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Guadalupe, Nuevo León
|
Guadalupe ndiyo mji mkuu na mji mkubwa katika jimbo la Nuevo León. Mwaka 2005 ilikuwa na wakazi 691,931 mjini, pamoja na mitaa ya jirani rundiko la mji lina wakazi 3,664,334. Eneo lake ni 151.3 km². Mji upo m 500 kutoka juu ya usawa wa bahari.
Mji ulianzishwa mwaka 1716.
Miji ya Mexiko
Nuevo León
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Guadalupe, Nuevo León",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Guadalupe ndiyo mji mkuu na mji mkubwa katika jimbo la Nuevo León. Mwaka 2005 ilikuwa na wakazi 691,931 mjini, pamoja na mitaa ya jirani rundiko la mji lina wakazi 3,664,334. Eneo lake ni 151.3 km². Mji upo m 500 kutoka juu ya usawa wa bahari.\n\nMji ulianzishwa mwaka 1716.\n\nMiji ya Mexiko\nNuevo León",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Kelechi Iheanacho
|
Kelechi Ahadi Iheanacho (alizaliwa 3 Oktoba 1996) ni mchezaji wa soka wa Nigeria ambaye anacheza katika klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza iitwayo Leicester na timu ya taifa ya Nigeria.
Amecheza mechi akiwa na klabu ya Manchester City, pamoja na kikosi cha Nigeria ambacho kilishinda Kombe la Dunia la FIFA chini ya miaka 17 na 2013 na timu ya taifa ya Nigeria chini ya miaka 20 katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA chini ya miaka 20 mwaka 2015.
Iheanacho aliitwa hadi kikosi kikuu cha Manchester City kwa msimu wa 2015-16.
waliozaliwa 1996
watu walio hai
Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Kelechi Iheanacho",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kelechi Ahadi Iheanacho (alizaliwa 3 Oktoba 1996) ni mchezaji wa soka wa Nigeria ambaye anacheza katika klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza iitwayo Leicester na timu ya taifa ya Nigeria. \n\nAmecheza mechi akiwa na klabu ya Manchester City, pamoja na kikosi cha Nigeria ambacho kilishinda Kombe la Dunia la FIFA chini ya miaka 17 na 2013 na timu ya taifa ya Nigeria chini ya miaka 20 katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA chini ya miaka 20 mwaka 2015. \n\nIheanacho aliitwa hadi kikosi kikuu cha Manchester City kwa msimu wa 2015-16. \n\nwaliozaliwa 1996\nwatu walio hai\nWachezaji mpira wa Nigeria",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Recht
|
Richard Samuel "Rick" Recht (born August 28, 1970) is an American rock musician who was one of the early pioneers of contemporary Jewish rock music in the early 2000s, performing for Jewish teenage and young adult audiences.
Career
Recht grew up in St. Louis, Missouri. By the late 1990s, he was a member of a band and worked as a song leader at a Jewish day camp in St. Louis.
By the early 2000s, Recht and his band were touring nationwide, delivering about 150 performances a year, included for an estimated audience of 30,000 people at the Los Angeles Jewish Festival in 2003.
In 2010, Recht founded Jewish Rock Radio, one of the first exclusively Jewish rock online radio stations in the United States.
Recht is the Artist-in-Residence at the United Hebrew Congregation in Chesterfield, Missouri, where he provides music for Shabbat, High Holidays, and other programming.
Works
Recht has released 10 studio albums of Jewish music, including two solo children's albums.
References
External links
Rick Recht official site
1970 births
American rock musicians
Living people
Jewish American musicians
Jewish rock musicians
Jewish folk singers
Musicians from St. Louis County, Missouri
21st-century American Jews
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Recht",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Richard Samuel \"Rick\" Recht (born August 28, 1970) is an American rock musician who was one of the early pioneers of contemporary Jewish rock music in the early 2000s, performing for Jewish teenage and young adult audiences.\n\nCareer\nRecht grew up in St. Louis, Missouri. By the late 1990s, he was a member of a band and worked as a song leader at a Jewish day camp in St. Louis.\n\nBy the early 2000s, Recht and his band were touring nationwide, delivering about 150 performances a year, included for an estimated audience of 30,000 people at the Los Angeles Jewish Festival in 2003.\n\nIn 2010, Recht founded Jewish Rock Radio, one of the first exclusively Jewish rock online radio stations in the United States.\n\nRecht is the Artist-in-Residence at the United Hebrew Congregation in Chesterfield, Missouri, where he provides music for Shabbat, High Holidays, and other programming.\n\nWorks\nRecht has released 10 studio albums of Jewish music, including two solo children's albums.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Rick Recht official site\n\n1970 births\nAmerican rock musicians\nLiving people\nJewish American musicians\nJewish rock musicians\nJewish folk singers\nMusicians from St. Louis County, Missouri\n21st-century American Jews",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Yowe
|
Yowe ni neno linaloweza kutaja:
Furukombe, ndege
Kupiga yowe, kelele
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Yowe",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Yowe ni neno linaloweza kutaja:\n Furukombe, ndege\n Kupiga yowe, kelele",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot%20Academy
|
Abbot Academy (also known as Abbot Female Seminary and AA) was an independent boarding preparatory school for women boarding and day care for students in grades 9–12 from 1828 to 1973. Located in Andover, Massachusetts, Abbot Academy was notable as one of the first incorporated secondary schools for educating young women in New England. It merged with Phillips Academy in 1973 and campus buildings along School Street continue to be used for the combined school. Some Abbot traditions continue at the combined private boarding school such as Parent's Weekend. Since the 40th anniversary in 2013 of the merger of the two schools, there has been renewed interest in Abbot's history and traditions.
History
The school was founded during a time when the prevailing view was that women's education "should always be relative to men", with some believing that study of "higher subjects" such as philosophy and mathematics might render women to be infertile. One of the first formal discussions to propose a school for young women happened on February 19, 1828. The school was incorporated in 1829 with 70 or 85 pupils from eighteen to twenty years of age for the "exclusive work of educating women". According to one source, the official opening day was May 6, 1829.
The early years
The school received financial support from Sarah Abbot who pledged substantial money, which allowed for loans to begin construction; Sarah Abbot died in 1850 and left a substantial sum for educational purposes. After mid-century, Abbot faced several challenges: the addition of a public high school in Andover, followed by the challenges of coping with the American Civil War. In 1853, the first principalship was offered to a woman, and additional monies were raised for the construction of dormitories. In 1859, the "strong-willed" but "ideologically moderate" McKeen sisters — headmistress Philena and Phebe—exerted strong leadership by adopting a "school-home" approach. The years were marked by substantial expansion of buildings. The McKeens fostered the study of French and German and introduced a "systematic oral language program" on a par with that of Harvard University and which "far outdistanced Phillips Academy", which did not offer any modern language instruction until the mid 1870s. Under their "no-nonsense" leadership, teachers stayed longer, many for ten or more years.
It was during the late 1800s that the school had a "golden age", according to one view. The campus was visited by Helen Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan and Amos Bronson Alcott. The leadership of Philena and Phebe McKeen was characterized by substantial fundraising and growth. According to Susan McIntosh Lloyd, Abbot's curriculum "may have surpassed that of Phillips" during these years. After 1910, the only structures built were "gates". The school was like a "family" but commanded by women, in which "women and girls could enjoy one another as persons without self-consciousness or shame."
Art education
The academy emphasized art education. After starting a small art club in 1871 led by Professor E. A. Park, the academy introduced one of the nation's first History of Art courses in 1873. Painting and drawing were taught by professional painter and alumnus Emily A. Means who had studied with well-known painters in Europe for four years. Means guided the art department from 1877 to 1892 and later served as principal from 1898 to 1911.
The 1930s through the 1960s
The school went through challenging times during the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the Depression's first five years, the school lost approximately $60,000 annually as well as a sharp drop in its real-estate assets, and the school slipped from having 135 boarders in 1929–30 to 71 boarders in 1933–34. Despite financial concerns, the school continued to dismiss "unruly or lazy students" or those who tucked "dummies into their beds" to spend the night at Phillips Academy. Many other schools folded during the Depression years. During these years, the school taught the "basic college preparatory" program of 3 years of English, 5 years of languages (including 2 or 3 of Latin), 2 or 3 years of mathematics, 1 year of science and 1 year of history, as well as physical education, an "all school choral class" and Bible study of one hour a week, but requirements adjusted over time, largely dictated by preferences of college admissions departments. From World War II and afterwards, the academy experienced increasing enrollment; ten years after the attack on Pearl Harbor, a third of its teachers were either European born or European educated. The school opened its doors more widely to minority groups, such as African American women and Jews.
Academic excellence improved. An alumna, Elizabeth Thomas '49, recalled her Abbot teaching as "the best she has ever had", with college being easier. However, during these years, there was a greater space between teachers and students, such that there were no "out-of-class relationships" between them; teachers seemed "miles away" unless they were enforcing rules about lipstick or patrolling the Phillips campus for errant women or checking mail for return addresses to "certain Phillips boys." Rules forbade smoking and drinking and sexual activity; one 1954 alumna described a "whole system of deception" designed to evade teachers, seen as "the enemy," with deceptions done to get messages to Phillips students, sometimes through day student intermediaries or by messages left in bushes.
