane. It headed west-northwest or northwest, and was last detected early on June 18. A ship in the eye measured a pressure of 97.90 kPa (28.91 inHg).[1]
On July 20, a tropical depression was observed southwest of Acapulco. Historical Weather Maps show this depression near 17N 102W. It intensified into a tropical storm on July 21, tracked northwest, and dissipated on July 24. A depression/remnant low was tracked until July 26. The low was last seen near 24N 129W on the 27th. The lowest pressure reported by a ship was 100.66 kPa (29.72 inHg).[2]
On July 29, a tropical cyclone was noticed. It traveled west-northwest or northwest, and dissipated sometime after July 30. A ship reported a pressure of 96.95 kPa (28.63 inHg).[2]
South of Acapulco, a tropical cyclone was spotted on August 3. Historical Weather Maps (HWM) show a low on August 2 near 11N 109W. It rapidly tracked to the west-northwest, and was last seen on August 5. The low is carried on HMW until August 9 near 17N 135W. It is possible that this system retained tropical storm-force winds until approximately August 7. A ship reported a pressure of 100.54 kPa (29.69 inHg).[3]
On September 4, a tropical cyclone was reported. It moved westward, and was lost track of on or after September 5. The lowest reported pressure was 100.31 kPa (29.62 inHg).[4]
A tropical cyclone was detected on September 22. The next day, it had intensified into a hurricane. By September 24, the hurricane was close to the Revillagigedo Islands. After that, no further observations were reported. A ship reported a pressure of 98.34 kPa (29.04 inHg) in association with this hurricane.[4]
A tropical cyclone existed well out to sea from October 6 to 11. It traveled northwesterly, and had a lowest recorded pressure of 29.25 inHg (99.1 kPa).[5]
Another tropical cyclone existed from October 26 to 28 off the coast of Central America. A ship recorded a pressure reading of 98.27 kPa (29.02 inHg).[5]
A tropical cyclone well southwest of Manzanillo was tracked from November 1 to 3. Due to a blocking area of high pressure, it took an unusual southwesterly track. Its lowest recorded pressure was 100.47 kPa (29.67 inHg).[6]
Around October 21, a former typhoon that had previously impacted Wake Island crossed into the central north Pacific. It headed eastwards north of Midway Island. It gradually wheeled around to the southwest. It dissipated just east of Midway around October 22.[5]
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University of Africa, Toru-Orua - Wikipedia | The University of Africa, Toru-Orua is a public university located in Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.[1] It was founded in 2016.[2][3]
The University of Africa, Toru-Orua was established under the Bayelsa State University Law of 2016.[4][5]
The university admitted its first group of undergraduate students in 2017.[6][7]
The University of Africa, Toru-Orua has been led by academics since its establishment. The university's first Vice-Chancellor was Prof. Valentine A. Aletor, a scholar in Agricultural Biochemistry & Nutrition.[8] During Prof. Aletor's tenure from 2016 to 2019, the university's infrastructure was established, academic programs were formulated, and research initiatives were launched.[9]
Following Prof. Aletor's tenure, Prof. Kingston Nyamapfene became Vice-Chancellor.[10] Prof. Nyamapfene, an American citizen born in Zimbabwe, specializes in Soil Science, offering a distinctive perspective to the university's leadership.[11] Under his guidance, the university expanded its academic offerings, fostered research collaborations, and emphasized community engagement.[12]
The university's campus covers 200 acres in Toru-Orua.[13] The architectural design blends modern aesthetics with eco-friendly principles.[14] The campus features state-of-the-art lecture halls, laboratories, a comprehensive library, student hostels, and recreational facilities.[15][16]
The University of Africa, Toru-Orua offers a range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in disciplines such as Engineering, Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Humanities, and Management.[17][18][19][20]
The university hosts several research centers, including the Center for Renewable Energy Studies, the Institute for Niger Delta Studies, and the Center for Advanced Social Research.[21] These centers conduct research on topics of societal importance, fostering collaboration between faculty, students, and external experts.[22][23]
| 2023-09-03 05:47:01 |
List of ambassadors of China to Guinea - Wikipedia |
The Chinese Ambassador to Guinea is the official representative of the People's Republic of China to the Republic of Guinea.
WikiMiniAtlas39°56′39″N 116°27′04″E / 39.944224°N 116.451230°E / 39.944224; 116.451230
[3][4]
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Lalande (crater) - Wikipedia | Lalande is a small lunar impact crater that lies in the central part of the visible Moon, on the eastern edge of Mare Insularum. It was named after French astronomer Jérôme Lalande.[1] The crater is surrounded by a high-albedo area of ejecta that extends into a ray system with a maximum radius of over 300 kilometers. The interior wall has a terrace system, and there is a small central rise at the midpoint of the floor. It was formed during the Copernican period of the moon extending from 1.1 billion years ago to the present. Its young age is indicated by the bright rays of ejecta surrounding the crater, its sharp features, and the relative lack of later impacts in its interior.[2] The rays of ejecta from Lalande overlay the ejecta rays from Copernicus Crater, meaning it is younger than Copernicus, and thus no more than 800 million years old.[3]
In 2002, a meteorite was discovered in the Oman desert by Edwin Gnos of the University of Berne. This rock, identified as Sayh al Uhaymir 169, is believed to have originated from the Moon. It was ejected from the surface during an impact that occurred less than 340,000 years in the past. Scientists now think that the rock originated from the crater ejecta blanket surrounding Lalande.[4]
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lalande.
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List of Lepidoptera of Croatia - Wikipedia |
Lepidoptera of Croatia consist of both the butterflies and moths recorded from Croatia.
| 2023-09-03 05:47:13 |
Giovanni Battaglin - Wikipedia |
Stage Races
One-Day Races and Classics
Giovanni Battaglin (born 22 July 1951) is an Italian professional road racing cyclist. The highlight of his career was his overall win in the 1981 Giro d'Italia. He also won the 1981 Vuelta a España.
Battaglin was born in Marostica, province of Vicenza. Battaglin won the 1972 Amateur Giro d'Italia and turned professional the following year with the Jollj Ceramica team.
The 1973 Giro d'Italia that began in Verviers in Belgium and was Battaglin's debut in a grand tour. Battaglin immediately showed promise when he finished third on stage four ahead of Eddy Merckx and José Manuel Fuente. By halfway through the race, Battaglin was sitting in second place overall behind Merckx but lost that placing to Felice Gimondi. Still at the age of 21, the neo-pro astonished the cycling world by finishing third in the race.[1] Battaglin would wear the maglia rosa for five days in the 1975 Giro d'Italia as well as several stage wins and wins in smaller stage races. He also won the King of the Mountains jersey in the 1979 Tour de France, even after he received a penalty for testing positive for doping.[2] Battaglin finished third in the 1980 Giro d'Italia.
The following year on the tenth stage mountain time trial of the 1981 Vuelta a España which was on the long climb to Sierra Nevada, Battaglin won the stage and took over the leader's jersey. The only threat to Battaglin's lead was Pedro Muñoz.[3] Battaglin and his Inoxpran team withstood the challenge from the Spanish and brought Battaglin to his first grand tour victory.[4] Three days later after Battalin's triumph in Spain on 13 May 1981, he began the 1981 Giro d'Italia. On the 19th stage toward the end of the race, Battaglin won the stage to Mareo and took the maglia rosa from Silvano Contini. He withstood the final test – the final stage's individual time trial to win the race in Verona ahead of Tommy Prim. Battaglin was only the second rider after Eddy Merckx to win the Vuelta-Giro double. In the space of one and a half months, Battaglin won two of the grand tours.
Battaglin retired after the 1984 season. In 1982 Battaglin started a bicycle manufacturing business with the same name, which he runs from Marostica, Italy. In 2002 the company sponsored the Ceramiche Panaria Fiordo squad.[5][6][7]
| 2023-09-03 05:47:17 |
Institution Saint-Jean de Douai - Wikipedia | The Institution Saint-Jean de Douai located in Douai (Hauts-de-France), is a private educational establishment under an association contract with the State. It welcomes 2,000 pupils from kindergarten to preparatory classes.[1]
The Institution Saint-Jean was created in 1854 during the installation of a diocesan college in the rue Saint-Jean in Douai. The Institution's buildings were used as a military hospital by the German army from 1914 to 1918. The Institution was bombed and destroyed in 1940 and 1944. Reconstruction ended in 1958.[2]
Preparatory classes was created in 1988 by Christophe Cadet, a former history and geography teacher at Saint-Jean. They prepare for the entrance examination for business schools (HEC, ESSEC, ESCP, EM Lyon, EDHEC, Audencia, etc.) by competing with the major Parisian high schools such as Henri-IV, Louis-le-Grand and "Ginette".[3][4]
| 2023-09-03 05:47:21 |
Dóra Zeller - Wikipedia | Dóra Zeller (born 6 January 1995) is a Hungarian football forward playing for BK Häcken playing in Sweden's Damallsvenskan. She is a member of the Hungarian national team.[1]
This biographical article related to women's association football in Hungary is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This biographical article related to association football in Hungary, about a forward, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:47:25 |
Smarhon - Wikipedia | Smarhon or Smorgon (Belarusian: Смарго́нь, [smarˈɣonʲ]; Russian: Сморгонь; Lithuanian: Smurgainys; Polish: Smorgonie; Yiddish: סמאָרגאָן) is a city in Grodno Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Smarhon District.[1] It was the site of Smarhon air base, now mostly abandoned. Smarhon is located 107 kilometres (66 mi) from the capital, Minsk.
Within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Smarhon was part of Vilnius Voivodeship. In 1795, the town was acquired by the Russian Empire in the course of the Third Partition of Poland. Until the mid 19th century, Smarhon was a private property of the Radziwiłł family with most of its population being Jewish.
From 1921 until 1939, Smarhon (Smorgonie) was part of the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, the town was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR.
From 25 June 1941 until 4 July 1944, Smarhon was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Litauen of Reichskommissariat Ostland.
Smorgon is known as the place where a school of bear training, the so-called "Bear Academy", was founded.
Up until World War II, Smarhon was widely known for its baranki,[2] traditional Eastern European ring-shaped bread rolls, similar to bagels and bubliki. Russian food historian William Pokhlyobkin considered Smarhon to be the birthplace of baranki.[3] Baranki were supposedly used to feed bears in the Bear Academy. Written accounts of Smarhon baranki appeared in the 19th century. Polish-Lithuanian journalist Adam Kirkor wrote in the encyclopedia Picturesque Russia: "In Smorgon, Oshmyany district, Vilna province, almost all the petty bourgeois population is busy baking small bubliki, or kringles, which are widely known as Smorgon obvaranki. Each traveller would definitely buy several bundles of these bubliki; besides, they are transported to Vilna and other cities."[4] Władysław Syrokomla mentioned Smarhon as "the capital of obwarzanki famous in all Lithuania".[5] Smarhon obwarzanki were a traditional treat at Saint Casimir's Fair in Vilnius.[6][7]
Smarhon is twinned with:
| 2023-09-03 05:47:29 |
HMS Cockade (R34) - Wikipedia |
HMS Cockade was a C-class destroyer of the Royal Navy. A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a hat. So far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name.
Cockade was launched on 1 March 1944 and commissioned on 29 September 1945.
The C class were War Emergency Programme destroyers, intended for general duties, including use as anti-submarine escort, and were to be suitable for mass-production. They were based on the hull and machinery of the pre-war J-class destroyers, but with a lighter armament (effectively whatever armament was available) in order to speed production.[1][2] The 'Co' sub-class of eight ships formed the 13th Emergency Flotilla, one of three flotillas of War Emergency destroyers ordered under the 1942 War Construction Programme (the 'Ch', 'Co' and 'Cr' sub-classes (24 destroyers)) along with 16 of the larger Battle-class destroyer.[3]
The Co-class were 362 feet 9 inches (110.57 m) long overall, 348 feet 0 inches (106.07 m) at the waterline and 339 feet 6 inches (103.48 m) between perpendiculars, with a beam of 35 feet 8 inches (10.87 m) and a draught of 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m) mean and 14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m) full load.[4][5] Displacement was 1,870 long tons (1,900 t) standard and 2,505 long tons (2,545 t) full load.[5] Two Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers supplied steam at 300 pounds per square inch (2,100 kPa) and 630 °F (332 °C) to two sets of Parsons single-reduction geared steam turbines, which drove two propeller shafts. The machinery was rated at 40,000 shaft horsepower (30,000 kW) giving a maximum speed of 36 knots (41 mph; 67 km/h) and 32 knots (37 mph; 59 km/h) at full load. 615 tons of oil were carried, giving a range of 4,675 nautical miles (5,380 mi; 8,658 km) at 20 knots (23 mph; 37 km/h).[5]
The ship had a main gun armament of four 4.5-inch (120 mm) QF Mk. IV guns, capable of elevating to an angle of 55 degrees, giving a degree of anti-aircraft capability.[6][7] The close-in anti-aircraft armament was one Hazemayer stabilised twin mount for the Bofors 40 mm gun, two single 2-pounder (40 mm) "pom-pom"s and two Oerlikon 20 mm cannons.[8][9] One quadruple mount for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedoes was fitted, while the ship had an depth charge outfit of two depth charge mortars, with a total of 35 charges carried.[9] She had a crew of 186 officers and other ranks.[5]
Cockade was fitted with a Type 293 air/surface warning radar on the ship's lattice foremast, together with a Type 291 air warning radar on a pole mast aft. A Type 275 fire control radar was integrated with the ship's Mk VI HA/LA gun director, while the Hazemayer mount had an integrated Type 282 radar.[10]
Cockade underwent a modernisaton in 1952. One of her 4.5 inch guns was removed and replaced by a double Squid anti-submarine mortar, while the ship's sensor fit was updated, with modified sonar and Type 974 surface warning radar fitted.[11][12][13]
Cockade was ordered on 12 September 1942, and was laid down at Yarrow's Scotstoun shipyard on 11 March 1943. She was launched on 7 March 1944 and commissioned on 29 September 1945.[14]
Like all the War Emergency Destroyers ordered under the 1942 construction programme, delays in delivery of the ships fire-control director tower meant that Cockade commissioned too late to see service in the Second World War.[9] She was initially allocated the pennant number R34, although this was later changed to D34.[15] Her first commanding officer was Lt Cdr Terence Desmond Herrick, DSC RN.
After working up, Cockade was deployed to the Far East, joining the 8th Destroyer Flotilla in 1946.[16] While on passage back to the UK from the Far East in December 1947, Cockade and sister ship Contest were diverted to Aden in response to anti-Jewish rioting, with men from the two destroyers and the survey ship Challenger being landed to try to restore order.[17] On return to the UK, Cockade was used as an air target ship operating out of Plymouth. She returned to the Far East in early 1950, again joining the 8th Destroyer Flotilla.[16] Like the rest of the 8th Flotilla, Cockade subsequently saw service in the Korean War, taking part in escort, patrol and shore bombardment duties.[16][18] Whilst there she also visited Singapore and Japan.
