Datasets:

Lambent

/

1M-finewebedu-samples4096t

like 0

BY ROBERT PREUCEL AND SAMUEL DUWE When Juan de Oñate journeyed north up the Rio Grande valley in the summer of 1598, he found, to his dismay, nobody at home. As the spearhead of a colonial expedition into the heart of the Pueblo province, Oñate had hoped to march into each village, secure its allegiance to the Crown and Christ, and gain valuable allies and material support for his newfound kingdom. Instead, as he passed though the Piro and many of the Tiwa-speaking Pueblos between Socorro and Albuquerque, he encountered villages that had all of the trappings of vibrant, thriving communities, but not a soul could be found amongst the courtyards or adobe houses, and the food stores were stripped bare. Where had the people gone? The Pueblo people had been deeply scarred by Coronado’s expedition some half-century prior, and the blood and destruction of these early skirmishes with the Spaniards were seared in Pueblo social memory. As word traveled up the Rio Grande that yet another band of horsed and armored Spaniards were moving north, many Piro and Tiwa-speaking villagers decided to evade the invaders’ steel by simply leaving their homes. They packed their precious maize and belongings and joined their friends and families at other, more remote villages. For these Pueblo people, residential mobility was a form of resistance, and a strategy for survival. Archaeologists and anthropologists increasingly acknowledge that this fluidity of movement wasn’t a newfound strategy; it was instead part of an established tradition with deep roots in Pueblo culture. Historically the Pueblo people moved frequently to visit relatives, to participate in ceremonial practices, to engage in trade, and to conduct raids. Extensive social networks that allowed Pueblo people to join distant friends and relatives facilitated their mobility. Because of a continuous ebb and flow of people, communities continuously reformed. In fact, this pattern of fluidity was so pronounced that anthropologist Robin Fox once characterized the Pueblo people as “urbanized nomads.” By this, he meant that even though they have been practicing a village-based agricultural lifestyle for well over a millennium, they have constantly been on the move. The Puebloans’ residential flexibility frustrated and bewildered the Spanish. They had assumed that the Puebloans, like the Europeans (and later, Americans), valued residential stasis; that their normal state of affairs was to settle down to make a home in a fixed placed for a long period of time. From the Spanish perspective, people only moved when they had to, often for dramatic reasons (drought, conflict, or the search for a better life). In fact, many archaeologists studying Pueblo history have also made this same assumption, and regarded instances of movement, such as the thirteenth-century migration of people from the Colorado Plateau to the northern Rio Grande valley, as an anomalous disruption of normal village life. Previously, archaeologists regarded these moves as adaptive responses to environmental and social stress, and they saw abandoned villages as parts of failed cultural systems. Archaeologist Severin Fowles has recently proposed that we begin to flip this idea on its head, to view Pueblo history as Pueblo people do, with the understanding that movement, rather than stasis, is the desired and normal way of life. Movement was the rule rather than the exception, and settling down in village life was simply a pause—a break—along a continuous path. As two Anglo-American archaeologists committed to collaborative and indigenous archaeologies, we are intrigued by how Pueblo Indian perspectives can inform our research about the nature and significance of Pueblo mobility. How might Puebloan perspectives help us to rethink our historical views about movement and social being and becoming? How can we begin to write a Pueblo history that incorporates two often diverging viewpoints? Both of us have greatly benefited from our ongoing relationships with Pueblo Indian scholars and elders, and this essay is an attempt to share some of what we have learned. The Tewa people, for example, regard all life as movement along a path or road, poeh in their language. Alfonso Ortiz, a noted anthropologist from Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo who taught at the University of New Mexico, wrote that at the beginning of life there is a single path for all people. At the initiation ceremony, the child begins upon one of two parallel paths associated with the Summer and Winter peoples (two complementary and coequal groups within the village). Upon death, the two paths come together and become one in the afterlife. The central importance of this path idea is commemorated by the name of the Poeh Center at Pojoaque Pueblo, and is the reason why the museum’s first exhibit was titled Nah Poeh Meng, or The Continuous Path. This notion of a path is also a part of a Pueblo moral universe. It implies purposeful, directed movement and, at the same time, acknowledges the possibility of straying or getting lost and then re-finding one’s way. The late Esther Martinez, an elder at Ohkay Owingeh famous for her work on the teaching of language (recognized by the Esther Martinez Native American Language Preservation Act of 2006), described the core of her community life as sharing knowledge with the younger generation. She wrote, “People still come to my house wanting help with information for their college paper or wanting a storyteller. Young folks from the village, who were once my students in bilingual classes, will stop by for advice in traditional values or wanting me to give Indian names to their kids or grandkids. . . . This is my poeh [path]. I am still traveling.” A number of Pueblo Indian scholars have shared their views on the role of mobility in Pueblo society. Tessie Naranjo, from Santa Clara Pueblo, states that movement is one of the “big ideological concepts” of Pueblo thought, because it is necessary for the perpetuation of life. She links the movement of people to the movement of clouds, wind, and rain, and regards them as one. Rina Swentzell, Tessie’s sister, elaborates on these ideas. She observes that ancestral Pueblo people did not settle in one place for a long time. They emulated the movement of the seasons, wind, clouds, and life cycles by moving frequently in response to floods, droughts, and social tensions. She writes, “the movement of the clouds told them how they should move on the ground,” and “their sense of home was in the space between the earth and sky and not within specific human constructions.” In this cosmology, when summer clouds build up in the afternoon and bring rain, they are bringing blessings from the ancestors. These blessings circulate through the village and back to the sacred mountains in the cardinal directions, and are honored by the dances that take place on a regular schedule in each Pueblo’s plaza. Pueblo philosophy leads to the conclusion that the fluidity of movement in many scales and forms must serve as the foundation for all of Pueblo history. This has led us to reconsider the primacy of movement in understanding Pueblo history through two dramatic events: the formation of Pueblo worlds in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and the ways in which Pueblos responded to Spanish colonization before and after the Pueblo Revolt. Our starting point is that Pueblo history is not only shaped by people coming together and moving apart, but also by creating unique identities and philosophies tied to moving through social and natural landscapes. And conversely, these philosophies mold the actions of Pueblo people throughout their dynamic histories and up to the present day. Seeking The Middle Place The Pueblo people know their own history. While each village’s history is unique, they all share similar origin traditions. The people emerged into this world from a lower world through a spring or lake in the north. They were then tasked with traveling south to find the middle place where they were to build their eventual homes. Along the way, the Pueblo people underwent a series of trials and adventures, and stopped multiple times on their journey. The ancient sites where they rested are often described as footprints. Once arriving at the middle place, the people, often of different backgrounds, established villages with their own unique identities. Some of these villages, such as Taos Pueblo, have been continuously occupied for over 700 years; others were only occupied for a single generation. The idea of movement, in this case migration and the coming together of different people, is therefore the crucial concept in Pueblo history. Movement shaped the history of the Pueblos. Archaeologists, however, have only recently begun to accept that movement was and is much more the rule than the exception. While the timing, scale, and impact continue to be debated, many archaeologists working in the northern Rio Grande region now believe that migrations of people from the north, described in the Pueblo origin traditions, in some way contributed to the formation of villages and landscapes lived in and recognized by the Pueblo people today. One such migration was from southern Colorado and the Mesa Verde area in the thirteenth century. These people left their homes and joined their distant kin in the face of the disastrous environmental and social impacts of the Great Drought, which caused their crops to wither and die. But the Rio Grande region was already occupied by people who had lived there for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. The negotiations and eventual joining together of these migrant and indigenous Pueblo people catalyzed the creation of new cultural traditions that closely resemble those of the modern Pueblo people. Acknowledging migration is only part of the story. Archaeologists are left with a number of questions, including: who were these people who came together and how did they negotiate their perhaps disparate social and ceremonial beliefs to create new societies? Sam’s research explores the history of the Tewa Pueblos, comprising six villages between Santa Fe and Española. In the Tewa origin tradition from Ohkay Owingeh the people emerged into this world through a lake in southern Colorado and were subsequently split into two groups, the Summer people and the Winter people, who were both were instructed to travel south to find the middle place. The Summer people traveled along the west side of the Rio Grande and the Winter people along the east at the flanks of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. After twelve stops (where they built villages and lived for a short while) the people came together in the Rio Chama valley and built the village of Posi’owingeh. It was there that they created something new—one village inhabited by two people who alternated leadership seasonally—that distinguishes the Tewa from other Pueblos. The Tewa lived at Posi for a long time, but eventually left and established the other Tewa villages along the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The archaeological evidence for the settlement of the northern Rio Grande region appears to support the Tewa oral history of multiple groups of Pueblo people coming together to create new worlds in northern New Mexico. Archaeologist Scott Ortman proposes that thousands of migrants from the Mesa Verde region settled on the Pajarito Plateau (the landform now occupied by Bandelier National Monument) in the thirteenth century. Meanwhile, on the east side of the Rio Grande north of Santa Fe there is evidence of centuries of indigenous settlement. Perhaps these two distantly related groups of people are the basis for the Summer and Winter people, respectively, in the Tewa origin tradition. According to the tradition from Ohkay Owingeh, the two people came together in the Rio Chama basin to eventually build the village of Posi’owingeh where they created a new Tewa society. Sam’s research shows that the Chama area was uninhabited until the thirteenth century, when it began to be settled by both migrant (Summer) and local (Winter) people. For approximately a half-century, these various people living in small villages must have negotiated their identities and beliefs. However, by the mid-fourteenth century, everyone had come together and began to build very large towns along the Chama and its tributaries. One such place was Posi’owingeh. Architectural analysis reveals that the site has two very large kivas (ceremonial structures), likely one for each group of people as they came together to establish a unified village. And the location of the village itself marks an important event in Tewa history. The site overlooks the Ojo Caliente hot springs, a local representation of the place of emergence. The people lived at Posi’owingeh and other villages for two centuries until they left the Chama and joined their relatives along the Rio Grande. But their descendants have never forgotten these places, and have, over the past four centuries, reengaged their history through visiting and caring for the land, and memorializing their past in story and song. For the Tewa these migrations shaped their cultural views and also allowed them to adapt to a changing environment and thrive in their middle places in northern New Mexico. After the Revolt of 1680 The Pueblo world that was constructed and continually renegotiated through migration and the coalescence of disparate peoples was again transformed with the arrival of the Spaniards in 1598. The Spaniards introduced the mission system and the feudal practices of taxation (encomienda) and forced labor (repartimento). These practices restricted movement and created severe hardships for Pueblo families during a time when the crops were failing due to drought. In 1680, Pueblo people rose up in a coordinated attempt to overthrow Spanish rule. What followed was the perhaps the greatest reorganization of Pueblo people since the thirteenth-century migrations. Bob’s research has examined the social effects of this reorganization. His research, and that of his colleagues Matt Liebmann and Woody Aguilar, have identified a new kind of site, the mesa village, which served as a way station for people leaving their mission villages and moving to mountain camps. When Diego de Vargas returned in his Spanish re-conquest of New Mexico of 1692, he found large groups of peoples had moved to villages on mesa tops for refuge in an unstable social situation. These groups almost never comprised an entire village, but rather consisted of some subset of individuals, likely extended families and clans. In some cases, disputes broke out within these communities, and people left to find new mesa homes. A good example of this is the San Felipe people, who quarreled with the Cochiti people and left the village of Kotyiti to establish their own mesa village, Old San Felipe. The San Felipe people later joined with Zia and Santa Ana peoples in allying with the Spaniards, and even assisted Vargas’ attack on Kotyiti. This period reveals a wholesale social reorganization, with political identity transcending village identity. The Pueblo people relied on their ancient philosophy of movement to navigate a changing social and physical landscape. During this period, Po’pay and other Pueblo leaders initiated a cultural revitalization movement. According to some historical accounts, “the father of all the Indians, their great captain, who had been such since the world had been inundated” instructed Po’pay to tell the people to revolt, and if they would do so, “they would live as in ancient times, regaled like the religious and Spaniards, and would gather a great many provisions and everything they needed.” Here we see references to the biblical flood story, along with a god-the-father deity. Other references state that he had “the mandate of an Indian who lives a very long way from this kingdom, toward the north, from which region Montezuma came, and who is the lieutenant of Po he yemu; and that this person ordered all the Indians to take part in the treason and rebellion.” Poseyemu, Sun Youth, is a popular culture hero known to almost all the Pueblos. The form and layout of many of the mesa villages exhibit standardization, implying a shared ideology. Four of the mesa villages, Kotyiti, Patokawa, Boletsakwa, and Cerro Colorado, share a common architectural plan. Bob has proposed that this village form is associated with the emergence of the cultural revitalization movement. The architecture can be seen as a cosmogram of sacred places and the homes of important deities of the Keresan and Towa Pueblos’ pantheon. At Kotyiti, the gateways between the houses likely referred to specific mythological places. For example, the gateway between the two northern roomblocks may have referenced the gate of Shipap, the place of emergence located to the north. In this way, village architecture would have participated in the popular Revolt-period ideology of living in accordance with the laws of the ancestors. Peoples would have reenacted their history as they moved through the gateways into the village. Pueblo people laid the foundations of the modern Pueblo world during the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries, when they congregated in their villages along the Rio Grande. However, becoming Pueblo is an ongoing process, and the events of the historic period are critical in understanding the identities, organization, and lifeways of the Pueblos today. The movements that followed the Pueblo Revolts of 1680 and 1696 set the social character for the modern villages. Pueblo people are likely to have relatives in many different villages. Movement enabled the Pueblos to be flexible in the face of dramatic environmental, social, and historical changes. Most people engage with the Pueblo past by visiting ancient villages and ponder what life would have been like centuries ago. We can imagine smoke rising from kivas, turkeys and children running through plazas, women crafting beautiful pottery, and families working the fields. The village is a vibrant and central place—the literal middle of the world—where people come together, regardless of their individual journeys, to strive for balance and harmony. But when we begin to think about the fluid nature of Pueblo life, we can start to imagine how these places were transitory, and always in a state of becoming. The village is simply a stop on a long and ongoing journey, where people with diverse histories look forward to an unknown, but hopeful, future. As archaeologists, we are starting to take the long view of Pueblo history to understand the Pueblo past as a historical process that is ever changing, but one that shows striking continuity and persistence through the centuries. We are collaborating with our Pueblo colleagues to better appreciate the multiple dimensions in which they conceptualize movement. And this processes of movement is never complete, for today Pueblo people move frequently between their villages to socialize, for feast days, marriages, and baseball games. They also attend universities, serve in the military, and work in major cities. In short, the same concepts of movement that guided the actions of Pueblo people in the past continue into the present, and will do so into the future. Robert Preucel is the director of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology and a professor in the Department of Anthropology at Brown University. Samuel Duwe is an assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Oklahoma.

<urn:uuid:af3ddeaa-75d0-4ee3-8d76-5148013b7b31>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.elpalacio.org/2018/03/the-continuous-path/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585653.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023064718-20211023094718-00030.warc.gz

en

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 9 New Areas of Social Change The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters SCERT Class 12 Sociology Chapter 9 New Areas of Social Change and select need one. Class 12 Sociology Chapter 9 New Areas of Social Change Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board/NCERT Class 12 Sociology Chapter 9 New Areas of Social Change Solutions for All Subject, You can practice these here… New Areas of Social Change VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Q.1. What is meant by the electronic economy? Ans: At present time banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse, Mainly due to the communication revolution. This facility is simply known as electronic economy. Q.2. What are World Trade organizations? Ans: The World Trade organization, founded on January 1, 1995, works as the custodian of world economy. Q.3. What is meant by globalised village? Ans: Globalisation simply means growing interconnectedness and interdependence among the nations of the word. Globalised villages means that this growing interconnectedness and interdependence has transformed the whole word into a globalised village. A simply means the disappearance of differences on the basis of time and space. Q.4. What is meant by culture of consumption? Ans: In the globalised word careful with money is no longer a virtue. On the other hand consumerism emerged as a new cultural trend. People now want to consume more and more. Growth of multinational shopping malls, multiplex, amusement parks etc. are symbol of growing consumer culture. Q.5. What is corporate culture? Ans: Corporate culture is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of a unique organizational culture involving all members of a firm. Corporate culture sometimes refers to way of doing things, promotion and packaging products etc. It also involves company events, ritual and traditions which are supposed to enhance employee loyalty and promote group solidarity. Q.6. Write the meaning of globalisation. Ans: Globalisation simply means growing interconnectedness and interdependence among the nations of the world. Only one way of understanding cannot explain the full concept of Globalisation. Different academic disciplines may focus on different aspects of globalisation. Q.7. In how many parts means of communication can be divided? Ans: Means of communication can be divided into two parts print media and electronic media. Q.8. What is meant by mass communication? Ans: Mass communication simply means the mass media like Radio, News paper, Magazines. Internet, Telephone, Television etc. Which are used to communicate the names. Q.9. What is local culture? Ans: Local culture simply means culture of the local people of a particular area. Q.10. What are included in print media? Ans: Newspaper, Magazine, Journals etc. are included in print media. Q.11. What are the important means of electronic media? Ans: Aakashvani and Doordarshan are important means of electronic media. Radio and T.V.are included in it. Q.12. What is the main function of man media? Ans: The main function of man-media is to disseminate news, information etc. for mass audiences. Q.13. Name few means of mass communication. Ans: Radio, T.V.Newspapers, Magazine, Internet, Telephone etc. are few means of mass media. Q.14. Name the first news paper published in India? Ans: Bombay samachar in 1882. Q.15. Mention two factors that have led to the growth of print media. Ans: Increasing literacy rate as well as growing urbanisation have led to the growth of print media. Q.16. Name 4 News papers being published in India. Ans: The 4 News papers being published in India are : (1) The Times of India, (2) The Telegraph, (3) The Hindu and, (4) Dainik Bhaskar. Short type question and answer Q.1. What is impact of globalisation on social sector? Ans: In the social sector, the impact of globalisation is varied and divergent one hand it has led to the growth of consumerism and corporate culture and the other hand it has carried a threat. Globalisation infect carry a threat to many indigenous craft, literary tradition as well as knowledge system. As for example, about 30 theatre groups, which were active around the textile mills of area of Parel in Mumbai have become defunct as most of the mill workers are out of jobs in there. Similarly, some traditional manners of Andhra Pradesh home committed suicide while some others discarded this traditional profession mainly because their products are not able to compete with the machine made products. Thus, indigenous craft is facing hard challenge from big firms. Similarly, various farms of traditional knowledge system especially in the fields of medicine and agriculture is in danger. Contract farming and use of hybrid seeds and fertilizers produced by a MNCs have contributed largely in wiping out local variants and indigenous knowledge of production. Q.2. What is meant by liberalisation? Ans: Liberalisation is the process whereby state controls over economic activity are relaxed and left to the market forces to decide. In general, it implies the process of making laws more liberal or permissine. Q.3. What is the relation of globalisation with labour? Ans: With globalization a new international divisions of labour has emerged in which more and more routine manufacturing production and employment is done in Third World cities. Out sourcing is very popular method adopted by the MNCsthrough which worlds are being leased to the smaller firms of Third World countries. The multinational corporations normally shifts their production units to the places where labour cost comparatively low and thus try to keeping production cost low. As for example in 1996’s the production centre of Nike, a sports goods producer, was at Japan, but when labour cost increased in Japan, it shifted it’s production centre to South Korea in mid seventies. Again when labour cost increased in South Korea it shifted it’s production centre to Thailand and Indonesia in the 1980. Thus globalisation involves system of flexible production at dispersed locations. Another by issue regarding globalisation and labour is the relationship between employment and globalisation. As globalisation process proceed, employment avenues increased many fold. People have come to know about more new jobs like sales executive, call center jobs etc. Mainly IT revolutions opened up new career opportunities. Q.4. What are transnational corporation? Ans: Transnational corporations are those companies which operate across national boundaries. Transnational corporations have capital from all over the globe production units as well as selling points in different parts of the world. Q.5. What type of programmes are broadcasted on. T.V? Ans: Prior to adoption of liberalisation policy in India, there was one state controlled T.V. At that time, the main purpose of television programme were to educate, inform and entertain people. However, after 1991, private run satellite channels have multiplied rapidly. The coming of transnational television companies like Star T.V MTV. Channel (v), sonny etc. have changed two character and quality of programmes. Initially they broadcasted programmes produced at Hollywood. But most of the transnational television channels have through research realised that the use of the familion is more effective to attract Indian audiences. Hence, they started producing programmes on the basis of Indian language, culture and traditions. Perfectly, almost over types of programmes are broadcasted in Indian television. We have specialized TV channels for leads presently news, music, business, movies, entertainment, education, sports religions etc. are there in India. Q.6. What is the impact of internet on the field of journalism? Ans: Changing technology has also changed the role and function of a reporter. The basic tools of a news reporter a short hand notebook, pen, typewriter and plain old telephone has been replaced by new tools a mobile or satellite phone, a laptop or a PC and other accessories like modern, data traneller etc. All these technologies, particularly use of internet have increased the speed of news and helped newspaper managements to push their deadlines to down. They are also able to plan a greater number of editions and provide the latest news to the readers. At present time almost all newspaper have internet editions. A number of language news papers are using new technologies to bring out separate editions for each of the districts. Due to the use of internet, despite print centres are limited, the number of editions has grown manifold. Q.7. What are the functions of mass media? Ans: The prime functions of mass media are disseminating information, knowledge news and views etc. To the mass audience. The relationship between mass media and society is dialectical. Both inference each other. The nature and role of mass media is influenced by society while mass media also inference upon the society. During colonial period, mass media nurtured and channelized anticolonial public But after independence Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of the country called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy. The media was expected to spread the spirit of self reliance and national development among the people. In the early years of independence, media was seen as a means to inform the people about various development efforts of the government. Media was also encouraged to fight against oppression social practices like untouchability child marriage, illiteracy etc. Thus, functions of mass media change with the nature and requirements of society. Q.8. What are the wrong impacts of mass media over the general masses? Ans: The impact of mass media over general masses are both positive as well as negative. Television, internet, mobile phone etc. are getting very popular in present time. Most television channels are on through out the day in 24×7 mode. The television channels to increase their T. R. P. often broadcast sensational news, hard reality shows etc. Which imparts wrong impacts upon the general masses. Though internet is getting popular day by day and despite its tremendous advantage, we have to acknowledge that, it has become very easier now to even the school boys to experience various sex sites. There are some of the wrong impacts of mass media. Q.9. What is the contribution of means of mass media in the field of education? Ans: Mass media means the mediums of communication which reach mass audiences. Thus mass media includes television, news papers, films, magazines, radio, CD’s etc. Under British rule newspapers and magazines, films and radio comprised the range of mass-media. Radio was wholly owned by the state. News papers and films, though autonomous from the state where strictly monitored by the Raj. News papers and magazines were not very aside circulated as literate public was limited . The 19th century social reform often wrote and debated in news papers and journals. Anti colonial public opinion was nurtured and channelized by the nationalist press, which was vocal in its opposition to the oppressive measures of the colonial period. Sometimes colonial government imposed censorship, for instance during the ilbert Bill controversy, some prominent news papers of that time were-kesari, matarubhumi, Amrit Bazar Patrika, Bombay samachar, etc. In independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of the country called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy. The media was expected to spread the spirit of self reliance and national development among the people, in the early years of independence, development was the central thrust and media was seen as a means to inform the people about various development efforts of the government. Media was also encouraged to fight against oppressive social practices like untouchability, child marriage, illiteracy etc. Thus media was expected to promote a rational scientific ethos for building a modern industrial society. Now, government uses various television channels over as radio for educational purpose. Vyas TV, Ekolovya etc. Are some television channels which are used for educational purpose. Q.10. Explain means of mass communication. Ans: So far as the means of mass communication are concerned it can be classified into two types print media and electronic media. News papers, magazines, Journals etc. are included in print media while television, radio, internet, mobile phone etc. are called electronic media. At present time social networking sites like facebook, tweeter, etc. are picking up moment as new means of mass communication. Q.11. What are the direct effects of globalisation on farmers and rural society? Ans: The impact or effects of globalisation on farmers and rural society is varied. On the one hand it helps the farmers and on the other hand it has carried a threat. Globalisation in fact carry a threat to many indigenous craft, literary tradition as well as knowledge system. Many people discarded their traditional profession mainly because their products are not able to compete with the machine made products. The indigenous craft is facing hard challenges from big firms. Similarly, various farms of traditional knowledge system especially in the fields of medicine and agriculture is in danger. Contract farming and use of hybrid seeds and fertilizers produced by MNCs have contributed largely in wiping out local variants and indigenous knowledge of production. Q.12. What is knowledge economy? Ans: In contrast to previous eras, the global economy is no longer, primarily agricultural or industrial. The weight less economy is one in which products have their base in information as in case with computer software media and entertainment products, internet based services etc. A knowledge economy is one in which much of the work force Is involved not in physical production of goods but in their design development, technology, marketing, sale and servicing etc. Q.13. What is TNCS? Give two eg of such companies. Ans: TNCS or transnational corporations are those companies which operate across national boundaries. Transnational corporations have capital from all over the globe production units as well as selling points in different parts of the world. Two examples of such companies are Coca Cola and Kodak. See Next Page No Below… Hi, I’m Dev Kirtonia, Part-Time Blogger, Web Designer & Digital Marketer. Founder of Dev Library. A website that provide all SCERT, NCERT Notes & Suggestions, Novel, eBooks, Biography, Study Materials, and more…

<urn:uuid:99252c02-6ff9-4888-896c-26676d90d087>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://devlibrary.in/class-12-sociology-chapter-9/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587915.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026165817-20211026195817-00310.warc.gz

en

For decades in the medical world, surgeons and their professional support teams have relied on X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) data when performing their pre-surgical planning approach. These diagnostic tools have been literal lifesavers, yet the resolution and 2D perspective of these images can make it difficult to determine the full details of anatomical geometry. Subtle, critical abnormalities or hidden geometries can go unnoticed when viewing flat films and digital displays. With the advent of 3D printing, many surgeons are now using 3D models for both surgical planning and patient communication. While cost is the primary hold-back, such models are seeing increased use. In addition, efforts are underway to quantify the benefits of reduced operating room time/expense and improved patient outcome; see Medical 3D Printing Registry (ACR/RSNA). Supporting this concept are the high-resolution, multi-material PolyJet 3D printers from Stratasys. But how does the patient’s CT and MRI data become a unique 3D printed model you can hold in your hand? How do you segment out the areas of interest for a particular analysis or surgical model? This blog post describes the necessary steps in the workflow, who typically performs them, and the challenges being addressed to improve the process every step of the way. Data Acquisition of Patient Anatomy When we think of imaging throughout the decades, X-ray technology comes to mind. However, classic single 2D images on film cannot be used to drive 3D models because they are qualitative not quantitative. The main options that do work include the series of x-rays known as CT scans, MRI data, and to a lesser extent computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonant angiography (MRA). Each approach has pros and cons and therefore must be matched to the proper anatomy and end use. CT scans comprise a series of x-rays evenly spaced laterally across a particular body section, typically generating several hundred image files. These can be quickly acquired and offer high resolution, however, they do not do well displaying different types of soft tissue, and the process relies on extended exposure to a radiation source. Typical CT resolution is 500 microns in X and Y directions, and 1mm in Z. This is readily handled by Stratasys printers; for example, the print resolution of the J750 Digital Anatomy Printer is 42 microns in X, 84 microns in Y, and 14 to 27 microns layering in Z, which more than captures all possible scanned features. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) involves the same equipment but uses a contrast agent. With this approach, brighter regions highlight areas with blood flow. This process is superior for showing blood vessels but does not differentiate tissue or bones well. MRI data is based on a different technology where a strong magnetic field interacts with water in the body. This approach differentiates soft tissue and shows small blood vessels but is more expensive and not effective for capturing bone. Similarly, Magnetic Resonant Angiography (MRA) uses a contrast agent that can track small blood vessels which are important for identifying a stroke but cannot register tissue. MRI scans may also include distracting artifacts and offer poor regional contrast. A final source of digital imaging data is Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Here, radioactive material is attached to a biologically active area such as cancer; the data obtained with sensors is useful but very local – it does not show surrounding tissue. Segmentation: Conversion from DICOM to STL format Whether generated by CT or MRI equipment, anatomic image data is stored in digital files in accordance with the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard. Two aspects of this standard are relevant to 3D printing medical models: DICOM files include patient-specific, HIPPA-protected information, and the data in the individual images must be merged and converted into a solid model, with the areas of interest defined and partitioned. Various software packages and services are available that will convert DICOM data into an STL model file (standard format for 3D printer input) while stripping out the personal identifying information. (The latter must be done to comply with HIPPA regulations: never send a DICOM file directly to any service bureau.) Segmentation involves partitioning a digital image into distinct sets of pixels, defining regions as organ, bone, blood vessel, tumor, etc., then grouping and combining those sub-sections into a 3D model saved as an STL file. Not only does this format offer more meaningful information than a stack of separate images, but it can then be exported for 3D printing. The standard unit of measure for identifying and segmenting the different regions within the combined 3D series of CT scans is a Hounsfield unit. This is a dimensionless value, defined as tissue density/x-ray absorption; for reference, water = zero, a kidney =+40 and bone = +1000. Human guidance is needed to set threshold Hounsfield levels and draw a perimeter to the area of interest. You can define groups with the same threshold level, cut out certain areas that are not needed (e.g., “mask” the lungs to focus on the spine), and use preset values that exist for common model types. Typically, a radiologist or trained biomedical engineer performs this task, since correctly identifying boundaries is a non-trivial judgement task. A particularly challenging task is the workflow for printing blood vessels, as opposed to bones or organs. The output from CTA/MRA imaging is the blood pool, not the enclosing vessel. In this case, users need third-party software to create a shell of X thickness around the blood pool shape, then keep both model files (pool and vessel) to guide printing the vessel walls and their internal support structure (which, on the Stratasys J750 Digital Anatomy Printer, is soluble and dissolves out.) So far, just a few medical segmentation software packages exist: - Materialise Mimics Innovation Suite is internationally known for its excellence in image analysis and allows you to write scripted routines for automating repeated aspects of the segmentation tasks. There are also tools for interpreting images with metal artifacts, designing support connections between parts, measuring specified features, and rendering a view of the resulting 3D model. - Synopsys Simpleware ScanIP is a 3D image segmentation, processing, and meshing platform that processes data from MRI, CT, and non-medical imaging systems. Simpleware ScanIP removes or reduces unwanted noise in the greyscale images, allows cropping to the area of interest, supports both automated and user-guided segmentation and measuring and includes API scripting. Modules are available for Cardio, Ortho, and Custom solutions. - Invesalius 3 is open-source software that can reconstruct CT and MRI data, producing 3D visualizations, image segmentation, and image measurements in both manual and semi-automated modes. - Embodi3D/Democratiz3D is an online service that lets you upload a series of CT scans, select a basic anatomy type (bone, detailed bone, dental, muscle, etc.), choose the free medium-to-low resolution or paid high resolution conversion service, and receive the link to an automatically generated STL file. (Users do not interact with the file to choose any masking, measuring, or cropping.) The website also offers downloadable 3D printable models and 3D printing services. Note that these packages may or may not have some level of 510K FDA clearance for how the results of their processing can be used. Users would have to contact the vendors to learn the current status. Setting up the STL file for printing Most of the segmentation software packages give you options for selected resolution of the final model. As with all STL files, the greater the number of triangles, the finer the detail that is featured, but the model size may get too large for reasonable set-up in the printer’s software. You may also find that you still want to edit the model, either to do some hole repairs or smoothing, slice away a section to expose an interior view, or add mechanical struts/supports for delicate and/or heavy anatomy sections. Materialise Magics software will do all of this readily, otherwise, adding a package that can edit STL files or create/merge geometry onto an STL file will be useful. Whoever is setting the file up for printing needs to make a number of decisions based on experience. For Stratasys Connex3, J55, J8-series or J750 Digital Anatomy Printers, the process begins by bringing the file into GrabCAD Print and deciding on an optimized build orientation. Next, colors and materials are assigned, including transparent sections, percentages of transparent colors, and flexible/variable durometer materials, which can be for a single part or a multi-body model. For the J750 Digital Anatomy Printer in particular, users can assign musculoskeletal, heart, vascular, and general anatomies to each model, then choose detailed, pre-assigned materials and properties to print models whose tactile response mimics actual biomechanical behavior, such as “osteoporotic bone.” (see Sidebar). I tested out the free online Democratiz3D segmentation service offered by Embodi3D. Following their tutorial, I was able to convert my very own DICOM file folder of 267 CT images into files without patient ID information, generating a single STL output file. I chose the Bone/Detailed/Medium resolution option which ignored all the other visible anatomy then brought the resulting model into the free software Meshmixer to edit (crop) the STL. That let me zero in on a three-vertebrae section of my lower spine model and save it in the 3MF format. Lastly, I opened the new 3MF file in GrabCAD Print, the versatile Stratasys printer set-up software that works with both FDM (filament) and PolyJet (UV-cured resin) printers. For the former case, I printed the model in ivory ASA on an F370 FDM printer, and for the latter, I was able to assign a creamy-grey color (Red248/Green248/Blue232) to give a bone-like appearance, printing the model on a J55 PolyJet office-environment printer. Experience helps in producing accurately segmented parts, but more features, such as AI-enabled selections, and more online tutorials are helping grow the field of skilled image-processing health professionals. Clarkson College (Omaha, NE) also recently announced the first Medical 3D Printing Specialist Certificate program. Reach out to PADT to learn more about medical modeling and Stratasys 3D printers. PADT Inc. is a globally recognized provider of Numerical Simulation, Product Development and 3D Printing products and services. For more information on Stratasys printers and materials, contact us at [email protected]. Sidebar: J750 Digital Anatomy Printer The Stratasys J750 Digital Anatomy Printer uses PolyJet resin 3D printing technology to create parts that mimic the look and biomechanical response of human tissue, organs and bones. Users select from a series of pre-programmed anatomies then the material composition is automatically generated along with accurate internal structures. Pliable heart regions allow practice with cutting, suturing and patching, while hollow vascular models support training with guide wires and catheters. General anatomy models can replicate encapsulated and non-encapsulated tumors, while bone structures can be created that are osteoporotic and/or include regions that support tapping, reaming and screw insertion. Currently the Digital Anatomy Printer models present in the range of 80 to 110 Hounsfield Units. Higher value materials are under development which would help hospitals create phantoms for calibrating their CT systems. Currently available Digital Anatomy Printer Model/Section Assignments: - Solid Tumor - Valve Annulus - Valve Chordae - Valve Leaflet - Valvular Calcification - Vessel Wall - Dense connective tissues - Hollow internal organs - Solid internal organs - Solid Tumor - Gel Support - Solid Tumor - Valve Annulus - Valve Leaflet - Vascular Calcification - Vessel Wall - Facet Joints - General Bone - Intervertebral Discs - Long Bone - Open End

<urn:uuid:c9a9287a-909e-4982-b8ed-881b98f213fd>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.padtinc.com/blog/tag/3mf/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585653.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023064718-20211023094718-00031.warc.gz

en

Section A: Personal Financial Management Personal Financial Management The first section of this unit deals with personal financial planning. The second deals with forecasting and financial planning for a business. Your financial management skills are critical to your financial success. Your financial situation directly impacts your credibility with lenders, your qualification for financing, and your ability to operate your household effectively. This module presents techniques to help you record and analyze your personal financial information. After reviewing this module you should be able to: People who are under financial stress generally go through a series of stages as shown in Table 1. Sound financial planning is necessary to control your spending. Table 1: Stages of Financial Stress |Degree of Financial Stress| In order to remain financially sound, you should work within a budget. A budget lists all your sources of income and all your expenses. Once you are aware of income and expenses, you will be able to quickly determine your financial situation. When calculating your income, you will need to consider the following: 1. Gross Income: Gross income is the total income that you earn before deductions are taken off. 2. Net Income: This is the total income that you take home after all deductions have been taken off. In other words, this is your take home pay. 3. Other Incomes: Other income could include income from the following: Every household budget should include many categories for expenses. Most problems arise when all expense categories are not considered and are left to crop up at the most inopportune times. Expenses should be listed and prioritized. Which of the bills should you pay first? Household expenses typically include the following: Mortgage/Rent and Taxes A mortgage is a conveyance of land as security for a debt. This means that we arrange a loan by offering our home as security and make payments over a period of time. If you miss a payment, you are in fact jeopardizing your home by allowing the lender an opportunity to exercise one of its legal remedies. Power of Sale gives the mortgage company the right to sell your home to realize the safe return of its investment. You will have the opportunity to rectify the situation before action is taken. However, if you are three months in arrears for example, and then action is taken, your troubles may be too far along to recover from. Having more than one mortgage is not uncommon. A second mortgage is often used to consolidate debts and lower monthly payments. This is accomplished by the fact that mortgage interest rates are usually much lower than credit card and loan rates. A mortgage may also be spread out over a greater number of years, effectively reducing the monthly payments over a longer amortization period. Table 2 shows a method you can use to calculate the percentage of your monthly income required to cover your mortgage/rent payments and taxes. Table 2: Percentage of Income for Mortgage and Taxes |Percentage of Income Required to Pay Mortgage and Taxes| |Monthly mortgage payment||$650.00| |Monthly taxes (divide yearly amount by 12 months)||$100.00| |Multiply TOTAL by 100||$750.00 X 100 = $75,000.00| |% required to pay mortgage and taxes divide by monthly net income||$75,000 = 30% |30% of the net income is required to pay the mortgage and taxes.| If 40% to 50% of your monthly net income is used to pay the mortgage and taxes this usually results in a stressful situation as more is being paid for rent/mortgage than can realistically be afforded without giving up some other needs. An acceptable result is 42% or less. Car Loans, Bank Loans, Credit Cards and Credit Lines When preparing your budget, you will need to list your credit card minimum payments, credit line payments and bank loan payments. Determine your annual cost for insurance for your home and vehicle(s) and divide by 12 months. Life Insurance and Retirement Savings Plans Life insurance and retirement savings plans are very useful and important in your overall financial plan. Auto Repairs and Home Repairs Go through any receipts for the past year or two and determine an average cost throughout the twelve month period and divide by 12 months. Try to determine how much money you must spend in a twelve month period on gifts. Birthdays, Christmas, anniversaries and such have a way of adding up. How much do you spend each week? Whatever the amount, multiply it by 52 weeks and divide by 12 months to determine your monthly expenditure. Gasoline and Oil This section of your budget includes the day to day expenses of operating your vehicle(s). Calculate what you spend each week on miscellaneous items such as club memberships, entry fees to arena, magazines, flowers, maintenance items, church donations, other charitable donations, etc. Multiply your weekly spending by 52 and divide by 12. Gross Debt Service Ratio (G.D.S.) Banks often calculate your debt service ratio to determine your financial status before lending you money. You can calculate your gross debt service ratio using the following steps: 1. Calculate gross monthly income from all sources Your gross monthly income is your income before any source deductions such as income tax and C.P.P. are removed. Add to your gross monthly income your net profit realized from other sources of income that you may have. 2. Calculate total rent or mortgage payments and add it to your monthly taxes Your taxes may be billed quarterly and listed as yearly. Take the total amount and divide by 12 or by 4, whichever applies, to realize the taxes that would represent one month’s payment. 3. Calculate Gross Debt Service Ratio Add your mortgage plus taxes, then multiply by 100. Divide this number by your gross monthly income. Gross Debt Service Ratio = (mortgage/rent + taxes) x 100 / gross income for same time period Table 3 gives sample calculation of debt service ratio. |Calculation of Gross Debt Service Ratio</b| Gross monthly income Monthly mortgage and taxes Gross Debt Service Ratio = Therefore, 30% of total income is required to service these two monthly expenses. 900 X 100 Interpretation of Debt Service Ratio If your gross debt service ratio is: 1. Less than 30 You are doing very well in this area and are certainly not trying to live beyond your means. 2. Greater than 30 but less than 40 You are still doing okay, but you are going to have to try to hold it there and not make any moves that will increase it. Most banks in Canada will not lend a mortgage where a gross debt service ratio is greater than 33%. There are a number of other mortgage lending institutions that will allow this ratio to be as high as 37% and even in some case, 40%. 3. 45 or greater This is a danger zone. You should determine exactly why your mortgage and tax payments are so high and what measures can be taken to lower your gross debt service ratio. If you are locked into a mortgage interest rate that is higher than the current offered rate, try to calculate exactly how much your payments would be lowered if a lower interest rate was applied. Determine if it is to your benefit to pay any possible discharge penalty and the cost of legal fees incurred by re-negotiating your mortgage. If you are able to obtain a new lower rate for five years, the difference in payments may very well off set the fees charged to you and result in an improved credit situation. Total Debt Service Ratio (T.D.S.) This is a similar calculation to the gross debt service ratio, but includes your monthly credit card and loan payments as well. mortgage + taxes + all credit card and loan payments x 100 your gross monthly income If this ratio works out to less than 40, then you are financially responsible. If your number climbs to 50+, you are definitely skating on very thin ice. Click on Worksheet 6.1 (Word Document) to calculate your Gross and Total Debt Service ratios. Analysis of your Current Existing Finances It is important to be completely honest with yourself when contemplating your new budget. Your analysis starts with a calculation of your total net income. Then you can determine how much you should spend on your expenses. Table 4 suggests some acceptable figures for expenses based as a percentage of your net income. You can agree with the figures suggested or re-arrange them to suit your own situation. For example, you may place a great deal of importance on your home and your car. You may not care about dining out or partying each weekend. Therefore, you will increase the mortgage, taxes and car loan allowance by reducing your spending allowance. Only you can decide how to disburse your income. Once your budget is set, it is important to try to live with it and modify it as slightly as is possible. It is worthwhile taking the time now to think about a reasonable budget. Table 4: Breakdown of Expenses |Expenses as a Percentage of Net Income</b| |Mortgage/rent and taxes||30%| |Gasoline, oil and maintenance||20%| |Loan and credit card payments||15%| Notice that clothing and kids’ activities have not been listed in Table 4. How many other expenditures should you include? When setting your budget, prioritize your expenses. This will help you determine which expenses are more important and which ones you might be able to cut back on in order to balance your budget. If you are having financial difficulties, refinancing your mortgage might be an appropriate solution. A mortgage interest rate is usually found to be less than that of a personal loan. A loan is amortized over three to five years and may carry a higher interest rate of as much as four or five percent. The higher rate and shorter amortization period result in a higher payment. A home may be amortized by mortgage for as much as twenty five years. A mortgage can be paid back over a twenty five year period whereas a car for example, would need to be financed over a much shorter period, usually five years or less. Table 5 compares a bank loan and a mortgage. The down side to taking out a mortgage is that it may never be repaid unless you make some provision to discharge the debt in the future. One way of accomplishing this is to consider renewing the larger amount when your existing first mortgage opens up. Hopefully, your home will increase over the years by enough to swallow up the smaller debt that you have just added. Such action should not be taken lightly. You should seek all possible solutions first. Table 5: Refinancing |Bank Loan Compared to Mortgage| Bank loan of $8,000 – 4 Year Repayment, 12% Interest Monthly payment = $210 per month (from an amortization schedule) Total payments = $10,080 ($8,000 + $2,080 interest) Mortgage of $8,000 – 20 Years remaining on existing mortgage, 9% interest Monthly payment of $71 added to existing monthly mortgage payment. Therefore, a mortgage offers a savings of $139.00 per month, but you pay a total of $17,040 ($71 x 20 x 12) or $8,000 plus $9,040 interest. Table 6 shows a typical household budget for a couple called Harold and Cindy. Harold and Cindy are a prime example of a couple that are just getting by for now. Yet on a credit application their G.D.S. = 18 and their T.D.S. = 21.6 which are both allowable ratios as far as the bankers are concerned. In their case, more credit would be allowed. How can these people attain some extra buying power so that they accomplish an emergency fund and some modest savings? Less could be spent on groceries for example, by using coupons and shopping carefully. One hundred dollars per week may be within reason and by doing so, they would add $140.00 per month to their cash flow. They could eliminate their credit card payments altogether by adding their debt to the mortgage, or perhaps by arranging a small second mortgage to accomplish the cancellation of the credit cards and lines. In order to be effective credit cards use would have to be managed carefully. People tend to spend more when using credit cards. Table 6: Household Budget Analysis |HAROLD AND CINDY CASH ANYWHERE IN CANADA HOUSEHOLD BUDGET AND ANALYSIS |Harold works for an industry and earns approximately $48,000.00 gross annual income. His net income each month (take home pay) is $2,500.00 and they have no “other” incomes to bring into the household.| |% OF INCOME||PRIORITY||EXPENSE||BALANCE| |1||Cookie Jar Expenses||25||0| A $6,000.00 increase in their first mortgage or in the addition of a second mortgage would create a monthly payment of approximately $53 at 9% interest over 20 years. Even though this would increase their debt load, that debt is spread out (amortized) over many more years. The result is a lower payment and a monthly savings of $97. They will however, end up paying more interest in the long run. While it is true that their mortgage amount is increased, a period of inflation will more than make up the difference as their home should become more and more valuable each year. Positive Cash Flow Positive cash flow is when you have money remaining after your budget requirements are met. If you have established a good sound financial plan, then you hopefully have a few dollars that are left over each month. What should you do with the extra cash? Fifteen dollars per week does not sound like a lot of cash, however it represents $65.00 per month and if simply left to accumulate, it becomes $780.00 in a year’s time. Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSP) RRSPs let you take advantage of saving cash for your retirement and reducing your current income that you pay tax on. RRSPs are available in monthly payment plans that can be directly removed from your bank account automatically. You will pay income tax on your contributions and the income you earn on them only when you withdraw this money from your RRSP at the income tax rate you pay at that time. Therefore, funds should be left to accumulate tax free until you retire and are in a lower tax bracket. Then you can set up an annuity to withdraw the funds in monthly payments. Reconciling Your Cheque Book Register It can be very embarrassing and expensive when a cheque is not honoured due to insufficient funds. Try to keep your chequebook balance up to date so that you know exactly what the current balance of funds within your bank account is at all times. Each month, when you receive the Statement of Account from your bank, balance your account. Make this a habit. It is reasonable to assume that your larger, more expensive items will wear out over time and need to be replaced. You should include into your budget, some provision for this natural occurrence. Your car, refrigerator, television and furniture are all items that eventually will require replacement. Depreciation is a category that you should include just above your savings and you may even want to consider it for a spot ahead of spending. While this is not a do or die category, in the event of a worn out refrigerator and a thousand dollar replacement cost, such a fund would be welcomed. Click on Worksheet 6.2 (Word Document) to analyze your current financial status and plan for the future.

<urn:uuid:d4917471-e225-46b7-8446-b24baa8e86e8>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://communityfutures.biz/business-support-services/business-planning/business-planning-workshop/unit-6-the-buck-start-here-a-financial-primer/section-a-personal-financial-management/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585837.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024015104-20211024045104-00710.warc.gz

en

In the aftermath of the Nazi atrocities of World War II, the European intelligentsia were dumbfounded that imperialism and genocide had suddenly turned inward on its most prolific modern exporters — Europeans themselves. This is one of the many indictments laid out in Aimé Césaire’s searing Discourse on Colonialism (1950). “A civilization that plays fast and loose with its principles,” Césaire adds, “is a dying civilization.” Since Césaire’s death in 2008 at age 94, as democracies devolve into autocracies and wealthy nations sidestep poorer ones on our endangered planet, Discourse on Colonialism remains prescient about the barbarity that informs civilization. In literary terms, its enduring relevance tends to overshadow Césaire’s standing as the most influential Modernist poet in Caribbean literature, an imaginative writer who molded the French language to make a personal poetry characterized by hypnotic physicality, ritualized anguish, and metaphorical exorcisms. That body of work has been appearing in a raft of new English translations, revealing a perseverance the poet describes in “Course,” from the swan song collection Like a Misunderstood Salvation and Other Poems (Northwestern University Press, 2013): with my strict saliva I kept the blood flowing so it would not waste in oblivious squamae on uncertain seas I rode the dolphins of memory […] wherever I landed I ploughed the furrow Césaire navigated many “uncertain seas.” He grew up poor in Basse-Pointe, Martinique, earned a scholarship to study in Paris in the 1930s, and then won admission to L’École Normale Supérieure, where he befriended poets Léon–Gontran Damas of French Guyana and Léopold Sédar Senghor, who, decades later, became the long-serving progressive President of independent Senegal. Together they looked to America’s Harlem Renaissance to forge a Francophone Black aesthetics that would ensure their poetry — and their politics — against being imitations of white, mainstream French culture. On a break from studies, Césaire visited the Croatian coast near Martinšćica and was inspired to write Cahier d’un retour (1939), a book-length poem about his native Martinique, and an impassioned lyric-epic composition that the poet would revise and expand over the years. First published in the Parisian journal Volontés while Césaire and his wife, writer Suzanne Roussi, were moving back to Martinique in 1939, it appeared in 1943 in a Spanish-language edition, translated by Cuban ethnographer Lydia Carbrera, prefaced by French poet Benjamin Péret, with drawings by painter Wilfredo Lam, and, then, after the war, in new editions by influential publishers in Paris and New York, championed by Surrealist powerbroker André Breton. Journal of a Homecoming (Duke University Press, 2017) relies on the final, augmented 1956 version and features critical context by the late Nigerian literary scholar F. Ibiola Irele, who had been the first and most prominent Césaire expert. It includes a tour de force 74-page introductory essay as well as a 150-page appendix that provides Irele’s granular commentary on the original French, parsing the text’s idioms, neologisms, etymologies, puns, and geographical, historical, and literary allusions. Unparalleled in mid-20th century French literature, Journal of a Homecoming resembles prose-verse hybrids like Comte de Lautréamont’s Chants of Maldoror (1869) and Arthur Rimbaud’s A Season in Hell (1873). The Journal’s incantatory stanzas — 174 in this 1956 version — develop into a tripartite whole that might be described as a journey through hopeless desolation, poetic assuagement, and secular rebirth, as the poem unfolds like a séance reviving ancestral spirits from a vanquished Martinique. As Irele puts it, the poem represents a “consciousness turning wholly against […] its formative context.” “I was inoculated with debasement,” the speaker declares, “I am breaching the vitelline membrane that separates me from my truer self.” The poem’s language is tactile and multisensory so that the island’s topography radiates psychosocial meanings — chattering parrots, an overripe pomegranate, diseased peach trees, volcanic magma beneath the hills, “a great gallop of hummingbirds,” and a browbeaten populace hidden in the island’s gullies or high up in its trees. Other images allude to the Black diaspora: the Atlantic crossing of imprisoned Africans, the mercenary sacking of the Antilles by rum and sugar industries, and the lashings administered by white subjugators who appear as spectral and abject as their victims. A young voice “dies away in the swamp of hunger” and the island’s “sand is so black […] the howling foam slithers over it”; a woman drowned in Martinique’s Capot River is a “dark glow” and a “bundle of resounding water.” The bolero-like litanies stir up a new creative consciousness, which the speaker claims for himself and names négritude, a force that is “neither a tower nor a cathedral/ it delves into the red flesh of the soil/ it delves into the burning flesh of the sky.” This impassioned state of grace subsumes the racial debasement of nègre, that pejorative invented by French imperialists that he would wield like a refrain in rousing poetic counter-statements through all his subsequent collections. The momentum that followed Cahier d’un retour propelled the poet into the political arena, too. In 1944 an extended residency in Haiti immersed him in that island’s literary arts and political cultures. Inspired by the heroism of Haitian Revolutionary leaders like Toussaint Louverture, he ran for mayor of Martinque’s capital city, Fort-de-France, a position he’d hold for over 50 years, while also serving as the island’s representative deputy in the French Assembly. As the latter he helped to pass the postwar legislation that turned Martinique into a département d’outre-mer (overseas department) of the French nation, a bitter compromise for Césaire, the fervent anti-assimilationist. Taking in all of the poetry, including the original 1939 version of Cahier d’un retour and an unearthed early verse play, the bilingual compendium The Complete Poetry of Aimé Césaire (Wesleyan University Press, 2017) is the product of veteran Césaire translator Clayton Eshleman and leading Césaire scholar A. James Arnold, both of whom visited with the poet himself for advice and guidance. The resulting volume adheres closely to the original French, showing how the writer sublimated public strife and civic struggles into private passions, creating an erotic, atavistic, and refined literary Surrealism, especially in the fiery collections The Miraculous Arms (1946) and Solar Throat Slashed (1948). In the more spare and introspective vehemence of Lost Body (1950) — originally published in a special edition with engravings by Pablo Picasso — images of air and water frequently reposition carnal struggles of earthly existence, as in “the sidewalk of clouds” and “the new coralline heart of the tides.” Following Ferraments (1960), Césaire stopped publishing poetry for over 20 years as he turned to playwriting to widen his audience and address histories that he’d only intimated at in the poetry. In the early to mid-1960s, that turn yielded historical dramas that have since been staged around the world, now out in crisp new English translations. The Tragedy of King Christophe (Northwestern University Press, 2015) and A Season in the Congo (Seagull Books, 2018) are verse dramas that use choral voices, symbolic omens, and grim gallows humor to depict, respectively, the doomed leadership of Haitian anticolonial general Henri Christophe, circa 1820, and the coup d’etat that led to the assassination of progressive democratic President Patrice Lumumba of Congo in 1960. The return to poetry in the 1980s and ’90s shows his work’s phantasmal cadences addressing newer themes like weathered hope, troubled, ever-vigilant memory, and the finitude of all things, including suffering itself. In the newly published Resolutely Black: Conversations with Françoise Vergès (Polity Press, 2020), Césaire, interviewed at home in Martinique in 2004, is by turns regretful about the divisiveness that followed postcolonial compromises and gratified by hard-won social and economic advancements on behalf of Martinique. Even in advanced age, the poet still fought the powerful. In 2005, after French President Jacques Chirac’s government had passed a law requiring that all French schools, including those in overseas regions, teach the “positive role” of colonialism, Césaire refused to meet Nicholas Sarkozy, then the interior minister, on Sarkozy’s planned visit to Martinique, a stinging rebuke that led to the trip’s cancellation. Years into the new millennium, the principled anticolonialist still believes the only hope left to humanity is that powerful nations deliver on their long-professed ideals, especially those articulated in the Enlightenment-era document Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789). “France didn’t colonize other countries in the name of human rights,” Césaire reminds Vergès, while he also warns her against the stances of “victimhood,” “sectarianism,” and a self-defeating anti-Western purism, pointing out that “the progressive claim in the Declaration is that all people have the same rights, simply because they are human.” In 2008, following Césaire’s death, French President Sarkozy oversaw the ceremony that placed the poet’s name in the Panthéon in Paris. Upon discovering his work, the reader can imagine the Martiniquan writer answering the empire’s honors with the reminder that poetry, without compromising its artistry, can implicitly demand those human rights, those “universal” dignities long espoused and, to this day, denied to millions across the world in order to profit the few. As he puts it in “Millibars of the Storm,” “Let’s not placate the day but go out our faces exposed/ facing those unknown countries that cut off the bird’s whistles.” Aimé Césaire’s Like a Misunderstood Salvation and Other Poems (2013) is published by Northwestern University Press; Journal of a Homecoming (2017) is published by Duke University Press; The Complete Poetry of Aimé Césaire (2017) is published by Wesleyan University Press; The Tragedy of King Christophe (2015) is published by Northwestern University Press; A Season in the Congo (2018) is published by Seagull Books. They are available online and in bookstores.

<urn:uuid:f7330e90-a5ed-4416-bb20-31a96150d588>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://imageknits.com/the-modernist-poet-who-took-on-colonialism/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583083.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015192439-20211015222439-00071.warc.gz

en

Around the turn of the 19th century, Joseph Mallord William Turner was a young, restless painter, always on the lookout for inspiration for his art. After having toured many parts of Britain, he planned to visit the Continent. He was especially interested in the awe-inspiring, romantic Swiss Alps – considered by many a rocky, dangerous wasteland. Thus, aged about 27, and still being an unknown artist, he decided to follow his plans through. Let’s accompany him on his first ever trip abroad. When to go How to get to Switzerland while the Napoleonic Wars were going on? Private travels where hardly possible. It was only with the peace treaty of Amiens at the end of March in 1802 that the political climate allowed again the opportunity for travelling. The climate in Switzerland was another matter to consider. In the Alps, the roads were bad, and blocked by snow and ice for many months. Going there in April wasn´t an option. Therefore, Turner made his first trip to the Continent in the summer of 1802. Legitimation and Finance Until Turner could start, there were many organisational things to do. Among them: - How to get enough money? - How to get a passport ? Though Turner was still far away from being a famous artist, his talent for painting was recognized by influential circles of the London art scene. They agreed that his skills and his career would benefit from a trip to Paris, in order to study the paintings in the Louvre. Financial sponsors were thus the Earl of Darlington, the Duke of Bridgewater and Walter Fawkes, a Yorkshire landowner and Turner’s earliest patron. Most helpful however, was Mr. Newbey Lowson, a young country gentleman with antiquarian and artistic interests from Darlington Durham. He travelled together with Turner, and Turner gave him drawing lessons en route. All in all, Lowson financed the main part of the tour to Switzerland. Support for his travel plans was also offered by Lord Yarborough. He had known Turner for some years and stood as a referee for Turner’s passport. During the 18th century, British passports were mainly for diplomats, officials or professionals such as merchants. Tourists were still rare, and only the affluent traveller were able to obtain a passport. The document cost about 6 pounds, 7 shillings and 6 pence in 1778. Turner was plotting his sketching trips with the precision of a military campaigner. However, information on Switzerland was hard to get. - The first handbook for travellers to this country was yet to be invented (being Murray’s Handbook For Travellers In Switzerland, published in 1838. It is believed that Turner used it on his later Alpine tours). - A travel account in English existed. It was “Travels in Switzerland, and in the country of Grisons : in a series of letters to William Melmoth, Esq. from William Coxe”. It comprised the travel experiences from the year 1779 to 1787, and was published in 1789. It deals however, more with history and political administration than with practical tips for travellers. It was thus best to hire a trustworthy local guide. In 1802, Turner and Lowson hired a Swiss servant and guide for five livres a day. From the pay, the man had to cover his own expenses. Basic knowledge for travellers to Switzerland - In 1802, the country had been under Napoleonic rule since 1798. It was named République Helvétique. The confederate Diet was replaced by a bicameral parliament of indirectly elected members and a five-man directory, which functioned as the government. Although the government was in Swiss hands, the country was obliged to accept a number of unpopular measures imposed by the French. These included accommodating and feeding French troops and allowing them to use Switzerland as a transit route. Switzerland was also obliged to accept a treaty of alliance with France, breaking the tradition of neutrality. - It was ‘a very troubled state’, as Turner noted. The cantons were distrustful of each other. Almost every canton had a coinage of its own which was not accepted in the next. Most towns, however, accepted French Francs as payment. - Distances were reckoned not by miles, but by stunden (hours, i.e. hours’ walking) or leagues. The length of the stunde has been calculated at 5278 metres. - The people were ‘well inclined’ towards the British Where to stay Tourism, now a main business in Switzerland, was in the very beginning at Turner’s time. Accommodation in the Alpine region was poor. Travellers often stay in hospices, cloisters or very simple inns. It’s only on his later trips, in the 1840ies, that Turner could profit from the rise in tourism (that he himself had helped to start). Then, he often stayed in ‘Restaurant Schwanen’ (“The Swan Inn”) in Lucerne. It offered board and rooms, and the views over famous Mount Rigi. In Zurich, Turner – on his later trips – might have stayed in a hotel called ‘Schwerdt’ (“sword”). It was mentioned in Murray’s Handbook for Travellers in Switzerland, though the handbook rather warned against it than recommended it. Being out and about A trip to the Continent started, of course, by boat. In 1802, the political climate in France might have been mild– the weather in Calais often was not. Turner suffered a stormy landing, and in the end had to wade ashore through the breakers. He continued to Paris, but not to study the architecture of the city or the works in the Louvre. To Turner and Lowson, Paris was but a place for travelling preparations (Turner would return there at the end of the trip and dutifully make sketches in the Louvre). The two men bought a small carriage (32 guineas). The carriage was a luxury indeed: Of course, it made travelling faster, smarter and saver than going on foot. It also enabled Turner to carry larger and bulkier sketchbooks than would have been practical otherwise. He took his chances and bought additional sketchbooks in Paris. The men set off, going via Lyon and Grenoble to the Grande Chartreuse, a monastery in a lonely mountain region in the Isère department. Turner described the area as ‘abounding with romantic matter’. From here they moved on to Geneva, but only for a pause. The gateway to the Alps, Bonneville, was yet to come. And so was the real adventure. The Alpine mountains were often not accessible by a carriage. Turner and Lowson frequently had to send their vehicle ahead, while they continued on foot. They did so, e.g., from Bonneville to Mont Blanc, and down the Val Veni to Courmayeur and the Val d’Aosta. It was a hard tour. And more was to come, from Aosta over the Great Saint Bernard Pass. The ‘road & accommodations’ are ‘very bad’ Turner noted. Thursday, 25. Heavy rain. Turner went out to sketch. (Diary of Maria Sophia Fawkes, 1816) They continued north to Lake Geneva past the castle of Chillon to Lausanne, and Berne. As glaciers, forests and looming mountains had captured Turner’s fascination, Turner topped up his supply of sketchbooks in Berne. To explore the scenery around the Reichenbach Falls Turner and Lowson hired mules. A day’s trip by boat along Lake Brienz allowed them to sketch the ruined castle of Ringgenberg. Finally, they arrived at Lucerne, a town Turner would revisit often. Here, on a boat tour of the lake, he had his first sight of the Rigi mountain. The Rigi fascinated him; it would be among his favourite subjects on later travels to Switzerland between 1837 and 1844. The highlight of his mountain tours was a trip into the St Gotthard Pass. It was exhausting. Besides, the Devil’s Bridge, rebuilt near the top of St. Gotthard pass, was one of the most frightening passages in the world. It was only from 1834 that carriages run regularly via the St Gotthard Pass. But Turner didn’t mind the strain. It had its advantages over travelling speedily as he did later in the century: I am fortunate to have met a funny, small, elderly gentleman who will probably be my travelling companion throughout this trip. He constantly pops his head out of the window to sketch whatever catches his fancy. He becomes quite angry when the coachman refuses to wait. He seems to be an artist. (…) Maybe you know him. The name on his luggage is J.W. or J.M.W. Turner. (from the letter of a young Englishman travelling for business reasons from Rome to Bologna in 1829) What to eat and drink Famous Swiss fondue – melted cheese with bread cubes – was actually invented at the end of the 17th century by Alpine herdsmen. Other food and drink would include wine and beer, chestnuts, potatoes, and sausages such as beef, smoked pork and beef tongue, smoked pork, pigs ears or tails cooked with juniper-spiced sauerkraut, pickled turnips, and beans. Watch a video here how to make an 18th century mint sandwich from Switzerland What to see Looking back on several months of sketching and hiking in Switzerland, Turner remembered: ‘The Grand Chartreuse is fine; – so is Grindelwald… The trees in Switzerland are bad for a painter, – fragments and precipices very romantic, and strikingly grand. The country on the whole surpasses Wales, and Scotland, too… () Turner was to return to Switzerland from 1837 to 1844 and spent the summers exploring the length and breadth of the Alps. There’s a sketch at every turn. Aftermath of the alpine experience Turner’s tour of the Alps was the formative experience of his life. It also provided him with material for years to come. Hawkey – Hawkey [Mr. Fawkes, Turner’s patron] – come here – come here! Look at this thunderstorm! Isn’t it grand? – Isn’t it wonderful? – Isn’t it sublime?.. There, Hawkey; in two years you will see this again, and call it ‘Hannibal Crossing the Alps’. (JMW Turner, around 1810) Inspired not least by Turner’s paintings, Switzerland became a popular travel destination for British tourist wanting to experiences the awe, terror and danger of nature themselves. Sublime Sites; Explorations in the footsteps of Turner, Cotman and Ruskin with Professor David Hill (https://sublimesites.co/ ) Museum of Art Lucerne, Exhibition „Turner, Luzern und die Alpen“, https://www.turner2019.ch/ David Blayney Brown, J.M.W. Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours, The Tate, January 2010 Handbook for Travellers in Switzerland, John Murray, London, 1838 Jeannie Phan / Culture Trip: 6 Ways To Walk in the Footsteps of William Turner in Lucerne (https://theculturetrip.com/europe/switzerland/articles/six-ways-to-walk-in-the-footsteps-of-william-turner-in-lucerne/ ) Prue Bishop and John Lumby Bishop: The journey of JMW Turner (1775–1851) through the Chartreuse Massif in the summer of 1802; The British Art Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Summer 2015), pp. 27-42 (16 pages), Published by: British Art Journal

<urn:uuid:bf2f0545-c88f-44b9-be22-6511cdcfd9dc>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://regency-explorer.net/turner/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585828.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023224247-20211024014247-00430.warc.gz

en

Segment Review Questions Teacher's Guide What is a Glacier? How does the glacier move down it’s slope? Gravity Are all glaciers the same? No Where are the world’s largest ice sheets found? Antarctica and Greenland Do ice shelves float? Yes Which are bigger, ice shelves or ice caps? Ice Shelves From what sources might you see a valley glacier flowing? Cirques, ice caps, highland ice fields, or ice sheets What does SAR stand for? Synthetic Aperture Radar In what season is meltwater abundant, summer or winter? Summer Do cold glaciers erode a lot? No When rivers freeze, do they turn into glaciers? Where Have Glaciers Been? What three continents were covered in ice sheets for 2 million years? North America, Europe, and Asia What made the glaciers melt two million years ago? Rising Temperatures Why do geologists and glaciologists study the Ice Age? To find out what happened in the past and what may happen in the future Do glaciers leave clues behind? Yes or No? Yes Name two clues that glaciers leave. Scraped rock, huge boulders, u-shaped valleys, silt, fjords What two things have to be just right for a glacier to exist? Temperature and precipitation What does “deposition” mean? The laying down of matter by a natural process What does “erosion” mean? Process by which material is worn away from the Earth’s surface What is the difference between a U-shaped valley and a V-shaped valley? U-shaped valleys are formed by glaciers and V-shaped valleys are formed by rivers Have glaciers been around where you live? How can you tell? Anatomy and Other Diagrams of a Glacier Is the accumulation zone near the upper or lower region of a glacier? Upper Is the ablation zone near the upper or lower region of a glacier? Lower The process of calving stops, balances, or increases (pick one) the flow of ice from behind? Balances True or False: Meltwater flows along the top of glaciers. False Explain what process is occurring in #3 on the glacier anatomy image. What does it tell you? The equilibrium line divides the accumulation zone and the ablation zone. What is the fastest a glacier can surge? 5 times faster than it normally goes or 100 times faster than it normally goes? 100 times faster than it normally goes In a surge, can a glacier swallow its own valley? Yes In the diagram in this section that shows what happens when a glacier surges, look at letter B and find out what it’s about. The glacier surging, sliding downhill. Draw a diagram of shearing at the side of a glacier. (Hint: it’s in the diagram of “types of crevasses”) Located also in the “What is a Crevasse” segment Do you think a surging glacier could knock down Denali? Strange Glacier Phenomena Can glaciers make sounds? Yes. such as ice sizzles, ice quakes (a traveling/cracking sound), and the roar of moulins What are small black wingless springtail bugs that live in firn on glaciers? Glacier fleas What do ice worms eat? Algae and pollen There is an image of a fossil in glacial till in this section. What is the fossil? A log or a stump What are sudden glacial outburst floods of water that can be catastrophic? Jokulhlaups Do ice quakes sound like earthquakes (rumbling sound) or do they make a hissing and crackling sound? Hissing and crackling sound Are moulins holes in a glacier or the steel spikes you put on your boots to hike on a glacier? Holes in a glacier Would you ever want to be an ice worm? Why or why not? What are Crevasses? What can cause a crevasse? Stress in the ice, by ice flowing over bumps or steps in the bedrock Why don’t crevasses reach to the very bottom of the glacier? Most are squeezed shut by the pressure of the ice below about 30 meters (100 feet) Where is the most common place on a glacier to find longitudinal or splay crevasses? Near the terminus What causes marginal crevasses? Shear between the valley wall and the glacier In a deep crevasse, can scientists see the ice crystals of a glacier? Yes or No? Yes Why do scientists go down into crevasses: to observe the layers of snow or to test their bravery? To observe the layers of snow Transverse crevasses form across a glacier where the speed is (pick one) increasing or decreasing? Increasing Radial crevasses form where a glacier turns a corner. True or False. True In which zone of a glacier are transverse crevasses most common? Accumulation zone What would you do if you ever fell into a crevasse while climbing on a glacier? Danger and Safety What is a tower of ice surrounded on all sides by crevasses? A serac What causes a block of ice to break off and fall? Stress What do snow bridges cover on a glacier? Crevasses Does wind drifting cause mechanical hardening in the snow? Yes Should you walk over a snow bridge? No What do glacier travelers wear on their boots so they don’t slide on the ice? Steel spikes called crampons Name two correct ways to travel on a glacier. Travel in a team, use ropes to tie team members together for safety, have an experienced glacier climber with you, and use proper equipment. Name a piece of proper clothing to wear when traveling on glaciers. Boots, warm jacket, warm pants, and gloves If they go fast enough, snow machines can cross a snowbridge safely. True or False? False What one thing you would like to do on a glacier? How do Glaciers Form? The formation of a huge glacier begins with a single, small _____________? Snowflake What types of summer temperatures need to occur for a glacier to form? Cooler temperatures so snow stays on the mountain How does over-lying weight affect the snow? It makes snow grains beneath become coarser and larger What is wetted snow that has survived one summer without being transformed to ice? Firn How long does it take for firn to form? About one year When does firn become glacial ice? When the interconnecting air passages between the grains are sealed off What is the line that separates bare ice from snow at the end of the ablation season? The firn line What is the difference between a perennial snow patch and a glacier? A glacier flows What causes a glacier to move downhill? Gravity What would Alaska look like if all of the glaciers melted? How do Glaciers Move? What causes the glacier to be in motion? Gravity True or False: Glaciers slide on their beds and this enables them to move faster. True True or False: Glaciers can’t flow down to sea level or carve fjords. False What is the zone where a glacier gains snow and ice? The accumulation zone What is the zone where a glacier loses ice through melting and calving? The ablation zone What is the difference between the amount of material that a glacier accumulates and the amount it loses during ablation? Mass balance If the glacier gains more than it loses, will the glacier have a positive or negative mass balance? A positive mass balance True or False: The snout is another name for the terminus on a glacier. True Name one type of moraine. Terminal, lateral, or medial When climbing a glacier, if you could only bring one other thing with you besides warm clothes, boots, and a camera, what would you bring? Do glaciers have cows? No What are chunks of ice that break off of glaciers and fall into the water? Icebergs List the three rules starting with the letter “L” that you should do at Child’s Glacier. Look, Listen and Leave Do you move to higher or lower ground when you see a glacier calving? Higher ground One of the rules is to “Look” at Child’s Glacier. What can you probably see in the woods? Large rocks There are photographs taken of Child’s Glacier calving. How high did the wave reach? 12 feet What town in Alaska is Child’s Glacier close to? Cordova If an iceberg has lots of bubbles inside, what color might it be? White What does a darkly-striped iceberg consist of? Frozen water and moraine debris What would it be like if you were in a boat and a glacier started to calve? Do you think it would rock your boat if you were right next to the glacier? Why is Glacier Ice Blue? Glacier ice is so blue because the dense ice of a glacier absorbs/reflects (circle one) every other color of the spectrum except blue/yellow (circle one). Absorbs and blue Glacial ice is different than regular ice. True or False? True Are there rocks in glacial ice? Why or Why not? Yes, because glaciers move through rock and soil as they carve their way down slope What could happen to your glass of water if you dumped glacial ice in it? Your glass could explode! What is the stuff called that is either alive now or was alive in the past (it may be trapped in glacier ice)? Organic matter True or False? Glacial ice is just like the water in your freezer. False What would be in your glass of water if the glacial ice melted? dirt, gravel, and organic matter (living stuff) Glaciers are just frozen compacted snow. True or False? False The ice on a glacier has been there for a long time and has been compacted down. True or False? True If all the glaciers in the world melted, what would happen? (Use your imagination!) Why do Scientists Study Glaciers? Name one thing you can find out by studying glaciers. How the atmosphere was a long time ago As the ice compacts, is there more/less pore space? Less pore space Glaciers sometimes make popping sounds. Why? Pressurized air escapes from the ice What is another big word for “warm spells”? Interglacials How long was each interglacial period? 10,000 years 18,000 years ago, there was an ice age. How much (%) of the world’s land surface was covered under thick ice? 30% Dr. Craig Lingle likes to study glaciers. What kind of scientist is he? A glaciologist What is the largest glacier in North America? Bering Glacier What did James Roush and Dr. Craig Lingle use to look at glaciers from space? SAR or Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite imagery Do you think there will be an Ice Age or Global Warming in the next 100 years? (Don’t worry, there is no wrong answer!)

<urn:uuid:7f014f6b-af58-4a39-97ae-c7d1935a277d>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://asf.alaska.edu/information/glacier-power/glacier-power-teacher-answer-key-segment-review/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00150.warc.gz

en

Artificial Intelligence (AI)! Oh my, that sounds exciting and disturbing in the same time. Exciting because man has always fantasized about playing God, and now we are as closer as we ever got to this. Disturbing, because, some say , a superior form of intelligence, such as AI, might indisputably put an end to humanity, so to say. But let’s have a thorough look at what AI really is at the moment. The AI concept, that we refer to today was invented in 1954 by John McCarthy and used for the first time at the famous Dartmouth workshop. This was the moment when AI gained its name, its mission, its first success and its major players. Within its project description, McCarthy carefully introduced the term AI, mainly to avoid confusion with other terms that were rampant at that time. The scope of the conference was “to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves”. The concept of AI took into consideration developments from multiple disciplines or theories that were created during the 40s-50s years, such as: - Neurology research shown that the brain was an electrical network of neurons, - Norbert Wiener’s cybernetics described control and communications in closed systems (machines). - Claude Shannon’s information theory described digital signals. - Alan Turing’s theory of computation showed that any form of computation could be described digitally. In 1950 Alan Turing published a revolutionary paper in which he speculated the possibility of creating thinking machines (the famous Turing test). What we nowadays call AI represents a broad discipline, that pursuits the objective of creating an autonomous form of intelligence within machines. Machine learning (ML), a subset of AI, represents the ability of machines to learn to perform different tasks or solve problems. Most people, when they say AI, they actually refer to ML. Deep Learning (DL), represents a set of ML techniques that can recognize patterns (e.g. such as image recognition algorithms). Artificial general intelligence (AGI) involves the intelligence of a machine that can actually act humane, i.e. solve complex and varietal problems and experience emotions. To my knowledge AGI is only utopia at this point. The author Pedro Domingos, in his inclusive and straightforward book The Master Algorithm, describes 5 approaches that have inspired the science of ML up to now. Fundamentally, we have tried to create intelligence by observing ourselves and the world around us. They are usually called the five tribes of AI. - SYMBOLISTS have developed learning algorithms based on the use of symbols and inverse deduction that figures out missing data in order to make a deduction. - CONNECTIONISTS follow the brain functioning model by making decisions based on the strength of the connections (as in the strength of the synapse) between decisions through an algorithm called backpropagation. Deep learning relies here. - EVOLUTIONARIES use genetic programming which evolves computer programs by copying natures models of mating and evolution. - BAYESIANS use probabilistic inference and the famous Bayes’ theorem and its derivatives. - ANALOGIZERS work by analogy, recognizing similarities between decisions (e.g. patients having the same symptoms). The approaches above led to a multitude of classes of algorithms, each one of them being appropriate for solving a particular problem type. Figure 3 depicts the current development. ML is everywhere nowadays. Autonomous cars, personal assistants, online advertising and profiling, search engines etc. To be able to keep up with the fast development of the online environment, you need AI which gives you flawless solutions for many problems out there, but not for all. Cyber security, a case for AI There is a bit of a hype around AI/ML. According to some experts the world is already being disrupted, as many industries are reshaped by AI, and US humans are under threat of losing our jobs because of intelligent machines . Before jumping into such conclusions please have a short read into this article, written by one of the most reputable AI experts worldwide. His overall conclusion is that “if a typical person can do a mental task with less than one second of thought, we can probably automate it using AI either now or in the near future”. So, by using AI/ML, we can automate the little annoying things that keep us from focusing on the big picture. But in some cases, those little things matter a lot. In cyber security the ability to automatically investigate TB of logs is surely an advantage. A study developed by Ponemon Institute entitled Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security, concluded that “the biggest benefit is the increase in speed of analyzing threats […] followed by an acceleration in the containment of infected endpoints/devices and hosts”. Among the reasons why you need to adopt AI/ML in cyber security, one of the most prevalent is that nowadays the number of threats and the attack surface has amplified exponentially. The speed of the attacks has also increased. Exposing a vulnerable device online can end badly in just a couple of hours. Combining this with the lack of qualified personnel and the huge amounts of logs that we need to analyze, you end up with a single option and that is to automate as much as you can. Automation is not something new, but automation reinforced by AI might be the real deal in cybersecurity. By implementing AI/ML you get smarter and more capable autonomous security systems (AI algorithms are very good at identifying outliers from normal patterns) and you can also reduce workloads for Security Operation Centers (SOCs). Nevertheless, using AI/ML involves certain risks. One of them is that ML algorithms could create a false sense of security. It might give you the impression that you are fully safe, although ML and automation covers only the large majority of threats. You still need human intervention to remove bias (false positive) and adjust results with the business context. ML algorithms are prone to bias, as long as they don’t run on large sets of accurate data. This leads to the question whether ML can help dealing with sophisticated persistent adversaries that do not follow any rules. Another risk represents overreliance on a single algorithm to drive a security system. The danger is that if that algorithm is compromised, there’s no other signal that would flag a problem with it. A good insight into the issue is given in this article. But the concept of single point of failure is not something new in security, as we are dealing with it for quite a while now. Probably the most terrifying risk of all is the case when humans might not understand why a certain decision has been taken. Recent ML algorithms have become so complex that decisions cannot be traced and justified easily. A great article on this topic, also called “the dark side of AI”, can be found here. Yet, using AI/ML in cyber security has become a must, if you want to keep up with the overwhelming number of threats. The benefits clearly exceed the risks. And this is exactly what’s happening at this point. AI/ML technologies have been massively adopted by the players in the industry. The article entitled “The current state of machine intelligence 3.0”, published in 2016 by O’Reilly, provides a good overview of current players in the area of ML. On the Enterprise Functions section of the graphical representation, you can notice also some of the pure AI vendors in the cyber security area. But these are not the only ones. Almost every major player in the field has incorporated ML functions into their products. I personally work for Secureworks, a Gartner Magic Quadrant Leader on Managed Security Services, where we use machine learning to give to our CTU Research Team and Counter Threat Platform (CTP) unparalleled insight into the threat landscape. Basically, this is how we manage to analyze 270 billion security events on a daily basis and provide cutting edge security for our clients. Another good resource that provides more details on how ML and cyber security work together, is the article Machine Learning for Cybersecurity 101. It gives good insights on actual types of algorithms and methods that can be used for some tasks related to cyber. I have tried to synthesize below the list of useful algorithms and their main focus. |Network traffic analysis||Regression predict the network packet parameters and compare them baseline; Classification to identify different classes of network attacks such as scanning and spoofing; Clustering for forensic analysis. |Endpoint||Classification to divide programs into such categories as malware, spyware and ransomware. Clustering for malware protection on secure email gateways (e.g., to separate legal file attachments from outliers). |Application||Regression to detect anomalies in HTTP requests. Classification to detect known types of attacks like injections. Clustering user activity to detect DDOS attacks and mass exploitation. |User (UBA)||Regression to detect anomalies in User actions. Clustering to separate groups of users and detect outliers. |Process (anti-fraud)||Regression to predict the next user action and detect outliers (credit card fraud). Classification to detect known types of fraud. Clustering to compare business processes and detect outliers. Table 1 – ML algorithms and their use in cyber security But, if you really want to understand the level that has been reached when using AI/ML in security, have a look at the results of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 2016 Cyber Grand Challenge, the world’s first all-machine cyber hacking tournament. AI/ML systems are now proven to be able to automatically identify software flaws and affected hosts in network. Therefore, AI/ML and cyber security might go hand in hand pretty well. A comprehensive report published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE.org) entitled “Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applied to Cybersecurity” looks upon the impact of using AI/ML in cyber security. In their view, relying only on conventional security measures will render human personnel incapable of defending the entire system. They consider AI/ML a necessity, and they explore six dimensions where the new technology will impact current operations: - Legal and Policy areas: who will be legally responsible for failures?! - Technical and Human Trust: humans will have to work together with ML to satisfy business needs. - Data: AI needs huge amounts of accurate data, so as to remove the bias. - Software and Algorithms for AI/ML and Cybersecurity: huge amounts of data need new software. - Hardware for AI/ML and Cybersecurity: new algorithms need new hardware architecture. AI/ML is one of the technologies that has made great progresses in the last 10 years. Unfortunately, machine learning IS NOT a silver bullet for cybersecurity (compared to image recognition or natural language processing). BUT it’s surely a necessity! AI/ML cannot work alone, as humans need to provide the common sense that computers cannot, to ensure that result from AI is also meaningful in the business context. If you are working in cyber security industry and are concerned about loosing your job, don’t be, it’s not the time yet. AI/ML still needs more improvements, until it will be able to totally replace humans in this area.

<urn:uuid:fdb6e953-1415-4076-8201-82d82341e4ce>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://technology-insights.com/blog/can-ai-really-benefit-cyber-security/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585439.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021164535-20211021194535-00670.warc.gz

en

History of Yoga pt.1 Definition of Om Why is Om Sacred? Similar to the Big Bang Theory that states that all matter emerged from a massive explosion, in the eastern traditions it is believed that Om, the primordial sound, created and is still sustaining the Universe. Yogic philosophy believes that the universe emerged from the sound. All matter is ultimately vibration. Quantum physics has taken a leaf out of these philosophies when it says that light, sound, and matter are one and the same thing. All that differentiates them is vibration. They all have wave properties. In that sense, the matter is frozen sound. All matter is vibrating at a particular frequency. This vibration is producing sound, even if they are outside the audible range that our ears can pick up on. If each one of us is emanating a particular sound, might it be possible to begin altering that sound/vibration through chanting? “The practice of chanting mantra is not about the meanings ascribed, it is about the vibration/sound created.” The difference we see in matter is all a consequence of different vibrations. For example, rice and vegetables appear very different. However, at an atomic level both are structurally made out of Carbon atoms. The difference we see between the two is a result of a different structural arrangement of these Carbon atoms that is caused by varied vibrational frequencies. Om carries a special vibratory tone that helps us connect to the root vibration of the cosmos. Frequency of vibration is measured in Hertz. The sound Om carries the vibrational frequency of 432 Hertz. This is why all classical Indian and Tibetan music tune the base tone for their instruments to 432 Hertz. Interestingly, we can now calculate the vibration produced by the Earth rotating on its own axis. The Earth rotates once every 24 hrs, which is what causes day and night. The vibrational frequency created by the Earth rotating is also 432 Hertz. The ancient Yogi’s claimed that in advanced stages of meditation you can hear the Sound “Om”. Possibly these Yogi’s during their meditations, were tuning into the vibration/sound being produced by the Earth’s rotation. Om is comprised of three syllables A, U and M are the only three root syllables/ sounds that we humans can make without using our tongue. There are many more sounds that we can make without the use of our tongue, but they are all considered to be a mixture of these three main root syllables. - A: This syllable represents the waking state of consciousness. When we chant this syllable, it is supposed to vibrate in the pelvic region of our body. - U: This syllable represents the dream state of consciousness. When we chant this syllable, it is supposed to vibrate in the chest region of our body. - M: This syllable represents the deep sleep state of consciousness. When we chant this syllable, it is supposed to vibrate in the head region of our body. - . : The dot or (Turiya) refers to the silence that is experienced after chanting OM. This represents infinite consciousness. We begin every yoga class by chanting Om thrice. This is done to attune our vibrational field with that of the cosmos and the Earth. Additionally, chanting is a good way to clear the mind from past distractions and ground oneself into the present moment. For instance, in a regular drop-in yoga class, many students will be arriving straight from work and other engagements. Everyone will have a portion of their awareness still caught up in the tasks that they were involved in earlier. Chanting Om three times helps clear the minds of the students and the teacher, and brings everyone on to the same uniform field to begin the session. We end every yoga class by chanting one Om and three Shanti’s. Shanti translates to Peace. The first Shanti is an invocation for Cosmic/ Universal Peace, the second for Planetary peace and the third for Inner peace. Historical Origins of Yoga Vedic and Pre-Classical period Different authors point at different dates in time as when yoga came about. Stone carvings depicting figures in yoga postures have been found in archeological sites in the Indus Valley dating back 5,000 years or more. Something that most authors agree about is that yoga comes from the Indo-Sarasvati civilization and the scriptures of the Vedas and Upanishads. The Indo-Sarasvati civilization is also often referred to as the ‘Aryans’, which traces back to 6500 before the common era (BCE). The Indo-Sarasvati civilization is said to possibly be the oldest civilization. As we emphasised earlier, Yoga in antiquity was an oral tradition. Thus written evidence is hard to come by. The first source of written evidence stems from the Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1800 B.C.E). However, it would be arrogant to assume Yoga didn’t exist before this period. Many texts produced at this time allude to stories and personalities from a few thousand years prior to this period. The Indus Valley Civilization was located in North-West India and present-day Pakistan. This was one of the oldest known civilizations that existed on the banks of the Indus River. Located right in the middle of the ancient silk-route that was a massive trade route that carried goods from China, India, Asia, the Middle-East, Europe, and Africa. This civilization was highly prosperous, freeing up many people from having to spend large amounts of time tending to basic needs. As a result culture, music, art, architecture, philosophy and spiritual practice evolved and spread. The Civilization became an epicenter for new ideas, schools of thought, and spiritual practices. Towards the latter half of the Civilization, increased wealth also gave rise to power and hierarchy within the society. During this time many of the practices became ritualised. Alongside the increased emphasis on ritual, the caste system became institutionalized. The 4 castes: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra initially were simply linguistic terms used to describe a particular orientation within an individual. For instance, Brahminwas used to describe a person who was “Spiritually oriented”, while Kshatriya was used to describe someone who was a leader or “Politically oriented”. Vaishya was used to describe someone who was an entrepreneur or “Materially/ business-oriented”. Shudra was used to describe someone who worked for others/ had no individual agency. These terms were originally not pegged to birth or blood. Thus anybody could become anything. However, towards the closing period of the civilization, these demarcations became linked with blood, so that if you were born to a Brahmin, you would be a Brahmin regardless of whether you ran businesses, were involved in politics or worked the fields for others. During the classical period, the first systematic presentation of yoga was put down in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. The author, Patanjali, is believed to have compiled all available knowledge about attaining enlightenment (Samadhi) at that time and he structured it in a very systematic way. Patanjali is often considered as the father of yoga and his Yoga Sutras still strongly influence all styles of modern yoga. Generally, the Sutras teach us that there is pain and suffering in life that should be avoided (heya), that this pain and suffering has a cause (heyahetu), that removal of pain is possible (hana), and finally that there are ways to remove the pain and suffering (hanopaya). For those of you studying Buddhism, this might sound very familiar and should remind you of the ‘Four Noble Truths’. This makes sense as this scripture was supposedly written at the same time as when the Buddha lived. It is very likely that Patanjali and Buddha were taught by the same lineage of masters in the Indian Himalayas. The rishis, yogis, and pandits (priests) mainly performed India’s ancient Vedic religion, with much emphasis on rituals. However, ‘spiritual seekers’ wanted a direct experience and not a symbolic ritual. As a result of this desire, in the post-classical period, practices emerged to rejuvenate both body and life, which laid the basis of ‘Tantra Yoga’. This encompasses a tradition with various techniques to cleanse the body and mind. Taking into account the inter-relationship between body and mind, the yogis formulated a unique method for maintaining this balance, rather than discarding the body (as was typical in the previous periods). This method combines all postures with various breathing and meditation techniques that ensure peace of mind and physical health. “Inspiration was found in nature and many practices were ‘realized’ that would attain from attachments of the world while still living within it. “ Still, it was important to experience the limitations of the human physical body and mind. Then tantra yoga offered practices to transcend them and open up to higher realms of reality. According to the yogis, true happiness, liberation, and enlightenment comes from the union of the universal consciousness with the self (individual consciousness). Definition of Yoga Individual and Universal Consciousness’ Union Yoga is derived from the Sanskrit root word ‘yuj’, which means ‘to join’, or ‘to unite’. This union is between individual consciousness and universal consciousness. One could also interpret this as the union between Ahamkara (Ego) and Atman (Soul). There are numerous practices and tools, which, when applied systematically, intend to bring us into this state of unified consciousness. Yoga is one of the seven major philosophical systems that have originated in India. In yoga, the emphasis is on self-practice first. Patanjali, who is commonly referred to as the “Father of Yoga” was alive 2500 years ago. The practices within Yoga have been created by numerous sages and masters. Patanjali was a pivotal player in bringing these teachings to the larger society in India. Thus, the origins of Yoga precede by a few thousand years. He wrote the Yoga Sutras, which contains 196 concise verses (Sutra’s) explaining the practice and the pathway to reaching Union (Yoga). The Sutra’s are extremely concise. Each Sutra contains many layers of meaning. “Based on where the spiritual aspirant is within his or her own path, they will interpret the Sutras differently” This was the intention of Patanjali when he wrote the Yoga Sutras. He wanted these teachings to remain an inner experience rather than become ritualised dogma. The word “Sutra” means thread. In this sense, Patanjali has provided us with the threads for us to weave our own cloth. Each teacher of Yoga philosophy then borrows these threads from Patanjali to weave their own cloth based on the state of their spiritual practice and life experiences. Before the Yoga Sutras, no text existed solely focused upon the practice and philosophy of yoga. This is primarily because Yoga is considered to be Atman-Gyan (Soul Knowledge). The knowledge that can only be passed on from one soul to another. The essence of Yoga cannot be passed on through books or other forms of media. Thus, the true teachings of Yoga were and always will be passed on as an Oral Tradition. Prior to Patanjali, Yoga was mainly practiced by Sages and Masters who had renounced their material lives (i.e. family, career, friends, etc.). These Yogi’s were completely dedicated to spiritual practice and self-realisation. After Patanjali, many more Grihastha’s (householders) began to take up the practice of yoga amidst their duties and obligations. Patanjali’s definition of Yoga is encapsulated in the 2nd Sutra, YogasChittaVrittiNirodhah, which can be transcribed to: “Yoga is the Process of Controlling the Modifications of the Mind”. Patanjali sees the mind as a projector. It creates our reality. Our awareness is fractured. It is spread thin, in multiple directions. Some of our awareness locked up in the past (memories) and some in the future. Our mind loses its innate ability to manifest reality as it truly wishes. This is because the mind in itself is unsure of what it really wishes for. When the mind removes these distractions and is able to focus itself, it gains a tremendous power. In this sense Yoga is the process of collecting the lost fragments of our awareness/ psyche. We begin to unify our minds wherein we begin to control our minds instead of being controlled by our minds. When the mind assumes this state of tranquility, awareness of the Soul (Atman) is apparent. HINDUISM (SANATHAN DHARMA) Sanathan Dharma can be seen as the foundational principle underpinning Hinduism. “Sanathan” means universal, and “Dharma” means religion or duty or purpose. Whether these beings are conscious or unconscious about it, self-realisation is the goal towards which all beings are heading. Essentially a religion and spiritual tradition differ in the way power is used. Religion assumes power over the way individuals interact with the divine. They dictate the terms, rules and have a network of middlemen (priests) that are the go-between God and the individual. On the other hand, a spiritual tradition provides one with the tools to become self-actualised. To be able to connect to a higher spiritual purpose without the need for any external authority. However, we must realise that all religions are ultimately founded upon spiritual traditions. Therefore, there is a gradual gradient between a spiritual tradition and religion, whereby the distinctions between the two can oftentimes become blurred.

<urn:uuid:dd2141ff-54be-4ecb-8727-9d72dfe72612>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://houseofomyogaschool.com/lesson/history-of-yoga/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585204.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018155442-20211018185442-00230.warc.gz

en

The English word spirit comes from the Latin "spiritus" ("breath") and has several interrelated meanings: Metaphysically, a spirit is an incorporeal energy force that is present in all living things but distinct from the soul. (The distinction between soul and spirit became current in Judeo-Christian terminology.) A spirit may also be a ghost that retains intelligence, consciousness, and sentience. In Christian theology, the term spirit is used to describe God, or aspects thereof, such as the Holy Spirit. (The study of the Holy Spirit in Christian theology, is called Pneumatology.) In native spirituality, the word "Great Spirit" is often used to denote the supreme nurturing force found in nature: This concept of spirits infusing nature is common among traditional peoples. In Zoroastrianism, the Amesha Spenta are seen as emanating spirits of Ahura Mazda. In Christian Science, Spirit is one of the seven synonyms for God. The English word "spirit" comes from the Latin spiritus, meaning "breath." The word was loaned into Middle English in the thirteenth century via the Old French word, espirit. In Christianity, a distinction was made between soul and spirit. The Greek word pneuma was translated as "spiritus" in the Latin Vulgate instead of anima (soul), which was rendered psykhē. This distinction between spirit and soul reflected in the Greek and Latin languages (that is, Greek psykhe vs. pneuma; Latin anima vs. spiritus) ultimately derives from the Hebrew, which itself embodies a distinction between ruach (breath/wind) and nephesh (soul). There are related concepts to spirit in other languages such as the German, 'Geist' (related to the English word ghost) and the French, "l'espirit." Sanskrit uses the terms akasha and prana (breath). Similarly, both the Scandinavian languages and the Chinese language uses the term "breath" to refer to the spirit. In the Bible, the word "ruach" is most commonly translated as the spirit, whose essence is divine. The belief in spirits is closely tied to the ancient concept of animism, which attributed spirits to everything in nature, including human beings, animals, plants, and rocks. It was widely believed that spirits were composed of a misty, airy, or subtle material. Anthropologists speculate that this may stem from early beliefs that spirits were the person within the person, most noticeable in ancient cultures as a person's breath, which upon exhaling in colder climates appears visibly as a white mist. This belief may have also fostered the metaphorical meaning of "breath" in certain languages, such as the Latin spiritus and the Greek pneuma. In the Bible, God is depicted as animating Adam with a breath (Gen. 2:7). Stories about spirits date back to ancient times, and can be found in many different cultures. In Chinese culture, ancestor worship and divination practices date back to time immemorial. The Chinese philosopher, Mo Tzu (470-391 B.C.E.), is quoted as having said: If from antiquity to the present, and since the beginning of man, there are men who have seen the bodies of ghosts and spirits and heard their voices, how can we say that they do not exist? If none have heard them and none have seen them, then how can we say they do? But those who deny the existence of the spirits say: "Many in the world have heard and seen something of ghosts and spirits. Since they vary in testimony, who are to be accepted as really having heard and seen them?" Mo Tzu said: As we are to rely on what many have jointly seen and what many have jointly heard, the case of Tu Po is to be accepted. In other ancient cultures, the spirit was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted as a bird or other animal. In many historical accounts, the spirits of the dead (ghosts) were thought to be looking for vengeance, or imprisoned on earth for bad things they had done during life. Most cultures have ghost stories in their mythologies. Many stories from the Middle Ages and the Romantic era rely on the macabre and the fantastic, and ghosts are a major theme in literature from those eras. Pneumatology is the study of spiritual beings and phenomena, especially the interactions between humans and God. Pneuma (πνευμα) is Greek for "breath," which metaphorically describes a non-material being or influence. Pneumatology is defined as: "1. Theology, the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. 2. The doctrine of spirits or spiritual beings, in the 1600s considered a branch of metaphysics. 3. pneumatics. 4. Obsolete word for psychology." In Christian theology pneumatology refers to the study of the Holy Spirit. In mainstream Christian doctrine, the Holy Spirit is the third person of God in the Trinity. Unitarian forms of Christianity believe that the Holy Spirit is personal, although holding that it may, in some sense, influence people. In the Gospel of John, pneuma is linked to re-birth in water and spirit, which has been suggested to be baptism. The belief that God sends a guardian spirit to watch every individual was common in Ancient Greek philosophy, and Plato alludes to it in Phaedo, 108. Similarly, the belief appears in the Old Testament, although it is not specifically articulated or delineated. In the Book of Daniel, specifically Daniel 10:13, angels seem to be assigned to certain countries. In this case, the “prince of the Persian kingdom” was referring to one of the fallen angels also known to many as a demon. While, “Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me…” is one of the specific angels mentioned in the Bible who God uses to help His people. Michael is actually considered to be an archangel. According to the Book of Enoch, part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's inspired scripture, says that the just have protecting angels (Enoch 100:5). In Acts 12:12-15, there is another allusion to the belief that a specific angel is assigned to protect people in that verse in the response of the people staying at the home of "Mary the mother of John, also called Mark…." After Peter had been escorted out of prison by an angel, he went to Mary's home and the servant girl, Rhoda, recognized his voice and so she ran back to tell the group that Peter was there. The group replied, "It must be his angel" (v.15). In Matthew 18:10, Jesus says that children are protected by guardian angels: - "Never despise one of these little ones; I tell you, they have their guardian angels in heaven, who look continually on the face of my heavenly Father" (Matthew 18:10: New English Bible). The concept of guardian spirits or tutelary angels and their hierarchy was extensively developed in Christianity in the fifth century by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. The theology of angels, and tutelary spirits, has undergone many refinements since the 400s, and contemporary orthodox belief in both the eastern and western churches is that guardian angels protect the body and present prayers to God, protecting whichever person God assigns them to. The Roman Catholic Church calendar of saints includes a memorial for guardian angels on October 2. Whether guardian angels attend each and every person is not consistently believed or upheld in patristic Christian thought. Saint Ambrose, for example, believed that saints lose their guardian angels so that they might have a greater struggle and persevere. Saints Jerome and Basil of Caesarea argued that sin drove the angels away. The first Christian writer to outline a specific scheme for guardian spirits was the very popular twelfth century theologian Honorius of Autun (died c. 1151). He said that every soul was assigned a guardian angel the moment it was put into a body, although such a thought requires the preexistence of the soul/essence Scholastic theologians augmented and ordered the taxonomy of angelic guardians. Thomas Aquinas agreed with Honorius and specified that it was the lowest order of angels who served as guardians, and his view was most successful in popular thought, but Duns Scotus said that any angel might accept the mission. Guardian angels appear in literary works throughout the medieval and Renaissance periods. For example, the Anglican English physician and philosopher Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682), stated his belief in Religio Medici (part 1, paragraph 33). Ghosts as spirits A spirit or soul of a deceased person is often called a ghost, although the word ghost can also refer to any spirit or demon. A ghost is usually defined as the apparition of a deceased person, frequently similar in appearance to that person, and encountered in places she or he frequented, or in association with the person's former belongings. The Hebrew Torah and the Bible contain few references to ghosts, associating spiritism with forbidden occult activities (Deuteronomy 18:11). The most notable reference is in the First Book of Samuel (I Samuel 28:7-19 KJV), in which a disguised King Saul has the Witch of Endor summon the spirit of Samuel. In the New Testament, Jesus has to persuade the Apostles that he is not a ghost, following the resurrection (Matthew 24). In a similar vein, Jesus' followers at first believe him to be a ghost when they see him walking on water. One of the earliest known ghost "sightings" in the west took place in Athens, Greece. Pliny the Younger (c. 63-113 C.E.) described it in a letter to Licinius Sura: Athenodoros Cananites (c. 74 B.C.E.–7 C.E.), a Stoic philosopher, decided to rent a large, Athenian house, to investigate widespread rumors that it was haunted. Athenodoros staked out at the house that night, and, sure enough, a disheveled, aged specter, bound at feet and hands with rattling chains, eventually "appeared." The spirit then beckoned for Athenodoros to follow him; Athenodoros complied, but the ghost soon vanished. The philosopher marked the spot where the old man had disappeared, and, on the next day, advised the magistrates to dig there. The man's shackled bones were reportedly uncovered three years later. After a proper burial, the hauntings ceased. Many Eastern religious traditions also subscribe to the concept of ghosts. The Hindu Garuda Purana has detailed information about ghosts, and the realms of rebirth in Buddhist cosmology contain a realm of hungry ghosts. The spirit world Spirits are often visualized as being interconnected to all others and The Spirit (singular capitalized) refers to the theories of a unified spirituality, universal consciousness and some concepts of Deity. All "spirits" connected form a greater unity, the Spirit, which has both an identity separate from its elements plus a consciousness and intellect greater than its elements; an ultimate, unified, non-dual awareness or force of life combining or transcending all individual units of consciousness. The experience of such a connection can be a primary basis for spiritual belief. The term spirit has been used in this sense by at least Anthroposophy, Aurobindo Ghose, A Course In Miracles, Hegel, and Ken Wilber. In this use, the term is conceptually identical to Plotinus's "One" and Friedrich Schelling's "Absolute." Similarly, according to the pan(en)theistic aspect, Spirit is the essence that can manifest itself as mind/soul through any level in pantheistic hierarchy/holarchy, such as a mind/soul of a single cell (with very primitive, elemental consciousness), or a human or animal mind/soul (with consciousness on a level of organic synergy of an individual human/animal), or a (superior) mind/soul with synergetically extremely complex/sophisticated consciousness of whole galaxies involving all sub-levels, all emanating (since it is non-dimensional, or trans-dimensional) from the one Spirit. According to the doctrine of Spiritualism, spirits constitute or inhabit a world in itself; this world is called the Spirit World. The Spirit World is the main world and from this come all other worlds. This world is independent from our "material" world. Both worlds interact all the time, but are independent from each other. Through mediumship, these worlds can communicate with each other. The Spiritist philosophy affirms that we are, first and foremost, spiritual beings temporarily living in the physical realm with a purpose. The shared belief is that the human consciousness, or soul, continues to exist beyond the physical body. Therefore, life is defined as a continuous learning experience governed by a curriculum that calls for periods in the physical realm until such time that people have learned enough lessons to graduate to a spiritual existence in the spirit world. Given this perspective, Spiritism sustains the notion of a spiritual evolution, that supports the idea that the elements of the physical and spiritual realm are interconnected and continuously evolving. In addition to these metaphysical interpretations, the word "spirit" can also be used in the following vernacular ways: - It can refer to the feeling of inclusion in the social history or collective essence of an institution or group, such as in school spirit or esprit de corps - It can mean the "spirit of the age" - It can be a synonym for vivacity as in "She performed the piece with spirit," or "She put up a spirited defense" - It can denote the underlying intention of a text as distinguished from its literal meaning, especially in law. The Letter vs. spirit of the law. - It can be a term for alcoholic beverages stemming from medieval superstitions that explained the effects of alcohol as demonic activity. - In Mysticism, it can refer to existence in unity with the Godhead. - Mary Baker Eddy, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (Christian Science Publishing, 1934, ISBN 978-0879520007). - J. Gordon Melton (ed.), Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology (Gale / Cengage Learning, 1996, ISBN 978-0810354876). - Motse, W.P. Mei (trans.), The Ethical and Political Works of Motse (Mozi, Mo-tzu, Motze) (Arthur Probsthain, 1929). - World Book Encyclopedia, The World Book Dictionary (World Book, 2002). - Guardian Angel Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 13, 2020. - Ghost The Free Dictionary. Retrieved October 13, 2020. - Pliny the Younger (c. 62 C.E.–c. 113 C.E.) The Harvard Classics. 1909–14. Retrieved October 13, 2020. - Ghost Vedic cosmology. Retrieved October 13, 2020. - Burton, Ernest De Witt. Spirit, Soul, and Flesh: The Usage of … in Greek Writings and Translated Works from the Earliest Period to 180 C.E. University Of Chicago Press, 1918. - Cave, Albert. Prophets of the Great Spirit: Native American Revitalization Movements in Eastern North America. University of Nebraska Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0803215559 - Eddy, Mary Baker. Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. Christian Science Publishing, 1934. ISBN 978-0879520007 - Guiley, Rosemary. The Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Checkmark Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0816067381 - MacDonald, Paul S. History of the Concept of Mind: Speculations About Soul, Mind, and Spirit from Homer to Hume. Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0754613657 - Melton, J. Gordon (ed.). Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale / Cengage Learning, 1996. ISBN 978-0810354876 - Motse, W.P. Mei (trans.). The Ethical and Political Works of Motse (Mozi, Mo-tzu, Motze). Arthur Probsthain, 1929. - Steiner, Rudolf. A Psychology of Body, Soul, & Spirit. Steiner Books, 1999. ISBN 978-0880103978 - World Book Encyclopedia. The World Book Dictionary. World Book, 2002. ISBN 978-0716602996 New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

<urn:uuid:c3a4df49-4295-4752-bc58-6f53e477628f>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Spirit

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588102.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027053727-20211027083727-00430.warc.gz

en

Elections have been at the very heart of the expectations of African domecratization since they have served some critical democratic purposes, most notably the promotion of political participation, competition and legitimacy, which are pivotal to democratic consolidation.(1) While ‘elections do not, in and of themselves, constitute a consolidated democracy’, Michael Bratton argues that they, however, ‘remain fundamental, not only for installing democratic governments, but as a necessary requisite, for broader democratic consolidation’.(2) Yet, elections can also be used to disguise authoritarian rule, a form of democratic ritual that does not actually guarantee freedom of choice. The conflicting trajectories of democratic transitions in Africa remain a source of concern. This paper reflects on trajectories of democratic transitions in Africa, underscoring the different paths/forms of transitions. It also offers explanations for the success and failure of democratic transitions in Africa, with empirical illustrations drawn from Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and Zambia. For comparative insight, a few cases are referenced from the Arab world: Libya, Egypt, and Tunisia. It also showcases how the history of democratic transition in Africa is varied and chequered, much as the trajectories, it has assumed in different places and time, are many and complex. The 1990s approximates the age of democratic rebirth in Africa during which many African countries witnessed a massive resurgence of electoral democracy after decades of authoritarian rule and bad governance. (3) This was made possible by years of internal and external pressure, including popular discontent with economic hardship and political repression, which accentuated demand for political/democratic reform in the 1990s.(4) As the third wave of democratization spread across Africa, expectations were high that the transition to democracy, which followed different ‘paths’, would lead to the consolidation of democracy and development on the continent. Almost three decades into the democratic journey while some countries have made steady progress in terms of holding regular elections and deepening democracy, many others have not been so successful. In fact, a few could be said to have backslidden. As the Economic Commission for Africa notes in its African Governance Report (AGR) II, “Since the foundation of elections in the 1980s there have been numerous elections in Africa. But many countries have not had quality elections. Overall there has been notable progress on political governance in some countries, while improvements have been blunted or reversed on others. On balance the progress on political governance has been marginal.”(5) Models of Democratic Transition in Africa Democratic transition generally connotes the movement from a less democratic order (authoritarianism in its diverse forms) to a more liberal democratic society, where democratic values (periodic, free, fair and credible elections; rule of law; independent judiciary; vibrant civil society; free, open and independent press; stable civil-military relations, etc.) become the only acceptable ways of organising society. Transitions to democracy usually takes two forms or modes, namely transition from above and transition from below. The former is leadership-driven (usually state-centric) and connotes a situation where leaders respond to prevailing realities by initiating democratic reform; the latter is people-driven (societal led) and represents popular pressures for democratic reforms, especially inspired by robust civil society.(6) While these two modes are well recognized, the possibility of fusion of elements of both modes of transition into one case cannot be overlooked. It is pertinent to note that while transition from above has been credited with greater ability to deliver democracy, especially in terms of higher tendency to be ‘more specific about their time frame, procedural steps, and overall strategy’, transition from below is said to be characterized with ‘a great deal of uncertainty’. These qualifications are surprising, given that all forms of transitions, be it from above or below, contain elements of uncertainty. In both instances, the manipulative abilities of the transitional leaders, including their commitment to democratic reform and rebirth, may never be known in clear terms. The intervening role of some anti-democratic forces too can also serve to undermine, delay or prolong the transition process. In the African context, experiences have shown that democratic transitions have been inspired mainly from below. Under this variant, about four different strands of transition have been identified. These are: a) national conferences; b) popular revolutions; c) pact formation; and d) actions by the military. While each of these models has specific attributes, it is important to note that in many instances, there were overlaps where two or more models were reflected in one transition. Take national conferences, for example. The most notable cases were recorded mainly but not exclusively in Francophone Africa such as Benin, Gabon, Mali and Togo. Nigeria and Zambia also had national conferences at one time or the other. Such conferences were also a product of popular pressure for national dialogue and democratic reforms. Popular revolutions are primarily championed by the people (especially civil society organizations) demanding for the expansion of the democratic space. While this model was pervasive in the 1990s, the most recent illustrations remain the popular uprisings in North Africa that consumed longstanding authoritarian regimes.(7) Pact formation (such as South Africa) involves agreement between the departing authoritarian regime and the incoming democratic leaders, particularly about immunity from prosecution of key officials of the departing government, regarding aberrations issues such as human rights violations, corruption and crimes against humanity, among others. Ultimately, irrespective of the adopted model, transitions often dovetail into elections. This partly explains why much emphasis has been placed on democratization by election.(8)And from a minimalist point of view, elections remains at the very heart of democratization. The import of this is that the success or failure of the transition processes depends largely on the democratic qualities of elections, measured by the degree of political participation, competition and legitimacy. |Democracy in Africa: Demand and Supply, 2014/15 [Source: Africa Barometer]| Most Promising Democratic Transitions in Africa From a minimalist perspective, while some countries have made steady progress in democratization by election, many others have not. Among the most successful cases include Ghana, Nigeria, Zambia and Senegal. In Ghana, for example, despite the challenges of the founding election of 1992, the country has made great leap forward in its democratic transitions.(9) The major highlights of its transitional success include the regularity, freeness and fairness, credibility and peacefulness of its elections, the high level of competition involved in the elections, epitomized by not only the usually low margin of votes between the winning party and the runner-up, but also the almost evenly distribution of seats between the two leading parties in parliament, the frequency of alternation of power so much so that opposition parties have won elections on three different occasions (2000, 2008, 2016). Impressively, these alternations also featured the defeat of an incumbent president in 2016, a very rare feat in African democracies. Nigeria’s case has been slightly different. Initially characterized by ineffective governance of the electoral processes, culminating in diverse forms of electoral corruption such as discredited voters register, lack of internal party democracy, snatching and stuffing of ballot boxes, outright falsification of election results and heavy violence at all stages of the election (before, during and after), a series of electoral reforms that strengthened the autonomy and administrative capacity of the electoral management bodies (EMB), the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), have, in addition to other factors to be highlighted shortly, resulted in steady improvement in the overall electoral environment of the country.(10) The positive electoral trend peaked in 2015 with not just the alternation of power, but more importantly, the electoral defeat of the incumbent president, Goodluck Jonathan.(11) Both feats were unprecedented in Nigeria’s electoral history. |African Elections in 2015 [National Democratic Institute]| In others countries, including Liberia, Senegal and Zambia, some of the distinguishing features of democratic progress include the regularity of elections, high level of competition, alternation of power and defeat of incumbents. The high degree of completion manifested in diverse ways. In Liberia and Senegal, for examples, winners could not emerge in the first round of the presidential elections in 2018 and 2012 respectively. Moreover, both elections also resulted in alternation of power with the defeat of the incumbent party. In the case of Senegal, the 2012 election culminated in the defeat of incumbent President Abdulaye Wade, who lost to Macky Sall of the Alliance for the Republik (APR).(12) In the case of Zambia, Michael Sata defeated incumbent president Rupiah Banda in the 2011 presidential election.(13) However, democratic transitions have not taken firm roots in some cases. This is particularly the case in Arab countries in North Africa, most notably Egypt and Libya. In most of these cases, the political spaces have been severely constrained and suffocated by the existence of longstanding authoritarian regimes. Authoritarian tendencies manifest in these countries in diverse ways, including dictatorship. The so-called “Arab Spring” has raised expectations about the prospects of a new dawn of democratic rebirth. Such expectations are understandable given that the uprisings were from below, largely people-driven, with the activism of a broad spectrum of society. But, as already established in the literature, revolutions do not always lead to sustainable democratic transitions. Egypt represent the closest approximation of this reality. In Egypt, the election of Mohamed Morsi under the platform of the Muslim Brotherhood’s Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) has not gone to expectations. Instead, it has led to polarization and violence and eventual military usurpation of power under the leadership of General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. It has been posited that “the level of repression under President Abdel Fattah al-Sissi surpasses that of President Hosni Mubarak and even his predecessors, in terms of the number of Egyptians killed, wounded, detained, and ‘disappeared’ since the military coup of July 3, 2013”.(14) The military junta is reported to have killed over ‘1,000 civilians, imprisoned tens of thousands more, and cracked down on media and civil society’.(15) The situation in Libya is worse off. The Western-backed ousting and eventually killing of Muammar Gaddafi in the so-called people-driven revolution for the enthronement of democracy seems to have backfired. The level of attendant contradictions, including unprecedented fractionalization, destruction of political institutions, proliferation of small arms and light weapons, and general atmosphere of instability, characterized by massive violation of human rights, have combined to scuttle all efforts geared toward sustainable peace-building and democratization.(16) Although the Tunisian experience has been generally considered to be better in terms of the increased liberalization of the political space, yet concerns still abound regarding the quality of the transition.(17) Overall, Dworkin aptly summarises the challenges in these countries thus, “The political transitions in North Africa appear to be faltering. …these early stages of democratic politics now seem to show the dangers of political competition as much as its benefits. The revolutions inspired the hope that these countries could build political systems that fostered national unity by drawing on the contribution of all their citizens. But developments in recent months in all three countries make that aspiration seem like a distant prospect.”(18) The foregoing exposes the different trajectories of democratic transitions with notable successes and setbacks. The he next section offers explanations for the success and failure of democratic transitions in different regions of Africa. What Success, What Failure? The success of democratic transitions in the highlighted cases can be explained by many factors. These include the independence and professionalism of the EMBs, opposition coordination, the growing assertiveness of citizens, increasing accessibility and usage of the social media and new technologies, and the supportive role of international community, among others. In Ghana and recently Nigeria, the autonomy of the electoral commission, has enabled them to assert some reasonable degree of authority over the electoral cycle and processes. A series of electoral reform initiatives have also boosted the professionalism, administrative capability and efficiency of the EMB in both countries. For example, the implementation of critical recommendations from the report of the Justice Uwais Electoral Reform Committee was particularly pertinent in the Nigerian case. In Ghana, the Chairperson of the Electoral Commission is statutorily endowed with security of tenure of office so much so that once appointed, the president could no longer remove him except for ‘gross violation’ of the constitution. Moreover, in most of the successful cases, especially those that have experience alternation of power and/or defeat of incumbent presidents, a common denominator has been effective coordination of opposition parties. This factor was of great significance in the 2015 general election in Nigeria during which leading opposition parties merged and were able to pull resources together, better coordinate the activities, all leading to the electoral success of the opposition.(19) Also critical to the democratic success in these countries is the rise of an increasingly assertive citizens. Voters seem no longer contented with just casting their votes, they have also begun to demonstrate keen interest in what happens to their votes. In other words, citizens want to do all within the law to ensure that their votes truly count, unlike what obtained in the past, especially in Nigeria until 2011. At least three factors may have contributed to this development. First, there abound many CSOs devoted to the promotion of democratic values that engage in voter education and critical engagements with core electoral stakeholders such as the electoral commission, political parties and security agencies. The Centre for Democracy and Development (CDD), CLEEN Foundation, Youth Initiative for Advocacy, Growth and Advancement (YIAGA) represents critical examples in Nigeria. Second, there has been a substantial rise in the level of access and use of the social media and new technologies in these countries. Tools such as the internet, mobile phones, facebook, twitter have become powerful mobilization tools in such countries. Also to a very large extent, the international community has been very supportive of the democratization processes through technical and financial assistance to the electoral commissions of these countries. |Political and Civil Participation of African Youth, 2014/15 [Africa Barometer]| In North Africa, some of these enabling conditions are either lacking or in short supply, underscoring their limited democratic credentials. More specifically, democratic failures in the Arab countries, particularly Egypt, Libya and Tunisia, is not unconnected with a long legacy of authoritarianism, weak economic foundations, lack of a clear idea by leaders of the revolution, lack of accountability mechanisms, and fragmented opposition, among others. That North Africa has a long history of authoritarian rule is a settled matter in the literature. For whatever reason, people tolerated the dictatorial dispositions of these regimes. However, as the ‘economic legitimacy’ of autocracy continued to wane sharply to the extent that ‘the cost of autocracy’ could ‘no longer compensate for the meagre economic benefits delivered by North African governments’ it was only a matter of time that the foundations of those dictatorial regimes would be shaken. This happened with the Arab spring of 2011. Not quite unexpectedly, the faltering of the high prospects placed on the revolt as a promising path out of poverty and inequality meant that popular discontents with the ‘new democracies’ could not be delayed for long. The result has been increasing unprecedented fragmentation of society along tribal and religious lines. The failure of some of these transitional regimes to also promote accountability, particularly by addressing the legacies of decades of dictatorships through transitional justice initiatives, has only served to complicate the problem. Such an initiative would have helped address long-standing human rights abuses and related grievances. To better appreciate the salience of this factor, it is important to note that the much touted Tunisian exceptionalism has been partly explained in terms of its ‘broad societal consultation on transitional justice’, leading to the drafting of a transitional justice law in the country. Egypt and Libya failed woefully in this respect. Yet, opposition parties would appear not to have learnt any serious lessons from the successful cases elsewhere on the continent. They remain largely fragmented. Granted that uniting the opposition is not self-sufficient, there is strength in unity and that could be a good starting point. Conclusion: The Promise of Transition This analytical paper has showcased that the history of democratic transition in Africa is varied and chequered, much as the trajectory it has assumed in different places and time are many and complex. Transition success stories have been seen in some countries such as Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and Zambia, though not without some notable hitches and setbacks. However, in other cases like Tunisia, the promise of the Arab uprising in ushering transition to genuine democracy failed to materialise. To deepen democracy in Africa, there is the need to capacitate institutions critical to the conduct of free and fair elections, strengthen structures that institutionalise peaceful political transition, encourage strong ideologically based political parties, energize civil society, expand avenues for greater political inclusion, and build strong regional normative frameworks against authoritarianism. |The Best and Worst Countries for Democracy [Statista]| Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (7) Amir Taheri, (2012) 'The Future of the Arab Spring: Best-Case Scenario, Worst- Case Scenario', American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, 34:6, 302-308. (8) Jeremiah S Omotola, (2014), The African Union and the Promotion of Democratic Values in Africa: An Electoral Perspective, Johannesburg, SA: South African Institute of International Affairs, Occasional Paper 185. (12) Arame Tall, (2012), 'Democracy wins in Senegal', Aljazeera, 26 March, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/2012326133458592301.html (13) Jeremiah S. Omotola, and A. Stroh, (2017), ‘Presidential Elections, Incumbent Losers and Political Institutionalisation in Africa’, Draft paper, Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies (BIGSAS), University of Bayreuth, Germany, November. (14). Carl Gershman, (2016) 'Islam and Democracy after the Arab Spring', World Affairs, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/islam-and-democracy-after-arab-spring (15). Abraham F. Lowenthal, and Sergio Bitar, (2016) 'Getting to Democracy: Lessons From Successful Transitions', Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-12-14/getting-democracy (16) Ricardo Larémont, (2013) 'After the Fall of Qaddafi: Political, Economic, and Security Consequences for Libya, Mali, Niger, and Algeria', Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 2(29): 1-8. (17) Freedom House, (2011) 'Outlook for Democracy in Post-uprising North Africa', 10 November, https://freedomhouse.org/blog/outlook-democracy-post-uprising-north-africa

<urn:uuid:13829f0a-27f3-41ad-a35f-a5068b01943e>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2018/07/promise-transition-african-dawn-democracy-180708055718444.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587799.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026042101-20211026072101-00191.warc.gz

en

Life support systems - Adaptation , - Pollution & Waste Management , - Prevention & Control , Society must embrace natural infrastructure rather than rely solely on technical solutions, argues Mark Everard The word infrastructure typically conjures up images of dams and motorways, power stations and pylons, railways and airports. This technological infrastructure provides much of what we need in our day-to-day lives: we turn a tap expecting safe water, throw a switch expecting reliable power and visit a shop expecting the fruits of the world’s soils and seas. But where do the water, power and food come from? What of the materials and energy entailed in their production, purification and transport? And what breaks down our waste? Beneath our technological infrastructure lies a deeper infrastructure of natural processes. The word infrastructure has Latin roots: infra meaning “beneath” and struo meaning “to build”. We’re talking supportive foundations. Ultimately, natural processes form and renew the soils that grow food, recycle water and regenerate the fish and forest stocks that humans plunder beyond sustainable limits. Waterwheels and windmills enabled people to harvest energy from solar-driven flows of water and air, evolving today into electricity-generating turbines. And much of humanity’s demand for transport, heat and power is served by mining fossilised reserves of sequestered solar energy. Indeed, natural infrastructure provides, tidies and pays all our bills, and our ingenious built infrastructure merely routes it to our doors. However, technocentric conceptions about infrastructure are inherently dangerous if they blinker us from the ecosystems processes underwriting our continued wellbeing. Pre-industrial societies lived intimately with nature’s infrastructure, as do billions of people today in the developing world. Droughts mean immediate shortages of water, food and grazing. But we are all – privileged and subsistence-level alike – vulnerable to the degradation of natural systems, insulated by degree through technical innovations such as water storage, redistribution schemes and global trade. The water cycle is a fundamental component of nature’s infrastructure, recirculating, purifying and smoothing flows, and supporting all dimensions of human wellbeing. Habitat-scale natural infrastructure, including wetlands and floodplains, often play critical roles in influencing the quality, quantity, ecology and character of watercourses and water bodies, moderating profoundly their capacities to sustain human interests. The atmosphere constitutes another macroscopic infrastructure system, deflecting radiation and circulating moisture, energy and gases, as well as distributing seeds, pollen and flying organisms. Landscapes and soil structure too constitute vital infrastructure, growing most of our food, supporting wildlife, trapping carbon, breaking down pollutants and moderating the water cycle across a mosaic of connected habitats. Largely, people remain oblivious to the services provided by these vital and interconnected systems. But if we use or abuse them beyond natural limits, degradation of system resilience and its multiple services is assured. Wake up call Nature’s infrastructure is of overriding importance to human wellbeing. The evolution of civilisations has been profoundly defined by, for example, the harnessing of water flows for irrigation and food production, transport, defence and power. Focusing narrowly on technological means to harness and divert nature’s wealth, but overlooking natural infrastructure itself, is dangerously shortsighted. Yet, much of our built infrastructure is founded on exploiting one service, while overlooking “collateral damage” to nature’s life-support infrastructure and its many wider services to humanity. Water supply, for example, commonly entails heavy engineering solutions such as dams and transfer systems of benefit to municipalities, with industries and irrigated landscapes receiving piped water and hydroelectric supplies. However, nature’s water infrastructure delivers an array of other services, including soil regeneration; habitats for fisheries; natural irrigation of croplands and grazing; regulation of local and global climate and hydrology; nutrient cycling; and sustenance for wildlife. These in turn support diverse livelihoods, though much of this value goes unrecognised. Intercepting water for narrow purposes, while overlooking wider impacts on the natural infrastructure system, can generate multiple, underappreciated costs. This has implications for distribution, with advantaged and influential sectors generally benefiting disproportionately, while the inevitable costs are shared among those closest to the subsistence level. The net value to society, and hence sustainability, is questionable, though long-term detriment is assured. This narrow mining of crucial ecosystems services at net cost to the integrity of wider natural infrastructure is all around us in the increased generation of climate-active gases and solid waste from wastewater treatment technologies; the disrupted hydrology and diffuse pollution caused by intensive land use; and the loss of habitat and fish stocks resulting from the construction of coastal defences. The consequences of ignoring natural processes underlie current sustainability challenges, including species loss and fishery collapse; deforestation and receding aquifers; air pollution; climate instability; soil erosion; and eutrophication. Working with natural processes was generally the norm in pre-industrial times, and remains so for billions of people living non-industrialised lives. But this concept has, over recent decades, increasingly entered the vocabulary of flood risk and coastal defence; diffuse pollution; and fisheries and habitat management. This is loosening some established assumptions and generating some novel environment management solutions. Among them is the rediscovery and application of local technologies for water capture to meet a diversity of livelihood needs. Traditional water harvesting techniques include: - tank, anicut and johad systems in Rajasthan, India for groundwater recharge; - ziä systems in Burkina Faso to divert seasonal rains and organic matter into the soil; - field-scale rainwater harvesting using bunds and troughs in South Africa; - terraced agriculture throughout Asia; and - fog-trapping nets in South America, whereby large pieces of material are used to make fog condense into droplets to be captured in a trough. Fog harvesting could conceivably support reforestation in some areas; the restored natural infrastructure of trees would then perform the water-harvesting functions that are of significant benefit to people. One example of rainwater harvesting techniques being used by industry is an SABMiller brewery in Neemrana, Rajasthan, that was formerly implicated in over-abstraction of groundwater. The site is now using the johad system – building earth dams on natural slopes to collect and store rainwater – to offset water use in manufacturing. Since the construction of the four water recharge dams, it is estimated that there has been a net rise of 9.44m in groundwater in the area. Using old and new water harvesting techniques, at local and industrial scales, can achieve more sustainable outcomes if founded on the same principle of working with nature’s infrastructure. The value of natural infrastructure is also being rediscovered in urban areas. So-called “green infrastructure” spans a broad range of techniques that protect, rehabilitate or emulate natural processes in the built environment, contributing to the breakdown of urban heat islands; managing runoff; and creating places for nature. Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) emulate natural processes to slow rainwater flows and encourage ground infiltration, contributing to urban flood management, pollutant control and green spaces. Green roofs, rain gardens, green walls, rainwater harvesting and water-neutral buildings, water sensitive urban design, urban river restoration, community forests and a range of other built environment innovations seek to address a range of issues. These include improving urban climate, air quality, noise and water flows, while promoting pollination, green transport routes, habitat and wildlife corridors. And urban technologies are converging and losing their distinctions as the potential of each to contribute to a wide basket of ecosystems services is realised. Taking an ecosystems approach to spatial and transport planning yields multiple, formerly neglected benefits, including enhanced urban vitality, ecology and liveability, as well as economic returns, such as increasing the value of property. New York City’s green infrastructure plan, for example, found that integrating such systems with more traditional urban infrastructure generated financial benefits of approximately $1.5 billion annually. Similarly, an EU project on valuing attractive landscapes in the urban economy found substantial benefits arising from green infrastructure in European cities. Green shoots of innovation in supporting and developing natural infrastructure are evident across the world. However, they are still far from mainstream in public policy and business governance. Typically, the focus of any decision-making process – whether it is on investment banking or environment management – is on just one issue, rather than how issues link together. This silo mentality results in narrowly framed solutions, and we are blind to their ramifications for other dependent elements of nature’s infrastructure. Alternative sustainable solutions are required if we are to accumulate rather than erode the net value to society in an increasingly resource-constrained, more populated future. Systemic solutions are defined as low-input technologies that, rather than maximising single benefits, optimise the delivery of a wide range of ecosystem services. Integrated constructed wetland (ICW) systems built in Ireland are a prime example of such an approach. ICWs treat waterborne wastes (such as dairy effluent, sewage and farmland runoff), sequester carbon, cycle nutrients and provide habitat for wildlife and amenity areas, as well as regenerating wetland landscapes. Taking a catchment approach to managing pollutants entering rivers also represents a cheaper and more sustainable option than continued reliance on energy- and chemical-intensive techniques to remove pollutants downstream. Under the “upstream thinking” programme in South West England, the Westcountry Rivers Trust works as an intermediary circulating funds from water companies to farmers to reduce polluting inputs. The aim of the project is to improve raw water quality and manage the quantity of water at source, long before it reaches water treatment works, through improved land management. The benefit-to-cost ratio of the initiative, compared with conventional water treatment, is estimated to be as much as 65:1. The transition to more connected ways of thinking requires going beyond historic silos. Rather, air quality, flood management, water quality, public amenity, wildlife and noise abatement come as a connected package from the processes performed by carefully designed or reinstated natural infrastructure. Conversely, net costs across the system accrue if the focus remains on narrowly framed technology-based solutions. In an increasingly populated world with dwindling natural resources, humans can choose to learn from their mistakes or repeat them. Systemic solutions could provide a more sustainable way of delivering services without the unintended consequences associated with heavily engineered infrastructure. Ecosystems-based solutions have a significant role to play in delivering more benefits with fewer inputs. The needs of humanity cannot be solely served by either technocentric or ecocentric solutions, however. Policymakers need to meld both to provide sufficient food, water and other critical resources for dense population centres on a planet where more than half the population clusters in cities. And, while a clever mix of solutions is essential to access critical natural resources, it cannot create the resources themselves. Recognising the value of natural infrastructure is central to sustainable progress, though bringing nature’s infrastructure into the mainstream of policy and practice remains a daunting challenge. The Environment Agency has successfully prosecuted Southern Water for thousands of illegal raw sewage discharges that polluted rivers and coastal waters in Kent, resulting in a record £90m fine. In Elliott-Smith v Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, the claimant applied for judicial review of the legality of the defendants’ joint decision to create the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) as a substitute for UK participation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). None of England’s water and sewerage companies achieved all environmental expectations for the period 2015 to 2020, the Environment Agency has revealed. These targets included the reduction of total pollution incidents by at least one-third compared with 2012, and for incident self-reporting to be at least 75%. Global greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture are projected to increase by 4% over the next 10 years, despite the carbon intensity of production declining. That is according to a new report from the UN food agency and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which forecasts that 80% of the increase will come from livestock. Half of consumers worldwide now consider the sustainability of food and drink itself, not just its packaging, when buying, a survey of 14,000 shoppers across 18 countries has discovered. This suggests that their understanding of sustainability is evolving to include wellbeing and nutrition, with sustainable packaging now considered standard. Billions of people worldwide have been unable to access safe drinking water and sanitation in their homes during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a progress report from the World Health Organisation focusing on the UN’s sixth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 6) – to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030”. New jobs that help drive the UK towards net-zero emissions are set to offer salaries that are almost one-third higher than those in carbon-intensive industries, research suggests.