However, some students appreciated that the rules cleared "time and space for that peaceful collection of self". Nevertheless, applications to the school increased from the 1950s through the 1960s. During the 1960s, the ratio of applicants to acceptances was three to one. The 1960s featured rules easing somewhat, with more chaperoned dances, more phone calls and dating as well as "cattle-market mixers", but the easing sometimes encouraging girls to find "ways to be still naughtier." Lloyd described the coming changes:
According to Lloyd, Abbot Academy seemed to be a "nineteenth century school" which was stagnant and insular and limited in comparison with the abrupt societal changes made during the 1960s. In 1967, there were greater ties between Phillips Academy and Abbot, including a Phillips-Abbot committee to explore a "wide range of shared activities" between the two schools. Abbot trustee Philip Allen had determined that both schools should merge, but that this was a "hidden agenda"; Allen brought in headmaster Donald Gordon, a graduate of Phillips Academy and Yale, to bring "Abbot up to the point where it could
be part of Phillips Academy." Abbot's "old dress code" was abolished for a "neat and clean" requirement. The 1969-70 year was "tumultuous" nationwide, with student revolts on many college campuses and foreign policy failures abroad. The following is a description of Abbot campus life in 1969:
The 1973 merger
The late 1960s and early 1970s was marked by the merger between the two schools. The merger was brought about by many factors, including the sense of shared history and goals between the two schools, common activities, plus survey research showing that 94% of students in northeastern secondary schools wished for coeducation. The times "favored coeducation"; in 1968, 53 colleges and universities either became coeducational or began coordinate instruction. While Phillips Academy "held the cards" regarding whether the two schools should merge, there was a "crasser impetus" from admissions statistics, as Phillips was increasingly being turned down by applicants preferring newly-coeducational competitors such as St. Paul's, Taft, Northfield-Mount Hermon, and Exeter. Many committee meetings, including discussions between administrators and teachers, happened over a sixteen-month period. The Phillips headmaster, John Kemper, who had kinship ties with women graduates of Abbot, felt a merger was "practical, ethical, and educationally sound", although several times the Phillips Board of Trustees refused to sanction a merger. The school merged with Phillips Academy on June 28, 1973. Many Abbot traditions were included in the combined school, such as having a designated weekend in the fall for parents to visit.
After the merger, $1 million of Abbot's endowment became the basis for the Abbot Academy Association, which funds various educational programs and projects submitted by students, faculty, and staff. Since the first Abbot Grant was awarded in the fall of 1973, nearly 2000 Abbot Grant proposals have been submitted by students and members of the faculty, staff and administration of Phillips Academy. The Abbot Academy Association has funded more than 1400 of these proposals with grants totaling $9,400,000. In 2014, the Abbot Academy Association's endowment had grown to $10 million.
Campus life
Activities included the Fidelio Chorus, school government, and the school newspaper. Athletic programs included basketball, crew, cycling, ballet and modern dance, fencing, soccer, softball, and tennis. In the late 1960s, Abbot's math department set up a paper-tape terminal connected to a computer at Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts. This provided the high school students with early BASIC-language computer programming skills. In 1973, the languages taught included English, French, German, Latin, Russian, and Spanish.
Academic prizes
Abbot was a chapter member of the Cum Laude Honor Society. The school awarded the following student prizes annually:
Anna Dawes Prize for History
Betsy Waskowitz Rider Art Award
Beatrice Farnsworth Powers Art Award
Priscilla Bradley Prize for Art
Pam Weidenman Prize for Art
Ceramics Prize
Photography Prize
Music Department Award
Kate Friskin Award for Music
Mathematics Department Prize
Science Prize
Spanish Department Prize
English Department Prize
Latin Department Prize
Ballet Prize
Abbot Athletic Award
Isabel Hancock Award
The Madame Sarah Abbot award was established through a gift from the Abbot Class of 1973. The award is given to a female Phillips Academy senior who " … best exemplifies 'strong character, effective leadership and outstanding scholarship.'"
School publications
In June 1873, the first issue of the Abbot Courant was published. This student literary magazine appeared two to three times a year. Later editions included art work and photographs. In 1992, with a grant from the Abbot Academy Association, the Courant was revived at Phillips Academy and continues to be published twice a year. In 2002, a 123-page alumni edition was published. The Abbot Academy yearbook was published from 1900 to 1973. Originally known as The Abbot Academy Class Book, the yearbook became The Circle in 1916 (this is the first year that the double-A logo used on senior class rings appeared on the book cover). Digital versions of the Abbot Courant and The Circle are available through the school Archives and Special Collections.
The student newspaper was called Cynosure. In 1974, it moved to Phillips where it became a monthly magazine.
Traditions
Students were divided into two groups called Gargoyles and Griffins for sports teams and for other purposes that required dividing the students into groups; their colors were green and orange, respectively. Dual-color felt beanie hats with an image of a gargoyle or griffin were distributed to students.
The locally based Clan MacPherson Pipes and Drums led graduation processions on the Abbot Circle. This tradition continues today at Phillips Academy. At graduation, after chapel, Seniors and Junior Middlers (eleventh graders) met in the Senior Courtyard for the Ring Ceremony. (This central garden was completely enclosed by the three sides of Draper Hall with the dining room wall as the fourth side.) By tradition, Junior Mids who purchased Abbot Academy class rings the year before wore them with the "AA" insignia upside-down. During the Ring Ceremony, each Junior Mid received a Senior sponsor. The Junior Mid, now recognized as a member of the new Senior class, turned her ring so that the insignia was upright. In 1973, all students who wanted to were allowed to buy Abbot class rings.
Buildings and campus
In 1863, the Abbot campus consisted of one acre surrounded by a fence. By 1878, it was approximately 22 acres. Abbot's three main buildings (Abbot Hall, Draper Hall, and McKeen Hall) are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The first academy building, Abbot Hall, is an "exceptional" early example of the Greek Revival style. It was built in 1828–29. Since 1996, it has housed Phillips Academy's Brace Center for Gender Studies. An art gallery was added to the left side of Abbot Hall in 1906–07. It was designed by Andrews, Jaques & Rantoul of Boston. The art gallery housed the collection of Mrs. Esther Byers. The Merrill Memorial Gates and two side gates (the John P. Taylor and George G. Davis gates) were added in 1921 to the front and sides, respectively, of the Abbot Circle. Designed a few years earlier by the firm of McKim, Mead & White, similar gates appear at Harvard University, Princeton University, and Bowdoin College. The Abbot Circle, around which the main buildings are grouped, was re-dedicated on 3 May 1997. The tree-lined Maple Walk, which once connected the dining room at the back of Draper Hall with Phillips Street, remains in use. (The dining room was demolished.)
Efforts for the Preservation of the Abbot Campus
In 1988, Phillips Academy opened a proposal to repurpose buildings on the former Abbot Academy campus to increase rental and commercial use on the property. This plan was designed to prevent the academy from demolishing the land to make way for single-family homes or selling the acreage to private developers. The school argued that saving the buildings will ultimately allow for historical preservation. A town meeting was then set in place on April 4-6 of 1988, with the Phillips Academy historical preservation plan needing a two-thirds yes vote on Article 101 to get support in retaining the campus for the school's own use. However, some town members were hesitant to move forward with this plan. Those who wanted to vote no on Article 101, made the argument that the repurposed use of Abbot campus buildings for commercial use would in turn decrease the property value of existing Andover residential neighborhood homes. In the end, Phillips Academy ended up retaining the Abbot campus for its own use.
Headmasters and headmistresses
School principals:
Charles Goddard 1829–31
Rev. Samuel Lamson 1832–34
Rev. Samuel Gilman Brown 1835–38
Rev. Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth 1838–39
Rev. Timothy Dwight Porter Stone 1839–42
Rev. Asa Farwell 1842–52
Peter Smith Byers 1853 (Elected but did not serve)
Nancy Judson Hasseltine 1854–56
Maria Jane Bancroft Brown 1856–57
Emma L. Taylor 1857–59
Philena McKeen 1859–92
Laura Sophia Watson 1892–98
Emily Adams Means 1898–1911
Bertha Bailey 1912–35
Marguerite Capen Hearsey 1936–55
Mary Hinckley Crane (Mrs. Alexander) 1955–66
Eleanor Tucker (Acting) 1966–68
Donald Gordon 1968–73
For further information, consult The Philippian:
Distinguished alumnae and faculty
Notable alumnae
Julia Alvarez (1967) - Poet, novelist, essayist
Harriette Newell Woods Baker (1833) - Story book author
Alice Stone Blackwell (1867) - Editor Woman's Journal, activist, and translator
Anna Brackett - Philosopher, educator
Charlotte Emerson Brown - Clubwoman
Eileen Christelow (1961) - Author of "Five Little Monkeys" children's book series
Maria Susana Cummins (1845) - Author of international bestseller; domestic fiction writer
Wendy Ewald (1969) - Photographer and educator, MacArthur Fellowship winner
Julia Constance Fletcher - (1867)
Mary H. Graves - Unitarian minister, literary editor, writer
Marsha Kazarosian (PA 1974) - Attorney
Lucy R. Lippard (1954) - Art theorist
Sara Nelson (PA 1974) - Former editor-in-chief of Publishers Weekly
Elizabeth Marshall Thomas (1949) - Anthropologist
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (1858) - Early feminist author
Kate Douglas Wiggin (1873) - Author of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm
Francesca Woodman - Photographer
Shirley Young (1951) - Businesswoman
For additional alumnae, consult Notable Alumni: Long List:
Notable faculty
Emily Hale, speech and drama, muse of T.S. Eliot
Maud Morgan
See also
Hartwell and Richardson architects
Phillips Academy
Suggested reading
Susan McIntosh Lloyd. "A Singular School: Abbot Academy 1828-1973", Hanover, NH: Published by Phillips Academy, Andover, 1979.
Susan J. Montgomery and Roger G. Reed. "The Campus Guide. Phillips Academy Andover", New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2000.