Cockade's initial deployment to Korea was from July to November 1950,[16] where she formed part of the West Korea Support Element of the US-commanded Task Group 96.5. On 2 August 1950, Cockade and sister ship Cossack bombarded Mokpo, damaging docks and railway sidings.[19] In September and October that year, Cockade provided gunfire support off Wonsan,[16] and on 30 September to 2 October Cockade and the cruise Ceylon bombarded the North Korean garrison of Baengnyeongdo island, with Cockade sinking three floating mines during the operation.[20] Cockade's next deployment was from March and August 1951.[16] On 7 April she picked up a United States Air Force pilot who had been shot down behind the front lines three months earlier and hidden by Korean civilians.[16] On 6–7 May, Cockade, together with the American cruiser Helena and destroyers Buck, Fiske and Orleck, provided fire support to South Korean troops around Kosong.[21] Her next deployment to Korea was from October to December 1951. On the night of 30 November/1 December 1951, Cockade was covering the evacuation of troops from the South Korean-held island of Taehwa-to on the Pansong Archipelago when she was hit by gunfire from the shore, killing one rating.[16][22]
Cockade began her fourth deployment to Korea on 1 February 1952.[16] On 4 February, Cockade and the cruiser Ceylon supported the landings of irregular forces by the landing ships USS LST-516 and USS LST-692 on the island of Mudo-ri.[23] The deployment continued into March, and from 14 April to 2 August Cockade was refitted and modernised at Singapore. Her fifth deployment off Korea was from December 1952 to February 1953 and her fifth from April 1953 to July that year.[16] On 6 May 1953, Cockade bombarded railway targets near Sŏngjin, and was near missed by shore fire, and the next day was again fired on by shore batteries without receiving damage.[24]
On 24 August 1953, Cockade came to the assistance of the British mercantile freighter Nigelock (the former Flower-class corvette Nigella), carrying a cargo of vegetable and fruit deliveries from Shanghai to Amoy via the Taiwan Strait, when Nigelock was intercepted by a Republic of China Navy patrol boat which was enforcing Taiwan's Guanbi policy of blockading the coast of the Chinese mainland. After Cockade fired a warning shot, the Chinese ginboat turned away. Nigelock had been captured by a Republic of China Navy warship the previous week but had been released after intervention by the frigate St Brides Bay.[25][26]
In 1955, Cockade was deployed in response to the Malayan Emergency, carrying out bombardment duties against Communist insurgents of the Malayan National Liberation Army in south-east Johor, supporting operations by the 1/2 Gurkhas.[27] In November 1956 Cockade was one of several Royal Navy ships to visit Melbourne, Australia for the 1956 Summer Olympics.[28] In December 1956 Cockade visited Bluff and Auckland New Zealand.[29]
In early 1957, Cockade continued to take part in the Malayan Emergency as part of the 8th Destroyer Squadron. On 26 April, during night exercises, a star shell fired by Cockade landed in a gun bay on the Australian destroyer HMAS Tobruk, killing one seaman and severely wounding another.[30] Later in 1957 Cockade was stationed at Hong Kong.
At the end of 1957, on her return journey to Britain, Cockade was diverted to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) with a cargo of sugar as part of the British response to flooding.[31][32]
Cockade returned to Plymouth from the Far East on 27 January 1958, having steamed over 350,000 nautical miles (650,000 km; 400,000 mi) since her launch,[32] and decommissioned. The destroyer was laid up at Devonport in reserve pending disposal, with duties including acting as an accommodation ship for the frigate Tartar.[16] Following her decommissioning Cockade arrived in June 1964 to John Cashmore Ltd for breaking up at Newport, Wales.[16][33]
| 2023-09-03 05:47:34 |
Luca Gammaitoni - Wikipedia | Luca Gammaitoni (born 16 June 1961 in Perugia) is a scientist in the area of noise and nonlinear dynamics. He is currently the Director of the Noise in Physical System Laboratory (NiPS Lab) at the Physics Department of the Università di Perugia, in Italy.
He graduated in Physics at the University of Perugia and obtained his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pisa in 1991 (S. Santucci advisor). His thesis was entitled "Stochastic Resonance". He is currently Professor at the Faculty of Science of the University of Perugia in Italy. The Noise in Physical Systems (NiPS) Laboratory is a research facility within the Physics Department of the University of Perugia. NiPS has a long-standing tradition in studying physical systems in the presence of noise. Scientific interest ranges from stochastic nonlinear dynamics modelling to thermal noise measurements.[citation needed]
| 2023-09-03 05:47:37 |
Phlomis - Wikipedia |
100+, see text
Phlomis is a genus of over 100 species[1] of herbaceous plants, subshrubs and shrubs in the family Lamiaceae, native from the Mediterranean region east across central Asia to China.[2]
The name Phlomis derives from a Greek word for "flame", and may refer to the leaves' use in ancient times as lamp wicks.[3] Common names include Jerusalem sage and lampwick plant.
The overall size varies between species from 30 cm tall up to 2 m tall (12-79 in). The leaves are entire, opposite and decussate (each leaf pair at right angles to the next) and rugose or reticulate veined. The bracts (floral leaves) are similar or different from the lower leaves. All parts are frequently covered with hairs. The bracteoles are ovate, lanceolate or linear. The flowers are arranged in whorls called verticillasters which encircle the stems. The stems are usually square in section with rounded corners, although tomentum on the stems can make them appear circular. The colour of the flowers varies from yellow to pink, purple and white. The calyx is tubular or campanulate with five or ten veins visible. Five teeth, either all equal or with the outer two longer than the others. The upper lip is hood shaped and laterally compressed (P. tuberosa, however, has an uncompressed lip with a dense bearded edge). The lower lip is trifid, the central lobe being larger than the lateral ones. There are four stamens ascending under the upper lip. Anther with forked end, the upper fork being shorter than the lower. The fruits are four three-sided nutlets, and sometimes topped with hair, sometimes glabrous. The root system can be very extensive; roots of 6-week-old seedlings have been measured at 0.7 m.
Phlomis species are the only host plants of the moths Coleophora phlomidella and C. phlomidis.
The following species belong to genus Phlomis, but some of them are now distributed in the genus Phlomoides.[1][4][5]
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Events at the 2009 Canada Games - Wikipedia | This is a list of events and medallists at the 2009 Canada Games.
| 2023-09-03 05:47:47 |
Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency - Wikipedia |
Prayagraj is a Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Prayagraj saw two MPs elected and became the prime minister. Lal Bahadur Shastri became the prime minister during 1964–1966. V. P. Singh was elected twice from this constituency and later went on to become the prime minister.[2][3][4]
Bye-poll 1974 result not known)
^ denotes Bye-poll
WikiMiniAtlas25°24′N 81°48′E / 25.4°N 81.8°E / 25.4; 81.8
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Mark Griffin (politician) - Wikipedia |
Mark Griffin (born 19 October 1985) is a Scottish Labour politician who has served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Central Scotland region since 2011.
Raised in Kilsyth, he attended St Patrick's Primary School and then St. Maurice's High School in Cumbernauld, before studying Mechanical Engineering at the University of Strathclyde, where he graduated with a BEng (Hons) degree, in 2007. Griffin is a trained Mechanical Engineer and prior to his election to North Lanarkshire Council in 2008, he was a serving soldier in the British Territorial Army (TA).[1]
Having served as a North Lanarkshire Councillor from 2008 until 2012 (serving the multi-member Kilsyth ward), Griffin was elected on the Central Scotland regional list at the 2011 Scottish Parliament election.[2]
In May 2012, Griffin was appointed Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Sport. He held the role until July 2013, when he became Shadow Minister for Transport and Veterans.[citation needed] When Jim Murphy was elected Scottish Labour Party leader in December 2014, Griffin was appointed as Shadow Minister for Learning, Science and Scotland's Languages, covering school education, qualifications, science, HM Inspectorate of Education, the Scottish Qualifications Authority and languages.[citation needed]
Upon his election at the age of 25, Griffin became the youngest Member of the Scottish Parliament since its establishment in 1999.[3] Following the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, this record was taken by 21-year-old Ross Greer, who was elected for the Scottish Green Party.[4]
Griffin became one of the first MSPs elected in 2011 to put forward plans for a Members Bill. Through his work with the Cross Party Group on Deafness, he put the British Sign Language (BSL) (Scotland) Bill through Parliament. The Bill was supported in principle by the Scottish Government in late 2014 and passed into law in September 2015.[5][6]
In January 2014, Griffin was chosen as the Scottish Labour Party candidate for the Cumbernauld and Kilsyth constituency seat at the 2016 Scottish Parliament election. However, the seat was held by the Scottish National Party's Jamie Hepburn and Griffin was returned again on the Central Scotland regional list.[7]
In September 2020, Griffin quit as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Social Security and became the fourth MSP to call for Richard Leonard to resign as Scottish Labour leader, saying "Your personal approval ratings are extremely concerning; less than half of the voting public know who you are, a majority of those who do have a negative opinion of your leadership and a majority of Scottish Labour voters have a negative opinion of your leadership. I do not have confidence in your ability, after three years in post, to turn the situation around. I hope you will consider resigning from your position as leader in the best interests of the Scottish Labour Party."[8]
Griffin nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election.[9]
| 2023-09-03 05:47:54 |
Kaj Österberg - Wikipedia |
Kaj Österberg (born 8 December 1942) is a Finnish footballer.[1] He played in four matches for the Finland national football team in 1964.[2]
This biographical article relating to Finnish football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:47:58 |
Bruce Blair - Wikipedia |
Bruce Robert Blair (born 27 December 1957) is a New Zealand former cricketer who played first-class cricket for Otago and Northern Districts between 1977 and 1990.[1] He played 14 One Day Internationals for the New Zealand national cricket team in the mid-1980s. He coached Northern Districts from 2001 to 2006 and was later a coaching services advisor at the New Zealand Academy of Sport in Hamilton. He was a selector for both Northern Districts and Central Districts.[2]
Blair was born at Dunedin and educated at Otago Boys High School.[2] His father, Roy Blair, played for Otago in 1953–54 and his older brother, Wayne, played first-class cricket for Otago from 1967–68 to 1990–91.[3] A great-uncle, James Blair, also played for the provincial side in 1926–27
This biographical article related to a New Zealand cricket person born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:48:01 |
Pange lingua - Wikipedia | Pange lingua may refer to either of two Mediaeval Latin hymns of the Roman Catholic Church: one by St. Thomas Aquinas and one by Venantius Fortunatus[1] (530-609), which extols the triumph of the Cross. He wrote it for a procession that brought a part of the true Cross to Queen Radegunda in 570. This hymn is used on Good Friday during the Adoration of the Cross and in the Liturgy of the Hours during Holy Week and on feasts of the Cross. The concluding stanza was not written by Fortunatus, but was added later.
When used in the Liturgy the hymn is often broken into smaller hymns such as: Lustra sex qui iam peregit, En acetum, fel, arundo, and Crux fidelis inter omnes.
There is a charming ancient legend that is hinted at in the second verse of this hymn. According to this legend, the wood of the Cross upon which Christ was crucified was taken from that tree which was the source of the fruit of the fall in the Garden of Eden. When Adam died, the legend states, Seth obtained from the Cherubim guarding the Garden a branch of the tree from which Eve ate the forbidden fruit. Seth planted this branch at Golgotha (the place of the skull), which is so named because Adam was buried there. As time went on, the Ark of the Covenant, the pole upon which the bronze serpent was lifted, and other items were made from this tree.
| 2023-09-03 05:48:05 |
Mehlbek - Wikipedia | Mehlbek is a municipality in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
This Steinburg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:48:10 |
Pat Kronebusch - Wikipedia | Patricia Louise "Pat" Kronebusch (March 17, 1927 – April 3, 2004) was a Minnesota politician and a member of the Minnesota Senate who represented District 34, which included portions of Houston, Olmsted, Wabash and Winona counties in the southeastern part of the state. A Republican, she was first elected to the Senate in 1980, and was re-elected in 1982.[1]
While in the Senate, Kronebusch served on the Economic Development and Commerce, Energy and Housing, Finance, General Legislation and Administrative Rules, Transportation, and Veterans and General Legislation committees during her time in office. She was also a member of the Economic Development and Commerce subcommittees for Banking and for Consumer Protection, the Energy and Housing Subcommittee for Energy, the Finance Subcommittee for Agriculture/Transportation/Semi-States, the Transportation subcommittees for Highway Safety, for Rural and Commercial Transportation, and for Transit, and the Veterans and General Legislation Subcommittee for General Legislation. Her special legislative concerns included education, small business, transportation, veterans, banking, and agriculture.[1]
Kronebusch had lunch at the White House with President Ronald Reagan while she was in office, and authored a bill that would allow minors to donate their organs with the permission of their parents. She was also an active opponent of the state's elimination of the Council of the Economic Status of Women in 1983 in favor of a commission.[2] The reorganization as a joint legislative advisory commission eliminated all public members from the decision-making process. In 2005, the commission was renamed the Office on the Economic Status of Women and aligned under the Legislative Coordinating Commission.[3]
From the small town of Rollingstone in Winona County, Kronebusch attended the College of Saint Teresa in Winona, earning her B.A. degree in 1948. She later received her M.A. from Winona State University in 1969.[1] She was a teacher and homemaker when she decided to run for the District 34 Senate seat, unseating incumbent Senator Roger Laufenburger, who had defeated her father, Senator James "J.R." Keller, for the same seat (then called District 2) in 1962. After taking office, she even received her father's old desk in the senate chamber.[2][4]
Prior to being elected to the senate, Kronebusch was elected to the Winona District 861 School Board three times. She also served on the Winona State University Foundation Board of Directors and was involved in many state and local organizations including Birthright, the State of Minnesota Hospital Auxiliary Association, the State Rheumatoid Arthritis Advisory Board, and the National Federation of Business and Professional Women.[2]
| 2023-09-03 05:48:14 |
Thin space - Wikipedia | In typography, a thin space is a space character whose width is usually 1⁄5 or 1⁄6 of an em. It is used to add a narrow space, such as between nested quotation marks or to separate glyphs that interfere with one another. It is not as narrow as the hair space. It is also used in the International System of Units and in many countries as a thousands separator when writing numbers in groups of three digits, in order to facilitate reading.[1]
In Unicode, thin space is encoded at U+2009 THIN SPACE ( ,  ). Some text editors, such as IntelliJ IDEA and Android Studio, will display the character as its suggested abbreviation of "THSP".[2] Unicode's U+202F NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE is a non-breaking space with a width similar to that of the thin space.
In LaTeX and Plain TeX, \thinspace produces a narrow, non-breaking space.[3][4] Inside and outside of math formulae in LaTeX, \, also produces a narrow, non-breaking space.
In some versions of Microsoft Word, the symbol dialog (often available via Insert > Symbol or Insert > Special Characters), has both the thin space and the narrow no-break space available for point-and-click insertion. In Word's Symbol dialog, under font = "(normal text)", they are found in subset = "General Punctuation", Unicode character 2009 and nearby. Other word processing programs have ways of producing a thin space.
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The Beggar's Opera - Wikipedia |
The Beggar's Opera[1] is a ballad opera in three acts written in 1728 by John Gay with music arranged by Johann Christoph Pepusch. It is one of the watershed plays in Augustan drama and is the only example of the once thriving genre of satirical ballad opera to remain popular today. Ballad operas were satiric musical plays that used some of the conventions of opera, but without recitative. The lyrics of the airs in the piece are set to popular broadsheet ballads, opera arias, church hymns and folk tunes of the time.