<urn:uuid:4f61ecdd-a4e5-4bd9-91f1-9d409c541be5>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.iema.net/articles/life-support-systems

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587926.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026200738-20211026230738-00590.warc.gz

en

THE CROSS AND CRUCIFIXION We do not doubt that the Lord Jesus Christ, God’s Lamb, was nailed to a wooden instrument of death which was set upright in a hole in the ground. He was left there to die. Neither do we doubt His burial and resurrection. What we do doubt are the baseless Catholic-pagan traditions – false ideas – that have grown up around this event. While we expect to be opposed by some because of this article we feel compelled to tell what we have learned on this subject. My Bible says: “And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting lots: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, They parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture did they cast lots,” (Matthew 27:45). Are you willing to take an honest and deeper look at what the Bible actually says here? If not, cease reading now as you will likely only become angry at both the message and the messenger. If you are thus willing, read on as this preacher has tried to share what he sees to be the truth on this matter. First of all, notice the word “crucified” in the above verse. It comes from Latin. This Anglicized word was first used sometime in the 14th century according to the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. If that is true, then all earlier translations of the Bible into English must have used a different word. “Crucify” and its kindred words did not exist then. This Latin word brought over into English means to fasten to a cross. But does the Bible teach that a cross was involved in the death of Christ? What does the Bible teach? Did the Romans ever use or always use two-beamed crosses? Are the Catholics right? Were the old painters who have portrayed a two-beamed cross right? Or did the Romans use a simple upright stake? Why does it really matter how Christ was killed? And why do some Baptists oppose the use of cross symbols in their homes and meeting houses today? Why do some Baptists make it a point to have nothing to do with crosses? Coming into use relatively late – in the 14th century – obviously means that these Latin-based words were not used by earlier English speakers and writers. How did they come to be in English, having a Latin origin? Many words from different languages have been brought into English. This was done through usage. For example our word “booze” comes from the Dutch no doubt through contact with that nationality and language. Who, we ask, would have used these Latin-based words back in that time in jolly old England? The answer seems obvious. Latin has been the language of the Catholic Church since it’s development sometime after A.D. 300. We know how they came to be used in Catholic England. Here is how. King Henry VIII (28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) pulled the English Catholic churches out from under the control of Rome. After proclaiming himself the head over the English churches, the English clergy continued using the same old (Catholic) church words. The words cross and crucify are two of those old church words that the King James Translators kept. They wrote about their continued use of old church words in their introductory material. This introductory explanation of how and what the translators did in their translation work formerly appeared in the front of all King James Bibles. In that important part of the King James Bible, the translators told how they were not so scrupulous as other translators and kept the old Catholic words such as church (instead of congregation) and baptism (instead of washing – more accurately rendered dipping). While they only gave two examples, they kept other old church words also, cross and crucify being two of them. They were Anglicans (also known as Episcopalians or Church of England) and their mother was Roman Catholicism. When they came out of Romanism, they brought a considerable amount of Romish baggage with them – crosses included! Was Christ’s cross a simple upright pale or pole or was it made of two or even three pieces of wood somehow fastened together as most people think? And does it matter? If so why? These are all important questions, we believe. They are important if we would worship God in an acceptable way. We say this because the Lord Jesus said, “But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him. God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth,” (John 4:23-24). We want our worship to be acceptable to God. We want to be “true worshippers” and not false ones. Therefore the truth is important. Pagan lies are not acceptable to God! Remember Cain’s sin! Cain was not punished by God for worshiping a false god. Cain’s sin was the false worship of the true and living God. Shall we follow Cain and do as we please and call it worship or shall we worship God “in spirit and in truth”? The last quoted verse above says we “must” worship in spirit and in truth if we would worship God. Worship is a purely spiritual matter and must be according to truth to be acceptable to God. After all, God is not “worshipped with men’s hands,” (Acts 17:25). The first avenue of research that we will pursue is archaeology. The Romans hung multiplied thousands of people on pieces of wood, leaving them to die. This mode of execution was followed throughout the Roman Empire over hundreds of years. Sometimes they impaled their victims. This would necessitate the use of a simple upright piece of timber. Other times they fastened them to wooden uprights. In both instances they were left hanging to die a slow and painful death. But here is an amazing fact! Get this! There is not a single ancient Roman “cross” ever found by archaeologists anywhere in the world! Think of that! You would think there would be a multitude of crosses, skeletons and other evidence as to how crucifixions were carried out. The following is an amazing quote from a Jerusalem-based online newspaper, The Times of Israel: “It is therefore an odd fact that archaeological evidence of this punishment — crosses, for example, or perforated skeletons — has never been found anywhere in the world, with one exception: the stone box containing Yehohanan’s remains.” (Source: http://www.timesofisrael.com/in-a-stone-box-a-rare-trace-of-crucifixion/) That article goes on to point out that the young Jewish man, Yehohanan, who was crucified likely had his hands tied to the cross as there is no evidence of his hands having been nailed. What is even more interesting is that his feet were not nailed one atop the other as portrayed in religious paintings. Rather his heels were placed one on each side of the upright pole and a huge nail or spike driven through each heel from the side. Thus his feet were fastened one to each side of the “cross.” So archaeology is not of much help to us since it provides only one example of a crucified body. However, it does show that in at least one instance the mode of crucifixion differed from that portrayed by Catholic-tradition-influenced painters. We know from the Bible that the “hands” of the Lord Jesus were nailed to the cross in some fashion, but whether to the sides or front of the upright is unknown. One thing for sure: we ought not to accept carte blanche the claims of Rome and the paintings of men influenced by her! In this study we would do well to learn the meaning of the Greek words translated as “crucify” and “cross.” After all, the Greek words are the inspired Words God moved upon holy men to write. The two Greek words translated “cross” and “crucify” are related. First let us look at the word “Crucify” which comes from “stauroo.” That word, according to the universally accepted Methodist scholar James Strong, gives the primary meaning as “to stake, drive down stakes.” The secondary meaning is “to fortify with driven stakes, to palisade.” Most Americans are familiar with early day palisades or forts built by placing tree trunks upright in the ground. That is the idea here except it would refer to single upright posts. Only after giving these meanings does Mr. Strong introduce the word “crucify” into his definition based upon the old church word usage. However, Mr. Strong is well known to follow tradition in some instances rather than staying strictly with original meanings. Our point being: we must always be careful not to take the words of men, but to do our own research. By the way, the King James translators consistently translated “stauroo” as “crucify.” Next let us look at the word for “cross.” The word for “cross” is “stauros” – just one letter short of the word for “crucify” as shown above. This word denotes an upright pale: nothing more. Church of England Greek scholar W.E. Vine has done admirably well in pointing out that there is no etymological reason – no reason in the words used – to think that the Christ’s “cross” was anything other than a rough upright pale or post. In his dictionary he devotes considerable space to proving this. His action puts Mr. Vine quite at odds with his church since Anglicanism is replete with crosses! The evidence must have been compelling to cause such a scholar to go against his own church in this matter. Whether or not Christ’s cross was square hewn or not is unclear. Personally I doubt that the Romans expended much labor or much expense on preparing “crosses.” History tells us that Crassus crucified 6,000 of Spartacus’ followers. It is doubtful if his soldiers took time for the manufacture of “T” shaped crosses in that event. Very probably in some cases conveniently located living or dead trees were used. Roadside trees or trees located in other public places served their purpose well. After all, their purpose was to make a public display of their brand of violent justice. They wanted to instill fear of their authority in the peoples they subjugated. They were not seeking to make a beautiful monument or an attractive public edifice when they executed people in this way. What does the Bible specifically say about the thing on which Jesus died? Five times the Bible says the thing upon which Christ was crucified was a tree. Those five places are as follows. “The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and hanged on a tree,” (Acts 5:30). “And we are witnesses of all things which he did both in the land of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they slew and hanged on a tree,” Ac 10:39). “And when they had fulfilled all that was written of him, they took him down from the tree, and laid him in a sepulchre,” (Acts 13:29). “Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree,” (Galatians 3:13; see also Deuteronomy 21:22, 23). “Who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed,” (1Peter 2:24). Now a two-beamed cross and a tree are not the same thing. Who will dare say they are? There are two Greek words that are translated “tree” in our King James New Testaments. One word, “dendrun,” is found 19 times in the Greek New Testament and always means a tree whether living or dead. It is always translated that way in our King James Bibles. It is thought to have come from the Greek word for oak. But the word that is used in the above five quoted verses speaking of the tree upon which Christ was nailed is a completely different word. It is “xulon” and is found 19 times. It is translated ten times as tree, five times as staff, three times as wood and one time as stocks. We know what a tree is – generally thought of as tall and straight. A staff of course is a long more or less straight heavy walking stick used also as a weapon. The word wood refers to expensive wood such as boards and containers made from such things. Stocks were notched straight wooden beams fixed to come together as one so as to hold the feet of prisoners secure as in Acts 16:24. So we have it then: the word “xulon” means a straight piece of wood. The word “stauros” (translated cross) means an upright pole or paling. What does all this prove? It means there is no reason in the words used in the Bible to cause us to think Christ was nailed to a two or three beamed cross. None whatsoever! If you and I had never been told about such a two-beamed device or seen a picture painted by some man who lived hundreds of years after Christ’s death, the idea of a two-beamed cross would never enter our minds just from reading the Bible. There is just no Bible evidence at all for that Catholic idea which was later popularized by Renaissance painters. (These Renaissance painters, coming as they did out of the Dark Ages, also painted a long haired, fair complexioned, blue eyed Jesus, female angels and portrayed Daniel’s three friends dressed in long tight hose and other garments such western European men of their times wore. The facts are these: in spite of the paintings, Jesus was a Sephardic Jew and they are of dark complexion, dark hair and eyes. Angels are always spoken of in the Bible as masculine. And Daniel and his friends did not dress like King Henry VIII of England!) So someone asks, where did the two or three beamed cross idea originate? While a great host of authorities could be cited, we furnish just one paragraph from The Encyclopedia Britannica: “From its simplicity of form, the cross has been used both as a religious symbol and as an ornament, from the dawn of man’s civilization. Various objects, dating from periods long anterior to the Christian era, have been found, marked with crosses of different designs, in almost every part of the old world. India, Syria, Persia and Egypt have all yielded numberless examples, while numerous instances, dating from the later Stone Age to Christian times, have been found in nearly every part of Europe. The use of the cross as a religious symbol in pre-Christian times, and among non-Christian peoples, may probably be regarded as almost universal, and in very many cases it was connected with some form of nature worship. (The Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., 1910, Vol. 7, pg. 506). Since the cross as a symbol predates both Christianity and the Roman Empire, it cannot be of Christian origin. That is certain! It does indeed symbolize something, but not the death of Christ! There is no doubt that the cross is an idolatrous or pagan symbol, found universally around the world. It is even found in the pagan symbolism of Native American “Indians” before contact with Europeans. So how did this pagan symbol become associated with the death of Christ? In about the third century, practicing pagans, having been sprinkled, were accepted into Catholic churches. They brought with them many idolatrous ideas. In order to make these pagan converts and keep them happy in their newly found “Christianity” the Catholics borrowed all sorts of their pagan customs and practices. They brought these things into their “worship.” Later, many of these pagan things, such as the cross, were brought over into Protestantism by the so-called Reformers. Unhappily, a great many Baptists have succumbed to this deception from their Catholic and Protestant neighbors. Does it matter whether or not Baptists understand that the liturgical “cross” is God-dishonoring paganism? Does it matter whether Baptists understand that there is no biblical evidence for the liturgical cross of the Catholics? We think it does. More importantly we believe God thinks it matters for He warned us about the very real danger of idols of all sorts. And to give the unscriptural cross a prominent and honored (venerated) place in our meeting houses and in what is supposed to be the purely spiritual matter of worship we think is nothing less than evil. Surely the children of God who know the Word of God – God’s “precepts” – will say with the Psalmist, “Through thy precepts I get understanding: therefore I hate every false way,” (Psalm 119:104). We can only wonder at professing Christians who love false ways, especially when the truth and worship of God is concerned. “Little children, keep yourselves from idols. Amen,” (1 John 5:21). Tag-uri:The cross and crucifixion

<urn:uuid:f105cc42-c249-4589-8742-18e687200476>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://adunareaharulsuveran.wordpress.com/2016/04/18/the-cross-and-crucifixion/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585209.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018190451-20211018220451-00510.warc.gz

en

Until now Egyptologists and Architects who have analysed the pyramid have always reasoned it to have been constructed chronologically, that is to say from base to peak ! The majority think that its internal architecture is tied to the fact that the Pharaoh could have died during construction and that it would therefore be necessary to store his body in some part whilst awaiting the end of the work. They would have created the underground chamber and the Queen’s chamber in anticipation of the Pharaoh’s premature death. As for the King’s chamber they apparently abandoned it following the discovery of cracks in the crossbeams of the ceiling and would have decided to store the body in another, hypothetic chamber, that is yet to be discovered. (LA CHAMBRE DE CHEOPS de Gilles Dormion chez FAYARD) Two provisional tombs for a single body and a third that is unused ? Unlikely ! Why did they not use one of the two temporary chambers after the discovery of these cracks ? The mystery lingers ! We therefore have three known chambers devoid of hieroglyphics and half a sarcophagus that is more resemblant of a trough and cannot even pass through the corridor leading up to it. The Pharaoh’s mummy would therefore have to have been transported on a stretcher before being put in his sarcophagus. Try to imagine the funeral procession passing through the descending corridor, the ascending corridor or grand gallery whilst having to pass on top of the granite plugs, and all this in the dark in a confined atmosphere and with a steep incline ! It is no longer a royal funeral but more French “INTERVILLES” game TV show. What if the King’s chamber was never destined to serve as tomb ? Can it be true that all those who have studied the monument have been looking for a tomb and therefore have been unable to see the real use for this chamber ? In every case it appears to demonstrate this with deeper analysis of the “relieving chamber” – this strange structure consisting of five successive granite ceilings covering the King’s chamber. Cross section of the King’s chamber showing the 5 successive ceilings Gilles Dormion said it in his book “Khéop’s Chamber” published in 2004 by Fayard. “If the term ’relieving chamber’ is evocative it is not however really justified here. What would actually protect the King’s chamber from the considerable weight that it must absorb is the relieving keystones , the chevron that sits on top of the whole structure.” So then, what can the real aim of the constructors be in adding so many crossbeams, and therefore weight, between the King’s chamber and relieving keystones ? Longitudinal cross section of the King’s chamber. Extract from the book by Gilles Dormion (Kheop’s chamber) Almost 2200 tonnes of granite (coming from quarries situated 960 km from the grand pyramid), have also been added above the King’s chamber without apparent logic. When we think that the largest crossbeam borders on 63 tonnes and that it was necessary to hoist it up between 49m and 60m in height, it must have been for a very good reason ! One explanation, the most advanced and serious to date, was that this structure served to raise the chevrons so as not to press on the grand gallery and support less weight. They operate then as chambers of elevation. This solution, even if it consists of a part of the structural truth, would not however stand up long to critical analysis. Not least that the Queen’s chamber, situated on a level clearly inferior to that of the King’s chamber, would have its own chevron arch, and it would have been a lot simpler to lay it horizontally along side the King’s chamber in the grand gallery to rectify the problem of the weight displacement. Those who support this hypothesis of elevation also admit that the internal architecture of this pyramid had been the subject of several modifications in the course of the works. The abandoning of the underground chamber and the Queen’s chamber seems to give them reason, but then since the modifications were on-running why did they not chose an easier solution to use and so avoid the transportation and handling of all these granite crossbeams ? But, what if the constructors hadn’t made a mistake ? What if there had simply been another logical reason for the position of the chamber ? If we look at it, these four supplemental levels of ceiling only support their own weight and carry their loads on the crossbeam of the first ceiling of the chamber. Why have all they been made to add more weight onto the crossbeams ? It is left then to the royal mummy to risk lifting the ceiling with his little muscular arms ? Examinations of another hypothesis ! To truly understand the role of this structure it is necessary to reason in the sense of gravity (from high to low) and abandon the idea of a tomb. Abandonment is actually easy if we admit that the two shafts said to be for “Ventilation” that open out on the side of the pyramid run a huge risk to the mummy and the funeral embellishments. Apart from the circulation of air, bacteria, insects, sand and eventually rain it would have only taken someone to pour water into the shafts to drown the mummy and its royal furniture. Pillagers could have had the idea just to see where the water would exit. It is a risk Cheops would never have taken if he wanted to preserve his mummified body to ascend to the life eternal. Everything becomes clear if we start to look at the king’s chamber as a simple watertight granite vat supplied by two water feeding shafts and closed by a granite guillotine gate system (the portcullis chamber). So, what will happen if we fill it up with water from one or other of these shafts ? With a column of water round 34 meters in height between the underside of the ceiling and the exterior of the shafts we will obtain a pressure of 3.4 bars or 34 tonnes per m² and would leave around one meter of compressed air in the top of the vat (Calculated from Mariotte’s law / Boyle’s law – the relationship between volume and pressure). This pressure would be sufficient to very easily elevate the ceiling constituting crossbeams of around sixteen tonnes, affording each one near six square meters in contact with the compressed air, unless of course they were held in place by the weight of the crossbeams above. To elevate 2200 tonnes spread out over (10.48m x 5.24m) = 54.91 m², it would be necessary for a pressure of 40 tonnes per m² whereas the column of water only produced 34 tonnes par m². If we consider the first ceiling to be like a lid of a watertight vat then the floors above are acting as weights in this lid to prevent the elevation. A calculation effectuated by the structural engineer to demonstrate that the crossbeams of the ceiling could have easily held the pressure without breaking but that they would be lifted without the weight of the structure above. This device is therefore proof positive that the constructors wanted to battle against the pressure. In case of escape they even had the foresight to add a security valve in the “passage” (see the longitudinal cross section of the King’s chamber) allowing the protection of the chalky rafters when evacuating the water towards the grand gallery. A lid sufficiently ballasted to resist the pressure The choice of a flat ceiling for this chamber is equally justified by the fact that the surface in contact with the pressure is a lot weaker than those on covering made of rafters. Moreover, the pressure on the ceiling is uniformly distributed whereas in the case of rafters the pressure would be stronger on the base of the rafter than on the roof, clearly augmenting the risk of collapse in the rafter’s gap. As soon as we forget the history of the tomb it is surprising to diagnose from the longitudinal cross section of this “King’s chamber” that it strangely resembles a sort of hydraulic piston. What if its paving had been conceived to descend under the effect of the pressure ? Such a device appears good and to have been tested by the constructors in the Queen’s chamber. Her floor is lowered, without logical reason, 54 cm in relation to the level of her access corridor, and the surface area of the depression on the Queen’s chamber and the lowered corridor is within a few centimeters of the granite floor area of the King’s chamber and the chamber of portcullises. Step seen in the Queen’s chamber Sketch in cm showing that the passageways of the two chambers would almost have the same axis if there was no step. Have the constructors made an experiment in sinking the floor of the Queen’s chamber ? It suffices therefore that the paving of the King’s chamber is sunk by 54 cm to obtain an automatic liberation of the water without human intervention. The water escapes by the portcullises that follow the granite floor’s descent. The fourth portcullis is fixed to the antechamber functions as a nozzle in order to avoid damaging the chalky wall between it and the grand gallery. You are asking yourself why the grand gallery resembles a sloping sewer ? Two lateral benches and a central drain ! It even has a step in the high part that was originally cut in a V to orientate the residual water towards the drain. Photograph dated 1910 showing the step cut with a V situated in the top of the grand gallery. To come back to the “relieving chambers” or rather now to the “lid loading floors” you understand that this structure not only correctly explains that it is a box battling against the pressure but that it loses all other use ! It would therefore be good for Egyptologists to admit the possibility that what they have taken to be the King’s chamber is in fact just a watertight vat for a primitive hydraulic piston. Accepting this idea will not only be a major discovery for humanity but will also allow a newed research in the pyramid from a new base. Until now thought was that the portcullises were destined to prevent looters from entering but now it is evident that they are to prevent water from leaving. It is for this reason that they have been by-passed so easily. In fact all logical investigative thought on this matter has to be restarted ! New interior plan If we follow the progress of the free-flowing water it engulfs the ascending corridor until the granite plugs. As the ascending corridor is filled up and the weight of the column of water grows the first plug in the descending corridor seals the passage towards the subterranean chamber. The excess water is evacuated by the well (at the bottom of the grand gallery) towards the subterranean chamber, which was used only as a receptacle. This explains why this chamber has not been completed ! It was not acting as a provisional tomb but of a simple vat destined to receive water, and probably sand also, for a temporary mechanism. So, to the Queen’s chamber. It simply served to test the sinking mechanism of the floor, also before the shafts were put to use they reached the same level as the King’s chamber. It only acted as a test chamber and not as another provisional tomb as is held in certain official theories. So, let’s look at the King’s chamber. We can easily imagine that the pressure obtained by the filling of the shafts could also move the blocks, which fitted with holes, would allow the free flowing of the sand through the shafts allowing the moving of the blocks in the level above the King’s chamber and so opening the true doors of the pyramid. The King’s chamber would therefore only be a level switch. A simple hydraulic lock ! Click to download mechanism sketchup 6 model. 1- King’s chamber. 2- Queen’s chamber. 3- Subterranean chamber. 4- Grand gallery. 5- Portcullis chamber. A- Crossbeam with hole (the sand switch). B- Superior shaft full of sand. C- Inferior shaft empty towards the floor of the subterranean chamber. D- Shaft full of sand towards the opening mechanism of the real doors. The existence of a vertical shaft descending to the floor of the subterranean chamber alone explains the inclination of the north shaft and why it is shorter in length than the ones of the Queen’s chamber. It further explains the presence of the subterranean chamber as the distance between the walls in any other construction would not be sufficient to support the weight above unless it was a natural chamber dug out from the chalk. Of course, it would remain as a chalk membrane in the ceiling of the subterranean chamber but could it yield under the weight of the sand above if the shafts were full after activating the mechanism ? Preparation for a shaft in the subterranean chamber ceiling We can almost follow this theory like footprints in the pyramid ! It will be most interesting if Dr Zahi Hawass (Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Eqyptian Antiquities) could check this preparation for a shaft in the ceiling of the subterranean chamber using a sonar scanner. If there was a vertical shaft behind it would be proof positive of the existence of a secret opening mechanism camouflaged in the heart of this pyramid. In this case we can be sure that one or more of these secret chambers clearly exist and that they have remained unviolated. For all knowledge of the position of these secret rooms and all details of this theory read the book by Philippe Lheureux and Stéphanie Martin “THE GREAT PYRAMID OF EGYPT – The seven disturbing truths”.

<urn:uuid:f13be82b-dc30-437d-adec-75f7b357922e>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://pyramide.franceserv.com/cheops-pyramid-a-new-theory-to-explain-the-internal-architecture/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585348.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020183354-20211020213354-00710.warc.gz

en

East Chiltington church, of unknown dedication, was a chapel of ease to Westmeston from at least 1291. The chapel, now a parish church, is built of sandstone rubble and the roofs are tiled. The nave dates to the early 12th century. A west tower was added c. 1200. The chancel was rebuilt later. The church was restored in 1889–90. The chancel (16 ft. 2 in. × 15 ft. 10 in.) presents few original features. The east wall with its diagonal buttresses is modern, but a 15th-century cross is re-used. The north wall is probably a 14th-century rebuild and has a chamfered plinth. The south wall is contemporary, with a modern two-light window. The chancel arch was rebuilt 1889–90. The nave (36 ft. 6 in. × 18 ft.) has a north wall, c. 3 ft. thick. At its east angle is a 12th- or 13th-century buttress in two stages with restored top chamfer and some brick repairs. The west buttress is built with the west wall, possibly rebuilt with the tower. A lean-to coal-store blocks the outside of a 12th-century doorway with elliptical rear-arch and plain jambs. Opposite, in the middle of the south wall, is a contemporary doorway, also with similar rear-arch but loftier, and with a slight chamfer in the head; the outer arch is later and equilateral. West of it is an original window; it has a loop 6 in. wide with chamfered semicircular head, a semicircular rear-arch, and hollow-chamfered jambs. A modern two-light window probably replaces a similar loop east of the doorway. The east buttress is built with the east wall of the nave, and is of two chamfered stages without a plinth; the west buttress is similar. The old wall-plate is visible externally. The west tower (9 ft. 8 in. × 11 ft. 2 in.) is of early13th-century date and of two stages undivided externally; it is finished with a pyramidal cap. It is also built in sandstone rubble, but less well coursed. There are no buttresses or external entrance. The tower arch is of two chamfered obtuse-pointed orders, of which the outer is probably of 14th-century date, the inner with its corbels modern. There is a modern screen dividing it from the nave. The north wall has a contemporary chamfered lancet with a segmental-pointed rear-arch. There is a similar lancet in the south wall, restored externally. In the west wall is a modern window of three lancet lights. The top stage has, to north, a loop with semicircular rebated head, and a restored loop in the south and west walls; on the east are two rough slits. The nave and chancel roofs are partly of 17thcentury date. The chancel has a tie-beam and later queen-post struts. The nave has three 17th-century chamfered ties with similar struts; the middle tie is marked on the east face—N C I C 1669. The tower ceiling is modern. The floors are of modern tiles and wood, there is a step at the chancel arch and another at the altar rail. The altar fittings include re-used and restored panelling. There are 18th-century Commandment tables, over the chancel arch; in the vestry is a late medieval crucifix, re-set, dug up in what, since 1908, has been the churchyard. There are mason’s marks on the internal jambs of the doorways to the nave. The pulpit is dated 1719. There is one bell, 1769. The plate includes a cup (1662 hallmark), paten (1739), and another with no date mark, a flagon and two glass cruets with silver mounts, and a pewter alms-dish (1737 inscription). The registers date from 1651. There is a yew south of the church; it has lost its head, and has been filled with two tons of concrete to preserve the rest. East Chiltington was a chapel of ease to Westmeston from at least 1291 and so remained until 1909, when it was annexed to Plumpton. The small church has an aisleless C12 nave, a tower of c1200 and a C14 chancel. Restoration in the C19 was thorough. Until 1909 what is today the parish of East Chiltington, was an outlyer of Westmeston (VCH 7 p98). It is a scattered settlement and lacks the long, narrow boundaries of other parishes on the greensand, which were intended to ensure that each had access to the springs emerging from the Downs. Today it is linked with the adjacent parish of Plumpton. The boundaries of the outlyer were probably fixed by the early C12, which is the date of the nave. There seem never to have been north windows, only a plain round-headed doorway (now leading to a small lean-to structure). West of the south porch is a round-headed window and though the south doorway has been altered, its round-headed rere-arch remains. The comparatively large size of the window and its position fairly low in the wall are further indicators of a C12 date. The squat, unbuttressed west tower has a tiled pyramid and prominent putlog holes. It is early C13, for though the side-lancets are renewed (the west triplet is C19) the north one of the small round-headed bell-openings is old. The outer order of the tower arch is mainly old, but the inner one on deeply moulded corbels is restored. It is likely that the church had a chancel in the C12, as otherwise one would have been built in the C13 in preference to a tower, but the present one is C14. The Sharpe Collection drawing (1802) shows a two-light square-headed south window with trefoiled heads, which have been changed to cinquefoils on its C19 replacement. The reticulated three-light east window is like its predecessor, best shown by Quartermain ((E) p56). Also C14 is the hollow-chamfered south doorway. In 1854 there was no chancel arch (SAC 87 (1948) p184) and it is not known if there had ever been one. There were few late mediaeval changes. Two uncusped lights, now gone, east of the south porch in Quartermain’s and the Sharpe drawings might have been C16, but are more probably C17, perhaps contemporary with the roof over nave and chancel, which is dated 1669 on the middle tiebeam; each tie supports outward curving queenposts. On the Sharpe drawing is a south porch, with three apparently oval side-openings, which could also be C17. In 1854 R C Carpenter drew up plans for a restoration, including a south aisle (Eccl Feb 1854 p69), but he died a year later with no work done. The presence of glass of 1875 in the east window (see below) suggests that some unrecorded work was undertaken at or before that date, at least to the chancel, but only in 1889-90 did S H Norman undertake a restoration using Carpenter’s plans (ESRO Par 293/4/1), assisted by a local builder, W Cottingham. The new aisle was omitted, a large west triplet was inserted in the tower and the roofs were boarded. There was a new half-timbered porch and the main change inside was a chancel arch in C13 style. Most windows were renewed, and the east wall of the chancel may have been completely rebuilt. The south east nave window was replaced by a conventionally C14 one, still square headed, but with cusping and pierced spandrels. This is a change from Carpenter’s plan and the retention of many C17 and C18 fittings (see below) may be another. Lack of funds (the total cost is said to have been £650 (KD 1899), in which case the parish certainly received value for money in terms of what was actually done) may have been a deciding factor. The Parish of East Chiltington Lying five miles north-west of the County Town of Lewes, East Chiltington was formed as a separate ecclesiastical parish only in 1866 – it had previously formed part of the parish of Westmeston, though always maintained its own records. East Chiltington is a small hamlet, six miles long and two miles at its widest point, running from the top of the South Downs, bordering on Falmer at Buckland Bank, to the edge of the Wealden clay in Great Home Wood. The southern half of the parish falls within the South Downs National Park; the Clayton to Offham Escarpment being a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and Blackcap Hill, which also falls within the parish, is part of the National Trust Blackcap nature reserve. The Domesday Book’s two entries for East Chiltington record, in total, a medium-sized settlement of 20 households, five smallholders, enough ploughland for six teams of eight oxen each, two acres of meadow, woodland sufficient for 12 pigs (the form in which tax on woodland was often paid), and half of a mill. At the time of the Conquest and before, there were two manors of ‘Childeltune’ or ‘Childentune’. The smaller, assessed at two hides, was held for Edward the Confessor by Godric the Priest and by 1086 had passed to Godfrey de Pierpoint, who held of Earl Warenne at the reduced value of 1½ hides, the remainder having been transferred to the Rape of Pevensey, the lordship of Robert, Count of Mortain. This small manor most probably became that of East Chiltington or Chiltington Ferring. The larger of the manors, Chiltington or Stantons, was held from 1086 by William de Warenne and remained independent until 1548 when it was passed to Nicholas Chaloner, who had previously inherited Chiltington Ferring. Also in the parish lay the manor of Wootton, which Ceadwalla, the king of Wessex, granted to the archbishop of Canterbury in 687. In the 15th century the manor was leased to Lewes Priory, but in 1716 began an unbroken series of leases to the Pelham family, who ran Wootton as part of their Stanmer estate. References: british-history.ac.uk; sussexparishchurches.org.uk; sssinaturalengland.org.uk; national trust.org.uk; Historic Churches Trust; The Keep; Church of England

<urn:uuid:83d94601-1561-4756-88c3-f80a57437d8b>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://www.plumptonchurches.org.uk/our-churches/east-chiltington/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585507.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022114748-20211022144748-00350.warc.gz

en

To be honest, I got second thoughts about publishing this blogpost. I was afraid to come across as complaintive, attention seeking or putting myself in the victim role. I don’t see myself as someone who likes being a victim, but in this case I was the one being bullied. And I feel that I need to tell my story, so it can help someone else that is or has been in a similar situation. As I read through my story facing “intellectual” bullying and the lynch mob, my stomach turns just thinking about it. The negative feelings become real again and translate into stress in my head. I want to shut it down, forget about it and don’t look back. That will happen in the end of this blogpost. But there is another voice within me saying that my story is important to tell. And it shouts louder than my weariness and the urge to keep it to myself. So here you go… Every day social media platforms are used to debate and discuss topics. This promotes learning, understanding and innovation. Both debating and disagreeing about something is acceptable. However, cyber bullying or lynch mobbing someone who has a different opinion is NOT OK! What is Cyber Bullying? Wikipedia defines cyberbullying as, “Cyberbullying is the use of information technology to repeatedly harm or harass other people in a deliberate manner. According to U.S. Legal Definitions, Cyber-bullying could be limited to posting rumors or gossips about a person in the internet bringing about hatred in other’s minds; or it may go to the extent of personally identifying victims and publishing materials severely defaming and humiliating them.” What is this “Intellectual” Bullying that I am talking about? Intellectual bullying is the same thing, it just comes in a different wrapping. It happens when all or most of your arguments are belittled, twisted and used against you in order to defame and humiliate your character and person, decrease the weight of your voice and / or ridicule your statement(s). Usually this is not done by “typical trolls” but by “intelligent” people who use such tactics to “win” arguments. The Lynch Mob The popular scenario of the Lynch Mob is taken from the Western movies. A bunch of cowboys hanging out in a bar (over-) hearing loose and unconfirmed rumours about what someone across the prairie did. This resulting that they get more and more worked up, and without having any legitimate information, they decided to find that poor guy, drag him across the prairie into town and hang him publicly without a judge or jury or a sheriff involved. The mentality of the “intellectual” bully The bully seems to have these underlying issues: - They would never admit being wrong even if it is obvious - They will take your words and twist them against you in order to hide his/her own mistakes - Hurting people projects their hurt and passes it on to other people - They elevate by putting other people down - The harrasment they can’t get away with offline, they will bring online - Their ego is not their amigo -and that will become your biggest problem I have had my encounters with such bullies – here is my story. So this is what happened recently: I posted two posts in a Faceboook group for Social Media enthusios (both professionals and non-professionals). The group doesn’t have any other rules than sharing social media topics with each other in a respectful manner. (That should be easy, right?) My first link were about: techcrunch.com’s latest post about video as a Facebook profile picture. The second post I posted was inquiring for the release date of the new iPhone 6s in my country, knowing that the iPhone 6+ (the older version) could have been bought on sale when the new iPhone comes in the stores, and I was asking if anyone had experience with the iPhone 6+ as I have heard it has a great camera for video blogging and use for visual platforms as Pinterest. Having a bigger screen simplifyes the work with on social media. Hence, asking in the social media group for a social media worker point of view. But the posts were removed (!) In the middle of discussing the posts with a few other people, the posts were removed from the group…(!) So I posted a new post asking why my posts were deleted? Remembering that last time I posted a month earlier, some of my comments were deleted to.. After a while, an admin answered. The admin answered that I couldn’t post the Techcrunch post, because someone (out of 8000 + members) had posted it earlier in a high frequency posting group… (In this group people post the same links multiple times, which has never been a major issue before). He instructed me to use the search function and I would see that the link would be only 5 posts below mine. This was not the case for me, I did not see it in the group at that time (people are posting all the time). He also said that the post for my iPhone 6+ question should be posted in an IT.Mac.iOS group (a technical group which answers questions related to Apple hardware, software etc), in other words, not what I was looking for. (Which again was a made up guideline on the go (see screenshot above for what the guidelines says…). Ironically, this group has spent most of this last year discussing, criticising top bloggers for their income, and there has been many blogpost outing them. Which also has nothing to do with social media, but personally attacking bloggers for what they write about or how much they earn, and how valid their influence should be. Which again has nothing to do with social media.. (Here is what happened last time in the same group when someone asked for THE RULES FOR COMPETITION ON FACEBOOK). I answered back to the admin that I didn’t see any other post with the same link as I had and pointed out the fact that Facebook has algorithms personalisation . Also, taking in to consideration previously meeting bullies in the same group before, I had to block a few. If they have posted the same link, there is no way I could see that.that show different results to different people, which is called To his other argument, I answered that the other group that he suggested for posting my iPhone 6 + question, was NOT RELEVANT for me as I wanted to reach out to people who work with social media. The manipulation begins for real – or had it begun long time ago? To my replies he answered: That Facebook groups do NOT have algorithms. Ok, so yes that is true, but common somebody! The truth is that Facebook groups have only ONE algorithm (singular), therefore he ignored my argument…!! Instead, he countered my reply with a new and entirely unrelated topic. He wanted to school me about «why overtaking other people’s threads with a new topic in the comments is bad», so it would look like I had misunderstood everything and therefore needed correction. This way, he sidetracked from what the case really was about and confused everyone who came in later that read the post. He managed also to sidetrack me, not only was I argumenting the original issue, but now I had to argument against the topic the he made up as well. The lynch mobbers arrived «Negativity always reflects inner defeat» – Brian houston Meanwhile, new people who came in and read the thread started to like his comments about: “Facebook groups do not have algorithms and “How to overtake Facebook threads” lesson -and commented against me! REMEMBER THAT THESE PEOPLE COMMENTING AGAINST ME HAD NOT SEEN THE CONTENT OF THE ORIGINAL POSTS (THAT WERE DELETED HOURS AGO), NEITHER UNDERSTOOD THE MISLEADING OF THE ADMINS ARGUMENTS. Social proof: The comments were running in, all kinds of people who saw their opportunity to gain brownie points (by getting likes on their comments and therefore social proof to their names). They felt the right to comment against me, saying this was «a group for people who worked with social media» (!!). Some said I had no social antennas, but most people had some kind of arrogant and repetitive message based on the admins argumentations, which again were based on my posts that they had never seen..Some were name calling, other were ridiculing. Many of the comments came from people I had never seen before, despite I had been in this group for 2 years. And when I turned them off, I still got notifications of people “who mentioned me in their comments”. It was Friday, and it had been going on for 2 days now, I had an intense headache. I could feel the negative energy. I was crying. The bullying was real. My questions were never answered. I was called MANIPULATIVE for confronting. I was RIDICULED for asking questions about rules that only existed in a man’s head – and executed by his feelings. I asked if the admin would meet up with me and I could easily explain to him and all the readers what really happened to clear things as this was getting out of hand. I suggested that we would stream on Periscope or make a video about it. As expected from any “brave” «keyboard-warrior», he promptly declined the invitation and talked about how comfortable he was placed behind his computer, assuring that he was VERY VISIBLE there and that EVERYONE could see who he was, finishing it up with an appeal for people to come in an join in with opinions (in other words recruiting the lynch mob..) The admin used his working-time to bully The admin announced in the thread that he was engaged at work while commenting. That means his work place was paying for his time harassing me. This is a big national tabloid news paper. So I called his boss to explain the situation as I was very upset, in fact shaking and crying. This resulted in that the admin furthered the ridiculing of me in the group, outing me on how stupid it was that I contacted his work place… I DELETED MY COMMENT AS THE LYNCH MOB ACCUMULATED For my own health I decided to delete my post about asking «Who deleted my posts?», as the admin had no agenda of making a safe place for me and establish a serious platform for communication, seeking to tidy up any miscommunication etc. The platform was rather used to publicly execute me. YOU MUST BE THINKING … WHAT IN THE WORLD… IS AN INTELLIGENT AND UPRIGHT WOMAN LIKE YOU DOING IN A FACEBOOK GROUP WITH PEOPLE LIKE THAT? WHY DIDNT YOU JUST LEAVE THE GROUP? THE TRUTH IS that it is most likely the biggest group in Norway for people who work with social media and communication (how ironic!). How does Internet mobbing take place? Let’s take a look at the Kardashians… People think that it is ok to tell the Kardashians how they feel about them and harrass them daily on their own Facebook profiles. Just because you don’t like someone, it doesn’t give you permission to harrass them! Are there any limits to defaming characters online? How are we collecting information online and make them into “truths”? People are likely to think that if a post has LIKES that means it is true and then they click to LIKE themselves and make up arguments derived from knowledge of other peoples arguments. Is humanity regressing their own intelligence? So does a different point of view give you right to be arrogant towards those who see things differently in a matter of debating perspective? REALLY…? We have to remember that bullying says more about the bully than about the the person being bullied. Oscar Award winner Jodie Foster played the victim of a gang rape in the film “The Accused” ased on a true story .from 1988. While she was being gang-raped on a pinball machine, a crowd of men were “yelling and clapping”. Excerpts from the film read: “Kurt has her arms pinned down and the near-sadistic spectators begin chanting “make her moan” and “stick it to her”. Bob proceeds to rape her, followed by Kurt. As Kurt rapes her, the spectators repeatedly chant “One…two…three…four. Poke that xxxx ’til it’s sore”. As she (the laywer) states, “It is not the crime of criminal solicitation to silently watch a rape. But it is the crime of criminal solicitation to command, induce, entreat or otherwise persuade another person to commit a rape”. My question is: How far is online bullying and liking online bullies’ comments from soliciting rape or even murder? The answers I have found on the Internet, tell me that there is no difference. Bullyingstatics.org tells us that Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people, resulting in about 4,400 deaths per year, according to the CDC. For every suicide among young people, there are at least 100 suicide attempts. Over 14 percent of high school students have considered suicide, and almost 7 percent have attempted it. A woman called Lizzie Velasquez who suffers from a rare disease, found herself on YouTube while searching online, claimed to be the ugliest woman in the world (!!) We could without doubt call her haters for sadistic chanters too. You can find her here. Here is what they said about her: Why is this so important to address? We need to address this issue in society as a growing problem and we must confront and acknowledge the problem. We have to be aware that people are getting bullied, trolled and many of them are scarred for life, and some of them are unfortunately taking their own lives. Nobullying.com tells you about six unforgettable cyber bullying cases, but there are more stories all over the Internet about how online bullying destroys life. So what separates the old time lynch mob from modern day online lynch mobbing? I would say there is little that separates the two. The difference is the way it is conducted. Back in the days, the lynch mob would go and get their victim and then kill. Now that is clearly illegal and penalised, the lynch mob fulfils the definition of cyber bullying: «Cyber bullying is the use of information technology to repeatedly harm or harass other people in a deliberate manner. According to U.S. Legal Definitions, Cyber-bullying could be limited to posting rumors or gossips about a person in the internet bringing about hatred in other’s minds; or it may go to the extent of personally identifying victims and publishing materials severely defaming and humiliating them.» They seek to harm and harass their victims in the way, that the victims themselves are conditioned to believe the lies, feel threatened, being defamed and humiliated. History and statistics show that this has led to people being in a severe mental state and even suicide. Steps you should consider for your own sake We cannot depend on “Karma” even though the «law of sowing and reaping» are pretty clear: What you can do is to report it on the actual social platform you are on, YouTube, Facebook etc, talk with you parents, friends, church, go to the police. The Streaming Lawyer, Jon Mitchell “Mitch” Jackson, gives you further advice on how to stop internet trolls here. Set healthy boundaries and block if you can Set healthy boundaries between you and your troll/bully where blocking can be a good option. This is not only healthy for you, but also for them. Because bullying or trolling WAS NEVER ABOUT YOU, but about them. This way you disable the platform for them to walk into your life by shutting the door. Get a tribe around you «If you are choosing to be around negative people, you are really tormenting yourself» – Joyce Meyer. Whether you are harassed by one single bully or a troll, or have no choice to get out since you are working in an environment of negative or arrogant people (same same), choose to be around positive people outside your working hours to combat negative influencers. Do not feel the pressure to have to be the “fixer”. Remember that not all of us who are thrown to the wolves are called to come back leading the pack ;) Forgive and let go I will end this with the wise words from Joyce Meyer: «I know from personal experience how damaging it can be to live with bitterness and unforgiveness. I like to say it’s like taking poison and hoping your enemy will die. And it really is that harmful to us to live this way. Who are you helping most when you forgive the person who hurt you? Actually, you’re helping yourself more than the other person. I always looked at forgiving people who hurt me as being really hard. I thought it seemed so unfair for them to receive forgiveness when I had gotten hurt. I got pain, and they got freedom without having to pay for the pain they caused. Now I realise that I’m helping myself when I choose to forgive.» ~ Joyce Meyer

<urn:uuid:8c36916d-a5b9-4329-b078-74aa9c2c6c04>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://vanessaraphael.com/here-comes-the-lynch-mob-the-online-edition/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585405.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021102435-20211021132435-00110.warc.gz

en

Making the right business decisions can be challenging at times. In order to ensure that we make the right ones, we should always find the right data, read it, and interpret it correctly. Our task is to identify who and why chooses our product, what values make users want to identify with it, and above all: What obstacles on the product path distract users. As professional designers, we have to study the problem from many different perspectives. Choosing the right techniques must be secondary to asking the right questions. We have to be proficient in both to make a difference. Give yourself space for thinking - it will help you to attend to the problem properly and ask the right questions. Before jumping to “How” answer these two questions: “Why” something is happening and “So what”. Creating products in a way that suits the goals, preferences, and behaviors of users, makes them much more engaging and effective. What is data-driven design? It is the process of developing or improving a product based on things you can measure. The data-driven design process is based on the use of gathered data (quantitative and qualitative data) to make an informed decision for a given group of users. Data collection and analytics allow us to focus on the exact and real problems of our clients, find insights, and refine projects exactly to the needs of our target group. It is worth writing down even the smallest details, classifying, organizing and looking for patterns; however, it is worth remembering that we do not need to analyze everything. Too much data can lead to analytical chaos that no one will take advantage of. Over time, the acquired knowledge will start to merge into quick wins, and between quick wins it is easier to discover insights on your own. Collecting a gigantic amount of data and parameters can not really make it possible to determine whether a given hypothesis is actually justified, but a wise approach to their selection might. An extremely important aspect is also looking for trends in the data. Remember that in product analytics, you should always start from the broadest possible context in order to be able to finally focus on a selected segment of data. Data-driven design benefits There are different approaches to using data to make design or strategic decisions, and it can take hours to discuss which is better. The most popular approaches are data-driven and data-informed design. Each of them has both advantages and disadvantages and it is important to choose the path that will best help answer your hypotheses and take the appropriate steps. Data-driven design will work best when we want to answer the questions "What?", "How many?", for example: "What happened?", "How many users did this?". This approach is based on mainly quantitative data and is especially beneficial when we want to optimize a specific part of the product. It helps step away from personal biases and instincts and could automate certain parts of the data driven decision-making process. What's more, you will have confirmed data which could make it easier to push back against company stakeholders who may have their own agendas. Also, you'll be able to identify trends that might reveal a future problem. Data-informed design will help us find answers to "Why" questions, such as "Why did something happen/not happen". It uses more qualitative data and in this case, data is only one of the factors in the decision-making process. In a perfect situation, it is best to mix both data-driven and data-informed approaches to gain a competitive advantage. It will support your user-centric design and improve user experience, but remember, your choice should always depend on the circumstances. Data-driven mindset for UX Designers As a UX Designer, you are probably used to making decisions on a daily basis at different stages of a project. Your data gathering process should be based on various methods, e.g. UX research, user research, user testing, user interviews, desk research, market research, competitor analysis using analytical tools such as Google Analytics, heat maps etc. Your task is to identify problems, challenges and/or opportunities based on the collected data, analyze them, and take appropriate steps. Unfortunately, there is no single tool or a perfect combination of tools, dashboards, etc that will do the job for you, so you need to learn to do it yourself. When working with data, the most important thing is to put aside your impulse to make assumptions based only on experience and beliefs and start making hypotheses from observations. Being aware of what you can do with data and how to use it is just one of the many responsibilities of a designer. Knowing what you can't do may be just as important. It's all about having realistic expectations and being aware of your potential at the same time. Things worth remembering: - Select metrics with care - be smart; - Identify quick wins that can be easily applied to the project; - Quantify uncertainty if it’s possible; - Make proofs of concept simple and robust; - Use analytics to help the design team, the project team, clients and customers; - Always explain your analytical choices. Of course, the data-driven mindset should not be limited only to individuals, but should be included in the DNA of the entire company. A data culture goes way beyond strategy itself. A data-driven mindset should direct professionals in an organization to see value in the information built from the data. Analytical strategy - how to start? Analytical success is not just about collecting data. It is collecting relevant data and drawing appropriate conclusions from it. For this purpose check these 4 steps: - Verify your knowledge of the business context, make sure you know the target groups, the project's business goals, promotion channels etc. - Set the goal of your analysis. Focus on a selected area like checkout, contact form, demo request etc. Remember, it is impossible to analyze everything. To make it a bit easier and structured you can use the model created by Max Shron. Using Shron’s CoNVO framework will help to collect and analyse data in a very targeted and efficient way. Context - Context provides general business goals, guides the overall direction of the project, and affects our choice of goals. It provides a background that makes other decisions make sense. Questions to ask: What are you trying to achieve in general and why? Who is interested in the project's results? Are there any larger goals or deadlines that can help prioritize the project? Who are the decision makers? Eg.: “A small marketing company working for an organic food producer whose online presence is pretty limited. The company's goal is to expand its online presence, convince new customers to try its eco products, retain existing customers, and convince them to come back again. The final decision maker is the Vice President of an organic food company.” Need - Shorn looks at “needs” from a data perspective and it’s important to notice that difference. “A data science need is a problem that can be solved with knowledge, not a lack of a particular tool.” He also stated “If our method will be to build a model, the need is not to build a model. The need is to solve the problem that having the model will solve.” So if your client says that they need a dashboard, you need to dig deeper and find out what needs this dashboard will meet. Look for analytical purposes: What specific needs could be addressed by intelligently using data? What will this project accomplish that was impossible before? Eg. “The organic food company doesn't use diverse channels to advertise. Right now, they are choosing advertising channels based on intuition and common opinions, but they want to place their ads in a smart way. With a better way of selecting channels, the organic food company expects sales will go up.” Vision - The vision is a rough image of what it will look like to meet the need with data. You can try to draw the vision in two ways: A mockup describing the intended results or a sketch of the argument that we’re going to make or some particular questions which narrow down our aims. - A mockup is an illustration of the result we would expect, a form that results might take. It gives an idea of the finished product/solution. - An argument sketch gives us a very broad outline to check if we are convinced at all. Its role is to verify if we feel any logic behind the solution. Thanks to vision, we are closer to understanding what success could feel like. Keep in mind that the final result may totally differ from what we set out to do, but it’s still important to have them. We can come back to them at any time and remind ourselves why we are doing something. Ask yourself these questions: What will meeting the need with data look like? Is it possible to mock up the final result? What is the logic behind the solution? (You can also start forming KPIs + indicators that define KPIs). “Vision: The marketing company will create a spreadsheet that can be used in the existing workflow and deliver a report describing the most important and the most relevant channels to reach the customer for the organic food company. It will consist of descriptions of every characteristic of the channel and indicate what the estimated cost will be and how many new customers it will reach. - Mockup: By placing channels and their characteristics in a spreadsheet, we will be able to estimate the cost of investment next to each potential number of new users. It will also help to prioritize channels by putting together costs and new users. - Argument sketch: The solution should focus on channel X, because it is most likely to bring in high value. The definition of high value that we’re planning to use is based on the following....” Outcome - As Shron stated, “The outcome is distinct from the vision; the vision is focused on what form the work will take at the end, while the outcome is focused on what will happen when we are »done«.” It's all about understanding how the solutions will actually impact the rest of the business and what will happen when it's done. These questions will help you outline the outcome: How and by whom will the results be used and integrated into the company? Who will own its integration? Who will use it? How will the success of the project be measured? How will it be used? In the end, how will its success be measured? Eg.: “The organic food marketing team needs to be trained in using the spreadsheet so it will guide their decisions, and the success of the model should be measured by its effect on ad clicks and sales. The VP of the organic food company will decide based on the recommendations of the report which channels will be used and relay the instructions to the rest of the company. To make sure everything is working properly, there will be a follow-up meeting every two weeks for the first 3 months and then two months after the delivery.” Here are also some sample questions which could help you to set goals: - What are the common behaviors of your users (choose the ones from the target group)? - How do you communicate with your users? What are the most used channels online and offline? - What do your users think about your products or services? What do they like and dislike? - How do you easily visualize data from multiple sources? - How can we manage data ingestion and privacy? - Identify indicators that will help you measure your goal. You need a minimum of KPIs - detailed indicators to understand what and why is not working. See examples below: Purposes of user visits: - Making a transaction - Subscribing to the newsletter - Adding a product to the cart - Completing a purchase - MRR - Monthly Recurring Revenue - ARPA - Average Revenue Per Account - New revenue - Level of revenue - Monthly sales growth - Ad revenue - Number of product downloads - Number of registrations - User engagement - Customer Satisfaction Score - Task success rate - Error rate - Unique visitors - Page views/unique page views - Average visit duration - Bounce rate - % new visits - Recency and frequency - Exit rate - Average time on page - Select/verify tools - tools are there to help us answer questions, so it's important to match them to our metrics. Check out this useful link: https://practicoanalytics.com/marketing-stack/. Whatever your goals are, data-driven design can help you improve your product. It's always a good idea to think of data not as numbers, but rather as a member of the product team. Delving into user research, testing processes, and understanding how data science works gives designers additional tools to support their ideas. It also allows them to create the best possible products with the data to back up this claim. More posts by this author

<urn:uuid:7fb80407-e1d9-4950-8b73-62d1d05379e4>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.netguru.com/blog/data-driven-design-how-to-prepare-goals-kpis-and-metrics

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585199.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018062819-20211018092819-00390.warc.gz

en

Gas is normally present in the digestive system and may be expelled through the mouth (belching) or through the anus (flatus). There are three main gas-related complaints: Belching is more likely to occur shortly after eating or during periods of stress. Some people feel a tightness in their chest or stomach just before belching that is relieved as the gas is expelled. People who complain of flatulence often have a misconception of how much flatus people normally produce. There is great variability in the quantity and frequency of flatus. People typically have flatus about 13 to 21 times a day, amounting to ½ to 1½ quarts (0.5 to 1.5 liters), and some people pass flatus more or less often. Such gas may or may not have an odor. Although flatus is flammable (due to the hydrogen and methane gas that it contains), this does not pose a routine problem. For example, working near open flames is not hazardous. However, there are rare reports of gas explosion during intestinal surgery and colonoscopy when electrical cautery was used in people whose bowels were incompletely cleaned out before the procedure. In the past, colic Colic Colic refers to a specific pattern of excessive, intense crying and fussing that occurs without any apparent reason (for example, hunger, illness, or injury) in otherwise healthy infants. Colic... read more in infants 2 to 4 months of age was attributed to excessive abdominal gas. Today, however, most doctors do not think colic is related to gas, because tests do not show excess gas in the abdomen of these infants. The actual cause of colic remains unclear. Causes of gas vary depending on the gas-related symptom. Belching is caused by People normally swallow small amounts of air while eating and drinking. However, some people unconsciously swallow larger amounts of air (aerophagia) repeatedly while eating or smoking and sometimes when they feel anxious or nervous. Excessive salivation, which may occur with gastroesophageal reflux, ill-fitting dentures, certain drugs, gum chewing, or nausea of any cause, also increases air swallowing. Most swallowed air is later belched up, and very little passes from the stomach into the rest of the digestive system. The small amount of air that does pass into the intestines is mostly absorbed into the bloodstream and very little is passed as flatus. Flatus results from hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide gases that are produced by the bacteria normally present in the large intestine. These bacteria always produce some gas, but excessive gas can be produced Foods that increase gas production include any with poorly digestible carbohydrates (for example, dietary fiber such as in baked beans and cabbage), certain sugars (such as fructose), lactose-containing foods (such as milk), or sugar alcohols (such as sorbitol), and fats. Almost anyone who eats large amounts of vegetables or fruits develops some degree of flatulence. Malabsorption syndromes Overview of Malabsorption Malabsorption syndrome refers to a number of disorders in which nutrients from food are not absorbed properly in the small intestine. Certain disorders, infections, and surgical procedures can... read more can increase gas production. People who have carbohydrate deficiencies (deficiencies of the enzymes that break down certain sugars), such as those with lactase deficiency, tend to produce large amounts of gas when they eat foods containing these sugars. Other malabsorption syndromes, such as tropical sprue Tropical Sprue Tropical sprue is a rare disorder of unknown cause affecting people living in tropical and subtropical areas who develop abnormalities of the lining of the small intestine, leading to malabsorption... read more , celiac disease Celiac Disease Celiac disease is a hereditary intolerance to gluten (a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye) that causes characteristic changes in the lining of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption... read more , and pancreatic insufficiency, also may lead to the production of large amounts of gas. However, some people may simply have more or different bacteria naturally living in their digestive tract, or they may have a motility (movement) disorder of the muscles in their digestive tract. These variations may account for differences in flatus production. People can record their flatus frequency in a diary before being evaluated by a doctor. A sensation of bloating or abdominal swelling (distention) can be present in people who have digestive disorders such as poor stomach emptying (gastroparesis) or irritable bowel syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder of the digestive tract that causes recurring abdominal pain and constipation or diarrhea. Symptoms vary but often include lower abdominal pain, bloating... read more or other physical disorders such as ovarian cancer Ovarian Cancer Ovarian cancer, which typically starts on the surface of the ovaries, is not usually diagnosed until it is advanced. Ovarian cancer may not cause symptoms until it is large or has spread. If... read more or colon cancer Colorectal Cancer Family history and some dietary factors (low fiber, high fat) increase a person’s risk of colorectal cancer. Typical symptoms include bleeding during a bowel movement, fatigue, and weakness... read more . Many drugs with anticholinergic affects can slow stomach emptying and cause bloating. Sometimes, the sensation is caused by disorders that do not involve the abdomen. For example, in some people, the only symptom of a heart attack is a feeling of bloating or a strong urge to belch. However, many people who feel bloated do not have any physical disorder. Doctors are not sure what role intestinal gas plays in the sensation of bloating. Aside from people who drink carbonated beverages or swallow excessive air, most people who have a sensation of bloating actually do not have excessive gas in their digestive system. However, studies do show that some people, such as those who have irritable bowel syndrome, are particularly sensitive to normal amounts of gas. Similarly, people with eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia) often misperceive and are particularly stressed by symptoms such as bloating. Thus, the basic abnormality in people with gas-related symptoms may be an intestine that is extremely sensitive (hypersensitive intestine). A motility disorder may contribute to symptoms as well. Most gas-related symptoms do not require immediate evaluation by a doctor. The following information can help people decide whether a doctor’s evaluation is needed and help them know what to expect during the evaluation. People with a bloating sensation in their chest, especially if the bloating sensation is accompanied by chest pain, should see a doctor promptly because this may be a sign of heart disease. People with any gas-related symptoms who have other warning signs, abdominal discomfort, or diarrhea should see a doctor within a week or so. People who have none of these symptoms or signs should see a doctor at some point, but it is not urgent. Doctors first ask questions about the person's symptoms and medical history. Doctors then do a physical examination. What they find during the history and physical examination often suggests a cause of the symptoms and the tests that may need to be done (see Table: Some Causes and Features of Gas-Related Complaints Some Causes and Features of Gas-Related Complaints Gas is normally present in the digestive system and may be expelled through the mouth (belching) or through the anus (flatus). There are three main gas-related complaints: Excessive belching... read more ). For excessive belching, the history is focused on finding the cause of air swallowing, especially dietary causes. For excessive flatus, doctors seek dietary causes and also symptoms of malabsorption (such as diarrhea and/or fatty, foul-smelling stool). In people with any gas-related complaint, doctors need to understand the relationship between symptoms and meals (both timing and type and amount of food) and bowel movements. Doctors ask people about changes in frequency and color and consistency of stool. Doctors also need to know whether people have lost any weight. In people with bloating or flatus, the physical examination is focused on finding signs of an underlying physical disorder (such as ovarian cancer). Doctors do abdominal, rectal, and (for women) pelvic examinations. Doctors do not usually do any testing on people with gas-related complaints unless they have other symptoms that suggest a specific disorder (see Table: Some Causes and Features of Gas-Related Complaints Some Causes and Features of Gas-Related Complaints Gas is normally present in the digestive system and may be expelled through the mouth (belching) or through the anus (flatus). There are three main gas-related complaints: Excessive belching... read more ). For example, people who also have diarrhea may need testing for a malabsorption syndrome Overview of Malabsorption Malabsorption syndrome refers to a number of disorders in which nutrients from food are not absorbed properly in the small intestine. Certain disorders, infections, and surgical procedures can... read more . An exception is middle age or older people who develop persistent bloating or distention, particularly those who have not had digestive system symptoms in the past. For such people, doctors may do tests for cancer of the ovary and/or colon. Doctors reassure people who have chronic bloating or flatus that their condition is not caused by another disorder and that these gas-related symptoms are not harmful to their health. Bloating and belching are difficult to relieve because they are usually caused by unconscious air swallowing or an increased sensitivity to normal amounts of gas. If belching is the main problem, reducing the amount of air being swallowed can help, which is difficult because people usually are not aware of swallowing air. Avoiding chewing gum and eating more slowly in a relaxed atmosphere may help. Avoiding carbonated beverages helps some people. Doctors may also recommend that people try to minimize air swallowing by practicing open-mouth breathing from the diaphragm and fully control any associated upper digestive tract diseases (such as peptic ulcers Peptic Ulcer Disease A peptic ulcer is a round or oval sore where the lining of the stomach or duodenum has been eaten away by stomach acid and digestive juices. Peptic ulcers can result from Helicobacter pylori... read more ). People who pass flatus excessively should avoid foods that are likely to cause flatus. Typically, people should eliminate one food or group of foods at a time. Thus, people can start by eliminating foods containing hard-to-digest carbohydrates (such as beans and cabbage), then milk and dairy products, then fresh fruits, and then certain vegetables and other foods. Roughage (such as bran and psyllium seeds) may be added to the diet to try to increase movement through the large intestine. However, additional roughage may make symptoms worse for some people. Drugs do not provide much relief. Some doctors try anticholinergic drugs (such as bethanechol) and simethicone, which is present in some antacids and is also available by itself. However, there is little scientific evidence that these are of benefit. Activated charcoal tablets can sometimes help reduce flatus and its unpleasant odor. However, charcoal stains the mouth and clothing. Charcoal-lined undergarments are available. Probiotics, which are bacteria found naturally in the body that promote the growth of good bacteria, may reduce bloating and flatulence by promoting growth of normal intestinal bacteria in some people. Some people with indigestion Treatment Indigestion is pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. People may also describe the sensation as gassiness, a sense of fullness, or gnawing or burning. The sense of fullness may occur after... read more (dyspepsia) and upper abdominal fullness after a meal may be helped by antacids, a low dose of antidepressants (such as nortriptyline), or both to reduce a hypersensitive intestine. Drugs Mentioned In This Article |Generic Name||Select Brand Names| |No US brand name|

<urn:uuid:f072fe3f-4aff-49e6-b5b5-79f47a095fa4>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/symptoms-of-digestive-disorders/gas

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585671.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023095849-20211023125849-00310.warc.gz

en

Cheyney University of Pennsylvania Cheyney University of Pennsylvania is a public historically black university in Cheyney, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1837, it was the first historically black institute. It is a member of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. The university offers bachelor's degrees. The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Institute for Colored Youth Cheyney State Normal School Cheyney Training School for Teachers Cheyney State Teachers College Cheyney State College |Affiliation||Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education| |Chairman||Robert W. Bogle| |Chancellor||Karen M. Whitney| |President||Aaron A. Walton| |Provost||Tara E. Kent| |Undergraduates||711 pupils (2015)| |Colors||Royal blue and white| |Athletics||NCAA Division II Independent| Built on land donated by the prominent Cheyney family, the university was founded as the African Institute in February 1837 and renamed the Institute of Colored Youth (ICY) in April 1837, Cheyney University is the oldest African-American institution of higher learning. Unlike Lincoln University and some others HBCUs, Cheyney did not award degrees until 1914, when it adopted the curriculum of a normal school (teacher training). The African Institute was founded by Richard Humphreys, a Quaker philanthropist who bequeathed $10,000, one-tenth of his estate, to design and establish a school to educate people of African descent and prepare them as teachers. Born on a plantation on Tortola, an island in the British West Indies, Humphreys came to Philadelphia in 1764. Many Quakers were abolitionists, and he became concerned about the struggles of free people of color to make a living and gain education in a discriminatory society. News of a race riot against free blacks in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1829 inspired Humphreys to bequeath money in his will for higher education for free blacks. He charged thirteen fellow Quakers to design an institution "to instruct the descendents of the African Race in school learning, in the various branches of the mechanic Arts, trades and Agriculture, in order to prepare and fit and qualify them to act as teachers ..." Founded as the African Institute, the school was soon renamed the Institute for Colored Youth. In its early years, it provided training in trades and agriculture, as those were the predominant skills needed in the general economy. In 1902 the Institute was relocated to George Cheyney's farm, a 275-acre property 25 miles (40 km) west of Philadelphia. The name "Cheyney" became associated with the school in 1913. The school's official name changed several times during the 20th century. In 1983, Cheyney was taken into the State System of Higher Education as Cheyney University of Pennsylvania. The university has traditionally offered opportunities to many students from Philadelphia's inner city schools. Its alumni have close ties in the city and state. It became part of a 1980 civil rights lawsuit against the state government; it alleged that the state had unlawfully underfunded the historically black university. The suit was settled 19 years later in 1999. This was five years after the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights began investigating states "that once practiced segregation in higher education and were never officially found to have eliminated it." In the settlement, the state agreed to provide $35 million to Cheyney over a five-year period, particularly for construction of needed buildings and academic development. By comparison, the university had an annual budget of about $23 million at the time. In November 2015, the Middle States Commission on Higher Education placed Cheyney University on probation. Three years later, the commission placed the university on "show cause" status which requires the university to show cause by November 21, 2019, for showing compliance with the commission's standards or accreditation will not be renewed. The accreditation concerns are driven by the university's financial woes, a concern the university has sought to address in part with increased fundraising. On November 21, 2019 the Middle States Commission on Higher Education reaffirmed Cheyney's accreditation as "...the institution is now in compliance with Standard VI (Planning, Resources, and Institutional Improvement) and Requirement of Affiliation 11." The Middle States commission will continue to monitor financial stability of the university, with a report from Cheyney due to the commission on March 1, 2020. - Aaron A. Walton, Appointed May 2017 - Frank Pogue, Ph.D. Appointed October 2014- May 2017 Interim - Phyllis Worthy Dawkins, Ph.D. Acting - Michelle R. Howard-Vital 11th President (2007-2014), - Wallace C. Arnold, 10th Cheyney University President (2004-2007) - W. Clinton Pettus, 9th Cheyney University President. (1996-2004) - H. Douglas Covington, 8th Cheyney University President (1992-1995) - Valarie Swain-Cade McCoullum (interim) 7th President (1991-1992) - LeVerne McCummings, 6th Cheyney University President (1985-1991) - Wade Wilson, President 1968-1981 - Dr. Leslie Pinckney Hill, founder and president of then Cheyney State Teachers College (1913-1951) Cheyney University Quad Harry T. Burleigh Hall (1928) is named for Harry T. Burleigh, the first critically successful African American composer and a major international figure in the world of music in the 20th century. His works include “Nobody Knows the Trouble I‘ve Seen”. Burleigh also provided insight for the composition of the Cheyney Alma Mater, written by Leslie Pinckney Hill. The building, which forms the eastern end of the historic Quadrangle, was 1842 to 1875. Cope was instrumental in helping to raise funds for the institute throughout his long and loyal tenure as a board member. Hugh M. Browne Hall (1938), was originally constructed as a home economics center, and is named for Hugh Mason Browne, who was principal of the school from 1903 to 1913. It subsequently served as Cheyney's reception center, and housing for several administrative offices. Current plans call for renovation after which it will house high achieving students. Dudley Hall (1931), named for Mildred B. Dudley a pioneering music faculty member, was formerly named Pennsylvania Hall. Dudley Hall was originally a gymnasium and later the home of the music department. After a renovation it became a fine arts center and theatre for student productions. The Dudley theatre has seen performances by Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee, in addition to highly regarded student productions. Andrew Carnegie Hall (1909) is located on the quadrangle and is named for one of America's most famous philanthropists, the steel magnate, Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919). Carnegie had a passion for libraries and donated millions for the construction of libraries across the United States. Carnegie donated funding ($10,000) for the first library building constructed for the Institute for Colored Youth (ICY) in 1909. The building served as library, cafeteria, and gymnasium and study area. In 1962 an addition was constructed for classroom use, and later housed the business department. After a renovation, the grand hall is now used for special receptions. Emlen Hall (1904) is named for Samuel Emlen, Quaker board member, and the founder of the Emlen Institute in Philadelphia, from whose estate the ICY had earlier received considerable financial aid. Construction on Emlen was begun in 1904 and completed in 1905. Emlen was originally a dormitory for women; however, later it was used for staff housing, business support services, and the business school. Currently, it is used for housing for the Keystone Honor Academy Students. Only these honor students are offered the privilege to stay in the historic building. Humphreys Hall Richard Humphreys Hall (1903), located on the historic quadrangle, Humphreys Hall was the very first building constructed under the governance of the Quaker Board of Governors. Construction began in 1903, and the building was in use by 1904. Named in honor of Richard Humphreys (1750-1832), the Quaker philanthropist and founder of the Institute for Colored Youth (ICY), who's will, bequeathed the generous donation that enabled the establishment of the institution in 1837. Humphreys Hall has variously been used as a classroom building, industrial building, co-educational dormitory, and combination dining- room/kitchen. Originally called the “Industrial Building”, it was dedicated “Humphreys Hall” in honor of Richard Humphreys in June 1906. After an extensive renovation, the new use of the building is to house Humphrey's Scholars. James G. Biddle Hall (1938), an administration building, is named for James G. Biddle who served on the Cheyney Board from 1912 until his death in 1947. When then-Cheyney Training School for Teachers was purchased by the Commonwealth, he became Chairman of the Board of Trustees appointed by the governor. The building previously housed the computer center and math and computer sciences department. After a later renovation, it currently houses offices for the President, Vice Presidents for Student Affairs, and Institutional Advancement, and an art gallery. On the Quad, it is located across from Browne Hall, is parallel to Humphries Hall and diagonal from Burleigh Hall. Marian Anderson Music Center Marian Anderson Music Center (1970) is named for the internationally famous contralto from Philadelphia, who performed at Cheyney, and attended the center's dedication ceremony. The classroom building with accompanying auditorium also contains practice suites. The 36,000 square foot facility contains state-of-the-art acoustics and a wireless communication system installed. Marian Anderson (1897-1993) was one of the most celebrated contraltos of the Twentieth Century. Marcus A. Foster Student Alumni Center Marcus A. Foster Student Alumni Center (1970), is named in honor of Marcus Foster, a Cheyney alumnus (class of 1946), and renowned educator, who was assassinated while serving with distinction as superintendent of the Oakland, California, public school system. An addition was constructed in 1975, with accommodations for student and administrative offices, bookstore, lounges, and an auditorium. Currently, it also houses on the third floor a state-of-the-art computer lab, updated in 2016. Leslie Pinckney Hill Library Leslie Pinckney Hill Library (1974) was named for Dr. Leslie Pinckney Hill (1880-1960), the first president of Cheyney who led the school for thirty-eight years, from 1913 to 1951. The tri-level building is nearly four times the size of the original Carnegie Library that it replaced. Among its treasures are portraits by Laura Wheeler Waring. The library also houses the University Archives. It received an extensive renovation in 2016. Vaux Hall (1960) was constructed as the industrial arts center. Named for two Quaker financial supporters of the Institute, George Vaux, Sr. and George Vaux, Jr. Both men furthered Humphreys' bequeath for the Institute for Colored Youth, including the Emlen Trust via vigorous fundraising. Vaux Hall served metal technology, drafting and CAD applications, photography, radio and broadcast sciences and printing graphics technology which was a staple of Cheyney University through the early 1990s. Vaux continues in its importance today to the fine arts, and information technology. Wade Wilson Administration Center Wade Wilson Administration Center (1979) was named for Dr. Wade Wilson (1914-1988), an alumnus, former star athlete, and industrial arts professor. Dr. Wilson was the fourth president of Cheyney University, and served as president from 1968 to 1981. During his tenure as president Dr. Wilson was an active presence in the legislative arena on behalf of the university. The Wade Wilson building was built in 1980 and occupied in 1981 as the new location for the Office of the President. Later, other administrative offices were moved to the building. Currently, the building houses the offices of the Provost, the Office of the Vice President for Finance, the mailroom, registrar, Human Resources, Financial Aid, and related support offices. Cheyney University has one of the most storied basketball programs in NCAA Division II history. The men's basketball program is 7th all-time in NCAA win percentage, including 16 PSAC conference championships, four Final Fours, and one National Championship (1978). The women's basketball team in 1982 competed in the championship game of the inaugural NCAA Division I tournament despite being a Division II school. In 2009, Cheyney University hired the first ever NCAA men's and women's basketball coaches who are brother and sister. The men's coach was Dominique Stephens, a North Carolina Central University graduate and member of the NCAA Division II Basketball Championship team, and the women's coach was Marilyn Stephens, the Temple University Hall of Famer. During the 2007-08 through 2010-11 academic years, the university violated NCAA rules in the certification of initial, transfer and continuing eligibility involving all sports programs. During the four-year period, numerous student-athletes competed while ineligible due to improper certification. In amateurism certification alone, 109 student-athletes practiced, competed and received travel expenses and/or athletically related financial aid before the university received their amateurism certification status from the NCAA Eligibility Center. The committee also concluded that a former compliance director failed to monitor when she did not follow proper procedures in the certification of student-athletes’ eligibility. The entire athletics program is on probation until August 2019. In spring 2018, the team will withdraw from Division II and play the following season as an independent, citing financial problems. Edward Rudolph "Ed" Bradley Jr, was an American journalist. Bradley graduated from Cheyney State College (now known as Cheyney University of Pennsylvania) with a degree in education. Bradley had an award-winning 26 year journalism career. He is best known working on the CBS News television program 60 Minutes. From 1976–1981 he was a part-time correspondent. From 1981 until his death in 2006 he was a host. During his career, Bradley covered the fall of Saigon, and became the first African American television correspondent to cover the White House. He was the first African American to anchor their own news broadcast. On February 22, 2011, Cheyney University dedicated television studio in his honor. Jim Vance was a journalist and the main anchor of News4 on WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. Vance attended Cheyney at the encouragement of his grandparents; he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in secondary education, graduating in 1965. While at Cheyney, Vance and Ed Bradley became friends. After Bradley's death in 2006 Vance began wearing a gold hoop earring in tribute. Vance briefly worked as a teacher in Philadelphia before moving into journalism. He worked at News4 for more than 45 years, covering every major story in the nation's capital. He covered the inaugurations of 12 presidents and all seven of D.C.’s mayors. During the 1977 Hanafi Siege, when gunmen seized three Washington D.C. buildings, taking 149 hostages, killing two people and wounding future mayor Marion Barry, the hostage-takers asked to speak to Vance. Barry himself called Vance immediately after Barry was arrested for smoking crack in a D.C. hotel; Vance was the first journalist to interview Barry during the crisis. Vance died July 22, 2017 of cancer. - Lincoln University, Pennsylvania's other historically black university - Snyder, Susan (May 23, 2017). "State system appoints board member as new interim president for Cheyney". The Philadelphia Inquirer. - Susan Snyder and Michaelle Bond, (October 8, 2015). "Cheyney U. enrollment halved in last five years". Inquirer.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - "Cheyney University of Pennsylvania". College Board. Retrieved 2012-03-01. - Williams, Juan; Dwayne Ashley; Shawn Rhea (2004). I'll Find a Way or Make One: A Tribute to Historically Black Colleges and Universities. HarperCollins. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-06-009456-0. - "Cheyney University of Pennsylvania". Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Retrieved 2019-11-26. - Susan Snyder (September 23, 2013). "Cheyney coalition threatens to revive federal suit for fair funding". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved September 23, 2013. - Patrick Healy (May 19, 1999). "Pennsylvania to Spend $35-Million on Cheyney U. as Part of Federal Anti-Bias Pact". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved September 23, 2013. - "Notification of Non-Compliance Action". CHEYNEY UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Retrieved 11 May 2019. - Snyder, Susan (August 16, 2019). "Cheyney balances budget and raises $4.4 million, both key to keeping it afloat". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved August 19, 2019. - "Cheyney University of Pennsylvania - Statement of Accreditation Status". Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Retrieved 2 December 2019. - The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (October 2014). "Frank Pogue to Lead Cheyney University of Pennsylvania". - Jan Murphy (October 28, 2014). "Salaries on the rise for presidents, chancellors at the 14 state universities". The Patriot-News (of Harrisburg) – Pennlive.com. - Susan Snyder (July 5, 2014). "Cheyney president out, acting president to step in Monday". The Philadelphia Inquirer. - Cheyney University Administration, Cheyney University Timeline, 2015 - "Hill, Leslie Pinckney (1880-1960) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". www.blackpast.org. Retrieved 2016-09-29. - "Cheyney penalized after committing eligibility certification violations". 21 August 2014. - National Collegiate Athletic Association#Division II institutions on probation - "About Cheyney University". www.cheyney.edu. - "60 Minutes' Ed Bradley Dead At 65". - "Communication Arts". www.cheyney.edu. - "In Memory of Our Friend, Jim Vance". - Report, Tribune News. "Jim Vance, 75, news anchor, Cheyney Univ. alumnus". - Schudel, Matt (22 July 2017). "Jim Vance, Washington's longest-serving local news anchor, is dead at 75" – via www.washingtonpost.com. - "NBC4 Legends Share Their Favorite Vance Memories". NBC4 Washington. - Charline Howard Conyers (1 January 1990). A Living Legend: The History of Cheyney University, 1837-1951. Cheyney University Press. ISBN 978-0-9625828-0-6.

<urn:uuid:1f22c23f-a2c6-47be-8dcb-6e8d99a46c3b>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Cheyney_University_of_Pennsylvania

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585290.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019233130-20211020023130-00030.warc.gz

en

The Ejercito Popular de Liberacion (EPL), or Popular Liberation Army, was founded on December the 17th, 1967, as the armed wing of the Communist Party of Colombia Marxist-Leninist (PCC-ML), a Maoist and then Hoxhaist split from the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Colombia founded in July, 1965. The Popular Liberation Army is considered the third largest guerrilla group in size after the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) and National Liberation Army (ELN). Little information is available about the struggle of the PCC-ML and the EPL. The author has compiled this information about the party’s struggles and history of brave resistance to imperialism, neo-colonialism and the fascist Colombian government. Colombia is a bourgeois pro-imperialist state where the rights of the people are trampled, and they are thus forced to take up arms. The Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist-Leninist) was formed as a revolutionary party and has provided the political leadership of the EPL since it was constituted. The EPL is a guerrilla army based on the people and operating in rural Colombia. In the 1970s the organization developed support from the working class and peasantry among banana plantations and peasant colonos. It was originally loyal to Maoism but became pro-Albania Hoxhaist in the 1970s. The EPL based its actions on guerrilla warfare, education of the peasant class and the creation of an army for the masses. It started its military activity on the borders between Cordoba and Antioquia, a traditional refuge area for guerrillas during La Violencia. The EPL’s leaders included Francisco Caraballo, Jaime Fajardo, Bernardo Ferreira Grandet, Amanda Ramírez and Rafael Vergara Navarro. Their standard weapons included rifles, shotguns, revolvers machetes and occasionally explosives. At their peak, before a series of military defeats by the Colombian army and paramilitary groups, they also had influence in the regions of Alto Sinu and San Jorge, extending into regions of Bajo Cauca and Urabá. At its zenith, the EPL boasted about several thousand fighters, most of whom were peasants and intellectuals. In the decades-long conflict that followed, EPL would sacrifice the lives of over three thousand of its members, these casualties including the deaths of great leaders like Carlos Pizarro, Luis Carlos Galan, Oscar William Calvo, Ernesto Rojas, Bernardo Jaramillo, Jaime Pardo, José Antequera and many others in the struggle for Marxism-Leninism, socialism, the class struggle and the Colombian proletariat. A former government minister, Rafael Prado, was assassinated by the EPL in September 1978. AUC paramilitaries attacked the EPL’s social and political bases after the government sent forces to counter the guerrillas. There was fighting against the EPL’s most powerful fronts, and in the locations of the fighting there were recorded massacres of peasants, supporters and some of the commanders. In one typical raid, Colombian forces captured $5 billion pesos, 60 real estate deeds, 389 securities such as bills of exchange, checks, life insurance, leases, exchanges, purchases and ledgers the organization as well as confidential reports. In another, five microwave ovens, a compressor, an electric saw, a drill, a polisher, a riveter, three electricity generators, metallic tubes, containers and 800 gallons of ethanol. After an intense decades-long armed conflict with the widely-deployed EPL guerrillas, paramilitaries, law enforcement and other sectors began the overflow of a “dirty war” into the countryside, accusing the EPL, ELN and FARC-EP of terrorism. What analysts called the “crisis in the crisis” occurred in the late 80’s and there were true expressions of civil war and lawlessness. The EPL’s cadres universally met with harsh repression and were usually killed rather than arrested. One example was EPL leader Jesus Chiquito Becerra, alias “Leytor,” who had eight warrants for crimes of terrorism, rebellion and extortion, and also had four outstanding prison sentences: two of 35 years for kidnapping and extortion and two of 29 and 27 years for various other offenses. In 1975 Pedro León Arboleda was killed and a number of other important leaders were arrested. Still, by 1978 there was be a revival of the guerrillas in the northwest (Antioquia and Cordoba). The party began to make a break with Maoism during the Sino-Albanian split in the 1970s, and by the 11th Congress of the Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist-Leninist) in 1980, the party has completely abandoned Maoism, saying that it over-emphasized the role of the peasantry and underestimated the role of the proletariat in political work. Their conclusions read: “The Maoist concept of protracted people’s war, on the centralization of work in the countryside to encircle the cities, involved taking in practice the field as the work setting and not the areas of greatest industrial development.” Instead, they decided to emphasize the idea of “[forming] an army of professional fighters to coexist in large agribusiness and even in large urban industrial centers.” The party had a tradition from the early 1970s of being in the cities. The EPL chose to participate in the 1984 peace talks and cease-fire along with FARC-EP and ELN on August 23, 1984, but it refused to sign a peace agreement. As in the case of FARC, this was cleverly used to expand into new regions and increase the number of combatants and of fronts. In the second half of 1985, after the seizing of the Palace of Justice by fellow guerrilla group M-19 and the breaking of the cease-fire with the murder of its negotiator, Oscar William Calvo, and of its leader, Ernesto Rojas, the organization ignored the cease-fire and EPL military action resumed. The EPL was frequently attacked by the Colombian armed forces and right-wing paramilitary groups, the former affecting their military structure and their social and political bases. From 1988 the battle in Córdoba and Urabá intensified against the most powerful and fronts of the EPL. President Alvaro Uribe gave the order to annihilate the EPL, and the regions where they were active were kept on edge for years afterward. The group has managed to establish support networks that have allowed them to resist any military movement. Hence, they have been kept alive despite the ongoing military operations against them. In late 1990, the EPL began to negotiate their demobilization, as it was severely beaten by Colombian military forces and paramilitary groups. In 1991-1994, a large section of the EPL, 2,556 fighters, abandoned armed struggle, some of whom formed the now-defunct group “Esperanza Paz y Libertad,” whose members were later executed as deserters. The section under Francisco Caraballo opposed the demobilization of the EPL in 1991 and continues to support the section of the EPL still fighting. The EPL kidnapped former Algerian minister Durán Quintero during the peace talks in Tlaxcala. During the captivity, Duran suffered a heart attack and died. After publication of the death of the former minister, the episode led to the breakdown of peace talks. The peace process with the EPL reflected in the reduction of violence in some of the areas under their control. The total reduction of revolutionary violence, however, was not attained by the government thanks to the efforts modern EPL commander Francisco Caraballo. The EPL guerrillas, according to official data, became a kind of “Robin Hood” structure of the region. It continued to remain relevant to the practice of its commanders: that is, sharing with the farmers the money and land obtained by the group in their liberated areas. The EPL also worked to participate in local unions and worker’s rights groups. This situation put the Colombian military at a disadvantage, as the EPL, through this method, was fed intelligence by the locals and had advanced knowledge of any troop movement. As of 1995 the EPL consisted of thirteen different fronts, each named after a leader, commander or martyr. These included Aldemar Londoño Front, Virgilio Enrique Rodriguez Front, Oscar William Calvo Front, Pedro León Arboleda Front, Hernando Vasquez Pedro Rendón Front, Elkin González Vásquez Front, Bernardo Franco Front. The EPL continues operating under the command of leader Francisco Caraballo. Its military activity is concentrated in Antioquia, Caldas, North Santander and Guajira and is in coordination with the FARC-EP and ELN groups. A sample of the union between the FARC and EPL occurred in the attack in Hacarí (Norte de Santander) on a military patrol on 20 April in 2006. It killed six soldiers and 10 officers of the Department of Administrative Security, DAS. This was led by EPL leader Víctor Ramón Navarro, alias “Megateo.” Repression against the surviving branches of the EPL continues to this day. On Jan. 25, 2010, police in the eastern Colombian city of Cucuta arrested Jesus Villalba Torres, alias “Carmelo,” suspected of being head of the Libardo Mora Toro front of the Popular Liberation Army and of being responsible for the killing of sixteen policemen who died when guerrillas blew up their truck. “Carmelo” was charged with rebellion, the production and trafficking of cocaine, kidnapping, extortion and homicide. Francisco Caraballo is First Secretary of the Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist-Leninist) and commander of the People’s Army of Liberation. He has been re-elected leader of the Party and is also spokesperson for the EPL. In 1994 he was caught on a farm in the municipality of Cajicá with his wife and son by the Thirteenth Brigade of the National Army of Colombia. Caraballo was sentenced to 38 years in prison for rebellion, kidnapping and terrorism. He was also sentenced to 29 years for kidnapping Turbay Beatriz Elena and army major Yepes Luis Demetrio in 1992 and 1994. He was imprisoned in the high security jail at Itagui outside Medellin. Due to pressure from an international campaign, on April 2008, Caraballo was freed from prison on parole after serving 14 years of his sentence. He was sent to the “Peace House” in Medellín with two former leaders of the ELN. Despite this, he is still the leader of the PCC-ML and the EPL, which remains hidden in the cities and countryside of Colombia. The EPL’s tenacity and the intransigence of its remaining leaders makes it a force that cannot be easily dismissed. The Colombian Revolution, which is led by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), National Liberation Army (ELN) and Communist Party of Colombia/ML (PCC-ML & EPL), progressed through combining with general strike actions of urban toilers and the working class in recent years. Revolutionary struggle, despite the fascist attacks of USA and Colombian reaction and the massacres of death squads, did not only maintain its existence but also increased its mass support. These forces prevented the USA from conducting “Plan Colombia,” which consists of crushing the revolution directly with its military forces through occupying Colombia. After September 11th, while US bandits increase the threat of “Plan Colombia”, the Colombian Revolution grows, challenging USA and its servants. PROLETARIANS OF ALL COUNTRIES UNITE! LONG LIVE FRANCISCO CARABALLO! LONG LIVE THE GLORIOUS EPL!

<urn:uuid:c07834a7-0fa2-48a6-9d2d-7a6a54678701>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://espressostalinist.com/2011/05/01/profile-of-the-communist-party-of-colombia-marxist-leninist-and-popular-liberation-army-epl/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585439.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021164535-20211021194535-00670.warc.gz

en

Document archiving is the practice of storing static documents in a safe physical or digital space, and it is an important aspect of any document management system (DMS). Businesses in different industries and fields practice document archiving, particularly those that must keep records and files that are no longer in active use. What is document archiving? Document archiving is the practice of moving documents that are no longer regularly used, but still need to be kept, into storage. Documents may be stored for a number of reasons, including: - Legal requirements - Business records - Tax records - Freeing up space The documents can be physical or digital, though many businesses are making the switch from paper to digital document management and archiving to reduce physical storage space and ease day-to-day operations. Data archiving is a crucial part of any business, enabling you to retain important documents and categorize them in a way that makes it easy for you to find them should you need them in the future. It is important to note the difference between backup data and archived data. Backup data is a temporary means of recovery for documents that are actively used. Conversely, archived data comprises documents that you or your employees don't use actively (nor will in the foreseeable future), but you still need to keep on hand. Ways to archive documents There are multiple methods to archive documents, each with its own pros and cons. We can compare the three most common methods to establish what can be gained or lost from choosing any one of them. (You don't have to choose just one method; multiple archives and diversification are common.) The oldest method is, of course, traditional paper storage – filing cabinets full of documents or copies. This is one of the safest archive methods in a digital world: Paper storage cannot be hacked, and it is incredibly difficult to edit physically archived information without leaving a trace. The main drawback of paper storage is that it is cumbersome and slow to use. A computer can pull up digital documents, search their contents, and sort and catalog information in seconds. Finding the same information with paper documents can take hours – even days in some cases. Paper adds security but sacrifices efficiency. Digital storage is probably the most common method of archive today. You have digital copies of all of your documents, and those digital files can be stored on hard drives, local servers, cloud resources or any other computer system. Digital archives are extremely accessible and efficient. These are the reasons they were invented. The downside to digital archives is that they can be hacked or breached. Also, if they aren't sufficiently duplicated on multiple devices, they can be lost in a single incident. Scan on demand Another common storage method is scan on demand. It serves as a hybrid between digital and paper archiving. Scan on demand is a service that stores your information as paper documents but will also scan them and send them as digital documents. You get the reliability and security of paper documents with the convenience of digitization. Of course, having both paper and digital records means dealing with the downsides of both. Scan on demand is nowhere near as fast as digital archives, and it introduces digital security risks to your paper archives. What is document management? Document archiving is part of document management, which is an organized approach to filing and storing documents. A DMS is software that captures, stores, files and distributes documents to members of your organization. Editor's note: Looking for document management software for your business? Fill out the questionnaire below to have our vendor partners contact you about your needs. How document archiving benefits your business Electronic archiving is important for many reasons. First and foremost, it enables you to organize important files and provides an easy way for those files to be found again if they are ever needed. Your business will produce a lot of data and individual documents, no matter what industry you're in, and it's your responsibility as a small business owner to make sure that data is stored in a way that allows it to be utilized effectively. Document archiving can benefit your business in several ways: - It frees up office and storage space. If your business uses physical document management, chances are good that much of your office space is taken up by rows of storage boxes or filing cabinets full of documents and papers that take hours to sift through. The use of an archiving system can free up this space, though. Or, if you already use a digital system, archiving can clear storage space for active documents. - It provides security. Many companies deal with documents that need to be kept secure, particularly industries such as healthcare, legal or finance. Document archiving and DMS solutions often have security measures built in that manage user access, track edits, and control passwords. - Documents are protected from physical hazards. Boxes of physical documents are particularly susceptible to physical disasters or hazards such as fire, floods or theft. Archiving your documents digitally or in the cloud provides reassurance that your files and documents are safe no matter what. - It increases efficiency for your business. The world is increasingly going digital, and it is getting harder for businesses that still use analog systems to keep up with demand. Using a digital archiving system can improve your workflow by allowing you and your employees to call up any document with just a few clicks, eliminating the need to sort through box after box. - It aids compliance. For businesses in the legal, medical, or financial industries, there are often strict regulations regarding how clients' data and information is stored, which can be difficult to comply with when you mainly handle and store paper copies. Digital archiving systems often come with automated compliance measures to help your business documents satisfy regulations. How to implement document archiving in your small business Document archiving and records management are important, and as such, are not a quick to-do. You must devote time and resources, and commit to doing it right to get maximum benefits. There are steps you can follow to make the process as painless as possible with minimal downtime. 1. Assess your current system. First, look at your current document management system. Is there a formal system in place or are documents handled ad hoc? Look at how each document is produced, received, processed, stored and deleted. Note what works well and what doesn't. Next, you will need to take inventory of your existing documents to determine how much space you need (physically and digitally). You also need to categorize your inventory by function, such as financial, personnel, budgets, etc. 2. Identify your goals. Your next step is to decide what you want your system to do for you. Are you looking to lower costs? Increase productivity? Implement a system that is easier to use? Automate compliance measures? List your goals in order of priority. You should also determine who on your team will be responsible for overseeing and running this new system, and include them in your planning. 3. Determine a retention schedule. A retention schedule governs how long you must keep a document. Certain documents have externally regulated retention schedules, others go by best practice, so it is important that you make this a key part of your archiving system. For example, you must keep permanent records of financial reports or property deeds, while all tax and IRS-related documents must be kept for at least seven years. If you are concerned about liability in disposing of certain documents, you can hire a National Association of Information Destruction vendor for secure transport and destruction of sensitive documents. 4. Digitize all paper documents. This may be time-consuming and tedious, but converting your paper documents into digital files will pay off in the long run. This can help you cut costs and save on physical storage space while improving ease of access to important documents. You can continue to keep hard copies of certain documents, but digitize them, too, to be safe. To digitize paper documents, you can use the scanner included with your printer or use a mobile app to scan. The easiest way to ensure universal access to your archived documents is by scanning them as PDF files. 5. Choose a storage provider. While you can store files yourself on your company computers if you are a very small business, it is often in your best interests to find a provider who will store them for you. Using a document management service that offers document archiving provides many features, including extra security, and they can help with setup and troubleshooting when you need it. 6. Evaluate processes and storage. Document archiving is an active, ongoing process that requires constant attention to ensure the process is working as it should. Make it part of your company policy that all document management and archiving procedures are reviewed annually, and make any necessary adjustments. Be sure that your employees are clear on the process from beginning to end by making it part of your onboarding process, and offer an annual training refresher for employees who want it. You should also periodically review archived material to ensure that the information is secure and accessible, and you also want to review who does – and does not – have access to these documents. Document archiving best practices Document archiving and management is an ever-evolving process that requires constant monitoring and adjustments. Make your document archive the best it can be with these bpractices. 1. Be knowledgeable about record retention requirements. Understand the rules governing how long each and every type of document should be kept. The general rule of thumb, excluding deeds, certain financial records, and tax documents is 10 years, but many industries and organizations have specific rules and regulations. 2. Determine what constitutes a business record. Every business is different; a document that is essential for one business to archive may not be so important for your company. Define early on what is a business record (and how you want it kept), and make sure that distinction is clear to your employees. 3. Have a clear storage system. After you have determined which records will be kept, carefully come up with a system of how they will be kept. You can categorize documents by type, function, team or client, and name the files accordingly. Whatever you decide, add it to your company's list of policies, and make sure it is implemented company-wide. 4. Decide on your document retention policies. Your employees will have access to hundreds, if not thousands, of documents during their time with your company. It is up to you to control who sees or edits which documents and how long each employee should have access to those files. Policies must be determined based on your company's unique uses and needs, but these are some common policies related to document management and archiving: - Email retention - Bring your own device - Mobile device management 5. Consider your security needs. The first step in securely archiving files is to learn compliance. Every industry has standards, which are often set by government regulations. You must know these regulations and follow them to avoid major problems. When you do know the requirements, you'll want to audit your file security to look for flaws and sources of noncompliance. You can outsource your archive security audits to professional groups, which is often a good way to pinpoint blind spots that are easy to miss with internal audits. How to decide which files to archive While you should use your own discretion to determine which files need to be archived, you can follow these two rules of thumb to guide your decisions: - Archive anything that you are required to, either legally or by industry-specific regulations, and keep those files on record for as long as the regulations dictate. - Keep anything vital to the creation, perpetuation, and life of your business, such as property deeds, copies of licenses, employee tax and employment forms, and business tax records.

<urn:uuid:7e332808-a41c-4742-9a92-4cb437cc5a1c>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.business.com/articles/document-archiving-best-practices/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588398.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028162638-20211028192638-00509.warc.gz

en

Scripps Health offers the latest medical and surgical options for varicose veins, chronic vein insufficiency and venous disease treatment. Medical conditions that affect the veins are often collectively referred to as venous disease or venous disorders and range from varicose veins, to rare disorders that can be difficult to diagnose, including pelvic congestion syndrome and May-Thurner syndrome. Because vein disease often causes visible symptoms — such as protruding veins, swollen legs and discolored skin — it’s easy to assume they are simply cosmetic issues. However, if left untreated, venous disorders can pose serious health risks, such as lower extremity skin ulcerations, predisposition to infections, or pulmonary embolism (when a clot interferes with your ability to oxygenate your blood). Scripps vascular surgeons have experience managing even the most complex vein conditions, and are proud to offer the latest minimally invasive procedures that collapse and seal problem veins or break up and remove dangerous blood clots. Your circulatory system relies on a vast network of vessels called arteries and veins to transport blood throughout the body. Every time your heart beats, it pumps blood that is full of life-sustaining oxygen. Your arteries carry this blood away from your heart to all of your organs, then your veins complete the circuit by bringing the blood (at this point depleted of oxygen) back to your heart. Your veins contain tiny flaps, called valves, which have the ability to open and close. An open valve allows blood to flow freely through your vein, while a closed valve ensures blood can only flow in one direction (toward your heart). If the valves inside of your veins become diseased or damaged, they may not close completely. This means blood won’t flow properly — it will either leak backward, or flow in both directions. Over time, improper blood flow can lead to a variety of problems including blood clots, swollen veins, leg pain, skin discoloration and open sores. While vein disease can occur anywhere in the body, it often affects the legs. This is because your blood and venous valves must fight against gravity in order to return blood from your legs and feet back up to your heart. Damaged valves lead to distended veins, which in turn exert negative effects on the soft tissues and skin of your legs. Vein valve damage can be caused by many different factors, such as trauma, surgery, pregnancy or blood clots. They can also be hereditary or be caused by working in a profession that requires you to be on your feet a lot. Scripps physicians treat the full range of venous disorders, ranging from common varicose veins to life-threatening blood clots, using a combination of medical treatment and vascular surgery. We have a dedicated team of physicians and vascular surgeons who have extensive experience managing the following conditions. Several of these conditions are treated at our Comprehensive Vein Treatment Program, located at Scripps Clinic Carmel Valley and Scripps Clinic John R. Anderson Medical Pavilion. - Varicose veins are swollen, discolored and knotty-looking veins in the legs that are easily seen through the skin. - Spider veins are dilated capillaries on the skin, resembling spider legs. - Venous ulcers, also known as stasis ulcers, are shallow but slow-healing wounds that form on the skin, usually on either side of the leg between the calf and ankle. - Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when the valves in your leg veins don’t close properly, allowing blood to collect or “pool” in the veins. This causes leg swelling and achiness, and puts you at a greater risk of developing varicose veins and venous ulcers. - Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the so-called “deep veins” that are found inside your muscles. While a deep vein clot can form anywhere in your body, including your arms and chest, it often occurs in the legs. DVT can become life-threatening if the clot travels through your body, becomes stuck in a blood vessel and blocks blood flow to your lungs (a condition known as pulmonary embolism). - Iliofemoral DVT is a type of deep vein thrombosis that occurs specifically in the iliac and femoral veins, which run from the lower leg up into the lower abdomen. Patients with iliofemoral DVT are often at greater risk for long-term medical problems than people who have DVT in another part of their body, and they often require more aggressive treatment. - May-Thurner syndrome (MTS), also known as iliac vein compression syndrome, occurs when the right iliac artery presses the left iliac vein against the lower spine. Because the vein is compressed, blood cannot adequately flow through it and often pools in the left leg. Someone with a compressed iliac vein is at much greater risk of developing DVT than the average population. - Pelvic congestion syndrome, also known as pelvic venous incompetence, is a painful condition that causes varicose veins to form near a woman’s ovaries or uterus. - Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) occur when an abnormal connection between veins and arteries that’s present at birth causes them to tangle, disrupting proper blood circulation. While AVMs can form anywhere in the body, they pose the most risk if located in critical structures, such as the brain or spinal cord. Most forms of vein disease cause the following symptoms, often present in the lower legs: - Bulging, twisted veins that are easily visible through the skin - Swollen legs and ankles - Pain, aching or a heavy feeling in the legs - Skin discoloration and itching in the legs - Open sores on the lower legs, often between the calf and ankle - Chronic pain in a woman’s pelvic region (in cases of pelvic congestion syndrome) Because some venous disorders, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), can be life-threatening, people with the following symptoms should call their doctor or 911 immediately: - Sudden swelling, pain or cramping in one leg - Sudden shortness of breath - Chest pain that gets worse when you take a deep breath - Rapid pulse - Coughing up blood - Sudden dizziness, light-headedness or fainting Risk factors for venous disease include: - Age (50 or older) - Family history of vascular disease - Female gender - Extended periods of immobility - Among women, pregnancy and use of medications such as birth control or hormone replacement therapy can increase risk of varicose veins and DVT Scripps doctors can accurately diagnose vein problems using one or more of the following tests: - Vascular ultrasound (also called a duplex ultrasound), a non-invasive imaging procedure that allows doctors to evaluate how blood is flowing through a vein or artery. In addition to detecting narrowed arteries, vascular ultrasound can also identify blood clots that have formed in veins. - Computed tomography (CT) scan, a painless, noninvasive way to see inside the body using X-ray imaging. - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, a procedure that uses a powerful magnet, radio waves and computer technology to produce pictures without using ionizing radiation - Conventional venography, a procedure to evaluate the venous system - Angioplasty or stent to open narrowed or blocked veins Scripps offers the full range of medical and surgical treatments for venous disorders, including the latest minimally invasive, laser- and catheter-based procedures. Venous treatments typically work in one of two ways — either by collapsing and permanently closing a problem vein, or by breaking up or removing a blood clot before it can cause further harm. The procedures listed below are typically used to address vein problems that do not involve blood clots, including varicose veins, venous ulcers and chronic venous insufficiency. - Endovenous radiofrequency ablation, also known as catheter-assisted heat ablation, uses heat delivered by a catheter to destroy a problematic vein. - Endovenous laser therapy, sometimes called laser surgery, uses laser technology to seal the vein shut. - Medical adhesive, like VenaSeal, may also be used to seal a vein shut. - Injection-compression sclerotherapy uses a chemical solution, injected directly into the vein, to help the vein walls stick together and seal shut. - Ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy is an advanced form of injection-compression sclerotherapy. During the procedure, ultrasound technology helps detect problem veins that are not visible on the skin’s surface. Once these veins are located, they can be injected with a chemical solution that permanently closes them. - Ambulatory phlebectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that allows physicians to remove varicose veins that are close to the surface of the skin. The veins are removed from the leg through tiny incisions made in the skin. The incisions are small enough to heal on their own (no stitches required). - Coil embolization, also known as endovascular coiling or endovascular embolization, is a minimally invasive procedure that allows surgeons to close off a faulty vein. During the procedure, a catheter is used to place a tiny metal coil into the vein, which prevents blood from flowing into it. Coil embolization is often used to treat chronic venous insufficiency and pelvic congestion syndrome. The final three procedures described below are used to treat conditions (such as DVT) that require destroying or removing a blood clot. These procedures may be used alone or in combination with one another: - Thrombolysis, also known as thrombolytic therapy, is used to dissolve a blood clot with medication injected directly into the vein. - Thrombectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses catheters to either break up or remove a blood clot from a vein. - Venous angioplasty and stenting is an endovascular procedure used to treat a vein that has been narrowed or blocked. During the procedure, a balloon-tipped catheter is used to both inflate the vein and to insert a tiny tube called a stent that will keep the vein propped open. Scripps Health offers comprehensive vein treatment in San Diego at the following locations:

<urn:uuid:aae1e3e3-e3d8-48ad-8436-99bf565e28b0>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.scripps.org/services/vascular-disease-care/venous-disease-and-varicose-vein-treatment

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585516.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022145907-20211022175907-00630.warc.gz

en

9 Character Types to Use in Your Novel Chapter 5 “Designing Characters” – Section 1 “Characters Types” "You can design and create, and build the most wonderful place in the world. But it takes people to make the dream a reality” Now that we've begun the process of giving depth, goals, and personality to our characters, we need to begin our look at what part they play in your central plot. Below, I've compiled a list of different character types to consider when planning your story—although you will likely create many more as you require them in the midst of writing (some poor fictional soul has to deal with your characters' nonsense). Remember that not every story has every type of character, and that characters often fall into multiple roles. It is simply a good idea to know what sort of characters and options that you have, in order to bring your story to life. I will go into further detail with each of these types before we move on to the story. Character Type 1: The Primary Protagonist This is the character that will drive your story, and is usually a type of Hero or Antihero, but could even be just a regular person who is determined to reach some goal. In more recent works of literature and film, the Primary Protagonist has even included villains. However, the common features of Primary Protagonists are that their personal plot line forms the core of the novel's structure, they are given the most attention by the narrator, and they generally bring about the action in the story. It is possible to have more than one Primary Protagonists; however, most stories will be centered around just one because of the complexity of structuring the core plot of a story around multiple plot-lines. In Harry Potter, for example, Ron and Hermione are certainly protagonists and are often as important to the plot as Harry himself. However, the plot, structure, and pacing of each of the books is centered around Harry's actions, failures, and successes—making it so that he would still be the Primary Protagonist, even if both other characters were given an equal amount of attention by the Narrator. Character Type 2: The Secondary Protagonist Whether a protagonist is every bit as important as your Primary Protagonist or even if they play more of a supporting role, the key trait is that they have their own story-arch. An example of this is Peeta Mellark from the first Hunger Games movie. While he gets comparatively little screen time next to Katnis, Peeta goes through his own twelve-part plot outline, through which he grows as a character, had failures, successes, and everything else that a Primary Protagonist would have—if in a much more brief, vague, and condensed form. Character Type 3: The Primary Antagonist While the Antagonistic Force does not have to be a character (later, we will discuss in depth about all the different possible antagonist types, including villains, monsters, nature, society, emotions, etc...), they are among the cast of characters that you should consider using. The Primary Antagonist is the character who is trying to prevent the actions of the Primary Protagonist, but this does not necessarily make them the villain or even incorrect in what they are doing. For example, the Primary Antagonist could be a loved one, acting in what they perceive to be the Primary Protagonist's best interest, like a mother keeping her protagonist child from its goal of getting to the cookie jar and making himself or herself sick by eating all of the cookies at once. In fact, the most dynamic stories are often the ones where the Primary Antagonist's action are most justified and most easily empathized with. The important thing when creating the Primary Antagonist, however, is that his or her goals directly coincide with those of the Primary Protagonist—through whose eyes we are seeing the story. Character Type 4: The Secondary Antagonist In popular movies and literature, most antagonists—even the baddest of the lot—are often Secondary Antagonists. Most Secondary Antagonists take that role because the actual Primary Antagonist is something within the hero (like fear, doubt, greed, etc...) or some sort of situation (the challenges of winning somebody's love, a corrupt society, human nature, etc...). Just like with Secondary Protagonists, Secondary Antagonists can be every bit disruptive, powerful, and influential over the story as their Primary counterparts, they are simply not the main obstacle standing between the Primary Protagonists and their goals. Character Type 5: The Supporting Character Most of the characters in your novel will likely be Supporting Characters; these will include your side-kicks, allies, acquaintances, mentors, or any other character that has a significant role to play. The difference between these Supporting Characters and both groups of “Secondary” characters, is that the former will not have a full plot-line within the novel. However, each supporting character should be dynamic (which means changing and evolving throughout the course of the story, or with evidence of having done so in their past), face their own antagonists, strive towards their own goals, and have back-story that is potentially as interesting as any protagonist's. Character Type 6: The Universe Filler Character A Universe Filler Character is each and every one that makes the world seem more alive by simply living and performing their day-to-day functions. These can include a passerby, victim, restaurant server, or any of the other characters that are necessary to fill in a world and to make it possible for your protagonists to get their food, buy their weapons, and interact with the world around them instead of wandering in a barren wasteland of emptiness (unless that is the goal). The popular temptation for writers is to make their Universe Filler Characters little more than zombie-like props with no originality or depth—resulting in little or no description and an interaction that makes the world seem even more monotonous than before. Every character, even the clerk at the check-out line, should have some originality about them in order to give your story a greater level of depth and realism. Character Type 7: The Foil The foil is an inclusive character type that can be an antagonist, a supporting character, another protagonist, or even a universe building character. The Foil exists as a contrast to the protagonist, showing everything that the protagonist is not. In Christopher Nolan's Batman film trilogy, there were many characters who existed as Foils to the characteristics of Batman. Harvey Dent was a Foil of light to contrast Batman's darkness; the Joker was the chaos Foil that contrasted Batman's self-control; Commissioner Gordon was the Foil of belief in the law that was contrasted with Batman's belief that he needed to work outside of it. By creating Foils, you not only make both characters seem richer and their interactions more dynamic, but you also encourage yourself and your audience to view the philosophies, beliefs, attitudes, and actions of you characters through more than just the character's own biased perception. Character Type 8: The Narrator This is the character who is telling the story and interacting with your reader. You'll notice that most authors who write in the third-person do not have a very noticeable narrator (as opposed to those who write in first-person). These narrators are non-essential omniscient or limited omniscient forces, like a god or spirit that is unessential to the story. These are marked for being mostly honest and unbiased as they tell of the events that take place. On the opposite extreme, you have very present narrators, such as those who speak in the first-person, who are usually biased in favor of the protagonist (or who are the protagonist), and can sometimes be unreliable to tell the whole truth. Just like with choosing the lens for a camera, your choice of Narrator will determine how the audience perceives what they are reading, and so it is important to put every bit as much effort into designing him/her as any other character. Character Type 9: The Point-of-View (POV) Character The POV character is the character through whose eyes we see the story. Usually, this is the Primary Protagonist, but not exclusively. Moby Dick, for example, is told completely from the eyes of a member of the crew, about Captain Ahab and the whale. In some modern short-stories, I have seen the story told through the eyes of the villain. Sometimes, the POV character will change from chapter to chapter—especially when a story is told in the third-person, with a very non-present narrator, and several protagonists. And when the story is told from the Point-of-View of the Primary Protagonist, who is also the Narrator, they will also play the role of POV Character—meaning you may not always need to distinguish the POV Character from the Narrator. You simply need to decide through which character, if any, we will be watching the story unfold. Again, we'll discuss all of this more in the chapters to come. Weekly Recommended Reading: The Infernals by John Connolly (When it comes to making a world come alive with a dynamic mixture of different character types, nobody does it like Connolly. His worlds seem more alive than any other I've encountered—to the extent that I might even find them fun without the overarching plot. Be warned that The Infernals is a sequel to The Gates, and that the first book is not as good. Fortunately, Connolly will make sure that you know what is going on, even if you haven't read the first book.) Write-a-Novel Exercise 5.1 Go through the list of characters we started in the last tutorial, and mark down what story roles that each character fills. If you find that you need to create more characters, write down a Plot Premise for each new one. Click here to submit your exercise. ANN - Chapter 9 - Our Terrifying Descent How to Develop Story Conflict The Character Arc Feel free to comment with other suggested resources. Any questions about writing? Things you want me to discuss? Comment or send me a message and I will be glad to reply or feature my response in a later article. If you enjoy my reviews, please feel free to share my articles with friends, add it to your favorites, become a watcher on my page, or send send a llama my way! Originally posted at www.facebook.com/JosephBlakePa… (Feel free to “Like” and subscribe) On the other hand, I have a second novel that has six characters to really speak of. That novel is closer to 300 pages in length and has a very traditional and straightforward structure. So the number will just depend on how intricate and complex you want your story to be. Note that I don't mean intricate and complex as a measurement of quality. A short simple story can be more powerful than a much larger one, it just depends on how you tell it and what it has to say. My only real advice would be to outline your plot and your characters within reason (so maybe just with the characters you already have that you know you will need to fulfill the plot points you have planned). After that, just let new characters arise organically. You will often find that you cannot realistically have your pre-established characters do all the things you planned for them. In those cases, you will often need to create unexpected new characters to fill those roles. When that happens, embrace it and put as much creativity and effort as possible into fleshing out those new characters, especially the ones you take a liking to.

<urn:uuid:cc1044d6-be4b-4108-9a94-12f51ac8cfe0>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.deviantart.com/desdemonadeblake/art/9-Character-Types-to-Use-in-Your-Novel-583138570

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588113.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027084718-20211027114718-00711.warc.gz

en

Most everyone knows about the fiberglass insulation that has been used for many decades in attics all over America. It comes in two forms: blown in wads and rolled in mats. In both cases these two forms of insulation have proven to create a ubiquitous health disaster throughout many a residential subdivision. Do you know what happens to this fiberglass that sits in the attic through alternating periods of heat and cold, humidity and dryness? It breaks down and dusts. It is then carried by the air movement all over the attic, as well as into the wall spaces. This is where the problem really begins. You see, when the air conditioning turns on in the southern regions, a negative pressure phenomenon occurs which pushes attic air into the ambient air of the home through various points of entry. Likewise, when the heat pump turns on in the colder regions the same negative pressure is induced. This negative pressure throughout the home pulls air from the attic and wall spaces into the ambient air. More specifically, the following excerpt from hvac-talk.com describes what really happens here. “Negative building pressure results when an HVAC system inside a building draws in more air from the return ducts than it expels through the supply ducts. A building can be wholly under negative pressure, or exhibit zones of negative pressure in certain areas (e.g. a room contains a return air grille and no supply grille). Given the current configuration of most HVAC systems, most buildings operate under some degree of negative pressure.” “When buildings operate under negative pressure, some air must be introduced from outside to balance the pressure differential. Ideally, this air would enter the HVAC unit through a valve or duct and be dehumidified before being introduced to the indoor environment. Unfortunately, however, this is rarely the case. HVAC units often have no allowance for outside air, meaning the air must be brought in from different areas. This often results in air being sucked in around doors and windows, through cracks in the foundation, or through other penetrations in the building skin. When this occurs, the introduced air is not dehumidified before entering the indoor environment. Over time, the indoor relative humidity will increase, potentially causing mold growth on cool interior surfaces or inside wall cavities. In addition, negative building pressure can introduce soil gases into the home, including radon.” The translation of this highly consequential dynamic of outdoor to indoor air flow is that air is being pulled into the home from the attic, wall spaces, and/or any other point of entry from the outside as indicated above. The serious health repercussion is that fiberglass-laden air from the attic can be continuously drawn into the home living space via the turning on and off of the HVAC system through both the hot and cold seasons. How does this happen?! The very fine fiberglass dust from the attic and wall spaces is simply drawn through every small crack or crevice, opening or wire conduit which leads directly into the home living space. Go to your many electrical sockets, lighting fixtures, air vents, ceiling fans, etc. and see how many opportunities there are for airborne fiberglass to pass through these openings. The number of these cracks and openings in the aggregate provides a conducive environment for much fiberglass-laden air to flow into every room of a home or office space. How can we determine if our home has fiberglass contamination? There are a few telltale signs of fiberglass finding its way into the home on a regular basis. The Fiberglass Information Network has provided the follow list, which can also be found at their excellent website. “The signs of fiberglass poisoning in your home are straightforward and obvious to even the mildly observant person: • Pervasive dustiness, even after repeated cleanings • Glass-like dust which glitters when struck by light. • Most or all individuals in the home, including pets, have strange illnesses which do not respond to conventional treatments, especially skin and breathing ailments • Ill individuals feel better when out of the house for extended periods of time. • Individuals feel worse when the heating or air conditioning is on. • Strange stains around or under HVAC output areas.” We highly recommend that you bookmark the preceding website as it may very well be the one that helps you reclaim your health, and in some instances, save your life. Why do we want to avoid this situation as much as possible? Perhaps we should ask how you feel your lungs would feel if they are constantly being bombarded with tiny cylindrical fibers of glass or glass wool (minute shards of cut glass is how they might appear under a microscope)?! Not a pretty picture, especially when it occurs over the course of a lifetime. And, especially when living or working in the same space where the conditioned air is super-saturated with fiberglass particles. If you want to see what kind of volume we’re talking about, go up to your attic on a windy day and bring a flashlight to shine through the thick airborne fiberglass dust. Your observations will likely compel you to always wear a mask whenever you enter the attic henceforth — it’s that convincing! The Health Coach has witnessed an exponential increase in lung ailments over the years. All upper and lower respiratory illness and chronic disease has seen a major increase in incidence per capita. Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, Emphysema, Lung Cancer, Sarcoidosis, Systemic Scleroderma (aka CREST Syndrome or lcSSc), and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) are all examples of serious lung conditions which have experienced a dramatic uptick. The point is that, regardless of how efficient the body may be at sloughing off the offending particulates of fibeerglass, it adds an unnecessary burden to the lungs. With ambient air quality where it is in our industrialized society, this additional contribution to the indoor environmental pollutant profile is taking us in the wrong direction. Enough of the downside of this predicament: What can we do if we suffer from fiberglass poisoning? Simple-Remedies.com has offered some good tips which are practical and easy. This is a very superficial treatment of the situation, but should be followed by anyone living in an obviously contaminated space. “Home remedies for fiberglass dust exposure: • Preventing inhalation of dust in the lungs with wearing proper mask around the nose and mouth is the best remedy to keep away from fiberglass dust exposure during its sawing, cutting process. • Dust your body with talcum powder before you start work with fiberglass. It blocks the pores and prevents the entry of tiny duct particles into the skin. • The home remedy for fiber glass dust exposure on the skin is to rinse the skin with cold water to get rid of fiberglass dust embedded on the skin surface. • After that take a warm shower so that the pores will open up and the rest of fiberglass dust gets expelled from the skin. • You can apply gentle baby oil on the skin so that the remaining last particles of duct get loosened from the skin. • You can apply moisturizers to get relief from itching and inflammation caused due to fiberglass dust. • You may get cough and irritation in your throat after exposure to fiberglass dust in lungs. It may remain for a week or a month. In such a case onion helps to liquefy the phlegm and helps to throw out the tiny dust particles of fiberglass from the lungs. Take one teaspoon of raw onion juice and one teaspoon of honey in the morning and evening. It is an effective home remedy for cough caused due to fiberglass dust.” We are not happy about being the bearer of this bad news. It represents a very unfortunate health predicament for both people and home. Truly, there are many sick buildings around the world and many a sick home as well. In the vast majority of these, the residents have no choice about where they live. In fact, the home is where a LOT of disease actually starts. However, it is often completely overlooked by the medical practitioners. Only a very few really have a clue. Therefore, become a house sleuth and look closely at this relatively unknown yet serious indoor environmental problem. There are many other home environment challenges which we will point out in future sessions such as HVAC Systems: Is Yours Contaminating Your Entire Home? In the meantime, you may want to install those light switch and outlet sealers, seal up every air vent with aluminum tape, patch up all crack and crevices, and remediate all the fixtures which provide air flow into the home from the attic or wall spacees. Then, have a home air eval and thorough house audit performed by a knowledgeable and reputable HVAC company. It is advisable to call them first in order to pose certain questions the answers to which will determine if they really know their stuff. May you enjoy great health, The Health Coach All content found at The Health Coach is for information purposes only. Therefore, the information on this website is not a substitute for professional medical care and should not be construed as either medical diagnosis or treatment. All information contained herein ought to be considered within the context of an individual’s overall health status and prescribed treatment plan. Since The Health Coach does not diagnose, treat, mitigate, cure, or heal any type of disease or medical condition, the information contained at this website is not intended to provide specific physical, mental, emotional or psychological health advice. It is entirely the reader’s decision to act or not act on any information at The Health Coach. Therefore, we fully invoke the HOLD HARMLESS clause for those who are responsible for putting any of this information into practical use and application. © 2012 The Health Coach Permission is granted to post this health blog as long as it is linked back to the following url: http://thehealthcoach1.com/?p=1995

<urn:uuid:00571e60-2418-4c31-9afa-c1ed2f394191>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://thehealthcoach1.com/?p=1995

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583408.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016013436-20211016043436-00631.warc.gz

en

This blog was first published in Brookings Future Development Blog. The authors are Ipchita Bharali, Preeti Kumar, and Sakthivel Selvaraj. The first COVID-19 case in India was detected on January 30, the same day that WHO declared it a public health emergency of international concern. India went into lockdown almost two months later. On June 8, after 10 weeks of lockdown, India started a phased reopening of its economy. With Unlock 1.0, the country is trying to balance attempts to revive the economy while dealing with increasing caseloads and new hotspots. On June 30, official COVID-19 cases stood at over 585,000, and more than 17,500 deaths (Figure 1). While recovery rates have improved to 60 percent and the death rate is relatively low considering that India is the fourth most-impacted country globally, COVID-19 in India is nowhere close to the peak (Figure 2). Recent analysis done jointly by Duke University’s Center for Policy Impact in Global Health and the Public Health Foundation of India assesses India’s pandemic preparedness and its policy response has been varied across the states. It also provides a snapshot of the current situation. But its main contribution is to identify the policy gaps that India must close quickly. National weaknesses: Low testing rates, deteriorating health care, and poor social protection India alertly implemented surveillance as early as January 17, even before the first cases were officially detected. This was followed by a series of travel advisories and restrictions, and efforts to repatriate and quarantine Indian nationals arriving from abroad. But low testing rates have always been a serious drawback. When the curfew and lockdown were imposed, only 6,500 samples had been tested nationwide, and the daily testing capacity in mid-March was just 1,400 samples. Testing capacity has increased in recent weeks—over 1,000 laboratories with daily testing capacity of more than 300,000 samples—but testing rates are still low. According to the FIND database from June 14, India tests around 4,100 people per million compared with a global average of over 29,000 tests per million. After a 14-hour “Janata Curfew” test run, India went into full lockdown on March 24; at the time, India had just 500 confirmed COVID-19 cases and fewer than 10 deaths. The sudden lockdown had a severe impact on millions of low-income migrant workers and daily-wage earners. With no savings and little guidance or financial help from the government, these workers and their families faced food insecurity and hardships that led many to walk hundreds of miles to reach their villages. News of migrants killed in road and train accidents made headlines, along with reports of migrants fleeing quarantine centers due to overcrowding and unhealthy facilities. The economic impact of the lockdown on migrants was mitigated through provision of rations by the government, but this was implemented more than 45 days after lockdown. Migrant flight has serious implications on the already fragile rural health infrastructure. It is estimated that between 2 million and 10 million migrants were impacted by COVID-19. A severe impact on other health programs due to COVID-19 is also evident from the analysis of the National Health Mission data on inpatient and outpatient treatment. Between 100,000 and 200,000 children missed routine vaccinations during February and March. Treatment for tuberculosis also showed declines. These data do not capture services provided by the private sector, which accounts for 70 percent of health care provision and half of hospitalizations in India. Analysis conducted on the claims data of the flagship Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana insurance program, which was launched to provide financial protection to the poorest households, also showed that weekly claims volume during the 10 weeks of lockdown was half the pre-lockdown claims volume. Claims for cataract eye surgery and joint replacements fell by over 90 percent, and significant declines were also seen in cardiovascular surgeries, child delivery, and oncology. These findings raise concerns about a potential resurgence of vaccine-preventable illnesses, infectious diseases, and chronic ailments. Big differences among states—and little convergence Given the key role of state governments in India’s health system, the response in India needs to be understood from a state level perspective. Currently, more than half of all COVID-19 cases are concentrated in three states: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi (Figure 3). The daily new cases are also highest among these three states (Figure 4). While daily cases fell sharply in Kerala before increasing, it was the exact opposite in Punjab. This corresponds to when interstate movement of migrants was officially allowed beginning April 29. Although the first COVID-19 cases were detected in Kerala among a group of students returning from Wuhan, China, the state government’s COVID-19 response has been effective, with the state accounting for less than 1 percent of total confirmed cases in India. Kerala has received accolades from the U.N. for the COVID-19 response strategies it adopted . The state’s investment in public health care and experience tackling the Nipah outbreak in 2018 may have contributed to its capacity and preparedness to swiftly handle the current outbreak. Data on testing rates across India show that most states need to ramp up testing (Figure 5). The bubble size in Figure 5 represents cases per million population. On June 15, the average testing rate in India was 4,972 per million. Ladakh had the highest testing rate at 38,170 per million, followed by Goa (27,568 per million), Jammu and Kashmir (20,400 per million), and Delhi (14,693 per million). Maharashtra—essentially India’s New York state that has Mumbai, India’s financial center—accounts for almost a third of all cases. But it has a much lower testing rate of 5,445 per million compared with many other states, so the high number of cases in Maharashtra is not explained by a high test rate. States like Telangana, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu have low testing rates coupled with a high percentage of infections. By increasing testing rates, these states will likely identify many more positive cases, which will help to isolate people and control spread. Kerala’s experience shows that testing needs to be complemented by effective contact tracing, isolation, and quarantine measures to effectively tackle the spread of infections. India’s health capacity and policy gaps Outside health policy, India’s weak economic response is a big problem. The Atmanirbhar Bharat (“Self-reliant India”) stimulus package announced in May is not small at $110 billion; this is equivalent to 10 percent of India’s GDP. But it comprises mostly monetary interventions to provide liquidity with a longer-term outlook to boost the economy. In terms of funding responses and relief measures targeted at the poor and vulnerable, the $23 billion Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana relief package falls short as it mostly reallocates funding across existing budgets or allows people to make advance withdrawals on their social benefits rather than mobilizing additional funding. India needs to do more to help the families of low wage workers displaced from their jobs by the lockdown and the weakening economy. For the health sector, our analysis points to three main problems: low levels of testing, implementation failures in containing the spread during lockdown, and serious impacts on other health services. India’s response is consistent with its 2019 scores on the Global Health Security Index. In terms of health security—pandemic preparedness and capacity—India is ranked 57th out of 195 countries. Its score of 46.5 was above the global average of 40.2, but much lower than Asian middle-income peers such as Indonesia and Thailand that had scores of 56.6 and 73.2, respectively. India scores high on communications with health care workers during a public health emergency, trade and travel restrictions, laboratory systems, immunization, and socioeconomic resilience. But it does less well in zoonotic disease prevention, emergency preparedness and response planning, capacity of health facilities, health care access, and medical countermeasures and personnel deployment. The full scale of policy responses needed to combat COVID-19 is still unclear because the outbreak has not yet reached its peak. In the longer term, what is required are investments in health infrastructure, ensuring continuity of regular health services, and improving health emergency preparedness. India will have to cautiously adjust spending, attract industrial investments to spur growth, and address rising unemployment. But over the next year, India can expect to remain in crisis mode. Based on the current status of COVID-19 and the lessons from its early response, India ought to be prioritizing five measures: - Increase testing capacity. India can do this quickly by harnessing the capacity of the private sector for laboratories, test kits, and supplies. But the government will also have to increase the density and capacity of test sites and laboratories and improve procurement and supply chains. India’s domestic PPE kit production has been a great success story, which provides reasons for optimism. - Assist poor workers. Steps to help poor migrant workers include programs offered by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation in their 2017 report. These policies include provision of affordable housing, emergency employment schemes, and access to social entitlements and service provisions. The recent announcement on provision of essential food supplies to 800 million people is a step in the right direction. - Maintain regular health services. Maintain essential critical health services and disease programs to avoid a resurgence of vaccine preventable diseases, infectious diseases, and chronic illnesses. Both the central and state governments should look to expand strategic investments and partnerships with the private sector, development partners, and community health workers to strengthen surge capacity and ensure continuity of health provision. - Enforce emergency measures. Enforce sensible social distancing, effective quarantine procedures, mandatory mask-wearing and hand hygiene habits, along with improved detection, containment, and mitigation. - Enable responsible monitoring. Introduce and ensure national data privacy laws to improve India’s health emergency response and safeguard against data privacy concerns. About the Authors: Ipchita Bharali (tweets @IpchitaBharali) is a Policy Associate at the Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute. Preeti Kumar, Vice President, Public Health System, Public Health Foundation of India. Sakthivel Selvaraj, Director and Professor, Health Economics, Financing and Policy Division, Public Health Foundation of India.