Philena McKeen, headmistress. Author of "Annals of Fifty Years: A History of Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass., 1829-1879" and "Sequel to Annals of Fifty Years: A History of Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass., 1879-1892
References
External links
Abbot Academy Archives in Archives and Special Collections: Phillips Academy Andover
Abbot Academy Photograph Collection - Digital Commonwealth
Andover Historical Society
Film on Abbot
Boarding schools in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Andover, Massachusetts
Private preparatory schools in Massachusetts
Private high schools in Massachusetts
Defunct girls' schools in the United States
1829 establishments in Massachusetts
Girls' schools in Massachusetts
Abbot Academy
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot%20Academy",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Abbot Academy (also known as Abbot Female Seminary and AA) was an independent boarding preparatory school for women boarding and day care for students in grades 9–12 from 1828 to 1973. Located in Andover, Massachusetts, Abbot Academy was notable as one of the first incorporated secondary schools for educating young women in New England. It merged with Phillips Academy in 1973 and campus buildings along School Street continue to be used for the combined school. Some Abbot traditions continue at the combined private boarding school such as Parent's Weekend. Since the 40th anniversary in 2013 of the merger of the two schools, there has been renewed interest in Abbot's history and traditions.\n\nHistory \n\nThe school was founded during a time when the prevailing view was that women's education \"should always be relative to men\", with some believing that study of \"higher subjects\" such as philosophy and mathematics might render women to be infertile. One of the first formal discussions to propose a school for young women happened on February 19, 1828. The school was incorporated in 1829 with 70 or 85 pupils from eighteen to twenty years of age for the \"exclusive work of educating women\". According to one source, the official opening day was May 6, 1829.\n\nThe early years\nThe school received financial support from Sarah Abbot who pledged substantial money, which allowed for loans to begin construction; Sarah Abbot died in 1850 and left a substantial sum for educational purposes. After mid-century, Abbot faced several challenges: the addition of a public high school in Andover, followed by the challenges of coping with the American Civil War. In 1853, the first principalship was offered to a woman, and additional monies were raised for the construction of dormitories. In 1859, the \"strong-willed\" but \"ideologically moderate\" McKeen sisters — headmistress Philena and Phebe—exerted strong leadership by adopting a \"school-home\" approach. The years were marked by substantial expansion of buildings. The McKeens fostered the study of French and German and introduced a \"systematic oral language program\" on a par with that of Harvard University and which \"far outdistanced Phillips Academy\", which did not offer any modern language instruction until the mid 1870s. Under their \"no-nonsense\" leadership, teachers stayed longer, many for ten or more years.\n\nIt was during the late 1800s that the school had a \"golden age\", according to one view. The campus was visited by Helen Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan and Amos Bronson Alcott. The leadership of Philena and Phebe McKeen was characterized by substantial fundraising and growth. According to Susan McIntosh Lloyd, Abbot's curriculum \"may have surpassed that of Phillips\" during these years. After 1910, the only structures built were \"gates\". The school was like a \"family\" but commanded by women, in which \"women and girls could enjoy one another as persons without self-consciousness or shame.\"\n\nArt education\n\nThe academy emphasized art education. After starting a small art club in 1871 led by Professor E. A. Park, the academy introduced one of the nation's first History of Art courses in 1873. Painting and drawing were taught by professional painter and alumnus Emily A. Means who had studied with well-known painters in Europe for four years. Means guided the art department from 1877 to 1892 and later served as principal from 1898 to 1911.\n\nThe 1930s through the 1960s\nThe school went through challenging times during the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the Depression's first five years, the school lost approximately $60,000 annually as well as a sharp drop in its real-estate assets, and the school slipped from having 135 boarders in 1929–30 to 71 boarders in 1933–34. Despite financial concerns, the school continued to dismiss \"unruly or lazy students\" or those who tucked \"dummies into their beds\" to spend the night at Phillips Academy. Many other schools folded during the Depression years. During these years, the school taught the \"basic college preparatory\" program of 3 years of English, 5 years of languages (including 2 or 3 of Latin), 2 or 3 years of mathematics, 1 year of science and 1 year of history, as well as physical education, an \"all school choral class\" and Bible study of one hour a week, but requirements adjusted over time, largely dictated by preferences of college admissions departments. From World War II and afterwards, the academy experienced increasing enrollment; ten years after the attack on Pearl Harbor, a third of its teachers were either European born or European educated. The school opened its doors more widely to minority groups, such as African American women and Jews.\n\nAcademic excellence improved. An alumna, Elizabeth Thomas '49, recalled her Abbot teaching as \"the best she has ever had\", with college being easier. However, during these years, there was a greater space between teachers and students, such that there were no \"out-of-class relationships\" between them; teachers seemed \"miles away\" unless they were enforcing rules about lipstick or patrolling the Phillips campus for errant women or checking mail for return addresses to \"certain Phillips boys.\" Rules forbade smoking and drinking and sexual activity; one 1954 alumna described a \"whole system of deception\" designed to evade teachers, seen as \"the enemy,\" with deceptions done to get messages to Phillips students, sometimes through day student intermediaries or by messages left in bushes.\n\nHowever, some students appreciated that the rules cleared \"time and space for that peaceful collection of self\". Nevertheless, applications to the school increased from the 1950s through the 1960s. During the 1960s, the ratio of applicants to acceptances was three to one. The 1960s featured rules easing somewhat, with more chaperoned dances, more phone calls and dating as well as \"cattle-market mixers\", but the easing sometimes encouraging girls to find \"ways to be still naughtier.\" Lloyd described the coming changes:\n\nAccording to Lloyd, Abbot Academy seemed to be a \"nineteenth century school\" which was stagnant and insular and limited in comparison with the abrupt societal changes made during the 1960s. In 1967, there were greater ties between Phillips Academy and Abbot, including a Phillips-Abbot committee to explore a \"wide range of shared activities\" between the two schools. Abbot trustee Philip Allen had determined that both schools should merge, but that this was a \"hidden agenda\"; Allen brought in headmaster Donald Gordon, a graduate of Phillips Academy and Yale, to bring \"Abbot up to the point where it could \nbe part of Phillips Academy.\" Abbot's \"old dress code\" was abolished for a \"neat and clean\" requirement. The 1969-70 year was \"tumultuous\" nationwide, with student revolts on many college campuses and foreign policy failures abroad. The following is a description of Abbot campus life in 1969:\n\nThe 1973 merger\nThe late 1960s and early 1970s was marked by the merger between the two schools. The merger was brought about by many factors, including the sense of shared history and goals between the two schools, common activities, plus survey research showing that 94% of students in northeastern secondary schools wished for coeducation. The times \"favored coeducation\"; in 1968, 53 colleges and universities either became coeducational or began coordinate instruction. While Phillips Academy \"held the cards\" regarding whether the two schools should merge, there was a \"crasser impetus\" from admissions statistics, as Phillips was increasingly being turned down by applicants preferring newly-coeducational competitors such as St. Paul's, Taft, Northfield-Mount Hermon, and Exeter. Many committee meetings, including discussions between administrators and teachers, happened over a sixteen-month period. The Phillips headmaster, John Kemper, who had kinship ties with women graduates of Abbot, felt a merger was \"practical, ethical, and educationally sound\", although several times the Phillips Board of Trustees refused to sanction a merger. The school merged with Phillips Academy on June 28, 1973. Many Abbot traditions were included in the combined school, such as having a designated weekend in the fall for parents to visit.\n\nAfter the merger, $1 million of Abbot's endowment became the basis for the Abbot Academy Association, which funds various educational programs and projects submitted by students, faculty, and staff. Since the first Abbot Grant was awarded in the fall of 1973, nearly 2000 Abbot Grant proposals have been submitted by students and members of the faculty, staff and administration of Phillips Academy. The Abbot Academy Association has funded more than 1400 of these proposals with grants totaling $9,400,000. In 2014, the Abbot Academy Association's endowment had grown to $10 million.\n\nCampus life\nActivities included the Fidelio Chorus, school government, and the school newspaper. Athletic programs included basketball, crew, cycling, ballet and modern dance, fencing, soccer, softball, and tennis. In the late 1960s, Abbot's math department set up a paper-tape terminal connected to a computer at Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts. This provided the high school students with early BASIC-language computer programming skills. In 1973, the languages taught included English, French, German, Latin, Russian, and Spanish.\n\nAcademic prizes \nAbbot was a chapter member of the Cum Laude Honor Society. The school awarded the following student prizes annually:\n\n Anna Dawes Prize for History\n Betsy Waskowitz Rider Art Award\n Beatrice Farnsworth Powers Art Award\n Priscilla Bradley Prize for Art\n Pam Weidenman Prize for Art\n Ceramics Prize\n Photography Prize\n Music Department Award\n Kate Friskin Award for Music\n\n Mathematics Department Prize\n Science Prize\n Spanish Department Prize\n English Department Prize\n Latin Department Prize\n Ballet Prize\n Abbot Athletic Award\n Isabel Hancock Award\n\nThe Madame Sarah Abbot award was established through a gift from the Abbot Class of 1973. The award is given to a female Phillips Academy senior who \" … best exemplifies 'strong character, effective leadership and outstanding scholarship.'\"\n\nSchool publications\nIn June 1873, the first issue of the Abbot Courant was published. This student literary magazine appeared two to three times a year. Later editions included art work and photographs. In 1992, with a grant from the Abbot Academy Association, the Courant was revived at Phillips Academy and continues to be published twice a year. In 2002, a 123-page alumni edition was published. The Abbot Academy yearbook was published from 1900 to 1973. Originally known as The Abbot Academy Class Book, the yearbook became The Circle in 1916 (this is the first year that the double-A logo used on senior class rings appeared on the book cover). Digital versions of the Abbot Courant and The Circle are available through the school Archives and Special Collections.\n\nThe student newspaper was called Cynosure. In 1974, it moved to Phillips where it became a monthly magazine.\n\nTraditions \nStudents were divided into two groups called Gargoyles and Griffins for sports teams and for other purposes that required dividing the students into groups; their colors were green and orange, respectively. Dual-color felt beanie hats with an image of a gargoyle or griffin were distributed to students.\n\nThe locally based Clan MacPherson Pipes and Drums led graduation processions on the Abbot Circle. This tradition continues today at Phillips Academy. At graduation, after chapel, Seniors and Junior Middlers (eleventh graders) met in the Senior Courtyard for the Ring Ceremony. (This central garden was completely enclosed by the three sides of Draper Hall with the dining room wall as the fourth side.) By tradition, Junior Mids who purchased Abbot Academy class rings the year before wore them with the \"AA\" insignia upside-down. During the Ring Ceremony, each Junior Mid received a Senior sponsor. The Junior Mid, now recognized as a member of the new Senior class, turned her ring so that the insignia was upright. In 1973, all students who wanted to were allowed to buy Abbot class rings.