The Beggar's Opera premiered at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre on 29 January 1728[2] and ran for 62 consecutive performances, the second-longest run in theatre history up to that time (after 146 performances of Robert Cambert's Pomone in Paris in 1671).[3] The work became Gay's greatest success and has been played ever since; it has been called "the most popular play of the eighteenth century".[4] In 1920, The Beggar's Opera began a revival run of 1,463 performances at the Lyric Theatre in Hammersmith, London, which was one of the longest runs in history for any piece of musical theatre at that time.[5]
The piece satirised Italian opera, which had become popular in London. According to The New York Times: "Gay wrote the work more as an anti-opera than an opera, one of its attractions to its 18th-century London public being its lampooning of the Italian opera style and the English public's fascination with it."[6][7] Instead of the grand music and themes of opera, the work uses familiar tunes and characters that were ordinary people. Some of the songs were by opera composers like Handel, but only the most popular of these were used. The audience could hum along with the music and identify with the characters. The story satirised politics, poverty and injustice, focusing on the theme of corruption at all levels of society. Lavinia Fenton, the first Polly Peachum, became an overnight success. Her pictures were in great demand, verses were written to her and books published about her. After appearing in several comedies, and then in numerous repetitions of The Beggar's Opera, she ran away with her married lover, Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton.
Bertolt Brecht (working from a translation into German by Elisabeth Hauptmann) adapted the work into Die Dreigroschenoper (The Threepenny Opera) in 1928, sticking closely to the original plot and characters but with a new libretto, and mostly new music by Kurt Weill.
The original idea of the opera came from Jonathan Swift, who wrote to Alexander Pope on 30 August 1716 asking "...what think you, of a Newgate pastoral among the thieves and whores there?" Their friend, Gay, decided that it would be a satire rather than a pastoral opera. For his original production in 1728, Gay intended all the songs to be sung without any accompaniment, adding to the shocking and gritty atmosphere of his conception.[8] However, a week or so before the opening night, John Rich, the theatre director, insisted on having Johann Christoph Pepusch, a composer associated with his theatre, write a formal French overture (based on two of the songs in the opera, including a fugue based on Lucy's 3rd act song "I'm Like A Skiff on the Ocean Toss'd") and also to arrange the 69 songs. Although there is no external evidence of who the arranger was, inspection of the original 1729 score, formally published by Dover Books, demonstrates that Pepusch was the arranger.[9]
The work took satiric aim at the passionate interest of the upper classes in Italian opera, and simultaneously set out to lampoon the notable Whig statesman Robert Walpole, and politicians in general, as well as such notorious criminals as Jonathan Wild, the thief-taker, Claude Duval, the highwayman, and Jack Sheppard, the prison-breaker. It also deals with social inequity on a broad scale, primarily through the comparison of low-class thieves and whores with their aristocratic and bourgeois "betters."
The airs of The Beggar's Opera in part allude to well-known popular ballads, and Gay's lyrics sometimes play with their wording in order to amuse and entertain the audience.[10] Gay used Scottish folk melodies mostly taken from the poet Allan Ramsay's hugely popular collection The Gentle Shepherd (1725) plus two French tunes (including the carol "Bergers, écoutez la musique!" for his song "Fill Every Glass"), to serve his hilariously pointed and irreverent texts. Macheath's satire on modern society ("The modes of the court so common are grown") is also sung to Henry Purcell's Lillibullero. Pepusch composed an overture and arranged all the tunes shortly before the opening night at Lincoln's Inn Fields on 28 January 1728. However, all that remains of Pepusch's score are the overture (with complete instrumentation) and the melodies of the songs without figured basses. Various reconstructions have been attempted, and a 1990 reconstruction of the score by American composer Jonathan Dobin has been used in a number of modern productions.[6]
Gay uses the operatic norm of three acts (as opposed to the standard in spoken drama of the time of five acts), and tightly controls the dialogue and plot so that there are surprises in each of the forty-five fast-paced scenes and 69 short songs. The success of the opera was accompanied by a public desire for keepsakes and mementos, ranging from images of Polly on fans and clothing, playing cards and fire-screens, broadsides featuring all the characters, and the rapidly published musical score of the opera.
The play is sometimes seen to be a reactionary call for libertarian values in response to the growing power of the Whig party.[11] It may also have been influenced by the then-popular ideology of John Locke that men should be allowed their natural liberties; these democratic strains of thought influenced the populist movements of the time, of which The Beggar's Opera was a part.[11]
The character of Macheath has been considered by critics as both a hero and an anti-hero. Harold Gene Moss, arguing that Macheath is a noble character, has written, "[one] whose drives are toward love and the vital passions, Macheath becomes an almost Christ-like victim of the decadence surrounding him." Contrarily, John Richardson in the peer-reviewed journal Eighteenth-Century Life has argued that Macheath is powerful as a literary figure precisely because he stands against any interpretation, "against expectation and illusion."[11] He is now thought to have been modeled on the gentleman highwayman, Claude Duval,[12][13] although interest in criminals had recently been raised by Jack Sheppard's escapes from Newgate.[14]
The Beggar's Opera has had an influence on all later British stage comedies, especially on nineteenth century British comic opera and the modern musical.
Peachum, a fence and thief-catcher, justifies his actions.[15] Mrs Peachum, overhearing her husband's blacklisting of unproductive thieves, protests regarding one of them: Bob Booty (the nickname of Robert Walpole). The Peachums discover that Polly, their daughter, has secretly married Macheath, the famous highwayman, who is Peachum's principal client. Upset to learn they will no longer be able to use Polly in their business, Peachum and his wife ask how Polly will support such a husband "in Gaming, Drinking and Whoring." Nevertheless, they conclude that the match may be more profitable to the Peachums if the husband can be killed for his money. They leave to carry out this errand. However, Polly has hidden Macheath.
Macheath goes to a tavern where he is surrounded by women of dubious virtue who, despite their class, compete in displaying perfect drawing-room manners, although the subject of their conversation is their success in picking pockets and shoplifting. Macheath discovers, too late, that two of them (Jenny Diver, Suky Tawdry) have contracted with Peachum to capture him, and he becomes a prisoner in Newgate prison. The prison is run by Peachum's associate, the corrupt jailer Lockit. His daughter, Lucy Lockit, has the opportunity to scold Macheath for having agreed to marry her and then broken this promise. She tells him that to see him tortured would give her pleasure. Macheath pacifies her, but Polly arrives and claims him as her husband. Macheath tells Lucy that Polly is crazy. Lucy helps Macheath to escape by stealing her father's keys. Her father learns of Macheath's promise to marry her and worries that if Macheath is recaptured and hanged, his fortune might be subject to Peachum's claims. Lockit and Peachum discover Macheath's hiding place. They decide to split his fortune.
Meanwhile, Polly visits Lucy to try to reach an agreement, but Lucy tries to poison her. Polly narrowly avoids the poisoned drink, and the two girls find out that Macheath has been recaptured owing to the inebriated Mrs Diana Trapes. They plead with their fathers for Macheath's life. However, Macheath now finds that four more pregnant women each claim him as their husband. He declares that he is ready to be hanged. The narrator (the Beggar), notes that although in a properly moral ending Macheath and the other villains would be hanged, the audience demands a happy ending, and so Macheath is reprieved, and all are invited to a dance of celebration, to celebrate his wedding to Polly.
The Beggar's Opera was met with widely varying reactions. Its popularity was documented in The Craftsman with the following entries:
"This Week a Dramatick Entertainment has been exhibited at the Theatre in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, entitled The Beggar's Opera, which has met with a general Applause, insomuch that the Waggs say it has made Rich very Gay, and probably will make Gay very Rich." (3 February 1728)
"We hear that the British Opera, commonly called The Beggar's Opera, continues to be acted, at the Theatre in Lincoln's-Inn Fields with general Applause, to the great Mortification of the Performers and Admirers of the Outlandish Opera in the Haymarket." (17 February 1728)[16]
Two weeks after opening night, an article appeared in The Craftsman, the leading opposition newspaper, ostensibly protesting at Gay's work as libellous and ironically assisting him in satirising the Walpole establishment by taking the government's side:
It will, I know, be said, by these libertine Stage-Players, that the Satire is general; and that it discovers a Consciousness of Guilt for any particular Man to apply it to Himself. But they seem to forget that there are such things as Innuendo's (a never-failing Method of explaining Libels)… Nay the very Title of this Piece and the principal Character, which is that of a Highwayman, sufficiently discover the mischievous Design of it; since by this Character every Body will understand One, who makes it his Business arbitrarily to levy and collect Money on the People for his own Use, and of which he always dreads to give an Account – Is not this squinting with a vengeance, and wounding Persons in Authority through the Sides of a common Malefactor?[17] The commentator notes the Beggar's last remark: "That the lower People have their Vices in a Degree as well as the Rich, and are punished for them," implying that rich People are not so punished.[18]
Criticism of Gay's opera continued long after its publication. In 1776, John Hawkins wrote in his History of Music that due to the opera's popularity, "Rapine and violence have been gradually increasing" solely because the rising generation of young men desired to imitate the character Macheath. Hawkins blamed Gay for tempting these men with "the charms of idleness and criminal pleasure," which Hawkins saw Macheath as representing and glorifying.[19]
In 1729, Gay wrote a sequel, Polly, set in the West Indies: Macheath, sentenced to transportation, has escaped and become a pirate, while Mrs Trapes has set up in white-slaving and shanghais Polly to sell her to the wealthy planter Mr Ducat. Polly escapes dressed as a boy, and after many adventures marries the son of a Carib chief.
The political satire, however, was even more pointed in Polly than in The Beggar's Opera, with the result that Prime Minister Robert Walpole leaned on the Lord Chamberlain to have it banned, and it was not performed until fifty years later.[20]
As was typical practice of the time in London, a commemorative "score" of the entire opera was assembled and published quickly. As was common, this consisted of the fully arranged overture followed by the melodies of the 69 songs, supported by only the simplest bass accompaniments. There are no indications of dance music, accompanying instrumental figures or the like, except in three instances: Lucy's "Is Then His Fate Decree'd Sir" – one measure of descending scale marked "Viol." –; Trape's "In the Days of My Youth", in which the "fa la la chorus is written as "viol."; and the final reprieve dance, Macheath's "Thus I Stand Like A Turk", which includes two sections of 16 measures of "dance" marked "viol." (See the 1729 score, formerly published by Dover).
The absence of the original performing parts has allowed producers and arrangers free rein. The tradition of personalised arrangements, dating back at least as far as Thomas Arne's later 18th century arrangements, continues today, running the gamut of musical styles from Romantic to Baroque: Austin, Britten, Sargent, Bonynge, Dobin and other conductors have each imbued the songs with a personal stamp, highlighting different aspects of characterisation. The hornpipe tune to which Nancy Dawson danced between acts in The Beggar's Opera in the mid-1700s is now used for "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush".[21] Following is a list of some of the most highly regarded 20th-century arrangements and settings of the opera.
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1979 in Iceland - Wikipedia | ←
→
The following lists events that happened in 1979 in Iceland.
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Rashid Behbudov Street - Wikipedia |
Rashid Behbudov Street (Azerbaijani: Rəşid Behbudov küçəsi) is an arterial road in central Baku, Azerbaijan, named after famed Azerbaijani singer Rashid Behbudov.[1] It begins at the south end of the Sabayil district of Baku and continues north, terminating at intersection with Bakikhanov Street intersecting Uzeyir Hajibeyov Street.
The former names of the street include "Budagovskaya", "Kaspiyskaya", "Lieutenant Schmidt". It was renamed after a renowned Azerbaijani singer and actor Rashid Behbudov. It stretches 2.16 km (1.34 mi). Connecting Neftchiler Avenue in Baku downtown via stretch of Bakikhanov street to Tbilisi Avenue, which leads to northern entrance of Baku. Rashid Behbudov Street is heavy with traffic throughout the day. Both OVIR (Department of Visas and Registration) issuing passports and Azerbaijan University of Languages are located on Rashid Behbudov street, which causes more traffic during the academic year, due to the increased number of commuting students and incoming citizens from other parts of the country to register their passports.
The southern part of the street has many buildings from the 19th century with many boutiques, shops and upscale restaurants, whereas the northern part is seen with newly built high-rise buildings.
Kids in front of Pushkin school No. 5 (now School No. 8)
House of Murtuza Mukhtarov
By the Jazz Center of Baku, intersection of 28 May Street in the distance
Azerbaijan University of Languages
Intersection of Rashid Behbudov and 28 May Streets
19th-century building
A quite garden
19th-century house
School No. 8
Azerbaijani Musical Arts Museum
Park
Public garden
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Kharakhi - Wikipedia | Kharakhi (Russian: Харахи) is a rural locality (a selo) in Khunzakhsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. Population: 1,260 (2021 Census);[1] 1,223 (2002 Census);[2] 1,072 (1989 Census).[3] There are 10 streets in this selo.[4]
It is located 19 km from Khunzakh (the district's administrative centre), 88 km from Makhachkala (capital of Dagestan) and 1,630 km from Moscow. Tukita is the nearest rural locality.[5]
This Republic of Dagestan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:48:32 |
C&C Prize - Wikipedia | The NEC C&C Prize (Japanese: C&C賞) is an award given by the NEC Corporation "in recognition of outstanding contributions to research and development and/or pioneering work in the fields of semiconductors, computers, telecommunications and their integrated technologies."[1] Established in 1985, through the NEC's nonprofit C&C Foundation, C&C Prizes are awarded to two groups or individuals annually. There is no restriction on nationality of nominees. Winners will receive a prize which includes a cash award of 10,000,000 yen and a certificate. The award ceremony is held annually in Tokyo, Japan.
Medal recipients include Nobel Prize winners and scientists, from the father of optics to the pioneer of Internet.
Wilkes: First Electronic Computer - C&C Prize, 1981
Kao: Father of Optics - C&C Prize, 1987
Vint: Internet Pioneer - C&C Prize, 1996
Dijkstra: Shortest Path - C&C Prize, 2002
Linus: Creator of Linux - C&C Prize, 2010
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Anaxita decorata - Wikipedia |
Anaxita decorata, the decorated beauty, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Mexico[1] and Central America.
This Phaegopterina-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:48:40 |
Layoni, Indonesia - Wikipedia | WikiMiniAtlas06°58′59″S 129°07′59″E / 6.98306°S 129.13306°E / -6.98306; 129.13306
Layoni (also Layeni) is a village in the Maluku Islands of Indonesia.
This article about a location in Maluku Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:48:43 |
Arp, Texas - Wikipedia |
Arp is a city in Smith County, in the U.S. state of Texas. It is part of the Tyler metropolitan statistical area. According to the United States Census Bureau. The population was 892 in the 2020 census.[4]
The area where the town of Arp now sits was occupied by Caddoan peoples in pre-Columbian periods and was a part of the Treaty of Bowles Village in 1836 that granted Smith and Cherokee counties along with parts of Rusk, Gregg and Van Zandt counties to the Texas Cherokee and twelve associated tribes. The Cherokee War of 1839 forced the Native Americans out. However, the area was again occupied by Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Creek Indians after 1845. The descendants of these people formed the Mount Tabor Indian Community and a number continue to reside in Smith and Rusk counties today.