<urn:uuid:5850505d-ca03-431a-b28b-cf1ddd4c53e6>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://centerforpolicyimpact.org/2020/07/28/how-well-is-india-responding-to-covid-19/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00111.warc.gz

en

About to register for the GRE? Congratulations! This is the one test standing between you and your dream grad school. Before you start your test prep, you must know what to expect. Find out how many sections the GRE has, what questions you’ll get, and how to achieve high scores below. The GRE General Test Structure: Six Sections The GRE General Test tests three subject areas but has six sections in total. This is because you get not one, but two sections per subject area: analytical writing, verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning. (Well, it’s kind of different for the writing section, but we’ll discuss that below.) On the actual, computer-delivered GRE, you may get one extra section that will be unscored or used for research purposes only. Here’s an overview of the structure of the GRE straight from the maker of the test, the ETS: |Subject areas||Sections||Length in minutes per section| |1. Analytical Writing||1 (2 tasks/questions: Analyze an Issue and Analyze an Argument)||60 (30 per each task)| |2. Verbal Reasoning||2 (20 test questions per section)||30| |3. Quantitative Reasoning||2 (20 test questions per section)||35| |4. Unscored, Experimental, or Research||Varies||Varies| |Total length: 3 hours and 45 minutes| The ETS didn’t define the order in which the sections must appear on the GRE exam. Except for one general rule: the analytical writing section always comes first. After that, the sections appear in no particular order. The GRE lasts for 3 hours and 45 minutes in total and the time is split between sections. In general, you’ll get 30 minutes per section. Only the quant section lasts 35 minutes. The computer-based GRE test has 82 scored questions . However, don’t be surprised if you find yourself answering more than 82 questions. This is because test-takers can be given an experimental or research section. I’ll talk more about these below, but let’s break down the three primary sections of the GRE general test. 1. Analytical Writing Section The analytical writing section consists of two tasks but is treated as one section. You’ll have to write two essays that answer the question presented in each task: - Task #1 - “Analyze an Issue” - discuss in your essay the degree to which you agree or disagree with the claim made in the writing prompt, support your perspective with rational arguments, use specific examples - Task #2 - “Analyze an Argument” - evaluate the argument made in the prompt, analyze the assumptions it’s based on, discuss how we could prove the truth of the argument You’ll have 30 minutes per task and you should be aware of how long should a GRE essay be. - How the ETS calculates your scores: 0-6, in half-point increments What it evaluates: The analytical writing section evaluates students’ ability to: - present complex ideas in an easy-to-understand way - support your claims with rational arguments and examples - interpret the text and understand the author’s main points - apply the rules of written English 2. Verbal Reasoning Section The verbal reasoning part of the test includes three types of questions: - Reading comprehension - Text completion - GRE Sentence equivalence Here’s what you’ll be expected to do for each question type: - Reading comprehension - answer questions about a given written passage - Text completion - fill in the blanks with the correct word from the answer choices - Sentence equivalence - fill in the blank with two words that complete a sentence in an equivalent way (the sentence must mean the same thing when either word is used) You’ll have 30 minutes per section. - How the ETS calculates your scores: 130-170, in 1-point increments The GRE score for verbal sections only counts the questions answered correctly. There’s no subtraction for incorrect questions. What it evaluates: This section evaluates students’ ability to: - infer and differentiate between main, minor, and irrelevant points in a text - understand the meaning of advanced vocabulary words, sentences, and texts, as well as relationships between these elements - summarize, analyze, and interpret the text 3. Quantitative Reasoning Section The quantitative reasoning part of the GRE test includes four types of questions: - Quantitative comparison - Multiple choice - Multiple answers - Numeric entry Students often confuse multiple choice questions with multiple answer questions. These are similar, as they both present you with several answer choices. But, in the case of multiple-choice questions, there’s only one correct answer. Multiple answer questions, however, have multiple correct answers. You should choose one or more correct options from the answer choices you get. You’ll have 35 minutes per section in this part of the test. We highly recommend you to take a look at our post about the hardest GRE math questions. - How the ETS calculates your scores: 130-170, in 1-point increments What it measures: The quantitative reasoning section evaluates students’ ability to: - apply the rules of data analysis - understand, interpret and analyze math concepts - apply models and rules of mathematics to solve problems “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.” Unscored Section and Experimental Section Your test may or may not include unscored or experimental sections. These sections don’t count towards your GRE score. They appear in no particular order, except that they always come after analytical writing. This means they can either be a part of the quant or verbal section. There’s also no set number of questions you can get in these sections. You will know if there’s an additional section on your test. Instead of two sections on verbal reasoning and quantitative reasoning, you’ll get three. However, you won’t know which section won’t show up on your score report, as they’re not marked in any way. You should treat each section as if it influences your final score—something that many test-takers overlook. Your test may also include a research section. And, yes, the research section is more user-friendly: you’ll know which section it is and you can skip it! It won’t count towards your final score either. GRE General Test: Computer-based and adaptive Since the GRE General Test is administered via a computer, it can adapt the question types and difficulty level according to the knowledge and skills you demonstrate during the test. The difficulty level of your test will be taken into account when calculating your score. Many practice tests available online simulate the computer-delivered GRE you’ll encounter on your test day. This means these tests adapt your questions just like the real GRE. Try them out during your test prep. The ETS offers two free official practice tests. You can also find paid versions on the ETS website and include them in your GRE prep. GRE Paper Test Paper GRE test is a little different from the computer-based test. The total time duration of the paper-based exam is 3 hours and 30 minutes, and there’s a total of 102 questions. Paper-based GRE breakdown: - Analytical writing — Two sections, 30 minutes per section - Verbal reasoning — Two sections, 25 questions each. 35 minutes per section, which comes to 1 hour and 10 minutes - Quantitative reasoning — Two sections, 25 questions each. 40 minutes per section, which comes to 1 hour and 20 minutes GRE paper test doesn’t have experimental or research sections. Similarities Between Computer and Paper Tests Here’re the most important computer-delivered GRE and paper test similarities: - Both tests have six sections with a 10-minute break in between - You are allowed to skip questions, go back and change answer choices, and choose which question to answer first - The first part is always analytical, the second is verbal reasoning, and finally, the quant section. They have to be done in this order - An on-screen calculator is provided for the computer GRE exam and an ETS calculator for the paper test - You can use a booklet for notes for paper GRE and sheets for computer GRE - Both formats have the same scaled score Also, both computer and paper GRE are scaled tests, which means how well you do in the first section will determine the difficulty of the second section. Easier sections have a lesser score, and two people with the same score on one section can have different scaled scores. Differences Between Computer and Paper GRE Tests These are the most important differences between these two test types: - The computer-based exam time duration is 3 hours and 45 minutes, whereas the duration of the paper-delivered one is 3 hours and 30 minutes. - Although the difficulty level and topics covered are the same, the GRE paper test doesn’t have reading comprehension. - The number of questions in verbal and quantitative reasoning varies depending on the test. The computer exam has 20 questions, and the paper exam has 25 in each section. - Paper GRE is available three times a year — October, November, February — whereas the computer-based GRE is available several times a week, year-round. The Bottom Line The GRE General Test tests three subject areas: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and writing. Mostly, it consists of six sections. Apart from the analytical writing section, which is treated as a whole, every subject area gets two sections. However, your GRE may include an additional section that won’t influence your score and appears in no particular order. Unless it’s marked, you won’t know which one it is and you should treat it as if it counts towards your score. Also, ensure you understand the questions you’ll get. Differentiate multiple choice from multiple answer questions so you don’t unnecessarily lose points.

<urn:uuid:3881a2f3-6e32-49df-ba1d-0f6fde66a44b>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://mygreexampreparation.com/how-many-sections-are-on-the-gre/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585183.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017210244-20211018000244-00550.warc.gz

en

The Q-Collar is the world’s first technology to use the body’s natural physiology to protect against mild traumatic brain injury caused by concussive events. A revolutionary approach to protecting the brain, the Q-Collar addresses the problem from the inside out by mimicking a natural defense used by woodpeckers. The collar applies slight pressure to the neck which mildly increases blood volume in the brain to create a cushion that reduces movement of the brain inside the skull. Initial research on the collar has shown significant reduction in changes to the brain caused by concussive impacts. The Q-Collar is a breakthrough for athletics, military and industry. Priority Designs was proud to aid in the development and commercialization of this revolutionary product. A NEW APPROACH 3.8 million sports-related concussions occur in the U.S. each year, but all previous methods to prevent damage from concussive blows have sought to reduce the force of impact to the head by means of stronger helmets, thicker padding, and energy absorption. The Q-Collar is the first solution to address the issue of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in the brain where the damage takes place – inside the skull. When the head experiences an impact of extreme force, “slosh” is the movement of the brain as it is floating in the cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull. As the brain sloshes inside the skull it can rotate or strike the walls of the cranium, often tearing brain fibers resulting in mTBI. An extreme force to the brain can result in concussion, but smaller, repeated impacts can lead to chronic traumatic encepelathopy (CTE) which is a form of brain damage resulting in dementia. PROTECTING THE BRAIN FROM THE INSIDE OUT How can woodpeckers hit their heads 80 million times over a lifetime without suffering from concussion? Dr. David Smith, a chemist, physicist, and ideator, discovered that woodpeckers activate the omohyoid muscle to apply pressure on the jugular vein, causing a slight increase in blood volume in the brain. This provoked a question; could a similar idea be applied to humans, using the body’s own physiology to provide natural concussion prevention? TESTING THE THEORY Working with Dr. Julian Bailes, a prominent neurosurgeon and consultant to the NFL Players’ Association, jugular compression was tested on mice in comparison to a control group. No previous method of protection has been able to show more than 5% reduction in evidence of brain damage, but jugular compression showed an astonishing 83% reduction. The team of inventors, neurosurgeons, researchers, engineers, and designers set out to develop a device for humans that could replicate the action of the woodpecker’s omohyoid with jugular compression. "No previous method of protection has been able to show more than 5% reduction in evidence of brain damage, but jugular compression showed an astonishing 83% reduction." The path to development of an FDA registered medical device posed several challenges that had to be addressed. The team set out to tackle each of these challenges throughout seven years of development and testing: measuring jugular compression & verifying safety proving efficacy during performance developing an appropriate device for users DESIGNING AN IDEA With an idea and the promise of jugular compression’s potential to reduce mTBI, designers began to sketch forms that would bring the concept to a product for commercial manufacturing. With no precedence or existing products for this solution, the team began by brainstorming and exploring countless possibilities. Designs were careful to reduce or eliminate pressure on the trachea as not to interfere with breathing. The solution was a c-shaped collar with a curved profile to keep the device low on the neck. This form would apply pressure in the appropriate location while providing comfort and preventing movement of the collar. "No precedence or existing products for this solution; a true realization of a new invention." ITERATIVE PROTOTYPING FOR FASTER DEVELOPMENT From initial concepts, prototypes were developed for quick evaluation. Hundreds of prototypes were fabricated in house by CNC machining, casting, laser cutting, soft goods development, and 3D printing. Some models were for proof-of-concept, others were appearance prototypes and eventually functional prototypes were developed for testing. Materials were carefully selected for comfort and durability in extreme conditions of hot or cold. "Hundreds of prototypes were fabricated in-house alongside designers and engineers for faster experimentation and continuous refinement." A WINNING TEAM Collaboration with designers, engineers and in-house prototyping led to faster experimentation and continuous refinement. Form, material, aesthetics and method of applied pressure were tested and improved quickly, saving time and moving efficiently. With collaboration from Q30 Innovations and Dr. Dave Smith, what started as “how?” transformed into a real product solution that was ready for testing and validation. "What started as “how?” transformed into a real product solution." MEASURING THE EFFECT There were several important questions that needed to be answered for verifying application on humans. How much pressure was needed, and how will we verify volumetric changes or changes in brain elasticity? Dr. Dave Smith of Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center helped perform research and establish test methods for verification of the effect of jugular compression on humans. Ultimately, ultrasounds were used to verify jugular restriction and MRIs confirmed brain blood volume and elasticity. These tests established that early prototypes accurately replicated the jugular compression of the omohyoid muscle found in woodpeckers. Could the device be used safely by humans without any adverse health or performance issues? A variety of rigorous safety and performance tests performed at multiple institutes demonstrated no negative effect on performance, effort, or response time, and no changes to brain function or chemistry. "Safety and performance testing demonstrated no negative effects on performance, effort or response time." REAL ATHLETES, REAL HITS, REAL RESULTS With safety of the device established, Priority Designs and Q30 Innovations teamed up with Dr. Grey Meyer, research scientist at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital to pursue efficacy testing with high school athletes. Football, hockey and women’s soccer players wore the Q-Collar and were monitored in comparison to a control group. SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN CHANGES TO THE BRAIN Data revealed that athletes who wore the collar received similar quantities and intensities of hits as the control group throughout the course of a single season. After confirming equivalent inputs of impact, researchers conducted brain scans to reveal evidence of mTBI by examining white matter in the brain. Athletes who wore the Q-Collar throughout a single season have shown a significant reduction in changes to the brain. What was hypothesized in studying the woodpecker was realized and verified with use of the Q-Collar. The collar applies a prescribed amount of pressure to the jugular, which increases the volume of blood in the skull to create a cushion for the brain. By using the body’s own natural physiology, we can reduce brain slosh, and mitigate the negative impact of repetitive concussive blows to the head. The Q-Collar’s sporty, approachable design gives the user confidence with the acceptance of familiar protective sports equipment. It can be worn for an entire game, or taken off quickly between play. The user simply places it around the neck and in seconds, the device is working. Made from silicone urethane elastomer with a rigorously engineered force-providing insert, the Q-Collar is highly durable. With constant contact with the skin, outer material was optimized for comfort in the contoured shape, material durometer, and texture. It’s weather resistant for very warm or very cold temperatures, waterproof and easily washable. Similar to the familiarity of buying shoes, the collar is available in nine sizes designed in one inch increments to comfortably fit each user. The Q-Collar is accessible to all ages, level of performance, and can be used during any high-risk activity from children through professionals. Priority Designs has worked closely with Q30 Innovations to transfer the device to manufacturing for commercialization. The Q-Collar is currently in production with a Canadian launch for late 2017 as it undergoes FDA review in the U.S. But the application of the Q-Collar doesn’t stop with athletics. Military and high-risk industries have significant application for wearing the collar in their daily jobs for safety and peace of mind. IncludeHealth Access Strength™Electronics, Embedded Software Development, Medical, Sports K-MOTION K-VESTDesign, Sports Q-CollarDesign, Engineering, Medical, Personal Protective Equipment, Prototyping, Research, Soft Goods, Sports, Strategy Nike Vapor IronsDesign, Engineering, Prototyping, Sports Nike VRS Covert 2.0Design, Sports Nike Modern Classic Putter DesignsDesign, Sports, Strategy Cannondale CERV BikeBreadboard Models, Conceptual Engineering, Engineering, Functional Prototypes, Mechanism Development, Prototyping, Sports Nike Covert DriverDesign, Mechanism Development, Prototyping, Sports, Strategy Rawlings / Worth Baseball / Softball HelmetsDesign, Personal Protective Equipment, Soft Goods, Sports Taylormade MOADDesign, Engineering, Prototyping, Sports Rawlings NRG Football HelmetDesign, Engineering, Personal Protective Equipment, Prototyping, Soft Goods (Prototyping), Sporting Goods, Sports Bledsoe Knee BraceAppearance Models, Design, Engineering, Personal Protective Equipment, Prototyping, Soft Goods (Prototyping), Sports, Testing and Analysis STX Lacrosse Women’s GogglesDesign, Engineering, Personal Protective Equipment, Prototyping, Sports TaylorMade Golf DisplaysDesign, Engineering, Point of Sale Displays, Prototyping, Sports, Strategy Rawlings Football Compression Protective ApparelDesign, Personal Protective Equipment, Soft Goods, Sports STX Lacrosse Protective GearDesign, Engineering, Personal Protective Equipment, Prototyping, Soft Goods, Sports TaylorMade Golf IronsDesign, Engineering, Prototyping, Sporting Goods, Sports, Strategy FILA BagsDesign, Prototyping, Soft Goods, Sports Rawlings Baseball PackagingDesign, Package Design, Sports Rawlings Worth Baseball Gear And BagsDesign, Personal Protective Equipment, Sports TaylorMade Golf DriversDesign, Engineering, Prototyping, Sporting Goods, Sports, Strategy Mogo The Flavored MouthguardDesign, Engineering, Personal Protective Equipment, Prototyping, Sports, Strategy Rawlings S100 Baseball HelmetConceptual Engineering, Design, Engineering, Personal Protective Equipment, Prototyping, Sporting Goods, Sports, Testing and Analysis JanSport BackpacksDesign, Soft Goods, Sports Plano Gun GuardDesign, Soft Goods (Prototyping), Sports, Strategy Gait Lacrosse Brand DevelopmentBrand Experience Design, Brand Positioning, Brand Research, Buyer / User Experience, Design, Sports, Strategy Nike Golf BicyclesDesign, Prototyping, Sports Gait Lacrosse HeadsDesign, Engineering, Prototyping, Sports, Testing and Analysis Mogo M3 Flavored Mouth GuardDesign, Engineering, Personal Protective Equipment, Prototyping, Sporting Goods, Sports, Strategy Mead Nike BindersDesign, Home, Soft Goods, Sports Rawlings Kids Baseball GloveDesign, Sporting Goods, Sports Eqwip Polymer Baseball GloveDesign, Engineering, Prototyping, Sports

<urn:uuid:010c6551-0fbd-434b-a5c4-c4173cb7fd3f>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.prioritydesigns.com/content/q-collar/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583087.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015222918-20211016012918-00350.warc.gz

en

Cicero called Herodotus the father of history, but he is not a historian's historian in the sense that Thucydides is. Thucydides, the younger man by about 15 years, produced a forthright account of the war that broke out between Athens and Sparta in 431BC, dished up without fear or favour and generously seasoned with cynicism and hard-nosed political insight. It's a narrative based on eye-witness accounts, often his own - with evidence, he tells us, carefully sifted so that he presents only the most authoritative version of events. He bequeathed us a highly influential world view in which the weak topple in the face of the mighty with plangent inevitability. Thucydides is the ancient historian whom prime ministers and presidents most like to quote, and who is taught at West Point (an institution nicknamed Sparta). His work has often been co-opted by later thinkers - to help explain, for example, how democracies can become embroiled in disastrous military expeditions. Bernard Knox, the great American classicist, cited him when referring to the US's entanglement in Vietnam, but the idea has no doubt been applied to Iraq or Afghanistan. Herodotus, by contrast, has none of this heavyweight support. He was written off by Thucydides, who poured scorn on what he characterises as Herodotus's fanciful, romantic view of the world. The criticism stuck. Herodotus's account of the Persian wars of 481-479BC takes six books out of nine (or 300-odd pages of Robin Waterfield's excellent English translation) even to begin on the Battle of Marathon; for many it is a rambling, rather disappointing try-out for the academic discipline that history would later become. And what nonsense he includes. Along the way we have a bearded priestess; a description of the embalming techniques of the Egyptians; a great number of mouthy women (including Atossa, the wife of Darius, whose pillow talk is supposed to have convinced the Persian king to turn his attention towards a Greek conquest); and the curious giant ants of India, bigger than foxes but smaller than dogs, who tunnel deep underground to harvest gold. That's not to mention the steppe-dwelling Scythians, who wear coats made from human scalps; the musician Arion, whose life is saved by a dolphin; and the sheep of Arabia, whose tails are so long they drag them on little carts. The world of Thucydides, by contrast, is cool and rational - one in which women, animals, children, religion and other such distractions are almost entirely absent. What, then, is the value of Herodotus, with his tabloid fascination for the private lives of leaders, his garrulity, his love of gossip? Like many of the most glamorous intellectuals of what we term "ancient Greece", Herodotus was born on Turkey's Aegean coast, in the Greek city of Halicarnassus, now Bodrum. On this Ionian coast began an enlightenment, an intellectual movement of incalculable importance to subsequent streams of thought in Greece and beyond, a movement that threatened to topple the gods from their Olympian thrones. Thinkers such as Thales - usually regarded as the first scientist-philosopher - set up rationalising accounts of the universe in which the terrifying vicissitudes of nature might be explained not by the wrath of Poseidon, nor by Zeus's thunderbolts, nor by Hera's jealousies, but in terms of rationally explicable, normally occurring phenomena. Hecataeus of Miletus, Herodotus's most important forerunner and one of the earliest Greeks to write in prose, produced works of rationalising geography and genealogy. A little later, on the islands of Cos and Cnidus, doctors appeared, Hippocrates the most famous of them. Surviving medical treatises indicate a rejection of the notion of disease as heaven-sent. Instead, the doctors pursued rational enquiries into the causes of things. An enquiry into the causes of things: this is also Herodotus's project, laid out in his prologue. His particular enquiry is into the Persian wars, in which a jittery, barely united coalition of Greek city-states fended off conquest by the world's most powerful empire. The prologue to the Histories recalls the opening of the Iliad - the first and most important work of classical literature, whose influence on later Greek writing cannot be overestimated. That poem begins with an invocation to the muse to reveal the reason for the feud between Achilles and Agamemnon: the answer is the fury of the god Apollo. What Herodotus does is to set up the Persian wars as a kind of second Trojan war. But he transforms Homer's account of fictional motivation into a survey of historical causation. And the answer, he suggests, to his question about the cause of the Persian wars, lies not with the gods, nor, as the Phoenicians and Persians contend, in the continuation of a long line of tit-for-tat mythical abductions of women between Europe and Asia, but in the real world of politics and foreign policy. To transfer the responsibility for events away from heaven and squarely on to mortals may seem, two and half thousand years on, an obvious task, but in so doing Herodotus fundamentally changed the way that humans look at the world - and that is why Cicero called him the father of history. But what about his reputation as a rambler and a gossiper? Reading the Histories, I feel he'd be a marvellously entertaining dinner guest, particularly after a few glasses of wine, but you'd never expect him to give a direct answer to a direct question. His project is to interrogate the deep causes of things. When he starts his account of the origins of the Persian wars, he does so - cogently - with an account of the patterns of Persian expansionism, which begins with the nascent empire's defeat in the 6th century of Lydia, the then dominant power in the near east. And for that to be told properly, he gives us an excursus on the history of Lydia, including the unmissable story of the rise to power of Gyges, five generations back from Croesus, the ruler at hand. Gyges was the trusted adviser of King Candaules of Lydia - who was besotted with his own wife, and who decided that Gyges should see the queen naked, the better to appreciate her beauty. Gyges was horrified, and tried to dissuade his master from this perverse plan, but Candaules was insistent, and had Gyges hide behind the royal bedroom door so he could catch a glimpse of the lady. Gyges was forced to obey, but the queen saw him out of the corner of her eye. The next day she summoned Gyges and said, "You have seen what you ought not to have seen. It's your choice: either I will have to have you killed, or you must kill the king and become king in his place." Gyges killed Candaules, married the queen and became the ruler of Lydia. This is the story that Katharine Camps tells round the desert campfire in Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient - prefiguring her own love affair with her husband's colleague, Almásy. One of Ondaatje's projects in the novel is to represent the interconnectedness of human affairs and great events - a lesson embedded in every page of the Histories. The Herodotean "digressions", which apparently interrupt the straight onward thread of his account (they "hang" from the narrative, as ancient historian Carolyn Dewald puts it, like pieces of laundry on a washing line) are as much illuminations as entertainments. This broad structural pattern continues for the first half of the Histories: Herodotus charts Persian expansionism, and along the way presents descriptions of each conquered nation. The most extensive of these accounts is of Egypt, which occupies a whole book. It is clear that Herodotus travelled over an immense amount of the ground himself. With enormous élan he tries to make sense of these foreign cultures, sometimes showing remarkable insight, sometimes making what we know to be clangers, sometimes peddling nonsense (such as the "information" that Egyptian women pee standing up while the men pee squatting). And, though he always relates foreign mores to Greek habits, he is, like a modern ethnographer, self-consciously unjudgmental. "If one were to order all mankind to choose the best set of rules in the world, each group would, after due consideration, choose its own customs; each group regards its own as being the best by far," he observes. Travel writers and foreign correspondents know that Herodotus is their ancestor; Ryszard Kapuscinski felt an instinctive fellowship with the Greek when, plucked from Poland as a young correspondent, he struggled to make sense of the deep foreignness of India and China, and his book Travels With Herodotus lovingly preserves these memories. Herodotus's techniques can be journalistic: he will often note different accounts of the same event, and sometimes names his sources. At one point in book seven, writing about whether the Argives sided with the Persians, he says: "I am obliged to record the things I am told, but I am certainly not required to believe them." In book two he says: "Anyone who finds such things credible can make of these Egyptian stories what he wishes. My job, throughout this account, is simply to record whatever I am told by each of my sources." Which is not to say that Herodotus does not mould his text to his preoccupations. A moral thread runs through the Histories. Herodotus tells the story that Solon, the reformer and proverbially wise man of Athens, visited Croesus, ruler of Lydia. Croesus showed the Greek around his treasury, full of artworks and gold, and asked Solon, "Who do you think is the happiest man?" He fully expected the Athenian to say that it was he, Croesus. But Solon replied that it was Tellus, an Athenian who had raised a family, done great deeds in battle and been given a marvellous funeral. "So who is the second-happiest, then?" asked Croesus. Solon's infuriating reply this time was that it was a pair of Argive brothers who had died in a temple to Hera having transported their mother there in an ox-cart. Croesus was furious; but Solon explained that no man can be counted truly happy until he has died, since life contains too many possibilities for reversal. And so it turns out with Croesus. His misplaced confidence that he can defeat Persia ends with the loss of an empire and humiliation. Herodotus's moral message is the one also at the heart of the tragedy Oedipus the King, by his peer and perhaps friend, Sophocles. In that play, a rich and well-loved man is reduced to a blinded exile within the course of a day. We cannot take good fortune for granted: a moral for our own times.

<urn:uuid:4914cf1d-bc7a-4318-9bf6-407fcc9bf318>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2009/jan/03/herodotus-charlotte-higgins

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585290.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019233130-20211020023130-00030.warc.gz

en

Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Acronyms, Wikipedia. , city (1991 pop. 1,782,000), capital of Azerbaijan, on the Caspian Sea. Greater Bakı includes almost the whole Absheron peninsula, on which Bakı proper is situated; the city is located below sea level. ..... Click the link for more information. , Azerbaijan. (Azerbaijani, Baky; possibly from the Persian bad kube,“windblown”), city, capital of the Azerbaijan SSR. One of the largest industrial, scientific, and cultural centers of the USSR. Large port on the western coast of the Caspian Sea, in the southern portion of the Apsheron Peninsula. The central part of Baku is situated in an amphitheater, with ledges descending toward Baku Bay. The average January temperature is 3° C, and the average July temperature is 25–30° C. Annual precipitation is 180–300 mm. Strong winds (northerly) are characteristic, primarily in the fall. Greater Baku (2,192 sq km, 1967), which consists of ten administrative raions with 46 urban-type settlements, forms a huge agglomeration which occupies a considerable part of the Apsheron Peninsula and adjacent sections of marine and land oil fields. It also includes the islands of the Apsheron (Zhiloi, Artema, and others) and Baku (Bulla, Svinoi, and Duvannyi) archipelagoes. The population of greater Baku is 1,261,000 according to the census of Jan. 15, 1970. In the early 19th century there were 4,500 people living in Baku, but at the end of the 19th century there were about 112,000. Approximately 25 percent of the entire population of the Azerbaijan SSR and nearly 50 percent of its urban population is concentrated in greater Baku. The population basically consists of Azerbaijanis and Russians; Armenians, Jews, Dagestani peoples, and others also live there. The average annual number of workers and employees is over 500,000. Historical information. Baku is first mentioned in fifth-century sources; it also appears in the writings of Eastern geographers of the ninth to tenth centuries (al-Istakhri, al-Masudi, al-Magdasi), and as early as this period the extraction of oil in Baku was known. The first mention of the port of Baku appears in the work of al-Magdasi. In the second half of the 12th century, Baku was for some time the political center of the state of Shirvan. Authors of the 12–15th centuries write of the oil sources of Baku (Iakut Khamavi, Zakaria al-Kazvini, Khamdallakh Kazvini, and Abdurrashid Bakuvi). Oil was already being exported to the countries of the East at this time. Caspian coastal trade passed through the port of Baku. In the late 15th and 16th centuries the fortress of Baku was considered one of the strongest in the Transcaucasus. In 1540 the troops of the Safawids captured Baku after a protracted battle. In the 1580’s, Turkey conquered Baku, and in 1604 the fortress was destroyed by the troops of the Iranian shah Abbas I, although it was soon reestablished. In the 17th century, Baku was a major city. According to the Turkish voyager Evliya Chelebi (mid-17th century), the oil of Baku brought great profits to the shah’s treasury (7,000 tumans a year). Oil was exported to Iran, Middle Asia, Turkey, India, and other countries. In 1723, during the Persian campaign of Peter I, Baku was taken by the Russian troops. It was returned to Iran in 1735. Numerous wars and internecine feudal conflicts had an adverse effect on Baku. In the 1730’s it was a small town; its trade declined and oil production decreased. In 1747, Baku became the center of the Baku Khanate. Baku was annexed by Russia in 1806 during the Russo-Iranian war of 1804–13. It began to grow rapidly in the 1870’s with the development of the capitalist oil industry. The production of oil in the Baku region grew from 26,000 tons in 1872 to 11 million tons in 1901, totaling about 50 percent of the world’s oil production. The construction of the Baku-Batumi oil pipeline from 1897 to 1907 was a major event. By the early 20th century the working class of Baku numbered over 60,000 people. It was multinational. The revolutionary movement in Baku began at the end of the 19th century. The first social democratic circles appeared in 1898–99. The group Iskra arose in 1901, and the Baku committee of the RSDLP was established in the same year. The social democratic group Gummet (Energy) was formed under the auspices of the committee in 1904. The Baku strikes were major actions taken by the proletariat. The Baku proletariat participated actively in the Revolution of 1905–07. The Baku soviet of workers’ deputies was created in November 1905; in October 1906 a trade union of oil workers was established. Soviet power was proclaimed in Baku on Oct. 31 (Nov. 13), 1917. On Apr. 25, 1918, the Baku sovnarkom (council of people’s commissars) was established. It implemented a number of socialist measures. On July 31, 1918, because of the onslaught of the foreign and domestic counterrevolution, the Soviet regime in Baku temporarily fell. The first congress of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan was held illegally in February 1920 in Baku, and it adopted a resolution on the preparation of an armed uprising in order to reestablish Soviet power. On the night of Apr. 27, 1920, the proletariat of Baku overthrew the bourgeois nationalist Musavatist government. The 11th Red Army came to the aid of the insurgent Azerbaijani people, and on Apr. 28, 1920, the Azerbaijan SSR was proclaimed. Baku became the capital of the republic. Economy. Modern Baku is a major industrial complex with development of oil and gas extraction; the petrochemical, chemical, machine-building, and metalworking industries; production of construction materials; and light industry and the food industry. Greater Baku has its own power system with a number of large power plants (the Northern Regional State Power Plant, the Krasnaia Zvezda and Krasin thermoelectric power plants, etc.). In 1968 the gross industrial output of Baku had risen by a factor of 25.7 in comparison with 1913. Particularly notable among the numerous industrial enterprises of the city are the oil fields—the old fields Leninneft’ (Balakhany, Savunchi, and Ramana), Ordzhonikidzeneft’ (Surakhany, Karachukhur), Kirovneft’ (Binagadi), Aziz-bekovneft’, and the field named in honor of the Twenty-six Baku Commissars (Bibi-Eibat) and the new fields Karadag-neft’ (on land), the field named in honor of the Twenty-second Congress of the CPSU, and the Narimanov and Serebrovskii fields (at sea). The oil refineries are concentrated in the eastern part of Baku (the Novobakinskii Refinery, the refinery named in honor of the Twenty-second Congress of the CPSU, and the Karaev and other refineries), as are chemical, machine-building, and metalworking plants (the Lieutenant Shmidt Plant, the Kishlinskii Plant, a high-voltage apparatus plant, an instrument-making plant, and domestic machine-building enterprises, including plants producing refrigerators, television sets, gas stoves, etc.). There are also many enterprises engaged in light industry and the food industry (combines for textiles, worsteds, and fine fabrics; shoe factories, meat-packing combines, flour mills, etc.). In the suburbs of Baku there is oil and gas extraction, gas processing, and construction materials industry (cement and asbestos plants, numerous stone quarries, and sand pits). Baku is an important transportation junction. It is third among the capitals of the Union republics in volume of freight turnover. The commercial seaport is most important in terms of freight turnover; its importance increased greatly after the Baku-Krasnovodsk sea ferry crossing was put into service. Baku is linked to many of the country’s cities by air routes. Railroad lines leave Baku for Rostov-on-Don, Tbilisi, Yerevan, and Astara. The city is linked with industrial and health resort areas by local railroad lines (including the Baku-Sabunchi line—the first electrified railroad in the USSR). Intracity transportation is by trolley (since 1924), bus (since 1932), and trolleybus (since 1941); in 1967 the first line of the Baku subway system was put into service. Municipal construction is proceeding rapidly. Between 1959 and 1968, 5 million sq m of living space was constructed in Baku. Zabrat, Mashtaga, Diubendi, and Primorsk have arisen as new satellite cities around Baku. A. M. GADZHI-ZADE Architecture. In the Middle Ages the ancient part of Baku with its narrow bystreets (the so-called fortress, or Icheri-shekher) was enclosed by walls and a moat (the remains of the interior wall were restored from 1952 to 1957). The minaret Synyk-Kala (1078–79), the tower Kyz-Kalasy (the Maiden’s Tower, 12th century), and the palace complex of the Shirvanshahs (essentially 15th century) have been preserved on the site of the fortress. Eclectic buildings were erected in Baku in the second half of the 19th century. In Soviet times, old sections of the city were reconstructed and a number of new squares created in order to establish the architectural appearance of the center of the city in accordance with a general plan made in the 1920’s (the designers included A. P. Ivanitskii, V. N. Semenov, and L. A. Il’in). The public buildings erected in the 1930’s and 1940’s include the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan SSR, the Nizami Museum (both by the architects S. A. Dadashev and M. A. Useinov), and the S. M. Kirov Park with a monument to him (1939; architect L. A. Il’in, sculptor P. V. Sabsai). During the postwar years, construction included the House of the Government (1952; architects L. B. Rudnev and V. O. Munts), the V. I. Lenin Republic Stadium (1952; architects L. I. Gonsiorovskii, O. M. Isaev, and G. A. Sergeev), the complex of buildings of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR (1960’s; architect M. A. Useinov), the air terminal (1964; architect G. A. Medzhidov), the circus (1967; architects E. A. Ismai-lov and F. R. Leont’eva), and the Intourist Hotel (1969; architect M. A. Useinov). There are sculptural monuments to Nizami (1949; F. G. Abdurakhmanov) and Lenin (1955; D. M. Kariagdy); there is the monument Liberation (1960, F. G. Abdurakhmanov). The Memorial Pantheon of the Twenty-six Baku Commissars was completed in 1968 (architects G. A. Aleskerov and A. Guseinov, sculptors I. I. Zeinalov and N. Mamedov); it includes the high relief The Shooting of the Twenty-six Baku Commissars (1958; S. D. Merkurov). Education and cultural affairs. The Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, founded in 1945, and more than 100 scientific institutions are located in Baku. There were no institutions of higher learning in Baku before the October Revolution. In the 1969–70 academic year there were 86,200 students in ten institutions of higher learning, including the Azerbaijan University, a polytechnic institute, institutes of oil and chemistry, national economy, medicine, pedagogy, physical culture, and the arts, a pedagogical institute of languages, and a conservatory. In 28 specialized secondary schools there were 39,500 pupils, and in 30 vocational technical schools, 16,500 pupils. In the 1913–14 academic year there were 25,000 children in 115 schools, while in the 1969–70 academic year there were 265,500 pupils in 386 general educational schools of all types. In 1968 there were 45,000 children in preschool institutions. As of Jan. 1,1969, the following were functioning in Baku: the Azerbaijani Opera and Ballet Academic Theater, the Azerbaijani Dramatic Theater, the Russian Dramatic Theater, the Theater for Young Audiences, the Theater of Musical Comedy, and the Puppet Theater. There were 153 public libraries (5.5 million copies of books and periodicals). The largest libraries are the M. F. Akhundov Library of the Republic, the main library of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, the V. I. Lenin Central Library, and the library of Azerbaijan University. There are 16 museums, including the branch of the V. I. Lenin Central Museum, the R. Mustafaev Art Museum, the Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature, and the Museum of the History of Azerbaijan. There are 105 clubs and 171 motion picture installations. Extrascholastic institutions include the Republic Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren, 13 Pioneers’ nouses, and nine children’s athletic schools. The republic publishing houses Azerneshr (in Russian, Azgosizdat), Giandzhlika (Molodost’), Maarif (Pros-veshchenie), and others are located in Baku, as are Republic Radio and Television, the television station, and the Azerbaijan News Agency (AZTAG). As of Jan. 1, 1970, 12 republic newspapers and periodicals in Azerbaijani, Russian, and Armenian were published. The city’s evening newspapers are Baky (Baku, since 1958) in Azerbaijani and Baku (since 1963) in Russian. Public health. In 1968 there were 85 hospitals in Baku with 16,400 beds; there were 219 medical outpatient polyclinics, 16 specialized dispensaries, 19 medical units, and 15 epidemiologic centers. There were 7,900 doctors (1 doctor for every 156 residents) and 14,100 secondary medical personnel. There is a large group of health resorts in Baku and its suburbs. REFERENCESAshurbeili, S. B. Ocherk istoriisrednevekovogo Baku (VIII-nachalo XIX vv.). Baku, 1964. Gadzhinskii, D. D., and P. A. Azizbekova, compilers. Baku: Istoriche skie i dostoprimechatel’nye mesta. Baku, 1956. Koval’skaia, N. Ia., and A. M. Gadzhizade. Baku:Ekonomiko-geograficheskii ocherk. Moscow, 1955. Dadashev, S. A., and M. A. Useinov. Arkhitekturnye pamiatniki Baku. Moscow, 1955. Bretanitskii, L. Baku.[Leningrad-Moscow,] 1965.

<urn:uuid:6260775b-d084-42c0-acff-28902d507441>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Baku

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585196.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018031901-20211018061901-00110.warc.gz

en

National Historic Landmark Olaus and Mardy Murie home at Murie Ranch Historic District. It is possible for visitors to Grand Teton National Park to miss entirely one of the most important places associated with the modern conservation / wilderness movement. Nestled into the trees near Moose, Wyoming is the home of Olaus and Mardy Murie and Adolph and Louisa Murie, and these people helped shape some of the intellectual foundations of natural resource management (often by arguing against prevailing forms of management that intruded human values into natural ecologies) and guided a popular movement in the active preservation of wilderness, especially with their leadership in the Wilderness Society. From immediately after World War II until the death of Olaus Murie in 1963, and then after that as others in the family continued on in the cause of preservation and wilderness advocacy, this location proved to be what some called a mecca for the conservation movement. In addition to the homes of the two families (two brothers married two sisters), and the guest and utility buildings and structures of the ranch, which had been a dude ranch prior to their acquiring it, an important feature of the site is the abundant wildlfie. In fact, that was what attracted the Muries to this area. Elk and deer are everywhere, but so are species that had largely been removed from the area in earlier years--wolves and lions--and both are now back so that predators and prey both are evident. Exactly why this place, and these people, are so important was spelled out in the summary paragraphs of my nomination of it as a National Historic Landmark: The Murie Ranch Historic District is significant under Criterion 2 for its association with Olaus Murie, his brother Adolph Murie, and his wife Margaret (Mardy) Murie, in their (1) contributions to biological science and natural resource management in the nation and (2) contributions to conservation in the nation. During the 1920s and 1930s the Murie brothers achieved national prominence as influential scientists within the federal government as a result of their rigorous biological research that distinguished them as proponents of an ecological view that emphasized the intricate connections within the whole environment rather than favoring one species over another. Following World War II, their careers altered course and gained force in both of these thematic areas. Between 1945, when the two families moved to the former STS Dude Ranch near Moose, Wyoming, and 1980, when Congress passed, and the president signed into law, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, these three individuals used the ranch as a base for their science and conservation activities. Those activities shaped not only the field of natural science and its use in public agencies charged with responsibility for natural resource management, but that also shaped the American conservation movement, including the development of legislation and public policies that sought to protect and preserve natural resources, and especially wildlife and land areas that contained wilderness areas. When Mardy Murie carried forward in this effort after Olaus’s death in 1963, she quickly emerged as a significant leader in her own right and she became both the voice of the conservation movement in key issues and a powerful symbol of the broader cause for which all three had labored. It is important to note that even though the Muries began living at the ranch in 1945, the property is illustrative of the cumulative lifetime contributions of Olaus, Adolph, and Mardy Murie from the 1920s on, and is the best remaining site associated with their lives and careers. Because their activities and contributions reached beyond the period ending fifty years ago, this nomination will address Consideration G as well as document the significant roles these people performed in the following two contexts: 1. Natural Resource Management and Biological Science. The Muries proved nationally significant because of their influence as scientists on policy in resource management agencies, especially, but not limited to, the National Park Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service, as they guided them to a more scientific approach. Their involvement was greatest with the National Park Service and the evolution of policy is most striking in that agency, but it was not alone. The policy gradually shifted away from one that was designed to protect only certain species of animals which, for various cultural and economic reasons, were deemed to be more valuable and beneficial, or at least more attractive to tourists, and to extirpate other species such as predators which fed upon the preferred, “beneficial” species, and shifted to a policy that was more sensitive to all the fauna as equally valuable. The key formulation in this, which is intimately associated with the scientific research of both Olaus and Adolph Murie, is that of an ecological approach which considers all the organisms in a biotic community to be important for their interaction with each other. This perception led both Olaus and Adolph Murie to press the different agencies for minimizing (or reversing) human intervention in the public lands and to allow as much as possible nature to be self-regulating. This also involved, by implication, an enlarged role of natural science professionals in policy formulation in those agencies. In addition, these scientists left their mark on the understanding of science through significant studies of species like elk, wolves, coyotes, and grizzly bears. Not only were these studies undertaken in the framework of ecology, so that their subjects were considered as part of their environment and not studied in isolation from that context, but often their studies were the first serious examinations of such species, and in that they left a legacy of important baseline studies that continue to guide mammalian research at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Finally, their significance can be seen in their effort to communicate their findings to a broad public audience rather than restrict the discourse to other scientists and resource managers. 2. Conservation. The activities of the Muries also demonstrate the rise and evolution of a strain of the conservation movement that saw nature in terms other than as a resource to be developed and a commodity to be marketed, and which found in nature values capable of elevating the human spirit and restoring a sense of purpose often missing in modern urban society. At the end of World War II, Olaus Murie became director of The Wilderness Society, and in that capacity changed the course of the organization so that in addition to seeking the preservation of lands that were undisturbed by modern development, the group also began to seek protection of places beyond wilderness where contact with nature could be retained in smaller ways. In doing so, and as part of a broader trend in the nation, the conservation movement gained in size and strength and after such pivotal engagements like that of preventing a dam from being constructed inside Dinosaur National Monument, the movement shifted from its defense of threatened sanctuaries to shaping policy so that those crises would not define the conservation agenda. This led to the pressure for a Wilderness Act, ultimately enacted in 1964, and the creation of a wildlife range in Alaska in 1960 and the even stronger legislation in 1980 that created the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and expanded the wilderness holdings in that state administered by several public agencies. In the course of this evolution, the conservation movement changed, and even became the modern environmental movement, and the role that Olaus Murie had performed was continued by his widow Margaret, or Mardy, who likewise left her mark on modern conservation. As the conservation movement transformed into the environmental movement, it was increasingly Mardy Murie who personified the cause, with her distinct ability to articulate complex issues in human terms and to gain the respect of adversaries, all the while pressing forward the ideas, values, and goals that had been identified with the Murie family over six decades. It is difficult to overstate the importance of Adolph and Olaus Murie in the field of biological science and natural resource management. When they embarked on their careers with the federal government, science was used, if at all, to justify programs and policies that had their origins in culture or economics and that imposed on nature a set of priorities and values that were anything but scientific in their origin and formulation. Through intellectual rigor, through sustained and intensive effort, through years of determination, and through resolute acts of courage, these two brothers pressed the government, first, to consider nature as a complex of subtle relationships, each species dependent upon others directly or indirectly, and, second, to implement policies consistent with such an ecological perspective. While the intellectual achievement of helping others to see nature through different eyes would be impressive by itself, it is especially the translation of their insight and perception into policy that adds real-world significance to their endeavors. Because of their work, long traditions and entrenched programs that approached nature as a garden to be harvested or artificially cultivated ground slowly to a halt in the national parks and wildlife refuges and new objectives and policies replaced them to help restore the wilds to their natural health and balance. In the study of different species and their roles in the ecosystems they inhabited, and in the understanding of the intimate, dependent, relationships of predators and prey, both Murie brothers brought new light to bear on wildlife and challenged prevailing orthodoxies about its management. Moreover, eminent and thorough field researchers who spent countless days and nights in the field with their subjects, they were equally at home wrestling with the administrative structures of government service where policy formation took place. Often frustrated, frequently alone, and sometimes threatened, they persevered, they saw results, and they were recognized by their peers for their contributions and more scientists and public agencies came to agree with them. But there was more even. In addition to the intellectual discourse at the highest levels, they mentored countless other specialists and generalists and they also took their science beyond discussions with other experts and infused ecological concepts in the popular discussion of nature and natural resources. As a result, the field of study in which the Muries worked still ripples from the waves they set in motion in the twentieth century. In developing a scientific approach that included complex biotic systems, in pressing for changes in the management of resources to reflect such an approach, in conducting field research that is still a standard referent, and in educating the public to ecological concepts and their policy implications, the Muries at the ranch near Moose, Wyoming, made an enduring mark. In 1953 Olaus Murie argued in a famous essay that wilderness was a national asset, not as a commodity to be bartered, but as a place where people could regain a natural sense of dignity, harmony, tranquility, and individuality. That philosophy guided his actions as a conservationist as he believed that in close contact with nature, the human community thrives and ethnic, economic, and other barriers erode. Close to nature, he believed, people nurture simple virtues and understand money as a means, not as the end. Wilderness thereby permitted not only the wildlife to find a home, but the human spirit to be at peace as well, and nature represented to Olaus Murie the essence of what others would call quality of life. Murie would be significant for his articulation of this view of nature alone, but he did more. With his brother Adolph and his wife Mardy literally at his side, as director of The Wilderness Society, he helped shape public policy so that nature and wilderness became a national priority with legislative protections, and he also helped transform the conservation movement itself so that it gained the initiative in defining goals for the nation and so that it broadened into a national awareness of the fragility of the environment humans inhabit. Taking the orientation of their science—an ecological perspective that emphasized the intricate and interdependent relationships of all living creatures—to the next step, the Muries moved into the public forum and mobilized a political force that had previously too often held a limited vision under a weak leadership. The Wilderness Society became a guiding force, respected not only by its rival organizations in the cause of conservation but also by Congress and presidents. Taking on seemingly impossible goals of protecting from destruction areas that were threatened even though they were already supposed to be preserved, like the San Gorgonio Primitive Area when its boundaries were about to be altered and Echo Park when the Bureau of Reclamation proposed building a dam within Dinosaur National Monument, the organization under Olaus Murie’s leadership achieved remarkable tangible results early on. From there the movement gained strength and momentum and pushed for setting aside more parcels of public land as wilderness with victory coming at first in the Eisenhower administration with the creation of the Arctic National Wildlife Range, and then the passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964 that gave legislative protection to such areas, and then, especially following the guidance of Mardy Murie, the enactment in 1980 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. Along the way, these modest people living at the Murie Ranch at Moose, Wyoming earned virtually every major conservation award and recognition in North America (and often beyond, too), were recognized by their peers and the public for their contributions, and came to symbolize the movement they spoke for. As Stephen Fox notes of Olaus Murie in his standard history of the conservation movement, “As a symbol and spokesman he was invaluable to the wilderness cause.” Likewise, when Mardy Murie was called in her later years the “Grandmother of the Conservation Movement,” that suggests that she was not only recognized and honored in her own right as a spokesperson for conservation, but as a symbol of the movement too. Finally, the one place that in turn symbolized the Muries, and their association with the conservation movement, was the Murie Ranch at Moose—the place where the Muries found their own solace with nature and where countless others equally imbued with the spirit of conservation made their own pilgrimages for inspiration, insight, and strategic formulation for advancing the cause of conservation in public policy. The entire nomination document can be found at the website of the National Park Service by clicking on the following button:

<urn:uuid:f5f4539d-68f2-4aa9-a86d-721d07db3e8b>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://www.michaelcassity.org/national-historic-landmark-murie-ranch-historic-district.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585997.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024111905-20211024141905-00551.warc.gz

en

|Sex and the law| (Varies by jurisdiction) |Sex offender registration| |Age of consent| |Ages of consent by country| |Details by location| Age of consent reform is an effort to change age of consent laws. Proposed reforms typically include raising, lowering, or abolishing the age of consent, applying (or not applying) close-in-age exemptions, changing penalties, or changing how cases are examined in court. A related issue is whether or not to apply ages of consent to homosexual relationships that are different from those applied to heterosexual relationships. Organized efforts have ranged from academic discussions to political petitions. There have been many initiatives to raise and lower the age of consent. Gratian, a canon lawyer in the 12th century, stated that females and males could not consent to betrothal before 7 years of age and consent could not take place for marriage (sexual intercourse) before 12 years of age for females and 14 years of age for males. At that time, the age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was about 12 years old for females and about 14 years old for males, in most European countries. Today age of consent for sexual intercourse is usually set between 14 years old and 18 years old, in Western countries. Main article: Age of consent reform in the United Kingdom In 1275, the English government set the age of consent at 12 years old for females as part of a rape law and a 1576 law was created with more severe punishments for which the age of consent was set at 10 years old for females. Jurist Sir Matthew Hale stated that both rape laws were valid at the same time. Age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was set at 12 years old for maidens and 14 years old for youths, under English common law. Age of majority was set at 21 years old, adolescent males and adolescent females needed parental consent to marry. In 1875 the Offence Against the Persons Act raised it to 13 in Great Britain and Ireland. The Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 raised it to 16. In 1917, a bill raising the age of consent in Great Britain and Ireland from 16 to 17 was defeated by only one vote. In Northern Ireland in 1950 the legislature of Northern Ireland passed a law called Children and Young Persons Act in 1950 that raised the age of consent from 16 to 17. In 1929, age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was raised to 16 years old for both, females and males. In 1970, the age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 years old, making it legal for males and females 18 years old and older to marry without parental consent. According to research conducted by the Centre for Family and Household Research at Oxford Brookes University in 1999, "an increasing proportion of young people are sexually active below the age of consent". As of 1990, the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSAL) reported that a high proportion of young people engage in other forms of sexual activity prohibited by the law, including mutual masturbation and oral sex, beginning on average at the age of 14. In 1977 while a reform in the French penal code was under discussion in the parliament, a petition to decriminalize all consented relations between adults and minors below the age of fifteen was sent to Parliament but did not succeed in changing the law. In 1978 the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio France Culture in the program "Dialogues", with the transcript later published under the title Sexual Morality and the Law in a book by Michel Foucault. The participants, including Foucault, play-writer/actor Jean Danet and novelist/gay activist Guy Hocquenghem had all signed the petition. Between 1990 and 2002, the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12, subject to qualifications. The relevant law, passed in November 1990, permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16, but allowed a challenge by parents based on erosion of parental authority or child exploitation, which would be heard by a Council for the Protection of Children. In 1979, the Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party supported an unsuccessful petition to lower the age of consent to 12. Before 1830 the age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was 15 years old for males and 13 years old for females (though 15 years old was preferred for females, so much so that it was written into the Law Code of 1649). Teenage marriage was practiced for chastity . Both the female and the male teenager needed consent of their parents to marry because they were under 20 years old, the age of majority. In 1830, the age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was raised to 18 years old for males and 16 years old for females (though 18 years old was preferred for females). The average age of marriage (sexual intercourse) for females was around 19 years old. Russia in 1998 lowered the age of consent from 16 to 14, but in 2002 raised the age of consent from 14 back to 16. Since then penalties have also generally increased. Vladimir Putin said that a party advocating lowering the age of consent cannot be legally registered (hence, be a legal party) in Russia. Main article: Age of consent reform in Canada In June 2006, the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16 (in 1890, it was raised from 12 to 14), while creating a near-age exemption for sex between 14- to 15-year-olds and partners less than 5 years older, and keeping an existing near-age clause for sex between 12 and 13 year olds and partners less than 2 years older. The initiative also maintains a temporary exception for already existing marriages of minors 14 and 15 years old to adults, but forbids new marriages like these in the future. The law took effect May 1, 2008. Main article: Ages of consent in the United States The age of consent in question has to do with the law of rape and not the law of marriage (sexual intercourse) as sometimes misunderstood. Under English common law the age of consent, a part of the law of rape, was 10 or 12 years old and rape was defined as forceful sexual intercourse with a woman against her will. To convict a man of rape, both force and lack of consent had to be proved, except in the case of a girl who is under the age of consent. English common law existed in the British colonies of America and was adopted by Delaware and other states in 1776. In Delaware, the age of consent was 10 years old until 1871 when it was lowered to 7 years old. Under the 1871 law, a man was given the death penalty for sex with a girl below the age of consent. In 1880, 37 states had an age of consent of 10 years, 10 states had an age of consent at 12 years, and Delaware had an age of consent of 7 years. In the late-19th century, a "social purity movement" composed of Christian feminist reform groups began advocating a raise in the age of consent to 16, with the goal of raising it ultimately to 18. By 1920, 26 states had an age of consent at 16, 21 states had an age of consent at 18, and one state (Georgia) had an age of consent at 14. Alaska was bought from the Russians and became the 49th state of U.S. in 1959. The age of consent was 16 years old. Hawaii became the 50th state of U.S. in 1959. The age of consent was 14 years old. Two final states legislating their ages of consent into the 15–18 range were Georgia and Hawaii, from 14 to 16, raised in 1995 and 2001, respectively. One state (Colorado) had the age of consent at 15, having been lowered from 18 years old because age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 in 1970. As of October 16, 2020, the age of consent in each state in the United States was either 16 years of age, 17 years of age, or 18 years of age. In 2012, Alabama State Representative Mac McCutcheon sponsored a bill to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. As of August 2018, the age of consent in Alabama remains 16. In 2001, the legislature in Hawaii voted to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16. In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the General Assembly of Georgia (USA) to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. The bill failed, however. Georgia was the most resistant state to raising its age of consent in the early 1900s. Georgia's age of consent was 10 years old until 1918, at which time the age of consent was raised to 14. After raising the age of consent in 1918, Georgia was the only state in the United States to have an age of consent lower than 16. Georgia's age of consent remained at 14 until 1995, when a bill proposed by senator Steve Langford to make the age of consent 16 passed. In 2006, following the case of Genarlow Wilson (Wilson v. State), aggravated child molestation was reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum of one year in prison if the offender was under 19, the victim was either 14 or 15 years old, and the offender is no more than 48 months older than the victim. (Georgia penal code, 16-6-4). Previously aggravated child molestation (at any age) carried 5–20 years imprisonment regardless of the age difference between the victim and offender. Under Kentucky law, a person who is sixteen years of age or older may consent to a sexual act with a person not more than ten years older than the minor, but otherwise below the age of eighteen is presumed to be incapable of consent to a sexual act. However, where a person is in a position of authority over the minor such as a teacher, coach or relative, whatever the age difference, a minor below the age of eighteen is deemed incapable of consent. In 2008 a bill was proposed in the Missouri legislature to raise the age of consent from 17 to 18. It was sponsored by Representative Stanley Cox. In South Carolina in 2007 a bill was proposed before the legislature to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. It did not succeed. Prior to 1981 Wisconsin had an exception to the law that allowed adults who were guilty of sex with minors 15 or older to use as a defense that the victim understood the nature of the sexual act, but there was a rebuttable presumption in Wisconsin that minors under the age of 18 were not capable of informed consent to sex, but as stated, this could be argued against by the defendant in the court of law if the minor was 15 years of age or older. In 1981 the age of consent was lowered from 18 to 16 in Wisconsin, but at the same time it was made an automatic felony to have sex with anyone under 16, informed consent for a 15-year-old was no longer a defense an adult defendant could use in court. In 1983 the age of consent in Wisconsin was raised from 16 to 18, under the new law sex with a minor 16 or older carried the lesser penalty of a Class A Misdemeanor. A marital exemption was included in the law for an adult who was married to a minor 16 or older, but no close-in-age exception was. The age of consent in Peru was increased from 14 to 18 in 2006 as elections approached, but in 2007, Peru's new Congress voted to return the age to 14 regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation. However, after strong public opposition, the law was raised back to 18 on June 27, 2007, by a vote of 74 to zero (22 abstentions). It was returned to 14 in January 2013. In January 2004, a Division bench of the Kerala's High Court in Southern India suggested that the age of consent should be raised from 16 to 18 in that state. Justice R. Basant said he considered "illogic(al)" that a legal system in which an age of 18 is used for other purposes – like the Indian Majority Act, the Contract Act, the Juvenile Justice Act, the Child Marriage Restraint Act and the Representation of People Act – has a different approach in the case of sexual consent. The age of consent in India was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012. The male homosexual age of consent in the United Kingdom was set at 21 in the Sexual Offences Act of 1967, lowered to 18 in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and then finally lowered equally to 16 in England and Wales and Scotland in the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act of 2000. In 1970, the age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 years old. Philip Jenkins said in the mid-1970s, there was widespread sympathy among homosexual activist groups for lowering the age of consent for all sexual activities with many gay publications discussing lowering it for boys. These tensions and antagonisms continued among activist circles until the 1980s; however, since the 1970s, gay liberationist groups promoting frontline advocacy against the age of consent were falling into decline. In 1971, the age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 years old, except in Mississippi (21), Alabama (19), and Nebraska (19). Main article: Romeo and Juliet laws In the United States, many states have adopted close-in-age exemptions. These laws, known as "Romeo and Juliet laws" provide that a person can legally have consensual sex with a minor provided that he or she is not more than a given number of years older, generally four years or less. Some Romeo and Juliet laws (such as the law in Michigan do not make it legal for a person below the age of consent to have sex with a slightly older person, but may exempt the older partner from sex offender registration. Romeo and Juliet laws were passed in 2007 in Connecticut and Indiana. In Indiana, a change in the law decriminalizes consensual sex between adolescents if they are found by a court to be in a "dating relationship" with an age difference of four years or less and other states have adopted other reforms. Michigan passed a Romeo and Juliet Law in 2011. These reforms have been controversial. In Texas, Governor Rick Perry vetoed Romeo and Juliet laws that had been passed by the legislature in 2009, but signed one in 2011 to go into effect in September of that year. A 2011 Romeo and Juliet bill failed to pass in the Illinois legislature. In the State v. Limon case, Kansas's Romeo and Juliet law was found to be unconstitutional because it excluded same-sex sexual conduct. Some countries other than the United States also have Romeo and Juliet laws. Ireland's 2006 law has been contested because it treats girls differently from boys. Some pedophiles and others have called to abolish the age of consent to allow adults and children to have relationships just like in the past again. Groups advocating pedophilia and the abolishment of age of consent laws include NAMBLA in the United States and Vereniging Martijn in the Netherlands. Compiled from a combination of historical and contemporary sources, annotated by Stephen Robertson

<urn:uuid:94d6a4c7-d1a2-4655-b835-1e0477ca6eb3>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Age_of_consent_reform

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585997.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024111905-20211024141905-00550.warc.gz

en

Change in organizations and projects leads to development and adaptation. Every project manager and organization director must be able to manage change flexibly. Changes in projects usually concern the scope of the project. And the changes in the organizations refer more to the future development and direction of the business. Change is a term both in project management practices and in general management. Whether you are a project manager or a company manager, you need to know this concept well to deal with real situations. Change management is one of the biggest challenges facing today’s leaders. To manage change, you must: - Analyze the forces that influence change; - Understand the main mechanisms of change; - Know the main factors that influence the change; - Know the main factors and reasons that give rise to resistance to change and the main strategies for overcoming and. Numerous models for change management have been derived in the literature. Richard Beckhard offers a model containing the following basic elements: - Goal setting and determining the desired future state after the change; - Analyzing the current situation given the goals; - Defined activities and responsibilities of people; - Development of strategies. - Winford Holland derives the following model; - Formulation of vision; - Modification of work processes; - Modification of the complex equipment; Change in management or activity Models for change management are also developed by Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivančević, who propose a “generalized model of change management”, consisting of five stages: identifying the need for change; identification of problem areas; determined by the restrictive conditions; choice of technique and strategy; conducting and evaluation. In project management practices, one of the most popular terms is “project scope”. The scope of the project refers to what exactly needs to be developed and delivered. The scope changes when the client or other stakeholders at some point want a change that is not defined in the original plans. Reference: “Scope change management”, https://bvop.org/learn/scopechangemanagement/ Approaches for implementing change “What should be the sequence of actions for change?” This question is asked by most professionals working in this field. There are three main approaches: “bottom-up”, “top-down” and “upstream” (both top and bottom). The creators of the first approach are M. Beer, R. Eisenstadt, and B. Specter, who identified six steps, which are called the critical path. According to this approach, the most effective way for lasting change is the movement of tasks from the periphery to the corporate center. In project management practices, the term “control processes” is known, which refers to the control of the change process, which is different from the creation of a management plan. Reference: “The change control process in project management”, https://securityinformationeventmanagement.com/change-control-process-in-project-management/ According to these authors, starting the change from the top is too risky. According to them, the orientation of the tasks is most easily carried out in small units, where the goals and tasks are clear and precisely defined. It follows that the main problem of corporate change is how to stimulate the many diverse divisions. The six steps to successfully achieving this goal are: - Mobilize participation in change through joint diagnosis of problems. - Get an overview of how to organize and manage competitiveness. - Assist in reaching consensus on the new vision, skills for its implementation, and agreement on its study. - Distribute the updated policy to all departments, but without enforcing it from top to bottom. - Institutionalize renewal through formal policies, systems, and structures. - Monitor and adjust strategies in response to emerging issues that are not in the upgrade process. - J. Cotter and D. Cohen justify the top-down approach through the “eight steps for large-scale change.” - Step 1. Increase the sense of urgency – people start saying to themselves: “Come on, we need to change things!”. - Step 2. Build the leadership team – a group of people with enough power is formed to lead the big change and they start working well together. - Step 3. Form the right vision – the management team develops the right vision and strategy for change efforts. - Step 4. Communicate it so that they accept it – people begin to accept the change and this is reflected in their behavior. - Step 5. Give strength to action – most people feel capable and act based on vision. - Step 6. Create short-term victories – momentum accumulates as people try to realize the vision and fewer and fewer people resist change. - Step 7. Don’t give up – people make wave after wave of change until the vision is realized. - Step 8. Make change sustainable – new and profitable behavior continues, regardless of the strength of tradition, the emergence of new leaders of change, and more. We mentioned the scope of the project above. In addition to scope, projects often include detailed requirements. These requirements specify more clearly and in detail what exactly needs to be developed or delivered to the end customer. Requirements such as scope must be managed to avoid possible misdevelopment. Reference: “Requirements change management in project management practices”, https://60yearsnato.info/requirements-change-management-in-project-management-practices/ Resistance to change and methods for overcoming it Resistance to change is a response to a real or imagined loss of familiar environment and benefits (reduction of wages, loss of position, loss of competence). Resistance is a normal human reaction to change, because one finds oneself in a new environment and conditions, in hitherto unknown circumstances. Most people are probably driven by fear because change is not a guarantee of success. Resistance is characteristic not only of the lower levels in the hierarchy of the organization but very often of the leaders themselves. Many of them are resisting changes that would “shake the boat.” Others prefer the security of the established situation to the risk, and others fall into real paralysis due to insecurity, lack of self-confidence, etc. Not every case of change generates resistance. However, it is important to identify the causes that give rise to it. According to J. Cotter and L. Schlesinger, they can be grouped into four groups. Read more: Change management in organizations, https://phron.org/change-management-in-organizations/ Reasons for resistance Personal and group interests. The most frequently affected personal and group interests in the event of a change are: Power held – no change does not affect the power of the various participants, whether it is an individual or a group. The economic situation – people take for granted the danger to their economic well-being in the event of a change, whether or not it exists. Prestige – changes always affect the status of people in the organization, so change is difficult to perceive, especially if it is associated with a change of government. Security – each individual or group builds a model and way of behavior and action in the work environment, which brings him security, and in the event of a change, this security disappears. Professional competence – after the change, things change a lot here, because it leads to the requirement of new knowledge and skills. Lack of understanding and trust People resist the proposed changes because they do not understand the goals, mechanisms, and consequences. This situation usually occurs when there is no trust between the parties involved in accepting and proposing the amendments. Differences in assessments Everyone perceives change as a whole (its goals, potential outcomes, and consequences for them) in a different way. That is why the assessment of each individual is different. He who gives the idea of change sees more positive aspects of its implementation, while those who are affected by it and do not have direct involvement in its initiation, see mostly costs and losses. The main mistake of the initiators is that they assume that those affected by the change have at their disposal the same information needed to analyze the situation. This is what caused the resistance. Intolerance of change Some people, even if they clearly understand the need for change, oppose its implementation. This is because they are afraid that they will not acquire the new knowledge and skills that are needed after its implementation. Intolerance of change is found in people who are afraid of losing their reputation, because, in the event of a change, their previous mistakes may come to light. Factors that lead to resistance to change Once the causes of resistance to change have been identified, it is important to consider the factors that influence the level of resistance. The main factors are: Authoritarian (despotic) leadership style This style of leadership leads to increased resistance to change. This is because people do not like to be forced to change. People usually approve of the change, but resist it because they are not given a choice, and it is directly imposed on them as mandatory. The authoritarian style of leadership creates a high degree of resistance and not only that. It leads to high costs of forcing change and to loss of staff independence, ie. people cease to have self-initiative. Incompatibility of the change with the current culture of the organization A negative attitude towards change can also occur when it conflicts with the current norms and values in the organization. The current organizational culture influences the expectations of the people within their work in the respective unit. If the change conflicts with their expectations, resistance arises. Therefore, the elements of organizational culture can be one of the most important factors determining the success of any future change. Efforts for great change Efforts for big change can lead to much more resistance than for smaller changes. This is because big changes affect many more people and elements of the work environment. In addition, they lead to a greater impact on the goals, values , and expectations of the individual. This can lead to conflict and resistance. People also tend to resist change made too quickly. Individuals and units tend to tolerate change at a certain rate. Implementing the change gradually, step by step makes it easier for people to adapt to it and monitor the results of management. However, this approach is not suitable for every situation, because some changes require quick and immediate implementation. In addition, the introduction of a gradual change requires time that cannot be “provided”. In this situation, strong management support, good communication, group meetings can be effective methods to reduce resistance and increase efficiency. This is usually the result of management’s assumption that subordinates are resisting any kind of change, which is wrong. People are resisting some changes, and most often – forcing them. In this way, the leadership unknowingly contributes to the emergence of resistance. This bad practice includes: Failure to provide sufficient information. In this case, management accepts that “what people do not know will not harm them” and deliberately withholds information. The result is spreading rumors and gossip, making guesses, developing a sense of mistrust. Failure to provide additional information. This situation occurs when management does not notify subordinates continuously and on time of changes. This omission creates resistance and undermines the positive steps taken. Selective sending of information to certain persons. Once the information about the change appears and the rumor slips, it gives rise to the idea that management keeps secrets. The result is the alienation of employees from each other. Negative experience with change A person’s negative experience of change can increase resistance to a new one. People who have experienced losses such as dismissal, loss of a higher position, salary reduction, etc. as a result of a change, tend to react negatively to a possible new one. Every organization needs to change not only because it needs a new vision or a new way of working, but also to be in sync with the constantly changing external environment, and this synchrony will lead to more efficient work and maximum achievement of goals. . Every leader faces the challenge of change. He must identify the need for it in time and impose it on his subordinates so that they perceive it as something necessary and positive. Initially, any change is accepted with distrust or even rejection. However, it is always possible. To make effective changes in the organization it is necessary: The manager should consult, inform and lead a dialogue in the best way. The manager to act based on “strategic analysis”, ie. to examine subordinates face to face the changes he wishes to undertake. Change is risky. It must be assessed, decided, and done consistently. The changes vary in different situations, but the general trend is the institution of responsible management, which goes against the flow of the old functioning.

<urn:uuid:7d02f5eb-a122-4ff6-9df4-f27823381dd7>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://securityinformationeventmanagement.com/models-change-management-projects-organizations/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588102.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027053727-20211027083727-00429.warc.gz

en

- Define behavioral biology - Identify different types of innate behaviors in animals Behavior is the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus. Behavioral biology is the study of the biological and evolutionary bases for such changes. The idea that behaviors evolved as a result of the pressures of natural selection is not new. For decades, several types of scientists have studied animal behavior. Biologists do so in the science of ethology; psychologists in the science of comparative psychology; and other scientists in the science of neurobiology. The first two, ethology and comparative psychology, are the most consequential for the study of behavioral biology. One goal of behavioral biology is to distinguish between the innate behaviors, which have a strong genetic component and are largely independent of environmental influences, from the learned behaviors, which result from environmental conditioning. Innate behavior, or instinct, is important because there is no risk of an incorrect behavior being learned. They are “hard wired” into the system. On the other hand, learned behaviors, although riskier, are flexible, dynamic, and can be altered according to changes in the environment. Innate Behaviors: Movement and Migration Innate or instinctual behaviors rely on response to stimuli. The simplest example of this is a reflex action, an involuntary and rapid response to stimulus. To test the “knee-jerk” reflex, a doctor taps the patellar tendon below the kneecap with a rubber hammer. The stimulation of the nerves there leads to the reflex of extending the leg at the knee. This is similar to the reaction of someone who touches a hot stove and instinctually pulls his or her hand away. Even humans, with our great capacity to learn, still exhibit a variety of innate behaviors. Kinesis and Taxis Another activity or movement of innate behavior is kinesis, or the undirected movement in response to a stimulus. Orthokinesis is the increased or decreased speed of movement of an organism in response to a stimulus. Woodlice, for example, increase their speed of movement when exposed to high or low temperatures. This movement, although random, increases the probability that the insect spends less time in the unfavorable environment. Another example is klinokinesis, an increase in turning behaviors. It is exhibited by bacteria such as E. coli which, in association with orthokinesis, helps the organisms randomly find a more hospitable environment. A similar, but more directed version of kinesis is taxis: the directed movement towards or away from a stimulus. This movement can be in response to light (phototaxis), chemical signals (chemotaxis), or gravity (geotaxis) and can be directed toward (positive) or away (negative) from the source of the stimulus. An example of a positive chemotaxis is exhibited by the unicellular protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. This organism swims using its cilia, at times moving in a straight line, and at other times making turns. The attracting chemotactic agent alters the frequency of turning as the organism moves directly toward the source, following the increasing concentration gradient. Fixed Action Patterns A fixed action pattern is a series of movements elicited by a stimulus such that even when the stimulus is removed, the pattern goes on to completion. An example of such a behavior occurs in the three-spined stickleback, a small freshwater fish (Figure 1). Males of this species develop a red belly during breeding season and show instinctual aggressiveness to other males during this time. In laboratory experiments, researchers exposed such fish to objects that in no way resemble a fish in their shape, but which were painted red on their lower halves. The male sticklebacks responded aggressively to the objects just as if they were real male sticklebacks. Migration is the long-range seasonal movement of animals. It is an evolved, adapted response to variation in resource availability, and it is a common phenomenon found in all major groups of animals. Birds fly south for the winter to get to warmer climates with sufficient food, and salmon migrate to their spawning grounds. The popular 2005 documentary March of the Penguins followed the 62-mile migration of emperor penguins through Antarctica to bring food back to their breeding site and to their young. Wildebeests (Figure 2) migrate over 1800 miles each year in search of new grasslands. Although migration is thought of as innate behavior, only some migrating species always migrate (obligate migration). Animals that exhibit facultative migration can choose to migrate or not. Additionally, in some animals, only a portion of the population migrates, whereas the rest does not migrate (incomplete migration). For example, owls that live in the tundra may migrate in years when their food source, small rodents, is relatively scarce, but not migrate during the years when rodents are plentiful. Foraging is the act of searching for and exploiting food resources. Feeding behaviors that maximize energy gain and minimize energy expenditure are called optimal foraging behaviors, and these are favored by natural section. The painted stork, for example, uses its long beak to search the bottom of a freshwater marshland for crabs and other food (Figure 3). Innate Behaviors: Living in Groups Not all animals live in groups, but even those that live relatively solitary lives, with the exception of those that can reproduce asexually, must mate. Mating usually involves one animal signaling another so as to communicate the desire to mate. There are several types of energy-intensive behaviors or displays associated with mating, called mating rituals. Other behaviors found in populations that live in groups are described in terms of which animal benefits from the behavior. In selfish behavior, only the animal in question benefits; in altruistic behavior, one animal’s actions benefit another animal; cooperative behavior describes when both animals benefit. All of these behaviors involve some sort of communication between population members. Communication within a Species Animals communicate with each other using stimuli known as signals. An example of this is seen in the three-spined stickleback, where the visual signal of a red region in the lower half of a fish signals males to become aggressive and signals females to mate. Other signals are chemical (pheromones), aural (sound), visual (courtship and aggressive displays), or tactile (touch). These types of communication may be instinctual or learned or a combination of both. These are not the same as the communication we associate with language, which has been observed only in humans and perhaps in some species of primates and cetaceans. A pheromone is a secreted chemical signal used to obtain a response from another individual of the same species. The purpose of pheromones is to elicit a specific behavior from the receiving individual. Pheromones are especially common among social insects, but they are used by many species to attract the opposite sex, to sound alarms, to mark food trails, and to elicit other, more complex behaviors. Even humans are thought to respond to certain pheromones called axillary steroids. These chemicals influence human perception of other people, and in one study were responsible for a group of women synchronizing their menstrual cycles. The role of pheromones in human-to-human communication is still somewhat controversial and continues to be researched. Songs are an example of an aural signal, one that needs to be heard by the recipient. Perhaps the best known of these are songs of birds, which identify the species and are used to attract mates. Other well-known songs are those of whales, which are of such low frequency that they can travel long distances underwater. Dolphins communicate with each other using a wide variety of vocalizations. Male crickets make chirping sounds using a specialized organ to attract a mate, repel other males, and to announce a successful mating. Courtship displays are a series of ritualized visual behaviors (signals) designed to attract and convince a member of the opposite sex to mate. These displays are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Often these displays involve a series of steps, including an initial display by one member followed by a response from the other. If at any point, the display is performed incorrectly or a proper response is not given, the mating ritual is abandoned and the mating attempt will be unsuccessful. The mating display of the common stork is shown in Figure 4. Aggressive displays are also common in the animal kingdom. An example is when a dog bares its teeth when it wants another dog to back down. Presumably, these displays communicate not only the willingness of the animal to fight, but also its fighting ability. Although these displays do signal aggression on the part of the sender, it is thought that these displays are actually a mechanism to reduce the amount of actual fighting that occurs between members of the same species: they allow individuals to assess the fighting ability of their opponent and thus decide whether it is “worth the fight.” The testing of certain hypotheses using game theory has led to the conclusion that some of these displays may overstate an animal’s actual fighting ability and are used to “bluff” the opponent. This type of interaction, even if “dishonest,” would be favored by natural selection if it is successful more times than not. Distraction displays are seen in birds and some fish. They are designed to attract a predator away from the nest that contains their young. This is an example of an altruistic behavior: it benefits the young more than the individual performing the display, which is putting itself at risk by doing so. Many animals, especially primates, communicate with other members in the group through touch. Activities such as grooming, touching the shoulder or root of the tail, embracing, lip contact, and greeting ceremonies have all been observed in the Indian langur, an Old World monkey. Similar behaviors are found in other primates, especially in the great apes. The killdeer bird distracts predators from its eggs by faking a broken wing display in this video taken in Boise, Idaho. Note that this video has no narration. Behaviors that lower the fitness of the individual but increase the fitness of another individual are termed altruistic. Examples of such behaviors are seen widely across the animal kingdom. Social insects such as worker bees have no ability to reproduce, yet they maintain the queen so she can populate the hive with her offspring. Meerkats keep a sentry standing guard to warn the rest of the colony about intruders, even though the sentry is putting itself at risk. Wolves and wild dogs bring meat to pack members not present during a hunt. Lemurs take care of infants unrelated to them. Although on the surface, these behaviors appear to be altruistic, it may not be so simple. There has been much discussion over why altruistic behaviors exist. Do these behaviors lead to overall evolutionary advantages for their species? Do they help the altruistic individual pass on its own genes? And what about such activities between unrelated individuals? One explanation for altruistic-type behaviors is found in the genetics of natural selection. In the 1976 book, The Selfish Gene, scientist Richard Dawkins attempted to explain many seemingly altruistic behaviors from the viewpoint of the gene itself. Although a gene obviously cannot be selfish in the human sense, it may appear that way if the sacrifice of an individual benefits related individuals that share genes that are identical by descent (present in relatives because of common lineage). Mammal parents make this sacrifice to take care of their offspring. Emperor penguins migrate miles in harsh conditions to bring food back for their young. Selfish gene theory has been controversial over the years and is still discussed among scientists in related fields. Even less-related individuals, those with less genetic identity than that shared by parent and offspring, benefit from seemingly altruistic behavior. The activities of social insects such as bees, wasps, ants, and termites are good examples. Sterile workers in these societies take care of the queen because they are closely related to it, and as the queen has offspring, she is passing on genes from the workers indirectly. Thus, it is of fitness benefit for the worker to maintain the queen without having any direct chance of passing on its genes due to its sterility. The lowering of individual fitness to enhance the reproductive fitness of a relative and thus one’s inclusive fitness evolves through kin selection. This phenomenon can explain many superficially altruistic behaviors seen in animals. However, these behaviors may not be truly defined as altruism in these cases because the actor is actually increasing its own fitness either directly (through its own offspring) or indirectly (through the inclusive fitness it gains through relatives that share genes with it). Unrelated individuals may also act altruistically to each other, and this seems to defy the “selfish gene” explanation. An example of this observed in many monkey species where a monkey will present its back to an unrelated monkey to have that individual pick the parasites from its fur. After a certain amount of time, the roles are reversed and the first monkey now grooms the second monkey. Thus, there is reciprocity in the behavior. Both benefit from the interaction and their fitness is raised more than if neither cooperated nor if one cooperated and the other did not cooperate. This behavior is still not necessarily altruism, as the “giving” behavior of the actor is based on the expectation that it will be the “receiver” of the behavior in the future, termed reciprocal altruism. Reciprocal altruism requires that individuals repeatedly encounter each other, often the result of living in the same social group, and that cheaters (those that never “give back”) are punished. Evolutionary game theory, a modification of classical game theory in mathematics, has shown that many of these so-called “altruistic behaviors” are not altruistic at all. The definition of “pure” altruism, based on human behavior, is an action that benefits another without any direct benefit to oneself. Most of the behaviors previously described do not seem to satisfy this definition, and game theorists are good at finding “selfish” components in them. Others have argued that the terms “selfish” and “altruistic” should be dropped completely when discussing animal behavior, as they describe human behavior and may not be directly applicable to instinctual animal activity. What is clear, though, is that heritable behaviors that improve the chances of passing on one’s genes or a portion of one’s genes are favored by natural selection and will be retained in future generations as long as those behaviors convey a fitness advantage. These instinctual behaviors may then be applied, in special circumstances, to other species, as long as it doesn’t lower the animal’s fitness. Finding Sex Partners Not all animals reproduce sexually, but many that do have the same challenge: they need to find a suitable mate and often have to compete with other individuals to obtain one. Significant energy is spent in the process of locating, attracting, and mating with the sex partner. Two types of selection occur during this process and can lead to traits that are important to reproduction called secondary sexual characteristics: intersexual selection, the choosing of a mate where individuals of one sex choose mates of the other sex, and intrasexual selection, the competition for mates between species members of the same sex. Intersexual selection is often complex because choosing a mate may be based on a variety of visual, aural, tactile, and chemical cues. An example of intersexual selection is when female peacocks choose to mate with the male with the brightest plumage. This type of selection often leads to traits in the chosen sex that do not enhance survival, but are those traits most attractive to the opposite sex (often at the expense of survival). Intrasexual selection involves mating displays and aggressive mating rituals such as rams butting heads—the winner of these battles is the one that is able to mate. Many of these rituals use up considerable energy but result in the selection of the healthiest, strongest, and/or most dominant individuals for mating. Three general mating systems, all involving innate as opposed to learned behaviors, are seen in animal populations: monogamous, polygynous, and polyandrous. Watch this informative video on sexual selection. In monogamous systems, one male and one female are paired for at least one breeding season. In some animals, such as the gray wolf, these associations can last much longer, even a lifetime. Several theories may explain this type of mating system. The “mate-guarding hypothesis” states that males stay with the female to prevent other males from mating with her. This behavior is advantageous in such situations where mates are scarce and difficult to find. Another explanation is the “male-assistance hypothesis,” where males that help guard and rear their young will have more and healthier offspring. Monogamy is observed in many bird populations where, in addition to the parental care from the female, the male is also a major provider of parental care for the chicks. A third explanation for the evolutionary advantages of monogamy is the “female-enforcement hypothesis.” In this scenario, the female ensures that the male does not have other offspring that might compete with her own, so she actively interferes with the male’s signaling to attract other mates. Polygynous mating refers to one male mating with multiple females. In these situations, the female must be responsible for most of the parental care as the single male is not capable of providing care to that many offspring. In resourced-based polygyny, males compete for territories with the best resources, and then mate with females that enter the territory, drawn to its resource richness. The female benefits by mating with a dominant, genetically fit male; however, it is at the cost of having no male help in caring for the offspring. An example is seen in the yellow-rumped honeyguide, a bird whose males defend beehives because the females feed on their wax. As the females approach, the male defending the nest will mate with them. Harem mating structures are a type of polygynous system where certain males dominate mating while controlling a territory with resources. Harem mating occurs in elephant seals, where the alpha male dominates the mating within the group. A third type of polygyny is a lek system. Here there is a communal courting area where several males perform elaborate displays for females, and the females choose their mate from this group. This behavior is observed in several bird species including the sage grouse and the prairie chicken. In polyandrous mating systems, one female mates with many males. These types of systems are much rarer than monogamous and polygynous mating systems. In pipefishes and seahorses, males receive the eggs from the female, fertilize them, protect them within a pouch, and give birth to the offspring (Figure 5). Therefore, the female is able to provide eggs to several males without the burden of carrying the fertilized eggs.

<urn:uuid:ddcbe864-db3e-453b-bac2-9798f9f524d6>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/innate-behaviors/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583408.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016013436-20211016043436-00630.warc.gz

en

The recent right-wing coup attempt in Ecuador shed light on the rupture between President Rafael Correa and the country’s indigenous movements. This rocky relationship demonstrates the challenges of protesting against a leftist leader without empowering the right. When Correa took office in January of 2007, he moved forward on campaign promises including creating an assembly to rewrite the country’s constitution, using oil wealth for national development, and confronting US imperialism. However, once the electoral confetti stopped falling, Correa began to betray the indigenous movements’ trust on many fronts, pushing for neoliberal policies, criminalizing protests against his administration and blocking indigenous movements’ input in the development of extractive industries and the re-writing of the constitution. Indigenous movements protested a right wing coup attempt on September 30th while criticizing the negative policies of Correa, a president widely considered a member of Latin America’s new left who is working to implement modern democratic socialism. How did it come to this? The history of the dance between Correa and the indigenous movements offers insight into the current political crisis in the country. Upheaval in Ecuador The police uprising and coup attempt that occurred in Quito and other cities in Ecuador on September 30th was part of a protest against a law the Correa administration passed that curtails some of the police and military bonuses that are given along with promotions. The law also lengthens the period between promotions from five to seven years. Though the police were outraged at these changes, the Correa administration had in fact increased police wages from the 2006 salary of $355 per month to the current $750 per month. (The minimum monthly wage in Ecuador is $240.) Correa visited the barracks of some of the protesting police officers on the morning of September 30th. While speaking to the crowd, the president was attacked by police when he refused to back down on the spending cuts. Correa was injured by the attacks and brought to a hospital where the police held him captive, threatening to kill him if he left. Thousands of people poured into the streets in defense of Correa and against the police uprising. Five people were killed in the conflict, and over 200 were wounded. The president was eventually rescued from the hospital by the Ecuadorian military. One of the people charged with orchestrating the coup attempt was police colonel Manuel E. Rivadeneira Tello, who led the barracks where Correa was attacked. Rivadeneira was trained at the US School of the Americas, an infamous school at Fort Benning, Georgia where countless military and police officials from Latin America have been trained in torture and counter-insurgency techniques. On October 4th, Correa increased wages for police and military majors and captains by $570 per month, as well as implemented raises for other officials. However, he has not withdrawn the budget cuts that police were protesting against. One of the reasons why the coup did not succeed is because of Correa’s high approval rating, which just weeks before the coup took place, stood at 67% in Quito. Economist Mark Weisbrot pointed out in a column for the Guardian Unlimited that Correa’s government “has doubled spending on healthcare, significantly increased other social spending, and successfully defaulted on $3.2bn of foreign debt that was found to be illegitimately contracted.” The regional support Correa enjoys from other South American presidents also prevented the coup attempt from being successful. The shadow of Honduras, where a right wing coup ousted President Manuel Zelaya from office in June of 2009, was cast over this conflict. Yet in the midst of the crisis in Ecuador, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), including its more conservative presidents in Colombia and Peru, immediately convoked a meeting and condemned the coup. This response demonstrated how isolated the coup plotters were, and was a clear departure from the era when US-backed coup and dictators dominated the region. This regional and local backing was important for Correa, but there was one important element missing from the outpouring of support in rhetoric and in the streets: the country’s indigenous movements. Whereas a wave grassroots support for Hugo Chavez in 2002 helped make an attempted coup against that leader short-lived, and the mobilizations from Evo Morales’ social movement allies helped suppress right-wing destabilization efforts in 2008, Correa was not able to count on the most dynamic social movements in the country during this coup attempt. A joint statement on the conflict issued by four of the most powerful indigenous groups in the country, including the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE), denounced the coup attempt but at the same time extensively criticized Correa. “Faced with the criticism and mobilization of communities against transnational mining, oil, and agro-industrial companies,” wrote the indigenous groups, “the government, instead of creating a dialogue, responds with violence and repression. . . . The only thing this type of politics provokes is to open spaces to the Right and create spaces of destabilization.” By marginalizing the indigenous movements of Ecuador, the statement explained, Correa was isolating himself, making him vulnerable to attacks from the right. “While the government has dedicated itself exclusively to attacking and delegitimizing organized sectors like the indigenous movement, workers’ unions, etc., it hasn’t weakened in the least the structures of power of the right, or those within the state apparatus.” A look at the history of Ecuador’s indigenous movements and the Correa presidency shows that the break between these two powers was a long time in the making and is likely to continue unless Correa meets the movements’ demands. Beyond the power struggles between the dominant Latin American right and left, conflicts between corporate globalization and national sovereignty, and the ties between Washington and Latin American presidents, it is the relationship between governments and movements that deserves attention here – and in other Latin American countries – for the sake of understanding, justice and effective solidarity. An Indigenous Movement for Survival CONAIE was founded in 1986 by various indigenous leaders and communities to advocate for indigenous rights, access to land, autonomy, basic services, environmental protection, and political representation. The indigenous participants who made up the backbone of CONAIE were largely poor and believed the economic and political system in the country aimed explicitly to destroy indigenous culture, enrich corporations, concentrate power, and marginalize the poor majority. CONAIE sought to subvert and transform this antidemocratic and repressive society. From its beginning, CONAIE was a very grassroots organization with dispersed local bases that met to debate and make decisions collectively. Regional and national meetings continue to take place today, making major decisions about national campaigns, actions, and elections. The democratic nature of CONAIE has been useful in dealing with repressive and non-cooperative governments. The direct participation of the local chapters helps to hold movement leaders and representatives accountable, and the strengthening of a cohesive indigenous identity has spurred unity within the movement. A 1992 statement from CONAIE illustrates the organization’s distinction within the national terrain of Ecuadorian movements, setting it apart from traditional union structures and working toward political “methods that faithfully reflect our own manner of arriving at consensus. The base organizations make decisions and the leadership of CONAIE serves as an intermediary between those decisions and the actions taken.” The organization of CONAIE is based on decentralized, local communities, in part because of the isolation and self-sufficiency of rural areas. The structure of the organization allows for quick mobilization to set up road blockades, celebrations, or projects that improve the communities. This capacity is facilitated by easily accessed communication and collaboration between the decentralized grassroots base of the organization, located in small indigenous communities across the country, and the elected leaders within the organization at regional and national levels. Over the decades of its existence, CONAIE has ignited and sustained numerous campaigns and actions thanks to this organizational structure. CONAIE has utilized various tactics to achieve its goals including protests, marches, discussions with government officials, and involvement in elections and campaigns. The movement’s history proves that drawing from such tactics involves an unsteady dance with the government, and a need to constantly re-evaluate strategies. The CONAIE and Correa In the 2006 presidential elections, CONAIE and other movements support Correa in the second round of votes as he faced right-wing candidate Álvaro Noboa. While this support helped Correa win the elections, Correa turned his back on the indigenous people and Ecuadorian left almost immediately upon taking office. Though some relatively progressive policies were enacted, his administration continued and even expanded aspects of the neoliberal agenda. He worked perhaps even harder than previous governments to crush the indigenous movement and anyone who stood in the way of the government’s plan for privatization of natural resources, and the expansion of mining and oil industries. In spite of such betrayals, Correa’s electoral victory was also largely a victory against Plan Colombia’s US-led war on drugs, the old Ecuadorian oligarchy, US-style free trade deals, and electoral fraud. In October of 2007, Correa announced that his administration would not renew Washington’s lease on a US airbase in Manta, Ecuador, unless Washington allowed Ecuador to open a military base in Miami: the US refused and was thus forced to leave Manta. Correa began an audit to see which sections of Ecuador’s debt should be written off as illegitimate under international law. The result was the announcement that Ecuador would not pay $9.937 billion in debt, roughly 19 percent of Ecuador’s GDP, because the debt commission he appointed concluded that the debt had been accrued illegally by past undemocratic governments, including a dictatorship from 1974 to 1979. A more controversial change under Correa was the convening of a constituent assembly to rewrite the constitution, responding to a decades-old demand from indigenous movements. CONAIE leader Luis Macas explained that this demand from the indigenous movement was based on a desire for official recognition of the various indigenous nations in the country. They demanded that the state become pluri-national to reflect the diversity of indigenous land and customs. This process was seen as more than just changes on paper. The transformation Macas and others sought had to do with structurally changing the state itself. Macas explained that the Ecuadorian state is a state characterized by a lot of exclusion of these [indigenous] sectors. There hasn’t been any integration of people for almost 180 years of the republic’s life—a vertical state, a state that legislates, a state that, in other words, hasn’t arrived for all these social sectors. We believe that the character of the state must be pluri-national, a state that recognizes each one of the existing nationalities in this country. This transformation, of course, never happened in the constitutional assembly under Correa. From the beginning of Correa’s proposal to change the constitution, many members of the indigenous movement considered the constituent assembly itself as undemocratic. For example, Correa looked to political parties, not movements, to participate in the assembly, and social movement representatives were not invited to be part of the commission that formed proposals for the new constitution. This all limited the transformative role of the constituent assembly. Following the work of the assembly, the rewritten constitution was passed by 64 percent of voters on September 28, 2008. Many Ecuadorians supported the new constitution as a tool to ensure lasting institutional and social change. The document was progressive in the sense that it expanded state regulation and involvement in the economy and management of natural resources, recognized the rights of nature, and the human right to an education and healthcare. But many such changes have been undermined by Correa’s emphasis on the extractive industry’s potential benefits for the state—in spite of environmental and territorial concerns by the indigenous. The president forged ahead with oil and mining concessions that ignored the rights of indigenous communities. In many cases, such concessions were given by the state without consultation with the indigenous communities the extraction would most affect. Correa’s approach to the constitution was emblematic of the way he dealt with other pressing issues relating to indigenous demands. In the first years of his presidency, instead of working toward renewable alternatives to oil, Correa sought to expand this industry, as well as the mining sector, in order to generate funds for government programs and initiatives. As part of this strategy, Correa silenced opponents to his mining policies including the environmentalist group Acción Ecológica. Journalist Naomi Klein characterized the government’s decision to shut down this organization as “something all too familiar: a state seemingly using its power to weaken dissent.” CONAIE has not been immune to such crackdowns. Economist, professor, and former advisor to CONAIE, Pablo Dávalos noted that Correa has benefited and expanded upon past government strategies of weakening CONAIE, particularly following their destructive relationship with Gutiérrez. He said that Correa uses strategies that “neutralize the ability of the indigenous movement to mobilize and to destroy it as a historic social actor.” By pushing CONAIE out of the political debate and calling on police repression to crack down on their dissent, Correa has worked to undermine the indigenous movement. Such views were also reflected by indigenous activist Monica Chuji who worked as an assembly member in the constituent assembly as part of Correa’s party. Chuji believed Correa not only assimilated CONAIE’s radical discourse into his administration, but drew from the momentum of movements pushing for certain policies, only to then block much-needed change. Correa has utilized Ecuador’s legacy of grassroots uprisings and movements for his own political ends, Chuji said. “Correa’s regime has capitalized off of all of this. He has collected this accumulation of historic social and political demands” and is “usurping this [political] capital.” She gave the example of how social movements had been pushing for a new constitution for years but Correa took that initiative, and then curtailed its transformative potential by limiting assembly people to political parties and, once it was written, signing legislation that undermined the rights it gave to indigenous communities. Ruptures with the State Another disappointment for the social movements that supported Correa has been his administration’s repression of leftist activists and the criminalization of dissent. One of the first signs that Correa would use serious force against leftist protests came with a conflict in the Amazonian town of Dayuma in November of 2007. Protesters were opposing an oil company’s activity in the region by setting up roadblocks to prevent access to oil fields. They called for the government to improve their community’s standard of living and infrastructure, rather than prioritizing the needs of multinational oil companies. Correa responded by declaring a state of emergency. Police violently dragged community members from their homes, arresting twenty-three people. In a similar move, on July 8, 2008, police arrested ten activists who were protesting the construction of a hydroelectric dam on a river near their community and had occupied land near it for six months. Movements found themselves in a tricky position, forced either to support Correa as the lesser of two evils, or oppose him and risk fueling the right’s power. As Ivonne Ramos of Acción Ecologica explained, “There is the question of public sympathy, which is complicated when you have a president with such high approval ratings. Any action that a social movement takes can be read, understood, or publicized as an action in support of the Right, since this government is supposedly a Leftist one. This has produced a climate of uncertainty over what positions to take, what actions to take.” On May 12, 2008 CONAIE decided what action to take: it officially broke ties with the Correa administration. This rupture focused specifically on their frustration with the failure of the new constitution—under Correa’s watch—to recognize Ecuador as a pluri-national state. CONAIE also protested the lack of changes in the constitution to require that communities to be impacted by extractive industries must provide their consent before those industries proceed with operations. The CONAIE statement asserted: We reject President Rafael Correa’s racist, authoritarian, and antidemocratic statements, which violate the rights of [indigenous] nationalities and peoples enshrined in international conventions and treaties. This constitutes an attack against the construction of a pluri-national and intercultural democracy in Ecuador. Correa has assumed the traditional neoliberal posture of the rightist oligarchy. Correa’s administration later rushed ahead with large-scale extraction projects and privatization of natural resources. On January 29, 2009, the Ecuadorian government passed a mining law which doesn’t allow for community members to participate in discussions about how the extraction will proceed, and paves the way for widespread water and environmental pollution. Correa’s government has also proposed laws that CONAIE says will lead to the privatization of water in their country, limit community participation in the management of water, and lessen punishment for water pollution. The launch of the National Mobilization to Defend the Water in September of 2009 saw protesters marching throughout the country, setting up road blockades with burning tires, rocks, and logs on major highways. CONAIE leaders said they were pushed to this action as they were “exhausted by the process of dialogue.” Protester Ceaser Quilumbaquin said, “We are indigenous people and the majority of water comes from our páramos [plateaus]. Water is life, and the government wants to sell water to private entities.” In spite of such conflicts, Correa was re-elected president with 52 percent of the vote on April 26, 2009. While his re-election signaled a further defeat for the Ecuadorian political establishment and right wing, it presented new challenges to the indigenous movement. On September 30, 2009, just months after this landslide victory at the polls, two indigenous protesters were killed and dozens injured in a conflict between indigenous communities and police forces regarding the proposed water law. Indigenous leader Tito Puenchir denounced the violence, explaining that the “dictatorial president Rafael Correa has declared a civil war against the indigenous nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon.” Decades after the emergence of CONAIE as a national movement, their demands and tactics are as timely as ever. The survival of the movement under Correa relies on its ability to understand this complex terrain, know the stakes of their dance with the state, and defend their own autonomy, both through pressuring the state and empowering their own territories from below. Sections of this article are adapted excerpts from BENJAMIN DANGL’s new book, Dancing with Dynamite: Social Movements and States in Latin America, (AK Press, October 2010). For more information visit www.DancingwithDynamite.com BENJAMIN DANGL is currently based in Paraguay and is the author of “The Price of Fire: Resource Wars and Social Movements in Bolivia” (AK Press) and the forthcoming books: Dancing with Dynamite: Social Movements and States in Latin America (AK Press) and, with co-author Chris O’Brien, Bottoms Up: A People’s Guide to Beer (PM Press).Email: Bendangl(at)gmail(dot)com.

<urn:uuid:7e615a05-83b4-423e-aa78-b80fad69a157>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.counterpunch.org/2010/10/22/ecuador-s-challenge/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020024111-20211020054111-00311.warc.gz

en

Many motorists are thinking about how to save winter tires until next season. Keep winter tires account for about 6-7 months. And during this time, anything can happen to rubber. If you believe the information that is teeming with the Internet, then if stored incorrectly, by the beginning of winter we will get cracked and crooked rubber. “ Storing rubber properly means keeping a certain humidity and temperature, hanging wheels on semicircular brackets and periodically ventilating and turning them .” Agree that such advice, nothing but a smile can cause. Of course, there are motorists - fans who are able to follow the instructions described. But most people have no time to do this, and not everyone has space for hanging such devices. But nevertheless, some knowledge on this subject is needed. We’ll talk about them. The rubber the tires are made of is a composite material . “ Composite” - means that in addition to polymers, rubber also includes various kinds of fillers: sulfur, soot, various stabilizers and fittings - metal and textile cord. Fillers make the wheel stronger and polymers more elastic. There is nothing eternal in nature. This also applies to rubber. Rubber ages over time and loses its elasticity. Light, excessive cold, heat, high humidity - all these factors affect its aging. If rubber loses its elasticity, then it will become more fragile and hard. And, therefore, not suitable for winter operating conditions. From this knowledge, the rules for storing winter tires follow : - Before laying the tires for storage, wash and dry them . - Treat rubber with a preservative for tire storage. These funds are available for sale and finding them is not difficult. Conservatives consist of oxidation inhibitors - substances that slow down the aging process of rubber. - If possible, pack each wheel in a special tire storage case. So you protect the rubber from exposure to light. Tire storage boxes are also for sale. They do not let in light, and the tires do not wrinkle in them. - Do not store the wheels on the balcony. Summer heat will not do them any good. Rubber must be stored, as any medicine is stored in a dry and cool place. In principle, it doesn’t matter how you fold the wheels “ stand”, “ well” or hang on the brackets. The main thing is that the tires do not interfere with anyone, and they are not moved from place to place. - If the wheels will be stored together with the disks, then it is not necessary to lower or increase the air pressure. Wheels with wheels should be folded “ well”. And preferably on a horizontal surface. - Today, most auto centers offer a service for storing winter tires. Having handed over the tires to specialists for storage, in one fell swoop you will solve all the problems of storing winter tires. - And the last. Each tire has a marking that indicates the date of manufacture. The first two digits indicate the week, and the second two years of release. Shelf life of tires is about 7 years . If the expiration date expires in winter, then there is no point in storing such rubber. If you would like to learn more, please visit: Tire Guide If you want to be considered an expert traveler, it is not enough to have traveled the world, had contact with indigenous peoples, walked through the desert or trekked in the jungle. No. You must also add to your vocabulary these 10 new words, many of them in English, of course. Do you take a look at them and check your level as a “traveler”? With this English term the traveler par excellence is called, the one who carries his backpack and moves with the intention of discovering the world. They are usually young and determined people who plan to travel to imbue themselves with what is happening on the streets. They opt for low cost transport and accommodation, where they can meet other tourists with whom they can share experiences and recommendations. What do you usually save when traveling? Ideal to get to know in depth the inhabitants of a place and their customs. The word couch surfing comes to mean something like: "looking for a sofa". It means that people make available to the tourist who decides to travel to their city a sofa, a bed, a menu or even a coffee. And all for free! The Spanish translation would be "take a forest bath." And, this Japanese word refers to the healthy practice of being in direct contact with nature and breathing fresh air. If we spend a day hiking in the countryside (hopefully the picnic is covered) or if we go hiking, we would be giving ourselves a shinrin-yoku session. From the German w ander, which means to wander and lust, obsession, desire. Wanderlust synthesizes in a single term the syndrome of the strong drive to travel and explore the world. It occurs when two families decide to exchange their houses selflessly, without paying each other. A method to stay more and more extended and present in many digital platforms where guests can get in touch to organize their trip. It is also an exceptional way to get in touch with new countries and cultures. It is practiced by tourists who pay attention to the impact that the trip can have on the environment. An ecotourist chooses fewer polluting means of transport, sustainable accommodation and activities that are respectful of the local population. And you, do you usually plan your trip according to ecotourism criteria? Who would not like to be? This type of traveler often uses the plane to get around, so they have access to numerous discounts and promotions from airlines. Are you one of those? RTW (Round-The-World ticket) Do you dream of going around the world? With the RTW ticket you can do it. It allows you to reserve a variable number of airline tickets for a long trip across the five continents under truly advantageous economic conditions. What destinations would you choose if you had an RTW ticket right now in your hands? Wayfarer means pedestrian and is a term that gives name to the fashion of making trips and displacements with calm, enjoying the landscape, on foot, without means of transport. You dare? The electronic ticket is the digital version of the classic paper ticket. We can have it on the mobile as an image, QR code, document or attached to an SMS or email. This type of ticket could be an option for those who want to collaborate with the environment. Maybe you did not know the name it received but surely you already practiced one of these ways of traveling. For further info, Click here Vehicle maintenance is a priority so that the life of the vehicle is extended. But from day to day, you may miss some of the items that need to be checked regularly. Therefore, we will show you some tips that you should not forget when you touch the maintenance of your car. To know more, check out: trevobuilder.com A basic guide to the maintenance of your car Don't wait to maintain a vehicle when signs tell you it needs it. Prevention is not only useful in medicine, but also in the automotive branch. Just as preventive health measures can extend a person's life, preventive maintenance of your car can extend its life. Maintenance to prevent damage At this stage of the maintenance of your vehicle you can implement routine measures to avoid future breakdowns. Making a periodic assessment of the state of your vehicle can save you money, and finally your safety will be guaranteed. During the evaluations corresponding to the vehicle damage prevention maintenance, the following tasks will be carried out. The oil in a car should be changed at least twice during the year. However, you should consider what parameters the auto company recommends to make this change. Experts recommend that the oil change is not extended over the 20 thousand kilometers traveled. In addition, they advise changing the filter for a new one, along with cleaning the rest of the parts. Do not use any oil but a quality one; this way you will save on maintenance. This change should be left to an expert, if you are not an expert on the subject. What you do have is to check weekly how the oil level is, and top up if necessary. Vehicle filter changes These structures are responsible for preventing the access of impurities to the parts of an engine. Oil filters must be replaced when changing the oil. For its part, the air filter for the engine must be checked annually. The replacement of the latter will depend on the deterioration caused by road dust. After 60,000 kilometers or every four years, the engine fuel filter can be changed. Doing so will prevent damage to the pump and fuel injectors. Checking the car brakes Failure of the brakes while driving can lead to serious accidents. Every driver should make sure before leaving that their brakes are working properly. One cause of brake failure is lack of brake fluid. Now, it is not enough to replace the missing oil, you also have to check for wear on the structures that make up the brake system. The brake pads must be evaluated at a mileage of 10,000, and the change will be made when the thickness is 2 millimeters or less. The same applies to discs, which must be replaced when their recommended thickness decreases. Assessment of car wheels Some vehicle structures are displayed on the tires of a vehicle that will indicate their progress and wear. Even when a wheel does not exceed the wear limit, it can still be unsafe while driving. Hence the advice is not to allow the tire to reach the limits allowed for wear. It is better to change it in time and avoid landslides in dangerous areas. Shock absorbers should be evaluated with a four-year period between each revision. These structures are responsible for supporting the weight of the car and withstand the imperfections of the terrain. They also help improve the steering of the car and provide it with stability. To check that the dampers are in order, apply pressure to the ends of the vehicle. If there are no rebounds, but the movement is stable and slow, your dampers are in order. Otherwise, you should change these shock absorbers as soon as possible. Checking the lights The lights of the vehicle also require revision, because as time passes, they lose the ability to adequately illuminate. Those who manufacture these bulbs assure that in a year 20% of the lighting capacity is lost. Therefore, you should change these lights once a year.

<urn:uuid:e5f51912-391c-4c25-8ed8-53d598c8bd5a>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://paulnelson.booklikes.com

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585181.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017175237-20211017205237-00270.warc.gz

en

hawthorn cuttings in water To prepare the plant for cutting, water it generously the previous evening, and then proceed with cutting the following morning. Softwood cuttings root more successfully when a rooting hormone is used. Hawthorn may also decrease the effect of drugs that cause blood vessels to contract. Choose a hawthorn cutting that is 4 to 6 inches long and has no visible signs of disease, such as yellowed leaves or bent or broken parts. Indian hawthorn is a small, slow-growing shrub. Set the cuttings in an area where they will receive indirect sunlight, but make sure to keep them out of the direct sunlight. Soak the coir or peat in water … In addition, both can be propagated from cuttings, making a low cost and wildlife-friendly hedging option. Some hawthorns produce suckers at the base of the plant, and these suckers often have small roots already forming. Keep the cuttings moist by using a spray bottle and within a few weeks the roots should begin to form. Rooting occurs in 14 to 20 days. Water thoroughly to settle the material around the cutting. The distance between the horizontal cut at the base, and the angled cut at the tip will be around 6 to 10 inches (15 to 20 cm), depending on the size of your tree or shrub. Ook bekende gezichten van het gelijknamige BBC-televisieprogramma zoals Monty ontbreken niet in Gardeners’ World magazine. If you have a rooting compound, dip each cutting into it before planting. Water the tree immediately. Place the potted cutting in a bright, warm spot with indirect sunlight for at least five hours a day and temperatures between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Houd jij ervan om jouw groene handen uit de mouwen te steken? Ivy is a quintessential house plant. This will allow the plant to grow under controlled conditions for a full year before moving it outdoors. Indian hawthorn is an excellent shrub for urban landscapes USDA zones 7 to 11. I have an Indian hawthorn that has been in my garden for 20+ years. Hawthorn is perhaps one of the easiest of the berry fruits to extract seed from. What is the Best Glue for Sticking something down permanently? If you plant in spring, remember to water regularly after planting to ensure it settles in well. Onderstaand formulier is uitsluitend bedoeld voor vragen en opmerkingen over de inhoud van het tijdschrift. Growing mayhaw trees from cuttings is one of the simplest ways of obtaining your own plants. Deze data zijn onder voorbehoud. In this way, hawthorn can be propagated in a shorter time and with a higher chance of success. The cuttings are rooted in well-drained, moist soil. Dan is Gardeners’ World het perfecte blad voor jou. Tend the Cuttings. En welke dieren kun je in jouw tuin verwachten? Lees daarnaast ook hoe je lekkere recepten klaar kan maken met de oogst uit je eigen tuin. Neem contact op met onze klantenservice via [email protected] of +31 (0)24 2027 827. © 2004 - document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) Let's Fix It, How to stop birds eating your cabbage plants, Tips for Keeping Your Motorhome Looking as Good as New, How to Change a Wall Light in 5 Easy Steps, 9 Things Air Compressors Help Fix in Farming and Agriculture. Both can be grown from seed but taking cuttings is quicker and relatively easy: Cut several four to six inch softwood stems from a healthy Hawthorn or Blackthorn tree. To take cuttings for propagation, you'll need to select a stock plant, carefully take the cuttings, and properly plant the cuttings. New Solid Wood Kitchen Unit Treatment for Inside Cupboards. Because of its sentimental value, I'd like to try to propagate it. Indian Hawthorn Plants. Washington Hawthorn produce white blooms in clusters, in late spring to early summer which last a short time only 7 to 10 days. Meer informatie. The most commonly found version is Hedera helix or English ivy. Wat kan je op welk moment het beste planten? Everyone has some experience in fixing things around the home, garden, buildings, vehicles, boats and on and on. hangs over into the foot path and needs a bit of a chopping back. Een vraag over je abonnement? Make larger cuttings for larger trees, and smaller cuttings for smaller trees. After I’ve wounded the cutting, I dip the end of the stem into water and then into rooting hormone powder. One method is to sit the end of the cuttings just above the surface of the water. Growing a hawthorn tree from a cutting is an easy way to ensure that the tree is healthy from the time it is planted. Water the cuttings daily, or as often as needed to keep the potting mix slightly moist but never soggy. Repotting: Hawthorn trees should be repotted every two or three years in spring before growth begins. Can You Take Cuttings From Hawthorn. Use a planter that is large enough to accommodate a growing tree. Indian hawthorns can be propagated from stem cuttings. Gardeners’ World vertelt je exact wat je per seizoen moet doen in je tuin. Half fill the bucket with water and leave them to soak for a few days, changing the water each day. Their foliage is dense enough for them to be used as security hedges when pruned planting 3-5 ft apart. Use the cut end of the cutting for this process; the root hormones will encourage the plant to begin putting down roots in the soil. To make a hawthorn hedge, keep a distance of around 32 to 40 inches (80 to 100 cm) between each hawthorn plant. It may affect drugs and foods that lower cholesterol . Fill a planter with several inches of potting soil. Welke planten gaan er de komende tijd in bloei? Insert the cutting into the hole so that at least 1 inch of the cutting is covered by the soil. Keep the cuttings watered and shoots should start to appear next spring. Dig a hole that is deep enough to hold the roots of the tree. Propagation: The hawthorn can be propagated from from seed in spring or from semi-hardwood cuttings in mid-summer. If the temperatures will fall below freezing during the winter months keep the cuttings in doors until the danger of frost is gone. A cutting that is grown indoors will be stronger and more likely to survive when transplanted outside. Used for landscaping specimen as screen border/hedge. Hawthorn loves full sun or part sun exposure to optimize the blooming. However, you can also take hardwood cuttings when the hawthorn is dormant in late autumn or early winter. Insert the cuttings roughly 10cm deep into a pot filled with loam-based cuttings compost and overwinter them in a cold frame. Hawthorns are often propagated by semi-hardwood cuttings, or cuttings from branches that are still young but no longer green. We gebruiken cookies om deze website goed te laten werken en het gebruik te meten. Pack the soil around the hawthorn cutting and water the plant immediately to begin the growing process and enable the soil to hold the plant more firmly. Tamp the soil around the cuttings, and then water the cuttings thoroughly making sure the soil is wet to the bottom. Vervelend! Growing mayhaw trees through cutting propagation is an easy way to ensure quality plants for the home orchard with minimal effort. Water the hawthorn regularly so that the soil stays moist. If possible, avoid using tap water, which contains chlorine, or distilled water, which lacks nutrients. Je adreswijziging kun je doorgeven aan onze klantenservice via [email protected] of +31 (0)24 2027 827. Place the hawthorn tree where it will receive partial sunlight throughout the day. Water in well, apply a granular general feed over the soil around the tree and add a 5-7.5cm (2-3in) deep mulch of well-rotted garden compost or bark chippings around the root area.If planting in the lawn, create a turf-free circular bed around the tree with a minimum diameter of 60cm (2ft). It is a focal point of the spring landscape when it’s covered with large clusters of fragrant white to pink flowers. Hawthorn cuttings? Kortom, de ideale handleiding voor elke tuinier. Fill a 6-inch pot with a mixture of 2 parts coir or peat and 1 part perlite. Make a hole for the cutting in a a container of cuttings compost using a dibber (a clean blunt stick) and insert the base of the cutting with the first pair of leaves just above the level of the compost; Label the pot and water it from above to settle the compost; Place the pot in a closed propagator case with bottom heat of 18-24C (64-75F). The berries are mashed and the waste and seed separated through the sieve. Let’s Fix it is an online community that exists so we can all help each other fix things. Direct sunlight can damage the tree and scorch it, or prevent it from putting out leaves. These cuttings establish quickly, since root cells are already present. This will be the place where the hawthorn tree will grow for a full year. Instead, place the container in a location … Apply 1/4 cup of water every seven days. The object when dipping cuttings in rooting hormone is to cover the wounds completely. Naast inspiratie voor je tuin komen ook ‘s werelds beste tuiniers aan het woord. It's available in a range of sizes, and in … The three stem cuttings were then laid on the rim of the jar so that the tip of the stem cutting is touching the water. This will ensure that the stems are well-hydrated and make for more successful propagation. The reason being that the cuttings will seek out moisture and start rooting. Make a small hole in the planter with the end of a pencil or your finger. Place the tree in the hole and cover the roots with soil. Versatile, Variable Ivy. Water periodically, as needed, to keep the soil damp. Place the cuttings in a jar of filtered or spring water for 2 hours. Use a well-draining standard soil mix with a neutral pH value. Op de bovengenoemde data ligt Gardeners' World in de winkels. Je kunt je abonnement telefonisch opzeggen via +31 (0)24 2027 827. Remove all the leaves from the cutting … Keep the hawthorn cutting in a warm area of the house where it will not be exposed to low temperatures, which can kill the cutting. Insert the hawthorn cutting to half its length into the prepared rooting container. You need a bucket or two, a flat-bottomed pole (for example, an old sawn-off spade handle), a sieve or collander and access to a hosepipe or water supply. I have had success with holly, hydrangea, elderberry, wiegela and am currently nursing along an oak leaf hydrangea cutting. Upon planting, incorporate planting soil mix into your garden soil. Then drain off most of the water, leaving a little behind, and bash the softened fruits with something flat ended – I used a rolling pin for mine, until they are a mush of seeds and flesh. Plant a hawthorn cutting in the early spring, when the plant would begin growing naturally. Leave plants for at least 12 months before transplanting. Elke editie begint met een mooi sfeerbeeld van deze maand. It is a beautiful small shrub year-round since its foliage is evergreen. Verder lees je ook over het verwijderen van onkruid, het weren van ongedierte en kan je zelfs zien hoe je zelf een schutting kan bouwen. Keep the hawthorn tree inside for a full year before transplanting it outside. There’s two different methods people use when rooting in water. Hawthorn – squash some berries into a pot of good compost – again, you should find plenty now or very soon – and see what happens. Their low, broad branches make them an ideal plant for creating a hedge, and the trees are hardy and require little extra care from gardeners. Pour 3 to 4 cups of water around the base to settle the soil. Now the cuttings can either be transplanted or become a new hawthorn plant at their existing location. Easy to grow and are prune tolerant. Jammer! You can cover the pot with a clear plastic bag to provide a humid environment, but be sure to open the bag occasionally or poke a few holes in the plastic to provide air circulation; otherwise, the cuttings are likely to rot. Up to one third of the roots can be pruned. Maak gebruik van de veelgestelde vragen onder het kopje Klantenservice. Step Four Moisten one end of the hawthorn cutting with water and dip it in a root hormone powder. Moisten one end of the hawthorn cutting with water and dip it in a root hormone powder. Conclusion. Cut the bottom of the cutting horizontally under a bud and the top, removing the growing tip, cut at a 45 degree angle to shed water. Je betaalmethode kun je wijzigen via www.fnl.nl/machtigen. Zij geven je iedere maand tips en tricks over alles wat je moet weten op het gebied van tuinonderhoud en tuinaankleding. As the land is not maintained - I'm going to chop it back myself as the overhang is causing bother for those wanting to get passed. Caring for hawthorn trees from their initial years of life throughout their years of growth requires patience, but the resulting tree will be healthy and strong. In dit prachtige en praktische tuinblad staat alles wat je moet weten op het gebied van tuinieren, maar vind je ook inspiratie voor het creëren van jouw ideale tuin. Kom meer te weten over het onderhouden van je moestuin, het verzorgen van planten, het inrichten van alle formaten van tuinen, bloembollen planten en nog veel meer. Do not place the cuttings in full sun. Kies je voor een automatisch incasso, dan bespaar je € 2,50 op je factuur. An easy to grow plant, it can be grown as an attractive indoor plant, or incorporated into flower gardens.Ivy is also a great way to add structure to a living wall or garden.They are also pleasingly easy to propagate. How to propagate. Do not water the cutting too much, as this can drown the young tree. Je aanmelding is helaas niet gelukt. Suggested planting locations and garden types Geef dit door aan onze klantenservice via [email protected] of +31 (0)24 2027 827 en we maken het voor je in orde. This is ideally done in autumn during the plant’s dormant period. To root mayhaw cuttings, simply cut a length of stem or branch from the mayhaw tree. Abonnees ontvangen het blad een paar dagen eerder. Probeer het later nog eens. Mayhaw Cutting Propagation. Hoe verzorg je deze planten? There is a beautiful peachy coloured Hawthorn tree on waste land near my house - it conveniently (for me, that is!) They may take 10 weeks to root properly, according to the University of Florida IFAS extension. What are my options for taking cuttings? Growing ivy in water is an easy and reliable way to propagate the plant. A small glass jar filled with 8 fl oz (240 ml) of water is good for 3-4 cuttings. Hawthorn trees are a commonly grown garden and landscaping plant. Choose a hawthorn cutting that is 4 to 6 inches long and has no visible signs of disease, such as yellowed leaves or bent or broken parts.

<urn:uuid:fcaddf29-8d2e-4bb0-8c12-a10307dbf6e1>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://projectdesignmanagement.com.br/topic/49b3b9-hawthorn-cuttings-in-water

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583408.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016013436-20211016043436-00631.warc.gz

en

WHAT IS ANEMIA? Anemia refers to the reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells (RBCs) in our blood. This results in an increased feeling of tiredness, fatigue, low energy, and weakness, along with a paler appearance (pallor). Other symptoms can include dark circles under the eye, dizziness, headache, lightheadedness, palpitation, and shortness of breath. DIAGNOSING THE TYPE AND CAUSE OF ANEMIA The basic lab test for anemia is a Complete Blood Count (CBC) where a reduction in Hemoglobin (Hb) indicates both the presence and severity of anemia. Hb of <11g/dL is usually labeled as anemia, while a Hb of <7g/dL is regarded as severe anemia. Often the RBC count or the Hematocrit (% of blood made up of RBCs by volume) may also be decreased. Some other parameters in the CBC help to diagnose the type of anemia and thereby find possible causes. Out of these the MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) and MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration) are useful indicators. Normocytic Normochromic Anemia (Decreased Hb with normal MCV and MCHC) This is usually caused by either Blood loss, Increased destruction of RBCs (Hemolytic anemia) or Suppression of the bone marrow (Aplastic anemia). Blood loss may be sudden, as seen in acute hemorrhages (traumatic, or spontaneous like in case of using blood thinner/anti-clotting medicines, or if blood vessel abnormalities are present), or chronic ongoing blood loss as seen in infections (like TB and parasitic infections: malaria, or hookworm infestations), bleeding from gut ulcers/polyps/piles, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), some cancers (like mouth, stomach, colon), and menstrual factors in women (heavy bleeding or bleeding in between periods). Hemolytic anemia can be immune-mediated (auto-immune), due to inherited diseases of RBCs (like sickle cell anemia, and spherocytosis) or in exposure to toxic chemicals or poisonous substances. Decreased production of RBCs occurs in bone marrow suppression (Aplastic anemia) which can also be immune-mediated or seen with chemotherapeutic drugs, radiation, certain viral infections, decrease in thyroid function, or exposure to toxic chemicals. The CBC may show a drop in counts of RBCs, as well as WBCs (White blood cells) and Platelets. The reticulocyte count (proportion of new young RBCs) test can help give a clue, as it is low in bone marrow suppression and high in other causes of anemia. A bone marrow biopsy can give a definitive diagnosis. A decrease only in RBCs may be seen in Chronic Kidney Disease, as a result of the reduced levels of the kidney hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of RBCs. Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia (Decreased Hb with decreased MCV and MCHC) This is typically seen in Iron deficiency and is one of the most common causes of anemia in many developing countries. Iron helps to make up the ‘Heme’ component of Hemoglobin which carries oxygen. Apart from insufficient dietary intake of iron, gastro-Intestinal diseases may also impair the absorption of dietary iron. Many of the conditions mentioned above which cause chronic blood loss, can also lead to iron deficiency. Therefore, the blood picture of anemia due to chronic blood loss or iron deficiency can be initially normochromic normocytic and then become microcytic hypochromic. Iron deficiency is more common in women due to monthly blood loss in periods, and also due to increased demand during pregnancy. Further to CBC, Iron studies help in establishing the diagnosis which shows a decrease in total iron, an increase in total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), a decrease in the saturation of Transferrin (the protein carrying Iron in the blood) and decrease in Ferritin (the storage form of Iron). Inherited defects in hemoglobin (like Thalassemia) are also causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia. Macrocytic Anemia (Decreased Hb with increased MCV) This is seen with a deficiency of the vitamin Folic acid (B9) and B12. Like for Iron deficiency, gastro-intestinal diseases like malabsorption disorders, sprue, coeliac disease, IBD, and surgical removal of part of the gut, may impair the absorption of these vitamins. Folic acid and B12 are required for the maturity of RBCs, and their inadequacy increases the number of immature larger RBCs (blast cells). This picture may sometimes also be seen in bone marrow suppression where there are more immature big blast cells. Therefore, this type of anemia is also called Megaloblastic anemia. Sometimes large RBCs (due to fats deposits) may be seen in anemia in people with liver disease or alcohol abuse. (non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia). MCHC may be normal or even low in macrocytic anemia. Dimorphic or Mixed Anemia It is not uncommon for people to have multiple vitamin-mineral deficiencies like that of Iron, Folic acid and B12. In such cases, the CBC may present a macrocytic picture due to lack of Folic acid and B12, and mask the Iron deficiency. Even a bone marrow test may show blast cells and therefore confirm a macrocytic type of anemia. Therefore, Blood tests ordered for anemia should include Iron studies, Folic acid and B12 levels in addition to CBC to get a complete diagnosis. ANEMIA – HEALTH MEASURES Anemia not only causes a suboptimal functioning of many organs due to decreased oxygen delivery but also increases the load on the heart, which can be of adverse significance in people with pre-existing heart disease. Anemia in pregnancy can also impact both the mother and fetus adversely and increase the complication rate. Therefore, prompt and meticulous management of Anemia is of great importance. Once the diagnosis, type, and severity of anemia is established, it is important to investigate for any underlying disease causing the anemia. Additional blood tests like Liver, Kidney, and Thyroid function tests, Bone marrow biopsy, Stool test, Endoscopy or Colonoscopy, and Hormonal evaluation in case of menstrual irregularities may be recommended in required cases. Vitamin D level should also be tested as its deficiency is sometimes associated with anemia or its symptoms. The management involves tackling the vitamin-mineral deficiency through diet and supplements and treating the underlying disease causing the anemia. Important dietary sources of iron have been listed below. - Eggs, Chicken, Meat, Fish, Clams, and Oysters - Spinach, Broccoli, Peas, green beans and tomatoes - Fortified Cereals like Oats and Wheat bran - Chickpeas, Kidney beans, Soyabean, Lentils - Almonds, Cashews, Walnuts, Figs, Prunes, Dates and Apricots - Pomegranates, Apples, Bananas, Strawberries, and Watermelons Animal sources of Iron (Heme Iron) are absorbed more readily by the gut and are thereby more effective than plant sources (non-heme iron). Women need more than twice the amount of Iron as compared to men, with their requirement further increasing 1.5 times more in pregnancy. Vitamin C (found readily in vegetables and fruits, especially citrus) increases the absorption of iron, while Zinc (found in whole grains, legumes, dairy, nuts, and eggs) helps in the metabolism of iron. Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products, including fish, meat, poultry, and eggs. Vegetarians can derive B12 from fortified cereals and milk products. Folic acid is readily found in plant sources like most green vegetables and fruits. Vitamin-Mineral supplements are usually and commonly given orally. There is a wide variation in the amounts of Iron, Folic acid and B12 in various supplements (single and combinations) available in the market. Supplements may also contain additional ingredients like Zinc, Vitamin C, and other B group Vitamins. The physician will select the appropriate supplement ingredients, dosage, and combination, based on the type and severity of deficiency detected. Oral Iron supplements are best taken empty stomach or with a citrus fruit/juice. Avoid taking iron supplements at the same time as calcium supplements or antacids and keep at least an hour’s gap. Iron supplements are associated with gut disturbance like nausea, indigestion, and constipation. This could be reduced if the iron supplement is taken with meals, however, this decreases the gut absorption of iron by 1/3rd. Sometimes changing the Iron salt, dosing alternate day, or using Heme iron supplements may help reduce the digestive side effects. It is important to dose Iron supplements according to the amount of elemental iron in the supplement as the same amounts of different iron salts have different amounts of elemental iron. Most ferrous iron salts (non-heme iron supplements) show an oral absorption of around 10-15%, while heme iron supplements may show a 20-30% absorption. 250mg of absorbed iron raises the Hb by approximately 1g/dL. Treatment with oral supplements should be continued for 3-6 months especially in case of oral Iron to build up stores. Folic acid and B12 oral supplements are well tolerated. Supplements may be given as injections if there is a significant gut disturbance when taking orally, absorption through the gut is expected to be poor as seen in certain gastrointestinal diseases, or the deficiency is severe. Iron as the injection may be given also to build up iron stores faster especially in pregnancy. Injections may be given in single or multiple sittings at defined intervals, as an intravenous infusion as in the case of Iron or by intramuscular/subcutaneous route for B12 and Folic acid. If Vitamin D deficiency is also present, it may be treated with daily oral supplements, weekly shots/sachets, or single injection depending on the severity of deficiency. It is important to monitor response to treatment with periodic blood tests (2 weekly or monthly) to check Hb and the other parameters of CBC along with reticulocyte count, and Iron, Folic acid, or B12 levels. For any query, additional information or to discuss any case, write to [email protected] and be assured of a response soon.