\n\nBuildings and campus \n\nIn 1863, the Abbot campus consisted of one acre surrounded by a fence. By 1878, it was approximately 22 acres. Abbot's three main buildings (Abbot Hall, Draper Hall, and McKeen Hall) are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The first academy building, Abbot Hall, is an \"exceptional\" early example of the Greek Revival style. It was built in 1828–29. Since 1996, it has housed Phillips Academy's Brace Center for Gender Studies. An art gallery was added to the left side of Abbot Hall in 1906–07. It was designed by Andrews, Jaques & Rantoul of Boston. The art gallery housed the collection of Mrs. Esther Byers. The Merrill Memorial Gates and two side gates (the John P. Taylor and George G. Davis gates) were added in 1921 to the front and sides, respectively, of the Abbot Circle. Designed a few years earlier by the firm of McKim, Mead & White, similar gates appear at Harvard University, Princeton University, and Bowdoin College. The Abbot Circle, around which the main buildings are grouped, was re-dedicated on 3 May 1997. The tree-lined Maple Walk, which once connected the dining room at the back of Draper Hall with Phillips Street, remains in use. (The dining room was demolished.)\n\nEfforts for the Preservation of the Abbot Campus \nIn 1988, Phillips Academy opened a proposal to repurpose buildings on the former Abbot Academy campus to increase rental and commercial use on the property. This plan was designed to prevent the academy from demolishing the land to make way for single-family homes or selling the acreage to private developers. The school argued that saving the buildings will ultimately allow for historical preservation. A town meeting was then set in place on April 4-6 of 1988, with the Phillips Academy historical preservation plan needing a two-thirds yes vote on Article 101 to get support in retaining the campus for the school's own use. However, some town members were hesitant to move forward with this plan. Those who wanted to vote no on Article 101, made the argument that the repurposed use of Abbot campus buildings for commercial use would in turn decrease the property value of existing Andover residential neighborhood homes. In the end, Phillips Academy ended up retaining the Abbot campus for its own use.\n\nHeadmasters and headmistresses \nSchool principals:\n\n Charles Goddard 1829–31\n Rev. Samuel Lamson 1832–34\n Rev. Samuel Gilman Brown 1835–38\n Rev. Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth 1838–39\n Rev. Timothy Dwight Porter Stone 1839–42\n Rev. Asa Farwell 1842–52\n Peter Smith Byers 1853 (Elected but did not serve)\n Nancy Judson Hasseltine 1854–56\n Maria Jane Bancroft Brown 1856–57\n\n Emma L. Taylor 1857–59\n Philena McKeen 1859–92\n Laura Sophia Watson 1892–98\n Emily Adams Means 1898–1911\n Bertha Bailey 1912–35\n Marguerite Capen Hearsey 1936–55\n Mary Hinckley Crane (Mrs. Alexander) 1955–66\n Eleanor Tucker (Acting) 1966–68\n Donald Gordon 1968–73\n\nFor further information, consult The Philippian:\n\nDistinguished alumnae and faculty\n\nNotable alumnae \n\n Julia Alvarez (1967) - Poet, novelist, essayist\n Harriette Newell Woods Baker (1833) - Story book author\n Alice Stone Blackwell (1867) - Editor Woman's Journal, activist, and translator\n Anna Brackett - Philosopher, educator\n Charlotte Emerson Brown - Clubwoman\n Eileen Christelow (1961) - Author of \"Five Little Monkeys\" children's book series\n Maria Susana Cummins (1845) - Author of international bestseller; domestic fiction writer\n Wendy Ewald (1969) - Photographer and educator, MacArthur Fellowship winner\n Julia Constance Fletcher - (1867)\n Mary H. Graves - Unitarian minister, literary editor, writer\n Marsha Kazarosian (PA 1974) - Attorney\n Lucy R. Lippard (1954) - Art theorist\n Sara Nelson (PA 1974) - Former editor-in-chief of Publishers Weekly\n Elizabeth Marshall Thomas (1949) - Anthropologist\n Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (1858) - Early feminist author\n Kate Douglas Wiggin (1873) - Author of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm\n Francesca Woodman - Photographer\n Shirley Young (1951) - Businesswoman\n\nFor additional alumnae, consult Notable Alumni: Long List:\n\nNotable faculty \n Emily Hale, speech and drama, muse of T.S. Eliot\n Maud Morgan\n\nSee also \n Hartwell and Richardson architects\n Phillips Academy\n\nSuggested reading \n Susan McIntosh Lloyd. \"A Singular School: Abbot Academy 1828-1973\", Hanover, NH: Published by Phillips Academy, Andover, 1979.\n Susan J. Montgomery and Roger G. Reed. \"The Campus Guide. Phillips Academy Andover\", New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2000.\n Philena McKeen, headmistress. Author of \"Annals of Fifty Years: A History of Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass., 1829-1879\" and \"Sequel to Annals of Fifty Years: A History of Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass., 1879-1892\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Abbot Academy Archives in Archives and Special Collections: Phillips Academy Andover\n Abbot Academy Photograph Collection - Digital Commonwealth\n Andover Historical Society\n Film on Abbot\n\nBoarding schools in Massachusetts\nBuildings and structures in Andover, Massachusetts\nPrivate preparatory schools in Massachusetts\nPrivate high schools in Massachusetts\nDefunct girls' schools in the United States\n1829 establishments in Massachusetts\nGirls' schools in Massachusetts\nAbbot Academy",
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1224
|
Makala hii inahusu mwaka 1224 BK (Baada ya Kristo).
Matukio
Waliozaliwa
bila tarehe
Mtakatifu Thomas Aquinas, mwanateolojia kutoka Italia
Waliofariki
Karne ya 13
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1224",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Makala hii inahusu mwaka 1224 BK (Baada ya Kristo).\n\nMatukio\n\nWaliozaliwa\n\nbila tarehe\nMtakatifu Thomas Aquinas, mwanateolojia kutoka Italia\n\nWaliofariki\n\nKarne ya 13",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Kinyambala
|
unapatikana katika wilaya ya Mityana, mkoa wa Kati, nchini Uganda.
Maji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya mito ya Uganda
Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Mityana
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Wilaya ya Mityana
Mito ya Uganda
Nile
Mediteranea
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Kinyambala",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana katika wilaya ya Mityana, mkoa wa Kati, nchini Uganda. \n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya mito ya Uganda\n Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Mityana\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nWilaya ya Mityana\nMito ya Uganda\nNile\nMediteranea",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Mto Wadi Laba
|
ni korongo linalopatikana Eritrea na kuishia katika Bahari ya Shamu baada ya kuungana na mto Wokiro.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya mito ya Eritrea
Tanbihi
Mito ya Eritrea
Bahari ya Shamu
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mto Wadi Laba",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni korongo linalopatikana Eritrea na kuishia katika Bahari ya Shamu baada ya kuungana na mto Wokiro.\n\nTazama pia\nOrodha ya mito ya Eritrea\n\nTanbihi\n\nMito ya Eritrea\nBahari ya Shamu",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mineralogical Society of America
|
The Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) is a scientific membership organization. MSA was founded in 1919 for the advancement of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology, and promotion of their uses in other sciences, industry, and the arts. It encourages fundamental research about natural materials; supports the teaching of mineralogical concepts and procedures to students of mineralogy and related arts and sciences; and attempts to raise the scientific literacy of society with respect to issues involving mineralogy. The Society encourages the general preservation of mineral collections, displays, mineral localities, type minerals and scientific data. MSA represents the United States with regard to the science of mineralogy in any international context. The Society was incorporated in 1937 and approved as a nonprofit organization in 1959.
Publications
American Mineralogist: An International Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, is the print journal of the Society, and it has been published continuously since 1916. It publishes the results of original scientific research in the fields of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology with the goal of providing readers with the best in earth science research.
Reviews in Mineralogy is a series of multi-authored, soft-bound books containing cogent and concise reviews of the literature and advances about a subject area. Since 1974, 86 volumes have been published.
The Lattice is a quarterly newsletter first published in 1985 and contains business items as well as general information for members.
Elements: An International Magazine of Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology is co-published by this society along with other geochemical and mineralogical societies.
Special Interest Groups
MSA's special interest groups are composed of individuals who have informally joined to organize review volumes, meetings, workshops, etc. There are Special Interest Groups for
Pegmatites,
Planetary Materials.
Awards and Grants
As the representative Society for the profession, the Mineralogical Society of America recognizes outstanding contributors to the fields of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology. Society awards do not require MSA membership or United States citizenship.
Roebling Medal First awarded in 1937, the Roebling Medal is the Society's highest honor. It is given in recognition of an individual's lifetime scientific eminence as represented primarily by publication of outstanding original research in mineralogy. The recipient is made a life fellow of the Society and receives both a 14K and bronze medal engraved bearing their engraved name and the resemblance of Washington A. Roebling. Washington Roebling was Chief Engineer during construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, a mineral collector, and a significant friend of the Society in its early years. Roebling gave the society a gift of $40,000 in bonds which became the Roebling Fund and has grown to over $1.5 million.
Distinguished Public Service Medal This award is presented to an individual who has provided outstanding contributions to public policy and awareness about mineralogical topics through science. Established in 1990, the award is a silver medal with the logo of the Society and vignettes of the application of mineralogy to the general good.
Mineralogical Society of America Award This award is presented to an individual for an outstanding single or series of published contributions in the areas of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, or related fields. The award is meant to recognize a scientist beginning their career. The recognized research must have been performed prior to the recipient's 35th birthday or prior to the seventh year past Ph.D., and the award given no more than two years afterwards. The award is a certificate, Fellow status, and a life membership.
Dana Medal This award is presented to a mid-career individual for outstanding single or series of published contributions in the areas of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, or related fields.
MSA Undergraduate Prize The Society recognizes outstanding undergraduate students enrolled in mineralogical courses nominated by their department with a certificate, a year's student membership, and an MSA publication of their choice. One student per department may be nominated annually provided the nominating department offers at least one course in crystallography, mineralogy, or petrology, and a member of the faculty is a member of fellow of the Society.
MSA Grant for Research in Crystallography The Society makes an annual award of up to US$5,000.00 for student research in the field of mineralogical crystallography. Both undergraduate and graduate student members of MSA are eligible to apply. More information is on the MSA website at www.minsocam.org.
MSA Grant for Research in Mineralogy and Petrology The Society makes two annual awards of up to US$5,000.00 for student research in the field of mineralogy and petrology. Both undergraduate and graduate student members of MSA are eligible to apply. More information is on the MSA website at www.minsocam.org.
Membership
Membership in the Society is open to any person interested in mineralogy and related sciences regardless of residence or citizenship. Individuals from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and about 40 countries belong to the Society, giving it and its publications an international readership.
Annual meeting
The MSA annual business meeting with the members, as well as award and social functions of the society, are held in conjunction with the annual Geological Society of America meeting.