The settlement that would become Arp was called Bissa, from the Choctaw/Chickasaw word for blackberry, as early as the 1800s. It was later called Jarvis Junction and then Strawberry, after the fruit that was grown in the area. It was finally renamed "Arp" for Bill Arp (pen name of Charles Henry Smith), a Georgia humorist who was nationally known in the late 19th century. Supposedly, the three-letter name was also chosen for its brevity, which allowed local strawberry producers to spend less time hand-marking their crates.[5]
Arp is located at WikiMiniAtlas32°13′33″N 95°3′19″W / 32.22583°N 95.05528°W / 32.22583; -95.05528 (32.225794, –95.055140).[6]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.5 square miles (6.3 km2), all land.
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 892 people, 383 households, and 292 families residing in the city.
As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 970 people, 361 households, and 259 families residing in the city. The population density was 367.6 inhabitants per square mile (141.9/km2). There were 405 housing units at an average density of 165.2 per square mile (63.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.34% White, 3.22% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.44% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.55% of the population.
There were 361 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $38,807. Males had a median income of $27,443 versus $22,202 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,619. About 4.2% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.
The City of Arp is served by the Arp Independent School District, and includes an elementary school, junior high school and high school.[11]
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Ogiernicze - Wikipedia | Ogiernicze [ɔɡʲɛrˈɲit͡ʂɛ] (German: Legelsdorf, Silesian: Ôgyrnicze) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biała, within Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.[1] It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Biała, 19 km (12 mi) north-east of Prudnik, and 28 km (17 mi) south-west of the regional capital Opole.
This Prudnik County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:48:51 |
List of number-one albums of 1986 (Spain) - Wikipedia |
The List of number-one albums of 1986 in Spain is derived from the Top 100 España record chart published weekly by PROMUSICAE (Productores de Música de España), a non-profit organization composed by Spain and multinational record companies. This association tracks record sales (physical and digital) in Spain.[1]
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Brookes Shawnigan Lake - Wikipedia | Brookes Shawnigan Lake is an independent private boarding school located in Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 2009, originally under the name Dwight International School, it offers the International Baccalaureate diploma program to students from grades 7 through 12.[1] Brookes Shawnigan Lake is a member of the Brookes Education Group, a global family of schools with campuses in Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, India, Russia, and Korea.
Brookes Shawnigan Lake is located on the eastern shore of Shawnigan Lake, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The school's property has been used for educational purposes as far back as 1927, starting as the Strathcona Lodge Girls Boarding School.[2] The Maxwell International Baháʼí School was established on the spot in 1988 by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Canada in honour of architect William Sutherland Maxwell and his wife May, two of the earliest Baháʼís in Canada. A co-ed Baháʼí school, it offered boarding students and day students instruction from grades 7–12. Its educational philosophy was based on the principles of the Baháʼí Faith. Students attended from all over the world. Maxwell International School closed on its 20th anniversary in 2008.
Dwight International School was founded at the site in 2009[3] having purchased the Maxwell International property following its closure. Dwight International School became Dwight School Canada in 2012. Dwight School Canada was a member of the global family of Dwight Schools, and in 2015 became one of the founding schools of the Brookes Education Group. Dwight School Canada was re-branded as Brookes Shawnigan Lake in 2016.
Brookes Shawnigan Lake is a member of the International Baccalaureate Organization and offers the 2 year IB Diploma Programme to graduating students.[4] The school received its IB World School status in February 2010 from Switzerland's International Baccalaureate Organisation.[5] In 2016, Brookes entered the candidacy phase to begin offering the IB Middle Years Programme to grades 7-10, and expects to become fully authorized for this programme by 2018.
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List of members of the European Parliament for the Czech Republic, 2009–2014 - Wikipedia |
This is a list of the 22 members of the European Parliament for the Czech Republic in the 2009 to 2014 session.
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December 6 (novel) - Wikipedia | December 6 is a 2003 thriller novel by American author Martin Cruz Smith.[1]
In late 1941, Harry Niles owns a bar for American and European expatriates, journalists, and diplomats, in Tokyo's entertainment district, called the "Happy Paris". With only 24 hours until Japanese fighters and bombers attack Pearl Harbor, Niles has to consult with the local US ambassador, break up with a desperate lover, evade the police, escape the vengeance of an aggrieved samurai officer and leave the island, the exit points from which are all closed. Having grown up in Tokyo, Niles is fluent in the Japanese language and culture, and is highly streetwise.[2][3]
The novel was published in England under the name Tokyo Station.[4]
This article about a thriller novel of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page. | 2023-09-03 05:49:07 |
Maddin in Love - Wikipedia | Maddin in Love is a German television series.
This German television programme–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:49:11 |
Jaber Abu Hussein - Wikipedia |
Jaber Abu Hussein (Arabic: جابر أبو حسين; c. 1913–1992), an Arabic poet and singer of the Taghribat Bani Hilal (also known in the Middle East as Al Seera Al Hilaleyah ).[1][2][3][4]
This Egyptian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:49:14 |
Đuro Dukanović - Wikipedia |
Đuro Dukanović (22 April 1902 – 1 April 1945)[1] was a Yugoslav cyclist.[2] He competed in two events at the 1924 Summer Olympics.[3]
This biographical article relating to Yugoslav cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:49:19 |
Slobozhan kobzars - Wikipedia | The kobzari of the Slobozhan bandura tradition were kobzari who lived in the Slobozhan region around the city of Kharkiv, Ukraine. They include Petro Drevchenko, Pavlo Hashchenko, Hnat Honcharenko, Horobetz, F. Hrytsenko-Kholodny, Hryhory Kozhushko, Ivan Kuchuhura Kucherenko, Ivan Netesa, Odnorih, Stepan Pasiuha, Mykola Ryhorenko and P. Trotchenko.
The traditions and playing technique used by the Slobozhan bandurists became the basis for the academic Kharkiv school of bandura playing developed by Hnat Khotkevych.
This article about Ukrainian culture is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:49:22 |
2023 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira - Wikipedia | The 2023 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 45th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira. It was played between the winners of the 2022–23 Primeira Liga, Benfica and the winners of the 2022–23 Taça de Portugal, Porto, on 9 August 2023. Benfica won the match 2–0 to secure their 9th Supertaça title.[1][2]
This was the thirteenth time the Supertaça was played at the Estádio Municipal de Aveiro, having hosted all Supertaça matches but two since 2009, both of them played at Estádio Algarve, in 2015 and 2019.[3]
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Eric Lohr - Wikipedia | Eric Lohr is the chair of the department of history at American University.[1]
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USS Walworth County - Wikipedia |
USS Walworth County (LST-1164), previously USS LST-1164, was a United States Navy landing ship tank (LST) in commission from 1953 to 1971, and which then saw non-commissioned Military Sealift Command service as USNS Walworth County (T-LST-1164) from 1972 to 1973.
Walworth County was designed under project SCB 9A and laid down as USS LST-1164 on 22 September 1952 at Pascagoula, Mississippi by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 15 May 1953, sponsored by Mrs. John A. Furr, and commissioned on 26 October 1953.[1]
LST-1164 departed Pascagoula on 20 November 1953, bound for Norfolk, Virginia. She conducted shakedown in the Chesapeake Bay and became a unit of Landing Ship Tank Division 23. The ship arrived at her home port of Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, Virginia Beach, Virginia, on 3 December 1953. On 6 April 1954, LST-1164 departed the amphibious base for a brief stop at the United States Naval Reserve training center at Jacksonville, Florida. On 19 April 1954, the ship took part in simulated nuclear warfare strikes and returned to Little Creek on 25 May 1954.[1]
LST-1164 spent June 1954 participating in amphibious exercises at Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. LST-1164 returned to Little Creek on 11 July 1954 for voyage repairs in the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, and towing exercises off Little Creek beach.[1]
From 3 November 1954 through 24 March 1955, the ship participated in various exercises with the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army in the areas of Camp Pendleton, Virginia; Onslow Beach, North Carolina; and Vieques Island, Puerto Rico.[1]
On 30 March 1955, LST-1164 entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for a four-month overhaul. During that period, she was named USS Walworth County (LST-1164) on 1 July 1955. She returned to Little Creek on 5 August 1955 and conducted exercises in the Chesapeake Bay. The ship put to sea on 21 September 1955 for nuclear attack drills along the United States East Coast; gunnery practice in operating areas out of Jacksonville, Florida, and assault beaching runs with men of the 3rd Marine Regiment and their vehicles and combat equipment on the coast of North Carolina. Walworth County returned to Little Creek on 8 November 1955 and spent the following months in local waters with trips to Guantanamo Bay and the Caribbean.[1]
In January 1956, as part of LANTRAEX-56, she left Morehead City, NC for Vieques, Puerto Rico carrying tanks in her well deck, trucks and construction equipment topside along with Marines from the 2nd Shore Party Bn. 2nd Marine Division.[citation needed]
Walworth County left Norfolk with a load of ammunition on 7 May 1956 and, two weeks later, arrived at the United States naval base at Port Lyautey, French Morocco. On 9 May 1956, she sailed for Greece and arrived at Piraeus on 30 May 1956 for operations with an amphibious task force of the United States Sixth Fleet which took her to principal ports of the Mediterranean Sea. Walworth County returned home to Little Creek on 26 September 1956. She spent the remainder of 1956 in local operating areas.[1]
On 5 March 1957, Walworth County arrived at the Naval Base at Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone. From there, she took survey parties to beaching sites in the Chagres River and other places in preparation for Operation Caribex which tested the mobility of American forces in defending the Panama Canal.[1]
Walworth County returned to Little Creek from her Panama cruise on 16 March 1957 and put to sea on 10 April 1957 to participate in a three-phase operation involving the U.S. Marine Corps, the U.S. Army, and the United States Air Force. The exercise—conducted on Vieques Island, Fort Lorenzo, Canal Zone, and Rio Hata — terminated on 28 April 1957; and Walworth County underwent extended upkeep in the New York Naval Shipyard in Brooklyn, New York, from 14 May 1957 through 11 July 1957. She returned to Little Creek the following day and began local operations which lasted until 14 November 1957. At that time, Walworth County undertook exercises with amphibious warfare forces that included practice assaults with Marines on Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, and St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands.[1]
Walworth County returned to Little Creek on 25 March 1958 but a month later headed for Morehead City, North Carolina. There, she loaded Marines and combat cargo in preparation for an amphibious training operation to be held in the Mediterranean with forces of the United Kingdom and Italy. She transited the Strait of Gibraltar on 14 May 1958 and visited the ports of Izmir, Turkey; Athens, Greece; and Suda Bay, Crete. However, the operation was cancelled because of Middle East tensions, and Walworth County had the distinction of acting as a primary control ship in the initial landing of Marines at Beirut, Lebanon, on 15 July 1958. Her operations in this area continued until 1 October 1958 when she departed Beirut and sailed for the United States. She reached Morehead City on 19 October 1958 and became a unit of Amphibious Squadron 6.[1]
From 12 December 1958 to 24 February 1959, Walworth County underwent an overhaul in the Charleston Naval Shipyard at Charleston, South Carolina. The ship conducted local operations and visited Guantanamo Bay before sailing for Spain. She arrived at Rota, Spain, on 30 July 1959 and commenced her third Mediterranean tour which lasted until 9 February 1960.[1]
Walworth County returned to Morehead City and spent the following months conducting practice landings at Onslow Beach, making cruises to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and to Bermuda, and completing another tour of duty in the Caribbean Sea that included amphibious warfare practice in the waters of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[1]
On 28 October 1960, Walworth County sailed from Little Creek with Amphibious Squadron 6 for a fourth Mediterranean deployment. The ship gave effective support to assault practice with Marine battalion landing teams at Augusta Bay, Sicily; with Greek raider teams at Nauplion, Greece; and with both Amphibious Squadrons 6 and 4 and two Marine battalion landing teams at Portoscuso, Sardinia.