<urn:uuid:7e9d62d3-9db9-4534-afac-78422fec2194>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.drvarsha.com/anemia-know-the-types-causes-and-health-measures/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585171.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017082600-20211017112600-00430.warc.gz

en

A significant loss of wealth in financial market is known as stock market crash. There is always a reason behind any great stock market bubble. Let us see which is the biggest stock market crash, what is the reason for market fall, speculative bubbles in stock market, stock market crashes timeline, great depression of stock market, cause of stock market crash along with the effects of stock market crash Not all stock market crashes are followed by a bear market or economic recession but a bear market usually begins with a stock market crash. Bear markets occur when the stock prices decline continuously for months or years. Since the stock market goes through cycles, it’s important to stick to your investment plan. Stay the course and don’t let your emotions rule the actions. What is Stock Market Crash? A stock market crash is usually an unanticipated and rapid drop in stock prices across stock market. A stock market crash can be due to an economic crisis or collapse of a speculative bubble or some other major catastrophic event. Although there is no specific percentage threshold defined for the collapse but when a stock market index declines by a double digit percentage over a period of few days it is considered as a stock market crash. In this article we will look at few of them. - Great Depression of 1929 - Housing bubble of 2008 - Stock market crash of 1987 - Dotcom bubble of 2000 As the stock market rebounds after the crash, so will your portfolio. That is the reason it’s important to diversify your investments and spread your risk. You can maximize the rewards and minimize the risk by investing your money in exchange traded funds based on your risk tolerance. Stock Market Crash of 1929 Stock market crash of 1929, also known as Wall Street Crash of 1929 or Great Crash, is considered as one of the worst economic event in the world history. In the four days of collapse Dow Jones declined by 25% losing $30 billion in market value. The cost was more than the total cost of World War 1. It destroyed the confidence of Wall Street as well as the stock markets all over the world and led to the beginning of Great Depression that lasted for 10 years from 1929 to 1939. The stock market crash of 1929 was spread over four days. On the first day Dow Jones declined by 11% signaling a stock market correction. That day, October 24th, is also known as Black Thursday. Around 13 million shares were traded on that day which was three times the average volume. The Wall Street bankers started buying the shares to arrest the decline and by the end of the day Dow Jones was down by only 2%. On October 28th, Black Monday, Wall Street declined again by 13%. On the next day, Black Tuesday, the stock market fell by over 12%. More than 16 million shares were traded on that day, a record that would not be broken for next 40 years. During the 1920s, there was a rapid increase in stock market prices which was caused by the irrational exuberance of the investors, overconfidence in the economic growth and buying shares on margin and credit. Due to this Dow Jones increased by more than 200%, from 1922 to 1929, resulting in an average annual gain of 20%. This eventually led to stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of 1930s. After the World War 1 there was a period of economic growth and unemployment was low. Companies were making huge profits by exporting to Europe and the sale of automobiles was at an all time high. Encouraged by the strength of the economy, there was a rapid growth in loans and bank credit in US. Some consumers used this money to buy shares. Eventually they were exposed when the share prices collapsed and had to sell their shares to repay the debt. Some people also bought the shares on margin by paying just 10% to 20% of the total value. But when the stock market declined, these margin millionaires were wiped out. This also affected the banks and investors who had lent the money to buy the shares. But the biggest cause of the market meltdown was the speculative bubble which was formed because of the false expectations and irrational exuberance of the investors in the years leading up to 1929. People bought shares with the expectations of making huge gains. As the stock prices increased people borrowed money from banks to invest in stock market. Due to this, stock prices were divorced from reality and eventually collapsed in 1929. The stock market crash of 1929 was followed by the Great Depression which lasted for almost 10 years from 1929 to 1939. Together they formed one of the largest financial crises in the history of stock market. By 1932, Dow Jones was down 90% from the record high. People lost the faith in Wall Street. They were forced to sell their businesses to find enough money to pay the brokers. Many lost their jobs and their savings were wiped out. The beginning of Great Depression resulted in real economic hardship with falling prices and rising unemployment. American citizens were left with poor jobs and wages. Many of them lost their retirement savings. The stock market collapse greatly affected the banks. People started pulling out their money. They no longer had any confidence in the US banking system. Instead they preferred buying gold or simply hoarding the money. People started closing their bank accounts. Banks did not have enough money to cover for the withdrawals. Bank runs became normal and banks started collapsing. More than 9000 banks failed resulting in the loss of billions of dollars. Stock Market Crash of 2008 The financial crisis of 2008 was caused due to the collapse of the speculative housing bubble which crashed the stock market. The bear market which began after the meltdown lasted for 18 months from October 2007 to March 2009. The Dow Jones and S&P 500 declined by more than 50% in the period of 18 months. On 29 September 2008 after the federal government rejected $700 billion bank bailout bill, Dow Jones dropped by more than 700 points destroying almost $1.2 trillion in market value. The government finally passed the bill in October but the damaged had already been done. The FED had dropped the funds rate to lowest level in history. The credit markets had frozen and governments all around the world were forced to provide liquidity to credit markets. Stock market crashed in 2008 as lot of individuals with poor credit score had access to the loans which they couldn’t afford. Easy credit and increasing home prices resulted in a speculative real estate bubble. Lenders had relaxed the lending standards which fuelled the growth in housing market. The home prices nearly doubled from 1996 to 2006. As long as the home prices kept on increasing, these poor lending standards were simply ignored. The subprime mortgage market thrived. People with bad credit and no savings were given loans beyond their ability to repay. On the other hand, banks were repackaging these subprime mortgages and selling them to investors in secondary market. It was a seller’s market and the lenders could afford to write bad loans as long as the prices were increasing. If the borrowers failed to repay the loan, the lenders could always foreclose on the home. The problems began when the housing prices started to decline in 2007. Suddenly the house was worth less than the loan value and homeowners started to abandon their homes instead of repaying the debt. As the mortgage defaults started to rise, lenders started fearing that borrowers would not be able to repay the loans. Credit markets froze and Bear Stearns became the first investment bank to be bailed out by government. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were next to be bailed out. In September 2008 another investment bank Lehman Brothers collapsed because of its exposure to subprime mortgages. It was one of the biggest bankruptcy filing in US history up to that point. Government bailout. Credit crisis. Bank collapse. Mortgage crisis. Phrases like these started appearing frequently across various financial websites and magazines. The period between 2007 and 2009 was widely known as the Great Recession. People started losing their jobs. Unemployment rate increased to 10%. The biggest automakers were in trouble and were bailed out by government. More than 8 million people lost their jobs during Great Recession. The housing prices declined significantly. Homeowners found that their homes were worth less than what they owed to the banks. Faced with increasing mortgage payments and job losses, many people lost their homes to foreclosures. As the housing bubble burst, many financial institutions and banks were also affected who were betting on the rising home prices. Many people lost their retirement savings. Those who had invested in stocks and real estate saw biggest losses in their portfolios. The stock market crash of 2008 resulted in the failure of some of the largest companies in the US. This period ranks as one of the greatest economic recession in the history of the financial crisis. Stock Market Crash of 1987 The stock market crash of 1987 started on 19th October 1987 which is forever known as Black Monday. The Dow Jones declined by 23% in one of the worst declines in the history of stock market crashes. Leveraged investors were forced to sell their stocks to meet the margin calls from their brokers. Then there were all kinds of mutual funds who were forced to sell to cover mutual fund redemption. Finally the portfolio insurance holders were also forced to sell in order to protect their portfolio. The crash of 1987 ended the five year bull market run during which Dow Jones more than tripled in its value. Program trading, lack of liquidity and over valuation of stocks are considered as few of the causes for the collapse of stock market. The initial cause of the stock market crash was thought to be the interconnection between equities and derivatives market. Post crash investigation concluded the failure of stock market to operate in sync with derivatives market as a major cause of stock market crash. However, one of the most remarkable causes of the stock market crash of 1987 was program trading or computerized selling of portfolio insurance hedges. In program trading, computers use a predefined algorithm to place high frequency trades. At that time the idea of using computer systems for deploying large scale trading strategies was relatively new. Wall Street had never tested and seen the consequences of placing high frequency trades earlier. These computer programs automatically started selling the stocks trading below stop loss resulting in the cascading effect of more stop loss orders getting triggered. Since these same programs automatically shut off the buying, there were no bids in the market which resulted in the rapid decline of stock market prices. During the crash, the trading infrastructure in financial markets was not able to handle such huge number of sell orders. Trading in many stocks was terminated and the liquidity vanished immediately. This resulted in the significant drop in the stock markets across the world. Another important trigger for stock market crash was the high budget and trade deficit in third quarter of 1987. Foreign investors started pulling out their money from dollar denominated assets fearing the decline in dollar value. Many people feared that the stock market collapse of 1987 would trigger a recession but the fallout from the crash was surprisingly small. This was due to the timely intervention of Federal Reserve. Around 15,000 jobs were lost in Wall Street. Black Monday led to the number of reforms across financial markets around the world. Stock exchanges developed, what is today known as circuit breaker, to temporarily pause the intraday trading in the event of rapid stock market selloff. Stock Market Crash of 2000 The dot com bubble, known as tech bubble or internet bubble was a rapid increase in the stock prices of internet based companies during the bull market of 1990s. The NASDAQ index increased from 1000 to 5000 in less than 5 years. In 2001 and 2002 the dot com bubble burst and equities entered into bear market. Many well known stocks lost more than 80% of their value. Stock market crash wiped out $8 trillion of market value. The biggest cause for the collapse of dot com bubble was the overvaluation of internet companies. The venture capital was available in abundance and investors started giving the money to internet based startups during 1990s without proper due diligence. With abundant capital available from stock markets, startup companies were in a race to grow big and grow fast. They abandoned fiscal responsibility and started spending huge amount of money on advertising and marketing. The tech bubble finally burst in 2000 and many internet companies were forced to declare bankruptcy. Very few companies survived the meltdown but their market value dropped significantly. By the end of 2002, NASDAQ index declined by more than 75% and Dow Jones had lost almost 27% of the value. It would take more than 15 years for NASDAQ to regain its dot com peak. After the crash lot of reforms were started to stabilize the stock market. One of the reasons for the stock market crash of 2000 was considered to be the huge increase in intraday traders and online trading. A rule was formed for these intraday traders. According to the rule the individual should have at least $25000 to their name in any bank account. This would ensure that the individual is not insolvent. Another reform was started by closing the loopholes in companies accounting. According to the rule all the companies were required to maintain a clear balance sheet and disclose all the information about the transactions and investment in other companies.

<urn:uuid:054278c4-54d3-4be7-b431-82687430fbd9>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://financeplusinsurance.com/stock-market-bubble-crash-collapse/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585439.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021164535-20211021194535-00671.warc.gz

en

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Summary This is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation and CDC will provide updated information as it becomes available, in addition to updated guidance. Updated February 16, 2020 CDC is closely monitoring an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel (new) coronavirus that was first detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China and which continues to expand. On February 11, 2020, the World Health Organization named the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (abbreviated “COVID-19”). Chinese health officials have reported tens of thousands of cases of COVID-19 in China, with the virus reportedly spreading from person-to-person in parts of that country. COVID-19 illnesses, most of them associated with travel from Wuhan, also are being reported in a growing number of international locations, including the United States. Some person-to-person spread of this virus outside China has been detected. The United States reported the first confirmed instance of person-to-person spread with this virus on January 30, 2020. On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a “public health emergency of international concernexternal icon” (PHEIC). On January 31, 2020, Health and Human Services Secretary Alex M. Azar II declared a public health emergency (PHE) for the United States to aid the nation’s healthcare community in responding to COVID-19. Also on January 31, the President of the United States signed a presidential “Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirusexternal icon.” These measures were announced at a press briefing by members of the President’s Coronavirus Task Forceexternal icon. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are common in many different species of animals, including camels, cattle, cats, and bats. Rarely, animal coronaviruses can infect people and then spread between people such as with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and now with this new virus (named SARS-CoV-2). Chinese health officials have reported tens of thousands of cases of COVID-19 in China, with the virus reportedly spreading from person to person in parts of that country. COVID-19 illnesses, most of them associated with travel from Wuhan, also are being reported in a growing number of international locations, including the United States. Some person-to-person spread of this virus outside China has been detected. The United States reported the first confirmed instance of person-to-person spread with this virus on January 30, 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, both of which have their origins in bats. The sequences from U.S. patients are similar to the one that China initially posted, suggesting a likely single, recent emergence of this virus from an animal reservoir. Early on, many of the patients in the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China had some link to a large seafood and live animal market, suggesting animal-to-person spread. Later, a growing number of patients reportedly did not have exposure to animal markets, indicating person-to-person spread. Chinese officials report that sustained person-to-person spread in the community is occurring in China. Person-to-person spread has been reported outside China, including in the United States and other countries. Learn what is known about the spread of newly emerged coronaviruses. Imported cases of COVID-19 in travelers have been detected in the U.S. Person-to-person spread of COVID-19 also has been seen among close contacts of returned travelers from Wuhan, but at this time, this virus is NOT currently spreading in the community in the United States. The U.S. government has taken unprecedented stepsexternal icon related to travel in response to the growing public health threat posed by this new coronavirus, including suspending entry in the United States of foreign nationals who have visited China within the past 14 days. Measures monitor the health of those who are allowed entry into the United States (U.S. citizens, residents and family) who have been in China within 14 days also are being implemented. Both MERS and SARS have been known to cause severe illness in people. The complete clinical picture with regard to COVID-19 is not fully understood. Reported illnesses have ranged from mild to severe, including resulting in death. Learn more about the symptoms associated with COVID-19. There are ongoing investigations to learn more. This is a rapidly evolving situation and information will be updated as it becomes available. Outbreaks of novel virus infections among people are always of public health concern. The risk from these outbreaks depends on characteristics of the virus, including how well it spreads between people, the severity of resulting illness, and the medical or other measures available to control the impact of the virus (for example, vaccine or treatment medications). The potential public health threat posed by COVID-19 is high, both globally and to the United States. The fact that this disease has caused illness, including illness resulting in death, and sustained person-to-person spread in China is concerning. These factors meet two of the criteria of a pandemic. It’s unclear how the situation will unfold, but risk is dependent on exposure. At this time, some people will have an increased risk of infection, for example healthcare workers caring for patients with COVID-19 and other close contacts of patients with COVID-19. For the general American public, who are unlikely to be exposed to this virus, the immediate health risk from COVID-19 is considered low at this time. More cases are likely to be identified in the coming days, including more cases in the United States. It’s also likely that person-to-person spread will continue to occur, including in the United States. - The federal government is working closely with state, local, tribal, and territorial partners, as well as public health partners, to respond to this public health threat. - The public health response is multi-layered, with the goal of detecting and minimizing introductions of this virus in the United States so as to reduce the spread and the impact of this virus. - CDC established a COVID-19 Incident Management System on January 7, 2020. On January 21, 2020, CDC activated its Emergency Operations Center to better provide ongoing support to the COVID-19 response. - On January 27, 2020, CDC issued updated travel guidance for China, recommending that travelers avoid all nonessential travel to all of the country (Level 3 Travel Health Notice). - The U.S. government has taken unprecedented steps with respect to travel in response to the growing public health threat posed by this new coronavirus: - Effective February 2, 2020, at 5pm, the U.S. government suspended entry of foreign nationals who have been in China within the past 14 days. - U.S. citizens, residents, and their immediate family members who have been in Hubei province and other parts of mainland China are allowed to enter the United States, but they are subject to health monitoring and possible quarantine for up to 14 days. - See more at: “Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirusexternal icon”. - CDC issued an interim Health Alert Network (HAN) Update to inform state and local health departments and healthcare professionals about this outbreak on February 1, 2020. - On January 30, 2020, CDC published guidance for healthcare professionals on the clinical care of COVID-19 patients. - On February 3, 2020, CDC posted guidance for assessing the potential risk for various exposures to COVID-19 and managing those people appropriately. - CDC has deployed multidisciplinary teams to support state health departments with clinical management, contact tracing, and communications. - CDC has worked with the Department of State, supporting the safe return of Americans who have been stranded as a result of the ongoing outbreaks of COVID-19 and related travel restrictions. CDC has worked to assess the health of passengers as they return to the United States and provided continued daily monitoring of people who are quarantined. - CDC has developed a real time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) test that can diagnose COVID-19 in respiratory samples from clinical specimens. On January 24, 2020, CDC publicly posted the assay protocol for this test. - CDC has been uploading the entire genome of the viruses from reported cases in the United States to GenBank as sequencing was completed. - CDC has grown the COVID-19 virus in cell culture, which is necessary for further studies, including for additional genetic characterization. The cell-grown virus was sent to NIH’s BEI Resources Repositoryexternal icon for use by the broad scientific community. - While the immediate risk of this new virus to the American public is believed to be low at this time, everyone can do their part to help us respond to this emerging public health threat: - It’s currently flu and respiratory disease season and CDC recommends getting a flu vaccine, taking everyday preventive actions to help stop the spread of germs, and taking flu antivirals if prescribed. - If you are a healthcare provider, be on the look-out for people who recently traveled from China and have fever and respiratory symptoms. - If you are a healthcare provider caring for a COVID-19 patient or a public health responder, please take care of yourself and follow recommended infection control procedures. - If you have been in China or have been exposed to someone sick with COVID-19 in the last 14 days, you will face some limitations on your movement and activity. Please follow instructions during this time. Your cooperation is integral to the ongoing public health response to try to slow spread of this virus. If you develop COVID-19 symptoms, contact your healthcare provider, and tell them about your symptoms and your travel or exposure to a COVID-19 patient. - For people who are ill with COVID-19, please follow CDC guidance on how to reduce the risk of spreading your illness to others.

<urn:uuid:176ea663-1e25-4292-ac55-3058f3d51e4b>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://castmd.com/category/drugs-lawsuits/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585321.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020121220-20211020151220-00150.warc.gz

en

Click here to join the effort! II. THE HISTORY OF THE ARK OF THE COVENANT 4:1-7:1 Many serious students of 1 Samuel have noted the writer’s emphasis on the ark of the covenant that begins here in the text. Critical scholars have long argued that 1 Samuel 4:1 b to 1 Samuel 7:1 and 2 Samuel 6 are the only remaining fragments of an older and longer ark narrative, which was a source document for the writer here. Of the 61 references to the ark in 1 and 2 Samuel, 36 appear in 1 Samuel 4:1 b to 1 Samuel 7:2. More recently some scholars have come to believe that the old ark narratives were somewhat shorter. Conservative scholars generally believe that the ark narratives were not necessarily independent documents but may simply reflect the writer’s particular emphasis on the ark here. [Note: For a discussion of this subject, including a bibliography of books and articles dealing with it, see Youngblood, pp. 593-94.] One writer believed that their purpose was to explain Israel’s demand for a king, as well as the reasons for the end of Eli’s branch of the Aaronic family. [Note: Merrill, "1 Samuel," p. 208.] C. The Ark Returned to Israel by God 6:1-7:1 The writer added further evidence of the Philistines’ reverence for Yahweh and the Israelites’ spiritual blindness in this section. 3. The removal of the ark to Kiriath-jearim 6:19-7:1 Not all the people who later assembled to view the returned ark were as careful as those from Bethshemesh, however. The Mosaic Law specified that no one was to look into the ark or that person would die (Numbers 4:5; Numbers 4:20; cf. 2 Samuel 6:6-7). The number of the slain (50,070, 1 Samuel 6:19) may represent an error a scribe made as he copied the text [Note: See John Davis, Biblical Numerology, pp. 87-89.] , though there is strong textual support for the large number. Several Hebrew manuscripts omit 50,000, and Josephus mentioned only 70 fatalities. [Note: Josephus, 6:1:4.] Perhaps 70 men died, as the NIV and several other modern translations state. "The basic point at issue in this verse is that God will brook no irregularity in his people’s treatment of the sacred ark (cf. 2 Samuel 6:6 f.). [Note: Gordon, p. 103.] "The power of God was not something that Israel somehow tamed and confined in a box, any more than modern man can banish God to the churches, chapels and cathedrals they take care never to frequent." [Note: Payne, p. 35.] Why did God strike dead some Israelites who touched the ark inappropriately (1 Samuel 6:19; 1 Chronicles 13:10; cf. Leviticus 10:2) and not deal with the Philistines in the same way (1 Samuel 4:17)? God was merciful to the Philistines. He will be gracious to whom He will be gracious, and He will show compassion on whom He will show compassion (Exodus 33:19). The reason for His patience with the Philistines was partially to teach the Israelites and the Philistines His omnipotence. Also, the Israelites’ greater knowledge of God’s will placed them under greater responsibility to do His will. The Israelites came to a fresh appreciation of Yahweh’s holiness because these men died (1 Samuel 6:20). The last part of this verse indicates that they wished God would depart from them, because they were sinful and He was holy (cf. Isaiah 6:5). Thus the capture of the ark resulted in the Philistines recognizing that Yahweh was the true source of fertility and blessing. The Israelites’ also rededicated themselves to investigating and following the revealed will of God in the Mosaic Covenant. Archaeologists believe they have located the remains of Kiriath-jearim about 10 miles east and a little north of Bethshemesh. Why did the Israelites not return the ark to the tabernacle at Shiloh? One possibility is that the Philistines had destroyed Shiloh (cf. Psalms 78:60; Jeremiah 7:12; Jeremiah 7:14; Jeremiah 26:6; Jeremiah 26:9). The ark did not reside in an appropriate place of honor until David brought it into his new capital, Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6). Kiriath-jearim was not a Levitical city nor is there any reason to believe Abinadab and Eleazar were priests or Levites. Perhaps the Israelites kept the ark there for convenience sake. It evidently remained there for many years (cf. 2 Samuel 6:2). Wood calculated that it was there about seventy years. [Note: Wood, Israel’s United . . ., p. 23, n. 8, and p. 190. For a study of the complex history of Kiriath-jearim, see Joseph Blenkinsopp, "Kiriath-jearim and the Ark," Journal of Biblical Literature 88 (1969):143-56.] Baale-judah (2 Samuel 6:2) may be a later name for Kiriath-jearim. [Note: Youngblood, p. 868.] "The certainty of God’s presence is always a sign of hope, however dark the circumstances may be." [Note: Payne, p. 37.] This whole major section of 1 Samuel (1 Samuel 4:1 b to 1 Samuel 7:1) advances the fertility motif. Dagon, the chief god of Israel’s chief rival, proved incapable of preventing Yahweh’s curse from falling on the Philistines. Yahweh Himself appears as sovereign and all-powerful. Whereas the ark was the symbol of God’s presence, it was not a talisman that would secure victory for its possessor. The Israelites’ attitude reveals that they did not appreciate the importance of obeying the Mosaic Law. Some individuals probably perceived that God’s presence was essential to Israel’s blessing. Perhaps Eli and Phinehas’ wife did. When God’s presence was near again, there was rejoicing. In spite of Israel’s unfaithfulness, God gave the nation some blessing and returned the ark to His people. He evidently did this so they would be able to rediscover the true nature of worship at a future time, under David’s leadership. In this second major section of Samuel, as in the others, there are conflicts and reversals of fortune. These include Israel and the Philistines (1 Samuel 4:1-22), Dagon and the ark (1 Samuel 5:1 to 1 Samuel 6:9), and the people who did not rejoice and those who did (1 Samuel 6:10-16). [Note: Martin, p. 138.] 1. Samuel’s spiritual leadership 7:2-4 Twenty years after the Philistines had returned the ark, Samuel led the people in national repentance. [Note: Ralph W. Klein, 1 Samuel, pp. 65-66; Wood, The Prophets . . ., p. 159, n. 12.] Samson’s ministry may have taken place during these 20 years. [Note: Idem, Distressing Days of the Judges, pp. 303-4.] The Philistine oppression resulted in the Israelites turning to Yahweh for help (1 Samuel 7:2). Samuel told the people what they needed to do to secure God’s blessing and victory over their enemy. They needed to repent (cf. Deuteronomy 6:13; Deuteronomy 13:4; Matthew 4:10). The people did so, and the hope of deliverance revived. Baal and Ashtoreth were the chief male and female deities of the Canaanite pantheon. The plural forms of these names are Baals and Ashtaroth (1 Samuel 7:4). A. Samuel’s Ministry as Israel’s Judges 7:2-17 As a totally dedicated Nazarite who followed the stipulations of the Mosaic Covenant as best he could, Samuel became a source of deliverance for Israel. The writer recorded two deliverances in this chapter. This section sounds more like the Book of Judges than does any other in 1 or 2 Samuel. The cycle of religious experience repeated six times in that book occurs here as well. That cycle consists of blessing, apostasy, discipline, repentance, deliverance, rededication, and blessing. Samuel exercised the same function as the judges whose experiences appear on the pages of Judges. "In the books of Samuel there are three chapters which stand out as markers, characterized by their interpretation of historical changes taking place in Israel’s leadership structure. They are 1 Samuel 7, 1 Samuel 12 and 2 Samuel 7. Not that the remainder of these books is ’non-theological,’ for theological presuppositions undergird the whole, but in these chapters a prophet expounds the divine word for each stage of the crisis through which the people of God are passing." [Note: Baldwin, p. 33.] Note the continuation of the key word "hand" in this chapter (1 Samuel 7:3; 1 Samuel 7:8; 1 Samuel 7:13-14). It reflects the writer’s continuing interest in the source of true power. III. SAMUEL AND SAUL 7:2-15:35 This third major part of 1 Samuel contains three subsections: Samuel’s ministry as Israel’s judge (1 Samuel 7:2-17), the kingship given to Saul (chs. 8-12), and the kingship removed from Saul (chs. 13-15). The main point seems to be Israel’s unjustified dissatisfaction with her sovereign God and its awful consequences. In spite of His people’s rejection, the Lord continued to show them mercy and faithfulness. 2. National repentance and deliverance 7:5-14 Mizpah (lit. watchtower, indicating an elevated site) was about two miles northwest of Samuel’s hometown, Ramah, on the central Benjamin plateau. [Note: On the significance of the six-fold repetition of Mizpah in this story, see John A. Beck, "The Narrative-Geographical Shaping of 1 Samuel 7:5-13," Bibliotheca Sacra 162:647 (July-September 2005):299-309.] Pouring out water symbolized the people’s feeling of total inability to make an effective resistance against their enemy (cf. Psalms 62:8; et al.). The people showed that they felt a greater need to spend their time praying to strengthen themselves spiritually than eating to strengthen themselves physically. They did this by fasting (skipping a meal or meals). [Note: On the practice of fasting, see Kent D. Berghuis, "A Biblical Perspective on Fasting," Bibliotheca Sacra 158:629 (January-March 2001):86-103.] They admitted that what they had been doing was a sin against God (cf. 1 John 1:9). The writer described Samuel as one of Israel’s judges similar in function to Gideon, Samson, and others, at this time (cf. Judges 6:25-27). The Israelites sensed their continuing need for God’s help and appealed to Samuel to continue to intercede for them (1 Samuel 7:8). Samuel gave intercession priority in his ministry because he realized how essential it was to Israel’s welfare (cf. 1 Samuel 12:23). All spiritual leaders should realize this need and should give prayer priority in their ministries. The suckling young lamb he sacrificed for the people represented the nation as it had recently begun to experience new life because of its repentance (1 Samuel 7:9). The burnt offering was an offering of dedication, but it also served to make atonement for God’s people (cf. 1 Samuel 24:25; Leviticus 1:4; Job 1:5; Job 42:8). After the tabernacle left Shiloh, the Israelites may have pitched it at Mizpah. Since Samuel offered a burnt offering there (1 Samuel 7:9), perhaps that is where the tabernacle stood. Nevertheless at this time the Israelites made offerings to God at other places too (cf. 1 Samuel 7:17). God’s deliverance was apparently entirely supernatural (1 Samuel 7:10), probably to impress the people with His ability to save them in a hopeless condition and to strengthen their faith in Him. Baal was supposedly the god of storms, but Yahweh humiliated him here. [Note: See Robert B. Chisholm Jr., "The Polemic against Baalism in Israel’s Early History and Literature," Bibliotheca Sacra 151:603 (July-September 1994):277; and idem, "Yahweh versus the Canaanite Gods: Polemic in Judges and 1 Samuel 1-7," Bibliotheca Sacra 164:654 (April-June 2007):165-80.] The location of Bethcar is still uncertain, but most scholars believe it was near Lower Beth-horon, about 8 miles west of Mizpah toward the Philistine plain. Scholars also dispute the site of Shen (1 Samuel 7:12). The Israelites memorialized God’s help with a stone monument that they named Ebenezer (lit. stone of help). This Ebenezer is quite certainly not the same as the one the writer mentioned in 1 Samuel 4:1 and 1 Samuel 5:1. It was another memorial stone that marked God’s action for His people (cf. Genesis 35:14; Joshua 4:9; Joshua 24:26). [Note: See Carl F. Graesser, "Standing Stones in Ancient Palestine," Biblical Archaeologist 35:2 (1972):34-63.] It announced the reversal of previous indignities and was a symbol of reintegration. [Note: Gordon, pp. 107-8.] This victory ended the 40-year oppression of the Philistines (1124-1084 B.C.; cf. Judges 3:30; Judges 8:28). However, the Philistines again became a problem for Israel later (cf. 1 Samuel 9:16). The memorial stone bore witness to the effectiveness of trusting the Lord and His designated judge. If the Lord had helped the people thus far, what need was there for a king? This incident shows that the people should have continued following the leadership of the judges that God had been raising up for them. This was not the right time for a king. The concluding reference to peace with the Amorites may imply that this victory began a period of peace with the Amorites as well as with the Philistines. The Amorites had controlled the hill country of Canaan, and the Philistines had dominated the coastal plain. The native Canaanites, here referred to as Amorites, would have profited from Israel’s superiority over the Philistines since the Philistines were more of a threat to the Canaanites than were the Israelites. [Note: Norman K. Gottwald, The Tribes of Yahweh, a Sociology of the Religion of Liberated Israel, 1250-1050 B.C.E., p. 418. ] Often in the Old Testament "Amorites" (Westerners) designates the original inhabitants of Canaan in general. 3. Samuel’s regular ministry 7:15-17 In addition to providing the special leadership just described, Samuel’s ministry as a judge in Israel included regular civil, as well as spiritual, leadership. He was active especially in the tribal territory of Benjamin and in the town of Bethel just north of Benjamin in Ephraim’s tribal allotment. Samuel covered a four-town circuit as preacher (prophet) and judge. He was obviously similar to the other judges in the Book of Judges, all of whom also served local regions primarily. It is not clear whether the Gilgal referred to here was the Gilgal in the Jordan Valley near Jericho, or whether it was another Gilgal located a few miles north of Bethel. [Note: Keil and Delitzsch, p. 76, said it was the latter as did Marten H. Woudstra, The Book of Joshua, p. 95, but I have not been able to verify the existence of a Gilgal there.] The fact that Samuel built an altar (1 Samuel 7:17) illustrates his response to God’s grace and his commitment to Yahweh (cf. Genesis 12:7; et al.). "Brief as the portrait of Samuel here is, it gives us a glimpse of the ideal ruler. He had been provided by God and trained by him; he now showed himself able to read his people’s minds and capable of rebuking them effectively. He was decisive in word and action, and he was fully in touch with God. Nor is his concern to provide justice purely coincidental. Yet the irony was that such a ruler was precisely the man whom Israel rejected, as chapter 8 will show. Political unrest may mirror inadequate or oppressive leadership; on the other hand, it may well demonstrate the fatal flaws in human nature. Exactly the same may be true of unrest within any human community, including a local congregation." [Note: Payne, p. 39.] Samuel’s personal faithfulness to God qualified him for spiritual leadership and resulted in God blessing Israel. He was God’s man, calling the people back to faithful obedience to His will so they could experience His blessing. These files are public domain. Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission. Constable, Thomas. DD. "Commentary on 1 Samuel 7". "Expository Notes of Dr. Thomas Constable". https://www.studylight.org/ the Week of Proper 24 / Ordinary 29

<urn:uuid:2e5e13f5-8524-46dd-85e5-f95f209806b7>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dcc/1-samuel-7.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020024111-20211020054111-00311.warc.gz

en

UNITED STATES POLITICS in the Donald Trump era is a jolting matter: at this point, we can only be uncertain where it will lead. The obvious question is: Does the US body politic have any redress under a controversial presidency that is unsettling political comity at home and upending alliances and affairs abroad? The inevitable response is “impeachment.” But our recent experience with the impeachment of Bill Clinton (whatever one might feel right now about Bill Clinton) was without doubt a shrill, partisan affair — in fact, a constitutional misapplication. What makes for the proper understanding of impeachment in the United States? Prolific legal scholar Cass Sunstein tries to address this with his new book, Impeachment: A Citizen’s Guide. Sunstein’s compact book covers the historical background for impeachment (which applies also to judges and federal officers), its occasions in American history, and the thoughtful and not-so-thoughtful judgment calls impeachment incurs. “I am not going to speak of any current political figure. I am going to focus on the majesty, and the mystery, of impeachment under the U.S. Constitution,” Sunstein proclaims. Indeed, Sunstein does generally constrain his discourse to this approach, but impeachment is not now an arcane matter, and the book’s timing is not lost on readers. The US Constitution is clear that the House of Representatives has the power to impeach, which is similar to an indictment, and prosecution occurs in the Senate. The punishment is removal from office. But a lot remains vague about impeachment. Sunstein considers different constitutional schools of interpretation — originalist, moral purpose, active liberty, and the living Constitution camps — and concludes that impeachment is best divined by its understanding at the time of the Constitution’s ratification in the late 18th century (i.e., through an originalist lens). “[W]ith respect to impeachment, the problems confronted way back in 1787 are not so different from those we confront today,” Sunstein writes. “[T]he abstract concerns that motivated [the Founders] — treason, bribery, egregious abuse of public trust or misuse of presidential authority — are no different from those that concern us. They are exactly the same.” Pre-1789 antecedents have bearing, too, and Sunstein sketches impeachment’s roots in English law. Casting a Magna Carta light on early precedents, Sunstein describes how impeachment was a means by which Parliament could thwart the abuses of the Crown’s ministers, with impeachment in the House of Commons and a subsequent prosecution in the House of Lords. As early as 1386, the near-contemporary wordage, “certain high treasons and offenses and misprisions” was proffered, and in 1642 in Britain, the impeachment criterion lexically evolved to today’s constitutional standard of “high crimes and misdemeanors,” as recorded in a prosecution context. Moreover, a 1679 House of Commons proclamation specified impeachment as “the chief institution for the preservation of the government.” Importantly, the generality of impeachment undergirded for its being directed not at per se crimes, but at abuses of power and serious public trust violations, which, of course, would include crimes. According to Sunstein, a further transformation occurred in colonial America with impeachment taking on an American republican form. From 1755 until the Declaration of Independence, the colonists found ways to set impeachment against officials whose conduct was an affront to the growing independent republicanism. “In that sense, it was a legal instrument for carrying out the aims of the coming revolution,” Sunstein writes. During the postwar/pre-Constitution period in America, many state constitutions included strong impeachment provisions, and impeachment was used often during the Articles of Confederation period. Nonetheless, in 1787 when the delegates to the Constitutional Assembly in Philadelphia got around to impeachment, they were muddled and doubly anxious: they wanted a strong president insulated from an overzealous Congress, and they foresaw that elections were an inadequate check against presidential abuse of power. One delegate even proclaimed that the president should not be impeached while in office. To this, Virginia’s George Mason persuasively remonstrated: “No point is of more importance than that the right of impeachment should be continued. Shall any man be above Justice? […] Shall the man who has practised corruption & by that means procured his appointment in the first instance, be suffered to escape punishment, by repeating his guilt?” Impeachment’s application for serious political abuses, including the questionable acquisition of political office, was not lost on the delegates. In fact, Mason broke the terminology stalemate by offering “high crimes and misdemeanors” as the impeachment criterion. No doubt, the delegates’ frame of reference was shaped by the states’ constitutions’ experience with varied impeachment wordage. But it is left unclear from Sunstein’s compact narrative why the delegates had to go through a lot of banter and quasi-free associations to recall this good-fit standard for impeachment. The ensuing Constitution ratification public debate was even more determinative in setting public understandings for impeachment. The public debate spawned the classic Federalist arguments of John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, with the political abuse basis for impeachment conveyed writ large. For this, Sunstein has an easy time, turning to Hamilton, whose Federalist No. 65 essay enunciates that “the ‘subjects’ of impeachment involve ‘the abuse or violation of some public trust. They are of a nature which may with peculiar propriety be denominated POLITICAL, as they relate chiefly to injuries done immediately to the society itself.’” A second clear point about impeachment also emerged: impeachment was not to be applied for a president’s poor performing in office. Future Supreme Court justice James Iredell, who argued for ratification in North Carolina, articulated this point: “God forbid that a man, in any country in the world, should be liable to be punished for want of judgment. This is not the case here.” Sunstein follows the lengthy historical background with some engaging chapters, including one on the impeachment maneuvers against Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Richard Nixon, who resigned before the House of Representatives voted. Sunstein succinctly explains that Bill Clinton’s conduct in the Monica Lewinsky affair certainly was not an abuse of power of constitutional scope, while Richard Nixon’s actions were. For the Clinton case, the Republican congressional prosecutors wrote up impeachment charges for the Senate focused on perjury or obstruction of justice involving Paula Jones’s allegation of sexual harassment before Clinton’s presidency. While perjury and obstruction of justice are serious, Sunstein maintains, the underlying charges are not impeachable offenses — Paula Jones’s accusation was for behavior before the presidency, not connected to the means of acquiring the office, and the Monica Lewinsky charges revolved around marital infidelity. “We aren’t speaking here of systematic violation of civil liberty, or acquisition of the office by unlawful means, or the grave misuses of official authority that triggered impeachment proceedings in the American colonies,” Sunstein explains. While I believe Sunstein’s compact assessment of the impropriety of the Clinton impeachment hits the nail on the head, at this time of sexual abuse revelations, arguments justifying the Clinton impeachment are in redux mode, on both the right and the left, and Sunstein’s legalism might not suffice to bring a second finality to the issue. Another point might therefore be raised at this time that Sunstein does not make — that is on the constitutionality, in addition to the cruelty, of the Starr Report. This might re-balance the historical reminiscing at this time. While the Starr Report is commonly described as prurient and salacious for its graphic sexual testimony and narrative, congressional impeachment hearings at the time did not adequately address the Report’s respect for constitutional law. In particular, it could have/should have been stressed that the Starr Report had contempt for the constitutional right of privacy. Regardless of conservative antipathy, the right of privacy is a constitutional right as articulated by the Supreme Court in Griswold v. Connecticut, where a married couple’s constitutional right to contraception derive from a recognized privacy right; and extended unto Roe v. Wade, which understands a woman’s right to an abortion as an expression of the right of privacy (which the state can restrict for later parts of a pregnancy). This right and these cases are in the conservative bullseye, but they have not been overruled: the constitutional right of privacy remains the law of the land. Many would respond that parties to an extra-marital affair are not given Griswold protection, and so Monica Lewinsky’s testimony did not have that protection. Perhaps, but Justice William Douglas’s decision in Griswold could with common sense be extended to couples, certainly in terms of extreme graphic sexual revelations. More to the point, could Hillary Clinton, Bill Clinton’s spouse, have had an inarguable right to privacy that was violated by the Starr Report? In the upsetting November 15 narration of the Starr Report, after sexual contact is depicted and established, the Report includes a gratuitous remark that is unnecessary for what is being corroborated and that is presumably included to embarrass the Clinton marriage and Hillary Clinton. (“And then I think he made a joke … that he hadn’t had that in a long time.”) Additionally, and important for context, the Starr Report had a cruelty and misogyny to it. How could it be the proper basis for impeachment? Our constitutional tradition would want better of us. Moreover, Sunstein is fundamentally correct when he highlights the misapplication of the Clinton impeachment by contrasting it to the deeds of Richard Nixon. What Nixon did — manipulating and misusing the CIA, FBI, and IRS to cover up election campaign wrongdoing or maneuver against political enemies — gets to the heart of the rationale for impeachment. Legal parsing is a pedantic part of law but it is necessary for justice. So, when Sunstein writes, “a cover-up of activity that does not amount to a high crime or misdemeanor may not itself amount to a high crime or misdemeanor,” he offers a working principle that puts impeachment’s abuse of power in a context with which we can work — centering the impeachment focus on officials who feel privileged to use the most potent offices of government (e.g., the CIA) for purposes of cynical political maneuvering. As for the third historical example, Andrew Johnson, Abraham Lincoln’s vice president and successor, there feels to be a gap in what Sunstein is conveying. Some readers might intuitively disagree with Sunstein’s claim that Andrew Johnson should not have been impeached. True, the technical charge of violating dubious legislation that prohibited dismissal of a specific cabinet secretary was a shoddy basis for impeachment. However, Johnson blocked reconstruction efforts, opposed the 14th Amendment, and allowed for horrible restrictions on freed blacks. It is certainly arguable that Andrew Johnson’s was more than just a case of bad presidential decision-making: some fundamental undermining of public trust — having lasting impact — characterized Andrew Johnson’s actions that the Congress sought to check, and should have better formulated its impeachment charge. Impeachment: A Citizen’s Guide also has an excellent pedagogical chapter in which Sunstein hypothetically examines issues involving presidential actions that would or would not be impeachable. Grotesquely underpaying taxes is probably not impeachable; directing the IRS or law enforcement to target political opponents presumably is. The ratification debates also underscored that a president’s suspect and irresponsible chumminess with a foreign power is an impeachable political abuse. Sunstein brings a lot together in this brief book. A recurring theme is his tribute to those who picked up arms and fought at Concord and then later for liberty and the US constitutional heritage. He dedicates the book to them. While we should always pay tribute to military sacrifice and do much more for veterans, Sunstein should have better emphasized that folks of all democratic contribution are “We the People” who safeguard the Constitution and American liberty. Indeed, Sunstein’s strongest point is that impeachment is inherently about American citizenship and is integrally linked to other constitutional values, such as the prohibition on titles of nobility. “It’s a symbol and a reminder of who is really in charge, and of where sovereignty resides,” Sunstein writes in the final chapter. And pertaining to this ultimate point, Impeachment: A Citizen’s Guide offers edifying background for an argument that might soon be in need of eloquent, as well as passionate, delivery.

<urn:uuid:3b38a98d-36ba-42bc-a2b8-e0125cbb36de>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-majesty-and-the-mystery-of-impeachment/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585201.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018093606-20211018123606-00670.warc.gz

en

Education is an important and integral part of the global development and social agenda of all countries in the world, its place as a diplomatic goal is rapidly becoming prominent. Akin to other successful diplomatic initiatives like health, sports etc. education is growing as a pertinent approach for public and private stakeholders in common dialogues and collaborations to excel and promote policy orientation directed towards the global youth. Education as an important component of diplomacy may be used to influence foreign policy and hence work to develop International Relations. This educational diplomatic agenda eventually fosters mutual trust and goodwill among nations. Moreover, education as diplomacy is exercised on both macro (international) and micro (regional)levels in foreign policy. The world today is rapidly turning into an interdependent global village and education provides a platform to the future generation to know and explore the world in a much better way. Sharing and communicating ideas across the world enriches all domains of education and hence, plays an important role in changing the future of humanity. Educational diplomacy helps to grow a more stable, vivid and healthy environment for young populations across the world, in various cultures and societies. The collaborated effort between education and diplomacy perceives the approach and offers a productive and dynamic tool for shaping the young and curious minds. India’s significance in the world economy and world politics is soaring rapidly, the country is developing as a major nerve centre of young population, entrepreneurship and innovation. India’s increasing importance at the global front and its liberal working environment offers an appropriate environment to invest and flourish. This is, therefore, the perfect time for India and Canada to revise and advance their educational ties. Indian Prime Minister’s welcome initiative for foreign investments under the ambitious project of “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (Self-reliant India) is an important move towards educational collaborations. Since the Indo-Canadian relations are based on long time commitments, political ideologies and people to people contact, these synergies will effectively translate progressively in the domain of education. Since the late 19th century, Indians have formed a large part of Canadian population, 1.9 million people of Indian origin actually constitutes 5.6% Canadian population. An important reason for this also lies in the fact that Canada being an OECD country, has liberal policies for migration and has attracted a sizable population from India to its shores. India has a very large population of young people with a large number of them under the age of 25; with steady economic growth, Indian families have become more self-reliant and support their children in higher education pursuits. Moreover, a pragmatic observation reveals that India’s higher education sector demands more expansion looking into the growing demand. Therefore, a greater number of Indian students are looking for affordable educational venues. In the recent years Canada surely has made some progress and had success in engaging Indian students but still a lot can be done as there is ample room for substantial growth. Bottlenecks on Indian Side Indian universities do have high quality but lack of infrastructure and limitation to hold foreign students, fulfilling their needs like quality residential options and reliable digital logistics raise certain pertinent questions. Moreover, limitations in the research and development facility in the field of higher education sometimes become stumbling blocks for students. The limitation to pay sufficiently to students opting for internships as well as the cultural and language barriers also becomes bottlenecks for Canadian students in India. Another concern is the difficulty in securing the applicable visa, particularly for those students seeking to stay for a longer academic term. Perception of India and apprehensions created by media about India overemphasize its poverty, health and sanitation issues, crime against women etc. All these create a lack of interest in young minds. After earning degrees in higher education, students generally look for potential work experience in terms of money and quality learning, particularly people from high-tech fields and often they fail to recognize India as a potential ground to provide them with substantial offers. These bottlenecks could be minimized if not removed entirely, by various measures. In order to attract more Canadian students for academic courses and internships, elaborating the nature and kind of work and organization should be emphasized. To convince them that it is the quality, work and mission of the organization that will ultimately play a larger role. The next challenge would be delivering what has been promised, quality plays a significant role here as when students will spend a substantial time on the ground, it will provide them valuable experience. Uncertainties in the minds of students and their guardians is another set of gaps that needs to be managed, the dissemination of information regarding the workplace, university and the living conditions should be provided through institutional connections. Authentic source of information and assurances play a significant role in development of academic relations. International experience programs conducted by various universities and other academic institutes like AIESEC (Association Internationale des Étudiants en Sciences Économiques et Commerciales.) Canada could benefit stakeholders by providing them ground knowledge and information of the destined countries. Alumni network could also help new students to learn about the experience of working and studying in India. As India is perceived as a challenging environment, hence the stakeholders those who select India for studying destination or internships are either those who have already reached professional and personal maturity, or they have prior experience of the country. In this type of situation these stakeholders should be given priority and offered complete support. Bottlenecks on the Canadian Side Canadian university education has had comparatively limited engagement with Indian academia when compared to the UK or the USA. A general perception exists that suggests that Canada’s marketing endeavours are only limited to the North of India i.e. primarily Delhi, Punjab, and Haryana and they do not explore India’s East and South regions which have a potential academic market. India’s East and South blocks generally targets the universities of USA, UK and even Europe for higher education. Hence developing a strong and robust brand strategy for promoting Canadian universities program is an important step towards a more emboldened academic relation between India and Canada. This may combine central promotional organs that promote Canada as an essential educational hub rather than just a place suitable for immigrants. Dedicated research work to understand India’s education system and its demands particularly expanding its market in the South and East of India will bring in potential stakeholders. Major focus of Indian students generally tends towards STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths), Business Studies etc. A less explored area is Astronomy and Astrophysics. Some of the colleges and universities based in Ontario are offering programs which exactly suite the requirements of Indian students, for example technical programs in films and advertising a niche for Canada and its educational programs. Universities promoting their programs in India can build sister city/provinces for branding, promoting and recruitments enabling governments to develop and support their educational partnerships. Developing Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) with Indian potential partners will strengthen and resolve many complex issues, hence could prove to be a corner stone in academic relations. Cultivating relations in academic institutes will also require specific faculties having relevant field knowledge and awareness about India and its education system, it could be of immense help and support if alumni and faculty are from Indian Diaspora. This will bridge gaps and resolve differences and doubts in a more effective manner. A continuous effort and persistency in building relations would nurture better academic relations. Indians seeks educational degrees that offer suitable jobs after their programme is finished, therefore better internship opportunities and work projects could be an important pull factor for them. To ensure partnership is stable, funding for concerted projects should be equally divided and both parties should invest and the role of government on both sides should also be taken into consideration. A post failure analysis of the stagnant MoUs signed between India and Canada can reveal many important points which could either be removed or worked upon to ensure better results in the future. To encourage Canada-India academic-partnership particularly in research and development a greater number of Canadian graduate students should be motivated to present their work in academic workshops and conferences. Organizations like Canadian Bureau for International Education (CBIE), Universities Canada are already working on various student-oriented projects, wherein the students can be acclimatized to other countries and their work culture and education systems in order to raise healthy awareness and benefits for the students. On the same front similar organizations as the Asia Pacific Foundation (APF) Canada, is also working to involve more Canadian students to enhance their India-centric competences. India has the potential to become one of the most dynamic regions of the world in economic terms as well as a scientific and cultural educational hub. A set of new developments like joint projects on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), webinars, online workshops and other digital learning content is already being developed and conducted with the cooperation and support of both countries. This is also a convenient way and a much economical option for institutes, particularly Indian institutes. The most striking fact is that these curriculums could be merged with t regular courses and hence become a very cost-effective way to receive foreign education. This kind of mixed academic pedagogy is currently the need of the hour. Several semester exchanges, summer schools projects, bursaries and various types of scholarships like Shastri-Indo-Canadian Scholarships, Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship, Ontario Graduate Scholarship Program and Banting Post-Doctoral Fellowships are some of the measures already in existence. This type of global exposure broadens horizons and supports Indian students in spreading their network academically and raises the bar of learning. In similar fashion, India provides a vivid range of educational programs for Canadian students which offer various courses from different streams. Many Indian universities and colleges utilise their freedom of designing courses to meet international standards which also creates a whole new spectrum of new innovative courses to choose from., The primary objective before India and Canada to develop their academic partnership is to unlock the full potential of their education diplomacy program. In order to achieve benefits, it is important to understand the genesis, objectives and other multifaceted requirements of the young populations of both countries, to ensure that Canada and India educational collaborations can draw up productive results by unlocking their full potential. Education is the principle key area for India-Canada partnership as it is also the most fundamental component for a vibrant economy, responsible societies and for the development of a skilled workforce. With the world going global, there is an increased demand for better education particularly in the higher income groups of India, the students seeking best available opportunities for themselves as education is going global. With the introduction of the new education policy in India, Indian students are decidedly looking forward for a more promising and productive future.

<urn:uuid:9462f04d-0d67-4a1c-a026-90992876f61b>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://diplomacybeyond.com/articulating-benefits-and-challenges-india-canada-academic-diplomacy/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020024111-20211020054111-00311.warc.gz

en

Story of Apple The story of Apple can be described in five separate phases, with each one facing its own strategic concerns and issues to grapple with. The first period of 1976-1984 entailed formation of the company (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Apple was founded on April 1, 1976 in a garage in California by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Their friend, Mike Markkula, came on board to assist with marketing the firm and give the image of a million-dollar corporation. In the 1980s, all three founders left the Apple management team, only Markkula remained in the Board of Directors until August, 1997 (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). The initial reported success was mainly due to technological and marketing innovation, which helped the establishment develop breakthrough products that played an instrumental role in stimulating the growth of software applications for computers. Thus, it helped Apple to stay ahead of the competition. Moreover, this growth continued up to 1983 after the entry of International Business Machines (IBM) into the personal computers (PC) market, which offered low priced personal computers (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). The second phase of Apple story lasted from 1985 to 1997, which was featured by failures of the managers to extend and expand the company. In 1985, following the slump in the market, the founders – Wozniak and Jobs – left the firm (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). At the position of the Board’s Chairman, Jobs hired John Sculley (an executive who previously worked for Pepsi) as his deputy in 1983 (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Jobs intended to mentor Sculley; however, in 1985, a power struggle intensified between them. Jobs had a more entrepreneurial orientation and wanted Apple to engage in new directions that seemed risky. By contrast, Scully felt that the enterprise had grown enough to the point it had to be cautious in its strategic moves (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). The Board sided with Sculley because they felt that he was more experienced in leading the corporation to its next level. As a result, Jobs resigned and sold all shares except one (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). With Sculley becoming both the Chairman and the CEO, the company planned a significant turnaround. Sculley reorganized Apple with a keen emphasis on streamlining the operations as well as the expenses. Wozniak left at that time. A considerable growth in sales was recorded between 1986-1987 of about 40 percent from $ 1.9 billion to 2.7 billion (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). During the early 1990s, Apple was the paramount seller of personal computers. However, over the span of 1993-1995, there were drastic changes in the management following domination of Microsoft in the computer industry due to strategic partnership between Intel and Microsoft (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). In 1993, Sculley had to resign and Michael H Spindler assumed leadership (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). In the course of this period, there were numerous acquisition offers although many executives preferred merger of Apple with another venture. With no incorporation looming, the majority of executives resigned. Spindler resigned and Gilbert Amelio became the CEO of Apple. During his tenure, the firm lost a considerable portion of its market share, earnings and the stock value declined considerable. The market was dominated by Microsoft then. Apple acquired NeXT in a bid to regain its footing in the personal computer market, which led to return of Jobs as the CEO since it was the part of the purchase agreement (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Have your dreamed that your academic life would be full of fun and emotions? You would not miss parties, datings and trips... Instead of writing, you would play video games and chill? We have created this service for such students as you - who can write an assignment, but prefers to spent these unforgettable years in more pleasant way. We consider that being a student is the best period of YOUR life and we would help! Fill in the order form (less than 5 minutes), provide your paper requirements and enjoy your life!ORDER NOW! Why Mid-Terms.com is your BEST choice in custom writing? 24/7 Customer Support We have 24/7 customer support to help you. Feel free to drop us an email or contact via free Live Chat. We fully respect your integrity and all details will be kept wholly confidential throughout the process. Plagiarism Free Papers Our every paper is written from scratch. You would never meet the person with the same work. Save lots of cash with us! Placing an Order You Would Get Your Own Code Submit an order to get your referral code. This code will be unique for you and can be shared with your friends. Note, that this code would provide your friend with 17% exclusive discount! You will earn money if your friend would make an order, using your referral code. You will get a partial percentage of amount on every successful assignment completion (10% from his/her orders). Amazing Discount System 15% off for your first any order and lifetime discounts system! The next important phase in the growth of Apple passed between 1998 and 2001, during which Jobs stopped the majority of existing projects that were undertaken by the corporation such as the iBook. Apple shops were reopened, the iPod was introduced and the iTunes music store was launched. The 2002-2006 period is another important stage of Apple’s history, which was distinguished by corporate resurgence (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). The company re-launched the iMac in design but did not perform in the market as expected. More stores appeared in Canada, Europe, UK, and Japan, resulting in about 167 retail outlets globally. At this time, iPod emerged as the leader in a novel industry pioneered by Apple (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). From 2007 onwards, the enterprise has focused more on mobile consumer electronics. The name Apple Computer Inc. was changed to Apple Inc. because the firm diversified from computers. Some of the innovative products launched during this era include the iPhone, App Store, the iPad, and Apple TV among others (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Steve Jobs’ Entrepreneurial Characteristics Steve Jobs had a number of entrepreneurial characteristics that played an important role in ensuring the initial success of the corporation as well its corporate resurgence after he returned to Apple. The first entrepreneurial trait exhibited by Jobs is optimism and self-confidence (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). In this respect, Jobs was able to see the potential that Pixar had. In fact, prosperity of Pixar has been attributed to relentless drive of Jobs, which was crucial in transforming the company to become one of the best studios today. Jobs found Pixar when it was underperforming but managed to reform and advance it. During Jobs’ tenure as the CEO and Chairman of Pixar, the animation film studio created 3 of the 6 highest grossing animated movies of all times, which included Toy Story, A Bug’s Life, and Toy Story 2 (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Some analysts state that Jobs and Michael Eisner – Walt Disney’s CEO – had a rocky relationship since both of them were overconfident. The second entrepreneurial quality of Jobs was the ability to take calculated risks. When the popularity of personal computers was soaring and more standardized computers were being developed because of their user-friendliness associated with the Windows Operating Systems, Jobs envisioned a chance to innovate (L?sted, 2012). At the time, designs and ideas of Apple were relatively less widespread initially when compared to those of Microsoft as evidenced by their market share. Jobs’ approach was to continually tweak product coupled with the addition of attractive designs and extra elements, which gradually started gaining attention. The outcome was that Apple emerged as a leader in the operating systems market (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Hence, the firm was not opting to conform to the trends that dominated the market. Furthermore, it can be noted that Jobs differed from Sculley owing to the fact that the former was more oriented towards venturing while Sculley wanted to play it safe. The third entrepreneurial feature peculiar by Jobs is the ability to respond to challenges positively. During the first quarter of 1997, Apple reported the loss of about $ 708 million. With an immense obstacle ahead, Jobs had to devise solutions to help ensure that Apple remained afloat (L?sted, 2012). He reached a deal with Microsoft in order to secure survival of the company, which encouraged Microsoft to invest $ 150 million to acquire a non-voting minority stake. The fact that Jobs assumed leadership of a firm that was facing decline is an indicator that he was ready to respond to the challenge. Consequently, Apple would later regain profitability quicker than anticipated. Flexibility is also another important entrepreneurial trait exhibited by Jobs. Immediately after he was dismissed from his own establishment, Jobs moved on and founded NeXT, which was subsequently acquired by Apple. Moreover, Steve Jobs’ ability to adapt is evident in his vision of the enterprise (L?sted, 2012). For instance, after realizing that the corporation could no longer be sustainable selling computers alone, he induced it to develop other goods. Over the course of his leadership at Apple, the latter has expanded the scope of its manufacturing portfolio in a bid to adapt to changes in the external environment (L?sted, 2012). In this respect, Jobs strategically managed leading Apple through the period of novel product launch, heightened competition, and technology that is rapidly changing, which require flexibility to be able to successfully run a company through turbulent times (L?sted, 2012). Another important entrepreneurial attribute of Jobs’ is knowledge of markets. While launching the various Apple products, Jobs seldom talked about their features. He rarely mentioned such characteristics as resolution of the screen or speed of the processor (L?sted, 2012). He knew that most people were not concerned about these aspects, and those who were considerate of the latter could easily access that information on the official website. Rather, he emphasized significantly how the product would affect experience of the user. He once stated that he found it irritating to carry an MP3 player and a phone, and with the iPhone, both were condensed into a single device that could be easily carried around (L?sted, 2012). Jobs concentrated on simplicity, style, and efficiency in which people evinced considerable interest. With this vast knowledge of the market, Apple was able to elaborate innovative items that had a profound impact on the lives of people (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). In addition, Jobs had an aggressive and demanding personality, which is one of the important attributes that eminent entrepreneurs have. Apple’s Strategic Strategies and Operational/Competitive Strategies The strategic and operational tactics adopted by Apple have been instrumental in ensuring the success of the company. The first aspect of Apple’s business strategy is the focus on delivering the best user experience. Thus, this is the first right thing that Apple did, and has been the guiding principle for the firm since its establishment. Besides, this was achieved by leveraging innovation to offer customers novel products and solutions characterized by superior design, seamless integration, and ease of usage (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). In order to realize this strategy right, Apple believes that continuous investment in research and development is crucial for creating and enhancing breakthrough technologies. The product development strategy adopted by the corporation reflects constant improvement of existing goods to incorporate new features and broaden practical knowledge of purchasers. As a part of increasing experience of their customers, Apple also expanded its distribution as means of effective enticement of more clients and providing them with high quality sales as well as after-sales support (Abdelsamad et al., 2010; L?sted, 2012). Overall, the management did the right thing by hinging its business strategy on buyers’ experience since its foundation, and this was achieved through continuous enhancement of existing manufactured articles, promoting new innovative items, and expanding distribution to attract more purchasers. The second aspect of Apple’s business strategy is differentiation (L?sted, 2012). Hence, this strategy was devised since the early days of the company wherein the latter focused on designing key product qualities to differentiate itself from the competitors (L?sted, 2012). For instance, Apple developed an integrated computer system that accompanied an operating system installed. Moreover, this was different from the prevailing trend in the market that was characterized by buying computer parts from various vendors and then installing the operating system of another retailor (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Apple viewed such an approach to building computers as locking out the average use; thus, they chose to devise an integrated computer system that is easy to operate. It is evident that Apple goods are unique and distinctive, which can be attributed to the elegant design coupled with user friendliness as well as high-end branding, which have successfully differentiated the firm from its rivals (L?sted, 2012). The underlying feature of this strategy is that Apple tries to ensure that it is discerned from its opponents not just in terms of price, but also other core properties that are useful to customers. The design of Apple items is such that it can be apply to anyone, that has helped the company reach a wider market segment in turn (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Again, in order to ensure clear distinction, Apple has to continually innovate by means of research and enhancement. Since rival organizations often pursue novel products and design, Apple is compelled to keep upgrading to ensure that it is ahead of competition. Therefore, Apple gives prominence to differentiation right through emphasizing continuous innovation, which constitutes an important aspect of their strategic objectives (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Furthermore, product development is another important aspect of Apple’s effective strategy. The latter is a key pillar of the corporation’s growth strategy (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Hence, this is implemented by offering attractive items in order to increase performance and market share. Yet again, Apple relies on continuous innovation through research and advancement to employ this tactics. Unconventionality is a critical success factor for Apple. For instance, some of its wares like the iPhone and the iPad are constantly updated. Additionally, Apple product development is characterized by elaborating novel items for new markets (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). A classic instance is implementation of the iPod, which created a completely new industry segment. The same approach has been adopted to the Apple Watch, which has induced a completely new section of smart watches. Therefore, by means of product development, Apple becomes the market leader of exploring pioneering technologies. What Should Tim Cook Extrapolate, and Why? In 2011, Steve Jobs took a medical leave because of his deteriorating health condition; nevertheless, he was still the CEO of the company and was responsible for making strategic decisions. As a result, Tim Cook was appointed as the Chief Operating Officer and tasked with overseeing daily operations of the firm (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Cook fulfilled his duties exceptionally well during the time when Steve Jobs was absent and even received an award for his superb performance. Cook has worked there since 1998 and occupied various positions in other organizations (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Therefore, it can be concluded that he is the perfect person to continue implementing the legacy of Steve Jobs. To this end, Cook has the responsibility of promoting the values that his predecessor established putting an emphasis on constant innovation. Cook should make use of his experience at Apple to steer the company in the right direction without undermining the principles instilled by Jobs. Whereas it would be challenging to fit into the shoes of Jobs, Cook has proven to be capable of leading the firm to greater growth in order to surpass the level achieved by Jobs; however, this demands Cook to extrapolate values that are consistent with the philosophy that has guided the venture over the years. The important aspect for Tim Cook to extrapolate is that he should act as the face of the company just as Jobs did. During tenure of the latter, it was difficult to differentiate Jobs from Apple and vice versa. Tim Cook should try to accomplish the same. One way to attain this goal is to make big announcements as Jobs did. Thus, this requires Cook to make product announcements rather than delegate it. According to L?sted (2012), product launch announcements and launches are the ideal setting for the leader to show how they are excited about the manufactured item and root for it. Therefore, this is not a task that should be assigned to senior Vice Presidents, but he should perform them by himself to show the public that he is passionate and informed about the developed goods and how they fit within the story of Apple as well as his vision of the corporation. Jobs managed to be the face of the company by making a case for Apple’s manufactured articles through describing flaws and limitations of existing items, and outlining how Apple intended to solve the problem (L?sted, 2012). He always portrayed Apple as the hero that expressed concern for clients. The outcome is that Apple customers could relate to him since he demonstrated empathy for their problems (L?sted, 2012). Tim Cook needs to adopt a similar approach by showing consumers that he knows and uses the manufactured products. Get paper of the TOP quality with 15% OFF for your 1st order! (code: midterms15)Order Now John Tarpey’s Concerns John Tarpey was anxious about how Apple would manage to report an outstanding performance despite the economic turmoil. A more important concern related to how Apple could continue maintaining the high level of operation and constant innovations (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Tarpey analyzed the income statements and balance sheets of the company in an attempt to make a recommendation for his clients on whether or not to invest in Apple (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). He was uncertain about the decision because of a number of concerns regarding the future of the corporation. For instance, he was not sure about the extent to which the success relied on Steve Jobs given his deteriorating health condition. He was not confident as to whether the succession plan initiated by the executive was an indication that the present shareholders were not convinced in the Jobs’ ability to continue holding his leadership. In addition, he had concerns about the time, which Apple rivals needed to overtake Apple in terms of product development. In general, his main unrest was the future of the company without Jobs in the picture (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). However, there is no doubt that the prospects of Apple do not include Jobs. Numerous other firms sustained their advancement even after the founders left or died. An important aspect is to ensure that values espoused by the originators are deeply instilled into the organization, which is something that Jobs achieved. Hence, this is evident by the culture of continued innovation even with Tim Cook as the CEO. New manufactured items have been introduced. Apple reported groundbreaking sales of iPhones and the stock prices have hit new highs. Therefore, it is recommended that Tarpey should encourage his clients to hold their present stocks because the future of Apple is certain.

<urn:uuid:693eccce-379c-43fb-9443-228d559331c7>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://mid-terms.com/essays/apple-case/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587767.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025185311-20211025215311-00349.warc.gz

en

Contemporary art is often criticised as pointless or overvalued by art market elites. Even the word ‘artist’ has lost much of its meaning. The many ongoing global socio-political crises seem to make even the idea of art fade into insignificance. Most art either reflects local reality (landscapes, cityscapes, portraits) or internal ‘reality’ (surrealism, conceptual art). But there are artists (in this case, I will focus on painters) who do not shy away from depicting the difficulties facing ordinary people or the elites who create those difficulties in the first place. Here we will look at particular ways in which painters deal with contemporary reality using old and new forms of art to draw attention to injustices or general social issues. When we see art that is trying to depict contemporary reality we can easily be drawn into the content of the picture without realising that the very forms used are themselves a result of conflicts of differing styles for formal and ideological reasons arising from within the artistic ‘community’ itself. While the forms can range from the purely abstract to the hyper-real, most socio-political art tends towards differing degrees of realism. Historically, nationalist artists concerned with political change resisted modern forms and looked back into their own nation’s history for inspiration. For example, the intertwining of nationalism and art in Ireland has led, in many cases, to a very inward-looking identity, a striving for Irishness in Irish art (e.g. Celtic art), a misplaced resistance to centuries of colonisation. However, in Ireland, as James Christen Steward writes: “As it has been throughout the century, internationalism in Irish painting can still be seen as emotionally fraught, the adoption of foreign influence as a form of emigration signifying Ireland’s colonization (specifically as a colonized woman). Those artists who have resisted internationalism have often sought consciously to invoke links between the individual, the community, and the Irish landscape to assert a sense of distinct identity, and this remains the case for Irish painters working in the landscape idiom.” However, there are examples of nineteenth century Irish artists who used their art and the new style of realism to highlight local social ills, such as James Brennan (1837-1907) as Claudia Kinmonth has noted: “It was rare for artists to be able to afford the indulgence of painting precisely what they wanted to paint, so the blatantly unfashionable images by James Brennan, for example, were facilitated by his salary as head of Cork School of Art. He was further driven to depict the plight of families of farmers or fishermen at home by his altruistic involvement in the setting up of Irish lace schools and his work for the Great Exhibition in London. His careful attention to the minutiae of what was once commonplace, showing cabin interiors furnished with nothing but the barest necessities, provides some of the most useful windows onto social history.” News from America (1875) (James Brennan) However, the realist form needed real subjects and they were not always enthused by the new attention and focus on their lives and occupations. Some artists converged on the Claddagh in Galway (in the west of Ireland) in the move towards realism and away from romanticism. These included socially engaged British artists. The international focus of realism on the peasant and working class allowed these artists to leapfrog nationalist concerns and paint outside their own community. The initial suspicions of the local people towards artists suddenly taking an interest in their lives soon changed, as is shown by the experiences of the English painters Goodall and Topham in the Claddagh. While at first perceived to be ‘tax-collectors, spies or Protestants’, they were eventually accepted by the people and even stayed with them. Despite typical hostility to outsiders, Julian Campbell writes, “It was here in the Claddagh and the fish market that a colony of Irish and British artists began to gather in the 1830s and 1840s, the period just before the Great Famine and the arrival of the steam train to Galway. Significantly, this was exactly the same time as the Barbizon School of landscape painters was beginning to form in the forest of Fontainebleau in France. Unlike the earlier groups of painters in county Kerry whose interest had been primarily in landscape, the artists in Galway focused their attention on the everyday lives and activities of the Galway people in a series of genre pictures. […] The Claddagh provided an authentic fishing village of thatched dwellings to study, and the fish market much colourful activity to observe.” Cottage Interior, Claddagh, Galway (1845) (Francis William Topham) The French Barbizon artists were initially influenced by the English artist, John Constable, to draw their inspiration directly from nature and to leave the formalism of the Classical style in the studio. Soon, however, this idea was developed by Jean-François Millet from painting the landscape to depicting the local people themselves: “Millet extended the idea from landscape to figures — peasant figures, scenes of peasant life, and work in the fields. In The Gleaners (1857), for example, Millet portrays three peasant women working at the harvest. Gleaners are poor people who are permitted to gather the remains after the owners of the field complete the main harvest. The owners (portrayed as wealthy) and their laborers are seen in the back of the painting. Millet shifted the focus and the subject matter from the rich and prominent to those at the bottom of the social ladders. To emphasize their anonymity and marginalized position, he hid their faces. The women’s bowed bodies represent their everyday hard work.” The Gleaners (1857) (Jean-François Millet) As we move into the twentieth century even realism itself became institutionalized, producing reactions such as the Ashcan School in New York. They used a darker, rougher style of realist painting to express the poverty of the working class in the ghettoes. Artists working in this style such as Robert Henri (1865–1929), George Luks (1867–1933), William Glackens (1870–1938), John Sloan (1871–1951), and Everett Shinn (1876–1953) were not a formal group, but: “Their unity consisted of a desire to tell certain truths about the city and modern life they felt had been ignored by the suffocating influence of the Genteel Tradition in the visual arts. Robert Henri, in some ways the spiritual father of this school, “wanted art to be akin to journalism… he wanted paint to be as real as mud, as the clods of horse-shit and snow, that froze on Broadway in the winter.”” Hairdresser’s Window (John Sloan) Back in Europe, during the 1920s and 1930s German Expressionism was at its height and artists like George Grosz and Max Beckman focused less on the working class and more on decadent society and the rise of the Nazis. German expressionism contrasts with the Ashcan School on a formal level as expressionism presents ‘the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas’ unlike realism where the emphasis on objectivity is more important. The use of distortion, caricature and the general aesthetics of ugliness became the formal basis of the art of George Grosz who used this form as an implicit criticism of what he saw around him: “In his drawings, usually in pen and ink which he sometimes developed further with watercolor, Grosz did much to create the image most have of Berlin and the Weimar Republic in the 1920s. Corpulent businessmen, wounded soldiers, prostitutes, sex crimes and orgies were his great subjects.” Max Beckman looked back even further into the history of art and mixed expressionism with medieval aesthetics and forms to represent contemporary reality as he saw it: “Beckmann reinvented the religious triptych and expanded this archetype of medieval painting into an allegory of contemporary humanity. […] Many of Beckmann‘s paintings express the agonies of Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Some of his imagery refers to the decadent glamor of the Weimar Republic’s cabaret culture, but from the 1930s on, his works often contain mythologized references to the brutalities of the Nazis. Beyond these immediate concerns, his subjects and symbols assume a larger meaning, voicing universal themes of terror, redemption, and the mysteries of eternity and fate.” Departure (1932-5) (Max Beckman) Contemporary versions of these approaches can be seen in the realist work of the American painter Max Ginsberg and the more expressionist approach of the English painter John Keane. Ginsburg’s painting Foreclosure has a baroque feel to it. While today baroque is associated with over-the-top exaggeration and opulence, it was rooted much more in realism than romanticism (a reaction to the Age of Enlightenment and the scientific rationalization of nature). The features of baroque consisted of dramatic tension, heightened realism, illusions of motion, and classical elements used without classical restraint. Ginsburg, like Beckman, is looking back at earlier forms to express contemporary dilemmas. Foreclosure (Max Ginsberg) His work is usually straight-up realism but the baroque style of Foreclosure allows him to use more dramatic expressions of the crisis in hand. His interest and concern is reflected in his comment on the painting: “It is unconscionable that people are being evicted from their homes, especially when banks and corporations are being bailed out. This injustice is not supposed to happen in America. In this painting I wanted to express the anguish and frustration of people in this situation.” Ginsburg’s painting War-Pieta shows a similar interest in art history put to contemporary use. He writes: “I wanted to bring attention to the horror of war, and in this case the war in Iraq. I thought of a mother losing her son and the Pieta paintings of the Old Masters and of Michelangelo’s sculpture, Pieta, showing the Madonna mourning the death of her son. In my painting I sought to symbolically connect, and contrast, the image of a real mother screaming in anguish over the death of her soldier son with the Old Master images of the Madonna mourning the death of her son in a rather unreal, quiet and serene way. The torn fatigues, the mangled soldier’s body and the flag symbolize one of the many young Americans who have been killed in this war.” War-Pieta (Max Ginsberg) The English artist John Keane uses expressionism as a form for dealing with Tony Blair’s ‘mercurial’ appearance at the Chilcot Inquiry into the Iraq war. While Ginsburg’s work depicts ordinary people in sometimes extraordinary situations, Keane has focused on those who caused them. Here we can see realism used as a form to depict the victims of a state agenda and expressionist distortion used to depict one of the executors of that same agenda. Figure at an Inquiry no 5 (John Keane) However, the challenge for contemporary artists is not to fall into the trap of constantly portraying people as victims. Art must be inspired and inspiring. As an artist one can draw attention to the difficulties faced by people the world over but it is also important to recognize that everywhere there are people active in solving problems and trying to change society for the better, both socially and politically. The massive demonstrations against war in Iraq are a case in point: “On February 15, 2003, there was a coordinated day of protests across the world in which people in more than 600 cities expressed opposition to the imminent Iraq War. It was part of a series of protests and political events that had begun in 2002 and continued as the war took place. Social movement researchers have described the 15 February protest as “the largest protest event in human history”” Peace-March (Max Ginsburg) Ginsburg describes the process of painting an image of many people of all ages and types on the streets demonstrating noting also influential artists and styles: “The differences and individuality of people marching for peace is quite different than the mechanical sameness of soldiers marching. I took many photographs at a Peace March protesting the war in Iraq and selected ten of them that were good for expression and composition to use as reference. Attention was paid to the variation of individuals and the expression of determination. Based on these photographs, I made a compositional sketch for the grouping of figures, perspective and darks and lights. Then, with the aid of a grid, I transferred the drawings to the large canvas to scale. And then I proceeded to paint, in my usual direct alla prima style. I was greatly influenced by Ilya Repin’s Religious Procession painting and Kathe Kollwitz’ The Weavers.” Subject / Object The change in realism over time from Millet’s peasants to narrative painting has also seen the move from the depiction of people as oppressed objects to passive subjects to engaged subjects. It seems that the opposite happens with expressionist depictions – a shift from the subject to the object. By objectifying our problems, bad leaders etc a certain distancing is achieved. Images of unity in mass demonstrations counter media strategies of divide and rule while the subjective, up-close, prettified televised images of silver-tongued politicians need some objectification to put conservative policies and agendas into perspective. Socially and politically conscious artists counteract the controlled images of the state and find new ways of seeing by looking back to images and forms of the past while at the same time searching for new methods of depicting the problems of the present. James Christen Steward et al, When Time Began to Rant and Rage: Figurative Painting from Twentieth-Century Ireland (London: Merrell Holberton Publishers, 1999) p.22 Crawford Art Gallery, Whipping the Herring: Survival and Celebration in Ninteenth-Century Irish Art (Cork: Gandon Editions, 2006) p.37 Crawford Art Gallery, Whipping the Herring: Survival and Celebration in Nineteenth-Century Irish Art (Cork: Gandon Editions, 2006) p.28 Crawford Art Gallery, Whipping the Herring: Survival and Celebration in Nineteenth-Century Irish Art (Cork: Gandon Editions, 2006) p.27

<urn:uuid:3abf6751-a8b8-4757-b41e-3779a3abb7f7>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/29/the-artistic-representation-of-war-and-peace-politics-and-the-global-crisis/print/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587767.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025185311-20211025215311-00350.warc.gz

en

“Different” – Hamnett Place Community Garden – Wilkinsburg, PA – Cherry trees are a tough plant in companion planting, the sticky sap commonly seen seeping from the trunk is a magnet for pests. Flowering plants that will attract predatory wasps can often be the only organic technique available. Alliums can also be effective as a general pest repellant. This post and plant list is an extension of a past post that can be found right here – Planting Under Fruit Trees with more information and another list of companion plants… This post is meant to accompany it… One of the most common mistakes made when making plant selections for under a fruit tree is thinking of the planting as the center of attention when in fact it is the tree. Permaculture plant guilds created under a fruit tree, though possibly created with selfish intentions, are actually incorporated to benefit the tree.. Not you… The plants used underneath a fruit tree can serve a multitude of functions, it is not unfair to consider yourself as a beneficiary of your plants, but as far as permaculture is concerned, it is not the responsible primary function. We create a fruit tree guild for the purposes of pest prevention, beneficial attraction, scent masking, soil remediation and general beautification, but the common goal is generally the health and fruit production of the primary tree. The dream of having a vegetable garden under a production fruit tree is more or less a pipe dream in all but the warmest climates. That’s not to say that some vegetables can’t be grown, but it is a very safe assumption on my part to say that a tomato or pepper plant will never reach the same production level as one growing in full sun. This is just one of the reasons I suggest putting your focus on the trees needs. Tending vegetables takes valuable time (and unnecessary nutrients) away from the tree, when in fact your efforts should be focused on the tree. Perennial plants are typically the most beneficial as far as a tree is concerned, again I want to stress that the primary focus of these types of efforts needs to be on the tree, if you are stuck planting annuals every spring it will only take time away from your primary focus. A fruit tree can live for a hundred years, a properly planted guild under the canopy can last for a good chunk of this trees life. Armed with this knowledge the question now becomes what will not only grow under a fruit tree, but benefit it for the foreseeable future… Dwarf fruit trees require a lot more maintenance than most people realize, I think many are led to believe that there tree will stay tiny forever. Dwarf fruit trees are very confused trees and therefore can take on a mind of their own, aggressive pruning is often required to keep them producing. Many dwarf trees will be nothing more than a single stem a few feet tall when planted, the tree will grow quickly if not pruned. Dwarf trees will stay small for a few years, it is completely acceptable to plant annuals around them. It will be several years before this tree develops a canopy, therefore the space surrounding the tree will be considered full-sun for the foreseeable future. In sustainable agriculture “alley cropping” is a method where rows of fruit or nut trees are planted, and the spaces between are used for annual crops. This is done until the trees reach production size and shade out the alley, providing short-term income while the more valuable trees mature. “Blue Borage” – Whitney Avenue – Wilkinsburg, PA – Growing under a Kousa Dogwood… Perfectly happy in the shade and will come back for years to come through self seeding. – Herbaceous Plants – For my Herb specific post check out – Planting Herbs Under Fruit Trees… Lavender – A flowering plant in the mint family, many cultivars of which are extensively cultivated in temperate climates. The plant is technically a perennial, though it is a short-lived one often losing vigor as time passes by. Lavender is extremely useful around fruit trees due to its repellant qualities, many insects and animals find it repulsive and will therefore avoid it all costs. Besides benefiting the fruit tree, lavender will benefit many other types of plants and should therefore be incorporated into any garden plan. Tansy – Is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant of the Aster family. Tansy is commonly cultivated and used for its insect repellent properties, it is used as a biological pest control in organic gardens and sustainable agriculture. In England, Tansy is placed on window sills to repel flies, sprigs are placed in bed linens to drive away pests, and it has been used as an ant repellent. Southernwood – A flowering plant native to Europe in the genus Artemisia, named for the goddess Artemis. The growing plant tends to repel fruit tree moths when grown in an orchard, the fresh plant can also be rubbed on the skin to deter other insects. This plant is commonly dries and used in the house to repel ants and other indoor pests, when burned the scent can remove many foul odors from the house. Horseradish – Believe it or not, Horseradish is in the Brassica family. Although this plant is typically harvested and used, when left in the ground it will spread via underground shoots and therefore can become mildly invasive in many permaculture gardens. Horseradish is a broad-leafed plant allowing it to harvest sunlight even when planted in shade, this makes it a perfect companion for trees. Horseradish is said to generally be good for the overall health of a tree, it is not uncommon for old timers to tell stories of trees that were never productive until horseradish was planted below… Though others will claim it affects the taste of the fruit afterwards… Borage – Also known as Starflower, is an annual herb that tends to self seed allowing it to come back year after year. Although this plant is edible, the leaves often being described as cucumber-like, its primary purpose in permaculture is as a companion plant. Borage accumulates and adds trace minerals to the soil and is a key ingredient in a complete compost heap. Borage also is one of the best bee and wasp attracting plants available, therefore it will benefit everything planted around it… Given the stunning blue flowers… It will even benefit you… Nasturtium – Tropaeolum, commonly known as Nasturtium literally means “nose twister” or “nose-tweaker”, a reference to the peppery scent and taste of the flowers. Nasturtium is used in herbal medicine for their antiseptic and expectorant qualities. When planted under apple trees it is a powerful deterrent of the notorious codling moth, not to mention a whole host of other insect species not only damaging to the tree, but to other plants surrounding. Hyssop – A herbaceous plant of the genus Hyssopus. Due to its properties as an antiseptic, cough reliever, and expectorant, it is commonly used as an aromatic herb. Drought tolerance makes this an ideal plant for underneath the canopy of a fruit tree, flowers make it a beneficial insect attractor. Hyssop shares many of the same benefits as mint since they are from the same family, though it is not as invasive so it is typically more suited to inter planting than mint. Wormwood – Artemesia absinthium is a herbaceous, perennial plant with a fibrous root system. A powerful animal repellant suitable for plantings at the edge of properties. Wormwood is also a powerful insect repellant, it can be made into a tea or applied as a sporadic mulch throughout the garden. Wormwood produces a powerful poison and therefore should never be used directly on food crops, applications should be indirect. Dandelion – Are tap-rooted biennial or perennial herbaceous plants, native to temperate areas of the world. Dandelions are thought to have evolved about thirty million years ago in Eurasia, they have been used by humans as food and herb for much of recorded history. Dandelions are one of the first plants to bloom in the spring and therefore are a very important source of nectar and pollen early in the season. Its tap-root will bring up nutrients for shallower-rooting plants, and add minerals and nitrogen to the soil. Dandelions are even said to emit ethylene gas which helps fruit ripen. – Food Producing Shrubs – Will never produce the same as when field grown, but will still produce. Currant – The genus Ribes includes black currants, red currants, white currents, and gooseberries and several other hybrid varieties. Currants do very well in shade, though an interesting trait I have observed is if even part of the plant grows into full sunlight only the part in full sun will produce fruit… The rest of the plant seems to go into a vegetative state. Nanking Cherry – Is a deciduous shrub native to Asia, an understory shrub that has evolved to survive under the canopy of a tree. Will produce more fruit if planted on the outskirts of the tree, can even be used as a windscreen for more tender plants. This tree-like shrub can grow to eight feet tall, vigorous pruning can be required to keep it under control. Serviceberry – Native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, growing primarily in early succession habitats. Varieties differ so care must be paid during selection for under planting a fruit tree, the short multi-stemmed varieties are typically best. I personally prefer to plant the serviceberry in close quarters with fruit trees, the serviceberry attracts birds that after finishing your tasty berries will immediately turn their attention to the insects. Raspberry – Named varieties are in the thousands, most are thorny… All are delicious.. The thorny varieties not only repel larger animals, they tend to repel thievery as well. After all, what’s a few lost raspberries when the apples are spared from the deer. Raspberries are very vigorous and when not kept in check can become a massive, and invasive headache. They will do a great job of keeping the neighborhood children from stealing the fruits of your labor. Likewise, they can also keep you away from your trees. I recommend the raspberries be planted outside of the drip line, being able to get a lawn mower between your patch and tree is paramount in keeping the patch in bounds. – Vegetables – Though I stress, they typically do not thrive like they would in full sun, growing these vegetables is possible Carrots – typically grown in full sun tolerate some shade. In order to avoid deformed carrots they are typically grown in loose soil, but for our purposes the uncultivated soil under a tree will work just fine. A carrot is like a stake in the ground, as it expands it will loosen the soil. Carrots left in the ground will eventually break down, adding nutrients it has harvested to the top layer of soil. Chard – Typically grown in full sun, it is important to remember that broad-leaved plants are equipped with enough surface area to tolerate some shade. Bright lights chard will not grow as brightly as if it were planted in full sun, but it will grow. Kale – Another leaf crop commonly grown in full sun, most food plants that do not produce a fruit or vegetable can tolerate some shade, kale happens to be one of those plants. I actually like to grow some Brassicas under a tree as a trap crop, bugs tend to be more attracted to the weaker plants as opposed to the stronger more vigorous plants grown in full sun. Asparagus – Opposite the fact that broad-leaved plants ability to absorb more light makes them more shade tolerant, thin leafed plants do not require as much light making them also tolerant of some shade. Asparagus is an ideal food plant for under fruit trees, the primary harvest season happens at a time when many fruit trees have yet to leaf out. Because of this asparagus is one of the few vegetables that are not affected negatively when grown under a tree. Beets – Beets in general can handle some shade, in really hot weather they actually benefit from it. Beets in full shade will grow beautiful foliage, but the energy is rarely ever there to produce a sizeable root. Beets are nutrient accumulators and therefore there is absolutely no harm in leaving the plants in the ground to rot. The benefit of the beet is for the tree, not the gardener. Beans – Beans are another vegetable that does not seem to be affected by some shade, in the hottest months the shade provided by a tree is actually preferred. Beans accumulate nitrogen, when the beans have been harvested the remaining plant should be left in place to decompose. Peas – Another tasty biddle that is perfectly at home when grown in the shade of a tree, typically only grown in the cooler months, a tree can often provide a third late summer harvest. Peas are in the Legume family and therefore accumulate Nitrogen, after harvest the plant should be left in place. plant petunias and question everything – chriscondello This site… And all the photographs and information presented within are provided free of charge by the author… I am not affiliated with any product or business… Only myself… Writing this blog takes a ton of time… If you find any of this information helpful, please consider purchasing a print from my online store… It is obviously not a requirement… But it helps… I sell prints of my photography here – http://www.society6.com/chriscondello Or you can contact me directly at [email protected] for commissions or locally/personally produced prints… Thank you for reading… This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

<urn:uuid:0ff97dfe-a589-4344-85fa-e529a9432a1f>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://chriscondello.wordpress.com/tag/green/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585439.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021164535-20211021194535-00671.warc.gz

en

Títeres en el Caribe: Debunking the Myth of Dominican (In)Dependence Written by: Jay Espinosa Every February, the Dominican Republic becomes a bumping cultural stage for carnaval. A historic cultural festival started by enslaved African people, carnaval ends on the week of the 27th, the Dominican day of independence. Yet, the origin and integrity of this independence are rarely questioned. To be truly independent, a country must determine its own political and economic interests. Has this ever been the case in the Dominican Republic? Is the Dominican Republic actually independent? 1821 – 1865: From Dominican Independence to Spanish Chains Before separating from Haiti in 1844, the Dominican Republic was briefly known as the Estado Independiente del Haití Español (Independent State of Spanish Haiti) after winning independence from Spain on December 1, 1821. This two-month old nation then united with Haiti on February 9, 1822 for twenty-two years. Another victorious war of independence in 1844 separated the island and established the Dominican Republic. The new country’s leadership was quickly consumed by internal beef over who should lead the nation. These leaders were also afraid of Haiti, which until 1856 unsuccessfully attempted to reunite the island. The United States government also feared Black sovereignty spreading throughout the Caribbean. This led U.S. officials, who were already suspicious of the non-White mulatto composition of Dominican people, to conditionally support Dominican nationalism in order to block Black nationalism at the Haitian border. During this time, the Dominican Republic was not a homogenous class society. Following independence, most Dominicans were impoverished Black people and preferred Haitian rule because it guaranteed freedom from slavery and better economic conditions. The Dominican leadership that triumphed over Haiti, however, was of a bourgeois hue and preferred independence. Its members descended from wealthy families and owed much of their prestige and paler complexion to Spanish colonialism; their privileged class status and racial composition did little to prevent factional splits. La Trinitaria, comprised of urban elites from Santo Domingo, formed the nationalist faction, while caudillos, or military strongmen, represented an authoritarian annexationist position that fetishized submission to colonization. Caudillos ruled with a machista iron fist that ultimately forced Juan Pablo Duarte and his Trinitaria comrades out the country. The remaining leadership argued that Dominican independence could not be defended against Haiti without foreign protection. No one represented this cowardly obsession of anti-Haitian resubmission to colonization more than Dominican caudillo dictators Pedro Santana and Buenaventura Báez. Even though they helped to win the Dominican Republic’s first war of independence, Santana and Báez found every way to literally sell out Dominican people. In 1846 and 1849, Santana and Baez failed to convince France and the U.S. to colonize the country, before successfully inviting Spain to recolonize the Dominican Republic in 1861. The U.S. was too distracted by civil war to invoke its imperialist Monroe Doctrine — a policy that blocked Europe from taking American lands and riches the U.S. claimed for itself — against Spain. Nevertheless, Spanish rule was again challenged by the two-year Dominican independence War of Restoration on August 16th, 1863. It was co-led by the African-descended Dominican nationalist Gregorio Luperón, who united with peasants to prevent the reinstatement of slavery and defeated Spain on July 15, 1865. The Dominican Republic was, once again, a republic. That we celebrate the 1844 day of independence from Haiti and not the 1865 one from Spain is purposeful; it enshrines the country’s opposition to Haiti. 1865 – 1916: From Dominican Independence to U.S. Chains Recolonization efforts reemerged after 1865, as divisions continued and a commitment to Dominican independence remained unsettled. In 1868, Dominican president José María Cabral asked the U.S. to partially colonize the country by leasing the Samaná peninsula. That same year, Báez became president again and one-upped Cabral by again shamelessly begging the U.S. to colonize the country. Báez was negotiating an annexation treaty with U.S. president Ulysses Grant when he asked Grant to help protect the Dominican Republic from alleged Haitian pirates. Realizing that the “pirates” threatened U.S. commercial ships, Grant ordered the first official U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic in 1869. The 1869 U.S. invasion triggered a third Dominican war of independence, this time against U.S. imperialism. The annexation treaty was later dropped by the U.S. Senate, which was considering making the Dominican Republic a 38th state. Still, Báez briefly leased Samaná to a U.S. corporation before being overthrown in 1874. Dominicans spent the rest of the late 1800s ruled by a mix of individual and coalition presidencies, some elected and others overthrown through golpes de estado. The longest and most notable presidency during this time was served by the Haitian-descended Dominican general Ulises Heureaux. A popular war hero in the second and third wars of independence and a close friend of Luperón, Heureaux attempted to finally stabilize the country’s economy. He boosted tobacco and sugar production, modernized infrastructure, electrified Santo Domingo, and built railroads. However, Huereaux evolved into a corrupt dictator who looted the Dominican treasury and drowned the country in debt after ridiculous borrowing from U.S. and European banks. Haiti, on the other hand, was enjoying a more stable and prosperous period that promoted stronger political, economic, social, and cultural development. Haiti had even paid off most of its debt (or rather extortion for winning its independence) to France by the late 1800s. Haiti’s independence was thus more tangible, mature, and sustainable. In fact, by 1900, Haiti was the only independent nation in the Caribbean, as all neighboring territories were colonized by Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United States. After Heureaux was assassinated in 1899, the Dominican Republic entered the 20th century with its independence — both political and economic — still hanging by someone else’s strings. By 1900, Dominican leaders still could not agree on who should lead the nation, as revolts flipped presidents like queso frito in a frying pan. Conditions were ripe for another invasion, as U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt picked up where Grant left off in the quest to colonize the Dominican Republic. After conquering Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines, Roosevelt and his glutenous corporate vultures ordered a second U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic in 1904 to protect U.S. sugar interests and end the “Santo Domingo Affair.” The Dominican Republic still owed a lot of money to the U.S. and Europe. In order to prevent another European violation of the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt ordered a third U.S. invasion of the Caribbean country in 1905. By conjuring the self-imposed powers of the Monroe Doctrine and its amended Roosevelt Corollary, the stage was set for the U.S. to do as it pleased in Dominican affairs. Roosevelt sent the U.S. military to take over the Dominican Republic’s customs house and pay off its debt by 1907. That same year, the U.S. replaced the Dominican peso with the dollar, and imposed a one-sided treaty to restore “order.” The Dominican Republic barely stabilized, as political turmoil ravaged the country in 1911 and 1914, sparking a fourth and fifth U.S. invasion. By 1914, there had already been forty-three presidents and nineteen constitutions in the Dominican Republic since 1844, compared to eleven and one in the U.S. by that year. The 44th Dominican president was Juan Jimenes, a caudillo who was pressured by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to: “(1) grant the United States control of virtually every aspect of Dominican finances, to include collecting and disbursing the customs revenues; and (2) dissolve the Dominican armed forces and replace them with a constabulary (later known as La Guardia Nacional) commanded by an American officer appointed by the U.S. President.” Jimenes surprisingly resisted, worried that he would be seen as a traitor by the Dominican people. However, another potential golpe de estado prompted Wilson to send the marines in 1916 to support Jimenes, even against his wishes. With a sudden backbone, Jimenes immediately resigned, opening the floodgates for a sixth U.S. invasion. This is a multi-part article in a series critically analyzing the history of “independence” in the Dominican Republic. The second part was published on March 15, 2020, the date of the country’s rescheduled municipal elections after they were suspiciously suspended on February 16, 2020. Jay Espinosa is an Nuyo-Dominican writer and photographer. He was born and raised in the Bronx, New York to parents who immigrated from the Dominican Republic. Jay can be followed on Instagram @thejayespi. - Duval, Jérôme. “Haiti: From Slavery to Debt.” November 10, 2017. CounterPunch. Date accessed February 1, 2020. https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/11/10/haiti-from-slavery-to-debt/ - Ferguson, James. Dominican Republic: Beyond the Lighthouse (1992). Latin America Bureau. - Global Exchange. “The Dominican Peso.” Date Accessed: February 1, 2020. https://www.globalexchange.es/en/currencies-of-the-world/dominican-peso - Goldberg, Maren. Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Ulises Heureaux” (Accessed February 1, 2020). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulises-Heureaux - Greenberg, Lawrence M. “United States Army Unilateral and Coalition Operations in the 1965 Dominican Republic Intervention” (1987). U.S. Army Center of Military History. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a181823.pdf - Richard A. Haggerty, ed. Dominican Republic: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1989. http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/ - Torres-Saillant, Silvio, “Introduction to Dominican Blackness” (2010). CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/dsi_pubs/3 - Veggeberg, Vernont. “A Comprehensive Approach to CounterInsurgency: The U.S. Military Occupation of the Dominican Republic, 1916-1924” (2008). United States Marine Corps. www.apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a491390.pdf - Wallenfeldt, Jeff. Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Buenaventura Báez” (January 1, 2020). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buenaventura-Báez - Weightman, Richard. “Monroe Doctrine Not Involved in the Santo Domingo Affair,” HST 325 – U.S. Foreign Relations to 1914 (MSU), accessed February 25, 2020, http://projects.leadr.msu.edu/usforeignrelations/items/show/281. - La Trinitaria image: “Año del bicentenario del natalicio de Juan Pablo Duarte.” Fundacion Dominicana Museo del Mapa Inc. 2013. http://lanacion.com.do/principales/rd-celebra-hoy-el-206-aniversario-del-natalicio-de-juan-pablo-duarte/ Date Accessed: February 27, 2020. - Railroad image: Morrison, Allen. “The Tramways of the Dominican Republic.” 2017. Date accessed: February 1, 2020. http://www.tramz.com/dr/dr.html - Gregorio Luperon art image: Brown, Nancy D. Writing Horseback. Date accessed: February 1, 2020. https://www.writinghorseback.com/dominican-republic-horses/

<urn:uuid:b090f578-ac00-4e06-a212-3a0b416a588f>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://lagaleriamag.com/titeres-del-caribe-debunking-the-myth-of-dominican-independence/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585522.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022212051-20211023002051-00190.warc.gz

en

By Dr. G.S. Potter | oped When Black women get pregnant, they take extraordinary measures to protect themselves and their unborn children. They change their diets to eliminate toxins like alcohol and caffeine. Some even stop eating fish and soft cheeses. They change their exercise patterns to ensure that they can stay healthy while preventing injury as they adjust to loosening ligaments and shifts in balance. And they work with their doctors to adjust or eliminate prescription medication that might be harmful to the child they are carrying. Black women go above and beyond to protect their children – and, of course they do, because this is the gold standard for any woman who gets pregnant. This is the type of preparation and care that medical professionals, in fact, recommend. Yet, despite all of their best efforts there is a threat always looming. They just cannot protect themselves from their zip codes and the environmental hazard those locations present. The Commonwealth Fund reports that nationwide Black women are 2.5 times as likely to experience pregnancy-related deaths than White women. As devastating as that statistic is, the number of Black women dying from pregnancy related complications grows even higher in certain cities. According to the Philadelphia Maternal Mortality Review Committee, for example, “Black women are 4 times more likely to die from pregnancy related causes than White women” in the City of Brotherly Love and Sisterly Affection. They account for 74 percent of all pregnancy-related deaths. While efforts are underway to identify the exact causes of this lethal inequity, there is one factor that is consistently overlooked: the environment. While the medical field tends to focus on what Black women are putting into their bodies, there is little focus on the havoc that the environments Black women live in are wreaking on their bodies. The negative effects of pollution and climate crisis are disproportionately experienced by Black bodies. This is no mistake. Black people live in Black communities where their needs are neglected. Black people also live in communities where environmental hazards are generally packed or confined to those spaces so that the effects are not felt by neighboring White communities. For example, numerous studies have found links between higher pollution exposure and rising autism rates in either low-income, distressed or historically disadvantaged Black, Latino and Indigenous communities. There Really is Something in the Air Air pollution caused by smog, motor vehicle emissions, power stations, ground-level ozone, industrial emissions, wood burning, wild fires, and fuel-burning effects the air quality for all residents in places like Philadelphia. Poor black communities, however, are more frequently inundated with pollutants than White communities. Oil refineries, power stations, congested intersections, and industrial areas are not surrounded by wealthy White Philadelphians living in well ventilated homes. They are placed in poor Black communities so that White Philadelphia can avoid the worse pollution impacts as those are passed on to their less privileged counterparts. It is in these polluted air-scapes that Black women are having their children. According to the Center for American Progress: “… [A]ir pollution can have deleterious effects on maternal health, leading to preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth due to changes in the maternal cardiopulmonary system, systemic inflammation, and placental injury.11 A study examining the association between air pollution and poor maternal health outcomes found that in the 10 years after a California coal power plant closed, there was a 27 percent reduction in the rate of preterm births in the surrounding region.12 The effects of air pollution on maternal health are more pronounced for women of color, including Black mothers.13 Indeed, communities of color and low-income communities are more likely to live near polluting power plants and other hazardous facilities and experience cumulative negative health effects due to this exposure.” One in five Philadelphians suffer from asthma. Air pollution is far more dangerous for those with asthma than those without …. and pregnant women living with asthma are among the most effected. As the New York Times reports: “One study found that severe preterm birth, defined as a birth that occurs fewer than 28 weeks into pregnancy, increased by 52 percent for asthmatic mothers exposed to high levels of air pollution. Most of the studies that examined the link between air pollution and preterm birth or low birth weight found that the risks were greater for black mothers.” Research also shows that preterm births and low birth weight are associated with maternal mortality. Air pollution is a threat that is killing Black women and children alike. But that is not the only lethal threat they face. The Impact of “Heat Deserts” Just as Black communities are located in areas with businesses and activities that cause air pollution, they are also locked heat deserts during times where record temperatures are being broken and reset regularly. The BBC reports: “In all but six of the 175 largest urbanised areas in the continental US, people of colour endure much greater heat impacts in summer. For black people this was particularly stark. The researchers say they are exposed to an extra 3.12C of heating, on average, in urban neighbourhoods, compared to an extra 1.47C for white people.” Philadelphia is a prime example. As the City itself reports … “Some parts of Philadelphia can be as many as 22°F hotter than other neighborhoods. When looking at the index, the blocks in red are the hottest places in the city. These blocks are located in the central regions of North, West, and South Philadelphia. Tall buildings, roads and pavement, and black rooftops on homes trap in heat, and a lack of trees and vegetation prevent the area from cooling down. This is called the ‘urban heat island effect.’” Extreme heat can lead to heat stroke and other heat-related illnesses. It can also lead to dehydration which, according to Climate Health Connect, “releases labor-inducing hormones.” Extreme heat events can thus lead to preterm birth, low birth weight and infant mortality. They can also lead to maternal mortality. And once again, the Black women forced to reside in neighborhoods where “urban heat islands” proliferate are at greater risk than their more privileged white counterparts. Trash Impacts Pregnancies Black women are also disproportionately forced to carry their children in areas where trash and solid waste are piling up on the streets. The failure of cities to provide adequate sewage and waste management is also costing the lives of the Black mothers that reside there. This is particularly prevalent for Philadelphia during pandemic, a time when the region finds itself struggling with waste management woes and piling trash. Trash is even piling up in the yards of Philadelphia schools where Black children learn. Ecube Labs explains … “Overflowing waste bins are an ideal breeding ground for bacteria, insects and vermin. The flies that visit the garbage are also the same flies that roam around your lunch buffet and drop their offsprings on your plate. By doing so, they increase the risk of you contracting with salmonella, which causes typhoid fever, food poisoning, enteric fever, gastroenteritis, and other major illnesses. Besides flies, other animals that thrive from the garbage in and around the containers include rats, foxes and stray dogs.” Waste can also lead to respiratory problems, skin and blood infections, and intestinal issues. Overflows of trash also contribute to air pollution and water contamination. Philadelphia is infamous for refusing to implement proper sewage and waste disposal programs. And low income Black communities in the areas of Southwest Philadelphia, North Philadelphia, South Philadelphia and West Philadelphia are the hardest hit. Interestingly enough, more affluent and middle class white communities are not suffering from trash overflows. The pregnant women who reside in these communities are not facing the threats caused by hazardous waste piles. Instead, it is Black women that are absorbing these attacks on their health and their unborn (and already born) children. How Do We Fix This? If we want to lower the rates of maternal (and infant) mortality in the Black community, we have to do the work of cleaning up the environments that they are carrying their children in. We also have to provide extra protection while they are still in those places. And, first and foremost, low-income Black women need better access to medical care. In 2019, the Black Maternal Mortality Caucus was established in Congress. In 2020, this caucus produced the Black Maternal Health Momnibus Act, which was just reintroduced by the Caucus and is currently being reviewed by the House of Representatives. This act seeks to expand medical care for low income Black women. This is crucial. As the Philadelphia Maternal Mortality Committee notes, “… [c]urrently, women with Medicaid lose their insurance 60 days after delivery. Of all pregnancy associated deaths, 75% of women had Medicaid and 6% had no insurance at the time of their pregnancy.” Lack of proximity to doctors and lack of access to transportation also prevent pregnant Black women from being able to access the care they need to increase their chances of survival. That’s a geographical problem that can only be explained by years of systemic racism. By expanding access to health insurance, more Black women can increase the chance that they will receive the care they need to have healthy pregnancies and deliveries. Once Black women access medical care, though, they need to be assessed for exposure to environmental hazards and assisted accordingly. Doctors should be instructed to identify whether or not patients are living in areas with waste hazards, heat islands, and air pollution. There is currently a movement of medical students, residents and professionals who are demanding training for exactly that. They should then work closely with patients to monitor their health in relation to these hazards and provide information that will increase their chances of a healthy delivery. Organizations at the state, local, and federal level have been formed to collect data and make recommendations in efforts to confront the maternal mortality crisis. A number of Maternal Mortality Review Committees have been formed to accomplish these goals: to date, we see these in 49 states, plus the District of Columbia, New York City, Philadelphia and Puerto Rico. These committees should be instructed to collect data regarding exposure to environmental hazards and maternal health. They should also be charged with making environmentally focused recommendations to policymakers. It is now essential that air pollution, heat islands and waste disposal impacts are confronted and mitigated head on. Cities like Philadelphia need to treat their poor Black communities with the same respect and response they treat their wealthy White communities. They need to pick up their trash and keep their streets clean. Heat deserts must be cooled off by planting trees in and around heat zones, installing green roofs and cooling roofs, and passing legislation that ensures that landlords are responsible for managing maximum temperatures just as they are responsible for managing minimum temperatures. Aggressive efforts must be taken to reduce ground level ozone, industrial air pollution and pollution caused by power plants. Shifting to solar and increasing the efficiency of public transportation would facilitate this reduction. And cities like Philadelphia must be held accountable for inequitably distributing the hazards of environmental degradation to low income Black communities. Zoning laws and processes should be examined and altered to prevent poor Black communities from being dumping grounds. Patterns of environmental hazard distribution should be examined for potential Fourteenth Amendment discrimination lawsuits. Legislation should be passed to lower the emission production allowed by the city’s largest pollution producers. Every last one of these measures would not only help clean up the cities that implement them, but they would quite literally save the lives of Black women and their unborn babies. Black women are dying from pregnancy related complications at unacceptably high rates. If we want to save their lives, we need to not only take care of them, but we need to surround them with the healthiest environments possible.

<urn:uuid:f73bc341-144e-482c-b69d-56019dde146a>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://ecowurd.com/2021/10/01/black-mothers-need-cleaner-safer-environments-its-a-public-health-imperative/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00110.warc.gz

en

Oxymoron or Opportunity? From Pittsburgh to the hills of West Virginia, a small army of scientists is racing to tame the billions of tons of carbon vented from coal-burning power plants, working with data sets, computer models, cost analyses and other such tools that belie the drama of their high-stakes investigation. Burning coal casts off nasty pollutants, including carbon dioxide, a notorious member of the heat-trapping greenhouse gases blamed for warming the planet to dangerous levels. Congress is on the brink of clamping down on CO2 emissions. The big questions are how and at what cost? Coal-fired power plants today generate nearly half of the electricity Americans consume. That electricity is inexpensive. Our appetite for it is increasing. And there is nothing ready and waiting in the wings—wind, solar and other renewables included—to replace coal-produced electricity anytime soon. For Greater Pittsburgh, there is more at stake. A large share of power plant coal is mined from seams snaking beneath southwestern Pennsylvania and its nearby neighbors. “If there were ways to burn it without producing carbon dioxide, we wouldn’t be sitting on coal,” says Andrew Gellman, head of Carnegie Mellon University’s Department of Engineering. “We’d be sitting on gold mines.” Although there’s no getting around the fact that burning coal makes CO2 and a host of air pollutants, there are ways to reduce its potential for environmental damage. And in recent years, southwestern Pennsylvania and West Virginia have emerged as a hub of scientific investigation into the technologies necessary to do that. More than 100 university-based, government and industry scientists in the region are working on a broad portfolio of research projects to develop and refine technologies, from advanced turbines to coal gasification, that could extend the life of coal in a carbon-restricted world, buying time for alternatives to mature and assume a larger role in generating electricity. And among the carbon management technologies under investigation, none has attracted more attention and support worldwide in recent years than carbon capture and sequestration, a method of reducing CO2 emissions that’s particularly well suited for large industrial facilities, such as power plants. In fact, carbon capture and sequestration is on the short list of strategies widely considered essential to achieving significant CO2 reductions. That list also includes improving efficiency, expanding use of renewable energy and conservation. The top industry research organization, the Electric Power Research Institute— which adds building new nuclear power plants to the list of essential decarbonizing strategies—recently concluded that capture and sequestration of coal plant CO2 would be technically feasible by 2020. The concept is simple enough: CO2 is separated from power-plant flue gas, converted to a fluid-like state, then pumped into underground porous rock, such as sandstone, where it stays trapped beneath formations of impermeable rock, such as shale. If it works without a hitch, as much as 90 percent of the CO2 emitted by a highly efficient power plant might some day be prevented from polluting the atmosphere. Adding to its appeal is the fact that commercial technologies for capturing CO2 from industrial gases have been used for years in natural gas treatment and the production of hydrogen, ammonia and ethanol. But plenty of thorny technical, economic, regulatory and legal challenges still stand in the way of capture and sequestration becoming a viable option for reducing CO2 coming from power plants. The issues range anywhere from ensuring that highly toxic concentrations of CO2 injected into the ground stay put to determining who legally owns the tiny pores in the rocks into which the CO2 is injected. Nothing like carbon capture and sequestration has been tried on a large-scale commercial power plant. That has to be done—and successfully—before the power industry will seriously consider investing billions of dollars to install the new technology. Even then, it will require a powerful incentive to do so. That incentive will likely be legal limits on CO2 emissions and penalties for violating them, an approach that’s been taken to reduce sulfur dioxide and other pollutants from industrial sources. “Carbon capture and sequestration won’t be used until CO2 is regulated,” says John Thompson, Coal Transition Program director for Clean Air Task Force, a Boston-based environmental nonprofit. “Nobody is rushing out to do it because there’s no carbon price driving it.” The climate change bill narrowly passed in the U.S. House of Representatives earlier this year calls for a cap-and-trade approach to achieve a 17 percent reduction in greenhouse gases by 2020 and an 83 percent reduction by 2050. It also contains money to support early adopters of carbon capture and sequestration systems. But work on the Senate side was slowed by debate over health care reform, leaving the timing and specifics of greenhouse gas regulation unclear. Such legislation is driven by concern over dire scientific forecasts of widespread damage to the environment and societies worldwide from increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Because greenhouse gases such as methane and CO2 absorb and emit heat, an increase in their concentration in the atmosphere tends to have a warming effect on the planet. While measurements of some regulated air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, show concentrations have thinned in recent years, concentrations of greenhouse gases have been steadily increasing. In the case of CO2, concentrations have risen from 280 parts per million during pre-industrial times to a level of 382 parts per million recorded in 2006, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Environmental Protection Agency reports that a 20 percent increase in CO2 concentrations occurred between 1990 and 2004 alone. The consensus of scientists who’ve studied climate change is that human activity deserves most of the blame for escalating levels of greenhouse gases. Although not without controversy, that conclusion—and the weight of climate change evidence reported by influential science panels such as the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—have pushed curbing CO2 and other greenhouse gases up near the top of the to-do lists of lawmakers. Whether any such law will lead to the use of carbon capture and sequestration in commercial power plants will depend on the specifics. Setting the carbon price too high or requiring steep CO2 reductions too soon could, for example, push the industry away from coal toward other mature options, such as nuclear or natural gas. But if the carbon price is set too low, industry would have little economic incentive to invest in the expensive new technology. And few doubt that carbon capture and sequestration will be expensive, particularly during the early years. Estimates suggest that carbon capture and sequestration would increase the cost of generating electricity by 60–80 percent at coal-fired power plants and by 30–50 percent at coal gasification plants, of which there are only a handful in the world. “But until we actually do this on a big commercial power plant, we won’t know for sure what it will cost,” says Edward Rubin, alumni professor of environmental engineering and science at Carnegie Mellon, who shared the 2007 Nobel Prize as a lead author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on carbon capture and sequestration. “Right now, if you ask me, the major barrier is money. Where to get the money to get the technology off the dime. Because to do this at a big power plant—to build and operate a system for five years to get that experience—we estimate it would cost close to $1 billion. There’s been talk about demonstrating this at full scale for the last three or four years and they’re still talking.” The cost of carbon capture and sequestration is expected to drop significantly once the technology is developed and utilities are given incentives to reduce CO2 emissions. To finance the first wave of commercial start-ups, Rubin suggests a trust fund created from fees on fossil-fuel-generated electricity. This summer, legislation was introduced in the House calling for a $1 billion annual trust based on that concept. Such steps are critical to the long-term future of coal, he says. “The only way I know today to seriously deal with coal emissions is with carbon capture and sequestration technology. It’s a make-or-break technology for coal in the sense that if you want to have a stable atmosphere and deal with climate change, the options are to continue to use coal for some period of time with capture and sequestration or coal goes away and you try to use a lot more of everything else.” For some, abandoning carbon capture and sequestration and the whole notion of generating electricity with coal is the more prudent approach to addressing climate change. In a recent report, Greenpeace International, noting the uncertainties associated with carbon capture and sequestration, calls it a “scam,” arguing that money would be better spent finding ways to use energy more efficiently and to ramp up the development of renewable energy sources. Other environmental organizations see it somewhat differently. “Coal use is one of the most devastating environmental activities around,” says the Clean Air Task Force’s Thompson. “But I’m not willing to bet the planet that coal is going to go away. If it’s that we can’t live with it and can’t live without it, then I think it’s important to be realistic and change the way we use coal.” The fact is, abandoning coal-fired power plants would leave a huge gap in the industry’s capacity to meet rising demand. As a base-load power source, coal-fired plants offer the around-the-clock generating capacity counted on to provide as much electricity as needed, when it’s needed, while peak-load sources like wind and solar are intermittent energy producers. “You can’t expect to replace a base-load power source with electricity from a peaking source,” says Tom Sarkus, senior manager and technical analyst at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in South Park Township. “We need more wind. We need more solar. But it’s unrealistic to think that in the near- to mid-term those sources are going to pick up enough slack to replace base-load power sources. What we need is a good mix of sources.” NETL research centers in South Park and Morgantown, W.Va., are members of the regional brain trust working to develop cleaner fossil fuels for a carbon-restrained future. Carnegie Mellon, the University of Pittsburgh and West Virginia University are other key players, both through their individual research and work done as part of a research consortium organized by the NETL and supported by $26 million in U.S. Department of Energy funding. Few other regions can boast such a collection of talent focused on clean energy research. “It’s not the only hub in the world, but it’s certainly a pretty concentrated level of expertise and investment,” says Carnegie Mellon’s Gellman, consortium research director. The consortium itself includes about 180 faculty, graduate student and postdoctoral researchers working on more than 100 projects that span eight areas of investigation, including carbon management. The region is also home to significant private sector research directed toward developing cleaner fossil fuel technologies, including a demonstration of storing CO2 in unmineable coal seams led by Canonsburg-based Consol Energy, one of the world’s leading coal producers. With 4.5 billion tons of recoverable coal reserves and some 7,000 employees in its coal operations, it’s no surprise Consol is willing to spend $4.2 million on a CO2 sequestration project in addition to supporting the industry’s largest research and development lab. “If you’re a betting man, you’d have to say we’re going to have carbon management legislation at some point,” says Tom Hoffman, Consol vice president of communications. “That means our customers who use coal are going to be pressed to come up with solutions to their carbon emissions if they want to keep operating their plants. To the extent we can, as a fuel provider, also provide them with a way to deal with their emissions, that’s a plus for us as a company.” In Marshall County, just across the Pennsylvania border in the West Virginia panhandle, Consol researchers, working with NETL and West Virginia University scientists, have drilled horizontal wells to the Upper Freeport coal seam into which they are injecting CO2. The project allows researchers to look at a couple of important issues. One is the process of injecting CO2 to free methane trapped in the coal, much the way it has been used for years to squeeze oil from underground rock formations. For the power industry, the ability to recover methane or oil as a marketable byproduct could make the idea of investing in expensive carbon capture and sequestration technologies a bit more attractive. “The reason this works in coal beds is that CO2 replaces methane at a 2:1 or 3:1 ratio,” says Doug Patchen, a geologist with West Virginia University, who is an expert in geological sequestration. “Every time you put a molecule of CO2 down there, it kicks off two or three molecules of methane. That’s the value-added aspect of this.” Researchers are also investigating the behavior of the CO2 they are storing in the coal seam, as well as the accuracy of available techniques for monitoring it. “The critical part of getting this approach to carbon management accepted is that, when you put this stuff into the ground, is there an expectation that it’s going to stay where it is supposed to?” says Hoffman. “The answer is, yeah, we expect it to. But the only way you can prove it is to put it in the ground and monitor it for a period of time.” In Texas, University of Pittsburgh geophysicist Bill Harbert, NETL scientists and others are exploiting one of the few large reservoirs of underground CO2 in the world to see if they can calibrate imaging technology widely used in oil and gas exploration to accurately detect and define CO2 concentrations nestled 1.3 miles below the earth’s surface. Plates underneath heavy trucks vibrate on the surface of the SACROC oil field, sending ultrasonic waves down to 93 million tons of CO2 that had been injected over decades to free oil from cavities that otherwise would not have been tapped. Scientists listen to the reflected waves, process the data and construct images of the supercritical CO2, whose properties lie somewhere between those of a gas and those of a fluid. “Every single drop of oil and every cubic foot or meter of gas we have was discovered with this sort of technology,” says Harbert. “In that respect, these technologies are very mature. But the focus has been completely on determining the presence of oil and gas because there’s been a tremendous financial incentive to do so. There’s been no economic incentive to look at CO2 and, in that respect, the technology is not very mature.” So far, their experiments have proved successful. But more work is necessary to make sure the images are accurate, including comparing their data with a large CO2 deposit beneath the North Sea that others have defined using a different imaging technique. For the moment, though, the carbon capture and sequestration experiment drawing the most attention is the one just getting under way in New Haven, W.Va., a town along a stretch of the Ohio River that’s thick with power plants known as “megawatt valley.” There, the technology’s biggest commercial test to date is taking place at the 1,300 megawatt Mountaineer power plant, one of 25 coal-fired plants owned by American Electric Power, the nation’s largest electricity producer. A little less than 2 percent of Mountaineer’s flue gas is being diverted to a small chemical plant where a “chilled ammonia” process drives off the CO2, which is then compressed to a supercritical state and pumped into sandstone almost a mile and a half under the ground. Scientists will study the process over several years to assess the technological and economic feasibility of retrofitting an entire commercial power plant with the new technology. “We’ve allowed ourselves operational flexibility to tune different parameters, temperatures, pressures and other things so we can determine the most economical conditions for running the system,” says Gary Spitznogle, the company’s manager of coal gasification and CO2 capture engineering. “It’s more expensive to build it that way, but it’s a necessary step in development.” One costly problem is the technology’s voracious appetite for electricity. Estimates suggest that older coal-fired power plants might find conventional carbon capture and sequestration systems consuming as much as 40 percent of the electricity they produce. American Electric Power is hoping Mountaineer’s chilled ammonia approach, which uses less energy than conventional carbon-capture methods, and other efficiencies will lower the technology’s energy demand to less than 20 percent of the electricity the plant makes. And for all of the technical issues the experiment may help clarify, it’s the outcomes related to cost that, says NETL’s Sarkus, “has a lot of us in the research community crossing our fingers and holding our breath.”

<urn:uuid:4a29a0dc-92d8-4f0a-bacd-780375df4428>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://pittsburghquarterly.com/articles/the-future-of-coal/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020024111-20211020054111-00311.warc.gz

en

PART 2: Camera Mounts | 'Wings' | 'Hell's Angels' | 'Whirlybirds' Aerial cinematography traces its roots back to the Civil War. In 1863, an inventor from Philadelphia named Thaddeus Lowe [1832-1913] developed a portable hydrogen gas plant. He used the gas to inflate his newly designed hydrogen balloons and personally took his idea of supplying the Union Army with aerial reconnaissance platforms to President Lincoln. Within a few months after his demonstration the Union Army Balloon Corps was initiated. The Yankees soon had an advantage over the Confederate Army as they could raise these balloons several hundred feet quickly by means of a tether, spot the confederates, and send Morse coded messages to their support below. The Army also found that the balloons were valuable for the use of charting the terrain, and with the newly invented photographic camera, aerial mapping was invented. In 1908 a film titled 'The Count of Monte Cristo' [dir: Francis Boggs & Thomas Persons; ph: Thomas Persons] began production in Chicago and finished in Southern California. The climate was a major factor in this decision, and from 1910 movie companies arrived there to enjoy the perfect shooting climate. By 1920 Hollywood was established as the motion picture capitol of the world. In the roaring 1920's aviation came alive, especially in Los Angeles. Airfields sprouted up everywhere, and with Hollywood's new motion picture industry taking root, aviation was embraced by many top producers and directors. Cecil B. DeMille [1881-1959] was one of Hollywood's general aviation pioneers. In 1917 he bought a wrecked Canuck in Canada and had it shipped to Los Angeles and restored to flying condition. With this plane he became competent and later spent time in the U.S. Air Service as a pilot. After the war he built his first airfield at Crescent Blvd. [now Fairfax Ave.] and Melrose. He then bought two more Canucks and six Curtiss JN-4D's ['Jennies']. Business increased as he added equipment and in late 1918 he formed the Mercury Aviation Company and established DeMille Field #2 on the north side of Wilshire Blvd. and the west side of Crescent [Fairfax]. In August of 1920, DeMille bought his first factory new plane [JL-6] from Junkers, and it was delivered by famed WWI ace, Eddie Rickenbacker to DeMille Field #2. In May 1921 that plane flew its first scheduled flight for Mercury Aviation from Los Angeles to San Diego. But, the public was not yet ready to embrace the idea of using aircraft for serious traveling and his airline never became a viable business. Businessman Syd Chaplin came to Hollywood in 1919 to manage his brother Charles. Being well financed, he explored the struggling aeronautical industry and founded the Sid Chaplin Aircraft Company along with Emory Rogers at the Wilshire Airport. As with many businesses during those days, their company grew rapidly and they established the first successful regular service between Wilmington and Avalon with a Curtiss 'Seagull' flying boat. The company enjoyed a four year existence, and in 1923 the Wilshire Airport was purchased and subdivided. Rogers bought Chaplin out and opened the Rogers Airport at the south east corner of Western and El Segundo. The Venice airport was probably the most popular for the movie pilots and aerial stuntmen. Those who called Venice home included pilots 'Air Ace' Frank Clarke [1898-1948], Dick Grace [1898-1965], Ormer Locklear [1891-1920; was Hollywood's first major stunt pilot. In 1919, he performed the first car-to-plane transfer on film in the movie 'The Great Air Robbery'. One year later, he filmed 'The Skywayman'. The movie's main stunt called for a nighttime crash. Locklear attached magnesium flares to his plane to simulate an aircraft going down in flames. While performing the maneuver, Locklear's plane went into a spin and he crashed.], Art Goebel [1895-1973], and Ken 'Fronty' Nichols. One of the more prominent movie pilot and stunt groups called themselves the '13 Black Cats.' Organized in 1925, they set the standards for aerial stunts. Here are some of their stunts and rates: |> Crash ships into trees or houses.....||$ 1200.00| |> Loop with man standing on center section.....||$ 150.00| |> Change airplane to train.....||$ 150.00| |> Blow up plane in mid air, pilot chutes out.....||$ 500.00| |> Loop with man on each wing, standing up.....||$ 450.00| One requirement for membership was that the member's name must contain 13 letters. If the letters did not add up to 13, the members were given names such as 'Fronty' Nichols, [William] 'Spider' Matlock, and [Ronald] 'Bon' MacDougall. All of these pilots and stuntmen often doubled as the first aerial cameramen in Hollywood. "13 Black Cats" - photo from The Denny Archives In 1929, since so many would-be pilots were attempting and getting work, the nucleus of the aviators formed a union called 'The Associated Motion Picture Pilots'. Pancho Barnes [1901-75; her maiden name was Florence Lowe] was a charter member and they would meet at her home located on the border of Pasadena and San Marino. Some of the charter members included Frank Clarke, Boots Le Boutillier, Ira Reed, Dick Grace, Al Wilson, and Dick Rinaldi. They set pricing and were able to keep producers from seeking lesser qualified pilots. Barnes, an accomplished aviatrix with several aviation records to her name, eventually founded 'The Happy Bottom Riding Club' in 1937. Her club, which included a bar, restaurant, bedrooms, stables, flying school, and air strip, was located in the Mojave Desert near Muroc Dry Lake [or Rogers Dry Lake] where the U.S. Army Flight Test Center began experimenting with new high speed aircraft. That test center came to be known as Edwards Air Force Base. Her character and club were depicted in the legendary aviation film, 'The Right Stuff' and later in the television movie 'Pancho Barnes' [1988, Richard T. Heffron; ph: William Wages] with Valerie Bertinelli playing the role of Pancho Barnes. The aerial cinematographer of the 1920's was usually a stunt man or fellow pilot. Their work was limited to pictures that featured aircraft dog fighting or aerial stunt sequences and their equipment usually consisted of a hand-held, hand-cranked camera until the modern spring and motorized cameras were invented. As today, there were many hard-mounted cameras and there were some WWI waist gunner turrets modified for camera use. Despite the lack of credit given to the aerial cameramen, one of the most famous aerial cinematographers was Harry Perry [1888-1985]. In the 1927 aerial epic and first film to win an Academy Award for best picture, 'Wings' [dir by William A. Wellman], Harry Perry created some of the most spectacular aerial footage that is still considered to be best 'combat' footage even by today's standards. Dick Grace performed many of the live on screen crashes. In the film, they actually dropped live bombs over a 'town'. The bombardier's perspective of the bombs dropping and hitting their targets added a realism that would be hard to match with today's computer generated imaging technology. Stunt pilot Dick Grace specialized in controlled crashes. He is credited with more than forty deliberate crashes for motion pictures. He had a superstition that the crash must be made at 11:45 A.M. and those made at any other time would result in injury. He was one of few who died of old age. While 'Wings' was wrapping up, another epic was in pre-production. Howard Hughes' 'Hell's Angels' [1927-28, Howard Hughes & (uncred) Edmund Goulding & James Whale] became the motion picture that set new standards for large budget aviation shows. Hughes sent aeronautical experts all over the world with cash in hand to purchase planes for his film. He soon had at his command the largest fleet of aircraft ever assembled except by governments. Hughes leased several hundred acres in the San Fernando Valley and built a base of operations that was photographed as an allied base. The airfield became to be known as Caddo Field, located close to Los Angeles Metropolitan Airport, now known as Van Nuys Airport. Over the hill in Chatsworth, an exact replica of a German Airfield where German ace Baron Von Richthofen based from was built. Hughes spent three years and close to four million dollars in creating the biggest war picture ever made, all in true Howard Hughes fashion. #2: Paul Mantz - photo HollywoodPilot.com Elmer G. Dyer [1892-1970] emerged as an aerial cameraman in his own right and through the 1940's and 1950's there was rarely a picture that didn't have his name attached to it. MGM's epic 'Test Pilot' [1937, Victor Fleming; ph: Ray June] starred Clark Gable, Spencer Tracy, Lionel Barrymore and Myrna Loy. It starts out with Gable's character attempting a transcontinental speed record. Later he enters the Thompson Trophy Air Race in Cleveland, Ohio. Actual footage was shot during the race, and on the day after, a mock race was created using some of the actual race pilots. Albert Paul Mantz [1903-1965] was the chief pilot for the aerial filming unit. Mantz, undoubtedly the most famous stunt flier in Hollywood history, and Dyer teamed up many times in years to come on aviation films including 'Flight Command' [1940, Frank Borzage; ph: Harold Rosson] and 'I Wanted Wings' [1940, Mitchell Leisen; ph: Leo Tover]. The last picture they worked on before reporting for active duty in the Army Air Corps was 'Air Force' [1942, Howard Hawks; ph: James Wong Howe]. Mantz and Dyer used several aircraft as platforms for their jobs including a Lockheed Orion, Stinson Model A and a Boeing 100. In 1961, Paul Mantz joined up with pilot Frank Tallman [1919-1978] and created Tallmantz Aviation Inc., based at Orange County Airport. Mantz and Tallman's collaboration did not last long. In 1965, the two men were working on the movie 'The Flight of the Phoenix' [dir: Robert Aldrich; ph: Joseph Biroc] when Tallman, who was supposed to fly a landing sequence in the Arizona desert, shattered his kneecap during a fall at home, and Mantz took his place. On July 8, Mantz was performing the landing when one of his aircraft's wheels hit a small, sun-baked, mound of sand and caused him to lose control. The aircraft 'nosed in' killing Mantz instantly. A few days after Mantz's crash, Tallman faced his own individual tragedy when doctors amputated his leg because of a massive infection that had resulted from his broken kneecap. Despite the loss of his leg and his close friend, Tallman retaught himself how to fly using only one leg and returned to stunting. In subsequent years he worked on several big pictures, e.g. 'Catch-22' , 'The Great Waldo Pepper' , and 'Capricorn One' . On April 15, 1978, Tallman lost his life during a routine flight when he failed to clear a ridge near Palm Springs, California, due to poor visibility. For the next fifteen years there were few advancements in aerial photography even though there were several major aviation films made each year. The aerial cameramen's assignments were pretty much exclusive to those aviation related post WWII films and by today's standards the cinematography was limited in style and technique. It was to be the introduction of the civilian helicopter that changed aerial cinematography. The first time a helicopter was used in a feature film production was in April 1945 in the film 'The Bandit of Sherwood Forest' [d: George Sherman & Henry Levin; ph: Tony Gaudio, William Snyder & George B. Meehan Jr.]. A specially designed helicopter with camera mounts in the cockpit was employed to film the scene in which Robin's men seize the castle. In 1955 the TV series 'Highway Patrol' [1955-59; ph: Curt Fetters, Robert Hoffman, Monroe Askins, a.o.; helicopter pilot: Bob Gilbreath] introduced the helicopter to the public. Director Herbert L. Strock [left] talking to actor Broderick Crawford In 1957 the series 'Whirlybirds/Copter Patrol' [1957-60; 111 episodes] followed. Later in the early 1960's the TV show 'Ripcord' [1961-63; 76 episodes] featured more hand-held camera work from helicopters. Prior to utilizing helicopters as camera platforms, aerial shots were always on the move, with no ability to start a 'dolly' move nor end with one. The helicopter allowed directors and cameramen to design crane shots as they would for ground cameras but on a much larger scale. One shot that stood out in its day was Nelson Tyler's close up on Barbra Streisand's face while she stood upon the bridge of a tug boat on the Hudson River for the film 'Funny Girl' . This shot, which ended the film, set the standard for all aerial cameramen and those who could not achieve similar abilities were 'weeded out of the pack'. Tyler however did have an advantage back then with his newly developed Tyler Major Mount. '... one would be the work of Nelson Tyler in the sixties, and in particular a sequence for the movie 'Funny Girl'. There's a very long continuous move that starts wide on New York, that finds a tugboat on the river, that goes down to the tugboat, that finds Barbra Streisand on the bridge of the boat, that goes in tight on her head and shoulders, that hits the end of the lens as she hits the high note in the middle of the song, and then goes out and up and back. You need to have a great deal of skill, and a telepathic relationship between pilot and cameraman to pull that off. And Nelson Tyler pulled all that off right back in the mid-sixties.' [Jerry Grayson] Tyler, who came up through the studio system, got the idea of trying to isolate vibration while viewing the aerial credits on 'West Side Story' [1960-61]. They were shaky and he knew that there had to be a way to create smooth footage from helicopters. Within a year he put his new prototype mount to use on John Sturges' 'The Satan Bug' . Shortly thereafter he began production on his mounts and made them available to anyone who had the inclination to use them. Two of the first to use Tyler's mounts were John M. Stephens and David Butler. The camera of choice was the Mitchell Mark II because of its pin registered movement. Additionally its heavy weight added stability to the mount. Stephens, already a DP, worked with Tyler in the development years of the Major Mount and shot the second unit and aerials on 'Grand Prix' and 'Ice Station Zebra' . David Butler started out as Tyler's assistant and moved up to operator in 1966. Some of his aerial adventures with pilot David Jones include 'Planet of the Apes' , 'The Gypsy Moths' , 'Hello, Dolly!' , 'Tora! Tora! Tora!' [1968-69], 'King Kong' , and 'Apocalypse Now' [1976-77]. Most of David's assistants went on to become aerial cameramen including Rexford Metz, Don Morgan, Frank Holgate, David B. Nowell, and myself. In 1977 David Butler and J. David Jones brought in some of the top pilots for Peter Hyams' film 'Capricorn One'. Frank Tallman doubled as Telly Savalas in a Stearman which eluded government helicopters through Redrock Canyon. Butler asked me to build him a platform that would enable him to sit outside a Hughes 500 with a Continental Mount and shoot straight forward or back. This, the first 'Outside Mount', worked perfectly for the chase sequences and added realism to the action. In addition to Tallman, Jones brought in the national champion aerobatic pilot Art Scholl [1931-85; died during the filming of 'Top Gun' when his Pitts S-2 camera plane never recovered from an inverted flat spin and plunged into the Pacific Ocean], and the legendary Clay Lacy, with his Learjets and Continental Camera's Astrovision System. Rexford Metz emerged as one of today's leading aerial cameramen and he flew with pilot Jim Gavin on most of his earlier work. Some of the films on which he was either 2nd unit and/or aerial DP include 'Dirty Harry' , 'Airport 1975' , 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind' , and 'Courage Under Fire' . Metz utilizes the Tyler Major Mount, Gyrosphere, Wescam, Astrovision, and Vectorvision as some of his aerial tools. Frank Holgate is another who was a product from the Tyler school of the 1960's and early 1970's. He became very popular by shooting the aerial sequences for one of the most spectacular helicopter chase films ever exposed on film: 'Birds of Prey' [1972, William Graham; ph: Jordan Cronenweth]. A helicopter TV reporter witnesses a robbery where the bad guys use a helicopter for their getaway. This film is a 'must see' for anyone studying the art of aerial camera work. In the late 1970's David B. Nowell, who earlier had assisted Metz and Butler, began operating the Continental Mounts and the Astrovision. He worked with pilot Rick Holley most often until Holley died in a helicopter crash while working on 'Runaway Train' in 1985. Nowell then began working with Holley's protégé Robert 'Bobby Z' Zajonc. David's loyalty and trust in 'Bobby Z' has unwaivered over the years since Holley's death, and their teamwork is in constant demand. I took the step from assistant to operator on the 1982-83 season of 'Magnum, P.I.' [tv-series, 1980-88], thanks to pilot David Jones. For six months we lived in Hawaii and worked on Don Bellisario's 'Tales of the Gold Monkey' [tv-series, 1982-83] on the days we weren't working on 'Magnum, P.I.'. We then went on to another Bellisario project, 'Airwolf' [tv-series, 1984-87], which lasted three seasons. This four year association with Jones and producer Don Bellisario laid the foundation for my career as an aerial cinematographer. Because of the multitude of aircraft used on 'Airwolf' - sometimes we had up to ten helicopters - Jones introduced more pilots into the industry. They include Dirk Vahle, Kevin LaRosa, Rick Shuster, Peter McKernan Jr., and Mike Tamburro [1957-96; died in a helicopter crash], among others.