References
External links
Mineralogical Society of America Official -old- Website
Mineralogical Society of America Official Website
Geophysics societies
Geology societies
Professional associations based in the United States
Scientific organizations established in 1919
1919 establishments in the United States
Scientific societies based in the United States
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mineralogical Society of America",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) is a scientific membership organization. MSA was founded in 1919 for the advancement of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology, and promotion of their uses in other sciences, industry, and the arts. It encourages fundamental research about natural materials; supports the teaching of mineralogical concepts and procedures to students of mineralogy and related arts and sciences; and attempts to raise the scientific literacy of society with respect to issues involving mineralogy. The Society encourages the general preservation of mineral collections, displays, mineral localities, type minerals and scientific data. MSA represents the United States with regard to the science of mineralogy in any international context. The Society was incorporated in 1937 and approved as a nonprofit organization in 1959.\n\nPublications\n\n American Mineralogist: An International Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, is the print journal of the Society, and it has been published continuously since 1916. It publishes the results of original scientific research in the fields of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology with the goal of providing readers with the best in earth science research.\n Reviews in Mineralogy is a series of multi-authored, soft-bound books containing cogent and concise reviews of the literature and advances about a subject area. Since 1974, 86 volumes have been published.\n The Lattice is a quarterly newsletter first published in 1985 and contains business items as well as general information for members.\n Elements: An International Magazine of Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology is co-published by this society along with other geochemical and mineralogical societies.\n\nSpecial Interest Groups\n\nMSA's special interest groups are composed of individuals who have informally joined to organize review volumes, meetings, workshops, etc. There are Special Interest Groups for\n Pegmatites,\n Planetary Materials.\n\nAwards and Grants\nAs the representative Society for the profession, the Mineralogical Society of America recognizes outstanding contributors to the fields of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology. Society awards do not require MSA membership or United States citizenship.\n\n Roebling Medal First awarded in 1937, the Roebling Medal is the Society's highest honor. It is given in recognition of an individual's lifetime scientific eminence as represented primarily by publication of outstanding original research in mineralogy. The recipient is made a life fellow of the Society and receives both a 14K and bronze medal engraved bearing their engraved name and the resemblance of Washington A. Roebling. Washington Roebling was Chief Engineer during construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, a mineral collector, and a significant friend of the Society in its early years. Roebling gave the society a gift of $40,000 in bonds which became the Roebling Fund and has grown to over $1.5 million.\n Distinguished Public Service Medal This award is presented to an individual who has provided outstanding contributions to public policy and awareness about mineralogical topics through science. Established in 1990, the award is a silver medal with the logo of the Society and vignettes of the application of mineralogy to the general good.\n Mineralogical Society of America Award This award is presented to an individual for an outstanding single or series of published contributions in the areas of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, or related fields. The award is meant to recognize a scientist beginning their career. The recognized research must have been performed prior to the recipient's 35th birthday or prior to the seventh year past Ph.D., and the award given no more than two years afterwards. The award is a certificate, Fellow status, and a life membership.\n Dana Medal This award is presented to a mid-career individual for outstanding single or series of published contributions in the areas of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, or related fields.\n MSA Undergraduate Prize The Society recognizes outstanding undergraduate students enrolled in mineralogical courses nominated by their department with a certificate, a year's student membership, and an MSA publication of their choice. One student per department may be nominated annually provided the nominating department offers at least one course in crystallography, mineralogy, or petrology, and a member of the faculty is a member of fellow of the Society.\nMSA Grant for Research in Crystallography The Society makes an annual award of up to US$5,000.00 for student research in the field of mineralogical crystallography. Both undergraduate and graduate student members of MSA are eligible to apply. More information is on the MSA website at www.minsocam.org. \nMSA Grant for Research in Mineralogy and Petrology The Society makes two annual awards of up to US$5,000.00 for student research in the field of mineralogy and petrology. Both undergraduate and graduate student members of MSA are eligible to apply. More information is on the MSA website at www.minsocam.org.\n\nMembership\nMembership in the Society is open to any person interested in mineralogy and related sciences regardless of residence or citizenship. Individuals from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and about 40 countries belong to the Society, giving it and its publications an international readership.\n\nAnnual meeting\nThe MSA annual business meeting with the members, as well as award and social functions of the society, are held in conjunction with the annual Geological Society of America meeting.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMineralogical Society of America Official -old- Website\nMineralogical Society of America Official Website\n\nGeophysics societies\nGeology societies\nProfessional associations based in the United States\nScientific organizations established in 1919\n1919 establishments in the United States\nScientific societies based in the United States",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikaki-Ae
|
Kikaki-Ae ni lugha ya Kivuka-Guinea Mpya nchini Papua Guinea Mpya inayozungumzwa na Wakaki-Ae. Mwaka wa 2004 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kikaki-Ae imehesabiwa kuwa watu 630. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kikaki-Ae iko katika kundi la Kitate.
Viungo vya nje
lugha ya Kikaki-Ae kwenye Multitree
makala za OLAC kuhusu Kikaki-Ae
lugha ya Kikaki-Ae katika Glottolog
lugha ya Kikaki-Ae kwenye Ethnologue
Lugha za Papua Guinea Mpya
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikaki-Ae",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kikaki-Ae ni lugha ya Kivuka-Guinea Mpya nchini Papua Guinea Mpya inayozungumzwa na Wakaki-Ae. Mwaka wa 2004 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kikaki-Ae imehesabiwa kuwa watu 630. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kikaki-Ae iko katika kundi la Kitate.\n\nViungo vya nje\nlugha ya Kikaki-Ae kwenye Multitree\nmakala za OLAC kuhusu Kikaki-Ae \nlugha ya Kikaki-Ae katika Glottolog\nlugha ya Kikaki-Ae kwenye Ethnologue\n\nLugha za Papua Guinea Mpya",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfeti
|
Halfeti () is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 609 km2, and its population is 41,662 (2022). It is near the east bank of the river Euphrates, from the city of Şanlıurfa.
Most of the villages were submerged in the 1990s under the waters behind the dam on the Euphrates at Birecik. The town was therefore moved to the village of Karaotlak.
Halfeti was the subject of an internet urban legend wherein the town was the only location on Earth where black roses grew.
Post-dam settlement
As part of the Southeastern Anatolia Project, aka GAP, several dams were constructed in the area and surrounding regions as part of a larger agricultural and economic initiative by the Turkish Government. The town of Halfeti was among those settlements, ancient and contemporary, that would remain under the rising water levels of the local dams and rivers following the execution of the GAP.
Until the area was flooded in 1999, the people lived from fishing in the Euphrates and farming on the riverbank, especially growing pistachios. Some buildings, including the jail, were pulled down and rebuilt in the new town. The old town of Halfeti is only partially submerged and is now a local tourist attraction, especially for ferry trips to visit the ruins of the nearby fortress of Rumkale. The countryside is also attractive, although the green valley of the past is now underwater.
Opposite Halfeti stood the village of Kale Meydanı, which was also submerged, but the large landowners house was taken and reconstructed in the grounds of Harran University.
Composition
There are 49 neighbourhoods in Halfeti District, each headed by a muhtar:
Altınova
Argaç
Argıl
Aşağıgöğlü
Balaban
Beyburcu
Bitek
Bozyazı
Bulaklı
Çakallı
Çebekoğlu
Cumhuriyet
Dergili
Durak
Dutluca
Erikli
Fırat
Fıstıközü
Gözeli
Gülaçan
Günece
Gürkuyu
Gürlüce
Hilalli
Kalkan
Kantarma
Karaotlak
Kavaklıca
Kayalar
Kınık
Kurugöl
Macunlu
Narlık
Ömerli
Ortayol
Özmüş
Rüştiye
Savaşan
Saylakkaya
Seldek
Selmanlı
Şimaliye
Sırataşlar
Siyahgül
Sütveren
Tavşanören
Yenimahalle
Yeşilözen
Yukarıgöklü
Politics
In the 31 March 2019 local elections, the candidate of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), Şeref Albayrak, was elected mayor with 54.92% of the votes. His first rival Peoples' Democratic Party's candidate Abdurrahman Çiftçi obtained 37.56% of votes. The current Kaymakam is Zikrullah Erdoğan.
Notable people
Abdullah Öcalan (born 1949), Kurdish politician , nationalist and founder of the Kurdish Workers Party.
Müslüm Gürses (1953–2013), musician
Osman Öcalan (1958–2021), Kurdish military commander
Dilek Öcalan (born 1987), politician
References
Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province
Populated places on the Euphrates River
Districts of Şanlıurfa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Cittaslow
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfeti",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Halfeti () is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 609 km2, and its population is 41,662 (2022). It is near the east bank of the river Euphrates, from the city of Şanlıurfa.\n\nMost of the villages were submerged in the 1990s under the waters behind the dam on the Euphrates at Birecik. The town was therefore moved to the village of Karaotlak.\n\nHalfeti was the subject of an internet urban legend wherein the town was the only location on Earth where black roses grew.\n\nPost-dam settlement\n\nAs part of the Southeastern Anatolia Project, aka GAP, several dams were constructed in the area and surrounding regions as part of a larger agricultural and economic initiative by the Turkish Government. The town of Halfeti was among those settlements, ancient and contemporary, that would remain under the rising water levels of the local dams and rivers following the execution of the GAP.\n\nUntil the area was flooded in 1999, the people lived from fishing in the Euphrates and farming on the riverbank, especially growing pistachios. Some buildings, including the jail, were pulled down and rebuilt in the new town. The old town of Halfeti is only partially submerged and is now a local tourist attraction, especially for ferry trips to visit the ruins of the nearby fortress of Rumkale. The countryside is also attractive, although the green valley of the past is now underwater.\n\nOpposite Halfeti stood the village of Kale Meydanı, which was also submerged, but the large landowners house was taken and reconstructed in the grounds of Harran University.\n\nComposition\nThere are 49 neighbourhoods in Halfeti District, each headed by a muhtar:\n\n Altınova\n Argaç\n Argıl\n Aşağıgöğlü\n Balaban\n Beyburcu\n Bitek\n Bozyazı\n Bulaklı\n Çakallı\n Çebekoğlu\n Cumhuriyet\n Dergili\n Durak\n Dutluca\n Erikli\n Fırat\n Fıstıközü\n Gözeli\n Gülaçan\n Günece\n Gürkuyu\n Gürlüce\n Hilalli\n Kalkan\n Kantarma\n Karaotlak\n Kavaklıca\n Kayalar\n Kınık\n Kurugöl\n Macunlu\n Narlık\n Ömerli\n Ortayol\n Özmüş\n Rüştiye\n Savaşan\n Saylakkaya\n Seldek\n Selmanlı\n Şimaliye\n Sırataşlar\n Siyahgül\n Sütveren\n Tavşanören\n Yenimahalle\n Yeşilözen\n Yukarıgöklü\n\nPolitics \nIn the 31 March 2019 local elections, the candidate of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), Şeref Albayrak, was elected mayor with 54.92% of the votes. His first rival Peoples' Democratic Party's candidate Abdurrahman Çiftçi obtained 37.56% of votes. The current Kaymakam is Zikrullah Erdoğan.\n\nNotable people \n Abdullah Öcalan (born 1949), Kurdish politician , nationalist and founder of the Kurdish Workers Party.\n Müslüm Gürses (1953–2013), musician\n Osman Öcalan (1958–2021), Kurdish military commander\n Dilek Öcalan (born 1987), politician\n\nReferences\n\n \nPopulated places in Şanlıurfa Province\nPopulated places on the Euphrates River\nDistricts of Şanlıurfa Province\nMetropolitan district municipalities in Turkey\nKurdish settlements in Turkey\nCittaslow",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenebework
|
Woizero Zenebework was the wife of Wossen Seged, Merid Azmach of Shewa; the mother of Negus Sahle Selassie, the first Negus of Shewa; the grandmother of Negus Haile Melekot of Shewa; and the great-grandmother of Emperor Menelik II. Woizero Zenebework held the powerful districts of Menz and Tegulet as her personal fiefs.