Walworth County returned to Little Creek on 19 May 1961 and underwent overhaul in the Norfolk Naval Shipyard through September 1961. She spent the remainder of 1961 in amphibious assault training on Onslow Beach and at Camp Pendleton, Virginia, where she took part in Army landing assault training.[1]
Walworth County departed Little Creek on 17 January 1962, embarked Marines at Morehead City, and headed for
Guantanamo Bay to participate in Operation Springboard 62. The ship made calls at several Caribbean ports and then disembarked the Marines at Morehead City on 1 March 1962. On 5 March 1962, she returned to Norfolk where she was placed on restricted availability status until 15 May 1962.[1]
In May 1962, Walworth County embarked Marines of "Foxtrot" Company, Battalion Landing Team 2/6 and, on 1 June 1962, proceeded to tour the entire length of the Mediterranean from Alicante, Spain, to Marmaris, Turkey, where she operated with combined Turkish and Greek forces. After extensive exercises, including seven amphibious training assaults on various beaches, she sailed for her home port and arrived at Norfolk on 20 October 1962.[1]
On 21 October 1962, the day after she arrived at Norfolk, Walworth County was called upon to participate in the blockade of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis and operated in the Caribbean with the ready amphibious group until 4 December 1962, when she returned to the United States and debarked Marines at Morehead City. Walworth County arrived at Norfolk the following day and spent the remainder of 1962 in leave and upkeep.[1]
During the early part of 1963, Walworth County conducted local operations in the Little Creek area. After entering Gibbs Shipyard at Jacksonville, Florida, on 3 April 1963, she completed her scheduled yard period and sea trials, then headed for Little Creek on 10 June 1963. The ship took part in amphibious refresher training through July and August 1963, followed by a three-week period of restricted availability. During the remainder of 1963, she participated in local operations, visited Rockland, Maine, to obtain tactical data for the LST-1156-class landing ships tank (of which she was a part), and underwent overhaul.[1]
In January 1964, Walworth County got underway for Panama where she spent more than four months, making 16 transits of the Panama Canal, including one round trip which she completed in less than 23 hours. Late in May 1964, she returned to Little Creek and, after tender availability, took part in the "MEBLEX" and midshipman exercises. Following this, she made a call to New York for the 1964 World's fair and returned to Little Creek on 11 August 1964. While in port, Walworth County was used in the production of a Bureau of Medicine and Surgery mental health movie. In late August 1964, Walworth County again got underway for a lift to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and returned via Miami, Florida, on 13 September 1964.[1]
Walworth County spent a short period in the yard before getting underway on 5 October 1964 for "Steel Pike I," the largest amphibious exercise since World War II. Besides carrying out her role in the operation, she called at Rota, Spain, and the Canary Islands before returning home on 28 November 1964.[1]
Walworth County spent the end of 1964 and beginning of 1965 undergoing tender availability.[1]
In early February 1965, she sailed for Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, and took liberty in the U.S. Virgin Islands and at San Juan and Ponce, Puerto Rico. She arrived back at Little Creek on 8 March 1965 and then participated in exercises to train U.S. Army personnel in amphibious warfare. Following these training exercises, the ship conducted local operations and made preparations for an upcoming deployment.[1]
Having completed all preparations, Walworth County got underway with Amphibious Squadron 6 on 24 January 1966. She proceeded to Bermuda as an escort for minesweepers when the squadron was recalled. After spending one week in Bermuda, she returned to Little Creek. On 6 March 1966, the ship got underway for her sixth Mediterranean tour. There, she joined in a combined North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) exercise and other amphibious assault operations. On 1 July 1966, she became a part of Amphibious Squadron 8. Walworth County returned to the United States on 2 August 1966.[1]
Walworth County underwent a period of training and upkeep, and then spent the final weeks of August 1966 on a midshipman cruise and taking on board dependents of the crew for a day at sea.[1]
On 1 September 1966, Walworth County got underway for Guantanamo Bay with Marines embarked. After a short stay, she returned to her home port where she underwent training and upkeep. On 26 September 1966, she headed for the Boston, Massachusetts, operating area with civilian technicians and representatives from the Naval Ordnance Testing Laboratory. The ship travelled to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to unload testing equipment before returning to Little Creek. On 18 October 1966, Walworth County underwent a period of tender availability. Late in November 1966, she participated in an exercise off Vieques Island and put into San Juan, Puerto Rico, for repairs. On 15 December 1966 she got underway for Little Creek and spent the end of 1966 there.[1]
The new year, 1967, found Walworth County in the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for repairs to her propellers, but she returned to Little Creek on 20 March 1967. After a short trip to New York, she got underway on 8 April 1967 and headed for the Caribbean to participate in the joint services exercise "Clove Hitch III." She returned to Little Creek on 4 May 1967 and spent a month undergoing maintenance and post-repair training.[1]
Walworth County devoted September and October 1967 to a goodwill tour off Deal Island, Maryland, and Operation "JCOC 37," an amphibious assault off Onslow Beach, North Carolina. From 27 October 1967 to 10 November 1967, Walworth County was deployed to the Caribbean. On the ship's return to Little Creek, she began an overhaul and then prepared for an upcoming Mediterranean tour.[1]
On 3 January 1968, Walworth County got underway for Morehead City, where she embarked Marines and loaded equipment. On 6 January 1968, she rendezvoused with five minesweepers and began the voyage across the North Atlantic for her seventh Mediterranean cruise. She reached Rota, Spain, on 3 February 1968 and began a series of "Phiblex" exercises which took her to Sardinia and Corsica. Her crew was given shore leave at Toulon, France; La Spezia and Naples, Italy; and Rota, Spain. On 27 April 1968, Walworth County took part in Operation "Dawn Patrol" involving 40 ships of five nations. The exercises were completed on 12 May 1968 at Timbakion, Crete. The ship then sailed for Rota, Spain, and steamed across the North Atlantic. She arrived at Morehead City on 8 June 1968 and proceeded to Little Creek, where she arrived on 9 June 1968.[1]
After a month of maintenance, Walworth County participated in a riverine warfare exercise in Virginia's James River, which taught the fundamentals of river warfare and lessons learned in the Vietnam War, from 9 July 1968 to 19 July 1968. The ship then spent the remainder of July and most of August undergoing a tender availability.[1]
Walworth County got underway on 23 September 1968 for a United States Southern Command deployment as a member of Landing Ship Tank Division 41. After a trip to the Panama Canal Zone, she got underway on 9 October 1968 for a visit to Jamaica. Upon reaching Montego Bay, Walworth County was called back to Panama when an uprising overthrew the Panamanian government. She arrived in the Panama Canal Zone on 14 October 1968 and, the next day, transited the canal to the Pacific Ocean. She remained at the Rodman Naval Station in Panama until 8 November 1968.[1]
Loaded with Operation Handclasp material, Walworth County got underway for Ecuador on 8 November 1968 and arrived at Guayaquil on 9 November 1968. She returned to Rodman Naval Station on 17 November 1968 and, except for four amphibious landings and a round-trip transit of the Panama Canal, remained there until 9 January 1969.[1]
From 1 March 1969 to 16 May 1969, Walworth County underwent upkeep at the Norfolk Shipbuilding and Drydock Corporation in Berkley, Virginia. The ship then began a period of upkeep at her home port of Little Creek. On 21 July 1969, she started amphibious refresher training and then prepared for movement overseas. From 15 September 1969 through 25 November 1969, the ship operated in the Caribbean Ready Group.[1]
Upon her return to Little Creek, Walworth County began another period of leave and upkeep. Then she conducted a training exercise from 12 January 1970 to 16 January 1970. On 30 January 1970, she began a month of tender availability by repair ship USS Vulcan (AR-5), which was moored at the Naval Station Norfolk. This work lasted until 20 February 1970, when Walworth County returned to Little Creek.[1]
Following several months of local operations, Walworth County sailed independently on 8 July 1970 for South America. Her mission was primarily one of good will. She delivered earthquake relief supplies to Peruvian ports and carried Project Handclasp material to Ecuador. For the remainder of the deployment, Walworth County carried out many and varied missions, ranging from being a home for Smithsonian Institution scientists performing marine biology research to acting as a ferryboat for United States exhibits to a regional fair at Bocas del Toro, Panama. The scientists worked with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, which conducts research all around Panama including the Panama Canal, Bocas del Toro Archipelago,[1] and Laguna de Chiriquí.[4][5] During her three-month deployment, Walworth County steamed over 9,000 nautical miles (16,668 kilometers), and she received a letter of commendation from Admiral C. D. Nace, Commander, United States Naval Forces, Southern Command and Commandant, 15th Naval District. After a final transit of the Panama Canal, Walworth County headed homeward, arriving back at Little Creek on 23 October 1970.[1]
Following the post-deployment leave periods, Walworth County commenced preparations for inactivation. On 4 January 1971, operational and administrative control of the ship was shifted from Amphibious Force, United States Atlantic Fleet to the Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility, Norfolk, Virginia.[1]
After three months of work by her crew, Walworth County was decommissioned on 2 April 1971. She subsequently was towed to Orange, Texas, where she arrived on 14 April 1971. She was drydocked on 11 May 1971 for the underwater phase of inactivation, with the topside phase scheduled to commence upon completion of the drydock phase.[1] She then was laid up in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Texas Group at Orange, Texas.[citation needed]
In May 1972, Walworth County was scheduled for transfer to the Maritime Administration and layup in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, Benicia, California, but instead she served in a non-commissioned status with a primarily civilian crew as a cargo ship in the Military Sealift Command (MSC) as a United States Naval Ship, USNS Walworth County (T-LST-1164), from May 1972 until stricken from the Navy List on 1 November 1973.[1]
On 19 June 1974, Walworth County was turned over to the Maritime Administration and berthed at Suisun Bay as part of the National Defense Reserve Fleet.[1]
On 7 August 1984, Walworth County and three of her sister ships -- USS Traverse County (LST-1160), USS Waldo County (LST-1163), and USS Washoe County (LST-1165)—were leased to Peru, and Walworth County was commissioned into service in the Peruvian Navy as Paita (DT-141) on 4 March 1985. Peru renewed the lease on all four ships in August 1989 and August 1994,[6] and the United States sold all four outright to Peru on 26 April 1999 under the Security Assistance Program; all four were struck from the U.S. Naval Register on the day of the sale. She was decommissioned by the Peruvian Navy in September 2012.[citation needed]
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SS Cayuga - Wikipedia |
WikiMiniAtlas45°43′14.34″N 85°11′24.06″W / 45.7206500°N 85.1900167°W / 45.7206500; -85.1900167
SS Cayuga was a steel-hulled American package freighter in service between 1889 and 1895. She was built in 1889 in Cleveland, Ohio, by the Globe Iron Works Company for the Lehigh Valley Transit Company of Buffalo, New York. One of five identical sister ships, Cayuga entered service in 1889, carrying package freight between Buffalo and Chicago, Illinois, also making stops in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Gladstone, Michigan. Prior to her sinking, Cayuga was involved in two accidents. In the first in 1890, when she went aground in a gale just outside of Buffalo harbour; six tugboats managed to pull her free that same day. The second accident occurred in 1891, when Cayuga was involved in a collision with the package freighter Delaware near Cheboygan, Michigan.
On the morning of May 10, 1895, Cayuga while bound for Buffalo with a cargo of oats, flour and general merchandise. A thick fog hung over Lake Michigan. As Cayuga neared Ile Aux Galets, her crew spotted the lights of the downbound wooden freighter Joseph L. Hurd. At 4:00 or 4:30 a.m., Joseph L. Hurd struck Cayuga on her starboard side, tearing a hole in her hull; Joseph L. Hurd lost her bow, but was kept afloat by her cargo, while Cayuga sank 25 minutes later. The passing freighter Manola rescued the crews of the two vessels. The steward/cook of Joseph L. Hurd was the only casualty.
The wreck of Cayuga was located later in 1895. Due to her value, multiple attempts to raise her were made between 1896 and 1900 by Captain James Reid of Bay City, Michigan. His efforts were plagued by problems such as decompression sickness, the loss of several steel pontoons, a derrick barge and the alleged death of a hard-hat diver. Cayuga's wreck was re-discovered in the spring of 1969 by John Steele and Gene Turner.
In 1843, the gunship USS Michigan, built in Erie, Pennsylvania, became the first iron-hulled vessel constructed on the Great Lakes.[1] In the mid-1840s, Canadian companies began importing iron vessels prefabricated by shipyards in the United Kingdom. However, it would not be until 1862 that the first iron-hulled merchant ship, Merchant, was fabricated in Buffalo, New York.[1] Despite the success of Merchant, wooden vessels remained preferable to iron ones until the 1880s, due to their affordability and the region's abundance of timber.[2][3][4] In the early 1880s, shipyards around the Great Lakes began to construct iron ships on a relatively large scale; in 1882, Onoko, an iron freighter, temporarily became the largest ship on the lakes.[4][5] In 1884, the first steel freighters were built on the Great Lakes, and by the 1890s, the majority of ships constructed on the lakes were steel.[6]
Cayuga (US official number 126556) was built on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in 1889 in Cleveland, Ohio, by the Globe Iron Works Company.[7][8][9] The second of five identical sister ships built between 1888 and 1890, she was one of the first steel freighters built on the Great Lakes, as well as the fourteenth steel ship built by the Globe Iron Works Company.[10][11][12][A] Cayuga was named after Cayuga Creek, a stream in western New York.[17][B]
Cayuga's overall hull length was 308.8 feet (94.1 m) (some sources state 306.8 feet (93.5 m) or 308 feet (93.9 m)) with a length between perpendiculars of 290 feet (88.4 m) (one source states 292.2 feet (89.1 m)).[7][9][18][19] Her beam was 40.66 feet (12.4 m) (some sources state 40.8 feet (12.4 m) or 41 feet (12.5 m)) wide, while her hull was 23.5 feet (7.2 m) (some sources state 22.6 feet (6.9 m) or 25.5 feet (7.8 m)) deep.[7][8][9][18] Cayuga's gross register tonnage was 2,669, with a net register tonnage of 1,939.[7][8][18][20] She had a cargo capacity of about 3,000 long tons (3,048 t); when Cayuga was fully loaded, she had a draft of 16.5 feet (5.0 m).[9]
She was powered by a 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) 85 rpm triple expansion steam engine. The cylinders of the engine were 24 inches (61.0 cm), 38 inches (96.5 cm) and 61 inches (154.9 cm) in diameter and had a stroke of 42 inches (110 cm).[8][18] Steam for the engine was provided by two 11.1 by 12 feet (3.4 by 3.7 m) 160 pounds per square inch (1,100 kPa) Scotch marine boilers.[8][21] Cayuga's engine and boilers were both built by the Globe Iron Works Company. She was propelled by a single, four-bladed, fixed-pitch propeller and had a top speed of about 14 miles per hour (12.2 kn).[8][9][10][21] She cost $250,000 (equivalent to $6.98 million in 2021[22]) to build.[19][23][24]
Commissioned by Buffalo's Lehigh Valley Transit Company whose fleet was managed by John Gordon and later W.P. Henry,[25][26] Cayuga was launched on April 2, 1889 as yard number 24, and made her maiden voyage in May that same year.[7][18][27] Although her home port was Buffalo, she was initially enrolled in Cleveland on May 31, 1889.[18][28] She was re-enrolled in Buffalo on June 3, 1889.[18] She carried package freight on her regular route between Buffalo and Chicago and made stops in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Gladstone, Michigan.[8][10][18][19]
Throughout her career, Cayuga was involved in several accidents.[8] The first serious incident occurred on April 9, 1890.[8][24] She was unladen and left Buffalo harbor at around 4:00 p.m. towed by the tug S.W. Gee. Upon clearing the breakwater in a full gale, Cayuga became unmanageable.[24] She drifted onto a shoal, broke free and onto the rocks at the foot of Georgia Street.[24] Due to the storm, the life saving crew could not shoot a breeches buoy to Cayuga until the weather had abated and her stern was firmly aground.[24] Cayuga was freed at around 9:00 a.m. by six tugs.[24] Several of her keel plates were damaged; all of her propeller blades broke off; and she lost her rudder shoe.[8][24]
In November 1891, Cayuga collided with the wooden package freighter Delaware off Cheboygan, Michigan.[8]
On May 10, 1895, Cayuga, under the command of Captain George Graser, was bound for Buffalo with a cargo of 35,000 or 38,000 bushels of oats, flour and 1,500 pounds (680.4 kg) of general merchandise.[8][19][29][30] Sources differ whether Cayuga was heading to Buffalo from Chicago or Milwaukee.[19][29][31] One source states she left Buffalo for Milwaukee on May 5, and left Milwaukee at 8:00 a.m. on May 9.[19][29][31][32] Meanwhile, the wooden freighter Joseph L. Hurd, commanded by Captain Charles E. Wilson, was bound from Duluth, Minnesota, for Chicago with a cargo of lumber (specifically pine boards) and package freight.[17][19][29]
A thick fog obscured visibility as the wind distorted the sound of the vessels' fog whistles.[29][31] When Cayuga and Joseph L. Hurd neared each other near Ile Aux Galets, they spotted each other's lights when they were about 10 miles (16.1 km) apart.[29] The fog soon concealed the vessels from one other.[29] At 4:00 or 4:30 a.m., when Cayuga and Joseph L. Hurd were less than 250 feet (76 m) apart, they were on a collision course.[17][19][29] Cayuga's engine was reversed which only slowed her down rather of stopping her.[17][19][29] Joseph L. Hurd crashed into Cayuga, tearing a hole 2 feet (0.6 m) wide and 6 feet (1.8 m) deep into her starboard side.[19][33] Joseph L. Hurd lost 15 feet (4.6 m) of her bow, but was kept afloat by her cargo of pine boards.[17][19][31][33] The force of the collision caused Cayuga to roll to port; she then righted herself, and began to sink.[19] Cayuga went down in 25 minutes.[19][33]