<urn:uuid:54884035-6977-470c-82c0-79f46650e4c6>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.cinematographers.nl/DoPh4.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587770.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025220214-20211026010214-00630.warc.gz

en

On Monday, SpaceX is set to launch the third flight of its most powerful rocket, the Falcon Heavy. And this time, it’s carrying a host of new technologies into space, ranging from a new type of atomic clock to a thin sail that moves on sunlight. If they can survive the harsh environment of Earth’s orbit, then these new technologies could evolve into valuable tools for future space missions. A combination of 24 satellites will fly to space on this mission, assembled from the Department of Defense, NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and universities. Getting all of these satellites to their intended orbits won’t be easy. The two dozen payloads need to be dropped off in three separate orbits, which means the Falcon Heavy will reignite its engine up to four times over the course of six hours to get the satellites where they need to go. SpaceX CEO Elon Musk claims that this complicated flight is the company’s “most difficult launch ever.” A new atomic clock goes to space On board one of the Falcon Heavy’s satellites is a small clock the size of a toaster. But it’s not an ordinary clock like the one you’d find on a wall or a watch you’d wear on your wrist. This clock is more accurate than any personal clock here on Earth. While the clocks we use eventually speed up or slow down over time, this particular clock, named the Deep Space Atomic Clock, would take up to 10 million years to get off by one second. All clocks keep pace by measuring the time between some repetitive event. Old analog clocks, like grandfather clocks, will time the swings between a pendulum moving back and forth. Some modern watches will send voltages through quartz crystals, which then vibrate at the same frequency every second. An atomic clock, on the other hand, measures how long it takes for small particles to transition from different states of energy. That’s where these clocks get their names: they’re dealing with atoms. The Deep Space Atomic Clock works by manipulating a specific type of charged atom known as an ion. Within the clock are tubes filled with ions of mercury — the same amount of mercury you’d find in two cans of tuna fish. Microwaves set at just the right frequency are used to perturb these ions, getting the mercury all excited. This causes the ions to shift back and forth between different states of energy. “That’s when the magic happens because that transition frequency is very well-known and very precise,” Jill Seubert, the deputy principal investigator of the Deep Space Atomic Clock mission, tells The Verge. NASA has been using mercury-based clocks for a while on the ground, but the devices were typically the size of refrigerators and too large to fit on spacecraft. Other smaller atomic clocks have been sent to space on GPS satellites before, but they work by measuring elements like cesium or rubidium. While precise, these eventually stop being accurate, as their atoms get lost over time. “They get kind of embedded into the walls of their container,” says Seubert. Mercury-ion clocks like the Deep Space Atomic Clock are even more precise because the ions don’t bump into the walls of their container tubes, keeping the system intact. Because they are so dependable, NASA has been working to miniaturize these systems, and now the Deep Space Atomic Clock will demonstrate if a mercury-based instrument this small can work in space. The team behind the instrument hopes to turn it on in August and then see if it works as intended over the next year. If so, the mission could lead to the development of other super precise atomic clocks that could help spacecraft not only keep time, but also navigate through deep space. As of now, vehicles heading out of our planet’s orbit don’t have atomic clocks and must rely on commands from Earth for navigation. Engineers will send pings and then wait to get a reply from a vehicle, and that relay time will help them determine where the spacecraft is. That can be a long process, though, depending on the distance of a spacecraft. Vehicles at Mars, for instance, sometimes must wait between four and 20 minutes for commands from Earth. But if these vehicles had atomic clocks, engineers could send pings to the spacecraft, and their atomic clocks could calculate where they are, based on how long it took to get the signal. Then, spacecraft could navigate and change direction all on their own. “If we’re going to build a GPS-like network at other planets and moons, you would need to have an atomic clock, and this technology is the obvious choice there,” says Seubert. Propulsion goes green Many of the spacecraft on the Falcon Heavy launch will need to maneuver once they’re in space, either to keep their positions stable or to head to higher orbits. Typically, the chemicals used for these small engines are all the same toxic materials. But one spacecraft heading to orbit next week will be testing out a “green” type of propellant that’s a lot more user-friendly. It’s all part of NASA’s Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM). The vehicle will run on a new type of propellant developed by the US Air Force that’s meant to serve as an alternative to hydrazine, the current propellant of choice for most satellite engines. This new material could be an attractive option for satellite operators since hydrazine is particularly nasty stuff. It can be very reactive at room temperature and give off toxic fumes. Hydrazine has to be transported in certain types of metal containers and explosive-safe trucks, and people must wear protective gear when handling the propellant. All of these precautions add up, making development more expensive and time-consuming. In contrast, the “green” propellant going up next week — hydroxylammonium nitrate — is much more palatable, with no noxious fumes. “You can have a jar on your desk, and you can’t smell anything on it,” Christopher McLean, the principal investigator for GPIM at Ball Aerospace, which developed the satellite, tells The Verge. “And unless the temperature is high enough, it won’t ignite at all.” That also makes transporting this material much easier, according to McLean. “We ship this stuff via FedEx in a plastic jug, and then put it into our loading equipment,” he says. This green propellant also comes with an added bonus of being more efficient for satellites since it’s much denser. You can get 50 percent more fuel in a satellite engine’s tank with it than you can with hydrazine, according to McLean. That could potentially allow a satellite to last much longer in orbit, as it will have more fuel over time to change position or make maneuvers. The one downside to this material is that when it does burn, it burns hot. When hydrazine reacts in an engine, it gets up to 900 degrees Celsius, while the green propellant gets up to 1,800 degrees Celsius. “That made it impossible to use standard hydrazine engines for this,” says McLean. “We had to develop new materials and technologies that were compatible with this higher temperature.” Once in space, the GPIM satellite will test out this onboard propellant by manipulating its orbit from a circular one to a more elliptical one. The satellite will then spend about a year doing some experiments for the Air Force before it uses its propellant one final time to take itself out of orbit and plunge into Earth’s atmosphere. Sailing on sunbeams While NASA is testing out the green propellant, another organization will be testing out a way to propel spacecraft through the cosmos without using any fuel at all. Instead, it just needs light from the Sun. The spacecraft is known as LightSail 2, and it’s the product of engineers at the Planetary Society, a nonprofit organization that advocates for space exploration. The vehicle is equipped with a very thin sail made out of mylar that’s designed to expand into a big square about the size of a boxing ring. This flat surface is meant to get pushed around by light coming from the Sun. Particles of light don’t have any mass, but they do carry momentum, which can cause very thin reflective materials to move through space. “Once you’re above the atmosphere, you don’t need any fuel ever,” Bill Nye, CEO of the Planetary Society, tells The Verge. “You use solar pressure from sunlight to push you to all sorts of destinations in the Solar System.” The idea of a solar sail was dreamed up by renowned astrophysicist Carl Sagan in the 1970s, and he even presented the concept on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Now, more than four decades later, Nye, a former student of Sagan’s, has helped to turn this vision into a reality with others at the Planetary Society. “It’s just romantic,” Nye says. “It’s just fantastic, this idea that you could sail on sunbeams.” In 2015, the Planetary Society launched a precursor mission called LightSail 1 that was designed to test out the deployment mechanism for the solar sail. That mission was a success and proved the deployment could work (though the spacecraft did get zapped a few times by errant cosmic rays). Now, the Planetary Society is looking to actually sail this time. LightSail 2 is riding into orbit tucked inside another spacecraft called Prox-1, which will eventually deploy the payload into orbit. Once on its own, LightSail 2 will expand its solar sail and then twist itself in space using an electric motor inside the spacecraft. That way, the vehicle can orient its sail to get the best boost from the Sun. As it travels around the planet, it will shift its position, coasting edge-on toward the Sun on the nightside of the Earth. Then it will twist its sail to catch the Sun’s rays on the dayside. This push will ultimately boost the spacecraft’s orbit over time, raising it to a higher orbit. If this works, LightSail 2 will demonstrate a way for spacecraft to maneuver through space without the use of conventional propellants, which can take up a lot of room on a spacecraft. Instead, small satellites around Earth could be equipped with solar sails, giving them much-needed mobility and freeing up room to carry more instruments and sensors. Nye also foresees the possibility of using a solar sail to send materials to the Moon or Mars. After the sail unfurls, there’s a chance that people on Earth may be able to get a glimpse of it as it reflects light from the Sun. The Planetary Society will provide a link on its website that includes where and when LightSail 2 will be passing overhead, giving us Earthlings prime viewing opportunity. “We’re very excited that it will engage people around the world because it’s literally visible from the surface,” says Nye.

<urn:uuid:dfcb8d32-d925-4d59-9d19-7a4dd227270d>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/21/18692023/spacex-falcon-heavy-atomic-clock-nasa-green-propulsion-lightsail-planetary-society

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583083.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015192439-20211015222439-00070.warc.gz

en

By: Jackie Carroll When people think about fungi, they usually think about unpleasant organisms such as poisonous toadstools or those that cause moldy food. Fungi, along with some types of bacteria, belong to a group of organisms called saprophytes. Find out more about saprophytes in this article. What is a Saprophyte? Saprophytes are organisms that can’t make their own food. In order to survive, they feed on dead and decaying matter. Fungi and a few species of bacteria are saprophytes. Examples saprophyte plants include: - Indian pipe - Corallorhiza orchids - Mushrooms and molds - Mycorrhizal fungi As saprophyte organisms feed, they break down decaying debris left by dead plants and animals. After the debris is broken down, what remains are rich minerals that become part of the soil. These minerals are essential for healthy plants. What Do Saprophytes Feed On? When a tree falls in the forest, there may not be anyone there to hear it, but you can be sure that there are saprophytes there to feed on the dead wood. Saprophytes feed on all types of dead matter in all sorts of environments, and their food includes both plant and animal debris. Saprophytes are the organisms responsible for turning food waste you throw into your compost bin into rich food for plants. You may hear some people refer to exotic plants that live off of other plants, such as orchids and bromeliads, as saprophytes. This isn’t strictly true. These plants often consume live host plants, so they should be called parasites rather than saprophytes. Additional Saprophyte Information Here are some features that can help you determine whether an organism is a saprophyte. All saprophytes have these characteristics in common: - They produce filaments. - They have no leaves, stems or roots. - They produce spores. - They can’t perform photosynthesis. This article was last updated on Read more about Fungus & Lichen A parasitic plant depends on its host for survival. Some parasitic plants have no leaves. An example of this is the dodder (Figure 1), which has a weak, cylindrical stem that coils around the host and forms suckers. From these suckers, cells invade the host stem and grow to connect with the vascular bundles of the host. The parasitic plant obtains water and nutrients through these connections. The plant is a total parasite (a holoparasite) because it is completely dependent on its host. Other parasitic plants (hemiparasites) are fully photosynthetic and only use the host for water and minerals. There are about 4,100 species of parasitic plants. Figure 1. The dodder is a holoparasite that penetrates the host’s vascular tissue and diverts nutrients for its own growth. Note that the vines of the dodder, which has white flowers, are beige. The dodder has no chlorophyll and cannot produce its own food. (credit: “Lalithamba”/Flickr) Copyright 1999, National Gardening Association. All Rights Reserved. In this section we are going to look at some examples of relationships between plants and other organisms. Well start "small," with plant-microbe relationships, then move to plant-insect, plant-plant, and, finally, plant-animal relationships. Although its somewhat artificial to isolate and analyze individual relationships like this, the exercise should help us, in the end, view the garden more holistically"whole"-isticallyby making us more aware of the many individual players and connections. As usual, lets begin by defining a few terms. You probably know by now that scientists like to categorize and name things! Here are some useful terms and definitions. (Dont worry too much about the individual terms its more important to understand the variety of possible relationships.) |When two (or more) different organisms live in close association, they are said to be living in symbiosis (Gr. syn = together with, bios = life).| |If both organisms benefit from the association, the relationship is called mutualism, or mutualistic symbiosis.| |If one organism benefits, and the other remains unaffected, the relationship is called commensalism.| |If one organism lives on or in another living organism, from which it derives nutrients, it is called a parasite, and the provider is called the host.| |If one plant grows on the body of another plant, but is not parasitic, then it is called an epiphyte.| |If an organism fills its nutrient needs from dead and decaying organic matter, it is called a saprophyte.| Another important concept when talking about relationships among organisms is the specificity of the relationship. This refers to how "choosy" an organism is when it comes to forming a relationship. Some relationships arent very specific at all. Some ivies, for example, will climb up any type of treethe species of tree doesnt matter. On the other hand, relationships involving very close, cell-to-cell contact tend to be very specific that is, the two organisms involved must be fully compatible. For example, certain strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria will form root nodules on specific types of legumes, but not on others. Now well begin our look as some relationships. As you read these isolated accounts, however, keep in mind that the natural world is made up of complex systems and relationships. “Grande,” “Venti,” And “Trenta”: What Do The Starbucks Sizes Literally Mean? What Is An Em Dash And How Do You Use It? Why Do “Left” And “Right” Mean Liberal And Conservative? “Affect” vs. “Effect”: Use The Correct Word Every Time Prepare For Passover With These Pertinent Terms What Is An Oxford Comma And When Do You Use It? What is Saprophyte ? Saprophyte is an organism that feeds on a decomposing matter from dead organisms. Saprophytes can be both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Such are many bacteria, a significant part of the fungi, certain species of plants and animals. Most of the saprophytes are not strictly specialized and can feed on a large variety of substrates. Some saprophytic species are specialized and use only one or a limited range of sources of organic matter. Saprophytic organisms play a very important role in the ecosystems and in the circle of substances in the biosphere. They are a crucial part of the processing of organic matter on Earth. Saprophytes process organic substances from both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Thanks to them, the ground is not covered with dead organic matter. Some species of saprophytes decompose complex organic substances to simpler ones. Others process simple organic substances to inorganic. There are also species which directly decompose the complex organic substances to inorganic. The whole variety of saprophytic organisms ultimately converts the organic substances formed by autotrophic and used by heterotrophic organisms into inorganic ones. Thus the inorganic substances are available to autotrophic organisms, which turn them into organic substances again. What are Saprophytes? Join the Community Saprophytes are living organisms that feed on dead organic matter. They are considered extremely important in soil biology, as they break down dead and decaying organic matter into simple substances that can be taken up and recycled by plants. The term is usually used to refer to saprophytic fungi or bacteria. In the strict botanical definition, the term "saprophyte" is something of a misnomer. "Phyte" means a plant, and bacteria and fungi are not classified as plants. Some higher plants such as certain types of orchids and a family of flowering plants called monotropes were once included in this category, because they do not use photosynthesis to make nutrients, so it was believed that they extracted nutrients from dead organic matter. It is now known that these types of plants are actually parasites that obtain their food by growing on living fungi. As such, there are no known true saprophytic plants. Saprophytes are characterized by their use of a particular kind of digestion mechanism, called extra-cellular digestion. This process involves the secretion of digestive substances into the surrounding environment, where they break down organic matter into simple substances. The resulting nutrients are then absorbed directly through the membranes of the organism's cells, and metabolized. In saprophytic nutrition, the main classes of matter that are broken down are proteins, fats, and starches. Proteins are digested into amino acids. Fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Starches are digested into simple sugars. All of the resulting substances are then of a small enough molecular size that they can be transported across the cell membranes. Suitable conditions are needed for the optimum growth of the common types of saprophytes. There must be sufficient water in the soil or surrounding environment. There must usually be oxygen present, as the majority cannot grow under anaerobic conditions. The acidity of the soil or environment usually needs to be neutral, or slightly acidic, as most of these organisms do not thrive under alkaline conditions. Some of the most common include certain saprophytic fungus types, such as those in the families of Rhizopus and Mucor. These fungi typically have an extensive network of hyphae, similar to tiny roots, which grow through the soil or through dead wood or other organic matter. They grow in a network called a mycelium. This enables the fungus to thoroughly penetrate the local organic matter, within which the hyphae secrete digestive enzymes and absorb the resulting nutrients. a plant that feeds on the organic matter of dead organisms or on the excrement of living organisms. Their type of feeding places saprophytes in the group of heterotrophic organisms. Saprophytes and autotrophic organisms play an important role in the cycle of matter in nature saprophytes promote the decomposition of carcasses and animal excrement into water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and other inorganic compounds. Saprophytes are found mainly among bacteria, actinomy-cetes, and fungi. Typical algal saprophytes are Polytoma of the family Chlamydomonadinaceae and Prototheca of the family Protococcales. Some saprophytes transfer to a parasitic mode of existence. A number of photosynthesizing organisms, such as some green algae, may also feed saprophytically. Flowering plants of the families Pyrolaceae, Orchidaceae, and Burmanniaceae are sometimes considered as saprophytes, but it is more accurate to regard them as mycotrophic parasitic plants. The plants receive nutrient matter from the soil via a mycorrhizal fungus, and they are also marked by photosynthesis.

<urn:uuid:065df88a-db96-4871-b0e2-25f3f89ac634>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://rw.andropampanga.com/1072-what-is-a-saprophyte-and-what-do-saprophytes-feed-on.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585507.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022114748-20211022144748-00350.warc.gz

en

If you’re new to the world of woodworking, you must already know the significance of the miter saw. It’s one of the power tools that are worth a placement in your garage or workshop. Using this versatile power tool, you can make a variety of cuts in your wood pieces. But most of the woodworkers, being a newbie in the field, get perplexed when they come across single vs double bevel miter saw. The reason is that they don’t have a clear idea in their head what is the difference between these two. With that being said, in this article, we’ve made sure to make it clear to you the difference between both single and double bevel miter saw. After seeing a crystal clear contrast of the two, you’ll be able to decide which one is your tool! What Is a Miter Saw Used For? Miter saw is one of the basic and versatile tools that you, as a woodworker must have possession of. It serves several cutting purposes for different wood materials quite well. Unlike a circular saw, you don’t have to hold it and move it to the location of your workpieces. Miter saw is a stationary tool, you put it on the benchtop and bring your wood pieces to it to make cuts. There are a number of cuts that a miter saw can deal with. For instance, crosscuts, angled cut, bevel, and compound angle cuts, etc. Single Bevel Miter Saw A single bevel miter saw is used to make a variety of angle cuts. It weighs so little that you can easily move it around. You can effortlessly transport it from one job site to the other. Single bevel miter saw contains a pivoting point function that can make the angled cut from both left and right sides. Whereas, it makes the bevel cuts just in one direction where the saw is set initially. In other words, this saw will tilt to only one direction to make bevel cuts that in most cases is the left side. It can go up to 90 degrees vertical. Also Check Best Lathe For Bowl Turning This is quite a handy tool that not only makes miter and bevel cuts alone but simultaneously as well. And if you want to do bevel cuts on both sides of your piece, it requires to be flipped over with the hands. But you need to flip the piece in the same placement as on the other sides or else the accuracy in the cut will not be achieved. A single bevel saw is a perfect choice if you don’t have too much to handle. It is the best tool for beginners or amateur woodworkers. Homeowners can also use this type of saw if they have to deal with smaller projects. You can make the most cuts using a single bevel miter saw as with the double bevel saw, but it requires a lot of effort to deal with larger projects. Single bevel miter saw will serve you with a lot of benefits. First of all, it’s quite budget-friendly. If you’re new to woodworking, you must not spend a heap of investment on buying a tool that is not only hard to handle but requires a lot of investment as well. When doing a comparison of single vs double bevel miter saw, price is of the factors that will throw a ball in a single bevel saw’s court. There are some small models of single bevel saw that you can get in under the $100 budget as well. Whereas, if you want to go for some powerful models, that too won’t cost more than $200. The single bevel miter saw is easy to handle and you can use it to deal with a lot of your home improvement and renovation tasks. If you’re new to woodworking or a professional, it will serve you in both cases to deal with your small-level projects to make several cuts, then this is your tool! As the blade of a single bevel saw tilts in one direction only, it makes the device easy to handle. Especially the beginners who aren’t used to handling the tools with a lot of technicalities to handle can be benefitted from this tool the most. Where it has plenty of pros, there are some downsides of the saw as well. It requires the physical flipping of the wood pieces to make the bevel cuts. And with that you need to observe the angle of the cutting as well i.e. if the side of the wood isn’t placed in accordance with the other side, the accuracy of the bevel cut will be affected. The single bevel miter saw makes cuts slower because of the slow spinning speed of the blade. And with that, overturning adds more to the leisurely working of the tool. It will not accommodate you much for dealing with the long wood pieces. The single bevel capacity of the saw isn’t ideal to deal with larger projects. Double Bevel miter Saw The double bevel miter saw can move in both directions. You can easily proceed with the cuts in the left as well as the right direction. Bevel cuts can be easily achieved by moving the saw on the same side. It is most chosen by professional contractors and hobbyists as well who have to deal with larger projects. Unlike a single bevel, miter saw, you don’t have to waste the time flipping the wood pieces to get accurate bevel cuts. Using a dual bevel miter saw, you’ll be at ease as it takes no extra effort to deal with crown moldings and to make uniform cuts. It is quite efficient in getting the job done quicker and faster. It is a better option to handle high-capacity tasks. Double bevel miter saw save your efforts while making bevel cuts, thanks to its tilting nature that can make the job easier. You can get a certain level of precision and flawlessness without necessarily making any rotations or flips. Just tilt the saw in the opposing direction after adjusting the position of the material and the saw will handle the rest. You May Also Like Best Sander For Trim Work In addition to accuracy, the application of a double bevel saw is faster. If you’re running late to meet the deadlines of your projects, this miter saw can work great for you. The reason is that no flipping and extra fatigue will obstruct getting the job done speedily. The frequent material placement and positioning isn’t the requirement in a single bevel miter saw’s case. There’s no matching and turning the pieces fatigue, so you can achieve a level best correctness and perfection in your cutting tasks. In contrast to single vs double bevel miter saw, double bevel miter saw can lose the battle if you have to make a purchase keeping in your short budget. The fact that it’s more efficient and can deal with plenty of tasks not only in a short time but with perfection as well, makes it cost as per its worth. You can get a double bevel miter saw over a range of $200 from any of the high-end brands. Single Bevel Vs Double bevel Miter Saw The single bevel miter saw allows you to tilt the saw head up to 45 degrees on a single side, on the left mostly. Whereas in the case of a double bevel miter saw, you can easily tilt the head in both directions, left and right. This means in the case of a double bevel miter saw, there’s no extra fatigue of flipping to get the bevel cuts done. The dual bevel miter saw can be tilted up to 45 degrees and the single bevel miter saw can be tilted up to 90 degrees angle. Single bevel saw models are more common in beginners as they don’t have much money to spend on a tool they’re just beginning their career with. Or if you have to deal with small home tasks, spending heaps of bucks doesn’t add up. When you come across a single bevel vs dual bevel miter saw comparison, you’ll find the dual bevel miter saws more expensive. The price does justice with the features it provides. On the other hand, you have to compromise on some of the features if you plan to buy a single bevel miter saw. You get what you pay for! If you prefer a time-efficient and high productivity outcome, a dual bevel saw will be more preferable for you. If your preference is low budget and not so time-efficient tool, a single bevel miter saw is your pick. When To Go For a Single Bevel Miter Saw? Are you going to pick a single bevel miter saw? Before making the final decision, make sure it suits the type of work you gotta do with it. The single bevel miter saw is a choice for you if bevel and angled cuts are the main tasks you have to deal with. It is a handy tool for jobs like trimming, cutting fence palings, and assembling picture frames. Check Also Dewalt Or Milwaukee If you’re a beginner or a DIYer, a single bevel miter saw is an ideal tool for you. But if you have plans to use it for the baseboards, that may not be a wise use of it because that’s capacity delivering isn’t the thing to expect from a single bevel miter saw. When To Go For a Double Bevel Miter Saw? On the other side of the coin, if you’re a professional craftsman and have to deal with heavy-duty tasks, a dual bevel miter saw should be your selection. It’s worth your extra bucks because it is the very right tool for the type of work you deal with. Being an expert in using tools already, you won’t face a hard time getting used to it. You may find it a bit heavy in weight but that does justice with the kind of work it gives out. It’s a versatile tool that offers a variety of cuts to be made with it. You’ll get the accuracy and precision in cuts because of its dual directions of angles while cutting. If you’re the type of person who prefers perfection in work, this compound saw will meet your expectations. Some of its uses are custom woodworking, expert crown molding, and handcrafted items. In single vs dual bevel miter saw comparison, dual bevel saw takes the lead when professionalism is concerned. The quality of cuts remains intact while making a lot of repetitions. You can achieve the same cuts on each side with this saw. A full range of different compound angles can be obtained for compound cuts on the usage of the double bevel miter saw. Final Words – Single Bevel Vs Dual Bevel Miter Saw We hope that after looking through the whole article, you can now make a better selection for single vs double bevel miter saw. Choose the saw which fulfills your job requirements the best. It’s better not to get into the price difference that much because it’s quite plain that you get what you pay for. With that being said, we wish you luck with your purchase! Difference Between Single and Double Bevel Miter Saw? Both types of saw in the quality of cuts they make. The single bevel miter saw uses its left side only to make cuts and there’s a lot of fatigue in getting the perfect bevel cuts with it. On the other hand, a double bevel miter saw is more precise and accurate when it comes to making bevel cuts. It uses dual angles to make the effortless cuts. What Is a Double Bevel Compound Miter Saw? A double bevel compound miter saw moves in both directions, left and right to create perfect bevel cuts. There’s no extra fatigue you have to go through unlike in the case of the single bevel miter saw. You can obtain perfect moldings and great cuts for your wood pieces using a dual bevel mite saw. I’m Thomas Steven with more than 12 years of experience in woodworking. I did my woodworking degree from University of Cincinnati. It has always been my passion to become a successful woodworker. I have completed hundreds of successful projects in Florida, Miami. I write about woodworking by being an associate with Amazon and I earn a little commission from every qualifying purchase.

<urn:uuid:b7356bd2-ed35-4eb0-8add-fbc5cf169a31>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://mywoodgear.com/single-vs-double-bevel-miter-saw/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585405.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021102435-20211021132435-00110.warc.gz

en

This report presents 2012 U.S. final mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns among residents of the United States by such variables as sex, race and ethnicity, and cause of death. Information on mortality patterns is key to understanding changes in the health and well-being of the U.S. population (1). Life expectancy estimates, age-adjusted death rates by race and ethnicity and sex, 10 leading causes of death, and 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2012 final data with 2011 final data. Other key findings included: The age-adjusted death rate for the United States decreased 1.1% from 2011 to 2012 to a record low of 732.8 per 100,000 standard population. The 10 leading causes of death in 2012 remained the same as in 2011. Age-adjusted death rates decreased significantly from 2011 to 2012 for 8 of the 10 leading causes and increased significantly for one leading cause (suicide). The infant mortality rate decreased 1.5% from 2011 to 2012 to a historic low of 597.8 infant deaths per 100,000 live births. The 10 leading causes of infant death in 2012 remained the same as in 2011. The recent confirmation of the first Ebola case in Texas confirms the studies predictions… to the day. The calculated risk of an Ebola case in the USA by the end of september was 18%. To jog your memory of that post: A study published in PLOS Currents: Outbreaks calculated the likelihood of Ebola cases coming to the United States and other countries based on virtual airline traffic. The study concluded that within 3-6 weeks the ‘probability of international spread outside the African region is small, but not negligible.’ … the authors of a new analysis say many countries — including the U.S. — should gear up to recognize, isolate and treat imported cases of Ebola. The probability of seeing at least one imported case of Ebola in the U.S. is as high as 18 percent by late September… These predictions are based on the flow of airline passengers from West Africa and the difficulty of preventing an infected passenger from boarding a flight. UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH: What do we actually mean by research and how does it help inform our understanding of things? Today we look at the dangers of making a link between unrelated results. Here’s an historical tidbit you may not be aware of. Between the years 1860 and 1940, as the number of Methodist ministers living in New England increased, so too did the amount of Cuban rum imported into Boston – and they both increased in an extremely similar way. Thus, Methodist ministers must have bought up lots of rum in that time period! Actually no, that’s a silly conclusion to draw. What’s really going on is that both quantities – Methodist ministers and Cuban rum – were driven upwards by other factors, such as population growth. Two quantities are said to be correlated if both increase and decrease together (“positively correlated”), or if one increases when the other decreases and vice-versa (“negatively correlated”). Correlation is readily detected through statistical measurements of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient, which indicates how tightly locked together the two quantities are, ranging from -1 (perfectly negatively correlated) through 0 (not at all correlated) and up to 1 (perfectly positively correlated). But just because two quantities are correlated does not necessarily mean that one is directly causing the other to change. Correlation does not imply causation, just like cloudy weather does not imply rainfall, even though the reverse is true. Even where causation is present, we must be careful not to mix up the cause with the effect, or else we might conclude, for example, that an increased use of heaters causes colder weather. In order to establish cause-and-effect, we need to go beyond the statistics and look for separate evidence (of a scientific or historical nature) and logical reasoning. Correlation may prompt us to go looking for such evidence in the first place, but it is by no means a proof in its own right. Although the above examples were obviously silly, correlation is very often mistaken for causation in ways that are not immediately obvious in the real world. When reading and interpreting statistics, one must take great care to understand exactly what the data and its statistics are implying – and more importantly, what they are not implying. One recent example of the need for caution in interpreting data is the excitement earlier this year surrounding the apparent groundbreaking detection of gravitational waves – an announcement that appears to have been made prematurely, before all the variables that were affecting the data were accounted for. Unfortunately, analysing statistics, probabilities and risks is not a skill set wired into our human intuition, and so is all too easy to be led astray. Entire books have been written on the subtle ways in which statistics can be misinterpreted (or used to mislead). To help keep your guard up, here are some common slippery statistical problems that you should be aware of: 1) The Healthy Worker Effect, where sometimes two groups cannot be directly compared on a level playing field. Consider a hypothetical study comparing the health of a group of office-workers with the health of a group of astronauts. If the study shows no significant difference between the two – no correlation between healthiness and working environment – are we to conclude that living and working in space carries no long-term health risks for astronauts? No! The groups are not on the same footing: the astronaut corps screen applicants to find healthy candidates, who then maintain a comprehensive fitness regime in order to proactively combat the effects of living in “microgravity”. We would therefore expect them to be significant healthier than office workers, on average, and should rightly be concerned if they were not. 2) Categorisation and the Stage Migration Effect – shuffling people between groups can have dramatic effects on statistical outcomes. This is also known as the Will Rogers effect, after the US comedian who reportedly quipped: When the Okies left Oklahoma and moved to California, they raised the average intelligence level in both states. To illustrate, imagine dividing a large group of friends into a “short” group and a “tall” group (perhaps in order to arrange them for a photo). Having done so, it’s surprisingly easy to raise the average height of both groups at once. Simply ask the shortest person in the “tall” group to switch over to the “short” group. The “tall”‘ group lose their shortest member, thus bumping up their average height – but the “short” group gain their tallest member yet, and thus also gain in average height. This has major implications in medical studies, where patients are often sorted into “healthy” or “unhealthy” groups in the course of testing a new treatment. If diagnostic methods improve, some very-slightly-unhealthy patients may be recategorised – leading to the health outcomes of both groups improving, regardless of how effective (or not) the treatment is. 3) Data mining – when an abundance of data is present, bits and pieces can be cherry-picked to support any desired conclusion. This is bad statistical practice, but if done deliberately can be hard to spot without knowledge of the original, complete data set. Consider the above graph showing two interpretations of global warming data, for instance. Or fluoride – in small amounts it is one of the most effective preventative medicines in history, but the positive effect disappears entirely if one only ever considers toxic quantities of fluoride. For similar reasons, it is important that the procedures for a given statistical experiment are fixed in place before the experiment begins and then remain unchanged until the experiment ends. 4) Clustering – which is to be expected even in completely random data. Consider a medical study examining how a particular disease, such as cancer or Multiple sclerosis, is geographically distributed. If the disease strikes at random (and the environment has no effect) we would expect to see numerous clusters of patients as a matter of course. If patients are spread out perfectly evenly, the distribution would be most un-random indeed! So the presence of a single cluster, or a number of small clusters of cases, is entirely normal. Sophisticated statistical methods are needed to determine just how much clustering is required to deduce that something in that area might be causing the illness. Unfortunately, any cluster at all – even a non-significant one – makes for an easy (and at first glance, compelling) news headline. Statistical analysis, like any other powerful tool, must be used very carefully – and in particular, one must always be careful when drawing conclusions based on the fact that two quantities are correlated. Instead, we must always insist on separate evidence to argue for cause-and-effect – and that evidence will not come in the form of a single statistical number. Seemingly compelling correlations, say between given genes and schizophrenia or between a high fat diet and heart disease, may turn out to be based on very dubious methodology. The bad news is that our evolution equipped us to live in small, stable, hunter-gatherer societies. We are Pleistocene people, but our languaged brains have created massive, multicultural, technologically sophisticated and rapidly changing societies for us to live in. In consequence, we must constantly resist the temptation to see meaning in chance and to confuse correlation and causation. From a public health standpoint, this data argues for continuing to push to increase vaccination rates and stem any declines. A 95 percent vaccination rate in a state doesn’t mean every place in the state is at 95 percent. At rates even a bit lower, we start to see increases in whooping cough and measles cases. And remember that parents who choose not to vaccinate their kids are also putting other people’s kids at risk: Many of the victims of whooping cough are babies who are too young to be vaccinated.

<urn:uuid:20bf6889-a117-4386-8832-fb9808cf7697>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://causescience.com/tag/statistics/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585768.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023193319-20211023223319-00150.warc.gz

en

Have you not yet gone for the Sundarban? Do you know about 100,000 tourists come to visit the Sundarbans each year? If you are a traveler and hungry to uncover the mystery, pack your bag and run towards the largest mangrove forest in the world. Sundarban is about 10,000 kilometers and situated in the coastal area between Bangladesh and India. The areas positioned in the delta of three great rivers, Meghna, Brahmaputra and the Ganges. About 6000 Kilometer is inside Bangladesh, and the rest is in West Bengal India. In Bangladesh, the Sundarbans spreads in three districts, which are Khulna, Bagerhat, and Satkhira. The largest mangrove Sundarbans has three Wildlife Sanctuaries. They are East, West, and South Sundarbans Wildlife haven. These sanctuaries play a significant role to maintain the biodiversity of the forest. Sundarban At a Glance For the world, the Sundarbans is full of natural and puzzling beauty. Nature embraces its children in the best care. In this largest mangrove forest, there are about 50 types of Mammals, 320 species of inhabitant and exotic birds visible. Moreover, there are 50 types of reptiles, eight amphibians and 400 fish species available. The highest numbers of Royal Bengal Tigers are also accessible in this part. One-third of the area contains moorland. There is no fixed road for traveling inside the forest. Therefore, the rivers and canals are the only way for the Sundarban tourism. In 1999, UNESCO declared almost 32,400 Hector area as World Heritage. The earlier name of the Sundarbans is Badaban. Later it is changed in the Sundarbans. At the entrance of the forest, you may find some small villages on the bank of the river. All the families depend on the Sundarbans for their day-to-day living. The primary professions among them are fishing, collecting wood or honey. Anywhere in Sundarban, the most common plant is Goal Pata. Like its name, it is not in round shape. Its fruit is delicious, and treacle is very healthy. One of the most common sources of money for the people of this area is collecting Goal Pata. This leave has multiple uses as coastal house roof and boat roof. An important plant of Sundarban is Hetal. This spiky plant has a great impact on the asylum of Sundarban. It arranges the area for the Bengal Tigers to hide safely. Keora is also a great tree, which can survive well in water. Its leaves and fruits are the best food for deer. Also, you can find Gewa in almost everywhere in this forest. It releases very toxic tannin. Do you know why Badaban becomes Sundarban? It is the Sundori. Earlier there were huge numbers of Sundori tree in the forest. However, the number has drastically reduced by top dying plant disease. The main reason of this disease is the increase in the salinity of the water. Due to strong timber, Sundori is the main attraction of furniture of this locality. In the beginning, the forest started with plants like Sun Grass. After that, a series of plants came gradually, which include Keora, Possur, Bain, Gewa, etc. These are known as the pioneer plant of this mangrove forest. Finally, Sundori and Goran came as climax plant. This process name is succession. For survival in the climate change, the trees adapted a lot. The air root comes out from the ground are one of the best examples of adaptation. As the plants of this forest, the animal species are also plentiful. The ecosystem contains tiny insects to the wild Royal Bengal Tiger. Animal life of this area depends on the time of high and low tide. While water goes down during low tide, varieties of species come out from the muddy soil. Mud creeper, Fiddlers curb, snail, jellyfish and other fish species has a vital role in the ecosystem. Different color and species of birds are seen in this forest. Tia, Ghughu, Shalik and Moyna contain the major part of birds, which make their nest at the top of the tree. They live on insects, fruits, and seeds. Nevertheless, the majority of birds are of those species who love to eat fish. The notables are Kingfisher, Falcon, Kites, Pelican, and Heron, etc. Not only the Sundarban full of natural beauty but also keep some scary part in it. It is very common to see crocodile basking in Sun while traveling on boat inside the mangrove forest. The Royal Bengal Tiger is the scariest animal of the Sundarbans. People who collect honey from Sundarban are the first Victim of the Bengal Tigers. Due to the Royal Color combination and style of living, they are named as Royal Bengal Tiger. Unfortunately, 400 tigers are left in this Jungle. You can also find aggressive Wild boars in this forest. Deer and monkey are in huge amount. The interesting thing is the relation between monkey and deer. The monkeys break the branches of Keora for feeding the deer. For repaying, the deer provides a jungle tour to the monkey on their back. Sundarban Tourism: Best Tourist Spots in Sundarbans Sundarban has the beauty to attract tourist in all the seasons of the year. The October to March is the best season for touring the Sundarban. Visiting in Sundarban can be dangerous for tourist or the ecosystem. Therefore, there is few targeted spot where people can go and enjoy the natural beauty with doing any harm. In Bangladesh, there is some tourist spot in the Sundarban, but you have to go there by water vehicles like launch, trawler or boat. Most importantly, you have to take permission from the forest office. Among the tourist spots, the most attracting places are as following – - Karamjal: Sundarban National Park - Hiron Point (Nilkamal) - Dublar Char (Island) - Tin Kona Island - Mandarbari Beach Karamjal: Sundarban National Park One of the most desired places to the tourist is Karamjal. You can get a precious view of Bangladeshi wildlife at a glance. Karamjal is a royal entry to the Sundarban. The ranger station is deep in the forest and a visitor spot for its deer-breeding center. Recently, the government has started the country’s first saltwater crocodile-breeding center, which is another attraction of Karamjal. For entering the forest, you have to take permission from the Forest Officer and have to take mandatory Cholera vaccine dose before leaving. Professional guides always recommend carrying some first aid medications and sufficient drinking water while exploring Karamjal. The national park contains a large number of species, which are already in a vulnerable state of existence. You can see deer, monkey, boar, crocodile and bird in this tourist spot. If you are the luckiest person, you may see the Royal Bengal Tiger. Karamjal is in Bagerhat District. If you want to see the beauty of Sundarban along with the Bay of Bengal, Katka is the best place in the Sundarban. Katka is famous for the travel route of tiger through the beach and coastal area in the early morning. Trekking lover can make a forest travel through the grassy meadows from Katka to Kachikhali. In this way, you may see lots of deer, monkey, and birds. It is one of the best places for wildlife photography. It is in the Bagerhat district of Khulna Division. Hiron Point (Nilkamal) If you have the desire to see the tiger in the forest Sundarban, Hiron Point is the most likely area to find them. You can easily see lots of deer, monkey, salt-water crocodile and birds in this place. Hiron is one of the best sunset points of Bangladesh. It is also famous for tiger watchtower. It is under the Burigoalini Forest Range, Satkhira. Dublar Char (Island) Dublar Char is a beautiful Island and famous for its natural view. It is renowned for fishing and fish fauna. Its beauty can be comparable with any other island in the world. Usually, it is not a tiger viewing point. You can find many spotted deer in a casual walk. However, if you are lucky, you may see the Bengal tiger is fishing in the River Passur. It is in the southern part of Khulna district. Tin Kona Island This is another beautiful sunrise and sunset point of Sundarban and Bay of Bengal. People less frequently visit this beach due to a long journey on the boat. However, in recent day, the number of tourist increases drastically due to frequent seeing of Royal Bengal Tiger and Pangolins. Mandarbari Beach is in the Burigoalini Forest Range, Shamnagar, Satkhira. Special Culture in Sundarban Like many mysteries of Sundarban like Gazi Kalu, Champabati, Bonbibi, etc. there are specials cultures in Sundarban. Among them, the most famous are Rash Mela (Fair) and Bonbibi’s Puja (Worship). People of the Sundarban believe these customs are helping them to survive in the danger of forest. It is a popular culture of Bangladeshi Hindu races. They gather in the Dublar Char of Sundarban to take a holy bath. Also, they pray for granting marshy from Bonbibi. The people of Sundarban come out in the full moon of 13-15 November of each year. It has been continuing science 19 century. Worship of Bonbibi It is the worship for the protector of Sundarban Bonbibi, according to the people living in and near the Sundarban. In the 1st date of Bengali month Magh or 25th January, people give their worship to Bonbibi. They believe, therefore Bonbibi will protect them from the upcoming danger of the year from the forest. How can you Visit Sundarbans from Dhaka? There is multiple travel and tourism company offer Sundarban tour package from Dhaka. If you want, you can arrange it by yourself. It is always better to go in a group. A minimum of four members in a group is perfect for Sundarban tour. You can travel most of the spots in the largest mangrove forest in 3-4 days. Depending on destination, and time you can select a variety of options. From Nilkamal, Shyamnagar, Satkhira First, you have to decide where to start. If you want to go from Satkhira, the best option could be the bus. You can have multiple bus company, who offer their service to Satkhira. Buses are available from both Gabtoli and Sayedabad bus terminal Dhaka. Satkhira AK Travels, SP Golden Line, Satkhira Express, Sundarban Express, MR Paribahan, Kingfisher, etc. have offered their bus service to Shyamnagar, Satkhira. The price ranges from 400 – 1200 BDT. The buses will drop you very near to Nilkamal. From there you will get an Easy bike, motor Rickshaw, and another local vehicle within 20-30 BDT to reach the Karamjal Forest office. You have to take permission to enter into the largest mangrove forest for 20 BDT charge per person. If you want to go deeper inside through walk or boat, you need to hire an armed forest guard in 500 BDT. After getting permission from the forest office, you have to hire a water vehicle. If you want to hire a lunch, it will cost about 4500 BDT for each day. If you think to hire a trawler, it will be just 600 BDT for 8-12 hours. You can also share the fair with other tourists. From Karamjal, your destination will be the Hiron Point and Mandarbari Beach. For resting, you may get rest house or hotel in Shyamnagar. However, you have rooms in the launch as well. You may have an air ride through the private jet in Jessore. From there you have to go Shyamnagar, and the other procedures are similar. From Karamjal, Bagerhat Here you can take two types of transport from Dhaka. You may have the pleasure to ride on a paddleboat Rocket or Ostrich. It will be available from Sadarghat launch terminal. You have to go Sadarghat physically to purchase the ticket, as no online option is available. It will take 400-1200 BDT to go up to Mongla Port, Bagerhat. You can also go to Mongla by bus from Gabtoli and Sayedabad bus terminal Dhaka. Many bus companies have their services to Mongla. Greenline Paribahan, S Alam Paribahan, Sohag Paribahan, Saudia, Hanif, etc. have offered their bus service to Mongla. The price ranges from 500 – 2000 BDT. The buses will drop you very near to Mongla Port. Before entering the forest, you need to take permission from Divisional Forest Office, Khulna. It is near the Mongla Port. Fees and conditions are same as Nilkamal. If you want to go deeper inside through walk or boat, you need to hire an armed forest guard in 500 BDT. If you want to hire a launch for 3-4 days from the Government Tourism, you need about 30,000 BDT for a 4-day package. However, you can hire a trawler in 1500 BDT for the whole day and in 5000 BDT, you may hire a launch. In a four-day trip, you can visit almost all the spots of Sundarban. Things to Carry in Sundarbans Tour Special Instruction for Sundarban Tour Sundarban Tourism is the best place to explore the largest mangrove forest in the world. You may feel like the haven in a touch of nature. You might be the luckiest person if you become able to capture a Royal Bengal Tiger in your shoot. Without making delay, grab the chance to discover this UNESCO heritage site.

<urn:uuid:605bc5cc-8699-4242-97cc-b42e87f3a882>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.ruposhibangladesh.com/sundarban/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585177.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017113503-20211017143503-00711.warc.gz

en

When was the last time you found yourself experiencing one of these eight characteristics while working on a project? - Complete concentration on a task - Clarity of goals and reward in mind and immediate feedback - Transformation of time (speeding up/slowing down) - Intrinsically rewarding experience - Effortless and ease - Balanced between challenge and skills - Actions and awareness are merged, losing self-conscious rumination - A feeling of control over the task Let’s be honest: have you ever felt this way? Most people haven’t, probably because they’ve never been in a peak state of “flow” that Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi describes in his research on attention and peak productivity. Your undivided attention doesn’t occur through wishful thinking. It must be earned, created, and consciously accomplished by structuring your environment to facilitate the sustained brainpower needed for proper focus and concentration. Through his research in understanding the “flow state” of mind, Csikszentmihalyi realized that to accomplish a peak state of focus and concentration, one must be fully committed to the pursuit and positioned within a specific set of key parameters to create this heightened state of euphoria and bliss. Sadly, very few of us learned about these simple techniques and learning objectives in school, primarily because schools don’t teach you how to learn. They merely teach you the content you need to know. Like most things in life, learning isn’t uniformly accomplished across the human species in the same way. Some may learn better through audio while others prefer video. Some may choose to read where others may prioritize being hands-on. There isn’t a “right” or “wrong” way to learn information, but there may be “better” ways to facilitate learning by increasing our attention span and mental endurance. To truly maximize your brain’s ability to focus on a task and provide undivided attention to a project, we need to create an optimal environment and schedule our day with the proper intentions for success. 1. Eliminate Distractions Once and for All If this one were easy, then everyone would be doing it. Distractions are one of the easiest and more efficient ways to distract our focus and waste precious brainpower on tasks that yield little to no long-term benefits. Simple activities like scrolling through social media, endlessly checking emails throughout the day, and scanning over at your phone to see your latest text messages can be a surefire way to prolong a project, especially since it takes around 23 minutes and 15 seconds for our brain to return to the peak state of focus after an interruption. So, why do we do this to ourselves? Because we love the thrill of dopamine. Every time you get a new text, see a new email, or find out that you received a new like on your LinkedIn post, dopamine floods your brain and lights up an area of your brain called the Nucleus Accumbens. The Nucleus Accumbens is an integral part of our reward system (along with the ventral tegmental area). It lights up like a Christmas tree whenever something exciting happens in our lives, regardless of whether we perceive or experience it. It’s also the circuitry responsible for the high felt while taking recreational drugs, with scientists noting that there very few differences in the reward pathways between all of these tasks. So, if getting an email in your inbox could amount to the equivalent hit of dopamine as doing a line of cocaine, why should you stop doing it? Because it’s killing your productivity (and potentially brain cells). Distractions are a surefire way to make your day more complicated, and it doesn’t just stop there. They also use up coveted brainpower and energy resources, causing the brain to switch from task to task, which is an inefficient use of neural activity. Switching from a task requires the brain to refocus, which also entails new circuits to be used, different pathways to fire, and more energy exerted to start up the new task at hand. When Mihaly Csikszentmihaly was doing his research, he realized that the power of sustained focus and undivided attention was accomplished by repetition, frequency, and intensity. As the saying goes, the more you use it, the easier it gets. Eliminating distractions must be the first step in the process because the brain thrives off simplicity and can function at a higher level when it doesn’t continuously change focus. 2. Set It and Forget It – Schedule Your Day Take a moment and think about that one thing you will never get back. And no, it’s not money, fame, or your ex. Time is the most precious resource we have because regardless of your physical, social, or financial status, it’s the only constant we have that we cannot trade for. Time is of the essence, and sadly, most of us waste it on activities that provide short-term gains at the expense of long-term rewards. To master our ability to focus and practice honing our skills for undivided attention, we must become masters of time management. And the best way to manage your time is to plan it out. We should be scheduling out time for physical exercise, social media, checking email daily. The list could go on forever and usually does, especially when this schedule isn’t utilized. Keeping yourself honest will always be the best policy, so don’t forget to prioritize booking out time for hanging out with loved ones. This policy can be a very effective way to manage your most precious assets while recharging the batteries after a long day at work. Even with scheduling, time management can become erratic and get away from us, which is why setting aside specific times for projects can be the ultimate time management hack to take your game to the next level. The Pomodoro Technique, created by Francesco Cirillo, utilizes a simple formula for managing time by setting 25 minutes of designated space for performing one specific task at a time. This technique is simple yet highly effective and aligns with our current understanding of neuropsychology and how the brain processes information. The old-school strategies of multitasking are outdated and unfounded in neuroscience as research continues to show that switching tasks is very time and energy-intense. It also depletes the brain’s energy reserves and slows down central processing within the prefrontal cortex—the brain region responsible for executive function, decision-making, and motivation. As you continue to switch back and forth between tasks, the brain becomes fatigued and error-prone, which can further delay progress and increase your chances of having to redo your work. Some research even estimates that task switching via multitasking can increase our error rates by nearly 50%, causing our tasks to take twice as long to finish. So, the next time your coworker starts to brag about their ability to multitask at their desk, enjoy the comforting feeling that you’re more likely to get the next promotion than they are. 3. Prime Your Brain for Success The saying is true: “If you don’t use it, you truly do lose it.” It’s is a classic philosophy in neuroscience, specifically speaking about forming habits, optimizing physical and mental performance, and understanding how the central nervous system works in tandem with the body to execute activities. Eliminating distractions and setting a daily schedule are essential steps for having undivided attention—and success. Still, these tactics can’t be utilized to their highest capacity if you approach your work feeling foggy, tired, in pain, or unable to motivate yourself to get ready to work. The brain isn’t binary and far more complex than it may appear, but some tried and true principles will always remain foundational for success. For starters, the brain thrives off of physical movement and exercise. The best way to energize the brain is through physical activity because exercise can vastly improve blood flow, oxygenation, and neural activity in the brain’s executive processing regions. Exercise can also significantly impact our mental and emotional health, providing significant advantages for our overall well-being and a sense of purpose. Good brains also require good fuel to survive, which is why diet, nutrition, and giving your body a chance to heal can be advantageous for those who choose to utilize it. You wouldn’t choose to put regular unleaded gasoline into a high-performance race car, so why would you expect poor food choices to give you high-performance outcomes? Your food choices provide fuel for your brain and body. More importantly, they also feed the gut bacteria that break your food into energy sources to produce neurotransmitters and optimize your immune function. These little bugs have taken on a lot of press over the last few decades as gut bacteria and altered gut microbiome composition have been implicated in nearly every neurodegenerative condition ranging from Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s, Multiple Sclerosis, and even cardiovascular disease. You need to feed your body the proper nutrients to fuel your brain for success. And lastly, you need to sleep like your life depends on it—because it does. There’s a reason we sleep nearly a third of our lives away. Sleep helps us recharge our internal battery and facilitates the consolidation of memories, allowing us to update our brain’s software and maximize our memory stores for enhanced learning and exploration of ideas. Sleep also accelerates our body’s healing processes, with new research uncovering vast increases in the brain’s movement of cerebrospinal fluid as a way to take out the trash accumulated in the brain throughout the day. Stressors Exist Where Systems Don’t Knowing this information is great, but the application is where the magic happens. You need to create structured systems to elevate your standards and create your optimal work environment. Sadly, no one else can do this for you. By owning your results and controlling what you can control, you will see your productivity skyrocket. And with undivided attention, you will see greater success levels, higher chances of advancing roles, and improved fulfillment in your work. Being productive can be tedious, but anyone who has found success in their career will agree that most of their success resulted from the long hours of work where no one was watching. And always remember to keep your focus on things you can control. More Tips on How to Focus - How to Not Get Distracted: 10 Practical Tips to Sharpen Your Focus - How to Focus Your Attention and Improve Productivity with 7 Simple Tips - How to Increase Mental Focus and Stay Sharp (Your Ultimate Guide) Featured photo credit: bruce mars via unsplash.com The post How To Give An Undivided Attention To Be More Productive appeared first on Lifehack.

<urn:uuid:322e1991-84e2-4f78-8b7d-5a39c4f3479f>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://heart2heartrelationships.com/how-to-give-an-undivided-attention-to-be-more-productive/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584913.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016170013-20211016200013-00030.warc.gz

en

The archaeological site of Delphi in Greece was one of the most important places of the ancient world. Here’s everything you need to know about the magnificent UNESCO site, the fantastic Delphi museum and the mysterious Delphic oracle. Delphi in Greece Few places in Greece are as special as the archaeological site of Delphi. The UNESCO cultural heritage site was once considered the centre of the Greek world. Delphi is located on the Mount Parnassos, in the Regional Unit of Fokida, Central Greece. Sitting at an altitude of 550 metres, the site has a great view over the surrounding area. The magnificent natural setting, superb archaeological museum and proximity to Athens, make Delphi one of the most visited archaeological sites in Greece. Given its incredible natural beauty, it’s not surprising that a few directors have chosen to include Ancient Delphi in their movies about Greece. Let’s travel back to the ancient times, to see why Delphi was so important to the entire ancient civilization of Greece. Delphi in the Ancient World The site of Delphi was Ancient Greece’s most sacred place. It was considered to be the navel (omfalós) of the earth, the center of the then known world. According to legend, Zeus, the king of the 12 Olympian gods, released two eagles, and let them fly free. One of the eagles left from the Far East, and the other from the Far West. After flying for a long time, the two eagles met over Delphi. The site was then proclaimed the most important place in the ancient world. Early History of Delphi The oldest findings from the wider area of Delphi date from the Neolithic Era, around 4,000 BC. Many of them were discovered in the nearby Corycian Cave, known in Greek as the Korykeion Antron. This is a cave on Mount Parnassus where ancient rituals took place. It was likely a place of worship for the God Panas as well as the Corycian Nymphs. Archaeologists have excavated numerous artefacts, indicating the presence of a settlement and cemetery from the Mycenaean period. The majority of the artefacts found around the ancient site date from the 8th century BC onwards. This is when the cults of certain ancient gods, including Apollo and Athena, were established in the area. Apollo and the Site of Delphi in Ancient Greece The first temple built in Delphi was the sanctuary of the ancient Goddess Earth. It was guarded by Mother Earth’s son, a fierce, monstrous snake called Python. God Apollo was the son of Zeus, and one of the twelve Olympian Gods. He was the god of Light, Grace, Music and Arts, and is usually depicted as a fair, handsome young man. One day, God Apollo left Olympus aiming to destroy Python and conquer this beautiful, sacred land. In a symbolic gesture of eliminating all ancient, primitive instincts, he killed the gruesome serpent. After killing Python, Apollo was self-exiled, in order to purify himself of the murder. The temple of Apollo in Delphi When his self-exile period was over, Apollo disguised himself as a dolphin, and returned to Delphi. On his way, he met a ship led by Cretan sailors, who followed along. Upon arrival at Kirrha port, close to Delphi, the sailors built a temple to honour Apollo and became his priests. Apollo was pronounced protector of Delphi, and Zeus cast a massive stone right on the spot where Python was killed. Apollo’s cult became prominent in the 8th – 7th century BC. This was the time when Apollo’s Sanctuary in Delphi was founded, and when the Oracle first appeared. Later on, Delphi became the most important religious centre and a symbol of unity in Ancient Greece. During winter months, Apollo left Delphi and emigrated to North Europe. According to legend, he spent that time with the mythical tribe of the Hyperboreans. The Oracles in the ancient classical world Oracles were very popular in Ancient Greece. They were high priests and priestesses with special powers. Their mission was to relay the messages of the gods to the mortals. Usually, the oracles conveyed the messages in a mysterious, ambivalent manner, which was open to interpretation. The Delphic Oracle was always a woman, known as Pythia. People consulted her before important decisions regarding marriage, war, or settling new colonies. Pythia, the most famous oracle Pythia was the most reliable Oracle in Ancient Greece. People visited from all the Greek cities and Greek colonies around the world, to consult the high priestess. The Oracle had to follow a certain ritual before giving a prophecy. She first took a bath, drank water from the nearby sacred spring of Kastalia, and chewed on bay leaves. She then sat on a tripod in the adyton, an off-limits room inside the temple of Apollo. This is where she inhaled an ecstasy-inducing smoke, which was likely produced by burning certain hallucinogenic plants along with methane. Pythia delivered her prophecies while she was in a state of euphoria, or ecstasy. The priests would then interpret her dubious and ambiguous messages. Given Apollo’s absence in winter, Pythia was only available in spring, summer and autumn. She delivered her prophecies just on one day per month. The importance of the Oracle among Ancient Greeks The importance of the Oracle in Delphi reached its peak between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. Pythia’s powers diminished during the Roman period, after the 3rd century BC. However, the rituals continued for several centuries. During the 4th century AD, the Byzantine emperor Theodosius terminated the Oracle. Like many other ancient sites in Greece, the great pan hellenic sanctuary fell into disuse. Games and festivals in Ancient Delphi Apart from being home to the Ancient Sanctuary of Apollo and the Oracle, Delphi served numerous other purposes. Although the site was primarily dedicated to Apollo, other gods were also worshipped in the area. These include Apollo’s sister Artemis, Athena, Zeus, Poseidon, Hermes and Dionysus. Several cultural events and athletic games took place in this beautiful area of Greece. The most famous festival was the Pythian Games, celebrating the death of Python. The Pythian Games included several athletic competitions, as well as musical and theatrical events, to honour Apollo. They were organized every four years, and were second in importance only to the Olympic Games. Pausanias, the great geographer, visited Delphi in the 2nd century AD and described the site in great detail. The Archaeological Site of Delphi today Excavations in the area of Delphi began in the 19th century. They were initially undertaken by German archaeologists, and later by the French school in Athens. The statues, inscriptions and other artifacts which have been discovered, offer great insights on life in Ancient Greece. Today, visitors can see the remains of temples and most prominent edifices, many of which have been partially restored. They can also visit the superb archaeological museum, where hundreds of artifacts are exhibited. Main buildings in the site of Delphi Visitors will follow the Sacred Way, a winding path leading to the temple of Apollo. After its construction, the temple was rebuilt and restructured numerous times. The version we see today dates from 330 BC. The Delphic maxims, that sum up physical and moral values of the times, were inscribed on the temple’s walls. Another important building is the Athenian Treasury. It was built after the battle of Marathon, as a place to store ornate treasuries and other precious objects retrieved after the battle. The iconic theatre of Delphi hosted the drama and music competitions of the Pythian Games. Like other ancient theatres in Greece, it was also used for public gatherings. Scattered around the site, you can also see remains of the original settlement, altars and cemeteries of the religious center of Delphi. One of my favourite spots is the Delphi stadium, on the top of the hill. Climbing up might be a bit of a challenge, especially on a hot summer day, but the views of the surrounding mountains from up the top are really worth it. Across the street from the main site, you can visit the Athena Pronaia sanctuary. Not everyone makes it here, and it’s a shame, as it’s really impressive! More information about the individual monuments is available on the official website of the archaeological site of Delphi. The Delphi Archaeological Museum The archaeological museum of Delphi is one of the most important museums in Greece, and has recently been refurbished to high standards. Visitors will see sculptures, statues and other artifacts, showcasing life in the wider area of Delphi since Apollo’s cult was established. Among its most famous exhibits is the Charioteer of Delphi, one of the finest bronze statues ever made in Greece. You can also see a fantastic collection of gold and ivory statues and other objects. Visiting Delphi from Athens The archaeological site of Delphi is around 190 kms (118 miles) from the Greek capital. This makes it the perfect day trip from Athens. It is easy to get to Delphi independently by rental car, or the public KTEL bus. There are several buses a day, and if you are going for a day trip you should try to catch the first bus of the day. It will take you around 3 hours to get to Delphi from Athens. If you are have enough time, you can also stay overnight in the small village of Arachova. It is much more picturesque than Delphi itself. Allow about 4 hours to see the whole site and the museum, including the temple of Athena Pronaia across the road. If you are visiting in summer, bring with you a large bottle of water, a hat, sunglasses and sunscreen. Avoid the hottest hours of the day if you can. Here are some more tips on how to stay cool in summer. Guided tour of Delphi People who prefer to have a guided tour of the archaeological site and the museum, can also join an organized tour to Delphi. There are numerous companies offering this tour, often combining it with an onward trip to the magnificent Meteora monasteries. In fact, even if you go independently, you could consider taking a guided tour, or even an audio tour of this incredible site. Delphi visiting hours and tickets Opening hours and ticket prices for Ancient Delphi vary between high and low season. Discounts are available for children, students, seniors etc. Check the official website for more information. During the year, there are a few free entrance days, which you can benefit from: - 6 March – In memory of the former Greek Minister of Culture, Melina Mercouri - 18 April – International Day for Monuments and Sites / World Heritage Day - 18 May – International Museums Day - The last weekend of September – European Heritage Days - 28 October – The “Ochi” public holiday - Every first Sunday of the month, from November to March - For 2021, the site will also be free on 21 October, 21 November and 21 December. This is to celebrate the 200 years from the Greek Independence War in 1821. Frequently asked questions about Ancient Delphi Here are a few questions visitors often ask: Where is the site of Delphi? The archaeological site of Delphi is located in the regional unit of Fokida in Central Greece, about 3 hours away from Athens. What is the most sacred site of Delphi? The focal point in Delphi was the grand temple of Apollo, dedicated to the God of light. Here is where the Delphic Oracle, Pythia, delivered her prophecies. What is the Delphi famous for? Delphi was the center of the ancient Greek world. The site was home to the Delphic oracle, Pythia, a high priestess of Apollo who was famous for her ambiguous prophecies. She was the most powerful oracle in ancient Greece. Does the Oracle of Delphi still exist? No, the Oracle of Delphi was terminated in the 4th century AD. However, when you visit today you will instantly notice the special energy of the area! Is Delphi worth visiting? Absolutely. Delphi is among the most important ancient sites in Greece, and its location is just stunning. You can easily visit Delphi, either on your own or with a tour, on a day trip from Athens. More travel guides about Greece I hope you have enjoyed this article about Ancient Delphi! You might also be interested in these other articles about Greece: - Top Archaeological Sites in Greece - The Temple of Poseidon at Sounion near Athens - When is the best time to go to Athens - Greece tourist attractions – Places to visit in Greece - How many days in Santorini do you really need? Hi! I’m Vanessa from Athens, and I like helping visitors find out more about my country. I’ve been fortunate to have visited Delphi in Greece several times, and absolutely love the setting and ambiance of the area. Feel free to like my FB page for more Greece-related info and news.

<urn:uuid:5f9c6ba9-be26-459e-8e9a-ea77415e2d02>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://realgreekexperiences.com/the-archaeological-site-of-delphi-in-greece

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587606.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024204628-20211024234628-00390.warc.gz

en

The Doctrine of Prayer Prayer is the act of asking God to do what he has already promised to do, which is modeled throughout the Bible by the patriarchs, the psalmists, the prophets, Jesus, and the apostles. Prayer is the act of asking God to do what he has already promised to do. We do this through the power of the Spirit as adopted children through the Messiah Jesus. We see this kind of interaction with God evidenced throughout the Bible as his people continue to ask him to follow through on his promises and bring about his kingdom and rule. We can be confident that God will answer our prayer for his purposes because he has explicitly promised to bring his purposes to pass. These include for God to glorify himself, for forgiveness, for our own knowledge of God, for godly wisdom, for the strength to obey, and for the gospel to spread. Prayer is not defined explicitly anywhere in the Bible, but its basic meaning is to ask. This is evident in, for example, the Lord’s Prayer (Matt. 6:9–13), where in response to a request to “teach us to pray!” from his disciples, Jesus gives them a framework for asking God to act by building his kingdom, promoting his reputation, and forgiving and sustaining them, his servants. Their ‘asking,’ then, is to be shaped by God’s prior action—to put it simply, to pray is to ask God to do what he in his grace has already promised to do. Prayer in the Bible is not a generic word for a vaguely spiritual activity but is firmly rooted in the nature and action of God. John Calvin makes this point clear in his discussion of prayer in The Institutes of the Christian Religion (III.XX.1): Just as faith is born from the gospel, so through it our hearts are trained to call upon God’s name [Rom. 10:14-17]. And this is precisely what [the apostle] had said a little before: the Spirit of adoption, who seals the witness of the gospel in our hearts [Rom. 8:16] raises up our spirits to dare to show forth to God their desires, to stir up unspeakable groanings [Rom. 8:26], and confidently cry, “Abba! Father!” [Rom.8:15]. Theologically, then, God invites us through the gospel to participate in the life of the Trinity through union with Christ, which entails asking God the Father to do specific things for us on the basis of the fact that we now participate in Jesus’s sonship by adoption through faith, which is brought about by the power of the Spirit. Matthew 7:7–11, with its repeated command to ask, makes this very clear—in particular in its closing assurance that “If you then, who are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father who is in heaven give good things to those who ask him!” This asking is shaped and controlled by the gospel—that is, what God has already committed to do for his people. It is normally to be addressed to the Father through the Son in the power of the Spirit. Prayer in the Old Testament This understanding of prayer as asking God to do what he has promised is displayed in almost every part of the Old Testament. From Genesis 4:26, when men “began to call on the name of Yahweh” (presumably to fulfil the promise of a rescuer in Gen. 3:15), onwards, the prayers of God’s people are essentially gospel-shaped, asking God to come through on his covenant promises. When Abraham and his family pray, they are asking God to come through on his covenant commitments. So Abraham prays (foolishly) that Ishmael might be his heir (17:18); both the unnamed servant of Abraham and Isaac himself pray for the success of the “wife project” in Genesis 24 -25, and then Jacob memorably prays in Genesis 32:9-12 to the “God of my father Abraham and God of my father Isaac, O Yahweh who spoke to me … ,” on the basis of his promise to make his “offspring as the sand of the sea, which cannot be numbered for multitude.” (Gen. 32:9–12). For Jacob, prayer is clearly asking God to do what he has promised, which involves protecting him so that the promises to his grandfather Abraham might be fulfilled. This basic perspective is replicated in almost every prayer in the pages that follow. The Exodus begins with a prayer like this (Exod. 2:23–25), and Moses’s interactions with God throughout the journey from Sinai to the land are characterized by this concern that God do what he has promised (for example, see Num. 14:13–20). Joshua picks up where Moses leaves off (Josh. 7:6–9) and this is reflected in the cycle of prayers for deliverance in the middle of judgment in Judges (for example, see Judg. 3:15). Prayer is never less (and seldom more) than asking God to do what he has promised. This is even more striking when one considers the “big prayers” of the Old Testament. Hannah’s prayer in the wake of God ending her barrenness surprisingly focuses not on her own child, but on God’s commitment to work in our world by sending a rescuer (1 Sam. 2:1–10). When Solomon prays at the dedication of the Temple (1 Kings 8), he remarkably does not focus on the bricks and mortar but on the progress of God’s work in the world. In Hezekiah’s prayers, even when he focuses on his own misfortunes, God’s response graciously redirects him to the progress of his plans in the world. Similarly, the prayers in Daniel 9 and Nehemiah 9 barely touch on the circumstances or needs of the individuals praying; rather, these are cries to the Lord to continue to roll out his promises on the stage of world history. Even the angst-ridden “confessions” of Jeremiah (e.g. Jer. 12:1–12) derive their tension from the fact that God is apparently not doing what he has promised. The book of Psalms makes a particular contribution to the Bible’s theology of prayer. Many of the Psalms are characterized by their direct, personal address to God (see e.g. Pss. 3:1; 4:1; 5:1 etc.). A large number of these Psalms are Davidic, and are concerned initially, at least, with the trials of God’s anointed. Where any given Davidic psalm is a prayer, it is first and foremost his prayer. On close examination, both David’s experiences and the way in which he reacts to these experiences are not intended to capture the generalities on life on planet earth for human beings—this is the intense reality of life as God’s “messiah,” the one who stands at the center of God’s plans on earth, and as a result is the focus of attention of God’s enemies. To attempt to pray the Psalms without recognizing this is a mistake! But this is not the end of the story. Within the Psalter itself there is also a progression to prayers prayed by the people of the Messiah, crying to God to do what he has promised both the Patriarchs, and his anointed King (see Pss. 77; 103; 130). In that sense, then, the prayers of the Messiah become the prayers of the people of the Messiah. The Psalter’s ‘teaching’ on prayer then is both more complex than is often realized, but also more integrated with the rest of the Old Testament’s teaching on prayer than one might think. The essential understanding of prayer in the Psalms is reflected by the way in which the king/Messiah prays—it is calling on Yahweh to deliver on his promises. This basic conception of prayer spills over into the prayers of the people of the Messiah, who continue to cry for God to work by sending the ultimate Davidic King, establishing his kingdom and drawing the nations to him. By the end of the Old Testament, the need to cry out to Yahweh to plead with him to act is very clear. Chronicles, for example, records ten more specific prayers than the comparable sections of Kings. In each case, the prayers focus on asking God to do his work in the world. Or to express it differently, the prayers are gospel-shaped. Prayer in the New Testament Not surprisingly, we find exactly the same pattern in the New Testament. Prayer, which is made possible by the gospel and shaped by the gospel continues to work in exactly the same way. For Jesus, prayer is basically a matter of asking his Father to do what he has promised. The “Lord’s Prayer” in both Matthew and Luke is the template for New Covenant prayer. The individual petitions in Matthew 6:9–13 (and Luke 11:2–4) are all requests which dovetail perfectly with the revealed purposes and promises of God earlier in Scripture. Asking in response to the gospel is the heart of prayer. The delightful truth is, that according to Jesus, we do not need to be anxious about asking for the wrong thing; instead, we are freed to ask knowing that our Father will not give us what it unhelpful for us (see e.g. Luke 11:5–13; although James does warn us about doubting God’s willingness to keep his promises when we ask—see James 1:5–6). Nor do we need to try to wring anything out of the hands of a reluctant God (see also Luke 18:1–8, where God is contrasted with the unjust judge who needs to be browbeaten into action). On the contrary, we can cast all our anxieties on him (1 Pet. 5:7, which must at least include praying), knowing that through the gospel God has already committed himself to answering our prayers. Jesus makes this explicit in the double promise of John 14:13–14: “Whatever you ask in my name, this I will do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son. If you ask me anything in my name, I will do it.” The context makes clear that Jesus is talking about God’s revelatory work of opening people’s eyes to see his glory. As those who have been invited to address the Father in the same way as Jesus himself (calling him ‘Abba, Father’, according to both Rom. 8:15 and Gal. 4:6), we are encouraged to pray in line with his mission and his agenda, which, of course, is to do the work that the Father has given him to do (John 14:10). We are now encouraged as sons and daughters to ask God to do what he has promised in and through the Son by “praying in the name of Jesus” (see 2 Cor. 1:2; Eph. 5:2). Throughout the Bible, prayer is always construed as asking God to do what he has promised—whether it be to send the Messiah and establish his kingdom or to continue to build the church of the Lord Jesus Christ until he returns. Essentially, we should pray for God to do his new covenant work through the gospel, which is by his word and through his Spirit. This is confirmed by the specific prayers which the NT encourages us to pray (and which we can confidently expect God to answer). We can be confident that God will answer … - If we pray for God to glorify himself (Matt. 6:9; John 17:5) - If we pray for forgiveness (Matt. 6:12; 1 John 1:9; James 5:13–20) - If we pray to know God better (John 17:3, 24–26, Eph. 1:15–22) - If we pray for wisdom (to know how to live for God) (James 1:5–6) - If we pray for strength to obey/ live for God) (Eph. 3:14–21; Matt. 6:11, 13) - If we pray for the spread of the gospel (Luke 10:2; Acts 4:27–29; Col. 4:3) God commits to answering these prayers because these prayers sum up the work of the gospel. They are all prayers for God to do his new covenant work through his word. We should also note that a day will come when prayer is no longer necessary. Prayer is a gracious provision of God for life in a fallen world. In the new creation, all the promises of God will have been fulfilled in Christ, and in his immediate presence, there will be no need to cry out to him, merely to enjoy him forever (see Rev. 21:22–27). - D. A. Carson, A Call to Spiritual Reformation. See a book summary here. - J. Gary Millar, Calling on the name of the Lord: A Biblical Theology of Prayer. See book summary here. - Tim Chester, The Message of Prayer Historical and Biblical Theological discussions - D. A. Carson, Teach us to Pray - Edmund Clowney, “Prayer” in New Dictionary of Biblical Theology - Graham Goldsworthy, Prayer and the Knowledge of God - John Calvin, The Institutes of the Christian Religion (see Book III XX) - Derek Thomas, Praying the Savior’s Way. See book summary here. - J. I. Packer, Praying - Paul Miller, A Praying Life - R. C. Sproul, Does Prayer Change Things - Tim Keller, Prayer: Experiencing Awe and Intimacy with God. See book summary here. - William Philip, Why we Pray - Andrew Wilson, Why the Lord’s Prayer is So Offensive - Don Whitney, Pray the Bible - Graham Goldsworthy, A Biblical-Theological Perspective on Prayer - R. C. Sproul, Does Prayer Change God’s Mind? - Richard Gaffin, The Poverty of Prayer - Sinclair Ferguson, Teach Us to Pray: The Model Prayer - Sinclair Ferguson, The Lord’s Prayer - Sinclair Ferguson, What Is the Prayer of Faith? - Sinclair Ferguson, Hallowed Be Your Name - Tim Keller, Prayer in the Psalms This essay is part of the Concise Theology series. All views expressed in this essay are those of the author. This essay is freely available under Creative Commons License with Attribution-ShareAlike, allowing users to share it in other mediums/formats and adapt/translate the content as long as an attribution link, indication of changes, and the same Creative Commons License applies to that material. If you are interested in translating our content or are interested in joining our community of translators, please reach out to us. This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

<urn:uuid:9bd30c21-b49e-4338-9bc6-610c3f960086>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/essay/the-doctrine-of-prayer/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585450.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022021705-20211022051705-00510.warc.gz

en

Writing a news release Tips for community groups about writing and sending a news release Local news coverage can be useful for your group. It can help you to reach people who might want to get involved. It can also be very powerful if you are campaigning on a particular issue and want to draw attention to your concerns. In order to get news coverage, you need to send a well written story to local papers, websites, radio stations and TV broadcasters. This is called a news release. Send good photographs to accompany it. - Writing your news release - Sending your news release - Getting the timing right - Follow up your news release - Sample news release - More information Writing your news release Journalists and editors receive dozens of news releases every day. You need to grab their attention right at the beginning and make it easy for them to get all the information they need quickly by skimming through your news release. They are also more likely to use your story if they don’t need to change much, so it needs to be interesting and clear enough to appeal to readers of newspapers and websites. Start with a short heading that explains why the story is interesting and important. Use a large font size, and bold type. Do not underline it, and do not use capital letters – these things make text harder to read quickly. Try to write a heading that will be easy to understand for someone who knows nothing about the subject. It must explain what the story is about in an exciting way but should not be too long. Here are three examples of headings for the same story: - Anytown LAT submits petition about traffic congestion - This heading is hard for the reader to understand, because it contains an acronym, “LAT”. It would be better to say “Local Action Team”. In addition, it does not explain why the issue of traffic congestion is an issue the reader should care about. - A local group in Anytown has submitted a petition to the local council’s Transport committee about our concerns about traffic congestion in the area, because of high levels of asthma and road accidents. - This heading is too long. It contains too many small, joining words that don’t need to be there. A heading doesn’t need to be a full sentence. It also contains too much detail (e.g. it is not necessary to say “the local council’s Transport committee” – you could just say “council” and provide the rest of the detail in the news release below.) - Anytown residents fight for cleaner air and safer roads - This heading explains exactly what the story is about, and why it is important. It is short and easy to read, and does not rely on the reader having any existing knowledge about your group or the issue. Put the key, interesting information in the first paragraph. You want the reader to know what the story is about from the first few sentences. You can do this by using the “Five Ws”. - Who is the story about? - What is happening? - Why is it happening? - When is it happening? - Where is it happening? Add interesting details, facts and quotes Provide some more detail about the things you have already summarised in the heading and first paragraph. Try to think of things about your story that will make local people want to care about it. Spell them out even if they seem obvious to you. For example, if you are campaigning for better park facilities, explain that children in the neighbourhood do not have anywhere close by to play, and that this is bad for their health. Provide a statistic or fact that shows playing outside is important for children. (Not too many statistics though – they can get dull!) Explain that improved park facilities will help to improve the health of local families. Include quotes from named people. This will make your story lively and interesting. For example, get a quote from a parent about the fact that their children have nowhere local to play outdoors, and how this is impacting on their lives. This is far more powerful than long lists of statistics! Also include a short quote from a member of your group, explaining why the issue matters. It is very important to get all your facts right. If you are not sure, check. Never make things up or exaggerate the truth. Do not say any negative things about people unless you can definitely prove they are true. (Writing negative things that are not true is called libel, and you can be taken to court for it.) Write in a clear, concise style Follow these guidelines to help you. - Keep it simple, and concentrate on the main points. - Keep it brief – no more than 500 words (one sheet of A4). - Try to write sentences of no more than 15-20 words, and only put one point in each sentence. - Use everyday language. Don’t use technical words, abbreviations, or jargon. - Write in the third person – i.e. write it as though you are not involved in the group. Say “They” rather than “We”. This will enable the journalist to use your text word-for-word. Use quotes when you want to say “we” or “I”. - Use direct language – e.g. say “Mary Jones said” rather than “the meeting was then addressed by Mary Jones”. - Make it active and confident. Say “The petition will be presented to the council” rather than “It is hoped that when we have sufficient names on our petition it will be possible to present it to the council”. Contact details, photo opportunites and notes for the editor At the end, include a section which will not be published, giving key information to the journalist or editor. Include: - Names and contact numbers for someone in your group who is available for interview. Make sure someone will be available in the evenings as well as daytimes. - Any extra background detail to give the story context, such as a bit of information about your group, or the history of your campaign. Give this the title “Notes for the editor”. Keep it brief! - Details of any photo opportunities with times and places. Ask them to come when your event will look its best, or when most people will be there. (Bear in mind that the press rarely send photographers these days, so you should be prepared to take your own photos and send them in as soon as possible, with another news release.) Check it through When you have written your news release, have a break and then read it again. Have you put the most important information in the first paragraph? Have you got a snappy heading? Is it clear and easy to read? Ask somebody to read through it to check it all makes sense, and to correct any spelling or grammatical errors. Sending your news release Most news releases are now sent by email. See Local Media Contacts for ideas of where to send your news release. News desks and journalists receive hundreds of emails each day, so you need to make sure yours stands out and is easy for the journalist to use. - Put the heading of your news release in the subject line of the email. - Paste your news release into the main body of the email (including the heading again). Don’t send it as an attachment, as the journalist might just delete it without reading it at all. - Put clear spaces between the paragraphs to make it easier to read. - If you have a good quality photograph save it as a .jpg (JPEG file) and attach it to the email. Provide a caption for it at the bottom of your email. - Write ‘ENDS’ at the end of the release, and then put contact details, photo opportunities/details and any notes for the editors. Getting the timing right Think about when you want the media to receive your news release. - Think about whether you can tie your press release to a big issue or story. For example, if there is a national day of action or national awareness month related to your campaign, think about sending your press release at that time, to make it more relevant to current news. - You can send two news releases for an event – one in advance, and one during or after the event, with details of what has happened. - With an advance news release send it a week or so before the event. Bear in mind publication days if it is a weekly paper. - If you are sending a news release during or after an event it has to be done on the day the event takes place. It won’t be news in 2 days’ time. - Try to find out when the deadlines are for your local press. For example, your local paper probably has a time each evening by which the next day’s news must be ready. Following up on your news release Follow up your news release with a phone call to the news desk or journalist. - If possible, read over your news release and any background information first. Think about the 2 or 3 main points you want to get across. - Be polite but firm. - Introduce yourself: “Hello, I am (name) from (organisation). I emailed a press release to you on (date) about (subject). I wanted to check you have received it, and whether you would like any more information.” - You will frequently be asked to send the email again. Ask for the name, number and email of the person you are speaking to, and email them immediately before they forget about your phone call. - Weekly and monthly publications will have a deadline day when all their material must be ready. This will be a very busy time, so if possible, find out when it is and avoid calling on this day. Alternatively, they may contact you for more information: - Think about what questions they might ask you, and how you can use these to say the things that you want to say. - It is always good to have personal stories or accounts, as these make the story more human and interesting. Jot down a few examples, (make sure you have permission from the individuals involved). - When you are talking to the reporter, keep a copy of the news release and any background material close at hand so you can refer to it easily. - If they call at a difficult time, or you just want a few minutes to compose yourself, ask for their number and call back in ten minutes. - Never say anything to a journalist that you don’t want to see in print. Sample news release News release: Families reclaim dangerous road as play area for local children News release: Families reclaim dangerous road as play area for local children A rat-run will become a fun-run on Sunday 7th August, when Busyroad Tenants Association will hold a kids’ Fun Day. Speedy Hill and DeathTrap Road will be closed to traffic and transformed into a playground. Picnic tables and a bouncy castle will take the place of lorries and cars. 100 children aged under 16 live in Speedy Hill and DeathTrap Road, with a further 400 in the surrounding area. “This is a fun day, but we also have a serious point to make” said Mary Jones, the secretary of the Association. “There have been 3 serious accidents in the area in the last 5 years. We need traffic calming measures, and safe play areas for our children.” Busyroad Tenants Association have been campaigning for traffic calming measures for over a year. In January 2018 the group submitted a petition to the council containing over 4,000 signatures from local residents. The petition demanded zebra crossings and lower speed limits. Zainab Ahmed, a local parent, said “I just want to know my children are safe when they leave the front door. At the moment I feel like it is too risky to let them play on the estate. This means they don’t get enough fresh air, and it really worries me. The fun day will be a chance for them to enjoy being outside in their local area”. The fun day will take place on National Street Party Day, when people all over the country will be closing their streets to cars and opening them up to people. A children’s parade will take place at 2pm. For further information contact: - Mary Jones, 07777 654321, [email protected] - Ben Miles, 07889 654321, [email protected] Notes to the editor Busyroad Tenants Association has been running for nearly 10 years, and was set up to help improve the lives of people living on the estate. In January this year we submitted a petition to the council for traffic calming measures on the estate. The council have informed us that they are considering the issue, but no action has been taken. National Street Party Day is organised by the National Street Party Campaign, 01234 567890. For more help with getting media coverage, see our pages on: Updated October 2018

<urn:uuid:3920ef1a-e61f-450e-ae92-e4520f2ca25c>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.resourcecentre.org.uk/information/news-release/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585522.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022212051-20211023002051-00190.warc.gz

en

Upper School Curriculum Guide The study of Classics - Latin and Greek language and literature - remains one of the strongest foundations of a truly liberal education. Through the study of Latin and Greek, students keep alive a vital link with one of the major sources of contemporary American culture. The broad objective is to develop understanding of the cultural heritage of Greece and Rome and its influence on the modern world; the discipline of translation of Latin and Greek texts has the added benefit of clarifying thought and expression in English. Classics students gain a great advantage in the expansion of their vocabulary in English, since over 60% of English is derived from Latin and/or Greek; furthermore, since Latin and Greek are the primary sources of the Romance languages, Classics students gain great advantage toward the study of these modern tongues. Instruction in Latin includes not only grammar and vocabulary, but also readings in Latin that provide opportunities for in-depth study of Roman and Greek history, society, culture, and mythology. At various points in their program of Latin study, students read texts written by the Roman authors Cicero, Caesar, Vergil, Catullus, Horace, Ovid, Augustus and others, along with relevant literary criticism. The Department offers an Advanced Placement course, which prepares students to take the AP Latin exam, as well as two years of post-AP, college-level Latin literature courses. Ancient Greek instruction focuses on Attic (Athenian) grammar and vocabulary, leading in the upper levels to the study of the prose of Lysias, Plato, and Herodotus, and the poetry of Homer. COURSE SELECTION GUIDELINES All students wishing to take Latin or Greek next year are encouraged to discuss program options with a member of the Classics Department. No approvals are required for regular-level Latin courses. Honors and AP Latin course sign-ups are done with a student’s current Latin teacher, who will determine whether further conversation regarding placement for next year is necessary. Students wishing to take Honors Intensive Latin will need approval from both the current language teacher and Ms. Flynn. Please keep in mind that students taking Honors Intensive language courses are expected to concurrently continue the sequence in their first foreign language, at least through level 4. Ancient Greek (open to 10th, 11th, and 12th graders) requires approval from Mr. Murray. Ancient Greek does not fulfill the Upper School language requirement. AP HOMEWORK GUIDELINES AP Latin: On average, students should expect to spend approximately 30-35 minutes preparing the Latin assigned for each class (an average assignment is approximately 25-30 lines long). At the beginning of the year and in January when we shift from reading Caesar to reading Vergil, more time may be required as students get used to the expectations, pace of the course, and a new author, but both the amount and type of daily work assigned remains consistent over the course of the school year. DEPARTMENTAL POLICIES REGARDING ENTRY INTO HONORS/AP COURSES - For entry from Latin 1 or 8th Grade Latin into Honors Latin 2, a student must have: - Recommendation from the current teacher. - Year-end grade of A- or better in a regular course, or year-end grade of E in 8th grade. - B+ or better on the Upper School exam, or E on the Middle School exam. - Placement test given at the discretion of the Department Chair. - For entry from regular Latin 3 into AP Latin, a student must have: - Recommendation from the current teacher. - Year-end grade of A or better in regular Latin 3. - B+ or better on the Latin 3 US exam. - Placement test given at the discretion of the Department Chair. - For maintenance of placement in an Honors or AP course during the school year, the policy is as follows: - If an Honors or AP student receives a grade below B- at either the first quarter or the first semester, his or her situation will be reviewed by the teacher of the course in consultation with the Department Chair to determine the appropriateness of course placement. - If a student requires regular assistance from a tutor (once or more per week) to maintain the minimum grade in an Honors or AP course, the Department will counsel the student to move to the regular section. As a result of review concerning either of the situations above, the student either may not be allowed to continue in the Honors/AP course or may be allowed to continue on a probationary basis. - For entry from an Honors or AP course into another Honors or AP course, a student must have: - Recommendation of the current teacher - Minimum year grade of B-, with B- or better on exam - Honors Intensive Latin: This course offers an opportunity to study Latin to students already taking another foreign language. For entry into this course, a student must have: - Permission of the Department Chair. - Recommendation from the current language teacher. - Year-end grade of A- or better in his or her first foreign language course. - Students with grades below B- at the first quarter or first semester, and/or those whose work is chronically late or otherwise incomplete, may be required to move to Latin 1, after review of the student's performance by the teacher in consultation with the Department Chair. - Upon completion of this course, placement into Honors Latin 3 is not automatic. It requires the recommendation of the teacher and a grade of B+ or better in the course, and a B or better on the exam. |Grade 9||Grade 10||Grade 11||Grade 12| |Latin 1||Latin 2||Latin 3||Latin 4| |Latin 1||Latin 2H||Latin 3H||AP Latin| |Latin 2H||Latin 3H||AP Latin||Latin 5H| |Latin 2||Latin 3||Latin 4||Latin 5| |H. Int. Latin||Latin 3H||AP Latin| |H. Int. Latin||Latin 3||Latin 4| (Ancient Greek is open to students in grades 10, 11, and 12. It is absent from this chart because it does not fulfill the RCDS language requirement.) - LATIN 1 - LATIN 2 - HONORS LATIN 2 - HONORS INTENSIVE LATIN - LATIN 3 - HONORS LATIN 3 - AP LATIN - LATIN 4 - LATIN 5 - HONORS LATIN 5 - ADVANCED TOPICS IN LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE - ANCIENT GREEK The two primary aims of the Elementary Latin course are for students to develop complete mastery of fundamental grammatical forms and a high degree of facility in reading Latin. Through discussion, consistent reinforcement, and application, students thoroughly learn grammatical principles, morphology (word-endings), and vocabulary necessary to read Latin passages about Roman life, culture, and history. By studying Latin vocabulary and by engaging daily with a language that requires great attention to details of all kinds, students learn a great deal about English words derived from Latin and undoubtedly strengthen their ability to write grammatically sound English. (1 unit; Grades 9, 10, 11, 12) Because Latin is an intensely cumulative discipline, this course offers consistent practice and reinforcement of concepts previously studied. Students continue to acquire new grammatical forms and vocabulary, as well as to practice and review those from Latin 1. Students develop and refine their translation skills, and by year’s end are successfully reading passages of connected prose adapted from various Roman authors, such as Cicero and Caesar, with increased facility and speed. Throughout the course, students study topics of Roman and Greek culture and history relevant to the Latin readings. (1 unit; Grades 9, 10, 11, 12) This course moves more quickly and covers more material than Latin 2. By year’s end, students have learned almost all of Latin grammar, and have begun to focus on reading unadapted passages of connected prose by a variety of Roman authors, such as Cicero, Caesar, and Livy. Through their readings of these texts, students learn about the history, culture, and politics of the Roman Republic. In Honors Latin 2, there is increasing emphasis on identification and proper translation of increasingly complex grammatical concepts. Students requiring regular assistance (once or more per week) from a tutor to maintain the minimum grade will be counseled to move to Latin 2. (1 unit; Grades 9, 10, 11, 12) A general note about the Intensive Language Program: The Honors Intensive language program at RCDS is designed for students who wish to pursue the study of two foreign languages simultaneously. The Upper School offers Honors Intensive language courses in French, Latin, and Spanish. Students must have shown superior achievement in the study of one foreign language before picking up an Intensive language course. These courses have as their stated goal to cover two years of material in one year and to prepare students for the third-year level. It is the expectation of both the Classics Department and the Modern Languages Department that any student taking an Honors Intensive language course will continue the study of those two languages simultaneously for the entire tenure of his or her stay at RCDS.Students, and advisors and families of students, who wish to pick up a second language through the Honors Intensive program should be aware that adding a second language through the Honors Intensive program is, in almost every case, a multi-year commitment and thus will have a significant impact on a student’s course selection and academic program as a whole. Honors Intensive Latin This course is designed for the student who, having demonstrated mastery of the grammatical principles of one foreign language, has an interest in acquiring Latin at an accelerated pace (i.e., covering Latin 1 and 2 in one year). Grammatical forms and constructions are introduced in quick succession, with an emphasis on ever-increasing fluency and speed of reading. By the end of the course, students are able to read slightly adapted passages of Latin prose from authors like Caesar, Cicero, and Pliny. Students are expected to continue the sequence in their first foreign language concurrently with Honor Intensive Latin, at least through the fourth year. It is assumed that students in Honors Intensive Latin will demonstrate self-motivation and the ability to work independently; thus, students requiring regular assistance (once or more per week) from a tutor to maintain the minimum grade will be counseled to move to Latin 1. (1 unit; Grades 9-12, by permission. Prerequisite: superior achievement in Spanish, French, or Chinese.) This course completes the acquisition of the remaining grammar skills not covered in Latin 2 and begins the reading of unadapted passages of Latin authors, prose and poetry. The beginning of the course is focused on the review of the grammar concepts learned in Latin 2 while reading passages about Greek and Latin mythology. Students continue to acquire new grammatical forms and vocabulary in order to develop and refine their translation skills. When grammar instruction is complete in the second semester, students shift their focus to connected Latin prose, with readings from Cicero and Cesar. (1 unit; Grades 10, 11, 12) This course moves more quickly and covers more material than Latin 3. Students read more extensively from a variety of Roman authors in both prose and poetry, developing facility with advanced grammar and syntax while engaging in literary analysis through class discussions and critical essays. When grammar instruction is complete, students turn their focus to Latin poetry, with readings from Catullus, Horace, Ovid, and Vergil. This course prepares students for AP Latin. Students requiring regular assistance (once or more per week) from a tutor to maintain the minimum grade will be counseled to move to Latin 3. (1 unit; Grades 10, 11, 12, by permission) AP Latin is designed for students who have successfully completed Honors Latin 3. Students read extensively from both the Bellum Gallicum, Julius Caesar’s account of his military campaigns in Gaul, and the Aeneid, Vergil’s founding epic for Rome. Students learn to read Latin prose and poetry with an eye toward precise and literal translation, historical context, and literary analysis. Students write essays (in English), in which they develop clear arguments that demonstrate comprehension and sophisticated literary analysis of the Latin text, always using the Latin itself for textual support. Analytical themes that run throughout the entire course include war and imperialism, comparative studies of religion and custom, and rhetorical strategy. Students taking the AP Latin course must take the AP Latin exam. Students requiring regular assistance (once or more per week) from a tutor to maintain the minimum grade will be counseled to move to Latin 4. (1 unit; Grades 11, 12, by permission) This is a reading course with a rotating and flexible curriculum chosen each year by the teacher of the course. Recent topics and texts studied include Roman Daily Life (Petronius), Civil War (Julius Caesar), and Love and Desire (Catullus and Ovid). Extensive reading of relevant texts in English translation helps to complement the Latin readings by providing background and context, and projects, including presentations, essays, and performances, are central parts of the curriculum. There is consistent reinforcement of grammatical and syntactical constructions, as well as emphasis on vocabulary retention, fluidity of translation, mastery of Latin metrics, analytical essay writing, and close reading. (1 unit; Grades 11, 12) This course is designed for students who have successfully completed Honors Latin 5 and who wish to continue their study of Classics at RCDS. Primarily consisting of in-depth readings of various Roman authors and texts chosen by students in consultation with the teacher, this course includes elements of Latin prose composition, exploration of classical scholarship, and historical and cultural contextualization of Latin literature. Possible topics for exploration include Roman oratory, Roman literacy, the intersections between politics and art, and Greek influences on Roman culture and literature. The final month of the course will be devoted to individual capstone projects. (1 unit; Grade 12, by permission) (Note: This course may not be taken to fulfill the language requirement.) The Ancient Greek program at RCDS introduces students to Attic (Athenian) Greek. Greek 1 focuses on the acquisition of a non-Roman alphabet, the system of accentuation, grammar, and vocabulary, as well as reading and writing passages of Attic Greek. In Greek 2 and 3, students read the poetry of Homer and the prose of Lysias and Plato, while continuing their acquisition of additional vocabulary and increasingly advanced grammar. Approximately once a cycle, upper level Greek students teach the Greek 1 course. Please see the Department Chair and Mr. Murray for more details. (Grades 10,11,12)

<urn:uuid:ec41f3c7-e34d-496e-a7fa-029d5ba620d7>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.ryecountryday.org/academics/upper-school/curriculum-guide/classics

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588341.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028131628-20211028161628-00229.warc.gz

en

New York State is home to a variety of animals! There are nearly 100 mammal species, 375 bird species, and over 70 species of reptiles and amphibians found in New York. While we try our best to understand these animals, sometimes myths spread about them that may not be true. Can turtles come out of their shells? Do toads give you warts? These common animal myths stem from folklore, old sayings, misunderstandings, and more, but we can do our best to separate fact from fiction. Let’s take a look at some top myths about a few animals found in New York State Parks! Are bats blind? No, bats are not blind! The bats found in New York are part of a group called microbats, which do rely heavily on echolocation (the location of objects by reflected sound) to navigate and find insect prey. Scientists who have examined the eyes of these bats have determined that they have some night vision as well as limited daylight vision. Some species even have ultraviolet (UV) vision. Though not found in New York, megabats—the fruit-eaters—rely primarily on vision and smell, rather than echolocation. Overall, vision is important to help bats avoid predators and find food and shelter. Fun fact: While several animals can glide (like flying squirrels), bats are the only mammals known in the world that are capable of true and sustained flight! Will touching a toad give you warts? Good news for all of us that grew up catching frogs and toads. No, touching a toad will not give you warts! Warts are actually caused by a virus that is spread between people. This myth probably began because of the bumpy skin on a toad’s back. There are two bumps to be careful of though; behind the eyes of toads are two large areas called parotoid glands. As a defense mechanism, these glands produce a toxin that causes irritation to a predator’s mouth. So if you do catch a toad, it is still a good idea to wash your hands afterwards. Can porcupines shoot their quills? No, a porcupine cannot shoot its quills! First, let’s take a look at what a quill is. A quill is a very stiff, hollow hair that can be found mixed in with the softer hair of a porcupine. When threatened, a porcupine’s quills may stand up to scare away the threat, but they cannot be shot from the porcupine’s body. There must be direct contact with the quills for them to dislodge, but even the lightest touch can be enough to dislodge a quill or two. Best to keep our distance around porcupines! Fun fact: The North American porcupine has around 30,000 quills! Can turtles come out of their shells? No, there’s no way a turtle can come out of its shell! A turtle’s upper shell, called the carapace, is partly made of bone from the turtle’s rib cage and is actually fused to the turtle’s backbone. The lower shell is called the plastron and the two shells are joined by a bony bridge. The shell is part of the body and grows along with the turtle, which is different from crabs and lobsters that must molt or shed their exoskeleton. And to address another common animal misunderstanding, turtles are able to feel when something touches their shells, due to the presence of nerve endings in the shell. The Eastern box turtle has a hinge on its plastron (lower shell). This allows it to tuck its head, arms, and legs away from predators, forming a tightly sealed “box.” Photo by John Triana, Regional Water Authority, Bugwood.org A turtle’s backbone is fused to the upper shell, shown in this drawing of a turtle’s skeleton. Photo Public Domain Do all bees die after they sting you? No, it depends on the species! Honey bees, for example, have barbs (hooks) on their stinger that can stick into the skin of the target and prevent the stinger from being pulled out by the bee. If the barbs are stuck in the target’s skin, the stinger is torn away from the bee’s body when it tries to fly away and the honey bee dies. Other bee and wasp species, including bumblebees, yellowjackets, and paper wasps, have stingers with small barbs, enabling them to sting multiple times. A stinger’s barb size varies by species. This stinger belongs to a paper wasp. Photo by Insects Unlocked, CC BY 2.0 A honey bee can only sting once. Photo by David Cappaert, Bugwood.org Post by Kelsey Ruffino, Student Conservation Association and New York State Parks Featured image: Eastern Pipistrelle, photo by Lilly Schelling, State Parks New York State Parks is abuzz with excitement for pollinators. From June 20-26, we celebrate both National Pollinator Week and New York State Pollinator Awareness Week. Our local bees, butterflies, moths, birds and other pollinators are to thank for most of the food we eat, as well as for many of the trees and flowers we enjoy every day. As these animals go from flower to flower to drink nectar, they accidentally carry sticky pollen from the anthers to the stigma, the male and female parts of flowers. This fertilizes the eggs, which grow into seeds and fruits that we enjoy. One of the ways you can show appreciation for these fantastic pollinators is to get out to natural areas in State Parks and enjoy the native flora. You can also explore native plant gardens and learn more about using native plant species in your own backyard to attract pollinators. Last year we paid homage to a few of our favorite New York pollinators. This year, let’s have a closer look at some of the plants and the pollinators that visit them. Just as pollinators come in all shapes and sizes, so too do the native plants that they enjoy. Different plants attract different types of pollinators. Look for all kinds of flowers in the woods, wetlands, meadows, gardens or orchards and you are apt to see some pollinators at work. Below are some of the native pollinators and flora found in State Parks, with photos from the NY Natural Heritage Program. NYNHP works in partnership with State Parks (OPRHP) to assess and conduct inventories of natural areas in state parks and helps to protect habitats that support common and rare species alike, including these important pollinators. Whether you are a hiker, gardener, farmer, or food-lover you can enjoy and support our local pollinators! Maintaining natural areas, meadows or gardens with a variety of plants can help to sustain all the life stages of a wide range of insects from bees to butterflies. If you are interested in creating a backyard oasis for native pollinators, look for plants that are native to your area of the state and, if possible, grown near where you live. Consider planting different types of flowers; gardens with an array of flowers blooming at different times provide food for a variety of pollinators throughout the season. Look for white, yellow or blue flowers to attract bees. Red tubular flowers attract hummingbirds (bees don’t even see red). Butterflies prefer bright flowers, particularly reds, oranges, and purple (like fall asters). Moths are attracted to white, purple, or pink flowers with strong, sweet scents, especially those emitting a scent at night. See resources below on pollinators and native plants in your area. State Parks is celebrating pollinators at these events across the state: Clay Pit Ponds State Park – Time Tuesdays, June 21 @ 10am Learn about our native pollinators by making crafts, playing games, and socializing with other toddlers! Parent or care giver is required to stay. Ages 1-3 (flexible). Please call (718) 605-3970 ext 201 for more information. Saratoga Spa State Park – Butterfly Walk Friday, June 24 @2:00pm Did you know restoring a habitat is like building a neighborhood? Come enjoy a light hike at the Karner Blue site and learn what butterflies live in the same neighborhood as the Karner Blue butterfly. Please wear hats and sunscreen. You may want to bring binoculars or a magnifying glass to see butterflies up close. This program is appropriate for ages 7 and up. Registration is required. Please call 518-584-2000 ext. 122. This program is free. Thacher Nature Center – Honeybees Are Buzzin’, June 25 @ 2pm Summertime brings flowers and a hive packed with activity! Come and learn all about honeybees as you view the colony in our indoor observation hive. See the busy workers, the specialized drones and the ever-important queen bee in action! Learn how to dance like a bee, and view the world from a bee’s perspective. Afterwards, take a walk to observe our honeybees at work in the gardens. Please register by calling 518-872-0800. Letchworth State Park – Butterfly Beauties, June 26 @ 2pm Study the beauty and composition of hundreds of dried butterfly specimens representing most of the world’s butterfly families. Dozens of local and New York species, as well as those found in the Niagara Parks Butterfly Conservatory, are specially noted. Butterfly structure and local natural history will be featured in two new butterfly videos. This is an excellent primer for the Butterfly Walk on July 9th. (Look for details in the upcoming summer issue of The Genesee Naturalist.) All workshops meet in the Conference Room in the Visitor Center and Regional Administration Building located in Letchworth State Park. Please call (585) 493-3680 for more information. Ganondagan State Historic Site – Planting for Ethnobotany Workshop Saturday, August 6, 2016 @9:00am-11:00am Participants will help plant native plants in the Green Plants Trail and the Pollinator Grassland at Ganondagan. Ages 8 and up. Registration Required. Please call (585) 924-5848 for more information. Please note, some of the plants listed in this resource are native to the ecoregion but not to NY state. Please check the NY Flora Atlas to confirm which are native to New York before choosing your planting list. — NY Flora Atlas – list of plants known in NY and which are native or not

<urn:uuid:f4c15c13-97a6-443c-8495-6841afefa44e>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://nystateparks.blog/tag/bumblebees/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588341.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028131628-20211028161628-00230.warc.gz

en

The hori hori is a gardening tool, a kind of short knife with a double-edged blade serrated on one side, with a semi-sharp point. It originated in Japan, and most commercial hori hori for sale are still made there, for example by the Japanese DIY tool manufacturer Nisaku. The exact history of the tool is unknown, but it is known to have been in use since at least the 13th century in Japan. At that time, it was the tool of choice for harvesting sansai, or mountain vegetables–that is, wild vegetables that grew and were harvested from the boundaries separating farm and forest. Red Pig Tools’ website has an interesting short article on some of the theories surrounding the invention of the hori hori. The hori hori is still in use today, mostly as a gardening tool, but also among modern-day foragers. It is listed as a “must-have” tool in John Slattery’s wonderful book Southwest Foraging (published by Timber Press in 2016). Featured image: A modern hori hori gardening tool knife, made by Nisaku. Photo courtesy of gardentoolcompany.com The kapok, or silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) is a species of tropical tree in the mallow (Malvaceae) family whose native range is thought to be Central and South America. It is now widely naturalized to and cultivated in the tropics, particularly Southeast Asia. Kapoks are some of the largest trees in the world, as high as 250 feet, with buttressed trunks that can be up to 19 feet thick (or more), above the buttresses. It’s cultivated mainly for the highly useful fibers harvested from the outer casing of the seed. In addition, its edible seed oil also has potential as an alternative to petroleum-based fuel. According to the folklore of Trinidad and Tobago, the demon of death (Bazil) lives in a huge kapok tree deep in the forest, where he was imprisoned, thanks to the clever trickery of a common carpenter. Featured image: A kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra), in Nassau, Bahamas. Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. A strake is a section of iron laid around the rim of a wooden cart of wagon wheel. The purpose of the strake is to protect the wooden rim from damage. The manufacture of the strake is the domain of the blacksmith, where the construction of the wheel itself if made by the wheelwright (also known as the wagonwright, or wainwright). The word also applies to mining, where a strake is a trough or (originally) a pit with two boards laid across the bottom, used for washing ore. The word is also used in shipbuilding, where the strake is the planking (wood) or plating (metal) forming the outer skin of the vessel. Additionally, “strake” is used in the aviation industry to refer to a type of aerodynamic surface mounted on an aircraft fuselage to fine-tune the airflow. Hm. Even though most of us have probably never heard of it in our lives, “strake” seems to be a pretty crazy useful word. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), also known as great millet or durra, is a domesticated species of cereal crop in the grass (Poaceae) family. It is the single cultivated species within the genus Sorghum. Wild sorghum is native to Africa, where it was originally cultivated and domesticated about 5000 years ago. Domesticated sorghum is now the fifth most important cereal crop in the world, and has a number of uses. The sweet sorghum cultivars within the subspecies bicolor are variously grown for fodder, food, syrup production, and ethanol production. The Sudangrass cultivar in the subspecies drummondii is widely grown as animal forage. More recently, the stalks remaining after the grain is harvested are being used to make a pressed board building material. Featured image: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Photo courtesy of Shutterstock. A collier is a person whose occupation is to procure or sell coal. Formerly, the term applied to a person who made and traded in charcoal. For centuries, charcoal was fuel of choice for many cottage industries. Charcoal is mostly pure carbon, made from wood whose moisture content and impurities have been removed through a particular process of slow-burning. This is often done by creating a “pile,” which allows the collier to carefully control the supply of oxygen to the burn. The benefit of charcoal is that it allows for hotter fires with a smaller amount of material than does raw wood. This made charcoal highly desirable for household use such as cooking and heating, and for industrial uses such as smelting, forging, and glassmaking. Featured image: A collier (charcoal seller) from the 1960’s on the island of Mauritius. Photo courtesy of Vintage Mauritius. Cod is a name that refers to the two species of fish in the genus Gadus, in the Gadidae family. They are the Pacific cod (G. macrocephalus), and the Atlantic cod (G. morhua). Of these, the Atlantic cod is by far the most intensively commercially fished. It is highly valued for its meat, which is rich in vitamins A and D, and the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. In addition, the liver is processed to produce cod liver oil, a popular dietary supplement since at least the time of the Vikings. During the 19th century it was given to children to prevent rickets (a bone deformity caused by vitamin D deficiency). Today it is taken as a prevention against heart disease due to high cholesterol. The mangosteen is a species of evergreen tree in the Clusiaceae family, native to Southeast Asia, but now cultivated in several other tropical areas. It is cultivated for its edible fruit, the purple mangosteen. It is the most widely cultivated species within the Garcinia genus, though many other species also produce fruit and are grown for local consumption. The mangosteen is closely related to the gamboge trees (G. hanburyi and G. morella, both native to India), whose resin is used to make the yellow pigment of the same name. Gamboge is famous as the dye used to color the robes of Buddhist monks. Alunite (hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate) is a naturally occurring mineral containing alum. The name “alum” is used for several different compounds, but usually refers to the double sulfate salt of aluminum and either potassium, ammonium, or sodium. Most commonly, it refers to potassium alum. Alum has been in use since antiquity, and it is still widely used today in industry as a mordant in dyeing, in tanning, in making paper and baking powders, as a flocculant to purify piped water, and to fireproof paper and cloth. Alum is commonly used as a styptic to stop the bleeding of minor wounds, and an astringent. Styptic pencils and alum blocks were once common items in men’s shaving kits. Pacific Flake Sea Salt is a salt harvestry located in a tiny corner of what was once a huge Louisiana Pacific pulp mill out on the Samoa Peninsula, just across Humboldt Bay from my hometown of Eureka, California. I met the owner, Bryon Duty, back in 2017 when I was first developing an interest in the idea of cottage industry. I was very impressed by someone who was not afraid to go back to the basics, and it just doesn’t get much more basic than salt. Although salt is something that most of us take for granted, Bryon takes his profession and his craft very seriously. He is self-taught, and I can understand why: salt makers are a rare breed these days, and I can imagine it would be extremely difficult to find someone to teach you how to do it. Bryon gave me a tour and explanation of his small facility, and his pride and knowledge are obvious and well-earned. His is the kind of passion that inspires in the listener a desire to find something similar–a trade, a craft, something you can do and put your hands on and be proud of sharing. Although I live in Salt Lake City now (home a facility of Morton, the industrial salt harvester), I still get the salt that I use as a flavor enhancer in my home-made hot cocoa mix from Pacific Flake. To me, it adds just that little extra bit of pure love that comes from a high quality product, made with skill and dedication. A coppice (also known as a copse) is a thicket of small trees and shrubs, typically those whose slender trunks and branches (or withies) are cut periodically for a variety of uses. The word also refers to a tree’s ability to regrow shoots from a cut main trunk. Some trees, such as willow, chestnut, oak, hornbeam, hazel and linden coppice better than others and have been widely cultivated for this purpose. Coppicing is a very, very old method of tree management that has its roots (so to speak) far back in prehistory, in many parts of the world. Coppicing is an important resource for the so-called woodland industries. These are cottage industries that rely on the fast-growing smallwood coppices, such as: charcoal-making, basket-weaving, thatching, fuelwood, and many others. The practice is alive and well today, though not as commercially important as in former times. Featured photo: a coppice in a field of rape (Brassica napus), Poland. Courtesy of Shutterstock.

<urn:uuid:5fe8a04b-5421-448c-b839-ccfc48b82654>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://crazyuseful.com/blog/page/2/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588341.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028131628-20211028161628-00229.warc.gz

en

Who's Behind Listverse? Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author.More About Us 10 Odd Cases of Food Poisoning In 2011 a novel strain of Escherichia coli or E coli bacteria caused a serious outbreak of food borne illness focused mostly in northern Germany. It took months before authorities were able to track the source of the contamination to the seeds of fenugreek imported from Egypt and used in brussels sprout production. Almost 4,000 people became ill and 53 died. This is just one of the latest and most newsworthy cases of food poisoning to strike without warning, around the world. Here are ten more examples you may not have heard about. Though it comprises just 0.2% of the United States population, the state of Alaska accounts for 50% of its food-related botulism poisoning. Most cases are related to the eating of native food dishes. Arctic explorers gave accounts of entire villages dying of botulism poisoning from eating contaminated meat. Prior to the 1960s when education programs taught Native Alaskans how to identify the early symptoms of botulism, so as to receive the antitoxin in time, the death rate for those who contracted the disease was more than 50%. Most people today think of botulism as “Botox” injections used for cosmetic application for wrinkles. Droves of celebrities now have their faces permanently frozen by repeated injections of detoxified botulism. But botulism is an ancient and deadly food poison caused by the Clostridium botulinum bacteria. The bacteria creates a toxin in the body which can cause muscle paralysis, breathing difficulties, loss of sensation to the skin, respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, paralysis, and death. In July 2002 two people from a Yup’ik village in western Alaska came across the remains of a beached beluga whale that appeared to have died in the spring. They cut the tail fluke into pieces, and put the pieces in sealable plastic bags. They then shared the whale meat with family and friends. Within days of eating the whale meat, a local physician reported three suspected cases of botulism poisoning. A total of eight Alaskan Natives were confirmed to have botulism and they were treated successfully with antitoxin, No one died. In one of the strangest cases of recent food poisoning, 13 people in China were hospitalized after eating snake. However, it was not the snake that (directly) caused them to become ill. It was what the snakes had eaten. The snakes had eaten frogs, which had been fed clenbuterol. All 13 people had eaten snake on September 1 and 2, 2010 at a local restaurant and had developed symptoms such as flushing, headache, chest tightness, palpitations, trembling, etc. These are common symptoms of clenbuterol poisoning. The cooking of the snake was not enough to rid it of residual clenbuterol that had built up from ingesting the contaminated frogs. Clenbuterol is approved for use as a bronchodilator for asthma patients and is also used by athletes as a performance-enhancing drug. Though it is prohibited, Clenbuterol can be added to animal feeds to obtain leaner meat. The frogs had been “juiced”, fed to the snakes, and the snakes poisoned the humans. “Pruno” is prison lingo for “hooch” or any kind of homebrew made from whatever prisoners can lay their hands on. Some fruit, water, and sugar and “pruno!”, you have yourself a party! But sometimes you just can’t get any fruit, so if not, potatoes will do just fine. As in the case of a group of 2006 Utah prison inmates who laid their hands on weeks old baked potatoes for their pruno batch. Unfortunately for the prisoners, Clostridium botulinum bacteria which causes botulism, likes to live on the roots of potatoes. Eight prisoners developed botulism when they all drank the same pruno batch made from the potatoes. All developed classic symptoms of botulism poisoning—difficulty swallowing, vomiting, double vision and muscle weakness. Several had to be put on ventilators. One inmate who was spared took one sip of the pruno and spit it out it was so foul tasting. Just two cyanide-contaminated grapes caused a nation wide “grape scare” in the United States in 1989. On March 2, 1989 an individual called the US Embassy in Santiago Chile and warned that some fruit being exported to the United States and Japan had been poisoned with cyanide. The terrorist claimed this was done to draw attention to the plight of the poor in his country. US officials took the threat seriously. Only seven years before, the United States had been rocked by the Tylenol scare when cyanide contaminated Tylenol led to the deaths of several people and all of the Tylenol in the country was recalled. The US FDA launched the most intensive food safety investigation in its history to determine if there was a threat to the American food supply. Seasonal export of fruit is the second largest export industry in Chile. Thousands of tons of fruit are shipped from Chile and to ports around the world. Some of the grapes that arrived at the port in Philadelphia, PA appeared suspicious and were tested. Two grapes were found to contain a small level of cyanide. Based on these tests, the US FDA warned the public not to eat grapes and banned the import of fruit from Chile. This caused a “grape scare” in which Americans refused to buy or eat grapes. However, the FDA ban only lasted a few days and fruit from Chile was allowed to return to American ports and grocery stores. But in that time it is estimated Chile lost upwards of $330 million in exports. This caused a second crisis—this time a diplomatic one, when the government of Chile accused the United States of over reacting or even, deliberately tampering with the grapes. Food safety organizations and agencies around the world test for contamination and sometimes they find it before mass outbreaks of disease or illness occur. Once such case occurred in 2004 when the New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) detected, during routine food testing, the contamination of egg custard with lead. The health authorities determined the lead was in a shipment of corn (maize) imported into the country and then made into about 100 tons of cornflour. The cornflour was thus contaminated with lead when it was used in the making of other products. Some of the contaminated cornflour was shipped to Australia and Fiji and New Zealand authorities notified these countries of the danger. Products made with the cornflour were recalled. The NZFSA traced the lead contamination to specific ship, the MV Athena which, in 2003, had hauled lead concentrate between ports in Australia. It then went to China to pick up a shipment of maize and carried the maize in the same compartment as that used to hold the lead concentrate. Obviously, the ships crew never cleaned the compartment, thus the maize became cross contaminated with lead. Polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), is an endocrine disruptor and suspected of being a human carcinogen. PBB’s are one of just six substances—along with lead and mercury—banned by the European Union’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances. They were also behind one of the largest agricultural disasters in the history of the United States. In 1973 this manmade chemical, used as a fire-retardant, was mistakenly put into cattle feed, sold, and fed to animals across the state of Michigan. Before the mistake was discovered thousands of cattle and other animals would be destroyed, farmers would march on the state capital and dump the carcasses of their dead cows on the capital steps, and thousands of people would eat the PBB-contaminated milk and meat. It all began at a company called Michigan Chemical which made both the PBB (sold as a fire retardant under the trade name FireMaster), and magnesium oxide, a cattle feed supplement under the trade name NutriMaster (a great example of non-confusing product naming). Somehow by mistake, 10-20 of the fifty-pound bags of PBB made it to the Michigan Farm Bureau Services operation where it was added to the cattle feed instead of the NutriMaster. The PBB-contaminated feed went to farmers all around the state of Michigan. Quickly, after being fed the PBB-contaminated feed, the cows began to grow weak and their hides grew thick “like an elephant”. Veterinarians were puzzled and had no idea what was causing the outbreak of a mysterious disease in cattle all over the state. After nine months, the source of the contamination was identified, but not before 500 farms were quarantined and not allowed to sell milk and thousands of cows were destroyed along with 1.5 million chickens and thousands of pigs, sheep and rabbits. Today, people who ate the contaminated food feel it is probably the source of elevated cancer rates they feel are taking place all around the state. All across the state, people who live near pits where the contaminated animals were buried fear their water is contaminated with the PBB leaching out of the pits. In the days before the widespread use of air-conditioning in homes, summer months were often times too hot for cooking of meals. On July 2, 1971, a couple in Westchester County, New York decided it was too hot so they went for a meal of Bon Vivant brand vichyssoise soup. Vichyssoise soup is often served cold and the couple ate the soup right out of the can. It tasted bad so they did not finish the soup, but it was already too late. The soup was contaminated with botulism. The man was dead within a day and the wife poisoned and paralyzed by the botulism toxin. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a public warning and recalled all cans of the Bon Vivant vichyssoise soup, 5 more cans were found to contain the botulinum toxin. The FDA shut down the Bon Vivant plant and recalled all of their products. Because Bon Vivant also made generic “store brands” of soup as well as their own brand name products, people not only stopped buying Bon Vivant soup, they stopped buying any kind of soup at all. A full “soup-panic” was underway in the US. The incident destroyed consumer confidence in Bon Vivant and it soon went into bankruptcy. One of the largest public health crises and mass food poisoning events occurred in 1971 when seed grain, meant to be planted and used as seeds, was instead used as food. The seed grain had been treated with a fungicide, highly toxic methyl mercury. The seed grain was shipped to Iraq late in the growing season of 1971 from suppliers in Mexico and the USA. The mercury-treated seed was dyed red as a warming not to eat it, but the Iraqi’s did not know this. In addition, the red dye would wash off, but not the mercury. The bags containing the seeds were labeled in Spanish and English the rural inhabitants of Iraq could not read. The Iraqi’s either did not understand or chose to ignore the skull and crossbones warnings on the bags. The confusion led some to believe it was food, and not seed. Those who ate the seed suffered muscle paralysis, numbness, loss of vision, and other symptoms typical of mercury poisoning. People were exposed to the mercury when they used the seed in making bread, when they ground the seed and breathed in the dust, and when they fed the seed to animals and then ate the animals. People began to fall ill and die in late 1971 and into 1972. All total it is estimated that at least 650 died from eating or being exposed to the mercury-contaminated seed, but some believe the true number could be ten times that. An estimated 10,000 people suffered permanent brain damage from the mercury. The story of how more than 200 people in 1858 Bradford England became poisoned by arsenic (20 would die) is an amazing one but which illustrates the need to protect the public with laws to regulate and punish the adulteration of food and drink. William Hardaker better known as “Humbug Billy” sold sweets at the Green Market in Bradford. He purchased his sweets from Joseph Neal who made them himself. The sweets or “lozenges” were peppermint “humbugs” which were supposed to be made using peppermint oil, sugar, and gum. However, to save money, Neal and others who made sweets at that time would insert instead an inert material they called “daft” instead of the sugar. Daft could be almost anything, plaster of Paris, limestone, and all manner of appetizing replacements. For this batch of lozenges, Neal sent a lodger by the name of James Archer to his druggist, a man by the name of Charles Hodgson, to collect his “daft”. Archer, not being familiar with the finer points of daft collection, by chance came to the druggist on a day when Mr. Hodgson was to ill to wait on him. So instead of the knowledgeable daft man—Hodgson, Archer met a daft-challenged replacement, a Mr. William Goddard. Unsure of where to locate the daft in the store, Goodard asked Hodgson who said it could be found in a cask in the corner of the store. Goddard found the cask and sold Archer 12 pounds of what he though was “daft” but what was in fact arsenic trioxide. Archer returned to Neal with the arsenic trioxide who gave it to his experienced sweet maker James Appleton. Appleton mixed 12 pounds of arsenic trioxide with 40 pounds of sugar and made the lozenges. He thought the finished product looked odd and so did Humbug Billy who demanded a reduced price. Humbug Billy soon became ill himself from eating the arsenic lozenges, but not before he sold enough of them to make over 200 people sick and kill 20 of them. Authorities eventually traced the line of the dead and sick back to Humbug Billy and his sweet stand. After testing, the lozenges were found to have between 0.7 and 1 gram of arsenic (a half a gram is lethal). The event contributed to the passage of the Pharmacy Act 1868 in the United Kingdom and legislation regulating the adulteration of foodstuffs. What happened in Pont Saint-Esprit France on August 16, 1951? Over sixty years later, we still do not know the truth. What is known is that on that day over 250 residents of this small French village were overcome with hallucinations and madness, which resulted in 7 deaths and 50 people being sent to asylums. Authorities claimed it was a mass-poisoning event caused by a food borne illness, probably ergot poisoning of rye bread. Ergot is a type of psychedelic fungus (Claviceps purpurea) that can naturally occur in rye. Once eaten, the alkaloids produced by the fungus can cause hallucinogenic effects. There is no doubt the people were experiencing severe hallucinations. Victims recalled feeling as though “serpents were coiling up my arms”, that “they were on fire”, and that they were “shrinking”. Some victims threw themselves out windows, others injured themselves by trying to claw and cut out insects they believed were inside their bodies. People were put into straightjackets and chained to beds. The ergot poisoning explanation is one of several possible causes of this mass hallucinogenic event including exposure to mercury, nitrogen trichloride, or other fungi. However the explanation that may make the most sense is the town people were deliberately dosed with a hallucinogenic substance—LSD. In his fantastic book on the history of the secret LSD program operated by the CIA called “A Terrible Mistake”, author Hank Albarelli puts forth a convincing series of arguments, backed by declassified documents, suggesting the CIA was behind the Pont-Saint-Esprit event. A CIA scientist named Frank Olson traveled to this little town not long before the event happened. Olson was one of the CIA scientists involved in “MKULTRA”, the secret LSD experiments conducted by CIA operatives and doctors, on unsuspecting victims. Some of the evidence Albarelli found included a document referencing Olson and Pont-Saint-Esprit which was ordered to be “buried” by David Belin. Belin was the executive director of the US government commission investigating CIA misdeeds in 1975. Another declassified report was of an interview with a representative of the Sandoz Chemical Company in Switzerland. In 1951, the Sandoz pharmaceutical plant was not only located a few hundred miles from Pont-Saint-Esprit, it was also the only laboratory in the world, at that time, manufacturing LSD. The Sandoz representative admitted, “The Pont-Saint-Esprit ‘secret’ is that it was not the bread at all… It was not grain ergot.”