Zenebework was the most powerful woman in Shewa during the reigns of her husband, son and grandson. Despite the efforts of Sahle Selassie to resolve the ongoing theological disputes that affected the Ethiopian Church in Shewa, she intervened on behalf of the Sost Lidat, which led to an edict on 24 November 1841 which purged all of the clergy who did not embrace that view on the nature of Christ. She joined her daughter-in-law Bezabish in betraying her grandson Haile Melekot by submitting to Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia when he invaded Shewa in 1855 to forcefully re-incorporate it into the Empire.
Notes
19th-century Ethiopian people
19th-century Ethiopian women
Rulers of Shewa
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenebework",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Woizero Zenebework was the wife of Wossen Seged, Merid Azmach of Shewa; the mother of Negus Sahle Selassie, the first Negus of Shewa; the grandmother of Negus Haile Melekot of Shewa; and the great-grandmother of Emperor Menelik II. Woizero Zenebework held the powerful districts of Menz and Tegulet as her personal fiefs.\n\nZenebework was the most powerful woman in Shewa during the reigns of her husband, son and grandson. Despite the efforts of Sahle Selassie to resolve the ongoing theological disputes that affected the Ethiopian Church in Shewa, she intervened on behalf of the Sost Lidat, which led to an edict on 24 November 1841 which purged all of the clergy who did not embrace that view on the nature of Christ. She joined her daughter-in-law Bezabish in betraying her grandson Haile Melekot by submitting to Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia when he invaded Shewa in 1855 to forcefully re-incorporate it into the Empire.\n\nNotes \n\n19th-century Ethiopian people\n19th-century Ethiopian women\nRulers of Shewa",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Hirving Lozano
|
Hirving Rodrigo Lozano (anajulikana kwa jina la Chucky; alizaliwa 30 Julai 1995) ni mchezaji wa soka wa Mexiko ambaye anacheza kama winga kwa klabu ya Uholanzi iitwayo PSV na timu ya taifa ya Mexico.
Alianza kazi yake na klabu ya Pachuca, kushinda ligi ya Clausura 2016 kucheza katika michezo 149 na kufunga mabao 43 kwa timu hiyo.
Mnamo Juni 2017, alijiunga na PSV Eindhoven, kushinda Eredivisie msimu wake wa kwanza nchini Uholanzi, na kumaliza kama mchezaji mkuu wa timu.
waliozaliwa 1995
watu walio hai
Wachezaji mpira wa Mexiko
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Hirving Lozano",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hirving Rodrigo Lozano (anajulikana kwa jina la Chucky; alizaliwa 30 Julai 1995) ni mchezaji wa soka wa Mexiko ambaye anacheza kama winga kwa klabu ya Uholanzi iitwayo PSV na timu ya taifa ya Mexico.\n\nAlianza kazi yake na klabu ya Pachuca, kushinda ligi ya Clausura 2016 kucheza katika michezo 149 na kufunga mabao 43 kwa timu hiyo. \nMnamo Juni 2017, alijiunga na PSV Eindhoven, kushinda Eredivisie msimu wake wa kwanza nchini Uholanzi, na kumaliza kama mchezaji mkuu wa timu.\n\nwaliozaliwa 1995\nwatu walio hai\nWachezaji mpira wa Mexiko",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Jeffery
|
Aaron C. Jeffery is a Logie Award-winning New Zealand-Australian actor. He is best known for his roles as Terry Watson in Water Rats, as Alex Ryan in McLeod's Daughters, and as Matt "Fletch" Fletcher in Wentworth.
Early and personal life
Born in Howick, Auckland, Jeffery moved to Australia at the age of 17 and studied acting at NIDA.
Jeffery has been in a relationship with his former McLeod's Daughters co-star Zoe Naylor since 2010. The couple had their first child together, a daughter, in 2012. Jeffery also has another daughter from a previous relationship.
Career
After graduating in 1993 from NIDA, he began his television career on the children's programme Ship to Shore. Jeffery is best known for his role as Alex Ryan in the drama McLeod's Daughters, which he left in 2008. He also appeared in the third season of the New Zealand drama series Outrageous Fortune.
Jeffery appeared in the series Underbelly: Badness as Frank. He wrapped filming on 22 June. Three days later, it was announced Jeffery had joined the cast of Neighbours as Bradley Fox for two months. In October, it was revealed that Jeffery had been cast as a corrections officer in the series Wentworth. He also starred in the Bevan Lee series Between Two Worlds for the Seven Network. In 2021 Jeffery appeared in the AACTA nominated film Moon Rock For Monday directed by Kurt Martin. The film was nominated for Best Indie Film at the 11th Annual AACTA Awards.
In 2018 Jeffery and Naylor founded their production company Eagle Rose Productions.
In April 2021, it was announced that Jeffery had been cast in the upcoming Netflix thriller series Pieces of Her, which is adapted from the Karin Slaughter novel of the same name.
Awards
In both 2004 and 2007, Jeffery won the Silver Logie for Most Popular Actor in a Drama Series for his role on McLeod's Daughters.
Filmography
References
External links
Talent agency profile
Talent agency PDF
1970 births
AACTA Award winners
Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors
Living people
Logie Award winners
Male actors from South Australia
National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
New Zealand male film actors
New Zealand male television actors
Male actors from Auckland
20th-century Australian male actors
20th-century New Zealand male actors
21st-century Australian male actors
21st-century New Zealand male actors
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Jeffery",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Aaron C. Jeffery is a Logie Award-winning New Zealand-Australian actor. He is best known for his roles as Terry Watson in Water Rats, as Alex Ryan in McLeod's Daughters, and as Matt \"Fletch\" Fletcher in Wentworth.\n\nEarly and personal life\nBorn in Howick, Auckland, Jeffery moved to Australia at the age of 17 and studied acting at NIDA.\n\nJeffery has been in a relationship with his former McLeod's Daughters co-star Zoe Naylor since 2010. The couple had their first child together, a daughter, in 2012. Jeffery also has another daughter from a previous relationship.\n\nCareer\nAfter graduating in 1993 from NIDA, he began his television career on the children's programme Ship to Shore. Jeffery is best known for his role as Alex Ryan in the drama McLeod's Daughters, which he left in 2008. He also appeared in the third season of the New Zealand drama series Outrageous Fortune.\n\nJeffery appeared in the series Underbelly: Badness as Frank. He wrapped filming on 22 June. Three days later, it was announced Jeffery had joined the cast of Neighbours as Bradley Fox for two months. In October, it was revealed that Jeffery had been cast as a corrections officer in the series Wentworth. He also starred in the Bevan Lee series Between Two Worlds for the Seven Network. In 2021 Jeffery appeared in the AACTA nominated film Moon Rock For Monday directed by Kurt Martin. The film was nominated for Best Indie Film at the 11th Annual AACTA Awards.\n\nIn 2018 Jeffery and Naylor founded their production company Eagle Rose Productions.\n\nIn April 2021, it was announced that Jeffery had been cast in the upcoming Netflix thriller series Pieces of Her, which is adapted from the Karin Slaughter novel of the same name.\n\nAwards\nIn both 2004 and 2007, Jeffery won the Silver Logie for Most Popular Actor in a Drama Series for his role on McLeod's Daughters.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Talent agency profile\n Talent agency PDF\n \n \n \n\n1970 births\nAACTA Award winners\nAustralian male film actors\nAustralian male television actors\nLiving people\nLogie Award winners\nMale actors from South Australia\nNational Institute of Dramatic Art alumni\nNew Zealand emigrants to Australia\nNew Zealand male film actors\nNew Zealand male television actors\nMale actors from Auckland\n20th-century Australian male actors\n20th-century New Zealand male actors\n21st-century Australian male actors\n21st-century New Zealand male actors",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mto Logirangole
|
ni korongo linalopatikana kaskazini mwa Uganda.
Maji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya mito ya Uganda
Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Kaabong
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Wilaya ya Kaabong
Mito ya Uganda
Nile
Mediteranea
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mto Logirangole",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni korongo linalopatikana kaskazini mwa Uganda. \n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya mito ya Uganda\n Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Kaabong\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nWilaya ya Kaabong\nMito ya Uganda\nNile\nMediteranea",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kios
|
Kios (kwa Kigiriki: Χίος, Khíos) ni kisiwa cha Ugiriki katika Bahari ya Aegean.
Kina wakazi 51,930 (2011) wanaotegemea zaidi uvuvi na utalii.
Monasteri ya Nea Moni (karne ya 11) imeorodheshwa na UNESCO kati ya mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia.
Kinatajwa na Biblia ya Kikristo kwa kuwa mwaka 58 Mtume Paulo, katika safari yake ya tatu ya kimisionari, aliabiri kutoka Lesbo hadi Samos akipitia huko (Matendo ya Mitume 20:15).