The crew of Cayuga and Joseph L. Hurd escaped in lifeboats and were picked up by the bulk freighter Manola.[19][32][33] The only casualty of the accident was Joseph L. Hurd's cook/steward George Johnson, who fell overboard and drowned.[23] The day after the collision, Joseph L. Hurd was towed to Harbor Springs, Michigan, by the wrecking tug Favorite.[23] She was repaired and returned to service.[23] Cayuga was insured for $175,000 (equivalent to $5.06 million in 2021[22]) and her cargo was insured for $90,000 (equivalent to $2.6 million in 2021[22]).[29][34]
Lloyd's of London libeled Joseph L. Hurd's owners for $200,000 (equivalent to $5.79 million in 2021[22]).[35] The collision was determined to have been caused by mistaken passing signals.[36] Captain Graser stated in a letter to supervising inspector general James Dumont that if Joseph L. Hurd had also reversed her engine, the collision would not have occurred.[37][38]
The day after Cayuga sank, the Chicago Tribune stated that: Among practical marine men, it was believed that the steamer [Cayuga] could ultimately be got afloat again, but it was thought the expense would amount to nearly all she was worth. The work must be done with pontoons, and will be a long, tedious job.[23] The first expedition attempting to locate Cayuga on May 13, 1895 was cancelled due to a gale.[19] Several people searched for Cayuga after she sank.[19][23] Five days after the incident, Captain Cyrus H. Sinclair of the Chicago based C.A. McDonald & Company spent a day unsuccessfully searching for her.[23][39][40][41] He concluded that her wreck lay in between 102 and 120 feet (31.1 and 36.6 m) of water, and doubted whether she could be raised.[23] By June, the underwriters had offered a $1,000 (equivalent to $28,941 in 2021[22]) reward to anyone who could find Cayuga's wreck.[42] On June 18, Captain Wilbur of the package freighter City of Grand Haven abandoned his search for Cayuga after ten days.[19]
On June 28, Captain Sinclair travelled to Cheboygan, to begin a new search.[40] Using the tug George W. Cuyler, on June 30 he steamed to the position recorded by Captain Martin Swain of the wrecking tug Favorite.[40] Sinclair planned to locate the wreck by dragging George W. Cuyler's anchor.[40] A few minutes after Sinclair began searching for Cayuga, he managed to locate her, and planted a buoy at the wreck site.[40] The following day, George W. Cuyler and the tug Major Dana recovered a flagpole, a boom and portions of Cayuga's bulwarks and rigging.[40] For his efforts, Captain Sinclair was paid $2,000 (equivalent to $57,883 in 2021[22]) by the underwriters.[43]
By August 22, the underwriters had received bids from the Murphy Wrecking Company of Detroit, Michigan, and James Reid & Sons of Bay City, Michigan, to raise the wreck.[23][44][45] On September 12, Captain James Reid signed a $100,000 (equivalent to $2.89 million in 2021[22]) contract with the underwriters to raise Cayuga's wreck .[23] Reid planned to start work on Cayuga in 1896, once the ice on Lake Michigan had melted.[46]
Captain Reid planned to position eighteen 8-inch (20 cm) thick cables under Cayuga's hull, which would then be attached to a scow with a carrying capacity of 1,000 long tons (1,016 t).[32][47][48] He also planned to attach eight steel pontoons (25 feet (7.6 m) (or 30 feet (9.1 m)) long and 13 feet (4.0 m) wide, with a lifting capacity of about 500 long tons (508 t) to Cayuga's wreck with thick cables, partially fill them with enough air to lift the wreck 8 to 10 feet (2.4 to 3.0 m) off the lake bottom, and then tow it into shallower water in Little Traverse Bay. There it would be patched up and pumped out.[17][23][32][47][49] Most of the oats in Cayuga's cargo hold were recovered.[32][47] In November, Captain Reid suspended the salvage operations, but claimed he would resume them in spring 1897.[50] By February 1897, Captain Reid claimed to have spent more than $40,000 (equivalent to $1.15 million in 2021[22]) on his salvage efforts.[32][51] On June 9, Captain Reid managed to break Cayuga free from the mud where she was embedded.[32][52] He continued to work on Cayuga's wreck until 1900, when he abandoned the salvage attempts.[20][31][53][54]
Reid's salvage efforts were plagued by problems.[17][23] The pontoons attached to her hull frequently broke free.[17] Captain Reid and several of his divers sustained severe injuries and decompression sickness.[23][32] One diver allegedly died when a derrick barge reportedly sank on top of him.[17][55] The barge later sank completely when one of the air-filled pontoons broke free and shot to the surface.[10][17] One tug used in the salvage operation burned.[56] The salvage attempts nearly bankrupted Captain Reid's company.[10][17][18][31]
The wreck of Cayuga was re-discovered in spring 1969 by John Steele and Gene Turner of Illinois.[10] Her wreck rests with a 35° port list in 102 feet (31 m) of water at the lake bottom, and 75 feet (23 m) to her deck, southwest of Grays Reef Light, near Ile Aux Galets.[10][57][58][59] Her cabins no longer exist.[57] The wreck is partially collapsed forward of the engine room with the bow has broken away and is lying on its port side. Her stern is intact.[11][60] The remains of Cayuga's cargo remain in her hold.[61] There are also two spare propeller blades within the hull.[11][62] Four of the pontoons used during the salvage attempts are still attached to Cayuga's hull and the sunken derrick barge lies off her port side.[10][11][17][57] The air hose of the lost diver was reportedly still poking out from under the derrick barge when the wreck was found.[55] Cayuga's wreck is protected by the 148-square-mile (380 km2) Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve as part of an underwater museum.[11]
Cave dive sites:
| 2023-09-03 05:49:38 |
Protection of the Theotokos Church (Il'nytsya) - Wikipedia | The Protection of the Theotokos Church (Ukrainian: Свято-Покровська церква) is an Orthodox temple in the central part of the village of Il'nytsya, Irshava Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine.
In 1907 at the secret meeting of the Orthodox movement in Il'nytsya, it was decided to send Oleksandr Kabalyuk (later canonized as Saint Reverend Aleksiy Karpatorusky) to Mount Athos to get the Orthodox objects of worship.
In 1923 the majority of the population of Il'nytsya made a decision to revert to the true, canonical Orthodox Church and finally leave the Greek Orthodox Church, which had been propagated in all villages of the region for almost three centuries. Having escaped the Greek Orthodox Church, the Orthodox people automatically lost the church, all other church buildings and property. During the first years of their Orthodox life, the Orthodox Christians of Il'nytsya did not have their own church. The divine liturgies were conducted in a large room of the house, which belonged to Pavlo Vasylovych Savko – the fighter for the Orthodox religion, who was prosecuted for being Orthodox.
In 1925 a kind of a temporary barrack was built of wood near the railway station on the plot of land owned by Vasyl Hrytsanko and his wife Anna to hold divine service there. On this spot in 1926–1928, a wood church devoted to the Protection of the Theotokos was erected. The construction was maintained by the donations of local inhabitants. The Czechoslovakian authorities allocated 2 thousand Czech korunas to finish the erection. In 1937 with the help of the Mukachevo eparchy the grant-in-aid (1 thousand Czech korunas) was given to introduce the iconostasis. In October 1958 the porch was added and in two years sexton's room was finished as well. There were approximately 1,830 Orthodox believers at that time.
In 1992 the construction of a new, bigger church commenced. The architecture of the future church was designed by the enterprise MIP “Ekostroy” based in St. Petersburg. The erection was planned in such a way as to preserve the old church and pray therein as long as possible. That is why the divine service was never canceled during the construction process. Every Sunday God's words were heard from the ambon of the church. Due to some reasons the architectural plan was not fully followed. The upper part of the temple was remodeled by the local architects. In 2000 the erection of the church was completed.
| 2023-09-03 05:49:42 |
Richmondville (village), New York - Wikipedia |
Richmondville is a village in Schoharie County, New York, United States. The population was 918 at the 2010 census.
The Village of Richmondville is in the center of the Town of Richmondville and is northeast of Oneonta.
The early village was the location of many mills and small factories.
The village was incorporated in 1881.
The Bunn–Tillapaugh Feed Mill and Richmondville United Methodist Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[2]
Richmondville is located at WikiMiniAtlas42°38′1″N 74°33′59″W / 42.63361°N 74.56639°W / 42.63361; -74.56639 (42.633838, -74.566627).[3]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km2), all land.
Interstate 88 passes through the village. State routes 7 (Main Street) and 10, along with County Road 22, intersect in the village.
As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 786 people, 314 households, and 212 families residing in the village. The population density was 433.4 inhabitants per square mile (167.3/km2). There were 344 housing units at an average density of 189.7 per square mile (73.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 95.42% White, 1.15% Black or African American, 1.02% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 1.15% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.04% of the population.
There were 314 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $35,714, and the median income for a family was $40,577. Males had a median income of $31,538 versus $25,208 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,512. About 5.4% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.
Richmondville has historically been dominated by Republicans. However, in recent decades democrats like Betsy Bernocco (fmr. Town Supervisor) and Kevin Neary (Mayor) have made significant inroads winning elections in both the town and village of Richmondville.
During the 2009 elections on November 3, local Republicans regained control of the Richmondville Town Board, and Supervisor John Barlow (R) defeated his Democratic opponent by one vote. On March 16, 2010 – Village Trustees George Konta and William Lape were re-elected without opposition to the Village Board. John Barlow resigned as Supervisor in late 2010, and was replaced by Richard Lape.
In 2013, Mayor Kevin Neary ran unopposed. In 2011, Mayor Neary faced write-in candidate Timothy Knight. Neary won 106-9 (92-8%).
| 2023-09-03 05:49:46 |
List of features removed in Windows 11 - Wikipedia |
Windows 11 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system and the successor of Windows 10. Several features that originated in earlier versions of Windows and that were included in versions up to Windows 10 are no longer present in Windows 11. Following is a list of these.
The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11 and no longer available.[1]
The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11, but can still be installed from the Microsoft Store.[1]
The following parts of the Windows shell are no longer available in Windows 11.
In addition:
Some functionality from the Start menu was removed and replaced with other features.
The following taskbar features are no longer available as of Windows 11:
File History can only be configured using the legacy Control Panel application, which does not support adding custom folders to the set of protected folders as the Settings app in Windows 10 did.[11]
Windows 11 is only available for the x86-64 and ARM64 CPU architectures, as Microsoft is no longer offering a Windows build for IA-32 x86 and ARMv7 systems.[1] As a result, NTVDM and the 16-bit Windows on Windows subsystems, which allowed 32-bit versions of Windows to directly run 16-bit DOS and Windows programs, are no longer included with Windows 11.
User-mode scheduling (UMS), available on x64 versions Windows 7 and later, was a lightweight mechanism allowing applications to schedule their own threads, without involvement from the system scheduler. This feature is not included with Windows 11.[12]
| 2023-09-03 05:49:49 |
Federation Council (Russia) - Wikipedia | The Federation Council (Russian: Сове́т Федера́ции – Sovet Federacii, common abbreviation: Совфед – Sovfed), or Senate (officially, starting from 1 July 2020) (Russian: Сенат, romanized: Senat), is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (the parliament of the Russian Federation), according to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia (including two annexed in 2014 and four more in 2022, that are not recognized by the international community) – consisting of 24 republics, 48 oblasts, nine krais, three federal cities, four autonomous okrugs, and one autonomous oblast – sends two senators to the Council, for a total membership of 178 Senators. In addition, the Constitution also provides for senators from the Russian Federation, which can be no more than 30 (up to seven of them for life), as well as (optionally) former presidents as life senators (as of 2020[update] there are no such life senators).
The council holds its sessions within the Main Building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street in Moscow, the former home of the Soviet State Building Agency (Gosstroy), with further offices and committee rooms located on Novy Arbat Street. The two houses of the Federal Assembly are physically separated, with the State Duma residing in another part of Moscow on Okhotny Ryad Street. Sessions of the Federation Council take place in Moscow from 25 January to 15 July and from 16 September to 31 December. Sessions are open to the public, although the location of sessions can change if the Federation Council so desires, and secure closed sessions may be convoked.
For purposes of succession, the chairman of the Federation Council is the third-highest position in the Russian Federation, after the president and the prime minister. In the case of incapacity of the President and Prime Minister, the chairman of the Federation Council becomes the Acting President of the Russian Federation.[2][3]
The modern history of the Federation Council begins during the 1993 Constitutional Crisis that pitted President Boris Yeltsin's unpopular neoliberal and governmental structure reforms against the increasingly radical Congress of People's Deputies, the nation's legislature. Throughout the year, the congress had grown increasingly dissatisfied with Yeltsin and his cabinet's management of the floundering Russian economy, as well as with its plans for a new constitution for the Russian Federation to replace the Soviet-era 1978 Russian SFSR Constitution still in effect. Amidst the increasingly tense crisis, on 21 September, Yeltsin issued Presidential Decree No.1400. The decree effectively scrapped constitutional reform then presently in discussion, as well as legally dissolving the Congress of People's Deputies, ordering its replacement with an entirely new federal legislative structure, and granting the president increased executive powers. Following a war of words and acts of defiance from both sides, President Yeltsin abruptly ended the governmental power struggle by ordering the Russian army to bombard and storm the White House of Russia, the legislative building, between 2–4 October 1993.
Following the crushing of the Congress of People's Deputies and other members of the federal and territorial governments who had initially supported what he viewed as a rebellious legislature, Yeltsin presented a new constitution. With the events of 1993 very much in mind, Yeltsin drafted a constitution that called for increased executive branch powers in prime ministerial appointments, veto overrides, and a stronger executive security council. The constitution also called for the creation of a bicameral Federal Assembly, consisting of a State Duma and a Federation Council. Although Yeltsin had created a Federation Council in July 1993 to gather regional representatives (except Chechnya) to support an earlier draft of a replacement constitution to the 1978 document, this Federation Council was to become a permanent part of the legislature.
The procedure of formation of the Federation Council through elections held according to the majority system was defined by Presidential Decrees No. 1626 from 11 October 1993 "On Elections to the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" and No. 1846 from 6 November 1993 "On Specification to the Resolution on Elections of Deputies to the State Duma and Resolution on Elections of Deputies to the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in 1993".
Similar to the United States Senate, the Federation Council would consist of two representatives from each of Russia's federal subjects. Unlike the State Duma, which consisted of hundreds of districts nationwide, the Federation Council was to act as more or less the voice of Russia's federated subdivisions. Early debate on its creation centered on whether or not the Federation Council should be elected at all. To solve some problems on the Council's first scheduled election in December, Yeltsin issued Presidential Decree No. 1628 on 11 October, stipulating that candidates for the first elections needed at least two percent, or 25,000 signatures—whichever was highest—of their oblast, republic, krai, autonomous okrug, or federal city population. This helped previous territorial elites remain within national politics. The decree also stipulated a single term of two years before new elections in 1995.
The Council's first elections were held on 12 December 1993, simultaneously with State Duma elections and a referendum on the new Constitution of the Russian Federation. With the constitution now in effect after its successful passage, elections for the Council were to be franchised solely to territorial authorities, with one senator elected from the subject's legislature, and the other by the subject's executive branch. This was later codified in 1995 when the Council's first term expired.
The constitution, however, did not specify how senators were to be elected. By 1995, using this constitutional anomaly, regional executives could sit ex officio in both their regional executive posts and within the Federation Council. While the State Duma did much of the serious debates on Russian policy during this time, the Council became a lobby for regional interests, competing for federal attention.
The ascension of President Vladimir Putin following Yeltsin's resignation on 31 December 1999 brought many new changes to the Federation Council. As part of his top political goals in his first months of office in 2000, Putin proposed a reform law to change the makeup of the Council, which would allow regional governors to designate councillors but not sit on the Council themselves, freeing it from what Putin saw as blatant personal cronyism on the part of regional leaders. The Council furiously resisted Putin's plan, conscious that their role in federal politics, their very ability to enjoy the fruits of living within Moscow, and their parliamentary immunity would end. With the State Duma threatening to override a Council veto, and Putin's threats to open federal criminal investigations on regional governors, the Council backed down and grudgingly supported the law in July 2000. In their place, a wave of new Kremlin-friendly senators took the vacated seats, complete with the full backing of Putin. The last of these dual senator-governors were rotated out of office in early 2002.