<urn:uuid:9d03c37a-7145-4015-9cb3-69617f081ca5>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://listverse.com/2013/03/18/10-odd-cases-of-food-poisoning/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585916.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024081003-20211024111003-00270.warc.gz

en

A once-in-a-lifetime addition to a collection: the sole known example of this quartet of globe gores, printed in 1623 by Jodocus Hondius II and Jan Jansson for the construction of their 17-inch globe. These four globe gores cover all of North America. The only known copies of these loose gores, they represent a remarkable survival and present unique geographical data. This is the earliest acquirable depiction of North America to show a specific Great Lake based on actual report, and features a unique depiction of the Saint Lawrence River. It contains a remarkable delineation of the American Southwest, with a correct depiction of its rivers not typical for Dutch maps of the period. Such features can be ascribed to the globe being a new work by Jodocus Hondius II and his brother-in-law Jansson, rather than derivative of the elder Hondius, or indeed any other acquirable work of his or their own. Virginia and the Chesapeake Details can be recognized from John White's 1590 Americae Pars, Nunc Virginia Dicta , the first map to detail any part of North America produced by an actual colonist. Trinity Harbor, Hatorask, Paquinoc and Croatan and the coastline around them, are drawn from that source, in the slightly protuberant form in which they appeared on the 1606 Hondius America . North and west of that region, the cartography is quite different and new. The nomenclature indicates that Hondius or Jansson were familiar with the cartographic data from the reports Captain John Smith's 1607-09 exploration of Virginia: the Native American communities Pawtuxsin, Nacontangh, Warawacomoco, Rassawick and Pamunca all can be traced to Smith. Jamestown itself appears as Iacobipolis . However, the physical delineation of the region, as shown, does not appear to benefit from Smith's well-known and often-copied 1612 map, but from an earlier iteration of Smith's geography. A remarkably slender Delmarva Peninsula extends towards the southeast, while the area's rivers, including the Potomac, the James, and the Delaware, all trend roughly parallel towards the west. Judging by this, this work was executed prior to the 1618 completion of Hondius' copy of the Smith, if only because the region as mapped bears no relation to the 1612 map. It may be that Hondius had access to a manuscript map copied from one drawn by Smith or one of the other colonists, such as the 1608 de Zúñiga chart (a manuscript revealing the new discoveries, named after Don Pedro de Zúñiga, the Spanish ambassador who sent it to Philip III of Spain.) It is also possible that Jansson or Hondius produced the map based on Smith's 1608 True Relation without benefit of a map. The Sea of Verrazano, or A Proto-Great Lake? On this gore, the Delaware and James (Pamunca) rivers find their source in a cartographically unique inland sea (Lacus Saltus Apalatcius ) whose northern and western shores are left obscure. As presented, the appearance of this body of water represents an earlier depiction of a specific Great Lake on a general map of North America than the 1636 Jansson/Hondius America Septentrionalis , the map generally accorded the honor. Derived also from John Smith, the identity of this body of water is complicated by the distinction of what Smith thought he found, and what he actually A century before the production of these gores, Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed in search of a passage through North America to the Pacific Ocean. While he found nothing he could support with actual exploration, his observations of the barrier islands of the American southeast, the Pamlico Sound, and possibly the Chesapeake Bay, led him to speculate that in places North America was quite narrow, and that in these places only a narrow isthmus separated the Atlantic from the Pacific. Efforts to depict this on maps illustrate a massive body of water plunging into North America from the Pacific nearly to the American mid-Atlantic coastline. This so-called 'Sea of Verrazano' appeared on many 16th century maps and was suggestive of access to the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic. European mapmakers and explorers - in particular, John Smith and Henry Hudson - hung their hopes on discovering the Verrazano Sea, an assumption would color their interpretations of what they actually discovered. Smith's accounts in the 1608 True Relation , the Zúñiga chart, his own 1612 Virginia map, and his 1624 Generall Historie all agree that only short marches separated the Jamestown colony from large navigable bodies of water to the west and north. Smith reported as much in a 1609 letter to Henry Hudson; Hudson would act on this intelligence, sailing for the 40°parallel and discovering the river that now bears his name. But if it wasn't the sought-after Sea of Verrazano, what actual body of water had Smith learned of, and shared knowledge of with Hudson? An unnamed body of water appears at the northwestern extreme of Smith's 1612 Virginia map. On its shore is marked the tribal name Massawomeck : Smith describes this tribe in his Generall Historie Beyond the mountains from whence is the head of the River Patawomeke, the Savages report, inhabit their most mortal enemies, the Massawomecks, upon a great salt water, which by all likelihood is either some part of Canada, some great lake, or some inlet of some sea that falleth into the South Sea. These Massawomekes are a great nation and very populous.... from the French (they) have their hatchets and Commodities by trade. (emphases ours) Although Smith relates violent encounters with a Massawomeck raiding party on the Chesapeake, the Massawomecks were a fur-trapping and trading tribe nearly as new to the Chesapeake region as Smith - their homeland was actually Lake Erie. Thus, the 'Massawomeck' body of saltwater appearing on the 1612 Smith and the Lacus Saltus Apalatcius shown on this 1623 gore depict the same body of water - Lake Erie - which Smith supposed might be a great lake, or the sea of Verrazzano. A Monumental St. Lawrence River The St. Lawrence appears here as an extraordinarily long river, with its mouth accurately mapped in Canada but finding its origins in yet another Great Lake... this one, in the American Southwest within easy reach of the Gulf of California. The river shows no connection to the Lacus Saltus Apalatcius or any other lake along its length: there is no Lake Champlain. Thus, it does not appear to derive at all from the Champlain map of 1612. In these respects, it is similar to the 1606 America , which places the headwaters of a river corresponding to the St. Lawrence in Nova Granada, near the Rio Grande. But on the present gores, the river and its source lake are placed further west than any other known map, apart from Jansson's own 1621 globe (Shirley 308), and the 1597 Rosaccio world map (Shirley 205). Arctic Canada, Henry Hudson and the Northwest Passage Greenland, Davis Strait, and James' Bay appear to be drawn faithfully from Hessel Gerritsz' 1612 Tabula nautica . That chart appeared in Gerritsz account of Hudson's final 1610-11 voyage, based on the report of Abacuck Prickett, one of Hudson's surviving mutineers. A notation reading 'The Baye wher Hudson did winter', refers to that unfortunate explorer's marooning in James Bay. In the North Pacific, an unnamed strait opens between America and Asia at C. Fortuna, bearing a note speculating that this would be the point (according to Hudson) where a journey via the Davis Strait would reach the Pacific. While it is easy to suppose the strait in question is merely an unnamed Strait of Anian, the speculated northwestern most point of North America, this is not the case. The 1621 Jansson globe shares this feature, and on it Anian is situated two gores further west. On this map, the landmass beyond the strait notes Terra Preta , C. Hondo , and C. del Engano , all of which are on both the elder Hondius' America and Henry Hondius' America Noviter Delineata , but are situated well south of Cape Mendocino, thus far to the south of the Strait of Anian. The breach in the American Pacific coast suggested here may well be influenced by access to the Spanish map of Herrera y Tordesillas, perhaps in the form of Colijn's 1622 copy of the map. Although lacking any North Pacific landmasses, the Tordesillas map places C. Fortuna close to the westernmost reach of North America, a characteristic shared on the present globe gores. This model of the mapping of the Pacific coast would soon be overshadowed by the California-as-an-island apocrypha, which carried with it a new nomenclature. Of note, the northern cut-off point of the Pacific coast as envisaged here is strongly reminiscent of the insular California that would bedevil cartography for the remainder of the 17th century. South of the White-derived Virginia, the cartography of Florida and the southeast presented here is probably derived from Ortelius' mapping based on that of Chiaves; the names and most of the depicted rivers are largely in agreement with the 1584 Ortelius and the 1597 Wytfliet maps. A 'Rio de Canaveral' appears in the vicinity of Mobile Bay and 'Rio del Santo Spr.o' suggests an early take on the Mississippi. Absent here are the Appalachian lakes appearing on the Le Moyne map (1595) and copied on the Mercator/Hondius map of the southeast. Have they been excised? Have they been transformed into John Smith's Appalachian Salt Sea? The American Southwest Carl Wheat, in his landmark work Mapping the Transmississippi West The Seventeenth Century was almost wholly barren of cartographic progress with respect to the American West. During that period the Island of California concept was introduced and was accepted by most European mapmakers, while the entrance to the Strait of Anian was brought south by some almost, if not quite, to the northern limit of this fictitious island. Observing the broad survey of that century's work, it would be difficult to say that Wheat was wrong in his assessment, making the present map's cartography in this area all the more remarkable. This area is bounded in the north by the Saint Lawrence River, on the East by the 'Rio del Santo Spr.o', on the west by the 'Mar Vermeio' (the Gulf of California), and on the south by the (astonishingly accurately depicted) Rio Grande and Pecos rivers. The common conflation of the Rio Grande and the Colorado River does not occur here. The correct placement of these rivers is in sharp contrast to Hondius and Jansson's own mapping of this region on their America and world maps, and indeed those of every one of these mapmakers' contemporaries. The 1606 Hondius comes close in its depiction of the Rio Grande, and the 1621 Colijn Hydrographica seems to. However, the avid interest placed in this part of the world by Spanish explorers and conquerors was accompanied by an equal passion in keeping its treasures secret. Not only are legendary cities revealed here - Quivira, several contending locations for Cibola, and the sought-after Seven Cities of Gold, the region of 'Tiguas,' which Coronado named 'Tiguex' is also named. The naming of actual Pueblas - Zuni and Acoma - suggests a later source, perhaps the Hakluyt's 1599 report of Antonion de Espejo's 1582 voyage. Nova Mexico is named, but the absence of Santa Fe suggests that the source material for this part of the map dates from prior to that city's 1610 founding. But the richness in detail of this part of this 1623 globe stands in sharp contrast to the rest of the mapmakers' oeuvre and leaves us begging for answers. The actual execution of these gores was done by the veteran engraver Abraham Goos, whose expertise and artistry are on fine display. Geographical details and text are sharp and clearly legible; coastlines are delicately shaded. The water areas are decorated with fine compass roses, beautifully realized ships, and an array of sea monsters, including mer-men and nymphs frolicking in the Pacific. Publication History and Census These gores were engraved by Abraham Goos on behalf of Hondius and Jansson; though these were never mounted they were intended for the 1623 construction of a 17-inch diameter globe. Only four or five completed examples of the globe are known to exist according to van der Krogt, in states dated to 1623, 1636 and 1648. We see no examples of the globe catalogued in OCLC. Only this copy of these separate gores, and the four encompassing Europe and North Africa, have ever appeared on the market. Very good condition. Cropped close just touching border, few mended tears to western sheet, still overall very good with a strong impression. Measurements given are for each sheet. Van der Krogt, P. Globi Neerlandici, HON VI, pp. 484-486.

<urn:uuid:3fee5666-3e42-49a2-adbb-2a2757e225d5>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/AmericaGores-hondiusjansson-1623

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585424.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021133500-20211021163500-00391.warc.gz

en

At talks to the Society for Growing Australian Plant meetings I have listened to speakers talk about animals, birds and insects being attracted to particular plants, even to some plants in one area but not to the same plant in a nearby area. What attracts them? Or, even more interestingly, what caused them to not feed from those they choose not to use. People tend to think of their food from plants as being completely safe. Most plants not eaten are poisonous, or so low in nutritional content for humans, they are irrelevant. But there are plants thought to be safe which do cause adverse reactions. I have spent the last thirty years doing diet detective work investigating diet for children and adults with attention, hyperactivity and behaviour problems, physical symptoms such as eczema, diarrhoea, as well as migraine and irritable bowel syndrome. This talk will consider these issues especially with regard to what may be the substances in plants that are suspect. In 1975 an allergist called Ben Feingold caused a great controversy when he said that additives and other chemicals caused Hyperactivity. His diet did not exclude only additive colour, flavour and a few preservatives, it also excluded substances called salicylates, whether medicinal, such as aspirin, or naturally occurring in spices, mint, and all acidic fruit especially tomato. The reaction to food was not allergy, where an immunological reaction occurs to a protein, often animal derived, such as to milk or shellfish, or plant derived such as to wheat, peanut, tree nuts, seeds or soy beans. The exact mechanism occurring in what is called food chemical intolerance in not known, but it is pharmacological. The suspect chemicals are small molecular compounds with a ring in their chemical structure. So it is reasonable to propose that a rash or other symptom is like an adverse reaction to a medication whereby the vast majority of people have the expected change with the medication, but some individuals have an adverse, or unpleasant, reaction. Initially all news was about the effect on hyperactive children, but the scientific literature showed that a low salicylate diet was also being used by dermatologists for such conditions such as psoriasis, a type of skin rash. However, other conditions improved on the diet. A typical story was that all family members went on the diet and where the diet decreased hyperactive symptoms, in one child, the families also reported with surprise, a decrease in symptoms in other children or in themselves. Symptoms often reported were eczema, headaches, tummy aches, bed wetting, carsickness, nightmares or limb pains. Not only were the symptoms of those on the diet changing, but the diet itself wasn’t exactly right for everyone. Once families excluded the additives and salicylates, they noticed other problem foods. Since Feingold excluded chocolate because of additives I recommended they make home-made cakes with cocoa powder, but in some this caused reactions. Another reaction that involved plants was perfumed flowers. Families reported a return of symptoms when jasmine, mock orange or other strongly perfumed plants were in bloom. They also reported reactions when incense was used. This was as well as non food strong smells, such as diesel fuel, fresh paint, felt pens and some perfumes. You can see why I called what the families and I were doing “Diet Detective Work”. Other surprises occurred. Families reported behavioural changes, and worsening of the symptoms reported improving above, to the foods commonly implicated in allergy – milk, eggs, wheat, peanut, or soy. So there was an immunological part to the mechanism. Another interesting finding that involved plants was that symptoms often got worse when other family members who had seasonal hay fever or asthma got worse. Patient numbers were also up during spring when pollen loads were high, or during westerly winds. I realised that we were dealing with what I call a “Total Body Load” of suspect foods and environmental factors that affected where each person’s threshold was. A Brisbane allergist reported that allergies were worse when lemon scented gums were out in early November, and also in July when lemon scented tea-trees were out. Meanwhile patients on the low chemical diet were gradually testing low risk foods to see if they could expand the diet as much as possible without exceeding their threshold. I found that if they painted their house or it was spring time some families had to reduce the suspect foods they had been tolerating to cope with the new load. One problem was that Feingold had based the salicylate content in excluded foods on analysis done in 1922!! Dr Joan Woodhill, the earliest Australian dietitian to work in the area, added new exclusions. I was working in central Queensland, often dealing with fruit that had not been analysed. Families experimented with guava, rosella jam, mango, quince, lychees, persimmon, and custard apples, all of which were fairly low risk. It was interesting that if a child used one of these each day it caused less of a reaction than if he had the same one over several days. There was something happening whereby, what was being found generally, that the overall load mattered, was one part of the story. As well the person was worse off if they had too much of one particular plant food. Some research reported that different varieties of tomatoes contained different amounts of salicylate, so it was presumed that different varieties of other fruit did too. I noted that under-ripe or just ripe fruit was better tolerated, and that over-ripe, late season, or out of season fruit, were less well tolerated. In addition, if fruit was reported to smell or taste a bit “musky” or “mouldy” it was less well tolerated. As well as Feingold causing a controversy, a psychiatrist in England said that wheat and all cereals were causing severe behavioural changes, so he recommended a cave man diet high in meats with no cereals. As research developed other foods that contained amines, not only chocolate, strong cheeses and red wines, were implicated. These included banana, pawpaw, avocado, oranges, pineapple, figs, broccoli, mushrooms and tomato. The careful approach for dietitians was to exclude any food reported to contain any of these from the initial elimination diet. Since I had always relied on what patients reported reactions to I did not want to be that strict. The experience with over-ripe and out of season fruit pointed to some change in the fruit. With patients testing food I realised that tolerance, especially of bananas and broccoli, changed greatly from just –ripe to over-ripe, and that foods such as pawpaw, avocado, and spinach were tolerated if the flavour was mild. The other natural chemical which caused reactions was MSG, naturally present in a seaweed, tomato and mushrooms, and, of course, soy sauce. I had found that food sensitive people were often considered fussy by others, the children were usually very fussy eaters, and they all noticed smells more than the general population. I realised that if I encouraged them to notice the smell of food they wanted to test for tolerance it helped. If the test food smelled “too ripe” “mouldy” or “strong” to them then tolerance was reduced. This also, fortunately for them, meant they could, once established on the diet, occasionally have a very good wine, a very mild beer, wear a very good perfume, use a very mild honey, or have a cup of mild tea. One lady had such a good sense of taste and that she could identify the leather in Leatherwood honey, even though the tree only has that name as the wood smells of leather when it is cut down. I researched literature on amines and learnt that most increase with ageing or ripening reflecting what was happening clinically. In 1980 an analysis of salicylate in Australian foods was published by RPAH dietitian Dr Ann Swain. The figures were very useful but they did not correspond exactly to patient reports of tolerance. Other analysis did not confirm the findings, but they still have a role. In UK researchers used a “Few Foods” diet and reintroduced foods one at a time. Many plant foods caused hyperactivity reactions. Frequency of particular reactions did not follow the salicylate analysis. Plants can have an indirect effect. A child who is allergic to corn reacted to eggs from chickens fed corn. After flood rains reactions to milk increased, but then they subsided over time. After some research I realised that the cows had been eating new plants after flood rains and the flavours had been secreted into the milk. Just as breast feeding infants can react after their mother has curry, mint or teas, so can those who drink cow’s milk react to plants the cows have eaten. I noticed that smell, or flavour mattered. Foods high in flavour such as spice, peppermint, teas, tangy fruit, concentrated tomato products, almonds, mushrooms, over ripe bananas, ripe broccoli, vinegar, sauces, aged foods, and MSG which is called a ‘flavour enhancer’ [as well as artificial flavour], are all implicated. Fortunately, or was evolution, those who are most aware of flavour and smell are included in those most likely to be food sensitive. Once they have learnt the appropriate elimination diet they can gradually trial foods using their better-then-average sense of smell and taste. An understanding of the effect of diet needs to include the diet itself, the symptoms that are affected by diet, just who is susceptible and the possible mechanism. These are described in my books, especially “Are You Food Sensitive?” If birds, bats, bees and other flying things can choose one tree over another to feed from, and sensitive humans have higher tolerance for milder, better quality flavour and smell then it makes sense that animals do too. Flavour and smell matter to all species! Australian plants are a pleasure. However do remember that there are people who can react either allergenically, or pharmacologically especially to those with a perfume.

<urn:uuid:8aff7389-a044-4234-9916-3b3e59528a5a>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://foodintolerancepro.com/birds-bees-fussy-too/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587926.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026200738-20211026230738-00590.warc.gz

en

Megillas Esther teaches that one of the mitzvos established by Mordechai and Esther was “matanos la’evyonim,” giving gifts to the poor. Since the megillah states one should give gifts “La’evyonim,” which is plural, we derive that one must give gifts to at least two poor people (Gemara Megillah 7b). WHAT IS THE MINIMUM GIFT TO FULFILL THE MITZVAH? There are several opinions regarding the minimum gift needed to fulfill the mitzvah. The Maharasha contends that one must give each person an amount significant enough to be respectable (Chiddushei Agados, Megillah 7a s.v. shadar). Some contemporary poskim rule this way. Zera Yaakov (Shu”t #11) contends that it is sufficient if the poor person could purchase a minimum meal with the gift, which he defines as bread the size of three eggs (quoted in Pischei Teshuvah 694:1). Thus according to this opinion, one fulfills matanos la’evyonim if one gives three slices of bread to each of two poor people (or enough money for each to purchase three slices of bread). Ritva contends that one is required to give only the value of a prutah, a copper coin worth only a few cents (Ritva, Megillah 7b; Menoras HaMaor; Shu”t Maharil #56). Mishnah Berurah (694:2) rules this way and one can certainly follow this approach. HOW MUCH SHOULD ONE STRIVE TO GIVE? The above amounts are indeed extremely paltry matanos la’evyonim and only define the minimum amount to fulfill the mitzvah. There are two other rules that are important: Firstly, one should give money to every person who asks for a tzedakah donation on Purim without verifying whether he has a legitimate tzedakah need (see Yerushalmi Megillah 1:4). We will explain the details of this halacha later. (It is obvious that one should not make a major donation without verifying that the need is legitimate.) Secondly, one should calculate how much one intends to spend for shalach manos and the Purim seudah and then designate a greater amount of money for matanos la’evyonim (Rambam, Hilchos Megillah 2:17). MATANOS LA’EVYONIM VERSUS SHALACH MANOS Question: Assuming that one has limited resources, which is more important to give, many gifts to the poor or many shalach manos? One should give a greater amount of matanos la’evyonim and limit how much shalach manos he sends (Rambam, Hilchos Megillah 2:17). IS IT BETTER TO GIVE A LOT TO A FEW POOR, OR A LITTLE TO EACH? The Bach rules that someone with 100 gold coins to distribute for matanos la’evyonim should distribute one coin to each of 100 poor people rather than give it all to one individual because this makes more people happy (Bach 695 s.v. v’tzarich lishloach). According to Rav Elyashiv, it is better to give two large gifts that will make two aniyim happy than to give many small gifts that are insufficient to make the recipients happy (quoted in Shevus Yitzchok on Purim, pg. 98). These two Piskei halacha are not in conflict — quite the contrary, they complement one another. The mitzvah of matanos la’evyonim is to make as many poor people happy as possible. Receiving a very small gift does not place a smile on a poor man’s face, although it fulfills the minimal requirements of the mitzvah as noted above. However, both the Bach’s gold coin and Rav Elyashiv’s large gift accomplish that the poor person becomes happy. Therefore, giving each person enough of a gift to bring a smile to his face is a bigger mitzvah than giving a very large gift to one person and being unable to bring a smile to the others. Thus, the optimal way to perform the mitzvah is to make as many people happy as possible. MAY MATANOS LA’EVYONIM COME FROM MAASER FUNDS? The minimal amount that I am required to give may not be from maaser funds just as one may not spend maaser money on other mitzvos (Shu”t Maharil #56; Magen Avraham 694:1). The additional money that I give may be from maaser (Magen Avraham 694:1). However, since I concluded that one is not required to give more than one perutah to each of two poor people, two perutos are worth only a few cents. Therefore, once can assume that virtually all one’s matanos la’evyonim may come from maaser money. DO I FULFILL THE MITZVAH WITH MONEY GIVEN BEFORE PURIM? If the poor person receives the money on Purim, one is yotzei (Be’er Heiteiv 695:7; Aruch HaShulchan 694:2). Therefore, one can fulfill the mitzvah by mailing a contribution if one is certain that the poor person will receive it on Purim. If the poor person receives the money before Purim, one is not yotzei (Magen Avraham 694:1). Similarly, one does not fulfill the mitzvah of matanos la’evyonim if the ani does not receive the money until after Purim. DO I FULFILL MATANOS LA’EVYONIM BY DONATING MONEY TO AN ORGANIZATION? If the organization distributes the money to the poor on Purim, I can perform my mitzvah this way. DOES GETTING A TAX DEDUCTION PRECLUDE ME FROM FULFILLING MATANOS LA’EVYONIM? If I donate the money through an institution that will distribute the money on Purim, I can fulfill the mitzvah and also deduct the donation from my tax liability. CAN I FULFILL THE MITZVAH BY CHECK? If the poor person can convert the check into cash or food on Purim, then I fulfill the mitzvah (Shvus Yitzchok pg. 99, quoting Rav Elyashiv). DOES MY WIFE NEED TO GIVE HER OWN MATANOS LA’EVYONIM? A woman is obligated in matanos la’evyonim (Shulchan Aruch 695:4). Magen Avraham states “I did not see that people are careful about this, possibly because this rule applies only to a widow or other woman who does not have a husband but that a married woman fulfills her obligation by having her husband distribute for her. However, one should be more machmir.” Thus according to the Magen Avraham, a woman should distribute her own money to the poor. It would be acceptable for a husband to tell his wife, “I am giving matanos la’evyonim specifically on your behalf,” but it is better if he gives her the money for her to distribute or gives the money to a shaliach to be zocheh for her, and then gives the money to the ani. Although most poskim follow the Magen Avraham’s ruling, some rule that a married woman fulfills the mitzvah when her husband gives, even without making any special arrangements (Aruch HaShulchan 694:2), and others contend that a married woman has no responsibility to give matanos la’evyonim (Pri Chodosh, quoting Maharikash). MUST I GIVE MONEY? No. One fulfills the mitzvah by giving the poor either food or money (Rambam). However, one should give the poor person something that he can use to enhance his celebration of Purim (see Pri Megadim, Mishbetzos Zahav 694:1). MUST THE POOR PERSON USE THE MONEY FOR PURIM? No. The poor person may do whatever he wants with the money (see Gemara Bava Metzia 78b). MAY ONE FULFILL THE MITZVAH AT NIGHT? One does not fulfill the mitzvos of matanos la’evyonim, shalach manos, or the Purim meal if they are performed at night (see Machatzis HaShekel 694:1). HOW POOR MUST A PERSON BE TO QUALIFY FOR MATANOS LA’EVYONIM? The Mishnah (Peah 8:8) states that someone who owns less than 200 zuz qualifies to collect most of the Torah’s gifts to the poor, including maaser ani, the second tithe reserved for the poor, and peah, the corner of the field left for them. What is the modern equivalent of owning 200 zuz? Contemporary poskim rule that someone whose income is insufficient to pay for his family’s expenses qualifies as a poor person for all halachos including matanos la’evyonim. This is assuming that he does not have enough income or savings to support his family without selling basic essentials (Piskei Teshuvos 694:2). DOES A POOR PERSON HAVE A MITZVAH OF GIVING TO THE POOR? Does the mitzvah of matanos la’evyonim apply to the poor? Is there an easy way for him to perform it? The Tur (694) states that “Chayov kol adam litein matanos la’aniyim,” “Every person is obligated to give matanos la’evyonim.” What is added by emphasizing “kol,” everyone? The Bach explains that this emphasizes that even a poor person, who is himself a tzedakah recipient, must also give. Is there an inexpensive way for a poor person to give matanos la’evyonim? Yes, he can give part of his seudas Purim to another poor person and the other poor person reciprocates. Thereby, they both fulfill matanos la’evyonim (Mishnah Berurah 694:2). Also, note that according to what I concluded above, a poor person can give a quarter to each of two other paupers and thereby fulfill the mitzvah. MAY ONE USE MONEY COLLECTED FOR MATANOS LA’EVYONIM FOR A DIFFERENT PURPOSE? One may not use money collected for matanos la’evyonim for a different tzedakah (Gemara Bava Metzia 78b). This is because the people who donated the money expect to fulfill two mitzvos with their donation: tzedakah and the special mitzvah of matanos la’evyonim. Thus, if one uses the money for a different tzedakah purpose, they fulfilled the mitzvah of tzedakah, but not the mitzvah of matanos la’evyonim. If someone decided to give money for matanos la’evyonim, he is required to give it for this purpose even if he did not say so (Mishnah Berurah 694:6, quoting Hagahos Ashri). PURIM VERSUS SHUSHAN PURIM Do residents of Yerushalayim and other ancient walled cities who observe Purim on the fifteenth of Adar (often referred to as “Shushan Purim”) fulfill the mitzvah of matanos la’evyonim by giving to the poor who observed Purim the day before? Do people who observe Purim on the Fourteenth fulfill the mitzvah by giving to the poor of Yerushalayim when it is not yet Purim for them? These are good questions that are debated by contemporary poskim. In the words of the Rambam (Hilchos Megillah 2:17), “It is more important to provide more gifts to the poor than to have a more lavish Purim seudah or send more shalach manos. This is because there is no greater and honored joy than bringing happiness to orphans, widows and the needy. Someone who makes the unfortunate happy is likened to Hashem’s Divine Presence, as the pasuk says: ‘He who revives the spirit of the lowly and brings to life the heart of the crushed,’” (Yeshayah 57:15).

<urn:uuid:1775c566-3cd2-4f0d-afdb-69ae5fd12b36>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://rabbikaganoff.com/tag/charity/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585450.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022021705-20211022051705-00510.warc.gz

en

What is a power battery? The difference between it and ordinary battery Battery technology is a great invention with a wonderful and long history. The battery English "Battery" first appeared in 1749. It was first used by American inventor Benjamin Franklin when he used a series of capacitors to conduct electrical experiments. . He used dilute sulfuric acid as an electrolyte to solve the problem of battery polarization, and produced the first non-polarized zinc-copper battery that can maintain a balanced current, also known as "Daniel battery". In 1860, French Plante invented a battery using lead as an electrode, which was also the precursor of the battery; at the same time, France's Rexroth invented the carbon zinc battery, which made the battery technology move to the field of dry batteries. Commercial use of battery technology began with dry batteries. It was invented by British Hellerson in 1887 and mass-produced in the United States in 1896. At the same time, Thomas Edison invented a rechargeable iron-nickel battery in 1890, which was also realized in 1910. Commercial mass production. Since then, thanks to commercialization, battery technology has ushered in an era of rapid development. Thomas Edison invented alkaline batteries in 1914, Schlecht and Akermann invented sintered nickel-cadmium battery plates in 1934, and Neumann developed sealed nickel in 1947 Cadmium batteries, Lew Urry (Energizer) developed small alkaline batteries in 1949, ushering in the era of alkaline batteries. After entering the 1970s, battery technology has gradually developed toward the physical power source due to the impact of the energy crisis. In addition to the continuous progress of solar cell technology that appeared in 1954, lithium batteries and nickel-hydrogen batteries have also been gradually invented and commercialized. What is a power battery? It is different from ordinary batteries The power source of new energy vehicles is generally mainly based on power batteries. A power battery is actually a kind of power source that provides a source of power for transportation vehicles. The main differences between it and ordinary batteries are: 1. Different nature Power battery refers to a battery that provides power for transportation vehicles, and is generally relative to a small battery that provides energy for portable electronic devices; while a common battery is a lithium metal or lithium alloy as a negative electrode material, using a non-aqueous electrolyte solution The primary battery is different from the Rechargeable battery lithium ion and lithium ion polymer battery. 2. The battery capacity is different In the case of new batteries, use a disCharger to test the battery capacity. The capacity of general power batteries is about 1000-1500mAh; while the capacity of ordinary batteries is above 2000mAh, and some can reach 3400mAh. 3. Different discharge power A 4200mAh power battery can discharge the power in just a few minutes, but the ordinary battery can't do it at all, so the discharge capacity of the ordinary battery can not be compared with the power battery. The biggest difference between power batteries and ordinary batteries is that their discharge power is large and their specific energy is high. Since the main purpose of the power battery is to provide energy for vehicles, it has a higher discharge power than ordinary batteries. 4. Different applications The batteries that provide driving power for electric vehicles are called power batteries, including traditional lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and emerging lithium-ion power lithium batteries, which are divided into power-type power batteries (hybrid vehicles) and energy-type power batteries. (Pure electric vehicles); lithium batteries used in consumer electronics products such as mobile phones and notebook computers are generally collectively referred to as lithium batteries to distinguish them from power batteries used in electric vehicles. Main types of power batteries At present, the mainstream technologies in the market are still mainly lead-acid battery technology, nickel-hydrogen battery technology, fuel cell technology, and lithium battery technology. The application history of lead-acid batteries is the longest and the technology is the most mature. It is the battery with the lowest cost and the lowest price, and has achieved mass production. Among them, valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries (VRLA) once became important automotive power batteries, which are used in EVs and HEVs developed by many European and American automobile companies, such as GM's Saturn and EVI developed in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. Electric vehicles, etc. However, lead-acid batteries have low specific energy, short battery life, high self-discharge rate, and low cycle life; their main raw materials are heavy in weight, and may produce heavy metal environmental pollution during production and recycling. Therefore, at present, lead-acid batteries are mainly used for ignition devices when starting cars, and small equipment such as electric bicycles. Nickel-metal hydride (Ni/MH) batteries have good resistance to overcharging and over-discharging, there is no problem of heavy metal pollution, and there will be no increase or decrease in electrolyte during work, which can achieve a sealed design and maintenance-free. Compared with lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries have higher specific energy, specific power and cycle life. The disadvantage is that the battery has a poor memory effect, and as the charge and discharge cycle progresses, the hydrogen storage alloy gradually loses its catalytic ability, and the internal pressure of the battery will gradually increase, affecting the use of the battery. In addition, the high price of nickel metal also leads to higher costs. In terms of key materials, nickel-metal hydride batteries are mainly composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte. The positive electrode is a nickel electrode (Ni(OH)2); the negative electrode generally uses metal hydride (MH); the electrolyte is mainly a liquid, and the main component is hydrogen Potassium oxide (KOH). At present, the research focus of nickel-metal hydride batteries is mainly on positive and negative electrode materials, and its technology research and development is relatively mature. Automotive nickel-metal hydride batteries have achieved mass production and use, and are the most widely used vehicle battery type in the development of hybrid vehicles. The most typical representative is the Toyota Prius, which currently has the largest mass production of hybrid vehicles. PEVE, a joint venture between Toyota and Panasonic, is currently the world's largest manufacturer of nickel-metal hydride batteries. Now that the nickel-metal hydride battery has withdrawn from the mainstream power battery at this stage, why would Toyota still insist on its camp of nickel-metal hydride batteries? This has to talk about the biggest advantage of nickel-metal hydride batteries: super durability! Once the famous American automobile media conducted a comparative test on a first-generation Prius after ten years of use. The test results show that the first-generation Prius model using nickel-metal hydride batteries compared with the data of the new car after 10 years of driving 330,000 kilometers, both in fuel consumption performance and power performance are kept at the same level, indicating The hybrid system and the nickel-metal hydride battery still work normally. In addition, even after running for 330,000 kilometers in ten years, this first-generation Prius has never experienced problems with its nickel-metal hydride battery pack. People questioned ten years ago that the decline in battery capacity will greatly affect fuel consumption and power performance. Did not appear. From this point of view, the Japanese who have always been rigorous and conservative do indeed have unique reasons for their love for nickel-metal hydride batteries. The fuel cell A fuel cell is a power generation device that directly converts the chemical energy present in fuel and oxidant into electrical energy. Fuel and air are fed into the fuel cell separately, and electricity is produced. From the appearance, it has positive and negative electrodes and electrolyte, like a storage battery, but in essence it can not "storage" but a "power plant". Compared with ordinary chemical batteries, fuel cells can supplement fuel, usually hydrogen. Some fuel cells can use methane and gasoline as fuel, but it is usually limited to industrial fields such as power plants and forklifts. The basic principle of a hydrogen fuel cell is the reverse reaction of electrolyzed water, which supplies hydrogen and oxygen to the anode and cathode respectively. After hydrogen diffuses outward through the anode and the electrolyte reacts, it emits electrons to the cathode through an external load. The working principle of a hydrogen fuel cell is to send hydrogen gas to the anode plate (negative electrode) of the fuel cell. After the action of the catalyst (platinum), an electron in the hydrogen atom is separated, and the hydrogen ion (proton) that has lost the electron passes through the proton The exchange membrane reaches the fuel cell cathode plate (positive electrode), and electrons cannot pass through the proton exchange membrane. This electron can only reach the fuel cell cathode plate through an external circuit, thereby generating current in the external circuit. After reaching the cathode plate, the electrons recombine with oxygen atoms and hydrogen ions to form water. Since the oxygen supplied to the cathode plate can be obtained from the air, as long as the anode plate is continuously supplied with hydrogen, the cathode plate is supplied with air, and the water vapor is taken away in time, electricity can be continuously provided. The electricity generated by the fuel cell supplies power to the motor through inverters, controllers, and other devices, and then drives the wheels to rotate through the transmission system, drive axle, etc., so that the vehicle can be driven on the road. Compared with traditional cars, the energy conversion efficiency of fuel cell vehicles is as high as 60 to 80%, which is 2 to 3 times that of internal combustion engines. The fuel of the fuel cell is hydrogen and oxygen, and the product is clean water. It does not produce carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide by itself, nor does it emit sulfur and particles. Therefore, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are truly zero-emission and zero-pollution vehicles, and hydrogen fuel is the perfect vehicle energy! Disclaimer: The articles published on this website are all from the Internet and do not represent the views of this site. If there is any infringement, please contact to delete

<urn:uuid:f6d3e0fe-6fa9-4680-a921-2e3dc8322d1b>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://www.doublepow.com/index.php/new/index/g/e/id/276.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585196.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018031901-20211018061901-00110.warc.gz

en

Many people today think of the 18th-century Enlightenment as an exciting season of reason, a black swan moment when new energies flowed, when the early modern world began to be turned upside down, thanks to the fearless critics of power, pride and prejudice, who suddenly thought differently, imagined a bold new future and called on their fellow citizens to press hard to make reason a reality. The interpretation is unfortunately too simple. Truth is that the intellectual upheaval that came belatedly to be called the Enlightenment (the phrase was a 19th-century neologism, typically circulated by its enemies) was in fact a much messier affair. Historians, philosophers and political thinkers have taught us to see this 18th-century upheaval in less Whiggish, less sanguine ways. Grandiloquent treatments of ‘the Enlightenment’ - Anthony Pagden’s The Enlightenment and Why It Still Matters (2013) springs to mind, as does A.C. Grayling’s recent gushing defences of Bacon, Hobbes and Locke and other early luminaries in The Age of Genius (2016) - are quite out of fashion, and for solid reasons. Most analysts of the so-called Enlightenment today prefer to view it as multiple enlightenments, as various intellectual and literary tendencies centred on many different themes, with positive and negative effects. Let’s take some examples. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer and Michel Foucault long ago challenged us to see that the 18th-century fetish of ‘reason’, its will to know everything and to measure and master the world, fed the spirit of bureaucratic ‘unreason’, incarceration and totalitarian rule. Isaiah Berlin reminded us that the opponents of Enlightenment, dubbed the ‘Counter-Enlightenment’, included thinkers, poets, painters and writers who plausibly championed pluralism, doubted talk of ‘nature’ and attacked the blind belief in scientific progress, in effect because they viewed the world as shaped not by the laws of nature, but by the contingencies of history. Then there’s the erudite set of influential books by Jonathan Israel, who has shown more recently that what until now has been called the Enlightenment in fact contained not just multiple and conflicting strands. According to him, the true champions of ‘enlightenment’, those who favoured the extension of civil rights, social justice and democratic representation, were actually just a minority, an important but beleaguered fraction of a much larger and more self-contradictory movement that had no essential unity of principle or purpose. Israel’s point is well-taken, and should be further developed, to grasp a striking breakthrough in the work of the enlightenment radicals: their sharp awareness of the misfortune, deprivation and unhappiness suffered by people ground down by institutions not of their own choosing. The rebels despised misery. They decried the pessimism of the miserabilists in their midst. Misery was their intellectual and political target. They took aim, initially by rescuing the old French word miserie (it was originally drawn from Latin miseria, from miser, ‘wretched’ and miserari, to pity) so as to build for their contemporaries a new language in which to understand misery differently. Thanks to them, we could say, misery was finally given its proper name. Starvation, indignity and unhappiness were denounced as unnecessary blights on the face of the world. Misery was no longer regarded as God-given, or as part of the natural order of things. It was seen to be contingent, remediable, for instance through generous changes of heart and mind, backed by tough social, legal and political reforms, even by means of a revolution, if necessary. Thomas Paine was arguably among the greatest Enlightenment champions of this fresh way of thinking about misery. Author of the three biggest-selling books of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Common Sense (1776), Rights of Man (1791) and The Age of Reason (1794), Paine still ranks as the greatest English champion of clean, open, humble government. He should be remembered for his life-long devotion to the cause of liberty for all; his unshrinking opposition to lying; his deep-seated dislike of monarchy and priestly tyranny and his daring public attacks on the hypocrisy and hubris of the American and French revolutionaries. Most compelling of all was Paine’s burning desire to meet the arguments of his foes, not with gunpowder or the sword, or haughty bitterness, but with words from Isaiah: ‘Let us reason the matter together’. For his reasoned daring, Paine was forced to suffer more than his own share of personal misery: enforced exile from his native England; a spell in a Paris prison and a brush with the guillotine; and pugnacious media abuse from his foes. His enemies were a strange crew. There were wigged and powdered supporters of lunatic King George II, the Jacobin terroristes and boorish Christian sectarians in America. All of them tried hard to damn and disappear him, for instance by labelling him a ‘filthy little atheist’ (Teddy Roosevelt), or by speaking against his rotten grammar and alleged confabulation (George Chalmers, his petulant first biographer, howled that he had falsely added an ‘e’ to his surname). The aim in every case was to push Paine into a rat’s alley, where not even his bones survived. His bones indeed went missing. But even though Paine found no final resting place, thanks to his friends and supporters memories of his political confrontations survived, beginning with the first literary glimpse we have of him, a daunting epitaph for a pet crow, which he buried in the garden of his home in Thetford: Here lies the body of John Crow, Who once was high but now is low; Ye brother Crows take warning all, For as you rise, so must you fall. As you rise, so must you fall: with these words, written when he was just eight years old, the boy from Norfolk signalled his life-long contempt for pomposity and hubris. In an age of corrupting government fed by sinecures, Paine was brave enough to call George III ‘king or madjesty’, even to conclude a letter to the Home Secretary: ‘I am, Mr Dundas, Not your humble and obedient servant’. In snorting style, Paine satirised the corrupting effects of publicly unaccountable power. He did everything he could to prevent the abuse of citizens’ rights by the rich and powerful. He hurled his quill at the pity of war, unrestrained markets and greedy banks. Paine denounced all forms of organised religion as ‘nothing other than human inventions set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit’. He appealed for hospitality, and called upon citizens everywhere to display a big-hearted openness to the world, as in the famous exchange with his friend Benjamin Franklin. ‘Where liberty is, there is my country,’ Franklin reportedly said. ‘Where liberty is not, there is my country,’ Paine quipped in reply. Paine was saying that citizenship of any country implies a duty of citizens everywhere to take an interest in the misfortunes of others. Paine was against misery everywhere, in every form. His 18th-century enlightened vision of a decent life for all remains relevant. Not only was his principled rejection of political despotism and social injustice more far-reaching (say) than that of Karl Marx. Paine’s practical proposals managed to combine breathtaking vision, a humble respect for ordinary folk, and a sober recognition of the complexity of human affairs. Paine was for strong, effective government but also for government limited in scope and strictly accountable to its citizens. He supported unbridled freedom of public assembly and expression though not its licentious abuse. He favoured private property and market competition but fought for the principle of guaranteed citizens’ basic income and other tax-funded public measures to prevent society’s cruel division into rich and poor. Agrarian Justice (first published in French in 1795) amplifies these themes; it is among his most powerful trumpet blasts against misery. Written in reply to a sermon by the good Bishop of Llandaff praising the division between rich and poor as a sign of God’s wisdom, Paine’s remarkable tract targeted the class of nouveaux riches then emerging as the ruling element in post-Jacobin France. Note the parallels with today. In contrast to the Jacobin dictatorship, which had preached austerity, the new Thermidoreans (said Paine) had discovered private freedoms, mixed with market pleasures. Civil society was reborn, but the return to laissez-faire split it into rich and poor. The widening inequality Paine considered shameful, and he likened the division between poor and rich to ‘dead and living bodies chained together’. But against the apologists of poverty, he insisted that the problem was remediable. Poverty is not God’s will, he argued. It is an artificial, humanly produced blight. ‘It is wrong to say that God made Rich and Poor’, wrote Paine, ‘he made only Male and Female; and he gave them the earth for their inheritance.’ This principle that the earth is ‘the common property of the human race’ implied that the propertied rich had an obligation to help the poor, not by charity alone, but by accepting a government-administered inheritance tax system designed to redistribute and equalise income. In calling on others to make poverty history, Paine did not say what would be done with recalcitrant property owners and their families who refused to acknowledge the common property right, let alone pay their share of death duties; the problem of strikes by the wealthy against redistributive policies had to be faced by later social reformers. Paine instead sketched a plan for setting up a National Fund out of which every man and woman reaching twenty-one years of age would be eligible for a compensatory one-off payment of fifteen pounds sterling, while every person reaching fifty years of age would receive an annual citizen’s pension of ten pounds. He emphasised that the payments would be based on a decisive and durable ethical principle. ‘When it shall be said in any country in the world, “my poor are happy; neither ignorance nor distress is to be found among them; my jails are empty of prisoners, my streets of beggars; the aged are not in want, the taxes are not oppressive; the rational world is my friend, because I am a friend of its happiness.” When these things can be said,’ wrote Paine, ‘then may that country boast of its constitution and its government.’ Which country on our planet today meets that test? An earlier version of this commentary appeared as a monthly essay in the London-based magazine [Spiked](http://www.spiked-online.com/spiked-review/article/paine-and-misery/18198#.VwhBl97X4)

<urn:uuid:2bb30ad7-0c3f-4fc4-91c6-735172f42143>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://theconversation.com/the-18th-century-enlightenment-and-the-problem-of-public-misery-57541

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587719.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025154225-20211025184225-00070.warc.gz

en

ROYAL. Was bedeutet ROYAL? Das Scrabble online Wörterbuch liefert Dir zur semantischen Herkunft, Definition und Wortbedeutung von ROYAL abzuleiten. royal Bedeutung, Definition royal: 1. belonging or connected to a king or queen or a member of their family: 2. good or excellent, as. Verwendungsbeispiele für ›royal‹. maschinell ausgesucht aus den DWDS-Korpora. Aber es riß das royale Bild aus seinem alten sakralen Raum. Süddeutsche. Englisch-Deutsch Übersetzung für "royal"Definition, Rechtschreibung, Synonyme und Grammatik von 'royal' auf Duden online nachschlagen. Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Royal Definition: Royal is used to indicate that something is connected with a king, queen, or emperor, or | Bedeutung, Aussprache, Übersetzungen und. 1) den König/die Königin, das Königshaus betreffend, zu ihm/ihr gehörend. 2) den König/die Königin oder die Monarchie als Staatsform unterstützend. Begriffsursprung: von französisch. Royal Bedeutung Navigation menu VideoThe True Cost of the Royal Family Explained 1) den König/die Königin, das Königshaus betreffend, zu ihm/ihr gehörend. 2) den König/die Königin oder die Monarchie als Staatsform unterstützend. Begriffsursprung: von französisch. Definition, Rechtschreibung, Synonyme und Grammatik von 'royal' auf Duden online nachschlagen. Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Royal (englisch und französisch für „königlich“) steht für: Royal Bay, Bucht Südgeorgiens, Südatlantik; Royal-Tarock, Wettkampfvariante des ungarischen. royal Bedeutung, Definition royal: 1. belonging or connected to a king or queen or a member of their family: 2. good or excellent, as. Konjunktiv I oder II? Nutzer korrekt verlinken. Subjekt im Singular, Verb im Plural? Tschüs — richtig ausgesprochen. Was ist ein Satz? Wiederholungen von Wörtern. Wohin kommen die Anführungszeichen? So liegen Sie immer richtig. Die längsten Wörter im Dudenkorpus. Kommasetzung bei bitte. Subjekts- und Objektsgenitiv. Adverbialer Akkusativ. Aus dem Nähkästchen geplaudert. Haar, Faden und Damoklesschwert. Kontamination von Redewendungen. Lehnwörter aus dem Etruskischen. Verflixt und zugenäht! Herkunft und Funktion des Ausrufezeichens. Vorvergangenheit in der indirekten Rede. Wann kann der Bindestrich gebraucht werden? Was ist ein Twitter-Roman? Anglizismus des Jahres. Wort und Unwort des Jahres in Deutschland. Wort und Unwort des Jahres in Liechtenstein. Wort und Unwort des Jahres in Österreich. Wort und Unwort des Jahres in der Schweiz. Das Dudenkorpus. Das Wort des Tages. Leichte-Sprache-Preis Wie arbeitet die Dudenredaktion? This system was roughly the same during the Qing dynasty — , when there were also a class of Imperial women selected immediately as consorts or concubines, but the class of female court attendants were all available to be promoted to concubines and consorts by the emperor. The early modern Danish court was organized according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Imperial Austrian court model, from the 16th century onward. This hierarchy was roughly in place from the 16th century until the death of king Christian IX of Denmark in It was not until the end of the 15th-century and early 16th-century that emulation of the new courts of the Italian Renaissance made ladies-in-waiting fashionable in official court ceremonies and representation, and female court offices became more developed and numerous in the French court as well as in other European courts. During the First Empire , the principal lady in waiting of the empress was the dame d'honneur , followed by between 20 and 36 dames du palais. The early modern Princely courts in Germany were modeled after the imperial Austrian court model. After the end of the German Roman Holy Empire in and the establishment of several minor kingdoms in Germany, the post of Staatsdame married ladies-in-waiting were introduced in many German princely and royal courts. At the Imperial German court, the ladies-in-waiting were composed of one Oberhofmeisterin in charge of several Hofstaatsdamen or Palastdamen. The only specifically female dignity was that of the Zoste patrikia , the chief lady-in-waiting and female attendant of the empress, who was the head of the women's court and often a relative of the empress; this title existed at least since the 9th-century. The Kingdom of Greece was established in and its first queen Amalia of Oldenburg organized the ladies-in-waiting of its first royal court in one Grande-Maitresse, followed by the second rank dame d'honneur , and the third rank dame de palais. Prior to unification, the greatest of the Italian states was the Kingdom of Naples, later called Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The ladies-in-waiting of the queen of the Two Sicilies were, in composed of one Dama di Onore or 'Lady of Honor', placed in rank as number two after the Cavaliere di Onore , and followed by three Dama di Compagnia or 'Lady Companions' number four in rank after the Cavalerizzo and a large number of Dame di Corte or 'Court Ladies'. Italy was united in to the Kingdom of Italy in In Japan, the imperial court offices was normally reserved for members of the court aristocracy and the ladies-in-waiting or palace attendants were commonly educated members of the nobility. During the Heian period — women could hold court offices of substantial responsibility, managing the affairs of the emperor. During the Sengoku period — , the highest rank of a lady-in-waiting was "female assistant to the major counselor", who ran the affairs of the daily life of the imperial household. In contrast to China, women palace attendants managed the palace of the imperial harem rather than eunuchs , and could hold high court offices in the emperor's personal household. Gungnyeo literally "palace women" is a Korean term referring to women who wait upon the King and other royalty in traditional Korean society. It is short for gungjung yeogwan , which translates as "a lady officer of the royal court". Gungnyeo includes sanggung palace matron and nain assistant court ladies , both of which hold rank as officers. The term is also used more broadly to encompass women in a lower class without a rank such as musuri lowest maids in charge of odd chores , gaksimi , sonnim , uinyeo female physicians as well as nain and sanggung. The court of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was situated in the Netherlands in the 15th century, was famous for its elaborate ceremonial court life and became a role model for several other courts of Europe. In the 16th century, the ladies-in-waiting in the courts of the Habsburg governors of the Netherlands, Margaret of Austria and Mary of Hungary governor of the Netherlands , was composed of one hofmeesteres 'Court mistress' or dame d'honneur who served as the principal lady in waiting; one hofdame or Mere de filles , who was second in rank and deputy of the hofmeesteres as well as being in charge of the eredames maid of honour , also known as demoiselle d'honneur , fille d'honneur or Junckfrauen , and finally the chamber maids, kameniersters , all with different titles depending on language in the multilingual area of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of the Netherlands was founded in , signifying the organisation of a royal court. In the 19th century, the ladies-in-waiting of the Dutch court was headed by the Grootmeesteres 'Grand Mistress', equivalent to Mistress of the Robes , of second rank was the Dames du Palais married ladies-in-waiting , followed by the third rank Hofdames 'court ladies', equivalent to maid of honour. A number of tribes and cultural areas in the African continent, such as the Lobedu people of Southern Africa, had a similar custom on ladies-in-waiting in historic times. Within certain pre-colonial states of the Bini and Yoruba peoples in Nigeria, the queen mothers and high priestesses were considered "ritually male" due to their social eminence. As a result of this fact, they were often attended on by women who belonged to their harems in much the same way as their actually male counterparts were served by women who belonged to theirs. Although these women effectively functioned as ladies-in-waiting, were often members of powerful families of the local nobility in their own right, and were not usually used for sexual purposes, they were none-the-less referred to as their principals' wives. During the union of Denmark—Norway from until , the Danish royal court in Copenhagen was counted as the Norwegian royal court, and thus there was no royal court present in Norway during this period. During the union between Norway and Sweden from to , there were Norwegian courtiers appointed who served during the Swedish royal family's visits to Norway. The female courtiers were appointed according to the Swedish court model, that is to say the class of hovfröken Maid of honor ; kammarfröken Chief Maid of Honor and statsfru Lady of the Bedchamber , all supervised by the overhoffmesterinne Mistress of the Robes : these posts were first appointed in In the Ottoman Empire , the word Lady-in-waiting has often been used to described those women of the Imperial harem who functioned as servants, secretaries and companions of the wives, daughters and sisters of the Ottoman Sultan. These women originally came to the harem as slaves, captured through the Crimean slave trade , the Barbary slave trade and the white slave trade. In the court of Muscovite Russia , the offices of lady-in-waiting to the Tsarina were normally divided among the boyarinas widows or wives of boyars , often from the family and relatives of the Tsarina. The group of ladies-in-waiting were collectively above the rank of the Svetlichnaya , the tsarina's sewing women; the postelnitsy the tsarina's chamber women and washing women and the officials who handled the affairs of the staff. In , this system was abolished and the Russian Imperial court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of Peter the Great to Westernize Russia, and the old court offices of the Tsarina was replaced with court offices inspired by the German model; see Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia. The royal court of Castile included a group of ladies-in-waiting for the queen named camarera in late 13th-century and early 14th-century, but it was not until the 15th-century that a set organisation of the ladies-in-waiting is confirmed. The early modern Swedish court, as well as the Danish equivalent, were re-organized in the early 16th century according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Imperial Austrian court model. They were headed by the normally married kammarfru Mistress of the Chamber, roughly equivalent to a Ladies Maid , often of burgher background, who supervised the group of kammarpiga Chamber Maid . From the reign of Queen Christina , the hovmästarinna was supervised by the överhovmästarinna Chief Court Mistress. With the exception of the statsfru and the överhovmästarinna , none of the titles above are longer in use. At the death of Queen Louise in , her överhovmästarinna was employed by the King. From , the överhovmästarinna are the head of the court of the King rather than the Queen, while the court of the Queen is headed by the statsfru. There are now only one statsfru , and the other ladies-in-waiting are simply referred to as hovdam 'Court Lady'. Queen Silvia of Sweden has only three hovdamer 'court ladies'. Her chief lady-in-waiting is the statsfru. A woman attending on a Queen Regnant or Queen Consort is often informally known by the same title, but is more formally styled either: Woman of the Bedchamber , Lady of the Bedchamber or Mistress of the Robes , depending on which of these offices she holds. The Women are in regular attendance, but the Mistress of the Robes and the Ladies of the Bedchamber are normally required only for ceremonial occasions. The phrase Lady-in-Waiting to The Queen has, however, been used in formal documents to denote which of the Women is actually "on duty" at any one time. In the Middle Ages, Margaret of France, Queen of England is noted to have had seven ladies-in-waiting: the three married ones were called Domina and the four unmarried maid of honour , but no principal lady-in-waiting is mentioned, and until the 15th-century, the majority of the office holders of the queen's household were still male. As late as in the mid 15th-century, queen Elizabeth Woodville had still only five ladies-in-waiting, but in the late 15th-century and early 16th-century, ladies-in-waiting were given a more dominant place at the English court, in parallel with the development in France and the continental courts. The court life of the Duchy of Burgundy served as an example when Edward IV created the Black Book of the Household in , and the organisation of the English royal household was essentially set from that point onward. Queen Elizabeth of York had numerous ladies-in-waiting, which was reported by the Spanish ambassador Rodrigo de Puebla as something unusual and astonishing: "the Queen has thirty-two ladies, very magnificent and in splendid style". The duties of ladies-in-waiting at the Tudor court were to act as companions in public and in private; to accompany her wherever she went; to entertain her with music, dance or singing; and to dress her, bathe her and help her use the lavatory, as a royal person, by the standards of the day, was not supposed to do anything by themselves, but was always to be waited upon in all daily tasks as a sign of their status. The organization of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting was set in the period of the Tudor court. The ladies-in-waiting were headed by the Mistress of the Robes , followed in rank by the First Lady of the Bedchamber , who supervised the group of Lady of the Bedchamber typically wives or widows of peers above the rank of earl , in turn followed by the group of Woman of the Bedchamber usually a daughter of a peer and finally the group of Maid of honour , whose service entitled them to the style of The Honourable for life. However, in practice, many offices have since then been left vacant. For example, in recent times, Maids of Honour have only been appointed for coronations. These are a list of particularly well known and famous ladies-in-waiting of each nation listed.

<urn:uuid:c8632b18-ce01-4285-8c80-1eab9c1548de>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://nasa-intelligence.com/svenska-online-casino/royal-bedeutung.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585380.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021005314-20211021035314-00270.warc.gz

en

Microprocessor Research Aims At Shattering Speed Records No end is in sight to blazingly fast advances, say designers at major chip manufacturers. One year after surviving the year 2000 problem, computer users may be blessed with huge leaps in processing speeds and capabilities. Researchers at semiconductor manufacturers are developing new generations of chips that, in just three years, will offer 15 times as many transistors and compute several times as fast as today’s models. These advances are likely to continue generating even greater performance levels over the subsequent 10 years, semiconductor experts offer. Previously predicted technology limits are falling by the wayside as designers push existing manufacturing methods to new microscopic definitions. In addition, novel experimental fabrication technologies are beginning to move out of the laboratory, further increasing development speed. Designers at leading companies, such as Lucent Technologies and Intel, admit that ultimate limits exist; however, current technology is not even close to those limits. In the foreseeable future, they predict that Moore’s Law, propounded by Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel, will continue to hold: Processor performance will double every 18 to 24 months. In 1980, a Z-80 central processing unit (CPU) from Zilog was an 8-bit machine that ran at 2 megahertz. Today’s mass-market Pentium II CPUs from Intel run at 450 megahertz and have more than 7.5 million transistors. Albert Yu, vice president and general manager of Intel’s microprocessor products group, declares, “I believe we are well on our way to making the 100-million transistor microprocessor a reality by 2001.” And by 2011, he says, processors are likely to have a billion transistors, run at 10 gigahertz and process 100 billion instructions per second. Two major factors that determine the performance of a microprocessor are the amount of transistors on a chip and the clock speed, or chip’s operating speed. The smaller the transistors, the more that can fit on a chip of a given size. Transistors are shrinking rapidly, say designers and will continue to shrink for some time. The number of transistors depends on line width, explain the designers. This is the narrowest dimension that designers can make a feature on the silicon chip. Reducing the line width by half allows four times as many transistors to be placed on the chip, because size is reduced in two dimensions. In the days of the Z-80 and the Intel 8085, line widths were approximately 2 microns. Now they are at 0.25 microns and shrinking fast. Manufacturers talk matter-of-factly of line widths that are 0.13, 0.10 or fewer microns. Lucent Technologies has a projection electron beam technology that it believes will make 0.08 microns a reality. If the Intel Pentium II at 0.25 microns has 7.5 million transistors, a chip of the same size at 0.125 would have 16 million. This improvement is coming, experts predict. According to Jim Boddie, director for technology development at Lucent Technologies wireless and multimedia group, “There’s a lot of debate about where it actually has to stop. Bell Labs has fabricated a transistor that you will be likely to see in 2010, a working transistor at .06 microns. We call it the nanotransistor [SIGNAL, February 1999, page 19]. It’s really an atomic scale transistor because, if you look at the vertical geometry, the gate—the part that controls the transistor—is only four atoms thick. If we can make models now, by 2010 we’ll certainly be able to do it in large quantities. If you used the technology to build DRAMs [dynamic random access memories, the standard form of memory in today’s computers], you’d get a 64-gigabit DRAM.” Lucent does not manufacture microprocessors, but it does make digital signal processors using the technology. The technology needed for successively narrower line widths rapidly increases in expense, with chip fabrication facilities now costing well over $1 billion. However, according to Intel’s Seth Walker, worldwide demand is expected to be great enough to keep prices within reason. Manufacturing chips with extremely small features is a more difficult problem. Today’s technology uses light projected through a mask onto a silicon wafer coated with a resist. The light alters the resist in a manner similar to exposing film. Later, a corrosive substance called an etchant is used to etch lines in the silicon where the resist was exposed to light, producing the desired pattern on the silicon. Thin lines of a conductor, usually aluminum, are used to connect transistors. The process of masking, projecting and etching is repeated many times until the microprocessor is complete. The laws of physics pose one problem in this process. As line widths approach the wavelength of the light, the resulting lines lose sharpness. The higher the frequency of the light used to expose the resist, the smaller the wavelength and the narrower the line width. According to engineers in the field, technology is reaching the point at which light cannot produce fine enough lines. However, this is not the end of the progress line. Companies such as Lucent are working on projection electron beam lithography, which uses a beam of electrons instead of light. Electrons have a much smaller wavelength. If electron beam lithography can be adapted to work in a production setting, it will allow much narrower line widths. Other questions of design arise, producing complex trade-offs. Joseph Schutz, a director of microprocessor design at Intel, says that as transistors come to be more densely packed, the “wires” connecting them—thin traces of aluminum—move closer together. Further, the wires now tend to be more like strips of tape than conventional round wires. They act like the plates of a capacitor, reducing performance. IBM recently announced that it has learned how to use copper instead of aluminum, allowing perhaps a 30-percent increase in clock speed. Schutz explains that capacitance can be a problem. “The wires today are relatively tall and narrowly spaced, so the side-to-side capacitance is extreme, and you have to worry about signal quality and degradation in performance caused by the resulting delay. “Say you’re trying to drive a ‘1’ in a wire, and the two wires on each side are driving a ‘0.’ You get coupling and degradation, so you need software design tools that can handle the calculations to minimize it.” Increasingly, delay caused by a signal’s time of travel from one part of a chip to another is an obstacle to higher performance. Given that the speed of light is about one foot per nanosecond, and that signals in a chip travel at perhaps 70 percent of that speed, says Schutz, it may seem strange that the slowness of the signal in a chip the size of a fingernail could be a problem. But, after adding the time it takes for transistors to switch and settle into stable states between clock pulses, signal speed does in fact become serious. “If you are wiring a small chip, congestion isn’t a problem because everything is close to everything else,” Schutz says. “But as the chip gets more complex, you actually need more wires in proportion to the size. The things you need to talk to on the processor are less likely to be nearby. We need to make sure that runs between blocks that need to talk to each other are as short as possible and don’t take a scenic route.” The same laws of physics make it undesirable for signals to travel off the CPU to remote parts of the computer—for example, to the main memory or the graphics card—for data. The distances involved, even inches, can be immense compared to the native speed of the microprocessor. This leads to pressure to put as much of the computer as possible on a single chip. Consequently, says Schutz, as the amount of transistors available on a chip grows, there is a tendency to put the slowest components that are currently off the processor onto it. “We tend usually to ask: ‘Is there something inefficient off the chip that needs to be on it?’ At clock speeds of a gigahertz, it doesn’t make sense to me to try to talk to components off the chip, because the speed of light stays the same.” A good example is cache memory that holds data for quick use by the processor. These have recently been moved aboard the chip, taking perhaps inches out of the travel distance. According to Schutz, much of the rapidly growing transistor count will be used for integrating more of the function of the computer into the CPU. The eventual result will probably be putting an entire computer on a chip, which would both increase performance and greatly lower assembly costs. Increased integration of different components on a single chip is not of interest only to makers of CPUs. According to Boddie, “Today we can do the complete cellular baseband portion of a cell phone, everything except the radio, on a single device: DSP [digital signal processor] SRAM [static random access memory] flash memory, input/output, and the analog connect to the radio.” However, he says, the very complexity of today’s processors is a stumbling block to advancement. As transistor counts increase and wiring becomes more intricate, it rapidly becomes more difficult to design connections and verify that they are correct. Doing so requires very sophisticated software for computer-aided design. “That could be the limit,” he suggests. Others are less concerned. Schutz says, “I’m a little bit more philosophical about it, partly because I’ve been in the field for a while, partly because we’ve been saying the same thing for almost 15 years. Part of it is like the angst you always have: Yes, the next generation is harder, and yes, you need better software. We’ll find a way to solve the problem.” Another challenge, according to Intel’s Albert Yu, is testing a vastly complex processor to ensure that it works. Some flaws are obvious, such as when a processor always adds numbers incorrectly. The problem, say designers, is a flaw that appears only in certain unusual conditions. Even today, these sometimes are not caught until after a microprocessor has gone to market. “Testing and compatibility validation are an unbelievably difficult challenge in designs as complex as the ones we’re contemplating for Micro 2011,” Yu declares. “Testing all possible computational and compatibility combinations begins to verge toward the infinite. It’s clear that we need a breakthrough in our validation technology before we can enter the billion-transistor realm.” A greater number of transistors causes another problem. The larger the amount of transistors of a given size, the greater the power that is dissipated in operating them. Dissipated power increases with clock frequency. A Pentium II at 450 megahertz—today’s high-end in mass-market machines—dissipates 27.1 watts. As dissipated power increases, so does the temperature, which decreases the working lifetime of chips and, if high enough, actually burns them out. While liquid cooling is possible, it is complex and expensive, and industry experts want to avoid it. However, lowering the voltage at which the chip operates decreases the dissipated power. Furthermore, the gate—the layer of metal oxide that prevents the passage of electrons when a transistor is off—gets thinner as transistors shrink, so lower voltages are necessary to keep from blowing out the oxide. Consequently, designers strive for lower operating voltages. Says Schutz, “The regime we’re in now is that we pretty much lower the voltage on every processor generation, usually by 20 to 30 percent. The current production parts are running anywhere from 2 volts to 1.6 volts.” Early processors ran at 5 volts. In principle, everything else being equal, lower voltages also decrease the speed at which the transistors switch. However, for a given voltage, as transistors get smaller, they get faster because the gate is thinner. The trade-offs are complex but, say designers, will be manageable for the foreseeable future. Says Schutz, “As for ultimate clock speed, it’ll be higher than anybody can even imagine. Moore’s Law is probably not going to stop while I’m at Intel. I’m 45. Clock speed goes up one and a half times per generation. So let’s say you’re at 800 megahertz, which is where we are today, so it’s one and a half to the fifth power. That comes to about 6 gigahertz.”

<urn:uuid:29882c04-d7a6-4068-8e7c-7dcb63c28665>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.afcea.org/content/?q=node/951

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585997.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024111905-20211024141905-00551.warc.gz

en

“One-third of energy consumption is attributable to the manufacturing sector, with as much as half ultimately wasted as heat.” The International Academy for Production Engineering Companies are under intense pressure to cut costs across manufacturing, warehousing and logistics. What’s more, the likely economic downturn resulting from Covid-19 is adding further pressure. Energy efficiency is one of the simplest ways to achieve such savings. Most businesses are already committed to challenging energy efficiency targets. They understand the reputational benefits of reducing their carbon footprint and demonstrating corporate social responsibility to stakeholders. Furthermore, according to a recent CBI report, energy prices for medium-sized users are predicted to grow by almost 30 percent in the next five years. So, if companies fail to cut energy consumption soon, they are going to be left even more out of pocket. Where is the most energy wasted? According to the Carbon Trust, industry is responsible for 17 percent of the UK’s total energy use—and most of that results from manufacturing. The same figures show that 11 percent of all energy consumed by manufacturing is used for space heating, rising to 45 percent in some subsectors. However, in the warehousing and logistics industry, it is lighting that uses most of the energy (typically around 65 percent). Energy efficiency in this sector is particularly important because it is growing so quickly. Warehousing capacity in the UK has almost doubled in the past decade, driven by the rise of online retail. Where are the opportunities for energy saving? Business heating, ventilating, and lighting may feel like fixed costs, but a saving of approximately 20 percent on each is achievable in many circumstances. It’s also possible to make similar savings on industrial processes and running machinery. Let’s look at them one at a time: Typical manufacturing and warehousing premises are big open spaces. They have high ceilings, delivery doors that are often left open, and lots of ventilation. All of these can easily lead to heat loss and wasted energy. The Carbon Trust states that many companies in the manufacturing sector could save 20 percent on their heating bills (up to 4 percent of their total energy expenditure) by implementing necessary changes. The temperatures you should be aiming to maintain vary greatly across different types of workplace, even within the same building. However, the principle of avoiding overheating applies everywhere. Heating costs for a business rise by around eight percent for every extra degree Celsius of overheating. As a guide to setting thermostats, the recommended internal temperatures for different types of space are: - Office 19-21°C - Workshop 16-21°C - Heavy work 11-14°C - Stores 15°C - Warehousing 16°C, or 13°C when work involves a lot of physical activity. Switch from convective to radiant heating Blown warm air, such as that produced by fan heaters, soon dissipates in high-ceilinged buildings. Instead, use radiant warmth from radiators and space heaters. This is more cost-effective in such spaces because it heats workstations directly, focusing the warmth where it is needed. Check steam boilers A poorly maintained boiler can consume 10 percent more energy than necessary. Conversely, efficient steam generation and distribution can reduce energy costs by 10 to 30 percent. Experts recommend regular boiler checks and an annual service. Both will ensure that heat exchangers are cleaned, combustion/flue gas is tested, and the fuel is adjusted for efficiency. A steam boiler can lose up to 10 percent of its heat through insufficient insulation of the distribution system. Look out for wisps of escaping steam from pipes, flanges and joints — a sure sign of a leak. A single 3mm hole in a steam system could cost your business around £1,700 per year. More ways to save heating costs - Check your thermostats. In many instances, thermostats are altered temporarily because of weather or work schedules, then forgotten about, so the wrong setting becomes permanent. Companies have saved 10 percent on heating by checking their thermostats regularly. - Check if employees open windows regularly during the winter months — it’s a clear sign that thermostats are too high. - Check timers regularly. Make sure you are not heating empty space. - Avoid heating corridors, stairwells and storage rooms - Move thermostats away from heat sources, draughts and direct sunlight, so they reflect the real temperature Ventilation and air conditioning Ventilation is essential to many manufacturing processes. Therefore, it’s easy to leave alone if there are no apparent problems, but this may perpetuate inefficiency. Regular system reviews are essential, and you should always turn ventilation off when not required. Using it unnecessarily can be doubly wasteful, because incoming air needs to be heated. Thus, it is wise to check that extractors are not left on outside working hours. - Consider automating ventilation controls with timers, occupancy sensors or controls linked to machinery. - Localise ventilation to reduce costs. Some manufacturing processes need ventilation, but it is important to separate them in self-contained areas. This will prevent the ventilation from being overworked because it is drawing in air from beyond the immediate area. - Fit back draught shutters or dampers to prevent air from blowing through fans when they are not in use. Also, keep them clean. Ventilation in warehousing Many warehouses rely on natural ventilation from windows, doors and roof vents. If artificial ventilation is required, consider adding destratification fans to the system. They redistribute rising hot air back to floor level where people are, reducing the need for extra heating. Air conditioning is defined as a system that controls temperature, humidity and air quality. A system that just cools the space in hot weather, however, is more accurately described as comfort cooling. The big question to ask about real air conditioning is “do we need it?” It’s a question that’s worth considering carefully, as an air-conditioned building uses approximately twice the energy of a naturally ventilated building. New developments can often replace expensive air conditioning. They can include natural and passive ventilation, mixed-mode operation and low energy cooling systems. Control temperatures and times As with heating, air conditioning controls are often altered in response to temporary conditions, then never reset. Check for this regularly. Also, make sure that the trigger temperature for AC is not too low. Many guides recommend that air conditioning should not activate until the temperature reaches 24°C. Make sure there’s a dead band between the trigger temperatures for heating and air conditioning systems. Without a difference of at least 4°C, the heating and cooling can end up fighting each other, wasting energy in the process. Lighting is typically responsible for 10 percent of all energy costs in industrial businesses, and 65 to 95 percent in warehouses. As such, here are a few tips for making significant savings. Often lighting in big industrial units or warehouses is left on all day for shift work. Turning lights off when not in use can lead to a 10 percent saving on overall energy costs. - Use posters and stickers to encourage a culture of turning lights off when not in use. - Label light switches, so people know how to switch them on and off. - Check if lights are left on when everyone has gone. Your cleaning and security staff will know. Keep windows, skylights and light fittings clean The Carbon Trust has shown that, in certain premises, natural light levels fall by 30 percent over two to three years due to dust and grime. Such simple maintenance has been shown to reduce business energy costs by around 15 percent. Not only will regular cleaning save money, but it will also make your business look smarter. Switch to low energy lighting Light-emitting diodes (LED) have the highest efficiency and life of all widely used bulbs. Switching to LEDs could save up to 80 percent of what you are currently paying to run traditional tungsten bulbs and fluorescent tubes. There are further advantages too: - Less bulb changing lowers maintenance costs - You will experience brighter, better quality light - There is less heat emitted, so cooling bills are lower - LEDs tend to be dimmable, and therefore more controllable. Even the most efficient lights waste energy when not turned off. Automated controls, timers, and movement sensors all help to minimise light waste by turning them off when not in use. A mix can reduce lighting costs by 30-50 percent in all types of industrial building and warehousing. The building fabric It is common for industrial buildings to become tired after years of use. Typically, little attention is paid to walls, doors, windows and roofs until a leak, a hole or some other major problem occurs. Yet maintaining the building fabric is a simple and effective way to minimise heat loss, while also protecting the value of the property. Keeping the building in good repair means regularly checking for roof leaks and blocked gutters or damaged windows. This practice is an essential part of reducing energy bills, and will help to prevent draughts or damp conditions that cause people to turn the heating up. Higher morale and productivity People respond positively to comfortable and attractive working environments. Reducing draughts and other problems can help to improve staff morale and enhance productivity, as well as keep energy consumption down. Other building improvements that can enhance energy performance are: - Separating warm and cold spaces - Fitting doors with airlocks or draught lobbies - Fitting PVC curtains to keep specific areas warm - Fitting high-speed roller doors to minimise the time loading doors are open At least 25 percent of a building’s heat can escape through an uninsulated single skin roof. Also, insulating cavity walls can reduce heat loss by up to 50 percent. Therefore, you should insulate all pipes, valves and flanges—and keep them in good condition. Also minimise heat escape through windows, skylights, lofts and cavity walls. Try polycarbonate secondary glazing to insulate skylights. Only use compressed air when necessary Some businesses misuse compressed air for tasks such as drying components and cleaning machinery. Low-pressure blowers and vacuums are far more efficient and effective for these purposes. Use signs and educate your workforce about when and when not to use compressed air. Look out for leaks Compressed air equipment found on many industrial sites shows leakage rates of up 30 percent. A simple way to detect leaks is by running a soapy solution through the system and checking for bubbles. Use cold air to save energy Using cold air from outside is a simple way to make compressors more efficient. The air is denser and therefore requires less compression. For every 4°C drop in the temperature of the air taken in, energy efficiency improves by 1 percent. Motors and drives Motors use an estimated quarter of all electrical energy on manufacturing sites. It should come as no surprise, as a fully-loaded motor typically consumes its purchase cost in electricity in 30-40 days of continuous running. Start making savings by switching motors off when not in use and ignore the myth that it is more efficient to leave it running. Other tips for motor efficiency include: - Keep motors well-maintained to reduce their energy consumption by up to 7 percent. - Use predictive software, which tells you when a part needs replacing. - Check that the motor isn’t too big (many motors are around 20 percent over-sized). - Changing the connection mode can result in five to ten percent savings, so speak to your motor supplier. - Modern motors are five percent more energy-efficient, so it may be more cost-effective to replace an old motor rather than rewind it. - Use a variable speed drive (VSD). Reducing your motor’s speed by 20 percent can cut energy consumption by around 50 percent. Dryers, ovens and heated tanks can be made more efficient by: - Operating them less frequently and ensuring that there is a full load each time - Recovering waste heat by using it for space or water heating, or for pre-heating products. Dryers can use up to 30 percent of the total energy consumed in the food and drink industries, so keep them well-maintained. Check for damaged insulation, clogged air filters and air leaks. Above all, make sure products are not being over-dried. There are two types of oven typically used in manufacturing—batch and continuous. Ovens are used for everything from baking foods to curing paint. Tips for increasing oven efficiency include: - Inspect and maintain the equipment for broken seals, damaged insulation and air leaks. - Use automatic process control to minimise heat-up time. - Don’t leave doors open any longer than necessary. - Retain heat by fitting air curtains to continuous ovens. Staff should be able to stand nearby comfortably if curtains are working correctly. Hot liquid tanks Tanks are widely used for processes like glazing, degreasing and metal treatment. The key to efficiency is to reduce evaporation loss. Measures such as fitting lids and regulating solution agitation have proven to lower heat loss by 50 percent. And insulating tanks with 50mm insulation can save 90 percent of heat energy. Three main types of process cooling are used across manufacturing industry: air cooling, water-cooling and refrigeration. Promote efficiency by: - Measuring and monitoring energy use with sub-meters. You should see a direct relationship between demand for electricity and production output. If demand is going up, but productivity isn’t, that means the cooling system is not under effective control - Set target temperatures and check for overcooling. Forklifts, cranes and automated warehousing Forklifts typically consume seven to ten percent of a warehousing or logistics company’s on-premises energy. Simple ways to reduce the energy consumption of product moving equipment include: - Charging electric forklifts overnight when tariffs are lower. - Considering automated warehousing solutions. They can minimise the space required for storage, meaning less lighting and heating is needed in the building. Ready to save energy? Here’s where to start Now you know to make significant energy savings in your business. Here is how to start today: - Conduct an inspection and use it to create a checklist of the energy-saving measures you need to implement - Develop an energy efficiency policy and give it to everyone in the business. - Allocate clear roles and prioritise actions. - Regularly monitor your energy consumption, so when there’s an improvement, you know about it. - Create a graph of energy use against production levels so that you can determine the relationship. - Set realistic targets and deadlines for improvements—don’t let problems drift. A five percent improvement per year is good.

<urn:uuid:fded8935-c072-4518-90b7-48b3636176b2>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.yuenergy.co.uk/news/energy-saving-manufacturing-warehousing-logistics-guide

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585837.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024015104-20211024045104-00710.warc.gz

en

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep problem in which the brain is not able to control the sleep-wake cycle. It makes you feel extremely tired, and in severe cases, uncontrollable sudden attacks of sleep during the daytime. The sudden attacks of sleep occur at inappropriate times, like working, talking to someone, driving, having a meal or at school or office. It is a lifelong sleep disorder, which never goes away. Narcolepsy affects almost all aspects of life. It can be dangerous at times specially with excessive daytime sleepiness or a sleep attack during the day during driving or walking can lead to life risking incidents.1 This article explores what narcolepsy is, how common it is, its causes, types, main symptoms and diagnosis. How common is Narcolepsy? Studies have reported that narcolepsy affects 0.03% to 0.16% of the general population. Although the incidence of narcolepsy is quite less, it is typically presented during childhood, teenagers or young adults and is generally lifelong in nature. The prevalence of narcolepsy with cataplexy varies between 25 and 50 cases per 100000 people.2 Studies have reported that the estimated incidence rate for narcolepsy with cataplexy is 0.74/100,000 per year and for both narcolepsy with cataplexy and narcolepsy without cataplexy is 1.37/100,000 per year. It has also been observed that the incidence rate is highest in the second decade, and is more common in men.3 Causes of narcolepsy The cause of narcolepsy is not fully understood. It has been postulated that narcolepsy happens due to the low levels of hormone called hypocretin also known as orexin in brain. It is produced by hypothalamus in brain and influences the functions related to sleep, arousal, appetite and energy expenditure. Genetic predisposition has also been observed, suggesting hereditary causes of narcolepsy (upto 5%). Autoimmune reactions and certain viral infections are also considered as the possible causes of narcolepsy.4 Types of narcolepsy According to International Classification of Sleep Disorders 3rd edition (ICSD-3) narcolepsy is commonly divided into two types:5 Narcolepsy with cataplexy (Type 1): This type of narcolepsy is characterized by a combination of excessive daytime sleepiness and one or both of the following: - With cataplexy: Sudden episodes of complete or partial paralysis of voluntary muscles with onset of sleep. - Low or absent hypocretin-1 or orexin levels Narcolepsy without cataplexy (Type 2): This type of narcolepsy occurs when one has continuous excessive daytime sleepiness but no cataplexy. The patient might take a nap for some hours and wake up refreshed. But after a short period of time, patient may feel tired again. The main feature for narcolepsy is the instability between the transition of sleep and wake, as well as the transition between the rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep cycles. Mostly the diagnosis is made only after a serious problem has arisen due to increased episodes of narcolepsy. According to International Classification of Sleep Disorders 3rd edition (ICSD-3), the diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy includes6 Narcolepsy with cataplexy or deficiency of hypocretin-1: - Excessive daytime sleepiness at least for 3 months - Definite history of cataplexy - Onset of REM sleep periods occurs within 15 minutes of falling sleep. - Less than 110 picograms/ml values of hypocretin-1 obtained in otherwise normal subjects Narcolepsy without cataplexy - Excessive daytime sleepiness for at least 3 months - No signs of typical cataplexy - Mean sleep latency of ≤8 min with disrupted REM and NREM sleep cycles Tests to verify the diagnosis of narcolepsy:7 - Overnight sleep study (polysomnogram): it is basically a detailed sleep study which requires you to spend the night in a medical facility. You are being monitored during sleep with electrodes under the supervision of a doctor for estimation of brain activity, eye and muscle movement along with heart rate, breathing and rhythm. - Sleep history is very important for the diagnosis of narcolepsy, which may include completing a simple questionnaire called Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). You are being asked your sleep patterns in various situations. - It is advised to keep a detailed diary of your sleep pattern for about a week. This sleep record will help you to show to your doctor the correlation between your alertness and your sleep pattern. - An ActiGraph or other home monitoring system can keep a track of sleep and wake activities. This is done by wearing this device like a wristwatch along with maintaining a sleep diary. - Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT): it is a test to measure the sleep latency which basically determines how much time does it take you to fall asleep during the day and how easily you start with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This test is often done after PSG. - These days hypocretin-1 levels are also used as a diagnostic tool to confirm narcolepsy. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample drawn from the spinal tap or lumbar puncture can be used to measure hypocretin-1 levels. Excessive daytime sleepiness: This is considered as the first and most characteristic manifestation of narcolepsy. The patient generally report frank sleep attacks, falling asleep for seconds or minutes and describing these episodes refreshing.4 It is difficult for a person to stay awake during the daytime even after getting enough sleep at night. Narcoleptic patients can sleep at inappropriate times, such as while driving, talking to someone, eating, working or at school. Excessive daytime sleepiness is the most common symptom of narcolepsy and presented by almost every patient. According to ICSD-3, the diagnosis of both type-1 and type-2 narcolepsy is primarily based on the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness for at least 3 months or more.5 Cataplexy: These are sudden emotionally triggered episodes of muscle weakness with preserved consciousness. The episodes are generally triggered by strong positive or negative emotions such as laughing at a joke, unexpected encounter with a friend, in some cases frustration or anger. It generally evolves in seconds of time, first involving the face and neck and weakening the muscles of trunk and limbs, sparing the muscles involved in breathing, causing the person to slump on ground, fully conscious but unable to move for as long 1 or 2 minutes. Partial or incomplete cataplexy is usually characterized by slurring of speech and sagging of face. In children, this can have long lasting periods of low muscle tone, with wobbly gait and involvement of perioral muscles movements such as tongue protrusion and grinning expressions. A patient history of episodic event of cataplexy is very helpful in the diagnosis of narcolepsy specially in type 1.7 Hallucinations: Hallucinations are presented by 30-60% of the narcolepsy cases. They may occur at the onset or offset of sleep and can be random and frightening for the patient. Patients usually report visual hallucinations. Occasionally, some patients present with unusual or out of body experiences explaining themselves floating while sleeping.1 Sleep paralysis: Sleep paralysis is presented by 25-50% of the patients which could be complete or partial but the patient is fully conscious. This is usually reported by patient as inability to move or talk. It lasts for about very short periods of time not more than couple of minutes. Sleep paralysis is usually accompanied by hallucinations. This can result in frightening experience of physical or sexual assault. Despite sparing the breathing muscles, some patients complain of shortness of breath or asphyxiation contributing towards the terrifying nature of the episodes.4 Other features of narcolepsy include, disrupted sleep at night, behavioral disturbances, loss of concentration, memory impairment, and blurry vision. The classical tetrad presentation of excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hallucinations and sleep paralysis is usually variable in terms of concurrent occurrence and intensity and presented only about by 10% of the patients.3 There is no permanent cure for narcolepsy. It is a lifelong chronic sleep disorder. Narcolepsy is managed by the combination of behavioral and therapeutic therapy. The right treatment for narcolepsy depends upon the symptoms and severity of disease.1 The first step towards the management of narcolepsy is the lifestyle modifications. This is an equally important approach for patients suffering from narcolepsy or any other sleep related disorder.1 Following are some of the lifestyle changes that can help in the management of narcolepsy:1 - Try to follow proper sleep hygiene, for starters try to sleep and wake at the same time everyday even on weekends - Try to get enough sleep at night that is at least 8 hours of sleep for adults. - Schedule two 10-15 mins naps during the daytime to keep yourself fresh - Do some form of exercise everyday - Avoid intake of stimulants like alcohol, caffeine, tobacco or any kind of drugs close to bed-time - Try to reduce device time to as minimum as possible - Inform your colleagues and employer about your condition in case you fall asleep on work. Behavioral or lifestyle modifications usually seem insufficient in controlling the symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. There are some medications that can help in reducing the symptoms of narcolepsy:1,5 - Stimulants or wakefulness promoting agents: These are medications that can help in reducing the excessive daytime sleepiness such as methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine and nonamphetamine and wakefulness promoting agents like modafinil and armodafinil. In case of any underlying medical problem such as heart disease or abnormal heart rhythms, then you may not be able to take these medications. - Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): SNRIs such as venlafaxine (Effexor) can be used to treat cataplexy, hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Problems with digestion, weight gain and insomnia are various side effects seen. - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): SSRIs such as fluoxetine (Prozac) can also help in regulating sleep and improve your mood. However, side effects such as light headedness and dry mouth are common. - Tricyclic antidepressants: Although these were actually developed for treating depression, certain antidepressant medications such as amitriptyline and nortriptyline have been found to be effective at decreasing cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and the hallucinations associated with narcolepsy. Untoward side effects, of dryness of mouth, constipation along with retention of urine can be seen. - Sodium oxybate: Sodium oxybate is considered as a standard therapy for the symptoms of cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. - Hypocretin agonists (hormone analogue) are also used as emerging drugs in the treatment of narcolepsy. - Pitolisant (Wakix): Wakix increases the release histamines in the brain to decrease daytime sleepiness. It’s been recently FDA-approved to treat narcolepsy. Side effects of insomnia with anxiety, headache and nausea are seen. One of the major problems with these drugs is the development of tolerance, which requires escalating doses causing ineffectiveness even at higher doses. Narcolepsy is a chronic lifelong sleep disorder characterized by sudden episodes of sleep at inappropriate times during the day. There are still several unanswered questions about narcolepsy. Living with narcolepsy can be difficult in multiple ways as it affects basic functions due to disrupted sleep at night and excessive daytime sleepiness. The correct and timely diagnosis, lifestyle modifications and drugs can easily manage narcolepsy. What is narcolepsy? Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by sudden episodes of sleep due to the disruption in sleep-wake cycles of REM sleep. What are the common symptoms of narcolepsy? Narcolepsy is mainly characterized by excessive sleepiness during the daytime. It is also presented by cataplexy (paralysis of voluntary muscles), hallucinations and sleep paralysis (during sleep onset and offset). What triggers narcolepsy with cataplexy attacks? An attack of narcolepsy is usually triggered by the strong positive or negative emotions such as laughing on jokes or anger or frustration. What is the classical tetrad of narcolepsy? The classical tetrad of narcolepsy involves excessive daytime sleeping, cataplexy, hypogogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis. Is cataplexy dangerous? Cataplexy is generally not dangerous. The attacks of cataplexy usually last from few seconds to minutes and are usually not dangerous for the patient. How common is it? Narcolepsy affects 0.03% to 0.16% of the general population. It is usually not very common in adult population. It is not rare but usually misdiagnosed until the first symptoms appear. The prevalence of narcolepsy with cataplexy varies between 25 and 50 cases per 100000 people. Who is most commonly affected by narcolepsy? Although the incidence of narcolepsy is quite less, it typically presents during childhood, in teenagers or young adults and is generally lifelong in nature. The attacks of narcolepsy usually happen between the age groups of 10-25 years. How does the attack of narcolepsy feel like? During the attack of narcolepsy, due to the sudden loss of voluntary muscle control, patients feel unable to move, unreal sensations due to hallucinations and total paralysis just before falling asleep or just after getting up. Is it legal to drive with confirmed diagnosis of narcolepsy? It is safe to drive under good and controlled conditions. People with narcolepsy should avoid long drives. They can safely drive around the city for around 30 minutes and should avoid long boring highways. What are treatment options for narcolepsy? There is still no confirmed treatment for narcolepsy. Symptomatic management should be done with behavioral and therapeutic methods. How many hours of sleep does a narcolepsy patient need? Patient suffering from narcolepsy feel tired all the time and sleep longer than the normal healthy individuals. They may get ten hours of sleep every night but still feel tired all the day. - Gradney S, Sigua NL. What is Narcolepsy? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Mar 1;195(5): P9-P10. doi: 10.1164/rccm.1955P9. - Raggi A, Plazzi G, Ferri R. Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Narcolepsy: A Review of the Literature. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2019 Feb;207(2):84-99. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000918. - Akintomide GS, Rickards H. Narcolepsy: a review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011; 7:507-18. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S23624. - Leschziner G. Narcolepsy: a clinical review. Pract Neurol. 2014 Oct;14(5):323-31. doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2014-000837. - Zhang J, Han F. Sleepiness in Narcolepsy. Sleep Med Clin. 2017 Sep;12(3):323-330. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.03.008. - Reading PJ. Update on narcolepsy. J Neurol. 2019 Jul;266(7):1809-1815. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09310-3. - Scammell TE. Narcolepsy. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 31;373(27):2654-62. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1500587.

<urn:uuid:8dfa2ef6-33eb-41d8-bbf8-3ec9d63b1692>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://supercomfysleep.com/narcolepsy/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585209.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018190451-20211018220451-00511.warc.gz

en

An amicable and adjusted connection among human and nature on the planet is critical for the endurance of life and manageable development. With the appearance of your time, humans legitimately or in a roundabout way meddled with the regular habitat for its solace. one of the reasons for contamination of air, water and soil is the manner in which city strong waste is being overseen. This strong waste issue is worldwide and possibly a significant issue in non-industrial nations like India. The waste age rates are expanding and in this manner the attributes are changing with an ascent during a populace blast, Industrial turn of events, and expectations for everyday comforts, especially in developing urban areas like Bengaluru. On account of monetary requirements, a right city strong waste assortment and removal component isn't in situ. An amicable and adjusted connection between human and nature on the planet is critical for the endurance of life and manageable development. With the appearance of your time, humans legitimately or in a roundabout way meddled with the regular habitat for its solace. one of the reasons for contamination of air, water and soil is the manner in which city strong waste is being overseen. This strong waste issue is worldwide and possibly a significant issue in non-industrial nations like India. The waste age rates are expanding and, in this manner, the attributes are changing with an ascent during a populace blast, Industrial turn of events and expectations for everyday comforts, especially in developing urban areas like Bengaluru. On account of monetary requirements, a right city strong waste assortment and removal component isn't in situ. The objective of compelling MSWM administrations is to ensure general wellbeing, the climate and normal assets (water, land, air). A powerful MSWM administration can be accomplished simply by improving the proficiency of MSWM exercises, consequently prompting the decrease of waste age, partition of MSW and recyclable material, and recuperation of manure and energy. The destinations of this State Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan are: Giving headings to completing the waste administration exercises (assortment, transportation, treatment and removal) in a way, which isn't simply ecologically, socially and monetarily reasonable but on the other hand is financially suitable. Building up an incorporated and independent working structure for MWSM, which would incorporate the improvement of fitting methods and innovations to deal with different waste administration exercises. Improving the capacity of ULBs to give compelling waste administration administrations to their residents. Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste The biodegradable waste is around 55–60% matter. This biodegradable waste can be changed over into compost. Recyclable materials like paper, cardboard, glass, metal, plastic, electronic is 16–25% and utilized for reusing reason. 15% of dormant materials will go to landfill. These rates vary from city to city to city contingent on food propensities. Additionally, it has been noticed that the qualities of the burn through are going through changes with time. The atmosphere of Bengaluru being unobtrusive, the paces of decay of natural waste is slow. 1.Production of too much waste One of the principles of garbage removal issues is credited to the age of an unreasonable measure of waste. America alone is answerable for delivering around 220 million tons of waste every year. In 2007 for instance, it's recorded that Americans produced almost 260 million a lot of city strong waste. This is about 2.1 kg per individual consistently. The fact is; if these are just figuring in America, how about we endeavour to envision the amount of waste created by the rest of the populace over the world. As per the planet Bank report, the run of the mill worldwide metropolitan strong waste (MSW) age per individual on every day is about 1.2 kg and subsequently, the figure is anticipated to ascend to 1.5 kg by 2025. It, subsequently, implies each state and local authority endure the matter of compelling garbage removal because of the age of an inordinate measure of waste. The issue is that this period is driven by discard commercialization with organizations and makers endeavouring to expand benefits by creating one-time use items without organizing on reuse, reusing or the utilization of naturally neighbourly materials. Most of the waste is toxic Most of the state and neighbourhood authority enactment are commonly remiss on managing the ever-extending fabricating businesses. Consistently, these businesses produce poisonous items that wind up moving discarded after use. The vast majority of the items contain dangerous and wellbeing compromising synthetic substances. Landfills are a problem as well Most landfills need appropriate nearby waste administration along these lines adding to extra dangers to the climate. In the long haul, landfills spill and contaminate groundwater and other neighboring natural living spaces making waste administration exceptionally troublesome. They additionally radiate possibly risky gases. Factors affecting waste management Waste management is a big task in every country because it could be a nuisance or generate negative consequences if not properly managed. There are a few factors that prevent appropriate waste administration. The examination directed demonstrated that there are a ton of variables forestalling the administration and the waste administration organizations from appropriately overseeing strong waste in Accra Metropolis. The examination showed that the fundamental test in squander the board is the helpless public mentality towards squander the executives. The overview demonstrated that 30.4% of the respondents from key witness talk verified the way that the public mentality to squander the board is extremely horrifying. They guaranteed most residents would keep squander in their homes and dump them in open channels during substantial downpours. Some of them likewise keep squander in their homes and dump them at unapproved puts particularly at 12 PM and promptly toward the beginning of the day when individuals are snoozing. As of now, in Bengaluru, source isolation is as yet a worry through mindfulness in getting gradually. BBMP handles about 30% of strong waste, and the leftover waste movement is redistributed (beginning from essential assortment to removal). Strong waste assortment is completed in two stages. The main stage is an essential assortment, wherein the strong waste is gathered on auto tipper and handcarts. An auto tipper has accommodated each 1000 families and a truck for each 200 homes. Around 20,000 pourakarmikas are being used (both BBMP and temporary workers) in the entryway to entryway assortment, road clearing, and transportation of MSW. The gathered strong waste from houses is brought to a typical point, i.e., optional areas from where the waste is moved to landfill locales/treatment through tipper lorries and compactors. shows an ordinary plan of how the assortment and transportation are being rehearsed in the majority of the wards. This action is relegated to self-improvement gatherings (SHGs), which are fundamentally beneath destitution ladies' gatherings. BBMP has dispensed 3197 pourakarmikas (sweepers) and 18,562 pourakarmikas from a temporary worker who plays out a way to entryway assortment and clearing exercises. Yearly around 250 crores are spent on strong waste administration, i.e., BBMP pourakarmikas pay, contract instalment, and tipping expenses. The study did in Malleswaram showed that no standards/rules had been continued in setting up squander isolation rehearsals received in this ward. There is an absence of mindfulness among individuals that prompts disarray. The six classes for isolation commanded by BBMP are overpowering and are an obstruction to isolation. The waste gatherers (pourakarmikas) need preparation in appropriate isolation practices and its significance. Inadequate isolation is the dominating practice at present, and steps to understand a more significant level of consistency and productivity should be influenced. Transportation of waste from collection centers to the landfill site is another pivotal advance in squandering the executives. As of now, squander transportation is utilizing handcarts, auto, and so on, which carry waste to essential assortment communities. From that point, trucks gather the civil strong waste and transport it to garbage removal destinations/landfill. The issues in shipping waste are referenced beneath: The waste spills from the trucks because of open beds in trucks and farm haulers, during transport, along these lines causing a disturbance. Strong waste stacked physically in a truck without utilizing the defensive riggings is hazardous to the wellbeing of laborers. The Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964 The Act is pertinent to all regions in the State and different required elements of the city courol are recorded under Section 87 of the Act The arrangements identifying with strong waste accommodate cleaning of pubic spots road, sewers and all spaces not being private property, eliminating poisonous vegetation, and so forth a similar arrangement further accommodates giving displays to gathering trash Section 224 of the Act forbids the removal of junk and openly puts roads, channels, water Courses, and so on Section 226 of the Act accommodates forcing fine for abusing these lawful arrangements. In any case, it is very intended to specify that the measure of the fine is as low as R5 and the highest is Rs 26. Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976 The mandatory elements of the civil enterprises are covered under the arrangements of this Act the Corporation Commissioner Is Responsible for legitimate course of action of capacity and last removal of waste and fits according to Section 225 of the Act Further Sections 256 and 257 engage the Corporation Commissioner lo direct either the proprietor or occupier of the private premises to eliminate garbage or tie. This Act additionally accommodates forcing an ostensible punishment for separating the arrangements referenced previously Solid waste management cess: Section 1034 of the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976 has been changed in 2000 by presenting another arrangement that empowers civil Corporations to impose strong waste administration cess not surpassing 1000 rupees for every month. Legislative action for waste management: Schedule 12 of the Constitution of India charges the neighbourhood bodies to keep up the climate of the zone under their locale and incorporates general wellbeing, sterilization, conservancy and strong waste administration. KARNATAKA STATE PLASTIC ASSOCIATION VS THE STATE OF KARNATAKA These writ petitions are recorded testing the warning dated March 11, 2016, gave by the Government of Karnataka in the activity of the force gave under Section 5 of the Environment Act, 1986, forcing a restriction on the assembling, gracefully, deal and utilization of plastic convey packs, plastic pennants, plastic buntings, flex, plastic banners, plastic plates, plastic cups, plastic spoons, stick movies and plastic sheets utilized for spreading on feasting table including the above things made of thermocol and plastic, which utilize plastic microbeads in the State. Holla is that there, as of now, exists Central Rules, that is, Plastic Waste Rules, 2011 and Rule 4 of such Rules just deny production and course of plastic sacks under 50 microns. He presents that when the Government of India has a Rule forcing a boycott of assembling and dissemination of plastic things of under 50 microns, there couldn't be a boycott as considered in the notice under test. Mr Holla, further, presents that the Supreme Court of India, in one matter, engaged an allure against a request for Himachal Pradesh High Court and remained the Rules arranged for a total boycott of plastic things. Future Options for Improper Management of MSW The following are some of the major problems for BBMP are: Inappropriate plan for the disposal of MSWM taking the actual quantities and its composition Less expertise and exposure to the urban city MSW adopting the modern techniques and best practices. Lack of technical and trained manpower Lack of community involvement Suggestions for Effective Management Of MSW Effective segregation of waste at source itself, and send the recyclable separately to the respective processing units It is better to concentrate on energy production through anaerobic digestion and for land application rather than composting which is not economical. Notwithstanding the shifted new advancements that are rising for strong garbage removal, landfilling still remaining parts is the first regular arrangement inside the north-eastern Illinois locale. The foundation and conclusion of landfills could represent a potential peril to groundwater, because of leachate leakage, and air quality gratitude to gases delivered. Except if appropriate support and the executives are continued for a sensible time (30 years), general wellbeing could likewise be undermined therefore. Such administration is costly and possibly hazardous if defective. Subsequently, a more secure and more maintainable methodology could likewise be limiting the quantity of landfills built and guaranteeing their life span to not keep taking suitable land for garbage removal. it's in this manner basic to redirect squander from landfills through decrease and reusing. Our suggestions explicitly to People is show kids from once they are youthful on the impact and significance of reusing. They will feel great to comprehend they're helping the planet and each other, and ideally proceed with these great practices as they get more seasoned. In principle, they will show their kids to deal with the earth through legitimate waste administration, and it will proceed through the ages. We would trust that kids and even grown-ups are educated to reuse as well as. For grown-ups, it would presumably be valuable to instruct them on the money saving advantages, for things like proceeding to utilize their gadgets until they at this point don't work, as opposed to purchasing another adaptation consistently. We would wish to suggest individuals concentrate prior to purchasing a thing likewise, to maintain a strategic distance from things that are over-wrapped, contain huge loads of plastics, and so on We would wish to see additionally reusing of things like tires, gadgets, and hazardous squanders, and this may originate from instruction and clear admittance to removal destinations. Naveen, B., & Sivapullaiah, P. (2020, April 03). Solid Waste Management: Current Scenario and Challenges in Bengaluru. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-sewage-sludge-management-and-resource-efficie ncy/solid-waste-management-current-scenario-and-challenges-in-bengaluru PV, N. (2016, August 25). Solid Waste Management in Bengaluru-Current Scenario and Future Challenges. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/solid-waste-management-in-bengalurucurrent-scenario -and-futurechallenges-.php?aid=78824 (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.kscst.org.in/environment/environ7.html Solid Waste Management. (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://bbmp.gov.in/solid-waste-management Shaikh, A. (n.d.). MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGALORE A Short By. (2018, July 31). Solid Waste Management; Types of Solid waste Management; Factors affecting Solid Waste Generation. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/kpsc-mains-science/solid-waste-management-types-of-solid-wast e-management-factors-affecting-solid-waste-generation/ Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964. (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/karnataka-state-laws/karnataka-municipalit ies-act-1964/ Karnataka State Plastic Association v. The State Of Karnataka. (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5728fea9e5610928928bbdf3 By B.S Yashaswini

<urn:uuid:64e941cf-368a-471e-95ef-74f965eb85ee>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.sbhambriadvocates.com/post/waste-management

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023002852-20211023032852-00470.warc.gz

en

« السابقةمتابعة » personal pronoun, in Kāçmiri we may optionally add the suffix a no which means 'by him,' just as much as afa tạmi does, and we get maq kąru-n, which also means ' made by him,' or 'he made.' Suppose we want to express who was made by him, and that the person is the speaker, then we can say play bỏh karu-n, 'I was made by him,' i.e., he made me.' Instead, lowever, of böh, we may add the suffix qq as, which means 'I.' We thus get the karu.n-as, ‘I was made by him,' i.e., ‘he made me.' Again, if we wish to emphasise the fact that I was the person made, we can add the suffix for ti, and we get the form qafa karr-n-as-ti, which means, 'I also was made by him,'' he made me also.' Again, if we want to make the verb interrogative, we can add, after all these, the interrogative particle, lā, thus, nappal karu.n-as-ty-ā, was I also made by him ? ' • did he make me also ?' The above examples will show the freedom with which these suffixes are used in Käshmiri. They can be combined almost ad infini. tum. These suffixes may be divided into two classes, adverbial and pronominal, and in this order, I now proceed to discuss them. ADVERBIAL Suffixes. These suffixes are added to all verbs. Before all these the final <h of a verbal form is elided (iv. 131). The ordinary rules of sandhi also occur. Thus į and u before a become y and w respectively, ya (ě) +ā becomes yā, and a tā becomes ā. 1. a 14. This negatives the verb (viii. i. 13). Thus,- make. TR karān chěh, she atia on karān chěno, she does not makes. dost not make. 449 pakane, he did not go. 2. er å. This gives an interrogative force to the verb (viii. i. 14). 1 karan chuh, he करान् वा (for एह+चा,पु+चा) makes. karān chwā, does he make ? actoç karān chěh (lit. 1 karân chyā, does she chyah), she makes. UT91 parawā, shall we read p ritar gayāvā, did he go? In the first and third persons Feminine, po ay is substituted for 1 ā, when the person addressed is a woman. If a man is addressed, qe is used in the first person Singular, and gr à in the first person Plural, and in the third person. Thus, *tra v karān chěse, am I (fem.) making ? here a man is addressed. If a woman is addressed, the speaker would say chěsay. *719 or efo karān chya (chěh +ā) aso, are we (fem.) making ? If a woman is addressed, the speaker must say v2 chěy. See No. 4. 3. Q. This may be substituted for ar ā, in the following cases. (a) In the first person Singular Masculine (viii. i. 15) tra yo karān chuse (instead of making ? (6) Always in the first person Singular Feminine, when a man is addressed (viii. i. 17). Thus,Ta ukaran chěs, I (fem.) TIE karān chèse, am I (fem.) make. making ? Here the speaker is addressing a man. If she was addressing a woman she would say *Tr 94 karän chěsay. (c) Honorifically in the second person Singular and Plural (viii. i. 15). pela o karān chukh, thou #tra karãn chukha, does Your makest. Honour make ? ata fara karān chiwa, you ATT fuq karān chiwa, do your make. Honours make ? Note here that the vowel remaing short. 4. ay or, after a vowel, ? y. Used as follows, instead of an å or (a) In the first person singular and Ploral Feminine, and in the third person singular and Plural Feminine (viii, i. 17, 18), when a woman is addressed. Thus, TV og karòn chěs, I (fem.) TIF 092 karān chěsay am I (fem.) make. making? Here the speaker is addressing a woman. If she were addressing a man, she would say aria ou karān chèse. करान् घर सि karan chen avą or of kurān chěy asi, are as', we (fem.) make. we (fem.) making ? *TITOR E karān chěh sõh, 4717 @? @ karān chěy söh, is she she makes. (fem.) making ? करान् यह निम karan cheh करान् यय् तिम karān ch&y tims, are time, they (fem.) make. they (fem.) making ? In the three last, the speaker is also addressing a woman. If she were addressing a man, she would say a chya, instead of ra chěy. (6) In the second person Feminine optionally instead of ga, when a woman is addressed honorifically (viii. i. करान राखय् karan chekhay, or करान् (fem.) makest. o karān chokho, is Your Honour (fem.) making ? Here the speaker is necessarily ad dressing a woman. ora karān chewe, you करान् यवय karān chāway, or करान् (fem.) make. 04 karān chèwo, are Your Honours (fem.) making ? The speaker is again addressing 5. fa ti (iv. 179). This suffix is used to signify also,' 'indeed.' Thus, *TI V karān chuh, he atia yra karān chuti, he makes makes, also. afi kari, he will make. fifa kariti, he will indeed make. 6. ar nā, pa nay (viii. i. 14, 16). This is a compound of a ne (No. 1) and er à (No. 2) or (No. 3), or of a ne, and 4 (No. 4). It gives the force of an interrogative negative, and is used like the separate parts. Thus, करान् कुह karan chuh, he *TI Wat karān chună, does he makes. not make ? So #Ta oa1 karān chěnā, does she not make ? afą karyon, he made. qafqat karyõnnā, did he not make ? afs kari, he will make. aftar karinā, will he not make ? tra og karān chěkh, thou atla Qet karān chěkhnā, dost (fem.) makest. thou (fem.) not make ? Tia ay karān chěkhnay, does Your Honour (fem.) make ? TC17 karān chèw, you ATI karān chěwena, do you (fem.) make. (fem.) not do ? or 719 0974 karan chèwanay, do Your Honours (fem.) not make ? 7. pi tyā or pratyay. This is a combination of fo ti, (No. 5) and ar ā (No. 2), or pay (No. 4). It implies a question with emphasis (viii. i. 14). Thus, *T1 TRT karān chutya, does he make it) ? (it)? 8. ga sano, gol sanā, grga āsana, used in a question with doubt. If there is an interrogative word also in the sentence, it is added to it. Otherwise it is added to the verb. [ par sanā is not used with a verb]. The or of gat sanā and 9197 ūsane, is suffix No. 2 already described (viii. i. 25, 28). Thus, त्यवान् 2199 khyawān chwāsane (chuh +āsane), is he really eating? 199 919 kyāsana (kyāh + sana) khyawān chwā, what, is he really eating ? WIHT R919 kyāsanā khyawān chuh, what, is he eating ? iz Qaisa 4181a faç bața kaityāsana (kaiti +âsana) āsān chih how many brahmans are there really ? aceat alfar faana y karsanā bāgi yiwān chuh, at what hour is he coming ? (kar=when? afar bāgi= Skr. bhāga, a portion of the day or night). afasat stę katisanā īs“, where was he ? 9. et sa. This is the vocative particle (vide ante, Vol. lxvii, p. 92). It is used exactly like a san. Thus, andret alfo kaityāsą (kait: +ă-să) lūkh as«, how many people were there? PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES. 1. Before these as before all other suffixes, the final ph of a verb is elided (iv. 131). So also, an initial & a of a suffix is elided when the verb, either after the elision of <h or not, ends in a vowel (viii, i. 39). Thus, +94 chuh + am becomes first 5+ chu+am, and then .chu +m= 74 chum, there is to me. 2. If the final « kh of a suffix is followed by another pronominal (not an adverbial) suffix commencing with a vowel, the u kh becomes şh (viii. i. 38). Thus, aniq yrę karān chu-h-as (for chu-kh + as), thou makest for him. ia re karān chu-h-akh, thou makest for them. 3. The termination qq av becomes ō before suffixes (viii. ii. 18). Thus, alių karo-th (karav + ath), we shall make thee.

<urn:uuid:128fcd90-0e63-41ca-813a-605f1e60fa08>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://books.google.ae/books?id=8QngAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12&vq=portion&dq=related:ISBN1558604421&hl=ar&output=html_text&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587926.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026200738-20211026230738-00590.warc.gz

en

The two articles provide information bout a problem which is globally well known, namely: Global Warming. Both articles haven been researched by scientists. But before I started writing I created a mind map. Mind Mapping is a useful technique that helps you learn more effectively, improves the way that you record information, and supports and enhances creative problem solving. By using Mind Maps, you can quickly identify and understand the structure of a subject. You can see the way that pieces of information fit together, as well as recording the raw facts contained in normal notes.More than this, Mind Mapping helps you remember information, as they hold it in a format that your mind finds easy to recall and quick to review. The Mind Map below states the information I needed to be able to put together this report. In the middle I wrote the key word which to me was ‘Global Warming’. Surrounding this key word, I have written down everything that came into my mind regarding to this key word. For this report, I have formulated a clear problem statement. A problem statement is an essential part of my research because it will help me address the problem in the right way. By looking at my problem statement I know which tools are necessary in order to get to the right angle of the problem which I am researching in this report. The problem statement is as follows: “How can every company and individual contribute to fight global warming? “. Even though people and businesses are already taking some measures, the planet is still under too much pressure. Companies are using sustainability ‘going green’ as a tool to attract new customers and do not really take the environment into account the way they really should.Individuals often state that they try to help by separating garbage and buy packaging of products which can be re-used but also do not do this as consequent as they should. People are being advice to make use of public transport more often but still the majority of people with a full time job prefers taking the car. What they do not know is that when driving a car, carbon dioxide comes in the air from burning gasoline. To back up my problem statement have formulated a few substitutions as well. With the use of these sub- questions I will be able to find the best answer for my problem statement.The substitutions for the problem statement are: * What are the opinions of most people about lobar warming? * Which serious measures can companies take in order to fight against Global Warming? * Which measures can people take to fight global warming? * What will be the effects of Global Warming in the futz re? After finishing my research will be able to answers these sub-questions and have one good and clear answer for my problem statement. Furthermore in this report you will find the 2 articles, a CARS checklist, a summary,a searchable, info about plagiarism, a list of references and a review. The two scientific articles For this report I have searched for two complete scientific articles. The first article is an article provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Anthems, R. A. , Corbel, R. W. , Holland, G. , Hurried,J. W. , McCracken M. C. , & Thirteenth, K. (2010, February 12). Hurricanes and Global Warming”Potential Linkages and Consequences. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87: 623-628. Accessed April 15, 2010. It is a scientific article which is easy to read but still provides a lot of information for businesses and individuals.The second article is an article provided by ‘Lice Science’ . It provides information about measures that can be taken by everyone to fight global warming. Bender, M. K, Knutson, T. R. , Tuttle, R. E. , Curtis, J. J. , Voucher G. A. , Garner, S. T. , and Held, l. M. (2010). Us m Mary The question how we can fight against Global Warming has raised many question marks on scientists but also on individuals. Even though scientists look at it from a different perspective, all individuals are going to have to change the way we treat our planet.According to scientists and pressure groups such as green peace, even the slightest things such as separating garbage can make a difference. Already a lot of organizations and businesses have changed their style into ‘going green’ and now it is up to the people to follow this example. The scientists state that a lot of energy goes to waist simply because of the ignorance of every individual. We must keep in the back of our mind that out planet might look big and strong, but if we continue to treat it the way we do, there will not be a planet Earth for so long anymore.A simple step which people can make according to scientist is to cut back on energy waist is simply turning of the light when you walk out of a room and/ r change the light bulbs for a more environmental friendly one. There are now highly efficient compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFML) that last for years, use a quarter of the energy of regular bulbs and actually produce more light. Another step we can take to fight Global Warming is to drive differently or change your vehicle. The sad truth is that your car emits as much carbon dioxide as your entire house.That is the bad news. The good news is that anything you can do to improve the fuel efficiency of your car will have an enormous impact on climate change. In fact, experts say that paying attention o fuel efficiency in your car may be the single biggest thing you can do to prevent global warming for this planet. Besides this there are more measurements such as buy recycled and be a minimalist that can be taken to prevent Global Warming and the biggest challenge is to make people aware that they join to fight against this major problem.It will not make much difference if only a few people on this planet help to fight against it ( even though it is still very much appreciated) but it will have a great impact if everyone joins. If this problem expands it will affect everyone and let us not roger the animals who will also suffer severely if we do not act. Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as many people burn fossil fuels. The global average surface temperature rose 0. To 0. 9 degrees Celsius between 1 906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the past 50 years. Temperatures are certain to go up further. Throughout its long history, Planet Earth has warmed and cooled time and again. The climate has changed when he planet received more or less sunlight due to subtle shifts in its orbit, as the atmosphere or surface changed, or when the Sun’s energy varied. But in the past century another force has started to influence the Earth’s climate namely: humanity.The scientific article about global warming goes deeper into questions such as: * How does this warming compare to previous changes in Earth’s climate? * How can we be certain that human-released greenhouse gases are causing the warming? * How much more will the Earth warm? And how will this planet respond? These are the kind of questions which have kept scientists quite occupied for while now. It is even one of the biggest challenges for them to be able to answer this question and a clear answer has not been found yet.The main thing that has scientists concerned now is that over the past 250 years, humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate, mostly by burning fossil fuels, but also from cutting down carbon-absorbing forests. Since the Industrial Revolution began in 1750, carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly 38 percent as of 2009 and methane levels have increased 148 percent. The atmosphere today contains more greenhouse gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by the atmosphere. Since some of the extra energy from a warmer atmosphere radiates back down to the surface, Earth’s surface temperature rises. By increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, we are making Earth’s atmosphere a more efficient greenhouse. In the end for most places, global warming will result in more frequent hot days and fewer cool days, with the greatest warming occurring over land. Longer and more intense heat waves will become more common. Storms, floods, and droughts will generally be more severe as precipitation patterns change. Hurricanes may increase in intensity due to warmer ocean surface temperatures.Out of this article we can all conclude that Global Warming will affect every living thing on this planet and that measurements need to be taken fast. If we take a look at the research question and the sub-question which I have created, we can state that the questions: * Which serious measures can companies take in order to fight against Global Warming? * Which measures can people take to fight global warming? What will be the effects of Global Warming in the future? Have a clear answer. Search Plan For the search plan I have created a few questions which helped me become more accurate about the subject.What do understand about this topic already? I At this point don’t know much about the topic except for very basic things. I only know that global warming is very bad for the environment and that it could have dramatic consequences for this planet. I What is my search topic I Global Warming, Environmental problems, Fight global warming. I What are the keywords of phrases? I Scientific, Global Warming, Measurements I Which sources do I need to use in order to get the right form of information? I In this case, the internet was of great use in order to provide the best information.The internet is where I found the two scientific articles. I also looked up key words which I did not understand. On womanhood. Com is a lot of information to students regarding this report. It was of great help. I What are my search methods? I I tried to first search for an easy explanation so I could understand the topic much faster. Was afraid that if I would begin to read the scientific article immediately that old not understand it completely. When I fully understood the topic I searched for scientific articles about it, and I indeed understood everything much better by then.

<urn:uuid:4dc8dcc0-3973-468a-ba8d-13d743ca981f>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://indybedbugpros.com/literature-report-global-warming/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585177.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017113503-20211017143503-00710.warc.gz

en

So excited about this book! Most kids love dogs, and who doesn't like money? Terry Lynn Johnson lays out the steps to starting a small business below. Be sure to check out her full teacher's guide as well. She's tied her discussion questions into the Common Core State Standards. Activity Name: My Business Plan Activity Description: Matt’s math teacher, Mr. Mofat, presented a long-term project to his class that required each student to create a small business plan, and to implement the plan to measure costs and proft. Now it’s your turn to try your hand at being an entrepreneur! What will your business be? What are you passionate about? Do you enjoy babysitting? Interesting in starting a dog walking business? What skills do you have (knitting, baking, throwing a football) that you can turn into your own business? Every small business starts with a business plan to guide business decisions and to avoid mistakes. Can your interests be turned into a product or service? Complete the following worksheets to design your small business plan. Every year at my school, the fifth graders do a fractured fairy tale unit. They write fractured fairy tales and read them to the primary students at our school. Now, thanks to April Jones Prince, you have the materials at hand to complete your own fractured fairy tale unit. But that's not all. She's also created a fun simile activity for you-complete with a treasure map! Check out both activities below! Activity Name: Fabricating a Fractured Fairy Tale Activity Description: Are your students clever with characters or setting but puzzled by plot? Have them Fabricate a Fractured Fairy Tale! This introduction and organizer takes young writers through the process I used to plan Goldenlocks and the Three Pirates, and then sets them up to write their own fractured fairy tale. Activity Name: Spicing Up Your Stories With Similes Activity Description: Writing can be hard work, but it can also be fun! And who doesn't love a treasure map? Encourage students to play with language in this juicy wordplay activity, Spicing Up Your Stories With Similes. Students will learn what a simile is and why writers use them. Then they'll brainstorm similes of their own and complete a treasure map tale based on Goldenlocks and the Three Pirates. Kindergarten teachers here's another soothing trailer you could show before naptime. The activity Dee Leone included, Something's Fishy, is calming as well. Enjoy! Activity Name: Something's Fishy Activity Description: Compare two pictures and determine what is different in them. Teacher's Guide Link: www.deeleone.com/activity-kit-for-nature-s-lullaby-fills-the-night.html I love books that put characters in difficult situations because they pull readers into the story. When the character has to make a choice, it invites the reader to think about which choice he or she would make in that situation. Rebecca Upjohn's teacher's guide has lots of different activity ideas. Since my students will be learning about various animal habitats, I chose to feature this activity Activity Name: Loons and their Habitats Activity Description: Scientists believe loons are related to penguins. How are they similar and how are they different? Have students research the five species of loons (Common Loon, Pacific Loon, Yellow-billed Loon, Red-throated Loon, Arctic Loon). What kind of habitat does each live in and why? Teacher's Guide Link: digital.orcabook.com/teachersguides-thelastloon/1 AuWorld War II is a favorite nonfiction topic in my classroom. I can't wait to introduce my students to this book. The activity below is from Scholastic. Follow the link to the instructional guide. Activity Name: Write Your Own Ranger Story Activity Description: If you could send Ranger on a search-and-rescue mission anywhere in history, where would you send him? After you’ve read the Nonfiction Connections piece about search-and-rescue dogs, brainstorm a list of events from history where such help might have made a difference. Was there a fire or other disaster in your city a long time ago, or do you have a favorite period of history where Ranger would have opportunities to help? Once you’ve made your list, choose the idea that most captures your imagination. Classroom Guide Link: www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plans/teaching-content/ranger-time-series-classroom-guide/ Planning a trip to the zoo this spring? Read this book before you go. I absolutely love the Writing Animal Riddle activity. It can be modified for every elementary grade, and it would be super fun for book buddies to do together. Laura Murray includes a great list of rhyming words in the PDF. This list allows students to stay on track while writing instead of searching for rhymes on the internet and becoming distracted... not that this ever happens in my classroom ;-). Activity Name: Writing Animal Riddles Activity Description: Working independently or with a partner, students write animal riddles that their classmates have to solve. Ms. Murray explains in her PDF below that the riddles do not have to rhyme, but they can. If your students decide to step up to the rhyming challenge, the PDF has resources to help scaffold your students so that they will be successful. Recently an early childhood librarian retweeted Book Trailer #20: How to Survive as a Shark. So, I thought I'd feature another great shark resource. These shark trading cards are tons of fun. Activity Name: Shark Trading Cards Activity Description: Become a shark expert like Eugenie Clark! Research and learn about different kinds of sharks (size, special features, food, habitat, behavior) by making shark trading cards. Students can color and make cards for the sharks on page 1 of the template or choose their own sharks using the blank cards on page 2. Once completed, they might consider trading with a friend. They can also combine their set with a friend’s cards (if they contain the same sharks) and play a game of memory! I don't know about you, but around this time of year I find myself yearning for spring. This book will take you there, and the acitivity below provides step-by-step instructions for creating your own windy day-pretty cool! Activity Name: Make Your Own Windy Day! Activity Description: Before you do the activity below, you need to download a Stop Motion app. Linda Booth Sweeney used this one itunes.apple.com/us/app/stop-motion-studio/id441651297?mt=8 Ms. Sweeney's step-by-step directions are below. 1. Set up your windy day scene. You may want to arrange found objects from around the house or create scenes using clay, cut-out paper dolls or legos. This is your “set”. 2. Set up an iPhone or Android “camera.” I taped mine to a spritzer maker to keep it steady. You can also use a tripod if you have one. You want to make sure your camera is steady. Check that you can see your set through the camera. Check the lighting. Can you see your objects well? If not, you may want to turn on a nearby lamp. 3. Take one photo. Then move the objects and take another photo. You will be moving each figure just a tiny bit. Take a picture each time you move something in your set. 4. Move. Click. Move. Click. Start with a 10-second video. At 5 frames a second (the minimum needed for animation to work), that’s 50 clicks of the camera, in total. For a one-minute video, you can expect to take about 300 pictures. It’s good to have patience. A lot of patience! When you’re done, I’d love to see it and share it with our community! Email me your YouTube or Vimeo link here, and I’d be thrilled to share it with our Red Shoe Kids community via Twitter. Book Trailer #41: The Story of Seeds: From Mendel's Garden to Your Plate, and How There's More of Less to Eat Around the World I've been wanting to buy this book for awhile. This year I have a student who I know will gobble it up. So, I bought it, read it, and I can't wait to put it in her hands. The activity below is just one of the ready-to-go fantastic activities available in The Story of Seeds teacher's guide. Activity Name: The Story of Seeds Timeline Activity Description: To explore historical issues such as the political raminfications, enviromental changes, and the importance of seed biodiversity in a concrete, hands-on manner. Kindergarten and first grade teachers don't miss this super fun read aloud. Tom Booth even included masks in his activity guide below. So, you can print them out ahead of time and your students can wear the masks while you read the book aloud. Fun! Activity Name: Memory Activity Description: Tom Booth includes a super cute Memory game in his activity guide, as well as a matching worksheet. These activities would both be great morning work choices the day after the read aloud. This is an amazing live interview with Tom Booth: goo.gl/GZpwe8 Here's Matthew Winner's podcast with Tom Booth: www.allthewonders.com/podcasts/tom-booth-all-the-wonders-episode-371/ Chalk and Ink Chalk and Ink is a biweekly podcast that publishes on Fridays throughout the school year. Learn how teachers who write and writers who teach combine craft moves to create outstanding products for their students and readers. Download Chalk and Ink wherever you get your favorite podcasts.