Tanbihi
Marejeo
Fanny Aneroussi, Leonidas Mylonadis: The Kampos of Chios in its Heyday: Houses and Surroundings. Translated from the Greek by Antonis Scotiniotis. (Aipos Series, no 12). Akritas Publications, Nea Smyrni 1992, ISBN 960-7006-87-9.
Charalambos Th. Bouras: Chios. (Guides to Greece, no 4). National Bank of Greece, Athens 1974.
Charalambos Th. Bouras: Greek Traditional Architecture: Chios. Melissa, Athens 1984.
Athena Zacharou-Loutrari, Vaso Penna, Tasoula Mandala: Chios: History and Art. Translated from the Greek by Athena Dallas-Damis ... (The Monuments of Chios). The Chios Prefecture, Chios 1989. .
Hubert Pernot: En Pays Turc: L’île de Chios. (Dijon, Imprimerie Darantière, Rue Chabot-Charny, 65). Avec 17 mélodies populaires et 118 simili-gravures. J. Maisonneuve, Libraire-Éditeur, Paris 1903. (online)
Arnold C. Smith: The Architecture of Chios: Subsidiary Buildings, Implements and Crafts. Edited by Philip Pandely Argenti. Tison, London 1962.
Michales G. Tsankares, Alkes X. Xanthakes: Chios: hekato chronia photographies, 1850–1950. (Chios: One Hundred Years of Photographs, 1850–1950). Synolo, Athens 1996, ISBN 960-85416-4-6.
Eleftherios Yalouris: The Archeology and Early History of Chios. (From the Neolithic Period to the End of the Sixth Century B.C.). University of Oxford, Merton College, dissertation, 1976.
Viungo vya nje
Official Chios website—operated by Chios Prefecture (including tourist guide)
History of Chios
Chios in ancient sources @ attalus.org
Visiwa vya Mediteranea
Visiwa vya Ugiriki
Maeneo ya Biblia
Mtume Paulo
Urithi wa Dunia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kios",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kios (kwa Kigiriki: Χίος, Khíos) ni kisiwa cha Ugiriki katika Bahari ya Aegean. \n\nKina wakazi 51,930 (2011) wanaotegemea zaidi uvuvi na utalii.\n\nMonasteri ya Nea Moni (karne ya 11) imeorodheshwa na UNESCO kati ya mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia. \n\nKinatajwa na Biblia ya Kikristo kwa kuwa mwaka 58 Mtume Paulo, katika safari yake ya tatu ya kimisionari, aliabiri kutoka Lesbo hadi Samos akipitia huko (Matendo ya Mitume 20:15).\n\nTanbihi\n\nMarejeo\nFanny Aneroussi, Leonidas Mylonadis: The Kampos of Chios in its Heyday: Houses and Surroundings. Translated from the Greek by Antonis Scotiniotis. (Aipos Series, no 12). Akritas Publications, Nea Smyrni 1992, ISBN 960-7006-87-9.\nCharalambos Th. Bouras: Chios. (Guides to Greece, no 4). National Bank of Greece, Athens 1974.\nCharalambos Th. Bouras: Greek Traditional Architecture: Chios. Melissa, Athens 1984.\nAthena Zacharou-Loutrari, Vaso Penna, Tasoula Mandala: Chios: History and Art. Translated from the Greek by Athena Dallas-Damis ... (The Monuments of Chios). The Chios Prefecture, Chios 1989. .\nHubert Pernot: En Pays Turc: L’île de Chios. (Dijon, Imprimerie Darantière, Rue Chabot-Charny, 65). Avec 17 mélodies populaires et 118 simili-gravures. J. Maisonneuve, Libraire-Éditeur, Paris 1903. (online)\nArnold C. Smith: The Architecture of Chios: Subsidiary Buildings, Implements and Crafts. Edited by Philip Pandely Argenti. Tison, London 1962.\nMichales G. Tsankares, Alkes X. Xanthakes: Chios: hekato chronia photographies, 1850–1950. (Chios: One Hundred Years of Photographs, 1850–1950). Synolo, Athens 1996, ISBN 960-85416-4-6.\nEleftherios Yalouris: The Archeology and Early History of Chios. (From the Neolithic Period to the End of the Sixth Century B.C.). University of Oxford, Merton College, dissertation, 1976.\n\nViungo vya nje\n\n Official Chios website—operated by Chios Prefecture (including tourist guide)\n \n History of Chios \n Chios in ancient sources @ attalus.org\n\nVisiwa vya Mediteranea\nVisiwa vya Ugiriki\nMaeneo ya Biblia\nMtume Paulo\nUrithi wa Dunia",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negele%20Borana
|
ni mji wa jimbo la Oromia nchini Ethiopia.
Idadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban 54,251 (2016).
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Ethiopia
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Miji ya Ethiopia
Jimbo la Oromia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negele%20Borana",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni mji wa jimbo la Oromia nchini Ethiopia. \n\nIdadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban 54,251 (2016).\n\nTazama pia \n Orodha ya miji ya Ethiopia\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n\nMiji ya Ethiopia\nJimbo la Oromia",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Black Caesar (film)
|
Black Caesar (stylized as Black Cæsar and released theatrically in the UK as Godfather of Harlem) is a 1973 American blaxploitation crime drama film written and directed by Larry Cohen and starring Fred Williamson, Gloria Hendry and Julius Harris. It features a musical score (Black Caesar) by James Brown (with heavy input from his bandleader Fred Wesley), his first experience with writing music for film. A sequel titled Hell Up in Harlem was released in late 1973.
Plot
Tommy Gibbs (Fred Williamson) is an African-American who grew up in Harlem, New York City. As a kid, he was brutally assaulted by a cop named McKinney. The incident led him to a life of crime. As an adult, he joins the New York mafia and becomes the head of a black crime syndicate in Harlem. He wages a gang war with the Italian mobsters of New York City and begins to establish a criminal empire, keeping a ledger book of all his dealings as leverage over his business associates, including McKinney.
He meets and falls in love with a singer named Helen (Gloria Hendry) and marries her. She is unhappy as he is violent and rapes her. Eventually his enemies conspire with her, leading to an attempt on his life that leaves him shot and wounded. Killing his would-be assassins, he returns to his office to retrieve the ledger book. McKinney meets him there and attempts to humiliate him before killing him. Tommy overpowers McKinney and beats him to death. Retrieving the ledger, a badly wounded Tommy returns to the house where he grew up, but a street gang attacks, robs and, presumably, kills him.
Cast
Fred Williamson as Tommy Gibbs
Omer Jeffery as Young Tommy Gibbs
Gloria Hendry as Helen Bradley
Art Lund as Captain Jack McKinney
D'Urville Martin as Reverend Rufus
Julius Harris as Mr. Gibbs
Minnie Gentry as Mama Gibbs
Philip Roye as Joe "The Brain" Washington
Michael Jeffery as Young Joe Washington
William Wellman Jr. as Alfred Coleman
James Dixon as "Irish" Bryant
Val Avery as Cardoza
Patrick McAllister as Grossfield
Don Pedro Colley as "Crawdaddy"
Myrna Hansen as Virginia Coleman
Production
The film script was originally commissioned by Sammy Davis Jr. According to Larry Cohen, Davis "wanted to do a picture in which he was the star, instead of being a flunky to Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. So I suggested that they do a gangster movie like Little Caesar, since he was a little guy, and so was Jimmy Cagney, and so was Edward G. Robinson. And I thought he could play a little hoodlum working his way up in the Harlem underworld."
Cohen wrote a treatment for $10,000 but when he finished Davis could not pay due to some trouble with the Internal Revenue Service. Then Cohen was approached by Samuel Z. Arkoff of American International Pictures, who were interested in doing an action film that could star a black actor. Cohen produced the treatment he had written for Davis and AIP agreed to finance.
Most of the film was shot in New York although some interiors were filmed in Los Angeles.
Fred Williamson was cast in the lead. Cohen says, "Fred was totally different than what Sammy would have played, because Fred was a handsome leading man. He looked great in the clothes, and he looked great in that hat that I put on him. And he could strut through Harlem, and he looked like the Godfather of Harlem."
Myrna Hansen, who was crowned Miss U.S.A of 1953, was cast by Cohen. They had been neighbors for years when he offered her the role of Virginia Coleman. She would later say that being in that film qualified her for a significant pension increase by the Screen Actors Guild.
Cohen says when he filmed in Harlem the local gangsters threatened to disrupt the shoot unless they were paid off. He offered them small roles in the film instead. "These guys were great," he said. "Anything we wanted, anything we needed to get, they got for me. We kind of owned Harlem after that. And then when the picture finally opened, I put them in the poster too, so that the advertisements in the paper had these guys in it. And opening day at the Cinerama Theater on Broadway, these gangsters were down there in front of the theater signing autographs."
The Harlem film sequence was directed by James Signorelli, later to go on to producing films on Saturday Night Live.
Release and reception
The original cut of the film ended with Tommy Gibbs being beaten, robbed and killed by a black street gang, but this scene was removed from general release, appearing only in European releases of the film, until it was restored for home video release, and is now generally accepted as the official ending of the film.
Cohen says "The picture did so well that they called me immediately and said, “You’d better get a sequel going before these actors decide they want an enormous amount of money to reappear.” So I said, “You know I don’t have a script, but I can start shooting something, and make it up as I go along.” That’s more or less what we did." The result was Hell Up in Harlem. The sequel contradicts the film's original ending, and so the two films appear to lack continuity when viewed back-to-back on home video, as Gibbs is still alive in Hell Up in Harlem, despite dying in Black Caesar.
In 2001, it was released on DVD, featuring an audio commentary by director Larry Cohen. In 2010 it was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGM HD. In 2015, Olive Films released the film on Blu-ray.
Critical reception
In 2009 Empire named it 18th in a poll of the "20 Greatest Gangster Movies You've Never Seen* (*Probably)".
Legacy
Prominent rappers have sampled James Brown's score. "The Boss", which is the background music for a scene in which Tommy Gibbs is shot while crossing a street corner, was sampled for Ice-T's "You Played Yourself", Trick Daddy's "Take It To Da House"), Prodigy's album Return of the Mac and Nas' "Get Down" on the album God's Son.