Following the Beslan school hostage crisis in September 2004, President Putin initiated a radical shakeup of the federal system, proposing that the direct elections of regional governors be replaced by appointments from the president himself. These appointments could later be confirmed or rejected by the regional legislatures. The move further placed more control over the Council by the executive branch due to laws that stipulate that regional executives have a say in choosing delegates to the Federation Council.
Since 2000, the Federation Council has largely remained a stable body. However, critics have charged that Putin's tactics in reforming the Council were blatantly undemocratic and anti-federal, arguing that the reforms created a rubber stamp body for the executive branch and the ruling United Russia party, similar to what the Soviet of Nationalities was during the Soviet period.
As set in Article 101 of the Russian Constitution, the Federation Council "shall elect among its deputies the chairman of the Council." Some of the Chairman's official duties include presiding over sessions, formulating and introducing draft agendas, issuing orders and consulting with the Council's various committees, acting as the Council's official representative in the Federal Assembly, and signing resolutions to be passed forth to the president or the State Duma.
The current chairman is Valentina Matviyenko.
Senators can retain membership in their respective parties. However, they are asked not to bring party factionalism to the floor itself. Since the reforms of 2000, the Council has enjoyed a significantly close relationship with the Kremlin, helping to pass key legislation the Kremlin desires easily.
According to Article 98, all the members of the Council enjoy immunity from arrest, detainment, and searches. In 2007 the law on the Federation Council was amended, and now a senator must have resided for at least ten years in the territory he is representing.
The Federal Law defines the status of members of the Federation Council: "On Status of Members of the Council of Federation and Status of Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation".
The presidium consists of a chairman, four deputy chairmen and a general secretary.
Unlike the State Duma, with its division of parties and leaders, in 2002 parliamentary groups were forbidden following Mironov's election to the chairmanship and the parliamentary procedures to disband all political factions though the members are affiliated with some major Russian political parties.
Unlike the State Duma and the provincial legislatures throughout Russia, the Council is not directly elected but instead chosen by territorial politicians, resembling in some respects the structure of the U.S. Senate before the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The only exclusion was the first Federation council (1994–1996), which was elected on 12 December 1993.
According to Article 95, the Council comprises representatives of each Russian federal subject—two from each. The provincial legislature elects one senator, and the other is nominated by the provincial governor and confirmed by the legislature. Before 2000, all provincial governors and heads of provincial legislatures were also members of the Council. Upon President Putin's ascension to the Russian presidency, this practice was discontinued under pressure from the Kremlin, forbidding governors to hold dual posts.
Terms to the Council are also not nationally fixed, due to the continuing territorial nature of the chamber. Terms instead are determined according to the regional bodies they represent.
In 2001–2004 regional bodies were able to recall their senator by the same procedure by which they appointed them. Such recalls once occurred quite often. But a new law passed in December 2004 required that the chairman of the Federation Council must first initiate a recall procedure. The procedure has not been implemented since.
On 1 January 2013, the latest Law on the Procedure to Form the Federation Council entered into force: According to the Law, the Federation Council consists of two delegates from each Russian constituent component, one representing the given region's legislative assembly and the other representing the provincial executive authorities. There will be two different election procedures, one for each member type. (Federal Law No. 229, art. 1.1.) Candidates for the Senator from a constituent component's legislature must be a member of the component region's legislative assembly. Candidates are nominated as a candidate by the chairman of the regional legislative assembly, by one party faction represented in the assembly, or by at least one-fifth of the assembly members. Then, the regional legislative assembly will vote for one of the nominated candidates.[4]
An amendment to the law was approved in July 2014, which add 17 more senators who are nominated by the president.
The regional executive authority representative, the second type of delegate to the Federation Council, is appointed by the Governor of that constituent component (or the Head of that autonomous republic). The delegate is selected from among three people named by the candidates for the office of governor/head of the concerned region. The winner of the gubernatorial/republican leadership election appoints one of the three delegates previously named for appointment to the Council as a senator of said region.[4]
The Federation Council is viewed as a more formal chamber of the Federal Assembly. Because of its federalist design and its voting franchise strictly limited to provincial elites, the Council is viewed as less volatile to radical changes.
The Council is charged with cooperating with the State Duma in completing and voting on draft laws. Federal laws concerning budgets, customs regulations, credit monitoring, and the ratification of international treaties are to be considered by the Council after they have been adopted from the State Duma, where most legislation is introduced.
Special powers that are accorded only to senators of the Federation Council are:
For laws to pass the Federation Council, a vote of more than half of its 178 senators is required. When considering federal constitutional laws, three-fourths of the Council's votes are required for passage. If the Council vetoes a law passed by the State Duma, the two chambers are mandated to form a Conciliation Committee in order to form a compromise document, on which both houses would have to vote again. A two-thirds majority of Duma deputies can overcome the Federation Council's veto.
Committees form a key component of the structure of the Council. Sixteen committees and seven commissions exist for senators to consider legislation and policy on several issues ranging from foreign affairs, federal affairs, and youth and sports. Leadership in these committees are determined by the Council Chairman, who remains in correspondence with their findings. These committees include:
| 2023-09-03 05:49:53 |
Llanfawr Mudstones - Wikipedia |
The Llanfawr Mudstones is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
This article about a specific stratigraphic formation in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article related to the Ordovician period is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This Wales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:49:56 |
Medo Yhokha - Wikipedia | Medo Yhokha is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of Nagaland Legislative Assembly from Southern Angami-I Assembly constituency[1][2] and Advisor to Chief Minister of Nagaland.[3][4][5]
He was born in 16 May 1977 in Kigwema, Kohima district. He done his university education from Tetso College in 1966, Bachelor of Arts in History from St. Edmund's College, Shillong and Master of Arts in History from North-Eastern Hill University.[6]
This article about a politician from Nagaland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:49:59 |
Santa Maria Maggiore - Wikipedia |
The Basilica of Saint Mary Major (Italian: Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, Italian pronunciation: [ˈsanta maˈriːa madˈdʒoːre]; Latin: Basilica Sanctae Mariae Maioris; Latin: Basilica Sanctae Mariae ad Nives),[a] or church of Santa Maria Maggiore (also referred to as Santa Maria delle Neve from its Latin origin Sanctae Mariae ad Nives), is a Major papal basilica as well as one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome and the largest Catholic Marian church in Rome, Italy.
The basilica enshrines the venerated image of Salus Populi Romani, depicting the Blessed Virgin Mary as the health and protectress of the Roman people, which was granted a Canonical coronation by Pope Gregory XVI on 15 August 1838 accompanied by his Papal bull Cælestis Regina.
Pursuant to the Lateran Treaty of 1929 between the Holy See and Italy, the Basilica is within Italian territory and not the territory of the Vatican City State.[2] However, the Holy See fully owns the Basilica, and Italy is legally obligated to recognize its full ownership thereof[3] and to concede to it "the immunity granted by International Law to the headquarters of the diplomatic agents of foreign States."[2] In other words, the complex of buildings has a status somewhat similar to a foreign embassy.
The Basilica is sometimes referred to as Our Lady of the Snows, a name given to it in the Roman Missal from 1568 to 1969 in connection with the liturgical feast of the anniversary of its dedication on 5 August, a feast that was then denominated Dedicatio Sanctae Mariae ad Nives (Dedication of Saint Mary of the Snows). This name for the basilica had become popular in the 14th century[4] in connection with a legend that circa the year 352, during "the pontificate of Liberius, a Roman patrician John and his wife, who were without heirs, made a vow to donate their possessions to the Virgin Mary. They prayed that she might make known to them how they were to dispose of their property in her honor. On 5 August, at the height of the Roman summer, snow fell during the night on the summit of the Esquiline Hill. In obedience to a vision of the Virgin Mary which they had the same night, the couple built a basilica in honor of Mary on the very spot which was covered with snow.[5]
The legend is first reported only after the year 1000.[6] It may be implied in what the Liber Pontificalis, of the early 13th century, says of Pope Liberius: "He built the basilica of his own name (i.e. the Liberian Basilica) near the Macellum of Livia".[7] Its prevalence in the 15th century is shown in the painting of the Miracle of the Snow by Masolino da Panicale.[8][b]
The feast was originally called Dedicatio Sanctae Mariae (Dedication of Saint Mary's),[9] and was celebrated only in Rome until inserted for the first time into the General Roman Calendar, with ad Nives added to its name, in 1568.[4] A congregation appointed by Pope Benedict XIV in 1741 proposed that the reading of the legend be struck from the Office and that the feast be given its original name.[9] No action was taken on the proposal until 1969, when the reading of the legend was removed and the feast was called In dedicatione Basilicae S. Mariae (Dedication of the Basilica of Saint Mary).[4] The legend is still commemorated by dropping white rose petals from the dome during the celebration of the Mass and Second Vespers of the feast.
The earliest building on the site was the Liberian Basilica or Santa Maria Liberiana, after Pope Liberius (352–366). This name may have originated from the same legend, which recounts that, like John and his wife, Pope Liberius was told in a dream of the forthcoming summer snowfall, went in procession to where it did occur and there marked out the area on which the church was to be built.[10] Liberiana is still included in some versions of the basilica's formal name, and "Liberian Basilica" may be used as a contemporary as well as historical name.[c]
On the other hand, the name "Liberian Basilica" may be independent of the legend, since, according to Pius Parsch, Pope Liberius transformed a palace of the Sicinini family into a church, which was for that reason called the Sicinini Basilica. This building was then replaced under Pope Sixtus III (432–440) by the present structure dedicated to Mary.[10] However, some sources say that the adaptation as a church of a pre-existing building on the site of the present basilica was done in the 420s under Pope Celestine I, the immediate predecessor of Sixtus III.[11]
Long before the earliest traces of the story of the miraculous snow, the church now known as Saint Mary Major was called Saint Mary of the Crib (Sancta Maria ad Praesepe),[12] a name it was given because of its relic of the crib or manger of the Nativity of Jesus Christ, four boards of sycamore wood believed to have been brought to the church, together with a fifth, in the time of Pope Theodore I (640–649).[13][14] This name appears in the Tridentine editions of the Roman Missal as the place for the pope's Mass (the station Mass) on Christmas Night,[15] while the name "Mary Major" appears for the church of the station Mass on Christmas Day.[16]
No Catholic church can be honored with the title of basilica unless by apostolic grant or from immemorial custom.[17] St. Mary Major is one of the only four that hold the title of major basilica. The other three are the basilicas of St. John in the Lateran, St. Peter, and St. Paul outside the Walls.[18] (The title of major basilica was once used more widely, being attached, for instance, to the Basilica of St. Mary of the Angels in Assisi).[19] Along with all of the other major basilicas, St. Mary Major is also styled a papal basilica. Before 2006, the four papal major basilicas, together with the Basilica of St. Lawrence outside the Walls were referred to as the patriarchal basilicas of Rome,[d] and were associated with the five ancient patriarchates (see Pentarchy). St. Mary Major was associated with the Patriarchate of Antioch.[20]
The five papal basilicas along with the Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem and San Sebastiano fuori le mura were the traditional Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome, which were visited by pilgrims during their pilgrimage to Rome following a 20-kilometer (12 mi) itinerary established by St. Philip Neri on 25 February 1552.[21][22][23]
It is now agreed that the present church was built on the Cispian spur of Rome's Esquiline Hill under Pope Celestine I (422–432) not under Pope Sixtus III (432–440), who consecrated the basilica on the 5th of August 434 to the Virgin Mary.
The dedicatory inscription on the triumphal arch, Sixtus Episcopus plebi Dei (Sixtus the bishop to the people of God), is an indication of that Pope's role in the construction.[24] As well as this church on the summit of the Esquiline Hill, Pope Sixtus III is said to have commissioned extensive building projects throughout the city, which were continued by his successor Pope Leo I, the Great.[25]
The church retains the core of its original structure, despite several additional construction projects and damage by the earthquake of 1348.
Church building in Rome in this period, as exemplified in Santa Maria Maggiore, was inspired by the idea of Rome being not just the center of the world of the Roman Empire, as it was seen in the classical period, but the center of the Christian world.[26]
Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the first churches built to celebrate the Virgin Mary, was erected in the immediate aftermath of the Council of Ephesus of 431, which proclaimed Mary Mother of God. Pope Sixtus III built it to commemorate this decision.[27][28] Certainly, the atmosphere that generated the council gave rise also the mosaics that adorn the interior of the dedication: "whatever the precise connection was between council and church it is clear that the planners of the decoration belong to a period of concentrated debates on nature and status of the Virgin and incarnate Christ."[29] The magnificent mosaics of the nave and triumphal arch, seen as "milestones in the depiction" of the Virgin,[30] depict scenes of her life and that of Christ, but also scenes from the Old Testament: Moses striking the Red Sea, and Egyptians drowning in the Red Sea.
Richard Krautheimer attributes the magnificence of the work also to the abundant revenue accruing to the papacy at the time from land holdings acquired by the Catholic Church during the 4th and 5th centuries on the Italian peninsula: "Some of these holdings were locally controlled; the majority as early as the end of the 5th century were administered directly from Rome with great efficiency: a central accounting system was involved in the papal chancery; and a budget was apparently prepared, one part of the income going to the papal administration, another to the needs of the clergy, a third to the maintenance of church buildings, a fourth to charity. These fines enabled the papacy to carry out through the 5th century an ambitious building program, including Santa Maria Maggiore."[31]
Miri Rubin believes that the building of the basilica was influenced also by seeing Mary as one who could represent the imperial ideals of classical Rome, bringing together the old Rome and the new Christian Rome: "In Rome, the city of martyrs, if no longer of emperors, Mary was a figure that could credibly carry imperial memories and representations."[32]
Gregory the Great may have been inspired by Byzantine devotions to the Theotokos (Mother of God) when after becoming Pope during a plague in 590 that had taken the life of his predecessor, he ordered for seven processions to march through the city of Rome chanting Psalms and Kyrie Eleison, in order to appease the wrath of God. The processions began in different parts of the city, but rather than finally converging on St Peter's, who was always the traditional protector of Rome, he instead ordered the processions to converge on Mary Major instead.[33]
When the popes returned to Rome after the period of the Avignon papacy, the buildings of the basilica became a temporary Palace of the Popes[citation needed] due to the deteriorated state of the Lateran Palace. The papal residence was later moved to the Palace of the Vatican in what is now Vatican City.
The basilica was restored, redecorated and extended by various popes, including Eugene III (1145–1153), Nicholas IV (1288–92), Clement X (1670–76), and Benedict XIV (1740–58), who in the 1740s commissioned Ferdinando Fuga to build the present façade and to modify the interior. The interior of the Santa Maria Maggiore underwent a broad renovation encompassing all of its altars between the years 1575 and 1630.