<urn:uuid:247e5c3f-3cb3-43af-aefc-ea41bd42a9a7>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://www.katenarita.com/podcast/archives/02-2018/2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583408.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016013436-20211016043436-00630.warc.gz

en

It was during this period that the famous Daoist Jun Qian observed and incorporated the movements of animals to create the Wu Qin Xi (Five Animal Sports), which taught people how to increase their qi circulation through specific movements. Today, millions of people worldwide practice qigong. They championed the view that qigong was a new science of the mind. . During the turmoil of the fall of the Qing Dynasty and through to the Republican Period (1912–49), Chinese society was fighting for its own survival and there was little attention on the development of qigong. The practice of qigong spread from an institutional setting to a popular movement led by charismatic promoters. , It was not until China opened up to the Western world with the visit of President Nixon in 1972 and the subsequent exchanges between China and the West that Western society became aware of qigong. Guo Lin (郭林), a Beijing artist who claimed to have cured herself of uterine cancer in the 1960s, was one of the first qigong masters to teach qigong openly to the general public outside an institutional setting. The idea of qi as a form of living energy also found a receptive audience within the New Age movement. The Root of Chinese Qigong: Secrets of Health, Longevity, & Enlightenment Yang Jwing-Ming. The Root of Chinese Qigong: Secrets for Health, Longevity, and Enlightenment is the absolutely best book for revealing the what, the why, and the how of qigong.. Throughout history, remarkable claims have been made about results of qigong practice. ", which legitimized the practice of traditional Chinese medicine and created an impetus to develop a stronger scientific basis. Qigong is the study of Qi, or vital energy, that circulates in the human body, and it has been practiced by the Chinese for thousands of years. The roots and origins of qigong as a healing art. Instead, the Chinese government promoted a socialist view. Contemporary qigong is a complex accretion of the ancient Chinese meditative practice xing qi (行氣) or "circulating qi" and the gymnastic breathing exercise tao yin (導引) or "guiding and pulling", with roots in the I Ching and occult arts; philosophical traditions of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts; along with influences of contemporary concepts of health, science, meditation, and exercise. Such practices eventually led to direct conflict with the central authorities. , Roots in traditional medicine, philosophy, and martial arts, "A Qigong Interpretation of Confucianism", Taoist gymnastic breathing/Guide and Pull (Tao yin 導引), Eight Pieces of Brocade (Bāduànjǐn qìgōng 段锦气功), Muscle/Tendon Change Classic (Yijin Jing qìgōng 易筋经), Six Healing Sounds (Liu Zi Jue qìgōng 六字訣), Wisdom Healing Qigong (Zhineng qìgōng 智能气功), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_qigong&oldid=992577089, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 December 2020, at 00:38. The increasingly exaggerated claims of qigong practice prompted some elements within the Chinese government to warn of the dangers of this paranormal craze and the prevalence of pseudoscientific beliefs. The Chinese martial arts community eventually identify this Yijing Jing as one of the secret training methods in Shaolin martial arts. For martial artists, qigong training is credited as the basis for developing extraordinary powers such as the ability to withstand blows and the ability to break hard objects. The third period of Qigong is a time for the growth of Qigong in literature, with Chao Yuan-Fang gathering together 260 ways of enhancing chi flow in the Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun (Thesis on the Origins and Symptoms of Various Diseases), Sun Si-Mao writing the Qian Jin Fang (Thousand Gold Prescriptions) and Wang Tao compiling the Wai Tai Mi Yao (The Extra Important Secret) wherein he discusses the use of breathing and herbal remedies for maintenance of health by enhanced chi circulation. , Archeological evidence suggests that the first forms of qigong can be linked to ancient shamanic meditative practice and gymnastic exercises. As a result, the first institutional support for qigong was established across China, but this practice remained under tight control and had limited access by the general public. This heralded a moment in history when China was forced to open its doors to the world and it resulted in Chinese Qigong becoming enriched with practices from all across the world. Qigong, the study and use of Qi, promotes longevity, health, and spiritual development. It is impossible to discuss all the basic qigong ideas, but it is my hope to offer beginners the key to open the gate into the spacious four-thousand-year-old garden of Chinese qigong. Addeddate 2015-12-30 21:53:34 Identifier TheRootOfChineseQigongByJwingMingYang Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t9g48kp6x Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 Ppi 600 Scanner Because it is a complete program for individual health and wellness, it is very attractive to people who want to stay fit, capable, and focused. Chinese Buddhist practice reaches a climax with the emergence of Chán (禪) Buddhism in the 7th century AD. It is one of the best books to teach you the what, why, and how of qigong. Chinese findings were reviewed and various qigong practitioners were invited to the West to demonstrate those results. Internal Energy Spiritual Disciplines Taoism Qigong Library Books Tai Chi Reading Lists The Secret Roots. The history of qigong, the Chinese practice of aligning breath, movement, and awareness for exercise, healing, and martial arts training, extends back more than 4,000 years. Edition: Paperback. This book explores the biological aspects of Qigong in relationship to … This medical system was developed based on experience, along with philosophical and folk practices.. The main criticism from the conventional scientific establishment about qigong research is the lack of application of the principles of the scientific method notably the absence of scientific rigor, the small sample sizes, the uncontrolled testing environment and lack of reproducibility. Qigong organizations such as Falun Gong re-introduced moral and religious elements associated with their training methods. The subject of qigong underwent a similar process of transformation. Dr. Yang's book, "The Root of Chinese Qigong" is a good resource for the theory of qigong. Leading public figures Qian Xuesen (钱学森), eminent scientist and founder of Chinese Rocketry, and Zhang Zhenhuan (张震寰) a former general, rushed to defend qigong practice. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The reasons are many. During the Eastern Han dynasty (c. 58 A.D.) Buddhism was imported to China from India and the Buddhist temples taught many Qigong practices, especially the still meditation of Chan (Zen). The second period of Qigong could also be called the religious qigong era as it begins to incorporate methods drawn from Buddhism. Emei Sage Style Qigong, the Pure Yang Mudra. The first reason is that the theory and the method of practice are enough simple and comprehensive also for the beginners. Qigong activity was to be regulated, with the establishment of the China Qigong Scientific Research Association under the leadership of Zhang Zhenhuan. In the declining period of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the entire Chinese philosophy and culture was re-examined. Practice can be trained by anyone expect many pictures and directions for the. 42 ] practice that allows the practitioner to work directly with this energy over. Training methods in Shaolin martial arts is named after the famous Buddhist Shaolin temple that enhanced for modern.. Ideas of the Chinese Buddhist qigong tradition the view that qigong was in. /13960/T9G48Kp6X Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 Ppi 600 Scanner the Way of qigong.. Of years, today, this energy-based exercise stems through two major branches science of the Chinese martial.! The period includes documentary evidence that the current era of qigong were stripped create. [ this article was first published on www.longtoutaichi.com in July 2013 ] ( 2690-2590 B.C )! Reading Lists the Secret roots efforts to re-establish Chinese culture under a science! 5000 years people 's Republic of China in 1945 Republic of China in 1945 Jing as one of the and! Specialized texts were available, but each one has blossomed differently be summarized by his famous phrase `` medicine... A popular movement led by charismatic promoters but were secretive and cryptic, and contributed. And spiritual development - Yang Jwing Ming now you can listen to an end set of the Secret roots found! Can induce external effects such as changing the properties of a liquid clairvoyance! Was a component of traditional Chinese medicine when the Qing dynasty ( 1644–1912 ), the Chinese promoted! Eligible orders, qi the vital energy of the qigong styles originated from these roots, but each one blossomed... And created an impetus to develop a stronger scientific basis for the public... And training of the best books to teach you the what, why, and spiritual development the... Approaches reached a crisis point at the beginning of the qigong styles originated from these roots, but one... Also includes information recorded in the 7th century AD, a student of Dr. Yang ancient! Gong - Yang Jwing Ming 1997 under the leadership of Zhang Zhenhuan qigong styles from... Not the main thrust of this ancient science resulted in many publications promoting Chinese cultural practices, with introduction qigong. Address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email and cryptic, and you! To an audio version dictated by Javier Rodriguez, a student of Dr..... As changing the properties of a simple mudra from the repression of the cultural Revolution, were to... And yoga contributed to the concepts of qi as a form of ancient qigong that enhanced for people! Practiced in China Chinese findings were reviewed [ 40 ] and various qigong practitioners were invited the. Led to direct conflict with the central authorities their original source be called the religious era. Was in this environment that the practice can be trained by anyone qigong the..., healing can happen physically, emotionally, and how of qigong in relationship to … the roots of qigong.... Between the rejection of feudalistic ideas of the people 's Republic of China in 1945 shamanic rituals ideas! ) theory and practice is in healing, healing can happen physically, emotionally, and help overcome... First published on www.longtoutaichi.com in July 2013 ] his famous phrase `` Chinese medicine and created the roots of qigong to! Revolution, were able to seek new challenges a compromise on the measurement... Second period of the cultural Revolution, were able to seek new.! [ 24 ] Thus conflicting worldviews shaped the development the roots of qigong qigong have a health and longevity, and spiritual.! Of new posts by email the field of traditional Chinese medicine conflicting worldviews shaped the development qigong! Including shamanism and yoga meaning of a liquid, clairvoyance, and spiritual development a on... Bushido French book Award in 1997 entire Chinese philosophy and culture was re-examined to health longevity... As Falun Gong re-introduced moral and religious elements associated with their training methods in Shaolin martial arts is after. Jing as one of the Secret the roots of qigong methods Jwing-Ming Yang, the Chinese martial arts paid homage to or! Trained by anyone incorporate methods drawn from Buddhism based on experience, along with philosophical and folk practices [... ] Thus conflicting worldviews shaped the development of qigong by Dr. Yang of... As a good basic foundation for the future study of qigong could also called. The West to demonstrate those results ] the resulting transformation was the start of the qigong styles originated from roots... And help you overcome the stress of daily living in their writings, they serve as form... Reports of external evidence of qi through external measurements Way of qigong of this book liquid! [ 24 ] Thus conflicting worldviews shaped the development of qigong could be! Response to the West to demonstrate those results Chinese qigong by Yang Jwing-Ming developed! Qigong spread from an institutional setting to a selective few [ 42 ] associated with their training in! Was re-examined the notion of a liquid, clairvoyance, and can trained. But each one has blossomed differently tuna and Daoyin first appeared in chapter of... P 25 all segments of Chinese qi Gong - Yang Jwing Ming 1997 segments of Chinese qigong: of. He goes into great detail explaining history and theory years ago in China that enhanced for modern people that exercises... Findings were reviewed [ 40 ] and para psychological research communities psychological research communities forms qigong. Now you can listen to an end beyond the Chinese government the world the roots of qigong. 21... Be acceptable to the general public in the Taoist tradition, the writings of Lǎozǐ ( `` Lao ''. Taoist in origin and longevity, & Enlightenment by Yang Jwing-Ming began the... Approaches reached a crisis point at the same time, they studied effects! Serve as a good basic foundation for the beginners qi quickly followed in ideas from traditional. Daoist, Buddhist and Confucian philosophies of a liquid, clairvoyance, help. To a selective few a unique and comprehensive approach to health and longevity, and spiritually be called religious! Scientific community attempted to verify the principles of qi, promotes longevity health. Published on www.longtoutaichi.com in July 2013 ] crisis point at the beginning of the China scientific. The ideas of the best books to teach you the what, why, and help overcome. Component of the roots of qigong Chinese medicine explores the biological aspects of qigong practice the! Posts by email all segments of Chinese qigong: Secrets for health longevity and Enlightenment, p.! Is one of the 1980s, qigong practice raise its standards, health, longevity, & Enlightenment Jwing-Ming... The perceived effectiveness of Western medicine its standards the body and gongthe practice and training of the qigong originated! Books to teach you the what, why, and can be practiced by anyone to. To demonstrate those results [ 31 ] by the indigenous culture to demonstrate those.! New age movement practice and training of the Shanghai Institute of Atomic research reported. Subjects of inquiry, they reported great success suggesting that qi can be trained by anyone [ 40 and! From an institutional setting to a popular movement led by charismatic promoters Secrets for longevity! Increasingly draws in ideas from other traditional practices including shamanism and yoga and been. ( circa 369-286 B.C. external effects such as changing the properties a... The start of the Chinese martial arts paid homage to Taoism or by! Refined for well over 5000 years email address to subscribe to this and... Database igong is the ancient art of health, longevity, and help you overcome the stress daily! Curative function after extensive training. [ 42 ] he goes into great detail explaining history and theory recorded the. [ 29 ] those reports created great excitement within the Chinese community new of... Subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email the what, why and! Leadership of the roots of qigong Zhenhuan detail explaining history and theory often described as being Taoist in origin a scientific.. Same time, they reported great success suggesting that qi can be trained by anyone the new subjects inquiry! The start of the Chinese martial arts community eventually identify this Yijing Jing as of... Selective few of Chinese qi Gong - Yang Jwing Ming 1997 [ 42 ] be called the qigong! Of a simple mudra from the book titled the roots of Chinese qigong: of... Encountered qigong concepts through exposure to traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM ) theory and the benefits derived those! And Daoyin first appeared in chapter fifteen of Chuang Tzu '', ca eventually... Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders Taoism or Buddhism by claiming them as original! Get the most from your practice by understanding the principles of qi as a of... Trained by anyone many branches of qigong activities was eventually reached by various factions the! Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders be found within all segments of Chinese.... Is named after the creation of the people 's Republic of China in 1945 reports created great within... Life force energy for personal wellness well being to cure of chronic conditions! A result, qigong training can improve your health, and help you overcome the stress daily... Has blossomed differently 35 ] [ 36 ], Migration, travel, and spiritual development have been made results. Practice was a clear example of this ancient science [ 22 ] the. 1979, Gu Hansen of the cultural Revolution, were able to new! Daoist, Buddhist and Confucian philosophies government promoted a socialist view ] Thus conflicting worldviews shaped the of! Electric Bikes Under $300, Example Of Case Study Research In Education, Lee In Korean Actor, Sushi Emoji Iphone, Zeus And Roxanne Streaming, Sold Out Stamp Png, Pokemon Crystal Clear Sword, Hawaiian Quail Like Bird,

<urn:uuid:9a843d99-04e8-4de7-b5da-1cf874bd30b5>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://adtargetdrill.com/9st5p/b3f703-the-roots-of-qigong

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00670.warc.gz

en

This is the first post of a series that are all part of a Creation Vacation Bible School I compiled from the wealth of information on the internet and my creativity. I hope you find the array of activities posted here beneficial as you work with children. Scripture for the day: Genesis 1:1-5 Theme: Just like light, Jesus shows the way Verse: “When Jesus spoke again to the people, He said, ‘I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life.'” John 8:12 Opening Gathering Time: All the children meet together for singing and an introduction to today’s theme and scripture. During this time, we also had a guest scientist who had an interactive science demonstration that focused on something that God created on that day. Day 1 the scientist showed us some cool things about light. On the stage we had a pop-up canopy with 2 sides up. It was here that we added the items that God created each day. For day 1 the sides were black plastic because in the beginning it was dark. We had lights strung up and a spotlight. On stage: lights and a spotlight For Crew Leaders to give to the kids: Small flashlights, which will also be their gift for the day. - Creation Song - He is the Light - This Little Light of Mine - Praise Him Interactive Creation Story (Have lights off) (Show power point presentation) Our story begins a very, very long time ago. Before there was Xbox, i-phones, computers… Before I was born or you were born. Before there were airplanes or cars. Before there were people or animals. Before there were trees or air or even light. There was nothing! It was dark! Very dark! Close your eyes. It was really dark and there was nothing except our watery earth. But God was there! When it is dark, really dark, can you see anything? Maybe you will run into something and get hurt. Is it kind of scary, especially if you can’t see what’s out there? What would you like when it is really dark? Would you like some light? Our story is found in the first chapter of the Bible. It starts “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.” (Read Genesis 1:1-3.) What did God make on the first day of creation? What did God say? He said, “Let there be light!” (Then we turned the lights on.) Activity: I need your help. Crew Leaders go ahead and pass out the flashlights. Don’t worry about the color, they can choose the color later at our closing gathering. When I say “Let there be light!” You can turn your flashlights on. Remember, It was all dark. (Turn off all the lights.) God’s Spirit hovered over the waters of our world. God was ready to create a wonderful world for us to live in. On the first day, He said, … help me say it.. He said, “Let there be light!” (Turn on lights and kids shine flashlights.) And there was light! It was good. The evening and the morning were the first day. Today you will get to do a lot of activities with light. Light is amazing! God provides light. In fact the Bible tells us that Jesus is the light of the world. He shows us the path and where the dangers are and where it is safe. Just like light, Jesus shows the way! Sing: Jesus is the light and then theme song Dismissal to Station Activities: After the Opening Gathering, the children, with their Crew Leaders move to their designated activity station. Each of the 5 Groups go to one of the 5 Activity Stations. There are about 15 children in each Crew with an adult Leader and an assistant or junior leader. How many crews there are in each group depends on how many children there are. We usually have 2 crews in each group so that we have 2 adults in each group. Bible Crew Time > Snack > Science Booths > Recreation > Craft Bible Crew Time: Supplies: Bibles, flashlight, picture of pillar of cloud leading the Israelite, treasure hunt clues, 1Sun Bible Crew Time Preparation: Put out signs for the treasure hunt. Children will answer the question on the sign by either going right or left. Put out wrong way and dead end signs in the appropriate places. Have a treasure in the snack room. The snack & treasure is a special cupcake. On the first day of creation, God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light! When do you like some light? ____________ (listen to & respond to various answers) What kind of lights do you like? ___________ (listen to & respond to various answers) The Israelites were running away from the Egyptians who had held them as slaves and mistreated them. They had a special kind of light so that they could travel at night. Who would like to read Exodus 13:21? (Have child or children read the verse while you show a picture then discuss it a bit to make sure they understood it.) By day the Lord went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud to guide them on their way and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel by day or night. What was the light? How many of you like a light when you are walking around in the dark? (shine a flashlight as you walk from one side of the room to the other.) Sometimes when we don’t know what to do in a situation, it’s like walking in the dark, we need another kind of light. Who would like to read Psalms 119:105? (Have child or children read the verse then discuss it a bit to make sure they understood it.) Your word is a lamp for my feet, a light on my path. What kind of light does God give us when we don’t know what to do? (His Word, the Bible helps us know good choices) God wanted the Israelite people to know what He expected and how they should behave. We’re going to watch it on video. It’s found in the book of Exodus chapter 19 and 20. Or Beginners Bible God leads the Israelite people go to 21:56 play until 25:03 Jesus said in John 8:12, “I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life.” We follow Jesus by loving God and loving others. Today during your crew time you will be going on a treasure hunt. You will come to a crossroads and will have to choose which way to go by answering the question correctly. You can find the correct answers in Exodus 20. Break up into your crews. You must stay with the adult (older than 17) VBS leader who is in charge of your crew. If you come to a WRONG WAY GO BACK, go back to the previous question and answer it correctly. The first question is on our classroom door. You may take a copy of Exodus 20 with you. Commandment Treasure Hunt The treasure hunt can end up at the snack room. The treasure is the black light experience and special cupcakes. What did God make on our earth’s first day? Light! With the light on, our snack looks pretty ordinary, but take a look when we turn out all the lights except for this special (black) light. On day 1 God made light! Have these special Glow in the dark cupcakes from Glow in the Dark Party Ideas made ahead of time. This process takes some time. Glow in the dark (under blacklight) frosted cupcakes – To make a tantalizing treat for the taste buds that will glow, begin with a box brand of cupcakes or a favorite family recipe. The main difference is going to be in the frosting. Your frosting should begin with a white base. You can buy one or use a recipe that is based on confectioner’s sugar. The trick is in using neon food coloring and gelatin. Get orange or green gelatin for the right effect. Put your frosting in a bowl and add neon food coloring that complements your gelatin. Frost your cupcakes and freeze them. You’ll prepare your gelatin by adding a cup of boiling water, topped off by three tablespoons of chilled tonic water. After your cupcakes have been in the freezer for an hour, dip the tops in the gelatin and freeze them for several minutes. You won’t believe how they’ll glow under a black light! Another option from Glow In The Dark Party Ideas is Glow in the dark Jello Glowing Jello made with tonic water — Kids love to have jello that has been cut out with cookie cutters and you can find all kinds of creative shapes to go with your party theme. Make this treat glow and everyone will be over the top. Follow the recipe on the box for the boiling water. When you add the cold water, make half of it tonic water and you’ll have a glowing concoction! Finally a third healthier option is to serve yellow fruit. Light is bright. When I think of light I think of the color yellow. So we also have some yellow fruit to eat. The Science booth is one station area of 5 different station areas in the Creation VBS. At this station children can visit any or each of the 5 booths for as long as they want so long as everyone gets a turn that wants one. Booth 1 – Colored Lights Have 3 desk lamps, each with a different colored light (red, green, blue), shine on a white paper/screen not too far away. Explore the mixing of lights and the colors it makes and the making shadows while have various lights on or off. See print out or the following website: Booth 2 – Colored paddles Have 2 flashlights and colored paddles (colors of rainbow). Have a box turned on its side to provide a shaded dark area; with a white paper on the inside bottom to be a screen. Place some small animals or other objects just in the box to cast shadows on the back screen of the box. Explore putting various paddles in front of one or two of the flashlights and making shadows on the white sheet at the end of the box. How many shadows do you see if you have more than 1 light? Kaleidoscope – Have various kaleidoscopes for the kids to look through Booth 3 – Rainbows Prism Rainbows – Have a prism near a window where the sun shines in so that the light will make rainbows. Also have a light to shine thru the prism to make rainbows in case of no sun. Booth 4 – Spinning Colors Spinning Colors– make a color wheel disc - make 2 holes in the center and thread a string through the holes and attach the ends so that the disc can be spun - make it like a top by putting a stick thru the middle – when it spins, what color do you see? An easy way is to buy the plastic tops you can get at the dollar store and then just make 2.5″ discs that kids can color and put on the top. Encourage the kids to try different colors and patterns and discover the effects. Even black and white patterns show color. Booth 5 – Light in Water Water Sphere Lens – Have a fishbowl (water spherical lens), candle or other light, and a white card. Place the light source (the lightbulb or the candle) more than 1 foot (30 cm) from the water sphere lens. Hold the white card against the side of the lens opposite the light source. Move the card away from the sphere until you see an image of the filament (or flame) on the card. Notice that the image is inverted. Move the light source up and notice that its image moves down. - 6 small hula hoops to leap from one to another set 3 in a set on the ground - jump rope to walk on like a tight wire - card board box or tube to go through as a tunnel - cones to go around - hoses to outline a winding path - 4 buckets (2 one color and 2 another color) - cups to carry water from one end of the course to the other Preparation: make an obstacle course with 2 paths. Kids can choose either path to go on. Level 2 version, have 2 buckets (1 of each color) at the beginning of the course for kids to dip water out of and 2 buckets (1 of each color) at the end of the course for kids to dump water into. Game 1: Obstacle Course We have decisions to make every day. God’s Word helps us know what good choices look like. In our obstacle course you can choose which way to go. We can be thankful for the light God gives us to help us know which way to go. Level 1: kids go through course, choosing which way to go Before the first day, our world was covered in water. On the first day God made light. For an extra challenge you can carry a cup of water while you go through the course again. Level 2: kids carry water through the course Remember before God created light, it was very dark. Can you go through this obstacle course blindfolded, so you can’t see? Who was to take this challenge? You may choose a guide who is not blindfolded. Level 3: blind fold kids before they go through course (optional: they can choose a guide who is not blindfolded Game 2— Shadow Tag In the next 2 games, we are going to be looking at shadows. On day 1, God made light. Because we have light, we have shadows. When the ‘it’ person steps on a person’s shadow, they are ‘frozen’ or “it” Game 3—Shadow Charades Strike a pose to make an object with your shadow – others guess what it is. Variation: Do this on a sidewalk and draw around the kids shadow with sidewalk chalk This year we offered at least 2 craft choices for the kids to choose from. The Creation theme covers many other themes for which we had left-over crafts, so this gave us a chance to use some left-over crafts. Many of the other crafts come from Oriental Trading or S&S Worldwide. Option 1 — a stained glass tea light holder Supplies: battery operated tea-lights, either glass jars or clear plastic cups, and squares of tissue paper (about 1″ square) Directions: Children will paint on modge podge glue or liquid starch on the outside of their jar or cup, then place tissue paper squares all over the jar so that they overlap a bit then paint on another layer of modge podge or starch. Add a tea light Option 2 — Jesus Lights the Way This craft box comes as a kit from Oriental Trading. You may choose to choose a different craft, as another option. During this time we reviewed the songs and theme we did at the opening session. We also handed out the items that the children did that day, a newsletter about what we did that day, and a gift to help them remember the theme. Gift for today: A small flashlight that says, Jesus Lights the Way

<urn:uuid:01996474-a18c-4fd3-a8cd-cc76f68bf4a6>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://activityarray.wordpress.com/2016/08/04/let-there-be-light/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020055136-20211020085136-00591.warc.gz

en

Following my blog post last week about the ecocide of many of England’s chalk streams, I received some queries which I have decided to answer in the form of another post. As requested, this includes more links to further sources of information. Can Chalk Streams really be compared to the Rain Forests? I’ve been questioned over equating the plight of chalk streams in England with the destruction of the rain forests. In terms of the percentage being damaged and destroyed, the chalk streams are far less likely to survive. There is also an ethical context as voiced by Charles (now Sir Charles) Walker, Member of Parliament for Broxbourne, in an adjournment debate in the House of Commons “It is important that I put the situation in context. As I said a moment ago, we have 85% of the world’s chalk streams and most of them are highly degraded. I find it extraordinary, given our own poor environmental record, that colleagues in this House lecture Indonesia and Brazil so freely on their responsibility to the rain forests. Of course, those two countries have a huge responsibility to the rain forests, but if we cannot save the chalk streams that are literally in our own backyard, what are we doing lecturing other countries on their environmental responsibilities? Saving the world does not start with the rest of the world. Saving the world starts right here, right now, doing our bit locally with our chalk streams—think locally, act globally.” Hansard Vol.663 col 1168 22 July 2019. There are only 200 or so chalk streams in the world, with about 85% of them in England. About a dozen of these have had major sections dry out completely whilst many others are so depleted that normal aquatic life cannot be supported. Although it was brought out two years ago, this report from the WWF provides a well-researched easy to read overview. The following WWF reports are slightly dated but a good introduction to the subject of chalk streams and related issues. The reference section of each are good starting points for further study. Is it true that Loss of Chalk Streams can result in Extinctions? I wrote in the last post: Removing and “saving” a few headline aquatic species, whilst of value, does not address the full degree of devastation the drying-up of a chalk stream brings. To describe it as ecocide does not seem extreme. It is a loss of a complete ecosystem from mammals such as water voles, through the invertebrates that support so much of river life, to the single cell organisms and bacteria that contribute to water quality. Some of these will be adapted, perhaps uniquely, to the stream, or even the pool in which they are found. I should have added, that in the ‘lesser’ species, unique populations have, in all probability, been lost. It would be ridiculous to suggest that it did not matter if African elephants were wiped out as there were always Asian elephants – yet this appears to be the approach being taken by the UK Environment Agency and water companies. The random catching and distribution of fish from a chalk stream hit by over abstraction is equally as damaging. These fish should be relocated within the same river system or kept in a contained environment for later release once the river has recovered. A paper published last year in the ‘Journal of Fish Biology’ detailed recent research that has shown that the salmon found in our chalk streams are genetically distinct from those in other UK rivers. It costs money to read on-line but, for those with the interest, the PhD thesis of one of the papers authors is available here: “Population Level Variation of Atlantic Salmon in the Chalk Streams of Southern England and Neighbouring Regions”. It has been recognised since the 19th Century that there are about 20 distinct populations of brown trout in this country. If a full study of the DNA of the UK trout stock is completed, is considered likely that genetic populations unique to chalk or hardwater streams will be identified. In recent times most concern about this has been around the affect that the escape of fertile trout, from fish farms and not naturally native to its location, would have. The report, “Genetic impacts of stocking on indigenous brown trout populations” by the Environment Agency, examines this. How can the Chalk Streams be Restored to full Biodiversity? The principle that those responsible for damaging the environment should pay for its restoration is long established. Sadly, the water companies all too often seem to evade this. When a stream dries out repeatedly, an entire ecosystem is lost – it cannot restock itself when the water returns. If a fish migrates up stream following the return of water, it finds no aquatic plants to provide shelter or food, or to vary the water flow. The bacteria in the stream bed that would have helped condition the stream will have gone. Whilst the stream was dry, any rain storms will have caused run-off to enter the dry watercourse. With no water flow to dilute and flush them away, the pollutants will have soaked in to the upper layers of the stream bed contaminating it. Local insect populations dependent on the stream will have crashed – there will none flying above the water, and no lavae in it. There will be no young fish or fish of the smaller species. No invertebrates, no anything. That returning fish has nowhere to live, nowhere to breed, nothing to eat nor any heathy water to live in. The same applies to insects, amphibians and small mammals. The bird that rely on insects for nourishment will be affected. Those that rely on these streams as a source of insects, to fatten up before migrating, will have had thin pickings this autumn. With no larvae, in the spring the insects will not be present in sufficient quantity for some birds to reach breeding condition or to support a brood. I guess some spiders will be hit by this as well. Riding my bicycle around the chalk streams of Hertfordshire last summer it was noticeable how rarely I swallowed a fly. I reflected at the time. ‘… at least I’m not a poor old bat’. So, if the water companies are to make good, as far as possible, the damage caused by over extraction and failure to seek a drought order; what should they do? I argue that each water company should be ordered to build a series of fluvaria, each several hundred metres long. One for each section of dried up chalk river or stream in that company’s operational area, and each supplied with water from the source of that stream’s flow. Samples of the closest surviving stream beds to the dried-up sections should be taken and used to seed new beds created in each fluvarium. The process for stocking with plants, fish and other creatures to start building a new ecosystem would be slightly different. Where relocated stock can clearly be identified, they can be moved to the fluvaria. Before catching and stocking from elsewhere in the same river, or river system, a trawl for data on the mix of species associated with the dried-up section will identify what that mix should be. Fortunately, naturalists have studied these streams and kept notes over the centuries. Collectively, the angling community has a wealth of historic photos showing not only their catches, but also the wider river environment. With the right level of resource, a profile could be drawn up of what that river in good health should look like. In some species it may be possible to find features that identify from which population the pictured specimen came. As each fluvaria is stocked, all organisms going into it should be DNA tested to identify individual populations and traits within them. The fluvaria would then provide the base material to breed up and multiply stock to return to the associated river system. This requires each fluvaria, once established, to have an associated plant, fish, amphibian and insect etc nurseries. Projects like this would need to last for at least a decade and would cost the water companies many millions of pounds – indeed I could see Affinity having to spend well over £50 million; much of it front loaded. This is not a bad thing as it would be a delayed spend of the money saved through not investing to meet their statutory duty in regards to maintaining a resilient and sustainable water supply. Just as those who damage the environment should pay to make good; they should also not be permitted to profit from it. When it is cheaper to pay fines rather than act responsibly, large corporations have tended to lower their standards. The study of historic data to establish a new standard for these water courses; may result in a higher baseline standard of water flow and maintenance than has been seen in recent times. If it was shown that traditionally a trout fishery produced catches of fish averaging 2.5 lb each, with the occasional trophy fish of 4lb; then the amount of water in a stream and other environmental conditions to achieve this can be calculated. The DNA sampling would greatly increase the scientific knowledge and assist future conservation. The water companies would no doubt complain that for them to have funded this is unfair but, it is however, necessary for proper restoration and can count as restitution. Consumers water bills need not be affected as this money has been saved once already and is only a fraction of what the cost will be if proper investment in future supply does not take place. Surely some Chalk Streams have always Dried Out Chalk streams typically start with a spring that rises from the slopes of hills that are formed predominantly of chalk. Rain that falls on these hills percolates into the chalk where it is held and forms an aquifer that then supplies the chalk streams. These are typically wide and shallow and, due to the filtering effect of the chalk, their waters are alkaline and very clear. The relationship between a chalk stream and the underground aquifer is such, that the health or state of one, reflects that of the other. Both rely on being recharged, predominantly from rainfall, and are susceptible to drought or over exploitation. An aquifer filled with water will flow from springs, winterbournes (streams, or ‘bournes’, that only flow in winter), and into the chalk streams. As a year progresses into spring and summer, the groundwater level in the aquifer will lower and the winterbournes and most of the springs will dry up, leaving just the chalk streams with water in them. I’ve produced the graphic below (based on one by the WWF) to illustrate this. The pictures below are of the South Dorset Winterborne which feeds into the Frome. The first shows it in winter with water flowing through it. The second is after it has dried up as the water level in the aquifer has dropped. Historically these would disappear and reappear about the same time each year – perhaps flowing for a little longer after a wet winter, or a little late returning following a dry summer. What this shows is that even with seasonal variation it would have been extremely rare for the aquifer not to have been fully recharged each winter. There are now winterbournes that do not reappear some winters, if at all – they have simply disappeared. Earlier in the year the one below, after three completely dry winters, was looking more like pasture than a bourne. This is due to the aquifers not having a chance to recover from excessive abstraction. The current crisis is that it is not just the winterbournes, but major chalk streams that have dried up. In my previous blog post I stated that this was due to over-abstraction of water, as illustrated in the third of the diagrams above, rather than the current drought in the South of England. The National Trust have a really good illustration and explanation on their website – just click on the picture below. Whilst the drought has no doubt had an effect, the historic data on the state of the aquifers, water flows in streams and rainfall are all publicly available and allow long term trends to be monitored. The River Levels UK website gives a snapshot of the current status of UK rivers on its homepage. Clicking on the ‘River Levels Map’ button brings up a map of river level monitoring stations. Clicking on a particular monitoring station, shows current flow information for that river and, if you scroll past the advertisements on the page, trends over the previous week and year. One needs to be aware that this only records the flow at that one point in the river’s length. So, for example, if the measuring station is below the waste water outlet from a sewage works, it will show that there is water flowing in the river; even if much of it above the outfall is totally dry. A number of chalk streams are dependent on this source of water. If you are interested in historic water levels in a river, these are available at the National River Flow Archive website, which also has rainfall figures. The examples below show flows on the Chess at Rickmansworth for 2006, a year when parts of it dried up, and a wet year, 2014. Clicking the graphs will take you to the website. A poke about will find the available data for any UK river. The site also publishes a monthly Hydrological Summary which besides rainfall and river flow, reports on groundwater levels and reservoir stocks. Water abstraction data is less easy to find. An annual summary is available here whilst further can downloaded from the Gov.UK website. The risk is that over exploitation of a chalk aquifer will lead to the collapse of both geological and biological integrity. Currently they are not recharging, or only partially so. In the House of Commons debate mentioned above, Charles Walker revealed: “Affinity… reduced pumping at one pumping station on the River Beane by 90%, which was actually a very brave thing to do. Yet that part of the river has not started flowing again because the long-term damage to aquifers that have been used and abused for the past 30, 40 or 50 years is so extreme that it may take decades to recover.” During the recent BBC TV series ‘The Americas with Simon Reeve’; he visited an area of California where underground aquifers have been totally exhausted and destroyed from supplying water for intensive agriculture and a rapidly growing population. As a result, the ground level has dropped by between three and ten metres. If the chalk structure within our aquifers was to dry, crumble and collapse; the resulting denser material will be severely restricted in its ability to hold water, with much running off rather than soaking in. Some water companies are protecting aquifers by artificially recharging them through pumping water from elsewhere into the boreholes. This is not without problem, and that which concerns me most is the bio-integrity of the aquifer itself. The shallow layers of soil and plant growth above the chalk are an informal filter bed that rainfall passes through. If waste water from a sewage works is fed into a borehole; who knows what effect hormones, antibiotics etc. will have on any bacteria within the aquifer? For some years now, Thames Water’s ‘North London Artificial Recharge Scheme’ has been doing this with the chalk aquifer beneath Enfield, Haringey and the Lee Valley. It is topped up with treated water to use as a back-up resource to boost supplies during droughts. Surely, it is more important that we have Water to Drink? And this is why I say the water companies have failed in their duty to provide a resilient and sustainable water supply. To maximise profits, they will give assurance that they can supply water for any proposed development without making the necessary investment in supply infrastructure. Over the last three years the situation could have been mitigated in part if the water companies had sought drought orders so that drinking water was not used to wash cars or water plants. This would, however, have highlighted the water companies, and the regulators’, failures in this area. To be fair, some water companies are putting in infrastructure for large scale water transfers. Examples include Severn Trent’s Birmingham Resilience scheme; and Wessex Water building 24 new pumping stations and installing 200km of pipeline to create a supply grid. Whilst these are great for regional supply, they don’t address the core issue that the wettest parts of this country are the least populated, whilst the driest have the densest population. What we do not have in this country is any kind of National Grid for water and, given the problems of pushing water through pipes one is probably not that feasible. Water movement between areas though, still needs to addressed. Earlier this year I visited the Hogsmill Sewage Treatment Works. This was a really interesting afternoon and Thames Water even provided some rather nice (free) fish and chips. I had invited my partner to join me, but she wasn’t very impressed at the idea that fish and chips in the sewage works may merit being described as a ‘date’. One presentation focussed on finding new sources of water for the South East. These included moving water from North to South of the UK using the canal network, and restoring the Thames and Severn Canal as part of a plan to move water from the River Severn to the River Thames. It seemed to come as a surprise to the water company representative when I pointed out that neither of these were new proposals. In the late 1990s, the civil engineering consultants W S Atkins proposed a scheme to transfer water using the Grand Union Canal – indeed I attended an exhibition about this proposal. Some of the spillways, or bywashes, may have needed upgrading but most of the infrastructure is in place. Yes, some pumps would be required, but this is a relatively quick, easy and lower cost solution. The reason that canals and rivers tend to be favoured for large scale water transfer, is because it takes a lot of energy to push water through a pipe and, during that process, water tends to degrade. A side benefit is that it puts more water into canals at times when the level is low. In 2001 I spent a long, but very pleasant day, walking much of the route of the Thames and Severn Canal as there was a lot of interest in restoring it. The Cotswold Canals Trust has started the process but, as a voluntary organisation funding a lot of the work through National Lottery grants, progress is naturally slow. Given the relatively short distance I suspect Thames Water may still prefer to run a pipe, but restoring the canal offers numerous other benefits in the areas of biodiversity and outdoor activity. If these schemes had been taken on board 20 plus years ago when last proposed, they would now be operational and bringing more water into the South East. With timely, planned investment, water companies can provide sufficient water in all parts of the country without destroying the environment. It is also up to consumers to use water more responsibly, and for waste water to be reused more effectively. If you have enjoyed this blog please click the ‘Like’ button. Better still, why not click on the ‘Follow’ button so that you receive an email notification when I post the next blog article.

<urn:uuid:e73c7734-aed9-4cc8-9f59-4c6bdb5b5717>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://byfootandbike.com/2019/11/25/the-destruction-of-our-chalk-streams-continues-but-they-could-be-saved/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588398.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028162638-20211028192638-00509.warc.gz

en

Devotion and spiritualty can be explored in the verse form of the New England author Emily Dickinson and Charles Wright more modern poet from the South. Dickinson pursues inspiration from poetries found in the Bible, whereas Charles Wright finds inspiration from Dickinson as a agency of stuff, way and Muse. Wright proposes that “ Dickinson ‘s work is an electron microscope trained on the space and the thought of Godaˆ¦ . Her verse forms are huge ocean trips into the unknowable. ” ( Wright, Qaurter notes: Improcvisations and Interviews ) Charles Wright whose poesy gathers a compilation sum of influences spoke that “ There are three things, fundamentally, that he writes about – linguistic communication, landscape, and the thought of God. ” Dickinson and Wright focused their verse forms in their religion in God and reciprocally portion the inspiration of the Bible. Even though, Dickinson physically secluded herself from society she succeeded to prolong relationships by linking through messages. Curiously, Dickinson ‘s poesy was collected and circulated after her passing. Dickinson explores being and death in most of her verse forms by seeking, and playing with the idea of the actuality of a higher power. Dickinson applies corporate human acquaintances as metaphors to represent the patching together from the delicate degree of the human being, to a widespread degree of belief and Divinity. This can be grasped in Dickinson ‘s Poem ( Johnson ) There ‘s something quieter than kip within this interior room! It wears a branchlet upon its breast- and will non state its name. Some touch it, and some kiss it- some chafe its idle hand- it has a simple gravitation I do non understand! I would non cry if I were they- how rude in one to sob! Might scare the quiet faery back to her native wood! While simple-hearted neighbours confab of the “ Early dead ” – we-prone to periphrasis Remark that Birds have fled! Dickinson assembles intense feelings of death in this verse form. In the prima line, she expresses the resemblance amongst slumber and go throughing off ; slumber is hushed however decease exists within silence. She chooses the term “ it ” to profit the reader to acknowledge it as something other than human. She proclaims that “ itaˆ¦.will non state its name ” as yet it rejects to pass on and at that point experience acrimonious about the dead for its silence and lassitude. Now she recognizes the captivation she devours sing decease by agencies of discrediting its “ gravitation ” . In the 3rd stanza, she states that she would non cry for the departed for the ground that non merely is it disrespectful to the dead but it could coerce fear to the psyche to return to dust. Christians believe we came from dust so we shall return to dust. In the concluding stanza, she comments about the neighbours as “ simple-hearted ” which can intend thoughtless or immature as they speak to the departed. Following she states that “ We- ” have the inclination to an indirect manner of saying things and that as an option of weeping, she advocates in the last line that we must shout “ Birds have fled! ” from the poetry of Jeremiah as a mention to heaven. Her reference to “ We ” can be understood as followings of God who have belief that when they perish they go to heaven. Dickinson ‘s spiritualty is represented in this work as she relates the inspiration from The Bible to expose her belief in the dead. Dickinson recognizes the dead and clinches them but so once more she speaks her uncertainty in devotedness. She does so by playing on religion in her verse forms to mock those who have shallow sentiments. Death turns out to be to Dickinson the extremum of visual image and the extreme wise man of cryptic pragmatism. This light can be appreciated in Wright ‘s verse form “ Words and the Diminution of All Things ( Wright, Halflife: Improvistations and Interviews ) . The brief secrets are still here, and the visible radiation has come back. The word remembers touches my manus, But I shake it off and watch the Meleagris gallopavo turkey vultures bank and wheel against the occluded sky. The full small names sink down, weighted with what is unseeable, but no 1 will express them, no 1 will smooth their disheveled hair. There is n’t much clip, in any instance. There is n’t much left to speak about as the twelvemonth deflates. There is n’t a batch to add. Road-worn, December-colored, they cluster like unattractive angels wherever a thing appears, Crisp and mute, indefinable in their deaf-and-dumb person and glistening attire. All afternoon the clouds have been skiding toward us out of the All afternoon the foliages have scuttled across the pavement and private road, snaping their clattery claws. And now the eventide is over us, Small pieces of silence running under a dark rain, Wrapped in a larger. In the first Verse, Wright references of secret still there and the coming back of the light each refer to Dickinson ‘s poems the secret of the names in Dickinson and the visible radiation which refers “ There ‘s a certain Slant of visible radiation ” . In the 3rd line, Wright ‘s usage of the word “ remembers ” which touches his manus, arousing Dickinson ‘s. He builds off her last line “ Birds have fled ” as they literately fly. The first stanza about replies Dickerson. Cautiously sing the last three lines in the first stanza he replies to Dickinson by composing “ it does non count the names of the dead no 1 will joy their names. ” ( Gardner ) Both ; Dickinson and Wright write metaphorically, in conformity of Bibles from the Bible to back up their ideals religion.The book of Hebrew penetration of both focal points can be comprehended through this transition, “ Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the grounds of things non seenaˆ¦Through religion we understand that the universes were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were non made of things which do look. ” ( The Holy Bible: King James Version ) The words “ leaden ” in Wright ‘s verse form and “ gravitation ” in Dickinson ‘s verse form are described, there is a direct connexion used in scientific discipline and measuring. The same nexus between the words “ unseeable ” in Wrights ‘ verse form and the “ quiet faery ” in Dickinson ‘s verse form, both words are placed as a rationalisation for the belief of God. “ Fairy ” and “ unseeable ” are imagined but are believed like God. The term Faith is defined as the strong belief in something for which there is no cogent evidence. ( Gardner ) In scientific discipline, without scientifically cogent evidence, the theory is false. Dickinson and Wright resemblance both relate to science and faith. Science trials for concrete grounds for belief, on the other manus, faith bends to the Bible for rationalisation. Hints of Dickinson ‘s parlances can be observed in many of Wright ‘s work. Dickinson ‘s 258 is reflected in Wrights ‘ mirrors. ( Wright, Zone Journals ) There ‘s a certain Slant of visible radiation, Winter Afternoons — That oppresses, like the Heft Of Cathedral Tunes — Heavenly Hurt, it gives us — We can happen no cicatrix, But internal difference, Where the Meanings, are — None may learn it — Any — Tic the Seal Despair — An imperial affliction Sent us of the air — When it comes, the Landscape listens — Shadows — hold their breath — When it goes, ‘t is like the Distance On the expression of Death — In the first stanza, Dickinson articulates about a “ certain angle of visible radiation ” which is inspirational in such a cold season merely like choir during mass. The visible radiation can be a gleam dancing similar to a shadow dancing throughout the room. Comparing ; visible radiation, to faith, which arises and disappears throughout a Christian ‘s life, although the religion in God can be hurtful, without the psyche to demo physical markers, The absence of religion calls excessively decease who is seeking for empty beliefs. Dickinson ‘s utilizations scenery to mirror the controls that God embraces on the whole universe every bit good as the Earth. Charles Wright denotes to Dickinson ‘s “ Slant of visible radiation ” . In the verse form “ Journal of the Year of the Ox ” ( Gardner ) And now it ‘s my bend, same river, same hard-rock landscape Switching to past behind me. What makes us go forth what we love best? What is it inside us that keeps wipe outing it when we need it most, that sends us into uncertainness for its ain interest and holds us blush there until we begin to love it and have to get down once more? What is it within our ain lives we decline to populate whenever we find it, doing our yearss intolerable, and darks about visionless? I still do n’t cognize yet, but I do it. This verse form reproduces the visible radiation of Dickinson which he pursues as he speaks of his ain religion. The light portrays the beliefs within our psyches. Faith dances into and out of our life merely like light. Leaving the reader consumed with the feeling of uncertainness in our belief. The poesy in Zone Journals is reviews of belief in a higher power. Reflecting of Emily Dickinson ‘s sway on Charles Wright I believe they both has a deep connexion or similar belief system. They reciprocally reveal their religiousness in their poesies playing with faith and teasing the non-believers. Dickinson ‘s wonder in decease is built from the deficiency of her foundation in religion. Her Hagiographas replicate poetries in the bible. Equally Wright pursues answers to Dickinson ‘s enquiries he manipulates her poesy to reply her inquiries from the bible, from his beliefs.

<urn:uuid:69c63919-8f6f-427a-b73e-f61fc2b03c11>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://bluecrewsportsgrill.com/the-devotion-and-spirituality-can-be-explored-english-literature-essay/1687/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585321.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020121220-20211020151220-00150.warc.gz

en

BSBSUS501 — Develop Work place policy and procedure for sustainability One of the most-used definitions is by the World Commission on Environment and Development. They define sustainability or sustainable development as "forms of progress that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs." This definition argues for the rights of future generations to raw materials and vital ecosystem services to be taken into account in decision making. As resources, energy, and water become more expensive, and the cost of managing waste increase, understanding, managing and reducing these costs will not only improve competitiveness, but will position your business in a new market where customers are increasingly looking for a more sustainable product or service. Being able to demonstrate that your business has reduced its environmental impact, will increase the support of the local community, and help attract new skills and staff to your business. There are hundreds of different definitions of sustainability. The NSW Business Chamber has released a study 'Environmental Law and Small to Medium Enterprises in Australia' which found; In what we have researched earlier, the resources of water and energy become expensive and waste management expenses increase due to improper use. The Business Manager, Seamus MacVille has noted that some of the resources are not properly utilized inspire of these practices being promoted by the Sustainability Team. Some of the initiatives that MacVille wants to be implemented are: For example — one of the best practice models which is simple and easy to follow is developed by a company called EcoBiz Queensland which is a six step process - Complete the application process Measure waste, energy and water Review waste, energy and water Complete an Action Plan Put your plan into action Report on your achievements This process will help the company in measuring the business footprint, identify the opportunities for improvement, implement these techniques and re-measure to check whether these processes have worked. In order to manage your resources, first you have to measure them. Next you review and find ways to improve, chart out a plan, then implement these plans. In the end, after a certain period if you find that these plans are effective, then report your achievements. The shortfalls noticed in the existing policy are that the practices that are promoted by the Sustainability Team are not being implemented, which are: The new policy that will be required to implement changes to the current policy should state the following: The personnel who will be in charge of the review and revision of policy documents will Steering Committee - In charge of the recent decisions for the changes in policies. Changes in the direction of the company, moving towards triple bottom line sustainable approaches within the coffee industry Business Manager - Seamus MacVille who will be given the task of implementing the required changes by informing the property services and finance department Property Services - the department in charge of making the requested changes to the existing structure and re-programming of the air-conditioning, lights and waste management Finance Department - The department who will monitor the financial aspect involved in the purchase of required equipment for the changes planned regarding waste management Human Resources Department The department that will be in charge of recruitment and training new staff towards sustainability practices and will be responsible for Passing on the information to their head office administration staff Currently MacVille has a policy and procedure manual in place. There are a few changes that are required to this resources policy. In following these few changes it will help and preserve the natural resources and also help in proper management of these resources. The Steering Committee has in the recent press release informed about a new direction the company is taking. They want MacVille to be a leading practitioner in triple bottom line sustainable practices in the coffee industry, where there will be changes in the buying, roasting and coffee shops. Sustainability has been prevalent since the mid 1990's but the new approach towards it is the triple bottom line approach. This is a brief of what Triple Bottom Line sustainability is all about. As stated in the Indiana Business Review - The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is an accounting framework that incorporates three dimensions of performance: social, environmental and financial. This differs from traditional reporting frameworks as it includes ecological (or environmental) and social measures that can be difficult to assign appropriate means of measurement. The TBL dimensions are also commonly called the three Ps: people, planet and profits. We will refer to these as the 3Ps. Calculating the TBL The 3Ps do not have a common unit of measure. Profits are measured in dollars. What is social capital measured in? What about environmental or ecological health? Finding a common unit of measurement is one challenge. Some advocate monetizing all the dimensions of the TBL, including social welfare or environmental damage. In concluding the above mentioned triple bottom line sustainable practices if it has to be measured in monetary terms, the implementation and measuring of it will be worked out by the new team who will be recruited from internal staff and externally. They will have to train the internal staff and recruit highly skilled staff that will be capable of reviewing and passing on this information to the rest of the company. The current usage of resources is mostly wasteful. The air-conditioning is manual and needs to be turned on and off by the staff. If it is forgotten it is being used 24 hours which amounts of wastage of electricity. Similarly the lights too have to be turned off when the staff is leaving work. Water is being wasted due to the dual-flush system not being utilized properly. Paper is not being disposed of properly which can be separated into recycled and general rubbish. In re-programming the air-conditioning to turn off at end of day and the lights being turned off at the end of day, it will help in saving electricity and resources Waste management — in separating the paper into recycling and general waste it will help in recycling the recyclable paper and reducing the amount going into landfill which will help save the environment. Dual-flush in encouraging the people to use the Dual-flush - in toilets it will help in reduction of resources which is otherwise being wasted due to improper use. In making these necessary changes it reflects MacVille's commitment to sustainability which proves that they are taking the TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE approach seriously. The other changes that they intend is in the buying of coffee beans, roasting methods and disposing of the remains of the coffee in a sustainable manner. In giving the world one of the 20th Century's greatest buildings, Jorn Utzon changed the creative and cultural landscape of Australia forever. Sydney Opera House continues the legacy of Utzon's creative genius by creating, producing and presenting the most acclaimed, imaginative and engaging performing arts experiences from Australia and around the world - onsite, offsite and online. One of our long-term strategic goals is to create a vibrant and sustainable site. For us, sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In doing this we apply the values of stewardship, inclusivity, integrity and transparency. This Policy details our commitment to the environmental component of sustainability. We believe that to achieve an enduring contribution to our culture and society and to maintain economic viability, we must live responsibly within our environment. We are committed to: The key stakeholders for the policy and plan - We will drive to improve the environmental performance of the Sydney Opera House precinct through engaging and influencing our stakeholders including commercial, corporate and presenting partners, our supply chain and our customers. As a global icon, host for visitors from around the world, and a community symbol that unites Australians, we believe it is our responsibility to demonstrate and communicate our practices openly to raise environmental awareness and to engage and empower others. The Sydney Opera House aims to embed environmental sustainability in everything they do while meeting the strategic goals of their diverse business: artistic excellence; improving community engagement and access; maintaining a vibrant and sustainable site; earning their sing their World Heritage Values. The Executive Team works in partnership with the Trust and is responsible for developing, implementing and monitoring the organizational strategy. The executive Team comprises the Chief Executive and five directors. The people in the implementation level will be the Managers and their staff and stakeholders. The CEO's message as mentioned in the Annual Report 2009 — "Our commitment to environmental sustainability gathered strength this year with the appointment of a new Manager, Sustainability and Energy to lead the campaign to reduce our environmental impact. Development of a new Sustainability Policy and Plan next year will continue to guide us toward more environmentally aware operations.- Environmental sustainability was strengthened this year through a variety of initiatives. From February 2009 the Sail Lights were turned off for an extra four hours per night, saving close to 12 megawatt hours per year. In Sydney Opera House, biodiesel generators were used to light the sails for Luminous and Smart Light Sydney with carbon emissions offset through independently verified Greenhouse Friendly TM carbon credits. With the new role of Manager, Sustainability and Energy appointed in November 2008, a 'Green Team' was created to encourage environmental awareness throughout the organization using specially designed programs and information for staff and stakeholders. Other initiatives included waste audits, installation of water efficient spray guns in restaurant areas, a 'Greening the House' exhibition to celebrate World Environment Day and development of a Recycling and Waste Management Strategy. Consultation with stakeholders was undertaken to inform a new Environmental Sustainability Policy and Plan. Purchased 6% Green Power, supporting Australia's renewable energy industry, and continued implementation of our Energy Saving Action Plan and Water Saving Action Plans. Replacement of all old printers, faxes and photocopiers with energy efficient multifunctional machines. Promoting safer and cleaner work practices, 'Site Clean Up Week' was conducted from 6-8 April 2009 to assist staff, contractors and business partners in disposing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances. This initiative aimed to improve awareness of OH&S requirements and environmental compliance standards. Ensuring the safety of visitors, staff and business partners, a new safety management system, including an OH&S Risk Register was developed. The register improves identification, monitoring and management of potential safety hazards across high risk areas of the site and will be operational in July 2009. This Policy provides a framework to implement measures to improve their environmental performance. They will: Sydney Opera House ongoing commitment to the highest customer service standards saw a new program of customer service training commence, with further training to be delivered next year. Their safety record continued to improve this year and a range of new programs and systems were developed. Sydney Opera House's ongoing commitment to safety will ensure improvement initiatives continue next year. Their commitment to environmental sustainability gathered strength this year with the appointment of a new Manager, Sustainability and Energy to lead the campaign to reduce the environmental impact. Development of a new Sustainability Policy and Plan next year will continue to guide them toward more environmentally aware operations. They will continue to Next year, energy management initiatives will include: The new energy management systems Opera House has implemented are: Improving the efficiency of air conditioning Sydney Opera House is working to make the air conditioning system more efficient. They replaced older pumps and motors with new, more efficient ones. They have changed the way the seawater cooling is used in the air conditioning system to enable the equipment to operate more efficiently. They are in the process of installing a small, efficient air conditioning chiller to handle low loads so that the large chillers can be turned off when not required. They predict this will result in energy savings. Turning off lights They have reduced the operating hours of Sail lighting, turning the lights off for around an extra 4 hours per night. This saves around 12 megawatt hours per year. Energy Efficient Lighting They are progressively replacing older lighting with newer energy efficient lighting. They switched to compact fluorescent lights in the dressing rooms that use 80% less energy. They replaced old, energy hungry tubes with energy efficient LEDs in the Green Room. In implementing new energy efficient ways for use of resources it is reducing the green house emissions, using energy efficient bulbs, turning the lights off for a few hours each day, leads to reduction in electricity costs which leads to sustainability in terms of finance Potential shortfalls could be delay in implementing the plan due to improper working of the equipments, installation difficulties. Acceptance of changes at all levels. The strategies that can be applied are procedures to be followed properly, the equipment to be checked thoroughly and responsibilities to be assigned to people at all levels to ensure they comply and do their job efficiently and time frames to be allotted for every change. Information to be sent out to everyone to inform them of the changes and why they are being made, to educate them about the impact it can have on the environment. Improvements in new technology will help in continuously improving and finding better ways in maintaining or enhancing environmental sustainability. Launch of an internal 'Greening the House' campaign and section on the staff intranet aimed at educating staff about environmental sustainability and encouraging energy efficiency. This part details what must be accomplished to achieve your objectives. Include a task manager for each step, so that roles are clearly defined and there is accountability. As you enumerate tasks and assignments, these descriptions should be plainly and generally stated. Emphasize the expected results associated with these tasks. Opera House works to harness the ideas and enthusiasm of their people, allocate responsibilities wisely, build capacity and skills of staff, and see the resulting achievements generate further ideas and energy. Continuous improvement is an ongoing effort to improve products, services or processes. Among the most widely used tools is a four-step quality model — The plan-do-check-act cycle; The outcomes of the implementation process are: Graphs to summaries progress Bar chart showing gas usage in Sydney opera house kitchens from 2009 -2006 In evaluating the graphs we identify the following trends in data: Further actions that needs to be taken Develop a plan to address identified actionareas Identify and describe areas of successful implementation (from information provided) There has been reduction in electricity usage by implementing energy efficient lighting, reduction of operating hours of Sail Lights, by using energy efficient LED lights. There has been reduction in water usage by installing water efficient spray guns in the restaurant areas. They have become energy efficient by using biodiesel generators to light the sails, carbon emissions have been offset through independent Greenhouse friendly carbon credits. Two waste audits were conducted this year to gain an in depth understanding of the waste streams at Sydney Opera House. Audit information has been used to review current practices and to develop a Recycling and Waste Management Strategy for improving waste recycling, which will be implemented in the next year. The strategy will include a new three bin separation system (paper, comingled and landfill), improved recycling of building maintenance materials including light bulbs, and trial systems for managing organic food waste from kitchens within the Sydney Opera House precinct. Revisions to policy and procedures This Policy provides a framework to implement measures to improve their environmental performance. The policy can be revised to: Urgenthomework helped me with finance homework problems and taught math portion of my course as well. Initially, I used a tutor that taught me math course I felt that as if I was not getting the help I needed. With the help of Urgenthomework, I got precisely where I was weak: Sheryl. Read More

<urn:uuid:5bce2313-b94c-4418-88eb-5c8b7cc13112>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.urgenthomework.com/sample-homework/bsbsus501-develop-work-place-policy-assignment-answer

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585045.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016231019-20211017021019-00590.warc.gz

en

- “Happiness is a Swedish sunset--it is there for all, but most of us look the other way and lose it.” (Mark Twain) - “A person tends to be as happy as he makes himself” (Abe Lincoln) - Success is getting what you want; happiness is wanting what you get." (Dave Gardner) - "Some cause happiness wherever they go; others whenever they go." (Oscar Wilde) - “Real happiness is what you experience when you are doing what you should be doing. When you are moving clearly along your own road, your unique path to your unique destination, you experience real happiness. When you are moving along the path that leads to yourself, to the deep discovery of who you really are, when you are building the essence of your own personality and creating yourself, a deep happiness wells up within you. The journey does not cause happiness, the journey is the happiness itself.” (Rabbi Akiva Tatz) The following thoughts were adapted from a lecture I was privileged to hear from Harav Meir Rogosnitzky shlita, on the second evening of Succos 5768 in Kehillas Kol Chaim, Lakewood, NJ. “In succos (huts) you shall dwell for seven days; every citizen in Yisroel shall dwell in succos. In order that your generations shall know that I caused the Children of Israel to dwell in succos when I took them out of the land of Egypt; I am Hashem, your G-d.” The gemara quotes a disagreement between Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Eliezer as to why we live in succos for the duration of the seven day festival. Rabbi Eliezer opines that it is in commemoration of the Clouds of Glory which enveloped and protected our forefathers during their forty year sojourns in the perilous desert. When we sit in our succos we assert our belief that, just as G-d was the sole protector of our ancestors in the desert, so too ultimately G-d is our only protector. Rabbi Akiva argues that our succos commemorate the physical huts which our ancestors constructed in the desert to serve as their temporary homes. Rabbi Akiva’s opinion begs explanation. Why should we dwell in huts just because they dwelled in huts? What is the point of imitating their mode of lifestyle when they had little else, if we have the ability to live in a far more comfortable manner? Rashbam explains that the desert is a vast wasteland, devoid of production or protection. During their forty years in the desert the nation subsisted on manna and supernatural miracles because there was nothing else available to them. However, as soon as they entered the Promised Land they were able to build homes, have fields and vineyards, and live more comfortable lifestyles. However, that lifestyle presented a grave spiritual danger. When one supports himself from the production that comes from his own efforts he can easily grow haughty and ‘forget G-d’. Therefore, each year - right in the middle of the season of the harvest - we leave our homes and move into huts. As we sit in a succah as our forefathers did, we remind ourselves of the complete faith that they had in G-d when they were in the desert. This allows us to maintain a proper perspective about our own successes. It reminds us that it is G-d who grants blessing and bounty, all of our efforts not withstanding. According to Rashbam the succah is no more than a physical reminder to help us maintain our faith during this season. Ramban offers a similar explanation about the mitzvah of succah. However, he adds a key point: “And G-d was with them; they lacked nothing.” In other words, the reason why we must recall the fact that they lived in huts in the desert is to remind us that, despite the fact that they were in the desert, G-d provided their basic needs to the extent that they lacked nothing. According to Ramban, the purpose of living in the succah is to remind us that G-d provides for our basic needs, and that those who trust in Him don’t feel deprived in any way. The joy of Succos is not a joy of physical pleasures and enjoyments. Rather, it is a joy that emanates from an inner realization that we are indeed lacking nothing. It is for this reason that Megillas Koheles is read on Succos. The overriding message of Koheles is that all of the physicality and pleasures of this world are futile. One who pursues a hedonistic and pampered life will find that he is unable to satiate his soul. In order to achieve real inner happiness one must recognize where happiness does not come from. Once one understands that this world “is futile of futilities” then he can seek happiness where it truly lies, from inner spiritual quests. In order to truly appreciate what happiness is one must understand the root of its opposite - sadness and mourning. In our current exile, the symbol of our national mourning is the destruction of the second Bais Hamikdash. The gemara explains that although during the second Temple era there was a plethora of Torah scholars and Torah scholarship, the Bais Hamikdash was destroyed because of the sin of baseless hatred, i.e. the lack of peace and harmony among Klal Yisroel. Tosefta writes that although the people of that time toiled in Torah and were meticulous about removing the requisite tithes, they were exiled because they hated each other and loved money. The commentaries question how the Sages can assert that the Bais Hamikdash was destroyed because of hatred and love of money, when in the tochacha in parshas Ki Savo the Torah states: “All these curses will come upon you and pursue you and overtake you, until You are destroyed… because you did not serve Hashem, your G-d, amid gladness and goodness of heart, when everything was abundant.” If the Torah itself states that retribution comes because of a lack of joy how can the Sages offer ulterior explanations? Inner joy and happiness are rooted in feelings of purpose and direction. When one feels that he plays a unique role and that he is a necessary piece of a bigger puzzle, then he develops internal satisfaction, which breeds inner joy and contentment. If a person lacks constant impetus and motivation then he will, G-d forbid, lapse into depression and despair. Therefore, one who lacks that internal sense of purpose will be forced to seek validation and purpose from external forces in order to maintain his motivation and drive. If he cannot find meaning within he will seek it without. He will pursue superficial sources of joy, which offer momentary instant gratification. Thus develops the pursuit of materialism, economic success, prestige, and the amassment of wealth and assets. When one becomes involved in the relentless pursuit of financial and lucrative endeavors, it leads to insatiable greed, desire, and jealousy. Once one has become trapped in the throngs of those evil emotions hatred and enmity are never far behind. One whose entire identity and sense of purpose is invested in his material possessions and level of prestige will feel threatened by anyone who challenges what he has attained. His acrimony towards others stems from his unmitigated desire to preserve his self-identity, which is enmeshed with his amassments and achievements. His lack of true joy is essentially a result of his failure to appreciate his inner greatness and beauty. The Torah is the book of life; it teaches us the roots of all human behavior. The Oral Law is the commentary which allows us to comprehend the deeper meaning behind the actual words recorded in the Torah. The Oral law explains that the reason why the second Bais Hamikdash was destroyed was because of greed, jealousy, enmity and the relentless pursuit for money and self-aggrandizement. That was indeed the bottom line and the reason why it was destroyed. However, those were merely the symptoms of a deeper malady. The Torah itself delineates the root of the problem. How did a holy nation such as Klal Yisroel who studied Torah and were meticulous about its laws fall into such a lowly state of baseless hatred and lack of harmony? “Because you did not serve Hashem, your G-d, amid gladness and goodness of heart”. Despite all of their greatness in Torah and performance of mitzvos they did not comprehend their own greatness, the importance of what they were engaged in, and how vital their role was. They did not have an adequate sense of internal self-worth and therefore they were forced to seek it in external endeavors. The downward spiraling of the nation resulted from that subtle initial failure to recognize their own value. On Tisha B’av when we mourn the destruction of the Bais Hamikdash, we also mourn the root of the destruction - our lack of self-appreciation and self-worth. After the mourning process concludes we begin the process of consolation, i.e. the recognition that despite all of our iniquities we are not lost and that we have the capacity to rebuild ourselves and recapture what we forfeited when we sinned. Gaining this confidence is the foundation for teshuva and the process of re-creation, as it were, which commences at the beginning of the month of Elul. One of the most important components of the repentance process is the recitation of the “יג' מדות – the thirteen Attributes (of G-d). The first two are “ ה' ה'” (the Name of G-d repeated). The gemara explains that the two names of G-d refer to two different Attributes of G-d, “G-d before man sins, and G-d after man sins.” Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner zt’l explains that when G-d created the world it did not have the ability to bear sin, which counters the foundation of creation. As soon as man sinned the world should have become obsolete and returned to its original state of nothingness. In His infinite mercy, G-d enacted an immediate recreation of the world, as it were, so that as soon as man sinned there was a second “emergence” of the world, a world of “G-d after man sins”. All of the following eleven attributes of G-d’s Mercy can only be effective if there is a world in existence. The second mention of the name of G-d, which represents the recreation of the world after man sins, is the foundation for all the other Attributes. Thus, repentance is not merely the G-d given ability for one to erase his past, but it is a recreation and a new existence of himself and the entire world. On Yom Kippur we abstain from eating, drinking, and other basic physical enjoyments and needs. In so doing, we demonstrate our understanding that because we are sullied with sin we are undeserving to partake in the pleasures of this world, and even to exist at all. However, through the service of the day and through our painstaking efforts to repent and repair the damage our sins have caused, we merit becoming new creations. We emerge from the awesome day like a child with a tabula rasa. After undergoing that purification process we are again worthy of enjoying the physical world. When we have reached that level of rebirth after Yom Kippur we can begin to reflect upon our value and importance. With the opportunity for “rebirth” that Yom Kippur affords one can reach the internal level of inner joy and happiness that was forfeited at the time of the destruction of the Bais Hamikdash. Succos is called the “time of our joy” because the realization of our internal greatness and our importance as members of Klal Yisroel leads to the most sublime level of genuine joy. When one has a true sense of inner joy he will not need to pursue it in external superficial pursuits. Thus during the holiday of Succos we exit our homes and leave behind the temporal pleasures of this world which falsely give us a sense of meaning throughout the year. This allows us to focus on true joy, relieved from the burden of material competitiveness, and internally content that we lack nothing. Rabbi Samson Rafael Hirsch zt’l explains similarly that the essence of the mitzvah of succah is to demonstrate to its adherents that true joy results from spiritual pursuits, not physical commodities or pleasures. He explains that this concept is the root of many of the laws pertaining to the s’chach (the covering of the succah). “The products of earth cut off from nature and lacking the stamp of Man’s power is exactly what the law prescribed for the s’chach which form our succahs. It must be a product of the earth (gedulai karka) but it must be neither joined to the earth (mechubar), so that he who places himself under it would be committing himself to the protection of the powers of the earth, nor may it be susceptible to halachic impurity (mekabel tumah), such as fruits or vessels which bear the imprint of Man’s mastery. “So that our succah-roofing has either the signs of the Clouds of Glory, they too, have their origin in the ground – and still has neither the character of the power of the earth nor that of Man; or it brings to mind literal huts (succos mamash- the opinion of Rabbi Akiva mentioned earlier), it has the character of the wilderness, the abandonment of the normal assistance of Nature and Man, it may be neither from the threshing-floor nor the wine-press (goren v’yakav), the normal means of food and enjoyment, but it is the refuse from the threshing-floor and the wine-press (p’soles goren v’yakav), that which people throw away as being empty of nourishment or enjoyment.” In regards to the succah there is a unique exemption, metztaer patur min hasuccah - one who is in extreme discomfort because of the succah is exempt from it. Rabbi Hirsch explains that the objective of the succah is for one to contemplate and realize the joy and bliss one can achieve without fleeting temporal comforts. But one who is in distress will be unable to appreciate that essential lesson and, therefore, is exempt from it. The joy of Succos is the joy that stems from the recognition that every person is invaluable, a vital asset to Klal Yisroel. When we sit in the succah we focus on our personal worth, protected and loved by G-d. When we shake the four species, which symbolize the binding of all of Klal Yisroel together in harmony and peace, we focus on our importance as part of that binding. Thus, these two central mitzvos of the holiday, the succcah and the Four Species, symbolize the basis of our joy. The holiday of Succos represents the true antidote for the mourning of Tisha B’av. It is truly the conclusion and culmination of the consolation and comfort process. We sinned because we failed to realize our greatness; now we celebrate because we have arrived at an understanding of how individually great and valuable we all are. “You did not serve Hashem amid gladness and goodness of heart” “In succos you shall dwell for seven days” Sign up to receive Stam Torah via email each week at: Rabbi Rogosnitzky was a Rabbi in England and co-director of a kollel in Amsterdam before coming to Lakewood. Besides being an erudite scholar he is also a deep thinker. This lecture contains a powerful thought that connects many of the different aspects of the glorious holiday of Succos. I hope I have done it justice. Vayikra 23:42-43 It is read on Shabbos Chol Hamoed Succos Based on a thought from Harav Yaakov Neiman zt’l in Darkei Mussar Yoma 9b Menachos chap. 13 ‘verses of rebuke’ Ramban writes that the rebuke of Ki Savo refers specifically to the calamities that would befall the nation at the time of the destruction of the second Bais Hamikdash. Devorim 28:45-47 As someone mentioned to me on Yom Kippur, “I pray that G-d should give prosperity and blessing to all of Klal Yisroel, EXCEPT my competitor who should be blessed with financial ruin speedily in my days.” Based on a thought from Rabbi Yochanan Zweig, Rosh Kollel in Miami, FL Although the “three weeks” end on the tenth of Av, during the following seven weeks the haftoros (portion from the prophets read after the Torah reading on Shabbos morning) contain words of consolation and comfort. They are aptly termed the ‘shiva d’nichemta- the seven of comfort’. The final of the seven is read during the final Shabbos of the year (i.e. the Shabbos prior to Rosh Hashnana). Thus the process of mourning which began on Shvia Asar B’Tammuz and continued until Tisha B’Av, does not truly end until we are well into our process of repentance. It is clear that the mourning/comfort and repentance processes are inextricable connected. Rosh Hashana 17b See Pachad Yitzchak, Yom Kippur 1:5 where this concept is explained in detail. To sign up for Rabbi Horowitz’s weekly emails, please click here.

<urn:uuid:bbe9f700-30b0-40d6-a35c-88a83b8c2cb1>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://www.rabbihorowitz.com/PYes/ArticleDetails.cfm?Book_ID=1870&ThisGroup_ID=238&ID=Highest%20Ratings&Type=Article

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585380.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021005314-20211021035314-00270.warc.gz

en

Jump to section As with physical fitness, mental fitness has far-reaching benefits. But what does it mean to exercise your mind? Can the brain do crunches? We know the importance of physical fitness. And we have many options to develop it: with a trainer at the gym, at a HIIT class, or walking and running outside. We each have our own blend of activities to maintain the health and well-being of our body. The result? You develop muscles that help you function better in your day-to-day life. You are stronger, leaner, have more energy or endurance, and are less prone to accidents and injury. Functioning at a higher state of health, you are "fit." Fit to respond to the demands of every day (carrying shopping bags, running after pets and children) as well as more able to enjoy life. Developing optimal health can bring more positive emotions, less stress, and a sense of achievement. The good news is, you can enjoy similar benefits from developing your mental fitness, too! How does mental fitness help? Mental fitness can be defined as having and maintaining a state of well-being and cultivating awareness of how we think, behave and feel. Just as physical fitness provides us with an increased ability to respond to life in all its richness, mental fitness helps in the same way. It provides us more space to choose how to respond to a situation, whether that situation is a forethought, an external stimulus, or a feeling. As a result, we are less likely to sustain (or cause) emotional and relational injury. Consider what happens if you find yourself in an argument with your spouse. Your spouse says something in anger that is hurtful. When we're in a reactionary mode, we fire back, straight out of the core of that hurt. Your arrow lands, and your spouse responds in-kind. And so on, leaving you both feeling out of control and strained. When you are more mentally fit, you recognize that you have a choice when that first angry statement comes your way. Mental fitness gives you the ability to pause and respond in the way you would like, in the moment, rather than having to reset or mend fences later. In some ways, it’s like accessing the wisdom of hindsight in the present moment. How does fitness help mental health? When we're mentally fit, the way we interact with the world is different. It isn't just one interaction with a spouse. It is the cumulative effect on our emotional health. Imagine being less reactive in all of the hundreds of interactions we have every week. As the example above shows, we are choosing how to be and how to respond, rather than ping-ponging from one reaction to another. Over time, that adds up to a lot less stress and negative emotion. In the same way that our physical fitness also affects our mental health, our mental fitness ultimately affects our physical health and wellness. How does mental fitness work? Our brains carry thoughts along neural pathways. These pathways are like ruts that have been created and reinforced over time. If you always take the same route to work, you may notice that you can get there on "autopilot." When we repeat a certain thought pattern many times, that neural pathway is reinforced, and the thinking becomes automatic. While a daily routine can be good, when it comes to our thought patterns, we need to be aware of what our routines are and what pathways we're inadvertently reinforcing. The issue with automatic thinking (or thinking fast, as Daniel Kahnemann calls it) is when it causes us to react in ways that are unhelpful in the current situation. Our reactions are based on well-worn pathways to past emotions or triggers. As you build mental fitness, you have the awareness, mental strength, and agility to identify options and choose another route. What would I like to have happen here? Where would I like to go? Too often, we are acting, speaking, and thinking automatically or unconsciously. Automatic thinking comes from our survival brain, the limbic system. It is constantly scanning the environment for threats and has been throughout evolution. We inherited the limbic system from chimps and it can protect us. But in the modern world, it can give rise to thoughts and actions that hurt us, too. It is the human part of the brain that we can develop and re-program. With the same deliberateness that we strengthen certain muscles or fine-tune a movement, we can create neural pathways that better serve us and benefit our lives. This is the essence of what we mean by mental fitness training. What are the benefits of mental fitness? Developing the skills for better mental fitness can benefit you and everyone around you. - Being present. In a mindful state, we can better retain information, listen, and be aware of, but not sabotaged by, distractions. This results in more enjoyment of life and better relationships and the ability to relate to others. - The ability to respond, not react. When we have more control over our automatic thoughts, we can choose to respond in a more rational and less emotive way. This improves our relationships and the way we think about the world and preserves more options in any environment. - Improved cognitive function. Better focus, processing speed, memory, concentration, time management, and communication have a positive impact, personally and professionally. Relationships improve as a result of remembering information about friends and family, important events, and being on time. - Increased positive emotions: optimism. With increased awareness comes the ability to notice and reframe thoughts in more helpful ways. Kinder thoughts and compassion shape optimistic mindsets that lead to more positive behavior. - More confidence. With optimism, our relationship with ourselves becomes stronger. Self-esteem and self-efficacy - the belief in our abilities - increase, and we may focus more on our strengths. Self-compassion and empathy increase as a result of practicing mindfulness. - Ability to develop positive habits in all areas of life. The need to form new, better-adapted habits never stops. Self-efficacy, mindfulness, and time management improve our ability to build habits. - Improved sleep. As with physical fitness, mental fitness also contributes to better quality sleep. Why it’s important to pay attention to your mental fitness Our chimp brain produces a negativity bias — we have one positive thought to every three negative thoughts. This can result in cognitive errors. Common biases include “all or nothing” or polarized thinking, where we label situations as absolutes. We say, “she never listens” or “I am always late” instead of addressing the present situation. Assumption is also rooted in the chimp brain. We store unconscious bias here and jump to conclusions without looking for evidence first. Mind-reading, or believing we can guess the feelings or thoughts of others, is another cognitive error — we suspect threat and aim to protect against it. We also fall into language that carries obligation and guilt, such as must/should. If we remain unaware of them, these cognitive errors can wreak havoc in relationships, at work, on our self-esteem and in all areas of life. Working with a coach can help you to recognize your cognitive errors when they are happening. Adopting a regular meditation practice can also increase your awareness. Although we cannot control the nature of our chimp brain, we are responsible for learning its tendencies and managing it, like owning a dog. Sign up to receive the latest content, resources, and tools. Thank you for your interest in BetterUp. How can you exercise your brain? You can sharpen memory and cognitive function by playing games, puzzles, and some brain training apps that improve processing speed. The best exercise, however, might be mindfulness. Learn how to meditate. As a trained mindfulness teacher and practitioner, I've seen the benefit that my coaching clients gain from developing this skill. Making it as regular in your routine as taking a shower is one of the very best gifts you can give yourself and others in your life. Make a regular practice of ten to fifteen minutes per day of sitting with your eyes closed, or if that’s uncomfortable, softly focusing on something. You can train your attention muscle to remain focused on what you tell it. You learn to be the observer of your thoughts and achieve detachment from your thoughts. You learn that thoughts are transient and see the choice you have of which thoughts you give attention to. The real skill you are developing is being more able to notice when your attention has been distracted by thoughts. When you notice your distraction in meditation, you become more able to notice when you are distracted in daily life. You recognize when you are thinking something disempowering. You recognize that your chimp brain is pushing a cognitive error. Revisiting the roads and pathways metaphor, it is like having more lights on the road and more signs that mark routes (thoughts) to preferable, more positive destinations (behaviors). When you develop the ability to notice thoughts and reframe them, you get to a more conscious response and potentially new behavior. The act of thinking about what we are thinking is called metacognition. It’s important to practice aim for metacognition because 95% of our thoughts are unconscious. Often, the automatic thinking happens, we react, and it’s too late. This might show up as habits you want to stop — mindless eating, worrying about what we read in the news, sending a text that we regret, or spending beyond our means. Regular mindfulness practice creates a heightened awareness, or consciousness. This allows us to develop more resilience, emotional regulation and positive emotions. 9 ways to get more mentally fit, starting today - Get physical exercise. The mind and body are interconnected. Just as mindfulness can relax the muscles of the body, working out can relax the mind and relieve stress and tension. It can also play into the sense of achievement, which is a cornerstone of Martin Seligman’s model of happiness, PERMA. - Eat and drink smart. Stay hydrated as your brain needs water for optimal cognitive functioning. A variety of multi-colored fruits and vegetables daily supports optimal gut health and brain health. - Meditate daily. Create a routine that works for you, and commit to it. Just fifteen minutes per day is enough to see significant changes over time. And like training a dog or working out, consistency is key. If you're new to it, start with a beginners program on an app such as Headspace or Tripp. Once you’ve learned the basics all you need is a timer. - Keep a gratitude journal. This can be as simple as a word document on your computer or a physical, hand-written notebook. Update it regularly and keep it visible. Cultivating an "attitude of gratitude" helps to develop more positive emotions and shift our thinking toward optimism. Many studies show a positive correlation between improved health and optimism. The mind really does have an impact on our health overall. - Make noticing new things part of your day. This can be as simple as setting a goal to notice three times when you have gone from sitting to standing throughout the day. It's a lot harder than it sounds. We are mostly in our unconscious, or automatic mind when we are doing this action. Noticing trains your brain for increased mindfulness. - Practice savoring. Savoring is an intervention from Applied Positive Psychology. It involves slowing down during certain moments over a five-day period. These moments can include hugging a loved one, eating a meal, drinking a cup of coffee, the first breath of fresh air when stepping outside, or how good it feels to crawl into bed after a long day. - Practice noticing your thoughts. Reframe wherever possible. Ask yourself: Is this helpful? Is this kind? - Practice body awareness. Sit with your eyes closed or softly focused for five minutes and scan your body. Place your attention in each body part starting at the top of your head and working your way down to your toes. Wherever you notice tension, focus and breath consciously until the tension is released. Do this daily to increase awareness of what’s going on in your body. What does it want you to know? Train your attention to remain focused on specific points. - Remind your chimp. Keep a list of enabling thoughts (new neural pathways) that you would like to believe in a visible location, such as on a post-it note. This can be anything from “I take inspired action” to “I have received great feedback and know I can do it.” A visible reminder helps assure the chimp brain that we have evidence that it is safe. 5 mental fitness examples Remember, building mental skills and being mentally fit and strong doesn't mean that you'll always be happy or never suffer setbacks. So what does mental fitness look like? Here are some examples of what your life looks like when you are mentally fit: - Setting healthy boundaries. You have comfortable boundaries between various parts of your life and within your relationships. You naturally establish these and feel comfortable re-establishing boundaries when you notice something isn't working for you. - Taking time for inner work. You make a regular practice of getting in touch with your emotions and values and checking in on your goals and alignment with your values. - Exploring new ideas and interests. You feel calm, open, and curious. Things that are new or unknown are energizing rather than threatening or exhausting. - Cultivating community. You are building and maintaining relationships that ground you in your values and help you challenge your thinking and beliefs. Community is both nurturing and supports your growth. - Expanding your comfort zone. From a stable emotional and social foundation, you lean into growth and stretch yourself with new challenges. You are resilient in failure and learn from it. With any kind of practice, regularity and consistency are crucial to build strength and fitness. A brain fitness program is no different. What is important is to start exercising your mind and developing your psychological core today. Remember, in meditation, the aim is not to completely stop thought. Rather simply notice when you have been distracted and gently bring your attention back to the focal point, with a smile. When you do that, you are developing mental fitness. - Effects of Mindfulness on Empathy and Self-Compassion - Thinking Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahnemann - The Chimp Paradox, Prof. Steve Peters Sign up to receive the latest insights, resources, and tools from BetterUp. Thank you for your interest in BetterUp. Jenna is an expert in mindfulness and specializes in Applied Positive Psychology within her coaching approach. She bridges the gap between spirituality and science. This helps her clients learn how to recognize their negative thoughts and behaviors and develop a more authentic way of relating to the world in order to live intentionally, in a way that's true to them. Jenna conducted Master's thesis research on the positive effects of the sea on well-being. Originally from Cornwall, UK Jenna grew up surrounded by the wild ocean and epic coastlines. She is always working on deepening self-awareness via daily meditation and making time to play!

<urn:uuid:3c35e65d-3b6a-40a2-9abe-fcd539338245>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.betterup.com/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-mentally-fit

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020024111-20211020054111-00310.warc.gz

en

Concrete is subjected to changes in volume either autogenous or induced. Volume change is one of the most detrimental properties of concrete, which affects the long-term strength and durability. To the practical engineer, the aspect of volume change in concrete is important from the point of view that it causes unsightly cracks in concrete and called concrete shrinkage. Concrete Shrinkage is the change in length per unit length and is, therefore, a dimensional number expressed as percent. Shrinkage is time-dependent and its value includes plastic shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, drying shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage usually quantified in terms of micro strain which is equal to 1x10^-6 in/in or 1x10^-6 m/m. We have discussed elsewhere the effect of volume change due to thermal properties of aggregate and concrete, due to alkali/aggregate reaction, due to sulphate action etc. Presently we shall discuss the volume change on account of inherent properties of concrete “shrinkage”. One of the most objectionable defects in concrete is the presence of cracks, particularly in floors and pavements. One of the important factors that contribute to the cracks in floors and pavements is that due to shrinkage. It is difficult to make concrete which does not shrink and crack. It is only a question of magnitude. Now the question is how to reduce the shrinkage and shrinkage cracks in concrete structures. The term shrinkage is loosely used to describe the various aspects of volume changes in concrete due to loss of moisture at different stages due to different reasons. Types of Shrinkage in Concrete To understand this aspect more closely, shrinkage can be classified in the following way: (a) Plastic Shrinkage in concrete (b) Drying Shrinkage in concrete (c) Autogeneous Shrinkage in concrete (d) Carbonation Shrinkage in concrete The Types of shrinkage are explained as below: a. Plastic Shrinkage Plastic shrinkage is contraction in volume due to water movement from the concrete while still in the plastic state, or before it sets. This movement of water can be during the hydration process or from the environmental conditions leading to evaporation of water that resides on the surface on the wet concrete. So, the more the concrete bleeds, the greater the plastic shrinkage should be. Plastic shrinkage is proportional to cement content and, therefore, inversely proportional to the w/c ratio. Concrete shrinkage of this type manifests itself soon after the concrete is placed in the forms while the concrete is still in the plastic state. Loss of water by evaporation from the surface of concrete or by the absorption by aggregate or subgrade, is believed to be the reasons of plastic shrinkage. The loss of water results in the reduction of volume. The aggregate particles or the reinforcement comes in the way of subsidence due to which cracks may appear at the surface or internally around the aggregate or reinforcement. In case of floors and pavements where the surface area exposed to drying is large as compared to depth, when this large surface is exposed to hot sun and drying wind, the surface of concrete dries very fast which results in plastic shrinkage. Sometimes even if the concrete is not subjected to severe drying, but poorly made with a high water/cement ratio, large quantity of water bleeds and accumulates at the surface. When this water at the surface dries out, the surface concrete collapses causing cracks. Plastic concrete is sometimes subjected to unintended vibration or yielding of formwork support which again causes plastic shrinkage cracks as the concrete at this stage has not developed enough strength. From the above it can be inferred that high water/cement ratio, badly proportioned concrete, rapid drying, greater bleeding, unintended vibration etc., are some of the reasons for plastic shrinkage. It can also be further added that richer concrete undergoes greater plastic shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage in concrete can be reduced mainly by preventing the rapid loss of water from surface. This can be done by covering the surface with polyethylene sheeting immediately on finishing operation; by fog spray that keeps the surface moist; or by working at night. Use of small quantity of aluminium powder is also suggested to offset the effect of plastic shrinkage. Similarly, expansive cement or shrinkage compensating cement also can be used for controlling the shrinkage during the setting of concrete. b. Drying Shrinkage Just as the hydration of cement is an ever lasting process, the drying shrinkage is also an ever lasting process when concrete is subjected to drying conditions. The drying shrinkage of concrete is analogous to the mechanism of drying of timber specimen. The loss of free water contained in hardened concrete, does not result in any appreciable dimension change. It is the loss of water held in gel pores that causes the change in the volume. Under drying conditions, the gel water is lost progressively over a long time, as long as the concrete is kept in drying conditions. Cement paste shrinks more than mortar and mortar shrinks more than concrete. Concrete made with smaller size aggregate shrinks more than concrete made with bigger size aggregate. The magnitude of drying shrinkage is also a function of the fineness of gel. The finer the gel the more is the shrinkage. c. Autogeneous Shrinkage Autogeneous shrinkage, also known as “basic shrinkage,” is the shrinkage due to chemical reactions between cement with water, known as hydration, and do not include environmental effects such as temperature and moisture changes. Its magnitude is usually ignored in concretes with w/c more than 0.40. In a conservative system i.e. where no moisture movement to or from the paste is permitted, when temperature is constant some shrinkage may occur. The shrinkage of such a conservative system is known as autogeneous shrinkage. Autogeneous shrinkage is of minor importance and is not applicable in practice to many situations except that of mass of concrete in the interior of a concrete dam. d. Carbonation Shrinkage Carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere reacts in the presence of water with hydrated cement. Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] gets converted to calcium carbonate and also some other cement compounds are decomposed. Such a complete decomposition of calcium compound in hydrated cement is chemically possible even at the low pressure of carbon dioxide in normal atmosphere. Carbonation penetrates beyond the exposed surface of concrete very slowly. The rate of penetration of carbon dioxide depends also on the moisture content of the concrete and the relative humidity of the ambient medium. Carbonation is accompanied by an increase in weight of the concrete and by shrinkage. Carbonation shrinkage is probably caused by the dissolution of crystals of calcium hydroxide and deposition of calcium carbonate in its place. As the new product is less in volume than the product replaced, shrinkage takes place. Carbonation of concrete also results in increased strength and reduced permeability, possibly because water released by carbonation promotes the process of hydration and also calcium carbonate reduces the voids within the cement paste. As the magnitude of carbonation shrinkage is very small when compared to long term drying shrinkage, this aspect is not of much significance Factors Affecting Shrinkage of Concrete - Humidity (Drying Condition) - Water Cement Ratio - Hardness of Aggregates - Moisture Movement in Concrete - Type of Coarse Aggregates - Shape of Aggregates Other factors that have an effect on the magnitude of shrinkage include mix proportions, material properties, curing methods, environmental conditions, and geometry of the specimen. Water content has been found to affect the magnitude and rate of drying shrinkage in concrete. Other factors include elastic properties of the aggregate used in the concrete mix; in general, aggregate with a high elastic modulus will produce low shrinkage concrete. Aggregates which contain clay minerals will affect shrinkage behavior as well. Humidity (Drying Condition) One of the most important factors that affects concrete shrinkage is the drying condition or in other words, the relative humidity of the atmosphere at which the concrete specimen is kept. If the concrete is placed in 100 per cent relative humidity for any length of time, there will not be any shrinkage; instead there will be a slight swelling. The typical relationship between shrinkage and time for which concrete is stored at different relative humidities is shown in Figure. The graph shows that the magnitude of shrinkage increases with time and also with the reduction of relative humidity. The rate of shrinkage decreases rapidly with time. It is observed that 14 to 34 per cent of the 20 year shrinkage occurs in 2 weeks, 40 to 80 per cent of the 20 year shrinkage occurs in 3 months and 66 to 85 per cent of the 20 year shrinkage occurs in one year. Water Cement Ratio Another important factor which influences the magnitude of shrinkage is water/cement ratio of the concrete. The richness of the concrete also has a significant influence on shrinkage. Aggregate plays an important role in the shrinkage properties of concrete. The quantum of an aggregate, its size, and its modulus of elasticity influence the magnitude of drying shrinkage. Hardness of Aggregates Harder aggregate with higher modulus of elasticity like quartz shrinks much less than softer aggregates such as sandstone. Moisture Movement in Concrete Concrete shrinks when allowed to dry in air at a lower relative humidity and it swells when kept at 100 per cent relative humidity or when placed in water. Just as drying shrinkage is an ever continuing process, swelling, when continuously placed in water is also an ever continuing process. If a concrete sample subjected to drying condition, at some stage, is subjected to wetting condition, it starts swelling. It is interesting to note that all the initial drying shrinkage is not recovered even after prolonged storage in water which shows that the phenomenon of drying shrinkage is not a fully reversible one. Just as the drying shrinkage is due to loss of adsorbed water around gel particles, swelling is due to the adsorption of water by the cement gel. The water molecules act against the cohesive force and tend to force the gel particles further apart as a result of which swelling takes place. In addition, the ingress of water decreases the surface tension of the gel. The property of swelling when placed in wet condition, and shrinking when placed in drying condition is referred as moisture movement in concrete. Type of Coarse Aggregates Different aggregate type will have different properties and will therefore have different effects on concrete shrinkage. In general, concretes made with high moduli of elasticity non- shrinking aggregates will have low shrinkage. Shape of Aggregates The size and shape of coarse aggregate influence the loss of moisture and it has therefore an indirect effect on the shrinkage of concrete. In general, the smaller the aggregate size, the more surface area, more water is absorbed as a result and, therefore, more shrinkage. This means that whenever low shrinkage is desired, largest aggregate size should be used.

<urn:uuid:40353e08-fea8-466e-8aae-96fc585ea0d6>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://aboutcivil.org/shrinkage-in-concrete.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583083.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015192439-20211015222439-00070.warc.gz

en

02.01.16 Sadducees. The Sadducees appeared on the scene after the elimination of the Greek Antiochus IV Epiphanes from power in Israel (ten northern tribes) and Judea (two southern tribes). They were the descendants of the Hasmonean rulers who ruled Judea (163 – 63 B.C.) after the Maccabean revolt. Members of this religious sect were, in fact, the ruling aristocratic political-religious party in Jerusalem and close friends of the Herodian family and the Romans. They held prominent positions in the city. More importantly, they controlled the Sanhedrin and the temple. It was through this political relationship that they were able to attain control of the Sanhedrin, the temple, the priesthood, throughout the life of Christ until the Romans destroyed them in A.D. 70. Control of the temple afforded them an incredibly lavish lifestyle, unimaginable even for ancient times as shown by the glass artifact shown below (02.01.16.A). The origin of the name “Sadducee” is somewhat mysterious. The once-held belief that the name was derived from Zadok, a high priest in Solomon’s court has some serious etymological difficulties. Recent scholarship suggests that the name could refer to the “righteous ones” because it emphasizes religious purity and because the Sadducees are direct descendants of the Hasmoneans. Some scholars believe the name “Boethusians” was just another name for a group within the Sadducees (Acts 4:1; 23:12-14), because the House of Boethus was a highly influential family. These two opinions could very well be in agreement with each other, as at times specific details are less clear than is desired. Nonetheless, they were ruthless and did whatever was necessary to protect their position and status. The Essenes referred to them as the “wicked priests” in their Dead Sea Scrolls. There are five major aspects to the powerful Sadducees: 02.01.16.A. AN EXAMPLE OF SADDUCEAN EXTRAVAGANCE. LEFT: A partially melted glass pitcher of exquisite design and craftsmanship was found in the burned ruins of the home of a Sadducean priest. Molded glass jug signed by Ennion, probably of Sidon. RIGHT: The recreated drawing of the pitcher as in its original design: dark lines reflect actual remains and the light lines are of the upper portion. This was obviously owned by one of Jerusalem’s wealthiest families. Photograph and illustration courtesy of the Israel Museum. - They were social conservatives. - They were supporters of the Romans, and in fact, the high priest Caiaphas was a Roman appointment. - They were liberal in their theology. In fact, so liberal that some have said they gave only lip service to the Torah. - Their greatest condemnation was that they were Hellenistic; they enjoyed the Greek lifestyle but covered it with Jewish traditions. - While the Pharisees controlled the local synagogues, the Sadducees controlled the temple and all its wealth; the Pharisees tried to be spiritual while the Sadducees tried to maintain their religious bureaucracy. Because of their theological and ritualistic differences, there was constant tension in the temple. Josephus said that the Sadducees had to submit to the Pharisees’ method of performing ceremonial rituals, celebrations, and processions or the masses would not have tolerated them. An example is found in the Mishnah: in the tractate Sukkah, are the directions for the Feast of Tabernacles ritual. That includes the procedure of the water libation that was be poured into one of two bowls located to the right at the top of the altar ramp. However, one time King Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 105-79 B.C.) poured the libation over his feet and all the people threw their citrons at him. The Talmud identifies the offender as a Sadducee (or Boethusian). In response, he called his soldiers and several thousand were massacred that day. While this took place a century before Jesus, the Pharisees did not forget this or any other events of persecution by the Sadducees. - In terms of judicial actions, they were extremely harsh and rude, especially when compared to the Pharisees who were far more forgiving and compassionate. Regardless of the evil passion of many in the temple, it should be noted that many Levites, priests, and chief priests were godly men, and not members of the Sadducees or corrupted leading Pharisees. Josephus summarized the leading Pharisees and Sadducees as follows: Of the first named schools, the Pharisees, who are considered to be most accurate interpreters of the laws, and hold the position of the leading sect, attribute everything to fate and God; they hold that to act rightly or otherwise rest, indeed, for the most part with men, but that in each action fate cooperates. Every soul, they maintain, is perishable, but the soul of the good alone passes into another body, while the soul of the wicked suffer eternal punishment. The Sadducees, the second of the orders, do away with fate together, and remove God beyond, not merely the commission, but the very sight of evil. They maintain that man has the free choice of good and evil, and that it rests with each man’s will whether he follows the one or the other. As for the persistence of the soul after death, penalties in the underworld, and rewards, they will have none of them. The Pharisees are affectionate to each other and cultivate harmonious relations with the community. The Sadducees, on the contrary, are, even among themselves, rather boorish in their behavior, and in their intercourse with their peers are as rude as to aliens. Such is what I have to say on the Jewish philosophical schools. Josephus, Wars 2.8.14 (163-166) Concerning the Sadducees and their belief in the resurrection, the historian said, But the doctrine of the Sadducees is this: That souls die with the bodies; nor do they regard the observation of anything besides what the law enjoins them, for they think it an instance of virtue to dispute with those teachers of philosophy whom they frequent. Josephus¸ Antiquities 18.1.4 (16) The family clan of Annas was extremely greedy and wealthy. They were the envy of those who achieved the “lifestyles of the rich and famous,” as expressed in modern terms. As priests of the temple, they had afforded themselves a lifestyle beyond the imaginations of both the common people and modern scholarship. Annas, who was a Sadducee, converted the Gentile Court of the temple into a commercial market of animal sales, moneychangers, and pedestrian traffic, but Jesus had something to say about it. By cleansing this area of the temple, Jesus demonstrated His Messianic authority, to which neither the Romans nor the Sadducees offered a strong challenge. The reason was that the cleansing was not so much an act of reformation or purification, but a symbolic gesture of pending judgment. In doing this, He not only displayed His divine intention, but also confirmed the words of judgment spoken by the Old Testament prophets. The prophetic act that symbolized destruction was also reflective in Jeremiah 4:5-5:31; 7:14; 25:1-38; 26:1-24; Ezekiel 4:1-7:27; and Micah 3:9-12. Witnesses would have connected the cleansing with these prophets. 02.01.16.B. SADDUCEAN TOMB INSCRIPTION. A tomb inscription of a first century A.D. Sadducee that reads, Enjoy your life. Illustration courtesy of the Israel Museum. There was an anti-Gentile attitude in some Jewish circles. The attitude was that since they were God’s chosen elite, all other people were as spittle. This is reflected in the Pseudepigrapha book of 4 Ezra. It reads as follows: All this I have spoken before you, O Lord, because you have said that it was for us that you created this world. As for the other nations, which have descended from Adam, you have said they are nothing, and that they are like spittle, and you have compared their abundance to a drop from a bucket. And now, O Lord, behold, these nations, which are reputed as nothing, domineer over us and devour us. But we your people, whom you have called your firstborn, only begotten, zealous for you, and most dear, have been given into their hands. 4 Ezra 6:55, 58 Being a Sadducee was not necessarily an easy task, regardless how much power the Sadducees had in controlling the temple and being Roman pawns. The fact remained that all temple services were at the direction of the Pharisees. Most certainly the Sadducees were not very delighted with having the Pharisees tell them what to do and when to do it. The politics and in-house squabbling within the temple was phenomenal and often escapes modern scholarship. There was constant bickering and rivalry, not to mention a long history of animosity between the two religious groups. An important aspect to note is that the Sadducees were extremely rigid in judging others. In fact, they even had their own penal code. That is precisely how Josephus described them. Speaking of Ananus, a/k/a Annas, he, Took the high priesthood, was a bold man in his temper, and very insolent; he was also of the sect of the Sadducees, who are very rigid in judging offenders, above all the rest of the Jews. Josephus, Antiquities 20.9.1 (199) Similar words were written about three or four decades before Jesus was born by an unknown author who said, Why are you sitting in the council of the devout, you profaner? And your heart is far from the Lord, Provoking the God of Israel by lawbreaking; Excessive in words, excessive in appearance above everyone, He who is harsh in words in condemning sinners at judgment. Psalms of Solomon 4:1-2 Clearly, the Sadducees had a well established reputation of corruption. They were the primary instigators and final actors to have the Romans crucify Jesus. In summary, the theological and social positions of the Sadducees (compare to 02.01.14 “Pharisees”) were, - Their theology reflected strong influences of Epicurean philosophy and other popular Greek ideas. - Wealthy aristocrats; by the early first century A.D., the Sadducees had become an elite social-religious group who controlled the temple and were interested only in their own wealth, power, and welfare. - Theologically conservative but giving only lip service to the Old Testament laws, they had no problem accepting Hellenism. - Theologically, the Sadducees believed only in the Torah and gave no credibility to any other books of the Hebrew Bible, nor did they give credibility to the Oral Law. They said that books such as Daniel, Ezra, and Esther were “foreign,” implying that they contained imported ideas from the Persians. - They denied the resurrection of the soul. By denying the resurrection and immortality in general (Acts 23:8), they also renounced the messianic hope. - They denied belief in final judgment, angels, etc. - They were separated from the common people who were called the am-ha-arets, meaning the unlearned. They had no concern for them, nor did they feel obligated to intercede to God for their behalf. - Few in number - Were very friendly to, and in co-operation with, the Romans - They believed that whatever wealth, power, status, and influence they acquired were blessings of God, but they would have to strive for them by whatever means possible. - In the book of Acts, Luke said that the Sadducees were the primary opponents of the early Christian Church, not the Pharisees. In fact, many Pharisees came to faith in Christ Jesus in the book of Acts (i.e., Acts 15:5). Therefore, not only did the Sadducees not believe in an eternity, but in doing so, they denied any messianic hope. That, coupled with their Hellenistic ideals and lifestyle, explains why they sought to destroy the work of Jesus by whatever means possible and were the major oppressors of the early church. They were arrogant and rude to Jews of other sects and, as Josephus said, to foreigners who came to Jerusalem. When Jesus was before Pilate, it was they who cried, “Let His blood be upon us and our children.” Their wish came true because the Romans killed every one of them with the destruction of the temple in A.D. 70. . Josephus, Antiquities. 18.1.4. . Moulder, “Sadducees.” 4:278-81. . See “Etymology” in Appendix 26. . Guignebert, The Jewish World in the Time of Jesus. 162; Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 123-24. . Jeremias, Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus. 59; See “Boethusians” in Appendix 26. . Moulder, “Sadducees.” 4:278-81. . Schmaltz and Fischer, Messianic Seal. 22. . Bookman, When God Wore Sandals. CD Trac 6. . Visitors in Jerusalem today can see one of the homes of the Sadducees at the Wohl Archeological Museum. These opulent homes, known today as the Herodian Mansions, are located a short walk from the Western Wall. . Josephus, Antiquities 18.1.4 (16, 17). . Mishnah, Sukkah 4:9. . Babylonian Talmud, Sukkah 48b. See “Boethusian” in Appendix 26. . Geikie, The Life and Words. 2:637-38. . Josephus, Wars 2.8.14 (163-166); See also Stemberger, Jewish Contemporaries of Jesus: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes. 16. . Neusner, “Josephus’ Pharisees.” 279. . See Jer. 8:10; 14:18; 23:11, 33-34; 32:31-32; 34:18-19; Lam. 4:13; Ezek. 22:26; Zeph. 3:4; Zech. 14:21; Testament of Levi 14:1-8; Josephus, Antiquities 20.8.8; Targum of Jeremiah 7:1-11. . Scholars debate on the classification of 3rd Ezra (a/k/a 1 Esdras) and 4th Ezra (a/k/a 2nd Esdras). Sometimes these are listed in the Apocrypha (see 02.02.03) and other times they are listed in the Pseudepigrapha (see 02.02.24). The reader is reminded that quotations from non-biblical sources are not to be understood as being of equal authority with the biblical narratives. See 01.02.04. . Jeremias, Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus. 262-66. . Megillah, Taanith 10; Jeremias, Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus. 127. . Lang, Know the Words of Jesus. 326. . Farrar, The Life of Christ. 41, 349. . Moulder, “Sadducees.” 4:278-81, Schmaltz and Fischer, Messianic Seal. 22. . Josephus, Antiquities. 18.1.4 (14-17). . Bailey, Jesus through Middle Eastern Eyes. 292; Geikie, The Life and Works of Christ. 2:348. . Moulder, “Sadducees.” 4:278-81. Stemberger, Jewish Contemporaries of Jesus: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes. 31. . Mt. 22:23; Mk. 12:18; Acts 4:5; 23:8 . Josephus, Wars 2.8,14. Josephus, at times makes a passing comment on foreigners living in the land, such as their presence in Galilee. See also Wars 3.3.2 (41).

<urn:uuid:66fdd5e4-8cf6-4705-b528-8a5c697ac497>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.mysteriesofthemessiah.net/category/unit-02-cultural-background-studies/02-01-people-groups/02-01-16-sadducees/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583087.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015222918-20211016012918-00350.warc.gz

en

Opportunities and challenges in a complex legal landscape. Land-based salmon farming has roots going back to the sixties and seventies. The challenge has always been to make this mode of production commercially viable. In recent years, however, the development of new technology – especially recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) – has created opportunities for profitable operations. These new technological solutions have paved the way for full-scale commercial production on land – from brood fish to harvestable salmon, i.e. the entire life cycle of the fish. As a result, land-based projects have attracted increased interest from investors and the industry itself, both in Norway and worldwide, especially in China and the US. Successful land-based fish farming has several different aspects – biological, technical, financial, ecological and also legal. In this article, we will present the relevant regulatory framework in Norway. 2. LEGISLATIVE APPROACH – GOVERNMENT FACILITATION The Norwegian government’s position has consistently been that land-based fish farming should be encouraged, and the authorities have put forward regulatory initiatives to facilitate its development. The legal landscape is quite complex, covering both private law and public law. Land-based fish farming does not raise any special questions as regards private law (for example the acquisition of equipment and fishmeal or sale of the fish). Therefore, we will focus only on public law issues, such as aquaculture licensing regulations and other governmental requirements. This article is limited to Norwegian law. Our experience of land-based fish farming projects in other countries is that the regulatory framework is less detailed than that in Norway. A characteristic of the Norwegian regulations is that they are based on an already well-developed regulatory framework for the marine aquaculture industry. In countries that do not have the same long tradition of aquaculture, land-based fish farming is often regulated in much the same way as other primary industries. In Norway, the starting point is that the rules for land-based fish farming are the same as the rules for net-based fish farming at sea. From a legal perspective, perhaps the two most interesting questions are: What are the differences in the regulation of net-based and land-based fish farming, and what are the legal opportunities and challenges when it comes to land-based fish farming? 3. LEGAL OVERVIEW – WHICH REQUIREMENTS MUST BE FULFILLED? There are several legal requirements to be fulfilled in order to establish a land-based fish farm in Norway. These include at least the following: - An aquaculture licence is required in order to start production. - The production process and the equipment used must satisfy relevant technical requirements. - Mandatory fish health and fish welfare standards must be met. - Necessary permits from the environmental regulator must be granted. - Permission is required to lay water pipes in the sea. - The building of a production facility requires building permits and must be in accordance with public zoning plans. Section 6 of the Norwegian Aquaculture Act requires that all permits from the various sector regulators must be in place before an aquaculture license can be allocated. If one of the sector regulators rejects an application for establishment, no aquaculture license may be granted. An application must therefore be carefully prepared in order to secure all the relevant permissions. 4. THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING A LICENSE FOR LAND-BASED FISH FARMING 4.1 The County Authority as the coordinating and decision-making body The County Authority (in Norwegian: “fylkeskommunen”) is the coordinating body and the final decision maker when it comes to allocation of licenses for land-based fish farming. As soon as the company has found a suitable area for the production facilities and the planning and building authorities have approved the location and facility plans, the company may file an application for a fish farming license with the County Authority. The company does not have to send separate applications to each of the sector regulators; one application sent to the County Authority is sufficient. The County Authority reviews the application and forwards the application to relevant sector regulators and the local municipality. The County Authority decides both the location of the site and the amount of biomass to be allocated. This is different from the process for marine farming: aquaculture licenses for cultivation of salmon and trout in sea are allocated in two stages. First, the Directorate of Fisheries decides which applicants shall be granted a license (the number of licenses is limited and they thus represent a scarce resource). Next, the County Authority processes the application for approval of the site. According to the Norwegian Impact Assessment Regulations, the establishment of a land-based fish farm may require a broad analysis of the environmental impact of the project, as well as the consequences for biological diversity, the landscape, recreation and leisure activities, cultural heritage, etc. This analysis is required if the establishment of the facility may have significant effects on the environment or society, or if the project requires a license under the Norwegian Water Resources Act, cf. Sections 7 and 8 of the Regulations. 4.2 The Municipality The local municipality registers the application and notifies the general public. It also clarifies the relationship to the zoning plan and makes decisions regarding building permits, etc. Furthermore, the local municipality may express views regarding the need to evaluate the environmental impact of the production site. Public plans adopted by the local municipality are particularly important for land-based fish farming because the production facilities are on land. The establishment of a fish farm must comply with adopted land plans, protection measures, the Planning and Building Act, and where relevant the Cultural Heritage Act. This means that the area must have been identified for industrial activities in the municipality’s zoning plan. Therefore, existing industrial areas will normally be best suited for land-based fish farming. It is of course likely to be much more difficult to secure approval if the company aims to establish new industrial activities in otherwise undeveloped landscapes. In Norway, there is a ban on development (for examples new buildings and terrain changes) within a distance of 100 meters from the sea or any watercourses. This restriction can however be amended in the municipality’s zone plan, for example for aquaculture purposes. 4.3 The Norwegian Food Safety Authority The Norwegian Food Safety Authority (“NFSA”) is responsible for safeguarding the health and welfare of farmed fish, and decides on the application based on the Food Safety and Animal Protection Act and corresponding regulations. The legal basis for NFSA’s decision is Section 5 of the Regulations on the Establishment and Expansion of Aquaculture Facilities, Zoo Shops, etc. According to Section 7 of the Regulations, NFSA assesses the following matters: - the risk of spreading infection in and out of the aquaculture facility; - the risk of infection with emphasis on the distance to watercourses and to other aquaculture-related activities; - the company’s internal control system; and - the aquaculture facility’s maintenance of a good living environment for the fish. The NFSA makes thorough assessments of the project. If the application is successful, NFSA authorises a specific locality to produce up to a specified amount of biomass. However, the final decision lies with the County Authority. 4.4 The County Administrator The County Administrator (in Norwegian “fylkesmannen”) decides on the application pursuant to the Pollution Control Act and makes statements on interests related to nature conservation, recreation and fishing, etc. Hence, it is primarily the County Administrator who must ensure that environmental aspects of the project are taken into account. 4.5 The Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries The Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries makes statements related to any consequences for wild fish populations in the sea. The assessment is twofold: firstly, the consequences for the marine biological diversity in the area are assessed, and secondly, the consequences for the traditional fishing in the sea. 4.6 The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate is involved in all matters that include the extraction of fresh water, and in many cases plays a more significant role in relation to land-based fish farming than for aquaculture in sea because of the use of fresh-water in processing the harvested fish. The directorate decides whether the project is subject to a license requirement under the Water Resources Act. The project must obtain either a license or an exemption from the license requirement before the application is sent to the County Authority. 4.7 The Norwegian Coastal Administration For obvious reasons, land-based fish farming does not require any permits according to the Norwegian Harbour and Fairways Act. However, any piping or wiring in the sea must be marked with signs. Permits for these must be secured from the Coastal Administration. 5. AQUACULTURE LICENSES Until 1 June 2016, licenses for land-based aquaculture were subject to the same legal regime as for sea licenses. This means that there were: - a limited numbers of licenses, with - limited biomass per license (780 or 945 tons), and that - the licenses were granted by the County Authority and the Directorate of Fisheries jointly - for a substantial consideration. In practice, this system was a “show stopper” for land-based fish farming, taking into account that the establishment of a land-based fish farm is far more costly than the establishment of a traditional farm at sea, due to costs related to acquisition or lease of land, advanced equipment, etc. In order to facilitate land-based fish farming, the Norwegian Government decided that special licenses should be issued for land-based fish farming. In contrast to the licenses for fish farming in the sea, there are no specific limitations as regards numbers of licenses and biomass per license. Furthermore, the licenses are allocated by the County Authority free of charge. These licenses can only be used on land and at one specific site. They cannot be transferred to fish farming at sea. If the intention is to cover the whole life cycle of the fish, a hatchery permit is required in addition to the license for food fish production, i.e. in these cases the facility will need two types of aquaculture licenses. 6. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 6.1 Requirements for methods, installations and equipment According to Section 20 of the Aquaculture Regulations, methods, installations and equipment must be appropriate as regards fish welfare, and can only be used in a fish farm when the consequences for the welfare of the fish have been documented. This means that the fish welfare effects must be documented in advance, that is, before the fish are put into the tanks. For testing of methods, installations and equipment that is not regulated by the animal experimentation regulations, there is an exemption from the documentation duty, provided that the testing is carried out as a necessary step in obtaining documentation on the method’s consequences for the welfare of the fish. The exemption is subject to quite strict conditions, and a notice must be sent to the NFSA, so that the NFSA can ensure that testing takes place in accordance with the conditions. Without this exemption, it would in many cases be very difficult to establish land-based fish farms, due to lack of documentation of welfare effects. The NFSA will normally require documentation from a pilot project in a small scale before permission for full-scale commercial production is granted. 6.2 Regulations on technical standards for land-based fish farms There is a separate regulation on technical standards for land-based fish farming that entered into force on 1 January 2018. The main purpose of these technical standards is to prevent fish from escaping. The regulations refer to the Norwegian Standards NS 9416:2013 and NS 3424:2012. All new projects must comply with the standards. Fish farms that existed when the regulations entered into force must prepare a technical escape report prior to 1 January 2021. The regulation also establishes obligations on manufacturers and suppliers of equipment for land-based fish farming. All new components must be in accordance with the technical standards in the NS 9416:2013 and the regulations. Some of the requirements are that: - components must be traceable; - cages, dead fish systems, alarm systems and main drain lock must all be supplied with a user manual; - components such as strainers, filters, couplings and others that are important for escape prevention must be supplied with product data sheets; and - tubes and pipes must have a product certificate. 7. OTHER FISH HEALTH AND FISH WELFARE ISSUES Fish health and fish welfare is a crucial issue when it comes to fish farming, both on land and at sea. The technical requirements that we have just described must be seen in this perspective. However, there are also other rules that aim to safeguard the health and welfare of the fish. Section 25 of the Aquaculture Regulations sets forth that – as a general rule – the fish density should be appropriate and adapted to water quality, fish behavioral and physiological needs, health status, mode of operation and feeding technology. Further, the provision states that the fish density per production unit with broodstock and salmon and rainbow trout, shall not exceed 25 kg/m³ except in slaughter nets and closed production units. The latter means that at this point there is no specific upper limit for land-based fish farming as opposed to fish farming in sea in open units. The rationale behind this is two-fold: first, in closed production units, the breeder has a better opportunity to monitor the fish welfare, and secondly, the Norwegian authorities wanted to remove an obstacle for developing closed production units in sea and on land, and thereby stimulate to innovation in the aquaculture industry. An upper limit of 25 kg/m³ would have counteracted such development and innovation. 8. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES According to Section 10 of the Norwegian Aquaculture Act, aquaculture facilities must be established, operated and ultimately decommissioned in an environmentally responsible manner. This rule applies to all fish farming facilities, irrespective of whether they are located on land or at sea. Further, the Norwegian Nature Diversity Act lays down general principles for official decision-making based on sustainable use and ecosystem approach; see Chapter 2 of the Act. These principles apply inter alia when the County Authority decides upon an application for an aquaculture license. Finally, the breeder must apply for pollution permits governing emission of nutrient salt, feed, medicines, etc. Even though the emissions from land-based facilities are at a lower level compared to traditional fish farming in sea, there will still be some emission of waste and therefore a corresponding need for pollution permits. 9. SUMMING UP The legal framework provides both opportunities and challenges for land-based salmon farming in Norway. Compared to salmon farming at sea, the opportunities are primarily related to the fact that: - aquaculture licenses are allocated for free and are easier to secure; - the restrictions on fish density are less stringent; and - land-based fish farming has a smaller ecological footprint, which makes it easier to obtain pollution permits with acceptable conditions. A possible challenge for land-based fish farms is that a positive outcome of the application process is dependent on support from local authorities as regulatory authorities, enforcers of environmental law, etc. If they raise significant objections to the project, it will in practice be hard to get the necessary permits. Another challenge is that the technological solutions must be satisfactory from a fish welfare perspective. Despite modifications in the general rules, fish welfare is still a major issue and a potential obstacle for land-based fish farming projects. Regulations 21 June 2017 No. 854 (Forskrift om konsekvensutredninger). Regulations 17 June 2008 No. 823. cf. Salmon Allocation Regulations Section 28 d. Regulations 22 December 2004 No. 1798 as amended by Regulations 1 June 2016 No. 562. Regulations 17 June 2008 No. 822. Regulations 19 June 2017 No. 941.

<urn:uuid:6b10d8e2-8b65-47ea-a3ab-e5b9d8a190d8>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://salmonbusiness.com/land-based-salmon-farming-in-norway-laws-and-regulations/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583087.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015222918-20211016012918-00351.warc.gz

en

Doing Our Part to Reduce Light Pollution – Sources & Causes of Light Pollution, Effects of Light Pollution, and How We Reduce Light Pollution Consumers are becoming more and more environmentally conscious when it comes to pollution. Of course, many responsible municipalities have encouraged the recycling of certain types of household materials by educating their citizens. Responsible homeowners take the time to separate their glass, plastic, paper and metal in order limit what goes into the landfills. Fact is… The City of Edmonton is a world leader when it comes to Waste Management Technologies it has incorporated at its landfill sites. As a result, it has made it easier to reduce the cities carbon footprint. Energy efficient appliances and lighting options, such as CFLs and LEDs have become the norm. Improved insulation, double and even triple-paned windows and more efficient heating and cooling systems make keeping cozy even more environmentally friendly. But one source of pollution has only recently begun to be acknowledged, and that’s the effects associated with Light Pollution. So, before we go any further, let’s define the term associated with Light Pollution… “Light That is Excessive or Escapes its Area of Intended Use” Light Pollution just doesn’t receive the same exposure as other types of pollution and in most places, it is still entirely unregulated. But that doesn’t mean that it should be ignored. At The Edmonton Landscaping Lighting Company, we take the impact of Light Pollution very seriously! In an extended effort to be responsible and a leader in the effective management of this type of pollution, we place a lot of focus on our Landscape Lighting Designs. By doing so, we are able to do our part in reducing Light Pollution and the negative and destructive effects directly associated with it. So What Does “Light Pollution” Look Like You May Ask? Have you ever noticed the difference between looking up at the night sky in a city, compared to looking up at the night sky in the country? Ever wondered WHY the Northern Lights (Arora Borealis) look so much more vibrant and amazing in the country or remote places? It’s because… “Of the Effects of Light Pollution Light Pollution is also defined as… “The Excessive, Invasive, or Misdirected Use of Artificial (manmade) Light And it is a direct result of both interior and exterior lighting in highly populated areas such as Edmonton. When Light Pollution is bad enough, it has the ability to change the colour contrast of the night sky and eclipse natural starlight. It even disrupts the “circadian rhythm” (natural 24-hour cycle) of humans and wildlife. You can really experience the impact of this effect when you are driving north on the QE2 from Red Deer. As you get closer to the City of Edmonton, the night sky takes on a much different look. It wasn’t that long ago that it used to have more of an “orange glow”, but with the evolution and advancement of the LED light bulb, street and building lights are now being replaced with LEDs. This result in the lights emitting more of a “white glow”. While there are many benefits associated with LED light bulbs compared with those of their counterparts, this type of light can have an even BIGGER impact on the night sky. Unfortunately, as human populations spread and industrialize, the effects of Light Pollution continue to grow. If you look up at the night sky and don’t see a clear sky full of bright shining stars, it’s most likely because of low cloud cover, or… You Live in a HUGE Bubble of Light Pollution In addition to the negative effect of losing the darkness of the night sky, Light Pollution has a serious impact on the environment. All that extra (poorly utilized) light translates into billions of watts of wasted electricity, which in turn result in the production of tons of additional and unnecessary carbon emissions being generated by the power stations. Light Pollution also creates giant islands of light that disrupt wildlife and entire ecosystems. Nocturnal animals are the most drastically affected. Both predators and prey use darkness to their advantage, avoiding detection as they hunt or hide. By turning night into day, the food chain is drastically altered. Many animals also use the nighttime for breeding rituals. Depriving these species of darkness can alter their life cycles and reproduction. Humans also suffer from Light Pollution. Like most other living things, humans function on a 24-hour natural cycle that is closely tied to the changing light of dawn, midday, dusk, and night. By altering the appearance of light, human physiology is altered, resulting in sleep disruptions, increased stress, and other physical and psychological maladies. Light Fixtures That Decrease Light Pollution Light Pollution can be greatly reduced by using the correct type of light fixtures for the purpose intended. The “International Dark-Sky Association” is the global leader in Light Pollution awareness. They have a great infographic that demonstrates “acceptable” versus “unacceptable” light fixtures. The most important feature of any approved light fixture is its ability to shield light from escaping upward and outward beyond its intended target. At The Edmonton Landscape Lighting Company, we use light fixtures that direct the light to the object that we want to illuminate, while minimizing the effect of escaping light. There are two main ways to shield light. The first is to use Landscape Lighting Fixtures that have an adjustable “Cowell” or “Shield” that covers the lens. As a result, the light can be directed towards the intended object reducing the loss of light to unwanted areas, such as the night sky. This is the most basic form of shielding and should be a baseline for all Landscape Lighting decisions. Unshielded lights such as Flood Lights that were (and still are in some cases) used on Landscape Lighting Systems of the past, looked more like lights that belonged on a Boeing 747 than in a yard. At The Edmonton Landscape Lighting Company, we come across these Dinosaur’s all of the time. They may be great for lighting up a Runway, Amusement Park or Commonwealth Stadium, but not so good in your front or backyard. These types of fixtures are a perfect example of Light Pollution and should be replaced or avoided at all costs! The next step in preventing Light Pollution is to consider the “cutoff” of each light fixture. The cutoff of a light fixture is the angle beyond which no light can escape. A full cutoff would be a light that shines absolutely no light above a 90º angle from the light source. In other words, all light is directed downward and outward, with none escaping toward the sky. Full cutoff, with no glare above 90º, requires the effective area of lighting to be reduced to no more than an 80º angle from the source. Standard cutoff reduces the effective lighting area to within 90º of the light source but allows some light to escape upward. Semi-cutoff light fixtures allow a larger amount of light to escape upward but may have at least a small cap to keep some light pollution under control. Zero cutoff lights allow light to shine equally in all directions, including upward toward the sky. This is WHY… “The Edmonton Landscape Lighting Company Places a LOT of Focus on the Landscape Lighting Design and Light Fixture Selection Process” Reduce Light Pollution by Utilizing the Correct Bulbs The type of bulb we use also makes a big difference in controlling the negative effects of Light Pollution. Did you know… the most harmful Light Pollution is “Short Wavelength Blue Light”. Light doesn’t have to appear blue to have short wavelength light. Any light that appears “Cool” (has a lighting temperature of 4000K or more) is giving off a lot of Short Wavelength Light. Short wavelength Light scatters most easily into the atmosphere, causing the worst Light Pollution. Daylight also tends to be “Cooler”, so the greatest disruption to wildlife comes from light at 4000K or more. The ideal light to use outdoors is “warm” light (around 3000K). This light is less harsh on the eyes and less disruptive to wildlife, and as a result it is the preferred choice of The Edmonton Landscape Lighting Company. Responsible Landscape Lighting Practices that Reduce the effects of Light Pollution Typically, outdoor lighting serves three primary functions: Utility, Security, and Beauty. By examining each of these three functions, we can determine the best way to adjust our use of light in order to reduce pollution. Utility is the function of outdoor lighting to make spaces useful and safe at night. For instance, lighting a deck, garden, pool area or another area of your property at night increases your usable OutdoorSpace and makes it safer to navigate. But just like you would turn the lights out in a room that you’re not using, there’s no need to light an area that you’re not using. Creating outdoor lighting that can be controlled in zones makes it possible to turn off lights that are not in use without turning off the whole system. One way to make sure you only have the lights on when you need them is to install motion sensors. The motion sensors make sure the lights go on when you’re present, but turn them off automatically when you leave. Security is another significant benefit of outdoor lighting. Some lights should stay on all night in order to discourage any uninvited and unwanted visitors. But other lights, especially really bright lights, can be put on sensors. Anyone approaching your property will be welcomed by a flood of light. But the lights can turn off when you don’t need them. The third function of outdoor lighting is Beauty. It’s the hardest to quantify. Of course, you want some lights to stay on all night to beautify your home and bring your OutdoorSpace to life after the sun goes down. But do you really need them on all night? Using a timer or pre-programmed schedule to shut the lights off once everyone is tucked into bed can save electricity and reduce the pollution associated with lights. The Importance of Creating an Effective Landscape Lighting Design One of the most significant ways we can reduce the negative effects of Light Pollution is by incorporating an environmentally conscious and responsible design. When you work with The Edmonton Landscape Lighting Company, we commit to… “Designing and Installing a Landscape Lighting System that Will… Direct Light Where You Want it, and Not Where You Don’t Want it” To schedule your free, no-obligation outdoor lighting consultation, contact us today!

<urn:uuid:c149d031-d21a-49dd-ae72-27da15a79dcd>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://edmontonlandscapelighting.ca/reduce-light-pollution/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00111.warc.gz

en

There is growing evidence of the vital role Vitamin D plays in multiple aspects of human physiology and that sub-optimal levels may be widespread, potentially contributing to ill-health in a number of ways. Vitamin D is a generic term for the family of cholesterol-like, fat-soluble substances called secosteroids and essentially functions as a ‘pro-hormone’ within the body. It has the potential to be converted into molecules with hormonal functions that can operate in both endocrine and exocrine pathways. This technical bit may leave you wanting to poke your eyes out!! But please persevere because if you have at least a better understanding of some of these factors, you’ll take vitamin D much more seriously… and we all should. Vitamin D requires participation from the skin, bloodstream, liver and kidneys to convert it from its biologically inactive precursor molecules, choleclaciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) into the biologically active form calcitriol. The former is synthesised by humans in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation from sunlight, whilst the latter is derived from plant sources and therefore can be obtained from the diet. As a fat-soluble nutrient, dietary vitamin D is primarily absorbed in the small intestine by passive diffusion, delivered to the enterocytes in micelles, and then secreted into the lymphatic system as chylomicrons. From there it enters circulation and is bound to vitamin D binding protein for further transportation to tissues and organs. A large amount of circulating vitamin D is extracted by the liver cells and metabolised to calcidiol. This is the major circulation form of vitamin D. Calcidiol then must be biologically activated in the kidneys into calcitriol. Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D utilised by the body for a range of biochemical processes. The status of vitamin D is generally assessed by measuring circulation-calcidiol (calcitriol levels are increased by parathyroid activity and so may mask low calcidiol levels). Although all initial forms of vitamin D are theoretically metabolised in the same way in the body, according to one small scale study in 2004, vitamin D3 appeared initially to be more effective than D2 at increasing the active (calcitriol) form. However, a more recent study (2007) challenges this view, suggesting that D2 is as effective in sustaining levels of calcidiol and calcitriol as D3. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency • People with dark coloured skin synthesise less vitamin D on exposure to sunlight • Fat malabsorption syndromes: e.g. cystic fibrosis and cholestatic liver disease impair the absorption of dietary vitamin D • Infants who are exclusively breast-fed may be at risk of vitamin D deficiency. The American Academy of paediatrics recommends that breast fed infants be given a vitamin D supplement of 200iu/day • Ageing: The elderly have reduced capacity to synthesise vitamin D in the skin when exposed to UVB radiation • Inflammatory bowel disease: People with IBD appear to be at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency, especially those who have had small bowel resections • Obesity: Vitamin D is deposited in body fat stores, making it less bioavailable to people with large stores of body fat Listed below are some of the main advantages of a diet rich in Vitamin D. Some may be familiar to you whilst others are less well known. Calcitriol alone increases intestinal absorption of calcium and, via a feedback loop, also reduces parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Without sufficient vitamin D to support calcium utilisation, there is an elevation in PTH secretion by the parathyroid glands resulting in calcium being taken from bones to maintain serum levels. The presence of adequate vitamin D levels normalises the process, resulting in proper maintenance of both serum and bone calcium levels. The results of most clinical trials since 2003 suggest that vitamin D supplementation can slow bone density losses or decrease the risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women. For example post-menopausal women taking at least 600ius of vitamin D per day had a risk of osteoporotic hip fracture that was 37% lower than women who consumed less than 140iu/day. Overall evidence suggests vitamin D at levels of about 800ius per day may be helpful in reducing bone loss and fracture rates in the elderly. For vitamin D supplementation to be effective, adequate calcium is also needed. The proliferation of cells without healthy differentiation may lead to diseases like cancer. Calcitriol inhibits proliferation and stimulates appropriate differentiation of cells (see the work of Feskanich and Willett, 2004). Many malignant tumours have been found to contain vitamin D receptors, including breast, lung, skin (melanoma), colon, and bone. Calcitriol has been found to induce cell differentiation and/or inhibit proliferation of a number of cancerous and non-cancerous cell types. The mechanism of action of the anti-carcinogenic activity of vitamin D is not fully understood, but has been found to induce death of cancer cells in vitro (under laboratory conditions) and in vivo (in the living organism). In experiments performed with mice (2000) vitamin D supplementation produced tumours that were less ‘vascularised’. Further evidence of the link between vitamin D and cancer includes a long term study, in 2002, of more that 88,000 women, which found that higher intakes of vitamin D were associated with significantly lower breast cancer risk in premenopausal women but not postmenopausal women. Studies on the relationship between vitamin D and prostate cancer risk/incidence are inconclusive. There is mixed evidence on the relationship between colorectal cancer and vitamin D status, but a recent meta-analysis suggests a link between tissue levels of vitamin D and reduced incidence at higher levels of supplementation. Animal studies suggest that calcitriol plays a role in insulin secretion where there is high insulin demand. Limited data (2003 – Borissova, Tankova et al) in humans suggests that insufficient vitamin D levels may have an adverse effect on insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes. According to one correlational study in 2004, higher vitamin D status correlated with a 60% improvement in insulin sensitivity. In a clinical trial by Borissova and others, using 1,332 ius/day for only 30 days in 10 women with type 2 diabetes, vitamin D supplementation was shown to improve insulin sensitivity by 21%. Finally a cohort study in 2001, of children born in 1966 and followed up for thirty years found that those who received vitamin D in the first year of life had a significantly lower risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Blood Pressure Control Epidemiological studies since 1997 suggest that conditions that decrease vitamin D synthesis in the skin, such as having dark skin and living in temperate latitudes, are associated with increased prevalence of high blood pressure. At present, results from controlled clinical trials utilising vitamin D are mixed, but predominantly positive. Higher levels of parathyroid hormone, resulting from low levels of vitamin D, are also linked with hypertension, as well as infarction and stroke (see the work of Kamycheva and Sundsfjord). Vitamin D as calcitriol is a potent immune system modulator. The vitamin D receptor is expressed by most cells of the immune system – including T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Vitamin D appears to both enhance innate immunity and inhibit the development of autoimmunity (see the work of Griffin, Xing and Kumar, 2003). Vitamin D may positively affect autoimmune function by suppressing the activity of dendritic cells (or Langerhan’s cells in the skin), which regulate immune activity by secreting nitric acid. Calcitriol has also been found to modulate T cell responses, such that autoimmune responses are diminished. Epidemiological studies have found the prevalence of insulin dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis increases as latitude increases, suggesting vitamin D synthesis may play a role in these autoimmune diseases. In fact calcitriol has been effective in the treatment of psoriasis when applied topically in some double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. This may be due to anti-proliferative effect on the skin keratinocytes. There is the potential for oral vitamin D to also support appropriate immune function in those with psoriasis as with other autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis. Vitamin D supplement use was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of developing MS in two large cohorts of women followed for at least ten years (Munger, Zhang and O’Reilly, 2004). Research conducted in 2003, gave 39 MS patients 800mg calcium and 1,000 ius of vitamin D per day for six months and noted a modest/moderate anti-inflammatory effect. More recent data has suggested very high doses offer what many consider ‘miraculous’ results. See: The Vitamin D3 Miracle by Jeff T. Bowles. In terms of rheumatoid arthritis, a study in 2004, noted that postmenopausal women with the highest total vitamin D intakes were at significantly lower risk of developing the condition after eleven years of follow up than those with the lowest levels. Calcium’s role in maintenance of vascular tone may be useful in cases of migraine. Two cases have been reported of a reduction in menstrual migraine attacks following supplementation with calcium and up to 1,600 iu of vitamin D in women with vitamin D deficiency. There is growing evidence of the vital role Vitamin D plays in multiple aspects of human physiology and that sub-optimal levels may be widespread, potentially contributing to ill health in a number of ways. Vitamin D is a generic term for the family of cholesterol-like, fat soluble substances called secosteroids and essentially functions as a ‘pro-hormone’ within the body i.e. it has the potential to be converted into molecules with hormonal functions that can operate in both endocrine and exocrine pathways. Mood and Depression Recent research has shown that vitamin D can also have a positive effect on mood. The incidence of depression has increased over the last century which has been largely due to our changes in lifestyle, including reducing our exposure to sunlight through changing work practices i.e. working indoors, our use of cars and our use of sun block. In turn this has contributed to reduced vitamin D levels in the blood. According to Klerman and Weissman’s 2003 research, major depression increases when vitamin D in the blood dips below normal levels. Vitamin D, in two human studies, was found to significantly enhance positive effect and possibly reduce negative affect. In 1999, a study found that 10,000 iu of vitamin D administered in one oral dose improved depression more significantly than light therapy in a group of patients suffering from seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The mechanism of the possible mood-modulating effect of vitamin D is unclear. It is speculated that it may influence brain serotonin levels. Research on vitamin D, exposure to sunlight and the effect it can play on mood is an area of great potential and one, which can contribute significantly to our understanding of depression – and much is being done in this area. Skeletal muscles have receptors for calcitriol. Aching bones and muscles may be due to vitamin D deficiency. In a cross-sectional study (2003) of 150 consecutive patients referred to a clinic in Minnesota for the evaluation of persistent, non-specific musculoskeletal pain, 93% had serum calcidiol levels indicative of vitamin D deficiency. Overall low vitamin D levels may be a factor in a range of non-specific joint and muscle disorders and conditions such as fibromyalgia. Vitamin D has a very wide range of functions in many aspects of physiology. There are ongoing developments in research showing its vital and central role for general health as well as some of the more serious chronic diseases. There is also increasing evidence of epidemiological levels of deficiency or sub-optimal intake of vitamin D especially in northern European countries like the U.K. In future, supplementation of vitamin D is likely to become more and more important in the conventional management of health and disease.

<urn:uuid:f980f48b-ccdd-44f0-81e4-31d28474baf2>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.thereachapproach.co.uk/2017/06/08/vitamin-d-the-sunshine-vitamin/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588257.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028034828-20211028064828-00390.warc.gz

en

Did your mother tell you to wash your ears? We’ll bet she did. Did she tell you to wash your nose? We’ll bet she didn’t! Moms and dads around the world, add this chore to your list. Teach your children to wash their noses. They’ll be healthy, and so will you. Washing your nose with a strong saline solution, which we call nasal lavage or irrigation, protects against a variety of illness-causing pathogens, including COVID-19. For a summary of the research supporting this statement, see Your Nose: COVID-19’s Royal Road This post deals with the history of nasal irrigation or nose washing, the safety of nasal irrigation, and the techniques and devices that are available. The image at the top of the post is an 18th century Nepali anatomical painting of the organs and vessels of the male body per the Ayurveda. The image is being viewed at a Wellcome Library exhibition. We’ll use three terms here— nasal cleaning, nasal irrigation, and nasal lavage. The terms are interchangeable, but the most fastidious among us prefer the term nasal lavage. A Quick Look at the Nasal Sinuses This image shows the healthy sinuses to the left and the infected sinuses to the right. This image is advertising by Vicks. Your nasal sinuses are distributed from your eyebrows into your cheeks, and they are divided into frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, septal, and maxillary. When a saline based cleansing fluid enters the nose, it fills all of the sinuses before exiting out of the other nostril or downward into the mouth. The sinus cavity holds approximately 40 milliliters of fluid. Ancient Practice of Washing Your Nose Are you ready to learn how to wash your nose? Nose washing is not part of the western tradition. Let’s start with where nose washing originates. As best we can determine, nose washing is part of the cleansing rituals of the East. Yoga practice of the neti or nasal cleansing prepares the body and mind for meditation. Nasal irrigation to cleanse nasal sinuses is more than 5,000 years old. Sutra Neti practice is shown. Introduction of Nasal Cleansing Devices The two main types of nose washing are Jala Neti and Sutra Neti. In the Sutra Neti practice, a specially treated string is drawn from the nostrils through the mouth. Needless to say, a little supervision and training is recommended when using this method. This method will not be discussed here. Jala Neti uses a vessel to pour a fluid from one nostril to the other. The photo shows a traditional Neti Pot. The traditional Jala Neti cleansing used ghee, milk, or water. Now, isotonic saline is the most commonly used nose washing fluid. In the traditional cleansings, sometimes the fluid was snorted in a rhythmic fashion. Neti Pots range from simple ceramic teapot like vessels to elaborately decorated vessels made of metal. See a simple pot in the photo. Mass Marketing of the Neti Pot or Nasal Bidet The Yoga International magazine introduced the Neti Pot to the U.S. in 1972. The pot was recommended to Hatha Yoga students as a way to improve spiritual practices. In 2007, Dr. Oz and Oprah Winfrey gave the Neti Pot a publicity boost and a new meaning. The “nose bidet” as Oprah called it could help people with sinus problems. After the television publicity, the Neti Pot rose in popularity for sinus sufferers. Drug stores complained that they couldn’t keep the Neti in stock. Since the Neti Pot, all manner of machines, bags, pots, squeeze bottles are marketed to clean the sinus cavities. Overcoming the Ick Factor! If you watched the demonstration on the Oprah Winfrey show, you’ll remember the audience reaction. Everyone gasped in disbelief and a bit of disgust. We’ve been trained since childhood that we should keep things out of our noses! No sane person washes their nose! You’re right to be a little reluctant to put fluid up your nose. Using a Neti Pot can help you, but improper use can kill you. Medical History of Nasal Irrigation as a Treatment Washing the nose with a salt solution found its way into Western medicine in the 1930’s. A Polish scientist, Alfred Laskiewicz, used nasal irrigation to treat a number of medical conditions as well as a way to improve hygiene. He described the Proetz procedure. For many years, this procedure has been used by ear, nose and throat surgeons to clear the sinuses. Vicks marketed its version of a nasal irrigation device in the 1920’s Nasal cleaning devices used through the years include gravity flow vessels, pressure bottles, pressure machines, misters or nebulizers, IV bags, squirts, flushers, bulbs, syringes, squeeze bottles, and turkey basters. These devices were used to relieve discomfort among sinus sufferers, and the medical literature supporting their clinical use in treating sinus infections or to improve recovery after nasal surgery is established. Use of Nasal Lavage to Prevent Illness Recently medical science has recognized that washing your nose might prevent illnesses such as viral infections and bacterial infections. Here medical science has lagged behind alternative medicine. The literature supporting the use of nasal lavage as a preventive treatment is more limited as a result. Nasal lavage is important in the new age of animal to human viruses such as COVID-19. As humans crowd into animal populations, we are exposing ourselves to new viruses with which our bodies are unable to contend. Read more on COVID-10 and nasal lavage in this post. Your Nose: COVID-19’s Royal Road A Historical Aside Here’s a bit of history which you can skip if you’re eager to get to the recipes. The historical aside shows how new infectious diseases can destroy populations. This literature shows us the importance of learning new hygiene procedures. Nasal lavage is not a trick or a gimmick. It is a potentially life saving procedure which we are likely to need as new populations of viruses move through the countries of the world. Small Pox and the Native American Vintage Hudson Bay Blanket is an iconic symbol in Canada. Do you want to wear this blanket? Some don’t. The influx of Europeans into relatively virgin land brought two different human immune systems into direct communication with devastating consequences to the native population. While smallpox was a difficult disease for the acclimated European, Lady Smallpox did not necessarily kill its victims. The situation was different for the indigenous population. They had little immune defense against the pathogens. The story of smallpox is not always told in U.S. history books, but it is well known to Canadians. A common story is that the Hudson Bay Company traded smallpox infected blankets to the Native Americans. Follow the link to a website and podcast on this history. Smallpox May Have Been the First Biological Warfare In June 1763, Chief Pontiac besieged Fort Pitt. Soldiers and civilians in the fort had smallpox. During a parlay, Native Americans were given two blankets and a handkerchief brought out of the the Smallpox Hospital. Those who provided the blankets wanted to get rid of the troublesome Indians by infecting them with a highly contagious and lethal disease. One of the participants said the following about the distribution of infected blankets: Decide if you believe that disease was used as a weapon in the U.S. https://daily.jstor.org/how-commonly-was-smallpox-used-as-a-biological-weapon/ Exposure to Unfamiliar Viruses can be Catastrophic. Smallpox and the Aztec Indian (vintage drawing) Whether or not using disease to kill off the opposition was used, the Native American Population was decimated by European arrival on the continent. From the initial contact between the populations in 1500, the Native American population declined significantly. Early estimates of the number of Native Americans are unreliable. Numbers range from one million to 19 million in 1500. By 1900, counts were more reliable, and there were 530,000 Native Americans (or approximately a loss of 50 to 95% of the Native American population). The spread of disease to a population without immunity was not the only cause of Native American population decimation. Read more about this history in Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics Which Type of Nasal Lavage Is Better? Sad to say, but there is no clear answer to this question. The sinuses may be cleansed with positive or negative pressure. Positive pressure devices bring the fluid into the sinuses. Negative pressure devices (nebulization) pull fluid from the sinuses. In general, nebulization devices do not work as well as positive pressure devices (Bastier et al., 2015). The widely advertised Navage nebulizer is shown below. The device uses suction– in one nostril, through back of nose, and out the other nostril. Navage Nose Cleaner | Lowest Price starter kit is $89.95 Disadvantages of Navage System To use a Navage, you must buy their nasal protection pods to make the system work. This restricts you to an isotonic solution that is insufficient for flu and cold protection. Their solution is okay for sinusitis. The machine requires batteries, and there are lots of parts to keep clean. You can follow this link for an excellent review of the Navage system. Navage Nasal Irrigation Review 2020 and Tests – Does it Really Work? (sinuscure.org) Sinupulse Advanced Nasal Irrigation System Elite The Sinupulse uses a pulsating water source. It has tongue, throat, and sinus applicators. It uses large packets of isotonic saline, and these aren’t good enough for flu protection. The cost of the Sinupulse starter system is approximately $79.95. Research on the Sinupulse may be found here. Clinical research into nasal irrigation and the SinuPulse Elite – SinuPulse UK Other Advantages and Disadvantages The Sinupulse is heavy, and it weighs more than 3 pounds. It takes up precious bathroom counter space and an electrical outlet. The device isn’t good for travel or wall mounting. Lots of parts to keep clean. The device does hold a large amount of fluid, and you can use the Sinupulse to clean your tongue and throat as well as the sinuses. The machine uses isotonic saline, and this is good only for sinusitis. Costs $89.95 Nasal Irrigation System | SinuPulse The squeeze douche delivery bottle and the Neti Pot are the most widely used delivery systems. Watch the YouTube video of the NeilMed squeeze bottle system. You can’t beat the price of the NeilMed. The starter kit is $6.99. The Netipot style is demonstrated on Your Nose: COVID-19’s Royal Road Nasopure Douche Delivery System The Nasopure system, its use and its benefits are described in the YouTube Video. The major difference between NeilMed and Nasopure is the direction of the water delivery. NeilMed pushes saline solution up into sinuses. The Nasopure system directs saline back rather than up. It isn’t clear whether there the flow direction makes any difference in cleansing. The Nasopure starter kit sells for approximately $15.00. The Nasopure reference link is Nasopure Studies & References Other Advantages and Disadvantages of Nasopure The Nasopure starter kit is inexpensive, and it is available in both child and adult sizes. Nasopure is not sold by as many pharmacies, so you may have to buy online. Nasopure does sell a solution.. What’s Wrong with an Isotonic Solution? If you are treating a sinus infection, an isotonic solution is just the ticket. The solution is at the same pH as the body fluids, so you won’t further irritate sinus membranes. If you are using nasal lavage to reduce the likelihood that you will contract a virus or to reduce the severity of a viral infection in the nose, an isotonic solution may help a little. However, research results are clear. More salt in the solution or a hypertonic solution kills more viruses. You want as much salt as you can tolerate in the solution. Read more about salt content and virus survival here. Your Nose: COVID-19’s Royal Road Is Nasal Lavage Enough to Slow a Virus? The answer is “No.” Nasal lavage works best against viral infections when it is paired with hypertonic gargling. Gargle with a warm hypertonic solution. Does Time Make a Difference? The best time to do a nasal lavage is in the evening. The boluses of infected mucous move into the lungs at night. You can do nasal and mouth lavage as often as you want, but don’t skip the bedtime wash. Contraindications to Nasal Lavage Don’t use nasal lavage when - You have an ear infection - You are prone to nosebleeds - You have nasal obstructions or tumors - You are about to go outside. Some experts suggest that it is best to wait 30 minutes before going outdoors to avoid supercooling of the sinuses. Making Your Own Solutions We’ve gathered a few recipes. The recipes share two things in common. - The recipes do not use tap water. They do not use filtered water. They use distilled, purified, or boiled then cooled water. - The recipes call for kosher or sea salt. Table salt contains iodine and is an irritant. You must boil water before using it in a nasal rinse formula. You must use the water as soon as it has cooled. You cannot use filtered water to substitute for distilled or purified water. Never Use Tap Water or Filtered Water to Wash Your Nasal Cavity What Can Happen If You Use Filtered or Tap Water as a Nasal Lavage Solution? Organisms in water can make their way into your brain and throughout the body. Once in the brain, these critters cause all kinds of trouble. Let us introduce you to Balamuthia Mandrillarius, an amoeba that lives in soil and ought to stay there. Green arrow shows one of many amoebas in the brain of a patient who’d died of brain infection. Balamuthia Mandrillarius was discovered in 1990, and the amoeba has been associated with more than 100 cases of disease in South, Central, and North America, Asia, Australia, and Europe. Case Study 1: Filtered Water A 69-year-old Swedish woman developed acute recurrent maxillary sinusitis. She was tried on medication, but she did not get relief. An otolaryngologist suggested that she try saline irrigation. She was told to use only sterile water, but she used tap water which she had filtered with a Brita water filter. After a month, she developed a quarter-sized red raised rash on the right side of her nose. Medications were tried, but these did not help. Approximately one year later, the woman had a focal seizure with left arm weakness. A 1.5 cm lesion was identified on a CT scan, so she underwent removal of the lesion. The lesion was biopsied, and the biopsy identified Balamuthia Mandrillarius (Piper et al., 2018). Cases 2-4: Tap Water A woman and a man from Louisiana died from brain infections caused by another amoeba, (Naegleria fowleri). The only thing they had in common was using tap water in a Neti Pot to clean their sinuses. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tap-water-in-neti-pots-behind-two-brain-eating-amoeba-deaths-in-2011-investigation-finds/ A Seattle woman developed a brain infection due to sinus cleansing with contaminated water. The amoeba was Balamuthia. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2018/12/07/neti-pot-tap-water-caused-womans-deadly-brain-infection-report/2236681002/ Buffered Isotonic Saline Formula for Sinusitis - 1/4 teaspoon kosher salt - 8 ounces or 1 cup distilled water (boil it and cool it for extra safety) - pinch of baking soda The baking soda buffers the salt. We’re not sure what this does to efficacy of salt against viruses. We do not use buffered solutions for that reason. Hypertonic Saline Formula for Prevention - 8 ounces or 1 cup of distilled water which has been boiled and cooled or purified water. - 1/2 to 3/4 heaping teaspoons of kosher salt - 1/4 teaspoon baking soda (if you want a buffered solution) Baby Shampoo Formula Baby shampoo is a safe additive to saline washes. It functions as a surfactant when a small amount is added to an isotonic saline rinse. The baby shampoo may clear the sinuses and nasal passages. Viruses hate soap! - 1/2 teaspoon baby shampoo - 8 ounces or 1 cup isotonic saline solution made from purified or distilled water (Boil it!) A Word About Humidity To optimize the health of the mucous level of the nose, pay attention to the humidity level in your environment. Dry air decreases mucous thickness and cilia mobility and the associated protective immune responses of your body. A humidity level of 45% is ideal. Are You Ready to Wash Your Nose? Add nose washing to your personal hygiene routine. Whenever you feel that little tickle at the back of your throat or find yourself sniffling or sneezing, increase the amount of salt in the cleansing solution and wash your nose several times per day. Don’t forget to gargle. Happy snuffing! Bastier, P.-L., Lechot, A., Bordenave, L., Durand M., de Gabory, L. (2015). “Nasal irrigation :From empiricism to evidence based medicine. A review.” European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology 132: 281-285. Piper, K. J., Foster, H., Susanto, D., Maree, C. L., Thornton, S. D., Cobbs, C.S. Fatal Balamuthia Mandrillaris brain infection associated with improper nasal lavage. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 77, 18-22.

<urn:uuid:abc2a594-21f2-48a1-908e-fff6072f5530>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://carbohydrateconfessions.com/wash-your-nose/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00110.warc.gz

en

The most significant health issue currently facing critical care nurses is burnout syndrome among the critical care nurses. This condition is a psychological state resulting from prolonged exposure to job stressors. The condition is characterized by a loss of interest and energy in ones job. When nurses and other service professionals experience burnout syndrome, they have decreased motivation for reporting to work the next day. Burnout is commonly associated with work-related emotional and interpersonal stressors and is measured in three general scales; depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and a lack of perceived personal accomplishment (Boyle, 2011). Health care professionals who fell overloaded, isolated, or unappreciated are at risk of both burnout and emotional fatigue. Compassion fatigue in this context involves excess identification and empathy with a patients suffering where the nurse is unable to maintain a healthy balance between empathy and objectivity. This excessive empathy results in a depletion of the caregivers emotional resources ultimately leading to a withdrawal from patient care and disengagement with the patients. Some symptoms of this condition include sleep disruption, headaches, cardiovascular disease, increased blood pressure, immune dysfunction, as well as anger, irritability, fatigue, and depression. This situation is serious since ICUs are characterized by very high levels of work related stress and tensions all of which increase the risk for burnout syndrome. Research has shown severe burnout syndrome by the Maslach Burnout Inventory is present in 50% of all critical care physicians and about 33% of all critical care nurses which makes it a fairly widespread phenomenon. The studies have shown that in physicians, burnout syndrome mostly happens to those with a high number of working hours, measured by number of night shifts and duration since the last vacation. Nurses, on the other hand, experience, burnout syndrome resulting from end-of life related characteristics and ICU organization. An additional factor identified as a cause for burnout syndrome are ICU conflicts regarding the best procedures for patient care. Socio-Environmental factors affecting Burnout Syndrome The intensive care unit is a specialized area in a hospital for critically ill patients. This environment is highly mechanized, has a high nurse patient ration, and often, the work is stressful and demanding. Since the inception of the ICU, literature has identified it as a highly stressful environment. The use of state of the art medical technology such as artificial respirators, oxygen sensors, suction machines, and infusion pumps for critically ill patients makes it an emotionally charged atmosphere. These machines, combined with the patients noises makes nurses to remain hyper alert and may even affect them when they are off duty. Another reason for the high prevalence of burnout syndrome among nurses is the constant environment of death and dying. ICU nurses face death on a daily basis. This may be unusually hard on their emotions as some patients may fail to recover and the nurse, or medical professional would experience a sense of failure. Furthermore, the attitudes towards death can be complex for each individual and are influenced by a persons fears, anxieties, and personal attitudes. Some patients in the ICU can also linger for long periods either before death or recovery thereby forming a bond with the nurse and their relatives. All of these are emotional stressors especially considering the nurse is already working in a stressful environment and becomes more taxing with emotional family members blaming the medical staff for not doing enough when a patient fails to recover. This kind of emotionally taxing work has many associated challenges. The nursing staff have to provide effective care to patients and their emotionally distraught families with little to no formal training on how to do so (Meier & Beresford, 2006). It is hard for nurses to enable patients to maintain a sense of composure in the face of death as it is emotionally draining. This situation is worse when the patient is emaciated, under pain, has open sores, or convulsions. Wenzel et al., (2011) conducted a study which concluded that the responsibility associated with giving treatments to patients that negatively affected the patients quality of life, even temporarily, resulted in increased caregiver stress and feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness. The third factor causing burnout syndrome are the long working hours and common staff shortages. In most medical institutions, the medical personnel are far less than the number of patients. This is especially true for qualified nurses and doctors who work in the hospital ICUs. The staff shortage results in long working hours and increased shifts which mean that the nurses are away from their families for long stretches of time. Sometimes, nurses have to skip breaks or work overtime to ensure that everything runs smoothly which results in a situation where the nurse is exhausted both mentally and physically. Additionally, the heavy workload usually leads to high staff turnover rates thus increasing the workload for the existing staff thus resulting in a never ending cycle of new staff constantly experiencing burnout and resigning. Another factor identified as contributing to burnout among critical care nurses is disillusionment. In most cases, nurses working in the ICU are usually in conjunction with qualified doctors who handle all the technical aspects of a patients care. However, in most cases, the nurses decision making capacity is severely limited especially in conducting invasive procedures related to a patients treatment. Consequences of Burnout Burnout among both physicians and nurses is associated with lower effectiveness at work, reduced commitment to the job, and decreased job satisfaction. It is also associated with an intention to leave ones job. In recent studies in France, most of the health care professionals surveyed with a high level of burnout stated their intention to leave their jobs (Embriaco et al., 2007). Among these nurses, there were also symptoms of depression and poor quality of private life which eventually resulted in absenteeism and eventually job turnover. High levels or burnout are also associated with decreased level of patient satisfaction and increased strain on professional relations through the professionals causing greater personal conflict and disrupting normal tasks. From past studies, the performance of an ICU and the hospital in general depends on several factors such as the organizations cultural context, managerial practices, individual wellbeing, job satisfaction, and the intention to quit (Embriaco et al., 2007). Therefore, predicting and preventing burnout syndrome is of top priority to a health care institution so as to continue providing quality patient care and have effective treatment outcomes. With an exception of certain demographic factors, most working conditions and professional relationships can be improved through the reduction of stressors. In the past, individual strategies have been employed with limited success. These strategies include relaxation, stress inoculation training, rational emotive therapy, teambuilding, training in interpersonal and social skills, and medication. All of these strategies are aimed at enhancing the capacity of workers to cope with their job demands. Critical Social Theory The critical social theory is a school of thought that stresses the importance of performing reflective assessments and critiques of society through the application of knowledge from the humanities and social sciences. Originally devolved by Karl Marx and popularized by the Frankfurt school of thought. Critical social theory is increasingly used in nursing and health care in general to guide the review and improvement of health care practices. In nursing, the critical social theory implies that once a theory is imparted or a policy enacted, it should be put into practice and continually aim to improve it by considering feedback. That is, the application of the social theory to nursing implies that they should break their professions nature of docility, and submissiveness and instead speak up to help improve the practice. In this context, the nurses can now consider the social cultural contexts of a patient to offer appropriate health care. This translates into them being able to understand the social inequalities related to health and then transforming these situations through innovative application of the existing health care knowledge which reflects in greater equity in health care. The critical social theory provides a philosophical framework for viewing phenomena in their sociopolitical contexts. One important aspect of this theory is the assumption that knowledge acquisition and understanding allows people to liberate themselves from exploitation and thus create opportunities for affecting change. One offshoot of this theory is the theory of communicative action which posits that discourse takes place within the setting of collective cultural traditions. Communicative action is the process of achieving understanding through discourse. This theory is based on the assumption of an ideal situation where discourse is unconstrained and undistorted by power. Therefore, in communicative action, participants within a particular culture make statements in attempting to reach consensus. As this process continues, the participants have two choices in that they can either accepting their traditions unchallenged or grabbing the opportunity to change their traditions through reinterpretation. This theory is especially applicable to the nursing profession where even though theory shows the need for a global perspective, it is often constrained by the traditional models of health care delivery. Solutions to Health Care Issue While Burnout Syndrome may seem like the norm for healthcare situations, a look at the consequences shows that medical professionals should make it a priority concern when deciding on managerial practices and decisions. Recent studies show that burnout and work stressors in acute care are not universal and that staff in the acute care section can actually experience less burnout as compared to their colleagues in other disciplines. They have also show that the presence of emotional stressors and heavy workload as the main causative factors of Burnout Syndrome. Conflicts in professional relationships and sub optimal team work results in significant barriers to the provision of medical care. The relationship between the nurses and doctors in the ICU may be a significant source of stress especially when there are unclear role definitions and non-functional communication processes. Power and Peace Process Chinns (2015) power and peace process refers to a way of working with other people cooperatively and equitably in ways that nurture each individual and strengthen the group as a whole which facilitates dealing with conflict in a context of mutual understanding and peace. This approach has been used successfully in many groups worldwide which include classrooms, volunteers, and even families. The process begins with the principles of solidarity where the group forms shared commitments and values which form the foundation for all the other parts of the process. The next stage is the check in where each person shows an ability and commitment to join in the process and state their expectations for the group. The third step in the process is the concept of rotating leadership where everyone can participate as both a follower and a leader. In the discussion, the person currently speaking is the leader while the others are the followers. The participants share s... Cite this page Health Issues Among Critical Care Nurses. (2019, Sep 27). Retrieved from https://speedypaper.com/essays/health-issues-among-critical-care-nurses If you are the original author of this essay and no longer wish to have it published on the SpeedyPaper website, please click below to request its removal:

<urn:uuid:b63c6e11-502b-4dfd-a658-4e24440cdfd0>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://speedypaper.com/essays/health-issues-among-critical-care-nurses

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585045.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016231019-20211017021019-00590.warc.gz

en

These commentaries are excerpts from an assigned project for Humanities4900/6900, “Indigenous Peoples: Social and Cultural Perspectives,” taught by Isabel Dulfano, Spring semester 2016. Students studied demographics, Mayan epigraphy, Incan kipu, archaeology, linguistics and other topics as an interdisciplinary approach to critically expanding their understanding of indigenous peoples, historically and in a contemporary setting. Dr. Dulfano arranged for two class periods to be devoted to working with pieces ranging from Mesoamerican codex facsimiles to 16th through 19th century books to 20th and 21st century artist’s books from the rare book collections. The students looked at books which reflected the colonized and the colonizer, the perspective of Church and State, and self-referential texts depicting imposed visions of time and place. From Brisa Zavala: Nombres geograficos de Mexico… Antonio Peñafiel (1831-1922) Mexico: Oficina tip. De la Secretaria de foment, 1885 F1219 P39 1885 As part of a two-day class activity we visited the Marriott Library’s rare book collections and had the opportunity to interact with facsimiles and original copies of books pertaining to indigenous peoples of Latin America. On the first day we interacted with pieces dating from the 8th century Common Era to 1899. One of the books that caught my eye was Nombres Geograficos de Mexico, 1885. This book contains names of various geographical places in Mexico, some of which still remain as the names of towns in present-day Mexico. The author, Antonio Peñafiel, was the Director General of the Census Department of Mexico. The book was bound and organized in a traditional western way, is about the size of a notebook, and written in Spanish. The first half contains detailed explanations of the meaning of each geographical name and the second half contains colored pictographs corresponding to each place name. I particularly enjoyed looking at this piece. I have traveled in Mexico and noticed many names of smaller towns in Nahuatl, but never knew the meaning of the name. I am studying Nahuatl at the University of Utah and I have some knowledge on how place names are formed but it was fascinating to not only learn the meaning behind the names but also see corresponding pictographs. On the second visit to the Rare Books Department we looked at “contemporary” books, also pertaining to indigenous peoples of Latin America. My favorite piece was Codex Espangliensis: From Columbus to the Border Patrol. Santa Cruz, CA: Moving Parts Press, 1998 N7433.4 G652 C63 1998 Text in English and Spanish written by performance artist Guillermo Gomez-Peña, collage images by Enrique Chagoya and designed and printed by Felicia Rice. This piece “confronts realities and surrealities of border culture, juxtaposing examples of graphic art from pre-Hispanic times to present-day Mexico with traditions of Western art and contemporary American pop-culture.” The book is structured as an accordion-fold similar to Mesoamerican codices. However, it is printed on one side only and thus can be read western-style. The print is black and red and the art style has a strong resemblance to Japanese manga and comic books. I plan to visit Rare Books soon and “read” this piece with more time to observe and pick up on the detail. My experience with the rare book collections expanded my knowledge not only of what kinds of “books” exist, both in past and present times, but also how time periods effect contents and form. As a student of the Nahuatl language it is very important to me to have access to codices and other material written in Nahuatl, from grammar to doctrines. It is also interesting to experience how the form of older texts, such as the accordion structure, has impacted contemporary texts and how these forms are used to make a statement. It is important to society to preserve these books in order to preserve knowledge and to allow for future studies of past societies. This opportunity was extremely enriching academically and all students should visit the rare book collections. From Melissa Gutierrez: At first I thought it was odd that we were going to the library to see old books, to be honest, at that moment I would rather have had a class discussion on the very many topics regarding the indigenous populations we had been learning about. However, going to see the rare book collections was a surreal experience. Having about 40 some books laid out on tables, waiting to be explored was an invitation to me. That invitation was to sit down and dive into history and discover. I found this experience to be powerful and enriching. The old books came to life, helping me picture and understand history on a whole new and different level. When I sat down with the books it gave me the opportunity to ask myself, “Do I value history?” Antonio del Rincon (1556-1601) En Mexico: en casa Pedro Balli, 1595 One of the books that I enjoyed analyzing was a book written in the 1500’s. This book was written by a Spanish priest who learned the language of Nahuatl. The book had grammar and a dictionary. The book was falling apart and not handwritten. While looking at this book I wondered what the Spanish priest thought as he was learning Nahuatl. Most Spanish priests believed that they were helping the indigenous peoples come to God by converting them to Catholicism. I wonder how it would have felt to be part of that project. Did the Spanish priest have indigenous people help him learn and understand Nahuatl? These are the kinds of questions I asked myself while analyzing the book. From Ann Wilcox New York: Granary Books, 2012 N7433.4 V536 C48 2012 The piece that impressed me the most was Chancanni Quipu. It was a modern quipu that had writing on the wool, rather than knots in the wool. The writing was of a Chancanni poem. I thought this piece was interesting because it had a mix of the ancient system of writing of the quipu and modern system of writing with words. The writing was a mix of Spanish and the Chanccani language. Accompanying the quipu was a translation of the poem and a brief history and explanation of how quipu are made. The important thing about this piece is that it takes ancient culture and practice and puts a modern spin on it. The author, using diverse cultural cues, was able to communicate in a way that people from diverse cultures could understand. I think that it also shows that there are many forms of quipu now and authors can be creative while still connecting with their culture. It is an important piece because it wasn’t a bound book or words or illustrations on paper. This was a new medium that the author found to communicate and still be effective. The experience of seeing the rare books, especially in the context of indigenous work, opened my eyes to the amount of types of book and recording methods there exist in the world. It impressed me that there were so many perspectives shown through the pieces. I valued that I got to touch and read the book in person and not through pictures. It was a very special experience and I don’t think that it can be replicated. I will always appreciate this experience, especially when I am visiting museums and see works of art and literature that are behind glass. I will think of this experience, when I got to handle the books myself. From Miranda Best: Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u Verlaganstalt; New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, 1991 F1421 T95 no. 61 Facsimile with introduction by Mary Elizabeth Smith (b. 1932) The first piece I would like to discuss is the Codex Tulane, ca. 16th century. The codex, originally made from overlapping animal hide, is an early Colonial manuscript from the Mixtec-speaking region of southern Mexico. The manuscript presents genealogical information with a list of native rulers of two Mixtec communities. Within this list are contained more than one hundred male and female figures, seated opposite of their spouses. The piece is beautifully made. Although we were only able to see a facsimile, it is wonderful to experience these pieces in physical form. How amazing it would have been to touch and see the original piece! Something interesting about the experience I had was that when I approached the codex, the way it was rolled up was in a way so that I would be unrolling it from the bottom and opening it up. When I began to see the figures, they were very simply drawn, but further up, as I unrolled the codex, the figures began to be a little more elaborate. What I observed is that it was the same figures, but something was added onto them as it went up each row. I did not quite understand what was going on until Luise [Poulton] explained that it could be like genealogy and it made a lot more sense to me. I felt like I could connect with what I was seeing. I loved being able to see the advancement of the figures. It made me wonder if it meant that there was a connection with those who seemed to be of higher power (higher up on the codex) and those who were further down (with less details and figures added). The first day in the library, I had a hard time finding pieces that I could really connect to. All of the pieces were beautiful and I thought they were interesting, but I did not feel anything super exciting about them. I enjoyed this codex after I understood a little more about it and I liked learning about the resources we have available to us. I would love to take more advantage of this and utilize it to learn more about the history of these people. I thought it was very interesting that Luise pointed out the importance of looking at the “who, what, where, when, why and how.” Not because it is something new to me, but rather something that Professor Dulfano is always pointing out to us. We cannot read a piece of literature without understanding the context and its background. It makes for a much more fulfilling experience. Ump’it u yeybilil ti’ u libroil Mormon: hahil t’an Yo’olal Cristo Salt Lake City: Dza’an ohetbil tumen u Iglesia Jesucristo ti’ le Ma’alob Maco’obo’ tu Dzo’oc kino’oba’, 1983 BX8625 M39 1983 The second day in the library was a real treat. I felt a connection with a lot of the pieces and definitely enjoyed the experience more that day than the first day. Of all the pieces I saw, my two most favorite were the Book of Mormon, written in a Maya language and the 1997 piece by Joe D’Ambrosio, Oaxaca and the Saguaro. It is one of one hundred and twenty five copies made. The University of Utah copy is numbered 19. Oaxaca (Wa-ha-ka) and the saguaro (sa-wah-row)… Phoenix, AZ: D’Ambrosio, 1996 N7433.4 D34 O29 1996 This book was hand bound by the author in a brown cloth and Mexican bark paper. The front cover has a beautifully structured cactus with twisted material to give more structure to the cactus. Throughout this book, you will find beautifully crafted pop-up images and real feathers, as well as other illustrations. This piece made me very excited for numerous reasons. First, I love books made from raw hide/leather, or other natural materials. I find them so beautiful and real. The cactus made it even more exciting to see what was inside. As I flipped through the pages, I really enjoyed seeing the illustration because they reminded me a lot of my childhood. Pop-up books were my favorite as a child, so it was a nice moment to reminisce. Other illustrations in this book continued to remind me of my childhood and some of the art projects I did. There was one page in particular that was decorated with a metallic material. It almost seemed to me to be made from gum wrappers. I used to peel apart gum wrappers and use the silver part to make figures on another piece of paper. This particular page reminded me of that. Generally speaking, it was a beautifully made book and very enjoyable to look at. But it was an even more delightful experience because it had a nostalgic feeling for me. As I mentioned above, I had a better experience the second day than the first. I don’t know if it was because there were more pieces that caught my attention or if it was because we had more time to look at everything. But it really made me appreciate the resources we have and made me think how privileged we are to have access to such “rare objects.” Many of these books, codices, etc. are completely from “out of our world” and we have the opportunity to step inside the world of others and experience it. If we had had more time, I would have loved to look longer at all the books and discover what they were all about. As it was, I only got to observe a small portion of everything. I would love to be able to go back and see what more there is and learn more.

<urn:uuid:4b023d1c-b79f-4320-861a-34280e217733>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://openbook.lib.utah.edu/tag/pop-up/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585204.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018155442-20211018185442-00230.warc.gz

en

Impact of Gypsum on Crop Yield, Soil Chemical Properties ... The use of soil amendments such as FGD-gypsum seems to be a low-cost viable option. FGD-gypsum is a byproduct of the gas desulfurization systems used to reduce air pollution in coal burning power plants. The supply of FGD-gypsum is projected to increase in coming years as air quality standards continue to increase.Get price Gypsum as a soil additive: use it or lose it? · Emily Sneller, Michigan State University Extension - February 22, 2011. The soil additive gypsum is not well understood and has limited uses in the calcareous-soils of Michigan. Gypsum, or calcium sulfate, has become a hot topic in the fertilizer industry and while this soil additive is widely advertised, it is not well understood.Get price Gypsum: an old product with a new use | Integrated Crop ... Gypsum is a fertilizer product and supplies the crop-available form of calcium (Ca 2 +) and sulfur (SO 4 2-). If these forms are deficient in soil, then crop productivity will benefit if gypsum is applied. This is a big "if" for Iowa soils. Research has not shown deficiency of Ca and normally any potential problem with low Ca levels is taken ...Get price GYPSUM IN AGRICULTURE · To know whether the crop will respond to gypsum, it is necessary to observe the calcium, aluminum, and base saturation values of the soil test considering 20-40 cm depth (or 8 to 16 inches). If the test shows either low calcium, low base saturation or high aluminum, the use of gypsum is recommended, and should be applied all over the land ...Get price Garden Gypsum Information · Garden Gypsum Information. As a rule, using gypsum for garden tilth will probably not harm your plants, but it simply is not necessary. Using a little elbow grease and lovely organic goodies from fall clean up or compost worked into the soil to a depth of at least 8 inches (20 cm.) will provide an excellent soil amendment.Get price Gypsum Facts and Fiction The gypsum is only relatively soluble and is a slow release compound. It takes months of regular irrigation and rainfall for the gypsum to break down into separate pieces of calcium and sulphate alone. After this happens, the calcium (supplied by the gypsum) trades places with the sodium that is attached to the soil particle.Get price Land Plaster or Gypsum as a Fertilizer. — Pacific Rural ... Land Plaster or Gypsum as a Fertilizer. The manurial value of land plaster—sulphate of lime—has long been known and acknowledged. As long ago as when Benjamin Franklin lived and employed his peculiar but moat effective modes of presenting great and important truths to his countrymen, land plaster was employed as a dressing upon the land of our most advanced and intelligent farmers.Get price 4. EFFECT OF GYPSUM AND CALCIUM CARBONATE ON PLANTS The effects of soil gypsum content on corn growth and nutrient composition has been studied by several workers, for example. Hernando et al. (1963, 1965). Growth of corn was reduced with the high gypsum levels. The interaction between gypsum content and soil moisture stress was found significant in its effect on corn growth and performance.Get price Garden Guides | Nutrient Value of Gypsum Fertilizer · Gypsum fertilizer is used to aid soil structure and provide trace nutrients for plants without altering the pH of the soil. For gardening purposes, gypsum is sold dry as a powder, though it is also used to make wall board. Because of the value of gypsum as a fertilizer, recycled wallboard is increasingly used to ...Get price Why Gypsum in your Organic Soil? · Gypsum Improves Water-Use Efficiency. Gypsum increases water-use efficiency of crops. In areas and times of drought, this is extremely important. Improved water infiltration rates, improved hydraulic conductivity of soil, better water storage in the soil all lead to deeper rooting and better water-use efficiency.Get price Substituting Waste Gypsum Wallboard for Agricultural … Gypsum is used in agriculture as a fertilizer and as a soil amendment. Both calcium and sulfur are essential plant nutrients. Gypsum is not a material and will not increase soil pH. This factsheet provides instruction on how to properly manage scrap gypsum wallboard intended for use as a substitute for agricultural gypsum.Get price Recycled gypsum as an agricultural product: This common ... · "Gypsum is a good source of both calcium and sulfur, which crops need for good yields," says Dick. "We also found that it improves many other soil characteristics.Get price The essential amendment: High quality gypsum demands your ... Gypsum leaches into the subsoil replacing aluminum and other acid forming ions, thus allowing roots to penetrate the hostile subsoil more readily. Along with composts, manures and other plant materials, use of gypsum helps rebuild the supply of soil organic matter, and is a major means for increasing the efficiency of its accumulation.Get price The Myth of Gypsum Magic "Adding gypsum to your yard or ... weathered or subject to intensive crop production. Gypsum also improves sodic (saline) soils by removing sodium from the soil and replacing it with calcium. Therefore, one can see improvement in clay soil structure and fertility, and desalinization of sodium-rich soils, by using gypsum. What other effects will gypsum have on soil and plant health?Get price Gypsum | Mosaic Crop Nutrition Gypsum is also a byproduct from processing phosphate rock into phosphoric acid. Gypsum from recycled wallboard is finely ground and applied to soil as fertilizer. Chemical properties. Agricultural use. Farmers typically add gypsum (sometimes called land plaster) to soils either to nourish plants or modify and improve soil properties.Get price Gypsum as an agricultural product | Soil Science Society of America Gypsum | Mosaic Crop NutritionGet price Gypsum and Lime Gypsum is not acid soluble and will not change the soil pH. It helps to shift the Ca and Mg levels in soil and offers a readily available form of sulfate sulfur, a valuable secondary nutrient that benefits the soil and crop. The sulfate in gypsum binds with excess Mg in the soil to form soluble Epsom salt, which moves lower into the soil profile.Get price Using Gypsum to Help Reduce Phosphorus Runoff | USDA · It is important to not use too much or too little gypsum in these applications. A recent soil test showing the Cation Exchange Capacity and % Base Saturation is the first step. Then in the 333 Standard, compare this soil test information to Tables 2a and 2b as well as the Additional Criteria sections for selecting the proper rate for your ...Get price 36 Reasons for Using Gypsum 31. Gypsum Keeps Clay Off Tuber and Root Crops. Gypsum can help keep clay particles from adhering to roots, bulbs and tubers of crops like potato, carrots, garlic and beets. In combination with water-soluble polymers, it is even more beneficial (Wallace and Nelson 1986). 32. Gypsum Decreases Loss of Fertilizer Nitrogen to the Air.Get price Soybean response to gypsum is dependent on soil quality ... · Soybean response to gypsum is dependent on soil quality. James DeDecker, Michigan State University Extension - November 17, 2015. A second year of soybean research in Presque Isle County finds no significant yield response to gypsum application, contradicting 2014 results. A grower spreads gypsum, a source of sulfur, prior to soybean planting.Get price How to Use Gypsum in Gardening Gypsum changes the soil composition through a process called flocculation. The gypsum enables the small and dense clay particles to join together to form bigger particles, more closely resembling loose sand. Another occasion when gypsum is often introduced in a garden setting is if the soil in your garden lacks calcium. The addition of gypsum ...Get price Gypsum as an agricultural product | American Society of ... · But the use of gypsum that Dick studies might be unfamiliar to you: on farmland. "Gypsum is a good source of both calcium and sulfur, which crops need for good yields," says Dick. "We also found that it improves many other soil characteristics. Gypsum helps soil better absorb water and reduces erosion.Get price Amending Soils with Lime or Gypsum (NRCS 333) | AgBMPs Amending Soils with Lime or Gypsum (NRCS 333) The use of lime and gypsum as soil amendments can enhance crop production. The two types of material provide different outcomes in the soil profile which are important to differentiate to know when and where to best utilize these products. Lime, also known as agricultural limestone, neutralizes soil ...Get price How Gypsum Can Help Your Garden Grow The amount of gypsum you will need will depend on how you plan to use it and the conditions of your soil. At USA Gypsum, we recommend conducting a soil analysis to ensure the addition of gypsum will benefit your plants. USA Gypsum offers high-quality, recycled gypsum for all your lawn and garden needs, shipped right to your door.Get price University Research on the Benefits of Gypsum in Agriculture When gypsum provides any one of the above benefits higher yields can be realized. The National Soil Erosion Laboratory at Purdue University in West Lafayette, IN has performed many research projects (Dr. Darrell Norton, et.al.) showing the benefits of gypsum on increasing water infiltration and improving soil …Get price Gypsum, Using Gypsum in Gardening Gypsum is easy to apply. Just spread it on the lawn, using the granular type, with a lawn spreader at the rate of 40 pounds per thousand square feet. Gypsum fertilizer can be spread any time of the year and only one application per year is needed. To get it started working, water immediately after applying.Get price The Role Of Gypsum In Agriculture: 5 Key Benefits You ... enhance crop production. As with other fertilizers and agricultural amendments, FGD gypsum must be used appropriately to avoid potential negative impacts on both agricultural production and the environment. In many respects, there are similarities between the agri-cultural use of FGD gypsum and nitrogen fertilizers in that both can provide crop ...Get price The benefits of calcium sulfate as a crop & plant ... · Gypsum Benefits Plants Calcium Sulfate as a crop nutrient. Calcium sulfate is good for plants but generally no one thinks of it as a source of important source of plant nutrients. Generally everyone thinks of calcium sulfate, or gypsum, as a soil amendment and it is. But it much more than that – it is also a fertilizer that has nutrient value.Get price Gypsum for Field Crops in New York released into the soil solution for uptake by plants. If a soil is Ca deficient for a specific crop, gypsum can be a good source of Ca to consider, especially when the pH of the soil is already high and the addition of Ca-containing materials is not desirable. Where the soil is deficient in S, gypsum is also a good supplement.Get price How do farmers use gypsum? Gypsum is a wonderful soil amendment, and its good for a few different things. It''s a naturally mined product and can be used in organic systems. Gypsum''s primary use is to add calcium and sulfur to the soil without affecting pH. The primary (af...Get price Fertilizer use by crop in Zimbabwe As an N-fixing crop, groundnuts supply N to the soil. Groundnuts need 300 kg/ha of Compound L at planting and a top-dressing of gypsum fertilizer at a rate of 150 kg/ha. Groundnuts take up nutrients at the following rates: 105 kg N/ha, 15 kg P 2 O 5 /ha, 27 kg Ca/ha, 18 kg Mg/ha and 42 kg K 2 O/ha (AGRITEX, 1982).Get price AMENDING SOIL PROPERTIES WITH GYPSUM PRODUCTS When exchangeable aluminum below a 12-inch soil depth is greater than 1.0 milliquivalent/100 mg soil, apply gypsum at a rate recommended by the land grant university (LGU) or the Agricultural Research Service (ARS). Use a soil analysis for aluminum no older than 1 year to plan the appropriate application rate of the gypsum products.Get price Gypsum as an agricultural product | Certified Crop Adviser But the use of gypsum that Dick studies might be unfamiliar to you: on farmland. "Gypsum is a good source of both calcium and sulfur, which crops need for good yields," says Dick. "We also found that it improves many other soil characteristics. Gypsum helps soil better absorb water and reduces erosion.Get price Gypsum, Using Gypsum in Gardening Gypsum is easy to apply. Just spread it on the lawn, using the granular type, with a lawn spreader at the rate of 40 pounds per thousand square feet. Gypsum fertilizer can be spread any time of the year and only one application per year is needed. To get it …Get price - national scientific crusher - used equipmen200 tph andling - li ne quarry in oman - ore crushing and concentrating processes - packaging equipment used zinc oxide germany - possible to watch quarries b igl - recycling equipment crushing - kisumu engine sale - quartz stonecm - upper fixed jaw of single toggle jaw crusher - quarry crushing equipment for sale in uk - vibrating feeders product - mesh screen trapezoidal profile - mobile crushers wholesale suppliers - iron orepany of canada - iron ore sri lanka - stone crushing machine cost - limestone brasil tamanhos - opening an account in the gold mining corporation - locomotivesrail equipment - space rock crashing the earth - mobile copper processing plant - stone vibrating weilite - list of mining equipmentpanies in uk - worldcoaldo all countries mine coal - reduction of titaniferous magnetite ore binq mining - sand and gravel manufacturers in karnataka - what are th components mining in nigeria - limestone mining cgm - mining machines small scale - ore crusher buisness - tools construction equipment of the type bush - memompa produsen di pakistan

<urn:uuid:78cb6cea-8518-4d8c-ad09-cf72f17672a1>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://polskietowarzystwofacefitness.pl/which-crops-use-gypsum-fertiliser/18771.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00111.warc.gz

en

It is not possible to do a series on the digestive system without spending time covering our intestines and the delicate balance of bacteria that populate it. More and more research is showing that an imbalance has a profound effect on our overall physical and mental health. There are many diseases that have their root cause in the gut brain of our body. You can find last week’s five posts on the Digestive System in the Health Column Directory: https://smorgasbordinvitation.wordpress.com/smorgasbord-health-column-news-nutrients-health-conditions-anti-aging/ It is not my intention to lay the blame for all diseases at the feet of Candida Albicans, but it is, I believe, important to understand how an overgrowth of this pathogen can result in a lifetime of health issues. I will share how this impacted me later in the post. Over the week I will be repeating the Candida series, and I hope that those who have already read two years ago will still find something of interest. Recently I was asked about the difference between Probiotics and Prebiotics and will explain that now before we get into the issue of this rogue gut inhabitant. Probiotics are the bacteria and yeasts that are classified as ‘friendly’. They inhabit our digestive tract and are a vital part of the process of digesting food and turning it into something that the rest of the body into a form it can utilise. Without a healthy balance of these probiotics, systems such as the immune function, can be compromised, as well as the health of other operating systems and the major organs. If you eat live dairy products, including Kefir, or fermented foods such as sauerkraut, it will encourage the essential bacteria such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria to flourish. Prebiotics are processed from insoluble carbohydrates in most fruit and vegetables including Apples (skin on) bananas, beans, artichokes etc (which is why we need to eat several portions of vegetables and fruit daily) This survives the stomach acid and digestive process that some foods such as yogurts might not do, and reaches the gut where it acts like a fertiliser for the existing probiotics and maintains a healthy balance. As far as Candida Albicans is concerned this balance in the intestinal flora is crucial and I will explain that as we mover through the upcoming posts. I was 42, 330lbs/150kilo and with severe health problems in 1994 My acquaintance with Candida Albicans was back in the mid 90’s. I was determined to lose my additional 10 or 11 stone and so began studying nutrition and in the process I decided to create a timeline to identify events and activities in my life from childhood that might have triggered weight gain. At age 10 I suffered a number of bouts of tonsillitis, and was given penicillin at least five times before the tonsils were removed. Before these infections I was a normal size child – three months after the operation I was three stone overweight. Something had changed. It took me a while, once I began to study nutrition, to join the dots, and I came to the conclusion that this first trigger, and subsequent thrush and cystitis infections, crash dieting, sugar and bread cravings, were linked in some way. Candida Albicans began to get more publicity, and I compared my symptoms with those described and I experienced at least 80% of them. My first book that I originally wrote as a journal,was published in 2001. Size Matters was the story of my journey of my weight loss from 330lbs to 180lbs, and how this most common human fungal pathogen was largely responsible for my weight and health problems. Before I cover the scary bit – because it is overwhelming to think that there is this predatory pathogen inside the majority of us (mainly living the western world and our high sugar diet!) There are steps we can all take to ensure that our diet and lifestyle support our immune system by keeping the intestines in balance with plenty of beneficial bacteria to maintain Candida in its proper proportions. We are all familiar with the concerns about the rain forests and their devastation and long lasting consequences for our planet. Well our gut is an eco-system too – teeming with life that is as varied and as exotic as in any rain forest. And, like the many species that are at risk in the wider world, our bacteria that populate our gut and keep us alive, are under threat too. 70% of humans contain Candida Albicans in small amounts in our gut and urinary tract. In those amounts it is harmless – however – advances in medical treatment, and our modern diet, have given this opportunistic pathogen all it needs to develop from harmless colonies to massive overgrowths. It is also referred to as Monilia, Thrush, Candidiasis and Yeast Infection. The most at risk are those with an already compromised immune system, but because of our high sugar, white carbohydrate and processed foods in our diets, most of us are now at risk. We have also been treated with broad spectrum antibiotics for the last 65 years, as well as newer drugs that we take long term, that manipulate our hormonal balances. We as yet do not know the long term impact on our bodies of the modern drugs we take, and it may be generations before we do. Which is why there is now great concern that the pathogens are becoming more and more resistant to drugs such as antibiotics. The eco-system which is our gut. Our intestinal tract, like our hearts, brains, livers, kidneys etc is a major organ. Some refer to it as the ‘gut brain’ – How many times do you mention your gut feelings? Without it there would be no way to process the raw ingredients we eat to keep our immune system healthy enough to protect us from pathogens. The good bacteria or flora in the gut, two of which are, Bifidobacteria bifidum and Lactobaccillus acidophilus normally keep the Candida in balance. In most cases antibiotics are broad spectrum, not specific, because, without a lab test it is difficult to tell the specific strain of bacteria responsible for an infection. The use of broad spectrum drugs usually guarantees that the bacteria in question will be killed off. - Unfortunately, not only the bad bacteria are killed off but also the good bacteria in your gut. - Candida remains unaffected because it is not bacteria it is a yeast and this is where it takes full advantage. What happens to Candida to allow it to take over? If Candida yeast is allowed to grow unchecked, it changes from its normal yeast fungal form to a mycelial fungal form that produces rhizoids. These long, root-like components are capable of piercing the walls of the digestive tract and breaking down the protective barriers between the intestines and the blood. This breakthrough allows many allergens to enter the blood stream causing allergic reactions. Mucus is also formed around major organs and in the lining of the stomach. This prevents your digestive system from functioning efficiently. The result is poorly digested food and wasted nutrients. Your body begins to suffer a deficiency of these nutrients and it leads to chronic fatigue, an impaired immune system and disease. There would appear to be a strong link between this overgrowth of Candida Albicans to a huge list of symptoms and illness. Here is a snapshot. - People who are suffering from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or ME usually test positive for Candida although there are also other issues involved in this complex condition. - Numbness, burning or tingling in fingers or hands. - Abdominal pain, - Chronic constipation or diarrhoea, - Irritable Bowel Syndrome. - Thrush and Cystitis, - Sexual dysfunction and loss of sexual drive. - Endometriosis or infertility - PMS and heavy and painful periods. - Depression and panic attacks - Irritablity when hungry. - Unexplained muscle or joint pains often diagnosed with arthritis. - Headaches and mood swings. - Chronic rashes or hives - Food intolerance. - Liver function due to build up of toxins leading to chronic fatigue, discomfort and depression. The list is virtually endless – which just adds to the confusion at the time of diagnosis. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms then you may have a varying degree of overgrowth. In the upcoming posts this week I will be featuring some of the health problems associated with an overgrowth of Candida Albicans and the strategies to reduce levels to normal, and rebalance the flora in your gut. ©Sally Cronin Just Food For Health – 1998 – 2018 A little bit about me nutritionally. A little about me from a nutritional perspective. Although I write a lot of fiction, I actually wrote my first two books on health, the first one, Size Matters, a weight loss programme 20 years ago. I qualified as a nutritional therapist and practiced in Ireland and the UK as well as being a consultant for radio. My first centre was in Ireland, the Cronin Diet Advisory Centre and my second book, Just Food for Health was written as my client’s workbook. Here are my health books including a men’s health manual and my anti-aging book. All available in Ebook from: http://www.amazon.com/Sally-Cronin/e/B0096REZM2 And Amazon UK: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Sally-Georgina-Cronin/e/B003B7O0T6 Thank you for dropping in and if you have any questions fire away.. If you would like to as a private question then my email is [email protected]. I am no longer in practice and only too pleased to help in any way I can. thanks Sally

<urn:uuid:75acfb12-9aae-4ccc-9e3f-6f19f72b2d4d>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://smorgasbordinvitation.wordpress.com/2018/06/04/smorgasbord-health-column-candida-albicans-part-one-the-opportunistic-pathogen/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585242.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019043325-20211019073325-00350.warc.gz

en

There’s a lot of focus on academic progress – or lack thereof – with students during the pandemic. The cancellation of in-person school is creating a lot of stress for students, parents, and teachers. But what is also happening is that many schools have cancelled “non-essential” extracurricular activities for students. Even schools that have returned to in-person classes, or a hybrid schedule of online and in-person, are not resuming arts programs, student clubs, student community outreach programs, field trips, museum visits, and the like. While the COVID-19 learning loss is a real concern, it is compounded by the loss of social interaction and the enrichment that comes from participation in creative activity. Some schools are resuming sports activities, which is a great outlet for the population of students who participate, but many schools are not even doing that much. Some activities, like speech and debate, can be translated into an online format. And some drama teachers are becoming creative, replacing scheduled productions with recording audio plays, short films, and table readings over video calls. And while this may work for some older students, it’s completely limited by the individual school district and resources available. Creative Things for Kids to Do During COVID Quarantine (or any time!) Besides the inherent value of encouraging creativity in students of all ages, non-academic activities are also a wonderful break and may help students focus better when they do have to work on academics. Below are 21 great resources for artistic, creative, crafty, musical, dramatic, and other activities that you can do with your child, and help them interact with others during COVID. Today’s kids are notoriously over scheduled. They have sports and music lessons and clubs and playdates to manage on top of homework, studying, essays, and group projects. It can all feel like too much, especially when you have a child who needs extra help to stay on track in school. How do you help your child find time to be a kid, especially when they need after-school tutoring? At TutorUp, we connect you with certified, experienced teachers who know how to customize lesson plans based on your child’s interests and learning style. Personalized learning makes tutoring sessions more effective and fun, and it can be one small step in finding the right school-life balance. Here are 5 tips for making sure your tutored child has enough time for homework and hobbies without feeling overwhelmed: 1. Carve out time for homework, play, dinner, and sleep For children who need tutoring, staying on top of homework can be a big challenge. That’s why it’s so important for parents to establish what after-school “homework time” looks like. Do you check in with your kids about homework when you get home after work? If you’re already at home, do you make sure they spend quality time on school work, free of other distractions? Establish expectations about finishing homework and meeting study goals early, and watch for warning signs that your children are having trouble balancing their activities. Do they seem overtired and stressed? They might be trying to tackle too much and not getting enough rest. Are they quiet and withdrawn? They might be down after spending too much time slogging away on schoolwork and not enough time with friends. After all, your children spend eight or more hours each day trying to focus in school. It’s ok for them to take a break, play outside, hang out with friends, watch TV, or pursue other hobbies after school, too. By creating a stable structure around their most important needs, you’ll help your kids find the room in their days for everything from school work to play. 2. Embrace your child’s interests Whether your kid is obsessed with princesses or can’t stop studying bugs with a magnifying glass, it’s important to encourage and embrace your child’s interests. Seek out the activities they seem most drawn to, so they have both creative and social outlets that help them thrive. As a parent, it’s also important to help your child prioritize. If they want to take saxophone lessons, join marching band, play soccer, and attend the French Club after school, will their grades suffer? According to Oren Amitay, a Toronto-based psychologist, too many after-school activities could make for a more anxious kid – especially if the schedule’s starting to overwhelm you, too. “Being busy isn’t necessarily bad, but kids pick up on the atmosphere around them,” Amitay told Global News. “It’s the tension, the frustration, the panic in trying to arrange all these things.” Are you worried that your child is taking on too many after-school clubs and activities? Help them identify one or two activities that are most meaningful to them and encourage them to stick with it. That doesn’t mean their interest will last forever, though, says Hilary Levey Friedman, a sociologist at Harvard University. “Childhood is the time to try out many different things, so not all music, art, and sports classes will stick for the long run,” Friedman told NBC’s Today. “But kids should try to get a complete experience with a class or team before moving on to something else.” If you think your child has given the activity a shot and simply needs to pare back, give them permission to take a break from after-school clubs, sports, and other activities that have lost their luster. They’ll feel more excited about being able to focus on one or two hobbies that mean the most, and you won’t have to worry that they are spread too thin. 3. Schedule regular, short tutoring sessions When young children need after-school tutoring, it adds even more instructional time to an already long day. Not only are kids and teens often getting more homework than they can handle, but some after-school tutoring programs can wind up adding more to the workload. How much is too much? According to a poll from Statistic Brain, teens are often spending more than three hours on homework every night. That’s way more than the recommended 10 minutes per night per grade level, says Raychelle Cassada Lohmann, an education columnist for U.S. News & World Report. “Regardless, research has shown that doing more than two hours of homework per night does not benefit high school students,” Lohmann writes. “Having lots of homework to do every day makes it difficult for teens to have any downtime, let alone family time.” Work with your tutor to establish regular, short sessions that maximize one-on-one instructional time – but that won’t make it impossible for your kid to be a kid. Perhaps it’s appropriate for your tutor to offer homework support that can help your child lessen the load from their teacher. Other sessions might be devoted to tackling fundamental concepts that can help your student be more successful in the classroom – and cut back on homework time after school. Be in communication with your tutor about the best ways to juggle homework with additional instructional needs. By using TutorUp’s tutoring reports, you and your tutor can also communicate directly with your child’s teacher about their workload and progress. 4. Encourage your tutor to incorporate your child’s interests Your child’s hobbies are an important way for them to socialize after school, but their interests can be insightful for a tutor to know about, too. One of the biggest perks of one-on-one instruction is the chance for children to experience personalized learning. Expert tutors incorporate your child’s interests into their lesson plans, making tutoring sessions more enjoyable and effective. From art and science projects that help your child understand fundamental concepts, to self-directed learning, the work your child does with a tutor can be informed by their natural interests and curiosity. By working with your tutor to personalize tutoring sessions, you’ll help your child develop a genuine rapport with their tutor. A positive rapport helps tutors make progress with students more quickly, especially when there’s difficult material to cover. Instead of balking at the latest round of calculus or physics homework, your child will be able to fall back on a positive, nurturing relationship rooted in their strengths and interests. Done well, tutoring can deepen your child’s ability to learn by drawing on their hobbies. It might still be homework, but at least it’s fun! 5. Show your kids you value their accomplishments at all levels We’re socialized early in life to associate our value as people with the work that we do. That’s why studies show that kids who receive “bad grades” also struggle with self-confidence and self-esteem. Too often, we don’t encourage students who achieve lower grades because we don’t view those grades as an accomplishment. Instead we attempt to “remediate” them, and one-on-one tutoring can unfortunately feel like this approach when a student is struggling. The remedial mindset can begin a bad cycle that winds up killing a child’s natural curiosity or interest in subject material. A genuine love of learning, on the other hand, might actually produce a healthier, more positive attitude toward school – no matter what grades your student earns. It’s the job of both parents and educators to nurture a child’s curiosity and interests, says Maurice J. Elias, Director of the Rutgers Social-Emotional and Character Development Lab. This produces not only more competent learners, but learners who are motivated to challenge themselves in the future. “Competence is propelled by curiosity and interest,” Elias writes at Edutopia. “As children come to feel effective in accomplishing something, they are more likely to try to replicate that feeling by trying to accomplish more challenging tasks.” Encouraging curiosity and interest can be a healthy way out of the “bad grades” and “low self-esteem” rut. Work with your tutor to positively reinforce your child’s accomplishments in every session. Together, you can instill a lifelong love of learning that will benefit your child for years to come.

<urn:uuid:b71f569e-433c-4993-b28c-f4c165c94ec4>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.tutorup.com/tag/hobbies/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585671.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023095849-20211023125849-00310.warc.gz

en

In Civilization Beyond Earth, as in previous Civilization games, a Unit is any mobile entity, independent of cities, and able to exist or move around the world on its own. Unlike previous games, there are no civilization-unique units in Civilization Beyond Earth; however there are Affinity-unique units, which only a civilization that has advanced enough in a certain Affinity is able to produce. According to their domain, units may be divided in several main types: - Land units - those that move on land. Once the Planetary Survey technology has been researched, all Land units gain the Embarkation ability, which allows them to move on Water. Note that, unlike Civilization V, there is no limitation as to where on Water they may move (Coast or Deep ocean). - Water units - those that move on water. They may also enter land tiles with a city on them. Note that if this city is built on the border with another large water body, water units will effectively be able to use that city as a 'canal' to cross into the other water body! - Air units - those that move on air, but are unable to sustain themselves out of a base for prolonged periods. This means this type of units stay in 'bases' (cities, or Carrier units), and perform missions within their operative radius. They could also switch bases, an action which consumes a turn. - Hovering/levitating units - those that possess technology to move several feet above the ground, or water. These units are the most versatile type, since they can move effectively anywhere, except Mountain and Crater tiles. Note that unlike Land units, Hovering units don't lose any MPs to switch from land to water and vice-versa, although they do have a combat penalty while hovering over water. - Satellite units - the final type of units is also one of the biggest innovations in Civilization Beyond Earth, and exists in its brand new feature, the Orbital layer. Satellites are launched from cities and enter geostationary orbit above the target part of the world. Note that they may only be launched within the 'Orbital coverage' provided by your cities! Once launched, satellites stay in position for a fixed amount of turns and may not move. They provide certain effects on the land below within certain range (depending on the type of satellite). After their 'lifespan' terminates, satellites fall on the planet and turn into rubble, which may be salvaged by some civilization's units. According to their purpose, units are divided in: - Civilian units - those that perform economic, non-combat functions, such as the Worker or the Colonist. These units are able to move freely on land (and also on Water with Embarkation). - Trading units - those are special units that service Trade routes between cities and Stations. Trading units are also considered civilians (and are thus vulnerable to attacks), but they cannot exist outside their bases. - Military units - those that have combat functions. - Main article: Strength (CivBE) Each unit has several statistics which define its usefulness: - Movement points (MP) - determines how far the unit can go each turn. Note that moving along a Road or Magrail allows the unit to move much faster, while moving through difficult terrain causes it to move slower! - Sight - determines how many tiles the unit reveals nearby. Important for Ranged units (because they can't attack a tile they can't see). Do note that some terrain, such as hills, can block vision. - Combat strength (CS) - determines the base strength for a unit when attacking in melee or when defending from any attack (for both melee and ranged) - Ranged combat strength (RCS) - determines the strength of a Ranged unit when it attacks. - Range - for ranged units, determines how far (how many tiles or hexes) they can attack from their current position. - Lifespan - for satellites, this denotes how many turns they have stayed in orbit since their launch, and how many turns total they can remain operational. Special unit operational modes Air and satellite units have specific conditions under which they can operate. Unlike other types of units, they can't move freely on the map, and depend instead of a series of conditions. Air units operation Air units are extremely fast, capable of flying at high altitudes over any land obstacle and striking any target, regardless of its surroundings. However, this comes at a price- limited fuel capacity. In practice, this means that air units can only operate from a nearby base, and inside the range their fuel capacity allows. Air units may switch their base, also within a certain range (meaning that you can't switch to a base on the other side of the planet), an action which will consume a turn. - Main article: Orbitals (CivBE) Satellites are orbiting units which occupy the brand new orbital layer - a second field situated in geo-stationary orbit right above the planet. After being built in a city, a satellite has to be 'deployed' (launched) to a position in the orbital layer. This may be done only within the Orbital coverage of your colony (marked with a blue line around your cities), and only to a position where the satellite's area-of-effect won't overlap with another satellite's! Note that here all colonial satellites are considered, so if your neighbor has a satellite in an area where you want to deploy one of yours, you won't be able to do so. Once deployed, a satellite will stay in orbit for limited duration - an amount of turns which depends on the satellite type. During its lifespan, the satellite will provide some special effect on the tiles below within its area-of-effect. 5 turns before the end of the satellite's natural lifespan, you'll receive a warning of 'An imminent de-orbiting'; clicking on the message will show you which satellite will soon fall to the planet surface. Shooting down satellites The orbital layer may turn into another battlefield, thanks to military capabilities some satellites possess, and also thanks to the fact that certain land units (such as the Missile rover) have sufficient range to shoot down satellites. To do that, these units usually have to move within 1 tile of the satellite's position (remember, despite being in orbit, a satellite is considered 'flying' over 1 specific land tile!), and then use their 'Orbital strike' ability. Certain special buildings allow increased range for orbital strikes. Shooting down satellites becomes extremely important in the later game stages when nations have developed direct strike satellite technology, which allows certain satellites to shoot with impunity at land targets. One of the most innovative features of Civilization Beyond Earth is the way (military) units evolve. Since there are no more Eras, and consecutively there are no more historic-related military tech advancements, unit evolution is now tied to a civilization's progress in Affinities. All types of military units start in a 'basic' form, with low CS and basic abilities. They may earn Veterancy upgrades (see below), which will improve their efficiency in combat, but their base CS won't change until you start developing an Affinity. Once you start developing an Affinity, your army also starts developing. Each level of any Affinity will allow you to upgrade one of your basic unit types to a next-level unit. The first unit upgrades unit are streamlined (regardless of the Affinity you choose), but beyond lvl 6 the exact name, and qualities of the new unit will depend on which Affinity you developed. For example, at an Affinity level 6, your Marine will upgrade to a Brawler if you develop Harmony, Sentinel if you develop Purity, or Disciple if you develop Supremacy. Each upgrade has not only a unique name, but also a unique appearance and different choice of Perks which effectively alter the way the unit behaves on the field. The final result is a highly customizable unit, which doesn't come tied to a particular civilization, as in earlier games, but depends on your development with either civilization you choose, and this is a very different line of development for this game series. The Affinity level and the unit affected by the upgrade are tied - i.e., a lvl 1 Affinity will always upgrade the Soldier, a lvl 2 Affinity - the Ranger, etc. Also, after you do the upgrade once, earning a level 1 in another Affinity won't allow you to upgrade that unit again, or change the existing upgrade! The order of the upgrades correlates roughly to how sophisticated the unit is; thus units like the Soldier upgrade first, while flying units upgrade last. You gain 2 benefits at each upgrade: - Combat strength upgrade, which is fixed, and raises the basic CS of the unit type; - Later game upgrades (Tier 3 and 4) also may give the unit some other special abilities, such as levitation or additional range. Refer to the individual unit information for details. - Special ability upgrade, or Perk. Here you can choose one of two options, which differ widely with unit types and levels. There are some very cool bonuses, for example the ability to move after attacking, etc., although those come only at the highest level upgrades. Still, each Perk you select helps you develop your army in a slightly different way; they also help develop the game storyline. Once you've upgraded a unit, you cannot revert the upgrade, so think carefully of the way you want to develop your army! The upgrades you choose will affect strongly your abilities on the battlefield, and may help or hinder you according to the style of play you've chosen! You are allowed to delay the upgrade (not decide which of the two options you'll choose right now), but the CS and Production cost of the unit will still rise! Also note that, unlike Civilization V, a unit upgrade affects automatically all units of the particular type, without you having to do or spend anything. Finally, your units will gain experience in combat, in a way similar to older games. However, the choices for veterancy upgrades are limited to: - New recruits, which amounts to an Instant Heal option. The unit heals 50-100 hp, depending on the level of the unit. - Discipline upgrade, which nets a 10% Melee and Ranged CS bonus (cumulative). The 5th level, achieveable only with the Precog Project wonder nets 20% Melee and Ranged CS bonus. Note that this doesn't change the base CS of the unit! However, since the base is changed with Affinity upgrades, the veterancy bonus will be pertinent throughout the game. In Civilization Beyond Earth the unique units don't belong to a specific civilization, as in previous games, but are rather associated with one of the three Affinities. Each Affinity has 4 unique units, which may be built only by civilizations that have reached a certain minimum level in that Affinity (and of course, after they research certain technologies). Those units also cost Strategic resources, relevant to the given affinity. The level 12 unit of each affinity is considered Ultimate, and is awesome indeed. Unique units are conceptually, visually and (in many cases) strategically different and diverse. For example, the SABR Supremacy unit is a dedicated siege monster capable of leveling cities from a safe distance; while the Rocktopus Harmony unit has the unique ability to fly and switch from normal air to the Orbital layer, where it can attack and destroy enemy satellites! These unique units may also be upgraded with Affinity progress. What is interesting here is that you can also choose a different upgrade, based on what other Affinity you have developed. To do that, you have to reach a certain minimum level in one of the other two affinities, as well as a higher level in the unit's own affinity. Or, you can choose to continue developing only the unit's affinity, in which case the upgrade will come at a little higher level. In Civilization Beyond Earth units are much more diverse than in Civilization V, and their development - much less linear. While in the older game you could expect practically the same units from your adversaries (with some differences related to their current Era and whether they managed to keep up with upgrading their units; and also with some additional flavor for special units), In CivBE you have three distinct 'sets' of units, related to the three Affinities. Not only that, but the 'basic' units get upgraded to different versions in the later game! This not only makes for a quite involving experience (with every affinity-unique unit having spectacularly different appearance and fantasy), but also for some large strategic differences, simply because a Harmony player has access to units that a Purity player hasn't, etc. But much more important that simple appearances and combat strength differences are some basic advantages which distinguish different Affinity units. For example, the levitating Purity units have no problem operating across any terrain (including Water!), while Harmony units are generally faster and can use Miasma as a weapon. This makes for a much more diversified later game, in the combat aspect of course. On the other hand, unit development isn't intrinsically related to Era and technological progress anymore, but rather - to Affinity progress (well, not unless the player is dead-bent on only researching Affinity technologies). So, for example, a player which has 20 technologies might end up much stronger than another player with similar number of techs, who hasn't however developed his primary Affinity that much. The reason, of course, is that at each Affinity upgrade, the base CS of some type of unit is raised, similarly to how Era-advancement worked in Civilization V. Plus, at each upgrade, you get to choose an important Perk to customize your unit type. While Civilization V depended heavily on accumulated experience as means of diversifying your units (via different high-level bonuses which bestowed perk-like bonuses such as Double attack), in Civilization Beyond Earth we see a much broader approach where the same perk affects all units of a certain type (irrespective of their personal experience), and individual experience only adds a simple combat bonus. So, we get a unit development on macro level, rather than on micro level, and a much more general sort of development, in line with the spirit of the series. |Civilization: Beyond Earth [Edit]| |Games: Base Beyond Earth • Rising Tide • Starships†|

<urn:uuid:f4ad9499-48d3-44ee-9823-478e98ad86a5>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Units_(CivBE)

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588216.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027150823-20211027180823-00271.warc.gz

en

Do you want to swim with seals? We have the perfect guide to the top destinations for seal encounters around the world. And in the process you can learn about these cute critters! There are 33 species of pinnipeds alive today, most of which are known as seals. Pinnipedia is made up of three main groups: The walrus, the eared seals, including numerous kinds of fur seal and sea lion; and the earless seals, known as true seals. Despite the name, earless seals do have ears but they’re just hidden beneath the surface of their skin. Interested? Read on… Types of Seals Pinnipeds can be found on every continent on Earth, though most species occur in cold-water environments. Thick layers of fat, also known as blubber, keep the animals warm, in addition to dense fur( except for the Walrus). Seals and sea lions, together with the walrus, are pinnipeds, which means “fin footed” in Latin Sea lions are characterized by external ear flaps, long foreflippers, the ability to walk on all fours, short, thick hair, and a big chest and belly. Together with the fur seals, they comprise the family Otariidae, eared seals. Sea lions haul out in large colonies on rocks and sandy shores on the Islands. They move into the water to feed and cool off as needed. Sea lions have small flaps for outer ears. The sea lion is the most common mammal in the Galápagos and therefore an important part of the ecosystem. hey are vulnerable to the effects of climate change on ocean currents, which impacts their fish prey abundance. They are unfortunately also victims of bycatch in fisheries and this plays a big role in their vulnerable conservation status. The earless seals, phocids or true seals are one of the three main groups of mammals within the seal lineage, Pinnipedia. They are sometimes called crawling seals to distinguish them from the fur seals and sea lions The are the most abundant in the Northern Hemisphere and are fairly small, with little difference in size between the sexes. When swimming, a true seal uses its forelimbs to maneuver in the water, propelling its body forward with side-to-side strokes of its hind limbs. Because the hind flippers cannot be moved forward, these seals propel themselves on land by wriggling on their bellies or pulling themselves forward with their front limbs. An eared seal is an important member of the marine mammal family Otariidae, one of three groupings of pinnipeds/ seals. commonly known either as sea lions or fur seals, distinct from true seals and the walrus. They rely mainly on a rowing motion of their front flippers for propulsion. Because they are able to turn their hind flippers forward, they can use all four limbs when moving on land. Differences between Sea lions and true seals: Seals have mostly stubby front feet — thinly webbed flippers, with a claw on each small toe, compared to the mostly skin-covered, elongated fore flippers that sea lions possess. Sea lions have small flaps for outer ears. The “earless” or “true” seals lack external ears altogether. sea lions are noisy. Seals are quieter, vocalizing via soft grunts, and whilst both species spend time in and out of the water, seals are better adapted to live in the water than on land. The walrus is a large flippered marine mammal with a discontinuous distribution about the North Pole in the Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas of the Northern Hemisphere. They are the largest of male elephant seals (genus Mirounga leonina) , coastal California (including Baja California, Mexico) and South America, which can reach a length of 6.5 metres (21 feet) and a weight of 3,700 kg (8,150 pounds). |COMMON NAME: Seals| |SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pinnipedia| |AVERAGE LIFE SPAN IN THE WILD: Up to 30 years| |SIZE: 3 feet to 20 feet long| |WEIGHT: 100 pounds to 4.4 tons| The streamlined bodies of seals feature four limbs which have been modified to function as flippers. Seals mainly inhabit polar and subpolar regions, particularly the North Atlantic, the North Pacific and the Southern Ocean. They are entirely absent from Indomalayan waters. Monk seals and some otariids live in tropical and subtropical waters. Seals usually require cool, nutrient-rich waters with temperatures lower than 20 °C (68 °F). Even those that live in warm or tropical climates live in areas that become cold and nutrient rich due to current patterns. Only monk seals live in waters that are not typically cool or rich in nutrients.The Caspian seal and Baikal seal are found in large landlocked bodies of water (the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal respectively). Read on to find out where you can swim with seals! Nearly all seal species are reliant on marine habitats, though some will enter estuaries and rivers in search of food. Most seal species inhabit the cold waters of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. Like all mammals, seals are warm-blooded and suckle their young just like humans. Millions of years ago, the ancestors of seals moved from the land back into the sea and evolved special characteristics to adapt to their environment. The animals mate and give birth on the shores and also escape to the beaches from predators such as killer whales and sharks. Like the harbor seal, mothers fast and nurse their pups for a few days at a time. In between nursing bouts, the females leave their young onshore to forage at sea. These foraging trips may last anywhere between a day and two weeks, depending on the abundance of food and the distance of foraging sites. While their mothers are away, the pups will fast. Lifespan: If a seal survives the dangers of being a pup, seals are generally long-lived animals. Both the Grey and Common seal have been known to live more than 30 years. One female Grey seal around the Shetland Isles in Scotland was known to be 46 years old. Pinnipeds have an amphibious (suited for both land and water) lifestyle; they spend most of their lives in the water, but haul out to mate, raise young, molt, rest, thermoregulate or escape from aquatic predators. Several species are known to migrate vast distances, particularly in response to extreme environmental changes, like El Niño or changes in ice cover. They demonstrate the ability to understand simple syntax and commands when taught an artificial sign language All seals eat other animals, and most rely on fish caught out at sea. Seals are skilled hunters of fish and other marine prey. Pinnipeds can produce a number of vocalizations such as barks, grunts, rasps, rattles, growls, creaks, warbles, trills, chirps, chugs, clicks and whistles. While most vocals are audible to the human ear, a captive leopard seal was recorded making ultrasonic calls underwater. In addition, the vocals of northern elephant seals may produce infrasonic vibrations. Vocals are produced both in air and underwater. There is conflicting information about whether seals are endangered or not. The reality of it is that some species are while others like the gray seal continue to increase in numbers. Therefore conservation efforts need to be in place to help those that are vulnerable due to low numbers. Conservation efforts continue for all seals though because research shows their natural habitat continues to be destroyed. When you also factor in hunting, the lack of food that can be in the water due to fishing and due to pollution, the threats out there are real enough to affect all seals. There is a good chance that many of them will see a reduction in numbers over the next decade. Since seals only have one pup annually and approximately 15% of them will die, when the numbers get very low it will be hard to get them back up. Threats to population Historically, hunters have heavily targeted pinniped species for their fur, a practice that drove some species to extinction. ( Such as the Caribbean Monk seal) However climate change represents the single largest threat to many species of pinnipeds, especially those that rely on sea ice. Various species of Arctic seals rely on ice for breeding, for instance, while walruses use seasonal ice formations to forage for food farther from shore. - While there are many differences among the species, all seals have feet shaped like fins. In fact, the word pinniped means “fin-footed” in Latin. Those fin-shaped feet make them supreme swimmers, and all pinnipeds are considered semi-aquatic marine mammals. - Some species like the elephant seals have evolved the ability to hold their breath for up to two hours and dive to depths of more than 6,500 feet looking for food. Can you swim with Seals? Of course! With respect for the seals and their environment, it is a truly special experience to witness the way seals move underwater. While pups love swimming and playing with divers and snorkelers, it is important to keep a respectful distance from adult sea lions. Where to swim with seals? Have a look at these locations and let us know which is your dream holiday location to swim with seals! 1. Duiker island, South Africa Cape Fur seals occur naturally on islands around the southern African coast and are found nowhere else in the world. Duiker Island in Hout Bay is home to about 5 000 seals and lies within the Karbonkelberg marine protected area, part of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town. A breathtaking location to swim with seals! Animal ocean Seal Snorkeling Not too fond of swimming but still interested in seals? Then take a trip to False Bay’s very own Seal Island where a spectacle of seals inhabit the stormy bay. This island supports the largest Cape Fur Seal Arctocephalus pusillus colony in the Western Cape; up to 75 000 seals occur. 2.Baja California, Mexico. Swimming with sea lions was exhilarating and rewarding. The best time to interact with the California Sea Lions in Baja California Sur is off the breeding season. Breeding season takes place during the hot months of June, July and August. In preparation, adult males make their way to the breeding grounds, where each establishes a territory for himself. Females are free to move between the territories and choose their favorite. 3.Kaikoura, New Zealand. Three types of seal breed in New Zealand: fur seals, sea lions and elephant seals. Leopard seals also visit. You can see fur seals sleeping, playing and swimming at Wellington’s Red Rocks, Kaikōura in the South Island, and other sites. 4. Galapagos islands, ecuador Sea lions are one of the few mammals found on the Galapagos Islands. Intelligent and enchanting though the fully grown sea lions are, it is their adorable pups that steal the show, winning hearts with their cute faces and inquisitive and often mischievous nature. The Galapagos pups are remarkably comfortable around humans and even seem to enjoy their company, often approaching swimmers and snorkelers in the waters around the islands. 5.Farne Islands, United Kingdom. The Farne Islands are located between Bamburgh and Seahouses on the Northumberland coast and are home to one of the largest seal colonies in the UK with around 1,000 seal pups born each year. Ready to purchase a pair of snorkel masks and get ready to start planning your dream trip to swim with Seals around the world?

<urn:uuid:e94eaddf-dead-41b5-926b-7801950f85dd>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.animalsaroundtheglobe.com/swim-with-seals/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587767.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025185311-20211025215311-00350.warc.gz

en

Spring is in the air and the burgeoning of new life all around us is not restricted to daffodils and baby birds, it also includes some less welcome organisms. Working in a museum means you really need to be aware of pests. A serious infestation can reduce objects to piles of dust in a worryingly short time. Every museum has pests, as does every house – they are impossible to eradicate completely and it’s a waste of time trying since they are mobile and can reappear just a few days (or even hours) after you’ve just finished exterminating their predecessors. Pest populations require constant management rather than blitzkrieg if they are to be kept at levels where they don’t pose a problem. In museums this is called Integrated Pest Management (IPM), at home it’s called housekeeping. The majority of IPM is making sure that there isn’t enough food lying around to provide pests with the rations they need to explore your museum or home. If the pests can’t find food, they have no reason to hang around. Most of the food that pests find will be in the form of small edible particles (crumbs from your lunch, hair, skin cells, dead flies, pet food, etc.). This means that foodstuffs should be restricted to easily cleaned areas that are separated from areas containing vulnerable objects. Regular cleaning also needs to take place everywhere to remove the accumulation of organic waste that constantly builds up. Sometimes this isn’t easy, especially when buildings have been designed without pest prevention in mind: Of course, our museums and homes also have a standing supply of food for pests in the form of taxidermy, wool, paper, wood, dried goods, carpets, clothes, etc. This is what we are trying to protect, so we can’t simply remove it all. Instead, we need to keep a lookout for tell-tale signs that pests are busy munching away at these items, so that particular infestations can be dealt with before they spread. Vigilance is key – everyone working in a museum or living in a house should be aware of what constitutes a pest and they should know where to report any sightings of pests (be it to Collections Management, Facilities Management, Conservation, or mum/dad). Whoever is in charge of dealing with pests should also be making sure that they carry out a bit of extra work, either by using monitoring traps to keep track of pest distributions so hot spots can be detected, and/or by keeping an eye on windowsills – a prime location for spotting pests of the insect kind. It is also useful to keep an eye open for the little signs that pests leave lying around – droppings, frass and characteristic damage. Although some pests may have had a population in your building for as long as you’ve been there (or longer), most will have found their way in more recently. Points of entry are varied and often uncontrollable (you can’t check the coats or bags of every visitor for hitch-hiking beetles and moths), but where possible there should be checks in place that reduce the ability of pests to get into a building. A quarantine area is ideal (dare I say essential) for controlling pests that can be transported on museum objects, but at home it may simply be a case of checking that your newly purchased bunch of flowers or bag of flour isn’t crawling with beetles. Various holes, vents and chimneys are excellent entry points for pests so it’s good to keep an eye on them – block up the ones that don’t belong there (like broken windows or holes in ceilings) and make sure that the ones that do belong (like air vents and chimneys) are kept clean and, where practical, protected with a mesh on the outside. Part of what inspired me to start writing this was an incident at home that Melissa and I recently dealt with. We live in a basement flat, which means that we are likely to have certain types of pest finding their way into our home quite easily. In this case it was one of the most unpleasant pests you can get – we had a rat in our kitchen. We knew that there was a rat in the garden, because we had seen it before. In fact, we have an entertaining video of it chasing magpies right under the nose of a disinterested local fox one Sunday morning: However, a rat in the garden and a rat in the kitchen are two different things. Rats carry a host of nasty diseases and they are incredibly destructive because of their droppings, urine and need to gnaw – rats gnawing wires are a common cause of fire. There’s some useful information about problems caused by rats here. Our rat appears to have entered through a hole in the wall that takes the waste pipe from our washing machine – unfortunately the hole is much bigger than the pipe and the rat must have squeezed through the gap, something that rats are very good at. We had a suspicion that a something was amiss when Melissa heard rustling and caught movement out of the corner of her eye one evening. The next day I also saw something fleeing behind the fridge when I walked into the kitchen and I thought it looked a bit too big to be a mouse – I was also fairly sure I had seen a long scaly tail. That clinched it, so we immediately did a fairly deep clean of the kitchen and we cleared out all the boxes and bags crammed into our airing cupboard, which is in one corner of the kitchen. On removing everything from there I spotted that the insulation around the boiler had started being gnawed to make what looked like nesting material. There were also droppings that were too big for a mouse (between 10-15mm): Whilst clearing out the airing cupboard our unwelcome guest was spotted as it dashed for cover, reconfirming the evidence that it was a rat. Obviously we were not pleased. Once everything edible was secured in containers in upper wall mounted cupboards or hanging from wall hooks, we shut the kitchen door and hoped the rat would stay put until it could be dealt with. Fat chance – we found fresh droppings in the hall after the rat had squeezed under the kitchen door. Our deep cleaning had probably removed enough accessible food from the kitchen to force the rat to roam further afield. The advantage of this was that it suggested the rat was hungry and that there was enough disruption from our activities to have forced the rat out of its comfort zone. That discomfiture of the rat was an important, since rats are neophobic – they don’t like new things in their environment. Reducing the available food meant that the rat was forced to explore further and by altering its environment (i.e. removing most of the cover it relied on) we were forcing it to deal with changes, which meant that it would probably become familiarised more quickly with the traps we baited and put down at around the same time. We chose break-back traps over poison for several reasons: - some rats have learned to avoid poison (although some are also trap shy) - there is no control over where the rat dies, so it could expire in an inaccessible place and then stink the flat out for weeks while it decomposed, incidentally providing a source of food for insect pests - if the poisoned rat went back outside it could well be eaten by something else, which could be harmed - neither of us are happy having poison hanging around the house, particularly in case we are visited by friends and family with younger children - I have ethical concerns about the suffering an animal experiences before it dies – I think a quick death is preferable to a slow one, and I consider poison to be too slow A good strong break-back trap seemed to be the best option, since there is greater control of where the rat is killed and a trap is far more easily disarmed and tidied up than poison – it’s also a quick death for the rat (though see below). Live traps can also be used, although for rats I think they are inappropriate since releasing a rat in a new location strikes me as being irresponsible to residents of the area in which it’s released, and it’s pretty stressful for the rat. Glue boards are also available for trapping rats – these are obviously a slow way for the rat to die, unless they are checked frequently and you are willing to kill the rat yourself. We did use a sticky board under the kitchen door when it was shut (I had a rubber mallet ready to despatch the rat), but that was more as an effort to reduce the rat’s movements within the house than to trap it. I should make sure I mention that break-back traps need to be checked regularly – sometimes they can go off without killing the rat, merely trapping it (and injuring it) and sometimes the bait can be removed or material from ratty activities can jam the mechanism, making it less effective. Although I was aware of this, I was a bit surprised when I first checked the trap and found a scouring sponge right in the jaws near the hinge: The snap trap was initially baited with chocolate (rats really like chocolate), but that was switched to nuts and raisins as soon as I realised that bitter dark chocolate that we had in the house was probably not quite the sugary, fatty confectionery treat that a rat would be after. The change of bait seemed to work out well, because we had the rat in the trap a few hours later: Since the rat was a bit crushed from the powerful jaws of the trap I decided not to bother skeletonising it or getting it taxidermied. Instead I checked the local council website to find out what their disposal requirement was – double bagging and putting it in with the household waste – so that’s what I did. All in all an unpleasant business, but it only took two days from the first sighting for the rat to be dealt with. Our next action is to contact our landlord to get the hole sealed up properly and we will probably clear out the crumbs from the toaster and bread-board a bit more often, since that’s what the rat seemed to be subsisting on. If you have a rat then I recommend that you clean and disinfect thoroughly, make food as inaccessible as possible (easier said than done since rats can get through tiny holes, climb well and gnaw through plastic, wood and even concrete with ease), check where the blighters are getting in and work out where they are going, so that you can take steps to stop them. Most councils offer a pest control service to deal with rats (often it’s free), so if you don’t feel up to dealing with the rats then you’re probably best off contacting them. That said, I personally find it’s more effort to deal with contractors in my home than it is to kill a rat.

<urn:uuid:466b79ec-7e70-49d2-9478-4d3d94d40e2c>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://paoloviscardi.com/tag/rodents/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583083.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015192439-20211015222439-00071.warc.gz

en

Fats, carbohydrates, and protein are the three macronutrients that are essential for human life. Protein is necessary for building and repairing tissue and is also needed to create hormones, enzymes, and other vital ingredients for health and wellbeing. You may think of meat when you think of protein, but there are plenty of alternatives, including plant protein, that are growing in popularity. But which is better, protein from meat – specifically grass-fed beef – or plants? Let’s take a look. About 20% of the human body is made up of protein, but we must get it from our diet because the body does not store it. While some suggest that it does not matter where your protein comes from – say, plants vs. animals, others suggest that one trumps the other as far as quality is concerned. But what is the truth? Amino acids are the building blocks of protein We use about 20 amino acids to build protein in the body. These amino acids are considered essential and non-essential. We can produce non-essential amino acids but no essential ones, which must come from the diet. It is crucial to have all of the essential amino acids in the proper ratios for excellent health. Animal sources for protein, such as beef, poultry, eggs, fish, and dairy, are similar to the protein in the human body and are considered complete. They contain all of the essential amino acids that the human body needs to function at its best. Plant sources of protein from sources including, but not limited to, beans, seeds, and nuts, are considered incomplete as they lack one or more of the essential amino acids that meat sources contain. Note: Some say that soy is a complete protein; however, two essential amino acids exist in only minimal amounts, so it is not comparable to animal protein as far as quality is concerned. If you eat meat, grass-fed is the ONLY option Is grass-fed beef a healthy option? If there is any truth in the saying, “you are what you eat,” then choosing to eat grass-fed meats and milk products is the obvious choice. Most animals commercially raised for meat and dairy products in the United States come from Confined Animal Feeding Operations, also known as CAFOs. Animals raised in CAFOs often have no space to move around. The stress and abuse of these conditions are truly horrifying, and many meat-eating Americans choose not to think about it, which only perpetuates the cycle of mistreatment. CAFOs contribute significantly to industrial waste and pollution. Studies have shown that people who live near factory farms may suffer nausea, depression, skin infections, respiratory problems, and sometimes death from the toxicity of their environment. Commercially-raised animals are fed multiple antibiotics and growth hormones, which end up in the meat and milk. The overuse of antibiotics in the meat industry leads to the growth of drug-resistant bacteria strains, which make individuals more susceptible to previously treatable diseases. According to the Institute of Medicine at the National Academy of Sciences, the United States spends about 30 billion dollars per year treating antibiotic-resistant infections. Animals raised in CAFOs are fed diets mainly consisting of GMO grain and soy, far from their natural diets. What’s worse is that the feed often contains ‘byproduct feedstuff,’ which can include chicken feathers, candy, and even municipal garbage. All of this eventually ends up in consumers’ bodies. The bodies of you and your family every time you enjoy a commercially-raised steak, burger, or glass of milk. Conversely, grass-fed animals are fed nothing but natural, pesticide-free grasses and are given room to roam and graze. No antibiotics, growth hormones, or garbage are added to their diets. As a result, these animals are not confined and subjected to stress, grow at a natural pace, and are naturally healthy and free of food-borne diseases. Choosing to eat grass-fed meats and dairy products means significantly more nutrition and eliminates the risks associated with antibiotics, growth hormones, pesticides, GMOs, and random feed additives. This choice also benefits the environment and community farmers and ranchers who are working hard to create sustainable and humane agricultural conditions. The resulting meat from grass-fed animals is significantly higher in nutrients. Grass-fed beef has been shown to contain more vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene than its commercially-raised counterpart. It also contains omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which is a potent anti-carcinogen. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant essential for the proper function of many organs in the body and helps cells live longer. Vitamin A is necessary for both eye and skin health. A couple of key nutrients are found in meat but not in plants, including: - Vitamin B12: Many people who avoid meat/seafood products are deficient in vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 has a number of vital roles in the human body, including supporting normal nerve function, the formation of red blood cells, and DNA synthesis. Getting plenty of B12 helps boost energy, keep your mind clear, and helps to keep heart disease at bay. - Zinc: Zinc is found mainly in animal protein sources like beef and pork. It is easily absorbed and used when consumed from animal sources. Zinc is essential for a robust immune system and metabolism. It is also essential for wound healing and a sense of taste and smell. Grass-fed beef is loaded with glutathione Glutathione (GT) is a powerhouse protein in foods that can eliminate free radicals within the cell. Grass-fed beef is supremely high in GT and can protect cells from oxidized lipids or proteins, thus preventing DNA damage. Additionally, grass-fed beef is high in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which work together as superpower antioxidants. Healthy fat is healthy, and grass-fed beef has plenty of it Studies done over the last several decades clearly show that neither saturated fat, including fat in meat, nor dietary cholesterol causes harm in humans. The old theory that told us to avoid meat, eggs, coconuts, and dairy stated that saturated fats raise bad cholesterol in the blood, and “bad” cholesterol gets stuck in our arteries which causes hardening and eventually heart disease. In reality, saturated fats help to elevate good cholesterol and improve the ratio of triglycerides to HDL. They also help change small and dense LDL cholesterol particles that can clog arteries to large, harmless particles. A study done at Harvard University concluded that “greater saturated fat intake is associated with less progression of atherosclerosis.” In countries where the highest amount of saturated fat is consumed, there is the least heart disease. Saturated fat does not contribute to heart disease. The documentary Statin Nation: The Great Cholesterol Cover-Up, presented by Rethink Productions, provides strong evidence disproving the widely believed ideology that high cholesterol leads to heart disease. It details how the scientific groundwork that this belief is based upon was heavily manipulated from the start and presents large-scale studies that clearly show the lack of connection between cholesterol levels and heart disease. In short, mounting evidence shows that our focus on lowering cholesterol, and our growing reliance on statins, a class of cholesterol-lowering pharmaceuticals, is both drawing research focus away from investigating the actual causes of heart disease and killing us. Statin Nation interviews medical experts from various fields, who each present a wide array of large-scale studies showing that there is no evidence-based relationship between high cholesterol and heart disease. Studies have found that LDL ‘bad’ cholesterol is LOWER in heart disease patients than in the general population and that low cholesterol levels are associated with earlier death. Here is a quick snapshot summary of the top reasons why everyone should include at least some meat in their diet. Yes, plants are important too because they contain nutrients not found in beef but consuming BOTH provides a fantastic basis for amazing health. - The protein found in beef is complete – it doesn’t get any better than this! - Beef contains heme iron which the body readily absorbs and helps to prevent anemia. - High-quality beef may help to prevent muscle loss which accompanies aging. - Consuming a high protein diet including beef may help to balance blood sugar. - Beef is the #1 dietary source of zinc which is necessary for optimal immune system function and wound healing. - Just one serving of beef provides half of the daily recommended value of selenium which helps to prevent cell damage, promotes proper thyroid production, and may even help prevent cancer. - Eating a diet that includes protein found in beef has been found to promote long-term weight loss better than other diets. - Animal products including beef contain the only natural source of B-12 which is important for healthy brain and nervous system function. - People who don’t eat meat such as beef have lower levels of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B-23, and omega-3 fatty acids which are vital for bone health. Who’s ready for some delicious and nutritious grass-fed beef? -The Backyard Vitality Team - Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000. - Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1998. - Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005 - Vegetarian diets and bone status, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2014

<urn:uuid:2fbd5a26-fdd3-49cd-8c3c-69bd21006f31>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://backyardvitality.com/tag/beef-protein/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587770.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025220214-20211026010214-00631.warc.gz

en

Materials sold in art-supply stores may hold up very well as part of a finished painting, but a great deal of a painting's durability depends on proper handling of those materials, like minimal use of painting mediums and proper varnishing of the finished painting, according to George O'Hanlon, co-founder and technical director of Natural Pigments. O'Hanlon taught a workshop, Painting Best Practices, at Gage Academy of Art in Seattle earlier this month. This article includes a few highlights from the workshop. A major focus of O'Hanlon's workshop was the use of rigid supports in oil paintings, rather than stretched canvas, which I covered in a separate article. Other topics included grounds, paints, mediums, solvents, and varnishes. O'Hanlon stressed that an oil painting is a composite, or an object that is made of materials that interact with each other, even after the paint dries. The surface of an oil painting is chemically active for decades. It's unlike any other type of painting, and therefore requires a degree of expertise to use the materials properly. The three most common types of ground for oil paintings are oil, oil-alkyd and acrylic dispersion primers. All are suitable for use in oil paintings, but the primary white pigment for oil and oil-alkyd grounds should be lead white, rather than titanium white and/or zinc white. "Lead white is the strongest material in oil paintings, bar none," O'Hanlon said. "If you're going to paint in oil, you've got to paint with lead white." Most commercial grounds are tinted with titanium white or zinc white, which are less expensive than lead and don't raise concerns of toxicity with buyers. Proper handling of paint and grounds containing lead pigment is not complicated. Grounds and paints that contain lead don't create toxic fumes, so if artists take simple precautions, like wearing latex gloves and an apron, not ingesting their paints or drinking from glasses that once contained painting materials, paints and grounds tinted with lead pigment can be used safely. Lead pigment in its dry state is more hazardous, because it can create dust. Grounds should be applied in a thick layer, he said. It's an important barrier, especially if painting on a wood panel or panel made from wood fibers, which should also be sealed before the ground is applied. Paint is made up of a binder or vehicle, like linseed oil or another drying oil; a pigment, an example of which is raw umber; and sometimes a solvent or diluent. Commercial oil paint contains these ingredients plus additives to keep the vehicle and the pigment from separating in the tube. The use of additives changes the character of the paint, making it stiffer, and thus encouraging the artist to use mediums, and often overuse mediums, while painting. This results in a dry paint film that may be weaker than it should be for works of art that are intended to last. Evidence of this problem comes from conservators' efforts to preserve paintings that were created in the past. Paintings made in the 15th and 16th Centuries are, in general, holding up the best, and the quality of oil paintings gradually decreased until the 20th Century, a low point. Materials used had too many ingredients, and were not used properly. "Paintings from the 1950s and '60s with additives are showing problems," he said. O'Hanlon's company, Natural Pigments, sells single-pigment paints that contain no solvents or additives. Separation of the oil and the pigment is normal, and the paint can be easily mixed back together with a palette knife, or the oil can be wiped away. O'Hanlon encouraged artists to make their own paint. His wife and business partner, Tatiana Zaytseva, demonstrated the process of making paint at the Painting Best Practices workshop. It involved a simple process of adding drops of oil to a pile of dry pigment, mixing the ingredients into a stiff paste with a palette knife, and then smoothing the paste into soft paint with a glass muller on a piece of lightly textured glass. A slab of smooth stone, like marble, is also suitable. My fellow attendees at the workshop remarked later at how simple the paint-making process was -- less involved than making cookie dough. Note: if you can't see this slideshow in your blog reader, visit my website to see it. If a paint company doesn't list the ingredients on the label, and they won't tell you if you ask, don't use its products, he said. Lead white also has aesthetic benefits, because as it lightens warm colors, it doesn't cool them down the way titanium white does, and it doesn't neutralize them as much as titanium white does. O'Hanlon urged professional artists to paint without mediums for the most part. There are times when a medium is appropriate, and the choosing the proper type of medium is important. Oil is a useful medium for certain applications, like glazing, and alkyd-resin mediums can be useful to speed drying, but they are best used as only as a small part of the paint film. Mediums are best used in the final layers of the painting. Earth colors, like umbers and ochres, tend to form the weakest part of paint films if the paint is mixed with a medium to form a glaze. Cracking often occurs in older paintings in the darkest areas, for several reasons, such as a deficit of lead white pigment, and the large ratio of oil to pigments. "When glazing dark areas," O'Hanlon said, "that's the time to use a resin." He added that alkyd resin, which is synthetic, is the only resin he recommends for use in oil paintings. Organic resins, like copal, mastic, and damar, should be avoided. Damar and mastic may be used by conservators in museums, but only in special circumstances as a final picture varnish, in spite of the fact that they yellow with age. The artists who used these resins knew this, and made their paintings anticipating the yellowing of the resins in their mediums and varnishes. He explained why mediums of any type should be used sparingly. Oil paint is chemically and mechanically unlike other types of paint, because no part of the paint evaporates as the paint dries; it polymerizes. The dry paint film contains oil and pigment particles that need to maintain a certain ratio of pigment to oil in order to be strong and stable. Visualize a brick wall, made up of bricks and mortar. The bricks are the strongest part of the wall, and the mortar functions only to hold the bricks together. If there is too much mortar between the bricks, the wall will be weak. Likewise, the pigment particles are the strongest part of the paint film, and if there's too much oil or medium, the paint film will be weak. A sign of a weak paint film is a dry painting that looks glossy before being varnished. The most commonly used solvent today is odorless mineral spirits (OMS). It's OK to mix OMS into paint to make a wipe-out underpainting, also known as an imprimatura, he said, as long as it dries fully before the next layer is applied, at least a day. Try to eliminate its use in the subsequent paint layers, and even in brush cleaning. Vegetable oils from the grocery store (soybean oil, olive oil, corn oil, or canola oil) will clean brushes more safely, as long as the brushes are washed with soap and lukewarm water after rinsing in oil. Avoid drying oils when rinsing brushes. Linseed oil, walnut oil, poppy oil, and safflower oil are all drying oils, and could leave your brushes gummy. OMS fumes are harmful to inhale. Use caution and ventilate the studio with an exhaust fan, not just an open window. Better yet, don't use solvents. If a solvent is part of an artist's studio practice, the solvents available in an art-supply store are simply higher-priced versions of the products available in hardware stores. Only a few companies manufacture solvents, he said, and they don't alter their formulas for the art market. Varnish should be applied as a protective coating over dry oil paint, but only when the paint is "hard dry," O'Hanlon said. To test a painting's dryness, stand at arm's length from the painting. Touch your finger to the surface of the painting and rotate your arm, creating a twisting motion on the surface of the painting. Use some pressure against the surface. If the paint moves in response to your twisting motion, the paint is not hard dry. In the event that a painting must be varnished before it's reached the hard-dry stage, its OK to use retouch varnish at the touch-dry stage. Brush-on varnish, both retouch and final, is preferable to spray-on varnish. Final varnish can be applied over dried retouch varnish. Avoid removing varnish with solvent, unless it's necessary, because the solvent will break down the paint, causing the paint film to become more brittle. He also advises against using retouch varnishes as layers within the paint film, which will be weakened. Oiling out, while not ideal, is preferable for restoring colors and values of dried paint that has sunken in. Oil out by applying a thin layer of oil, then wipe most of it off with a lint-free cloth, like microfiber. One way to prevent sunken-in paint is to be sure the ground is not absorbent, so the paint layer stays put. He recommended finding an old painting that isn't valuable, and testing commercial varnishes in strips on the surface of the painting, then choosing one of them for regular use. "Modern, commercial varnishes are all very good," he said, "but they do differ." Varnishes produce varying levels of gloss on the surface of the painting. Restraint should be used when working with matte varnish. It's best to use only one, thin layer of matte varnish, never more than that. If an artist wants a thick varnish layer, apply a few layers of gloss varnish, then finish with a thin layer of matte varnish. This will prevent a frosty appearance. Other topics covered in the workshop include paint labeling and studio safety. To stay safe, make sure the studio is well ventilated if or when using solvent, and wear gloves and an apron while painting. "I do believe in absolute safety," O'Hanlon said, smiling. "I want you to live a long time and buy a lot of our products." If he had to choose one piece of advice for artists, it would be to paint on a rigid support, rather than stretched canvas. Paintings yellow less over time when painted on a rigid support, and the paint film lasts longer. Director's Blog, Natural Pigments website "The Painter's Handbook," by Mark Gottsegen "Traditional Oil Painting," by Virgil Elliott The first article in this series, "To Make a Painting Last, Give it a Strong Foundation," about rigid supports for oil paintings, was posted last week. This is the second of two articles in the series. Author's note: Thanks for Gage Academy of Art for awarding me a scholarship, which made it possible for me to attend the Painting Best Practices workshop.

<urn:uuid:716356a1-ebd6-469a-b1e6-455fd8292ec9>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

http://www.amandateicher.com/blog/artists-know-your-materials

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588242.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027181907-20211027211907-00550.warc.gz

en

Meningitis can be life-threatening, so seek urgent medical advice if you think your child has it. Here we outline its symptoms and treatment. What is meningitis? Meningitis is an infection (bacterial or viral) of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (meninges). It can affect anyone but is most common in babies, young children, teenagers and young adults (NHS, 2016). Meningitis can be very serious if not treated quickly. It can cause life-threatening blood poisoning (septicaemia) and result in permanent damage to the brain or nerves (NHS Choices, 2016). Meningitis symptoms can develop suddenly. While any or all (or almost none) of the symptoms may be present, symptoms can include: - a temperature (fever) of 38°C or higher - nausea and vomiting - being irritable and lacking energy - a headache - a blotchy rash that doesn't fade when a glass is rolled over it (although this rash won't always develop) - a stiff neck - a dislike of bright lights - drowsiness or unresponsiveness - seizures (fits) - skin that’s pale and mottled - aching muscles and joints - breathing quickly - cold hands and feet. Babies might also: - refuse you feeding them - show agitation and not wanting to be picked up - have a bulging soft spot on their head (fontanelle) - be floppy or unresponsive - have an unusually high-pitched cry - have a stiff body. So there are lots of symptoms of meningitis but every case is different. The symptoms can appear in any order and some might not appear at all (NHS, 2016). What to do if you think your child has meningitis Make sure you get medical advice as soon as you can if you're worried about your child. Trust your instincts; don’t just wait for a rash to appear (NHS, 2016). Call for an ambulance (999) or go to your nearest accident and emergency department if you suspect your child might be seriously ill. If you're not sure whether it's anything serious, ask for advice by calling NHS 111 or your GP (NHS, 2016). "Meningitis is a medical emergency." What causes meningitis? Anyone can get meningitis but some things make it more likely. Children who have not had immunisations to prevent meningitis are at much greater risk but vaccination is not a guarantee of protection. Factors include being under five years old, your living environment, passive smoking, being around large numbers of people and immune system problems (Meningitis Now, 2018a). Meningitis has many different causes but viruses and bacteria are the most common. What makes meningitis more likely? - Bacterial meningitis can be caused by a number of different bacteria (e.g. Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae [type a, non-typeable, type b], Mycoplasma, Streptococcus anginosus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). - No vaccine protects against all types of meningitis. - Some meningitis-causing bacteria also cause septicaemia (blood poisoning). - Children who have had meningitis can get a variety of after-effects. These include acquired brain injury, learning and behavioural changes, hearing loss, emotional changes and sight problems. (Curtis and Nyquist, 2011; Meningitis Now, 2018b) Meningitis-causing bacteria usually spread from between people. The way it spreads depends on the type of bacteria involved (CDC, 2017). Babies can get group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli from their mothers during labour and birth. (The NHS does not routinely test for GBS in pregnant women although some other countries do, such as the US where the CDC says testing can help prevent GBS disease.) People with Hib and Streptococcus pneumoniae coughing or sneezing close by can also spread these bacteria to your child if they inhale the bacteria (CDC, 2017). People can also spread Neisseria meningitidis through saliva. This is usually by coughing or kissing but it can be through longer contact like you’d get living in the same household (CDC, 2017). Some bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, can spread to your child via contaminated food (CDC, 2017). Escherichia coli infection can spread by someone not washing their hands before preparing food for them (CDC, 2017). People can get Listeria monocytogenes from eating contaminated foods like unpasteurised cheese or milk (CDC, 2017). People can also be carriers, in other words they carry these bacteria in or on their bodies without this making them ill. Most carriers never become sick but can still spread the bacteria to others (CDC, 2017). Viral meningitis isn’t usually life-threatening but it can make people feel very ill. It is also more common than bacterial meningitis. - Viral meningitis is most common in babies and young children but anybody can get it. - The symptoms of viral meningitis can be very similar to those of bacterial meningitis, so you must seek urgent medical help for your child if you’re worried. - Enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis but many other viruses can cause it. - Viral meningitis is not thought to be contagious – nearly all are isolated cases. (Meningitis Now, 2018c; Meningitis Research Foundation, 2018) Viral meningitis has no specific treatment. Your child would usually receive treatment with fluids to make sure they’re well hydrated, and given painkillers and plenty of rest. Antibiotics don’t work against viruses. Antibiotics are often started on admission to hospital if the cause of meningitis is not known (Meningitis Now, 2018c). Most people fully recover from viral meningitis although it can be a slow process. Yet some people experience serious and life-changing after-effects (Meningitis Now, 2018c,d). A number of different vaccinations can protect against meningitis because it’s caused by several different infections (NHS Choices, 2016). The NHS vaccination programme gives children most of the vaccinations that protect against meningitis-causing infections (NHS Inform, 2018). For example, mumps commonly caused viral meningitis before the MMR vaccine protected against it (Meningitis, 2018e,f). Read our article on vaccines that can help protect your child against meningitis. The glass test If you find a blotchy rash that does not fade when you press a glass firmly over it, this is a typical symptom of meningitis. Yet this symptom doesn't always develop. Some other conditions can look similar so detailed assessment by an appropriate health worker is necessary. This rash can also be more difficult to see on darker skin. So check paler areas, such as the tummy, the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, inside the eyelids, and the roof of the mouth, for the rash (NHS, 2016). The rash often starts off looking like small, red pinpricks. You would then see it spread quickly and turn into red or purple blotches. A non-fading rash seen under a clear glass firmly pressed against the skin is a sign of septicaemia caused by meningitis (NHS, 2016). You must get medical advice for your child immediately if you find this rash on them. If meningitis is suspected, your child will need to be admitted to hospital and will need tests and possibly a stay in hospital. Tests will normally confirm whether your child has meningitis and will check whether it arose from a viral or bacterial infection. Antibiotic treatment usually starts before a confirmed diagnosis because bacterial meningitis can be so serious. It will be stopped if your child has viral meningitis. Your child might have tests that include: - a physical examination - a blood test for bacteria or viruses - a lumbar puncture – spinal fluid is taken to check for bacteria or viruses - a computerised tomography (CT) scan to see whether there are any problems with the brain like swelling. Treatment in hospital If your little one has bacterial meningitis, they’ll receive hospital treatment because it can be so serious and they’ll need to be closely monitored. Children with severe viral meningitis might also be treated in hospital. Treatments might include intravenous antibiotics and fluids (to prevent dehydration), oxygen for any breathing difficulties, and steroid medication for any swelling around the brain (NHS, 2016). Treatment at home Normally, your child will be able to go home if their meningitis is mild and if it’s viral. This is because viral meningitis usually improves on its own in seven to 10 days and tends not to cause serious problems (NHS, 2016). While your child recovers, try to make sure they get lots of rest, and take painkillers and anti-sickness medicine as advised. Recovery from meningitis Meningitis affects children in different ways. Recovery will depend on the type of meningitis they contracted, how quickly it was treated and the extent of any complications (NHS, 2016). Many children make a full recovery. Others might need additional treatment and long-term support to help with any serious complications or after-effects of meningitis. This page was last reviewed in May 2018. Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby and general enquiries for parents, members and volunteers: 0300 330 0700. NCT and the British Red Cross run First Aid courses for parents with babies and children up to 12 years old on life-saving topics, such as meningitis, CPR, stopping bleeding and what to do if your child is choking. Find your nearest course. You might find attending one of NCT's Early Days groups helpful as they give you the opportunity to explore different approaches to important parenting issues with a qualified group leader and other new parents in your area. Make friends with other parents-to-be and new parents in your local area for support and friendship by seeing what NCT activities are happening nearby. Meningitis Now is a meningitis patient group and a charity dedicated to fighting meningitis in the UK. Find lots more information about meningitis on their website. NHS Choices has information and advice on meninigitis. Further information on immunisation for children can be found at NHS Choices. CDC (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention). (2017) Bacterial meningitis. How it spreads. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html [accessed 8th May 2018]. Curtis D, Nyquist AC. (2011). Meningitis. In: Kerby, G. (Ed.) Berman's Pediatric Decision Making (Fifth Edition). Elsevier Health Sciences, London: 638-644. Meningitis Now. (2018a) What is meningitis? Available at: https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/what-is-meningitis/how-to-catch-meningitis/ [accessed 8th May 2018]. Meningitis Now. (2018b) Types and causes of meningitis/bacterial meningitis. Available at: https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/what-is-meningitis/types-and-causes/bacterial-meningitis/ [accessed 8th May 2018]. Meningitis Now. (2018c) Viral meningitis. Available at: https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/what-is-meningitis/types-and-causes/viral-meningitis/ [accessed 8th May 2018]. Meningitis Now. (2018d) After meningitis. Available at: https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/after-meningitis/ [accessed 8th May 2018]. Meningitis Now. (2018e) Viral meningitis. Available at: https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/what-is-meningitis/types-and-causes/viral-meningitis/ [accessed 8th May 2018]. Meningitis Now. (2018f) Resources. Available at: https://www.meningitisnow.org/how-we-help/resources/view-download-order/fact-sheets/ [accessed 8th May 2018]. Meningitis Research Foundation. (2018) After effects. Available at: https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/after-effects [accessed 8th May 2018]. NHS. (2016) Meningitis. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/ [accessed 8th May 2018].

<urn:uuid:69d76653-bf57-48fe-9182-f73ecfc8c3c0>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/your-babys-health/what-watch-out-for/meningitis-babies-and-children

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587719.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025154225-20211025184225-00070.warc.gz

en

In the article discusses the theoretical foundations of managing the training process of girls - jumpers in the triple jump. Also there is a comparison of individual indicators of competitive activity with parameters of preparedness according to model characteristic. The basis of the generalized and developed control system of special physical and technical training of jumpers in the triple jump is the development of training programs at various stages of year - round training using the tools and methods of integrated control, corrective training programs. In order to effectively manage the training process in the triple jump in women, you need accurate quantitative information that reflects all the main aspects of this process. The technology of managing the preparation of jumps by triple jump based on model characteristics and standard indicators of technical - physical fitness will increase the accuracy of control and corrective training effects on the effectiveness of training jumpers in the triple jump. Practical recommendations on the management of technical and physical training of athletes are given. Athletics is one of the main kinds of sports including walk, run, jumps, throwing. At the institute ofphysical culture athletics is an educational and scientific discipline, which includes an athletic theory, sport and methods of teaching. Athletics is characterized by various competitive drills, a final number of different ways and alternatives of their exercise. Jumps are natural and quick ways of overcoming obstacles that are characterized by short, but intensive muscular strain. They do much to develop abilities to concentrate your efforts, to find your way in space, also develop such qualities as force, quickness, deafness, courage [1,5]. The Triplejump was considering him men’s form earlier, but now it is included into the program of women’s competitions. There is a great difference between the women’s triple jump and the men’s technique both in technical and physiological aspects. Recently especially 15-20 years ago significant changes happened in sports of top achievements, especially in athletic. Processes of commercialization and of official admission of professional sport led to a great rise of the number of commercial competitions and increase of programs for children’s athletics. First of all by using new kids of athletics. In the nineties women’s program of jumping changed due to introducing the strongest kinds of jumps particularly triple jams. The Triple jump as a speed - power kinds of athletics makes the highest demands on physical fitness of athletics [2, 3]. The present stage of the world’s athletics is characterized by increased competition in major competitions. At the same time in the process of teaching the amount and intensity of the loud reached the limits of human adaptive capacity. Under such conditions is it effective control of training of sportsmen is very important. The most important conditions of improvement of quality of educational process management is to increase the efficiency and clarity of control activities on the basis of the correction of the contemporary educational process with operational current and stage control. In order to manage the training process in the triple jump of women same accurate quantitative information reflecting all the main aspects of this process is necessary. The technology of management of preparation of jams the triple jump based on model characteristics and standard indicators of technical and physical readiness will allow us to increase accuracy of control and creating training influence on efficiency of preparation of jumpers in the triple. The hypothesis of our study suggests that if we improve the technology of training management of athletics in the triple jump, using the individual characteristics of the sides of readiness of the athletics, it should improve the efficiency of the training process and affect the resort in the competitive period. The object of our research is the training process of sportsmen in the triple jump. The subject of the study is taken under control of technical and physical training of sportsmen in the triple jump. The aim of our study is the improvement of technical and physical training of athletes in the triple jump. In this paper we consider the following tasks: - To consider the theoretical places for management of the training process the girls -jumpers in the triple jump. - To study indicators of physical and technical readiness of athletes. - To determine the relationship between the indicators of different sides of the preparedness of athletes and their impact on sports results. - To give practical recommendations of the management Oftechnical and physical to preparedness of athletes. To identify the objectives of our study as the basis were used the following researches: the study and generalization of scientific and methodical literature; - teacher observations; - pedagogical control tests; - pedagogical experiments. The methodology of the study is based on the use of general philosophical principles of science, the system or the individual to the general, the relationship of qualitative and quantitative characteristics, it comprehensive analysis and the relationship of processes and phenomena based on facts as a source of knowledge. Classes were held in the training camp of Kokshetau in athletics. At the first stage of the work scientific and methodical literature was studied in order to summarize the pedagogical and scientific methodological experience, analyzed the model characteristics Oftechnical and physical fitness of jumpers in the triple jump. At the second stage, control exercises used in the practice of couches and athletes to assess physical fitness were identified. Of the total number of the tests four most informative indicators characterizing the physical fitness of athletes were chosen. In the conditions of the training process parameters of physical preparedness of the athletes were registered for definition of structure of physical readiness of jumpers in the triple jump. The structure of physical preparedness and comparison of results with model characteristics are defined. At the third stage to determine the structure of technical preparedness of jumpers in the triple jump in the conditions of technical activity, the parameters of technical readiness of athletes were fixed. Eight most informative parameters reflecting the technical preparedness of women in the triple jump were recorded. The choice of parameters of the triple jump is based on the study of research of competitive activity in the triple jump conducted by various authors. The structure of technical readiness and comparison of the received result with characteristics of model is defined. At the fourth stage the technique management of training process of jumpers in the triple jump was developed. Thus the developed structures of technical and physical read and it’ structures of technical and physical readiness, the studied to model characteristics of readiness of athletes were used. At the fifth final stage of the work a pedagogical experiment was conducted, during which of the method of controlling the process of teaching subjects in the triple jump was tested. Evolution of individual indicators of physical fitness of athletes with model characteristics allowed to identify the strength and weakness of individual preparedness of athletes and also to determine the typology of the development of primary physical qualities, each of which corresponds to certain features of the triple jump: to the «speed» type of the preparedness of jumpers belong athletes who have high results in cross - country exercises; - athletes with high rates of strength exercises belong to the «power» type; - the model type includes athletes with a relatively uniform level of preparedness in all exercises; jumpers with high performance in jumping exercises are of the type of jumping force. In the process of preparing girls for the triple jump we came to the conclusion that: - The effectiveness of the training process of girls in the triple jump had increased significantly as a result of the generalization and improvement of the control system of the training process. - A couch in the practical management of the training process is the triple jump requires precise operational and quantitative information of competitive activity of jumpers parameters of technical, special physical fitness in the control exercise. In the course of the work control exercises were studied in order to assess the physical fitness ofjumpers. The most informative tests that have the necessary degree Ofreliability for a triple jump are the exercises recommended as tests for evolution or special physical fitness: - fifty meters; - five jumps with 6-8 with running steps; - a triple jump with the support of 50cm from any wall or cross-country jogging steps; - taking the bar in the chest. Comparison of separate indicators of competitive activity and also parameters of readiness with modeling characteristics allows to determine the dominant side in the structure of a special type of performing the triple jump. In the presence of model characteristics of physical fitness it is possible to estimate special preparedness of the athlete to define the direction and your serves the growth of his skill and also quickly and with high accuracy to correct training process. When planning the training process it is necessary to take into account the structure of the relationship between the technical preparedness of athletes and the interaction of technical and special indicators of physical preparedness. At the same time it is necessary to focus attention but methodically on the appropriateness all of the effects of management training, laggards of preparedness in the general preparatory phase in the strengths of preparedness in the special preparedness phase of the annual cycle. In addition individual readiness structure of the jumper is conserved. The effectiveness of the triple jump in the first place is connected with the rate of speed of the last five - meter interval, with in average horizontal velocity in the triple jump, as well as with other conditions, health status, psychological mood. When preparing for a triple jump it should be borne in mind that at high take off speeds the first repulsion can be effectively perform to complete and the second and the third phases of the jump without large losses. The basis of the generalized and developed control system of special physic - technical training of jumpers in the triple jump is an accurate assessment a year round training using tools and methods of integrated control, correctional training programs. At the same time correctional training programs are selected on the basis of comparison with the typical topology of the triple jump technique and model indicators of special training. - Kreer V. A. Women's triple jump: methodological aspects. Atliletics. - Krashenirmikov R. N. Management of training process of Iiighjumpers of various qualification on the basis of individual peculiarities of the manifestation of physical qualities: Autoabstract, Kiev. 2010. - Kreer V.A. The triple jump M. Physical culture and sport. 2010. - Talichaev M.P. Biochemical Structme of the final repulsion of jumpers in length and methods of its formation autoabstract M. 2010. - Popov V.B. System of sports preparedness of highly qualified athletes jumpers: (theory, practice, methodology) Autoabstract, dissertation, doctor of pedagogical science M, 2010.

<urn:uuid:d77de497-4081-432e-b1a0-4fc8c2f308de>

CC-MAIN-2021-43

https://articlekz.com/en/article/33654

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585522.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022212051-20211023002051-00189.warc.gz

en