In 1966, archeologists excavating under the basilica found the remains of a Roman building including an imperial calendar with fasti and agricultural annotations and illustrations.[34] On the basis of the calendar, the ruins have been dated to c. 200 by Salzman[35] and to the 4th century by Magi.[36]
On 15 December 2015, two homeless Arab men attempted to disarm soldiers outside the basilica while yelling the takbir "God is great". The 30 and 40 year old Palestinian and Tunisian called for others to help them as they threatened and assaulted the soldiers and police, but were arrested.[37]
The original architecture of Santa Maria Maggiore was classical and traditionally Roman, perhaps to convey the idea that Santa Maria Maggiore represented old imperial Rome as well as its Christian future. As one scholar puts it, "Santa Maria Maggiore so closely resembles a second-century imperial basilica that it has sometimes been thought to have been adapted from a basilica for use as a Christian church. Its plan was based on Hellenistic principles stated by Vitruvius at the time of Augustus."[38]
Even though Santa Maria Maggiore is immense in its area, it was built to plan. The design of the basilica was a typical one during this time in Rome: "a tall and wide nave; an aisle on either side; and a semicircular apse at the end of the nave."[26] The key aspect that made Santa Maria Maggiore such a significant cornerstone in church building during the early 5th century were the beautiful mosaics found on the triumphal arch and nave.[citation needed]
The Athenian marble columns supporting the nave are even older, and either come from the first basilica, or from another antique Roman building; thirty-six are marble and four granite, pared down, or shortened to make them identical by Ferdinando Fuga, who provided them with identical gilt-bronze capitals.[39] The 14th-century campanile, or bell tower, is the highest in Rome, at 246 feet, (about 75 m.). The basilica's 16th-century coffered ceiling, to a design by Giuliano da Sangallo, is said to be gilded with gold, initially brought by Christopher Columbus, presented by Ferdinand and Isabella to the Spanish pope, Alexander VI.[40] The apse mosaic, the Coronation of the Virgin, is from 1295, signed by the Franciscan friar, Jacopo Torriti. The Basilica also contains frescoes by Giovanni Baglione, in the Cappella Borghese.[citation needed]
The 12th-century façade has been masked by a reconstruction, with a screening loggia, that was added by Pope Benedict XIV in 1743, to designs by Ferdinando Fuga that did not damage the mosaics of the façade. The wing of the canonica (sacristy) to its left and a matching wing to the right (designed by Flaminio Ponzio) give the basilica's front the aspect of a palace facing the Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore. To the right of the Basilica's façade is a memorial constituting a column in the form of an up-ended cannon barrel topped with a cross: it was erected by Pope Clement VIII to celebrate the end of the French Wars of Religion.[41]
In the piazza in front of the facade rises a column with a Corinthian capital, topped with a statue of the Virgin and the child Jesus. This Marian column was erected in 1614 to the designs of Carlo Maderno during the papacy of Paul V. Maderno's fountain at the base combines the armorial eagles and dragons of Paul V (Borghese). The column itself was the sole intact remainder from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine in the Roman Forum.[e] The statue atop the column was made by Domenico Ferri. In a papal bull from the year of its installation, the pope decreed three years of indulgences to those who uttered a prayer to the Virgin while saluting the column.[42]
The mosaics found in Santa Maria Maggiore are one of the oldest representations of the Virgin Mary in Christian Late Antiquity. As one scholar puts it, "This is well demonstrated by the decoration of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome,... where the iconographic depiction of the Virgin Mary was chosen at least in part to celebrate the affirmation of Mary as Theotokos (bearer of God) by the third ecumenical Council of Ephesus in 431 CE."[43] The mosaics of the triumphal arch and the nave in Santa Maria Maggiore gave a model for the future representations of the Virgin Mary. The influences of these mosaics are rooted in late antique impressionism that could be seen in frescoes, manuscript paintings and many pavement mosaics across villas in Africa, Syria and Sicily during the 5th century.[24]
This being said, the crowning of Mary on the Apse was made much later by Torriti by commission of Pope Nicholas IV. (13th century).[44]
These mosaics gave historians insight into artistic, religious, and social movements during this time. As Margaret Miles explains the mosaics in Santa Maria Maggiore have two goals: one to glorify the Virgin Mary as Theotokos (God-Bearer); and the other to present "a systematic and comprehensive articulation of the relationship of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian scriptures as one in which the Hebrew Bible foreshadows Christianity."[45] This is explained by the dual images of Old Testament and New Testament events depicted in the mosaics of the triumphal arch and the nave. The mosaics also show the range of artistic expertise and refute the theory that mosaic technique during the time was based on copying from model books. The mosaics found in Santa Maria Maggiore are combinations of different styles of mosaic art during the time, according to art scholar Robin Cormack: "the range of artistic expertise and the actual complexities of production can hardly be reduced to a mentality of copying. A test case is given by the mosaics of S. Maria Maggiore in Rome".[29]
The triumphal arch at the head of the nave was at first referred to as the apse arch, but later became known as the triumphal arch.[46] The triumphal arch is illustrated with magnificent mosaics depicting different scenes of Christ and the Virgin Mary. There was a difference in the styles used in the triumphal arch mosaics compared to those of the nave; the style of the triumphal arch was much more linear and flat as one scholar describes it, not nearly as much action, emotion and movement in them as there were in the Old Testament mosaics of the nave.[29] One of the first scenes that were visible on the triumphal arch was a panel of Christ's enthronement with a group of angels as his court. As one historian describes it: "On the apse arch Christ is enthroned, a young emperor attended by four chamberlains, angels of course",[26] this is a perfect example of mosaic art in the 5th century. Another panel found on the triumphal arch is of the Virgin, she is crowned and dressed in a colorful veil, her wardrobe subtly brings to mind that of a Roman empress and in this panel she has her divine son walking with her and a suite of angels and Joseph ready to greet her; "The Virgin...shows to perfection the impressionistic character of mosaics."[47] Another panel is known as the Adoration of the Magi and this mosaic depicts Infant Christ and The Virgin and the arrival of the three wise men, "mosaics illustrating Christ's first coming and his youth covered the triumphal arch."[47] The other panel depicts the Virgin accompanied by five martyrs.[24]
The nave of the basilica was covered in mosaics representing Old Testament events of Moses leading the Jews out of Egypt across the Red Sea. "The nave mosaics (which represents stories of Old Testament history and accordingly offered Christians in Rome a new 'past') are illusionistic in a colorful and impressionist manner"[29] as this scholar puts it the scene was filled with movement, emotion, and it was to inspire thinking of Rome's "new" past; the past of the Old Testament. As one scholar describes it: "Moses strikes the waters of the Red Sea in a heroic gesture, his toga in light and dark grays and blues, but lined in black, the folds white lines, the tunic underneath light blue; the man next to him wears a deep blue toga over a gray and white tunic."[24] Another panel shows the demise of the Egyptians in the Red Sea. An observer describes the mosaic: "The Egyptians, clad in blue armor with gold bands and scarlet cloaks wildly flying, drown in the greenish-blue waters; the horses, white or light brown shaded with darker browns, highlighted in white, the accoutrements a bright red."[47]
Under the high altar of the basilica is the Crypt of the Nativity or Bethlehem Crypt, with a crystal reliquary designed by Giuseppe Valadier said to contain wood from the Holy Crib of the nativity of Jesus Christ.[48] Here is the burial place of Jerome, the 4th-century Doctor of the Church who translated the Bible into the Latin language (the Vulgate).[49]
Fragments of the sculpture of the Nativity believed to be by 13th-century Arnolfo di Cambio were transferred to beneath the altar of the large Sistine Chapel[48] off the right transept of the church. This chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is named after Pope Sixtus V, and is not to be confused with the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican, named after Pope Sixtus IV. The architect Domenico Fontana designed the chapel, which contains the tombs of Sixtus V himself and of his early patron Pope Pius V. The main altar in the chapel has four gilded bronze angels by Sebastiano Torregiani, holding up the ciborium, which is a model of the chapel itself.
Beneath this altar is the Oratory or Chapel of the Nativity, on whose altar, at that time situated in the Crypt of the Nativity below the main altar of the church itself, Ignatius of Loyola celebrated his first Mass as a priest on 25 December 1538.
Just outside the Sistine Chapel is the tomb of Gianlorenzo Bernini and his family.[49]
The Mannerist interior decoration of the Sistine Chapel was completed (1587–1589) by a large team of artists, directed by Cesare Nebbia and Giovanni Guerra. While the art biographer, Giovanni Baglione allocates specific works to individual artists, recent scholarship finds that the hand of Nebbia drew preliminary sketches for many, if not all, of the frescoes. Baglione also concedes the roles of Nebbia and Guerra could be summarized as "Nebbia drew, and Guerra supervised the teams".[citation needed]
Others include Ferdinando Sermei, Giacomo Stella, Paul Bril, and Ferraù Fenzoni.[50]
The column in the Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore celebrates the famous icon of the Virgin Mary now enshrined in the Borghese Chapel of the basilica. It is known as Salus Populi Romani, or Health of the Roman People or Salvation of the Roman People, due to a miracle in which the icon reportedly helped keep plague from the city. The icon is at least a thousand years old, and according to a tradition was painted from life by St Luke the Evangelist using the wooden table of the Holy Family in Nazareth.
The Salus Populi Romani has been praised by several popes and acted as a key Mariological symbol.
Prior to becoming the Roman Pontiff, Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli celebrated his first Catholic Mass before the image inside the Borghese Chapel on Easter Sunday, 2 April 1899. In December 1953, the icon was carried through Rome to initiate the first Marian year. On 1 November 1954, the icon was translated and officially crowned by Pope Pius XII at Basilica of Saint Peter as he gave a personal speech and introduced a new Marian feast Queenship of Mary.
Future pontiffs Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI, and Pope Francis all visited the Salus Populi Romani and offered liturgical celebrations.
As a papal basilica, Santa Maria Maggiore is often used by the pope. He presides over the rites for the annual Feast of the Assumption of Mary on 15 August there. Except for a few priests and the basilica's archpriest, the canopied high altar is reserved for use by the pope alone. Pope Francis visited the basilica on the day after his election.[51]
The pope gives charge of the basilica to an archpriest, usually a cardinal. Formerly, the archpriest was the titular Latin Patriarch of Antioch, a title abolished in 1964. Since 29 December 2016, the archpriest has been Stanisław Ryłko.
In addition to the archpriest and his assistant priests, a chapter of canons is resident. Redemptorist, Dominican and Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate priests serve the church.
The King of Spain, currently Felipe VI, is ex officio protocanon of the basilica's chapter.[52]
List of archpriests of the Liberian Basilica since 1127.[53][54][55][56][57][f]
Tomb of Clement VIII
Baptismal chapel
Pope Pius IX - Ignazio Jacometti
Pope Pius IX - Ignazio Jacometti
Pope Pius IX - Ignazio Jacometti
Ave Regina Pacis
Statue of King Philip IV of Spain
Media related to Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
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Towle Glacier - Wikipedia | Towle Glacier ( WikiMiniAtlas76°38′S 161°5′E / 76.633°S 161.083°E / -76.633; 161.083) is a glacier in the Convoy Range of Victoria Land, draining northeast between Eastwind and Elkhorn Ridges into the Fry Glacier. It was first mapped in 1957 by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956–58) and named for the USNS Private John R. Towle, an American freighter which carried a large proportion of the New Zealand stores south in December 1956.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Towle Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
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Castaibert III - Wikipedia | The Castaibert III was the 3rd, but 2nd successful attempt at flying by Pablo Castaibert. This occurred in 1912, and was described in Boletin del Ae C. Argentino.
Data from [1] General characteristics
Performance
Argentina
This article on an aircraft of the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:50:11 |
Historia von D. Johann Fausten (chapbook) - Wikipedia |
Historia von D. Johann Fausten, the first "Faust book", is a chapbook of stories concerning the life of Johann Georg Faust, written by an anonymous German author. It was published by Johann Spies (1540–1623) in Frankfurt am Main in 1587, and became the main source for the play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe and Goethe's closet play Faust, and also served as the libretto of the opera by Alfred Schnittke, also entitled Historia von D. Johann Fausten.
The Faust Book seems to have been written during the latter half of the sixteenth century (1568–81 or shortly thereafter). It comes down to us in manuscript from a professional scribe in Nuremberg and also as a 1587 imprint from the prominent Frankfurt publishing house of Johann Spies.
The better-known version is the Spies imprint of 1587. It came out in September, was reprinted again in the same year and very frequently thereafter, each time with additional tales about Faust, usually old, known folktales with the superimposition of Faust's name. In accord with the theological reputation and clientele of the Spies printing house, their 1587 imprint is also heavily larded with religious commentary. Such "admonitions to the Christian reader" played so well that by the end of the century they had grown to become the major part of the (printed) Faust Books. The general sloppiness and repetitiveness of all these additions, however, seems to have diminished the book's popularity in the long run. As people became less disposed to religious controversy it ceased to be such an attractive book.
An English version based on the Historia was published in 1592, which became known as the "English Faust Book". The Historia may also have been the source of Thomas Roscoe's translation, "History of that Renowned Arch Sorcerer, Doctor J. Faust", published in The German Novelists (1826).[1]
The manuscript version of the Historia was eventually edited by H. G. Haile for the Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1960, and for Carl Winter Verlag, 1996. Haile also published a translation, The History of Dr. Johann Faustus (University of Illinois, 1965).
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Govindghat - Wikipedia |
Govindghat is a town in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India, located at the confluence of the Alaknanda and Lakshman Ganga rivers. It lies around roughly 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Joshimath on NH58 at an altitude of 6,000 feet (1,800 metres). It is the roadhead on the way to Shree Badrinathji yatra - One of the important places of worship of Hindus and the starting point for trekking to Hemkund Sahib and Valley of Flowers.[1] Hundreds of people, mostly Hindu pilgrims to Shree Badrinathji and Sikh pilgrims on way to the holy shrine of Shree Hemkund Sahibji and occasional tourists to the Valley of Flowers, arrive here every day.
The gurudwara, located on the right bank of the Alaknanda River, is the most important landmark in the area. It also provides accommodation to pilgrims. The local market has many hotels, guest houses and restaurants. The economy thrives on the traveling season, which begins at the end of May and lasts until the end of September.
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François Anatole Laurent de Rillé - Wikipedia |
François Anatole Laurent de Rillé (24 November 1828 – 26 August 1915), was a French composer, writer and musical theorist.
De Rillé composed a number of operettas and sacred music works, but his name is more frequently associated with the so-called "Orphéonist" movement, which had also Hector Berlioz and Charles Gounod among its members, which sought to increase the knowledge of music among popular classes by way of setting up male choir associations. The name comes from the first of these associations, founded in Paris, who named itself "Orphéon" (from Orpheus).
Thanks to the efforts of De Rillé, who not only wrote many music pieces for male choir and arranged pieces of widely known composers such as Verdi, Donizetti and Rossini but also books on how to organise a choir and train its members, the popularity of "orphéoniste" societies spread throughout France between the late 1800s and early 1900s, and as well in the United Kingdom, where A.J. Foxwell wrote English lyrics for many of his pieces.
Though most of the music composed by De Rillé is almost forgotten nowadays, his choral works, and particularly "Les Ruines de Gaza (The Destruction of Gaza)" and "Les Martyres aux Arènes" (Martyrs of the Arena), are still among the favorites of male choir societies.
This article about a French musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-09-03 05:50:22 |