The film is name-checked in Public Enemy's song "Burn Hollywood Burn"; when the cinema announces the movie to be Driving Miss Daisy, guest rapper Big Daddy Kane suggests leaving, saying "I got Black Caesar back at the crib." Kane makes another reference to the movie in his song "How U Get A Record Deal". Kool Keith references the main character in the song "Keith Turbo" from Black Elvis/Lost in Space: "Take off your shirt; I can see your ribs; Fakin' like Tommy Gibbs."
See also
List of American films of 1973
List of blaxploitation films
References
External links
Black Caesar at Blaxploitation.com
1973 films
American International Pictures films
Blaxploitation films
1973 crime drama films
Remakes of American films
Films set in Harlem
Films set in New York City
American independent films
Films about African-American organized crime
Films about the American Mafia
Films directed by Larry Cohen
American crime drama films
Films with screenplays by Larry Cohen
1970s English-language films
1973 independent films
1970s American films
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Black Caesar (film)",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Black Caesar (stylized as Black Cæsar and released theatrically in the UK as Godfather of Harlem) is a 1973 American blaxploitation crime drama film written and directed by Larry Cohen and starring Fred Williamson, Gloria Hendry and Julius Harris. It features a musical score (Black Caesar) by James Brown (with heavy input from his bandleader Fred Wesley), his first experience with writing music for film. A sequel titled Hell Up in Harlem was released in late 1973.\n\nPlot\nTommy Gibbs (Fred Williamson) is an African-American who grew up in Harlem, New York City. As a kid, he was brutally assaulted by a cop named McKinney. The incident led him to a life of crime. As an adult, he joins the New York mafia and becomes the head of a black crime syndicate in Harlem. He wages a gang war with the Italian mobsters of New York City and begins to establish a criminal empire, keeping a ledger book of all his dealings as leverage over his business associates, including McKinney.\n\nHe meets and falls in love with a singer named Helen (Gloria Hendry) and marries her. She is unhappy as he is violent and rapes her. Eventually his enemies conspire with her, leading to an attempt on his life that leaves him shot and wounded. Killing his would-be assassins, he returns to his office to retrieve the ledger book. McKinney meets him there and attempts to humiliate him before killing him. Tommy overpowers McKinney and beats him to death. Retrieving the ledger, a badly wounded Tommy returns to the house where he grew up, but a street gang attacks, robs and, presumably, kills him.\n\nCast\n Fred Williamson as Tommy Gibbs\n Omer Jeffery as Young Tommy Gibbs\n Gloria Hendry as Helen Bradley\n Art Lund as Captain Jack McKinney\n D'Urville Martin as Reverend Rufus\n Julius Harris as Mr. Gibbs\n Minnie Gentry as Mama Gibbs\n Philip Roye as Joe \"The Brain\" Washington\n Michael Jeffery as Young Joe Washington\n William Wellman Jr. as Alfred Coleman\n James Dixon as \"Irish\" Bryant\n Val Avery as Cardoza\n Patrick McAllister as Grossfield\n Don Pedro Colley as \"Crawdaddy\"\n Myrna Hansen as Virginia Coleman\n\nProduction\nThe film script was originally commissioned by Sammy Davis Jr. According to Larry Cohen, Davis \"wanted to do a picture in which he was the star, instead of being a flunky to Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. So I suggested that they do a gangster movie like Little Caesar, since he was a little guy, and so was Jimmy Cagney, and so was Edward G. Robinson. And I thought he could play a little hoodlum working his way up in the Harlem underworld.\"\n\nCohen wrote a treatment for $10,000 but when he finished Davis could not pay due to some trouble with the Internal Revenue Service. Then Cohen was approached by Samuel Z. Arkoff of American International Pictures, who were interested in doing an action film that could star a black actor. Cohen produced the treatment he had written for Davis and AIP agreed to finance.\n\nMost of the film was shot in New York although some interiors were filmed in Los Angeles.\n\nFred Williamson was cast in the lead. Cohen says, \"Fred was totally different than what Sammy would have played, because Fred was a handsome leading man. He looked great in the clothes, and he looked great in that hat that I put on him. And he could strut through Harlem, and he looked like the Godfather of Harlem.\"\n\nMyrna Hansen, who was crowned Miss U.S.A of 1953, was cast by Cohen. They had been neighbors for years when he offered her the role of Virginia Coleman. She would later say that being in that film qualified her for a significant pension increase by the Screen Actors Guild.\n\nCohen says when he filmed in Harlem the local gangsters threatened to disrupt the shoot unless they were paid off. He offered them small roles in the film instead. \"These guys were great,\" he said. \"Anything we wanted, anything we needed to get, they got for me. We kind of owned Harlem after that. And then when the picture finally opened, I put them in the poster too, so that the advertisements in the paper had these guys in it. And opening day at the Cinerama Theater on Broadway, these gangsters were down there in front of the theater signing autographs.\"\n\nThe Harlem film sequence was directed by James Signorelli, later to go on to producing films on Saturday Night Live.\n\nRelease and reception\nThe original cut of the film ended with Tommy Gibbs being beaten, robbed and killed by a black street gang, but this scene was removed from general release, appearing only in European releases of the film, until it was restored for home video release, and is now generally accepted as the official ending of the film.\n\nCohen says \"The picture did so well that they called me immediately and said, “You’d better get a sequel going before these actors decide they want an enormous amount of money to reappear.” So I said, “You know I don’t have a script, but I can start shooting something, and make it up as I go along.” That’s more or less what we did.\" The result was Hell Up in Harlem. The sequel contradicts the film's original ending, and so the two films appear to lack continuity when viewed back-to-back on home video, as Gibbs is still alive in Hell Up in Harlem, despite dying in Black Caesar.\n\nIn 2001, it was released on DVD, featuring an audio commentary by director Larry Cohen. In 2010 it was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGM HD. In 2015, Olive Films released the film on Blu-ray.\n\nCritical reception\nIn 2009 Empire named it 18th in a poll of the \"20 Greatest Gangster Movies You've Never Seen* (*Probably)\".\n\nLegacy\nProminent rappers have sampled James Brown's score. \"The Boss\", which is the background music for a scene in which Tommy Gibbs is shot while crossing a street corner, was sampled for Ice-T's \"You Played Yourself\", Trick Daddy's \"Take It To Da House\"), Prodigy's album Return of the Mac and Nas' \"Get Down\" on the album God's Son.\n\nThe film is name-checked in Public Enemy's song \"Burn Hollywood Burn\"; when the cinema announces the movie to be Driving Miss Daisy, guest rapper Big Daddy Kane suggests leaving, saying \"I got Black Caesar back at the crib.\" Kane makes another reference to the movie in his song \"How U Get A Record Deal\". Kool Keith references the main character in the song \"Keith Turbo\" from Black Elvis/Lost in Space: \"Take off your shirt; I can see your ribs; Fakin' like Tommy Gibbs.\"\n\nSee also\n List of American films of 1973\n List of blaxploitation films\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Black Caesar at Blaxploitation.com\n \n\n1973 films\nAmerican International Pictures films\nBlaxploitation films\n1973 crime drama films\nRemakes of American films\nFilms set in Harlem\nFilms set in New York City\nAmerican independent films\nFilms about African-American organized crime\nFilms about the American Mafia\nFilms directed by Larry Cohen\nAmerican crime drama films\nFilms with screenplays by Larry Cohen\n1970s English-language films\n1973 independent films\n1970s American films",
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] |
Torres Peak
|
ni mlima wa New Zealand wenye kimo cha mita 3,160 juu ya usawa wa bahari.
Kama milima yote 30 mirefu zaidi ya nchi hiyo, uko katika kisiwa cha kusini.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya milima
Orodha ya milima ya New Zealand
Milima ya New Zealand
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Torres Peak",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni mlima wa New Zealand wenye kimo cha mita 3,160 juu ya usawa wa bahari. \n\nKama milima yote 30 mirefu zaidi ya nchi hiyo, uko katika kisiwa cha kusini.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya milima\n Orodha ya milima ya New Zealand\n\nMilima ya New Zealand",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiginyanga
|
Kiginyanga ni lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo nchini Togo inayozungumzwa na Waginyanga. Mwaka wa 2000 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiginyanga imehesabiwa kuwa watu 12,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kiginyanga iko katika kundi la Kikwa.
Viungo vya nje
lugha ya Kiginyanga kwenye Multitree
makala za OLAC kuhusu Kiginyanga
lugha ya Kiginyanga katika Glottolog
http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayg
Lugha za Togo
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiginyanga",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kiginyanga ni lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo nchini Togo inayozungumzwa na Waginyanga. Mwaka wa 2000 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiginyanga imehesabiwa kuwa watu 12,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kiginyanga iko katika kundi la Kikwa.\n\nViungo vya nje\nlugha ya Kiginyanga kwenye Multitree\nmakala za OLAC kuhusu Kiginyanga \nlugha ya Kiginyanga katika Glottolog\nhttp://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayg\n\nLugha za Togo",
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base
|
Base or BASE may refer to:
Brands and enterprises
Base (mobile telephony provider), a Belgian mobile telecommunications operator
Base CRM, an enterprise software company founded in 2009 with offices in Mountain View and Kraków, Poland
Base Design, an international design, communications, audiovisual, copywriting and publishing firm
Base FX, a visual effects and animation company founded in 2006 with studios in Beijing, Wuxi and Xiamen, China
Budapest Aircraft Services, callsign BASE
Computing
BASE (search engine), Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
, an HTML element
Basically Available, Soft state, Eventual consistency (BASE), a consistency model
Google Base, an online database provided by Google
LibreOffice Base, LibreOffice's database module
OpenOffice.org Base, OpenOffice.org's database module, also known as ooBase
Mathematics
Base of computation, commonly called radix, the number of distinct digits in a positional numeral system
Base of a logarithm, the number whose logarithm is
Base (exponentiation), the number in an expression of the form
Base (geometry), a side of a plane figure (for example a triangle) or face of a solid
Base (group theory), a sequence of elements not jointly stabilized by any nontrivial group element.
Base (topology), a type of generating set for a topological space
Organizations
Backward Society Education, a Nepali non-governmental organization
BASE (social centre), a self-managed social centre in Bristol, UK
Beaverton Academy of Science and Engineering, part of Beaverton School District in Hillsboro, Oregon, US
Bible Archaeology Search and Exploration Institute
British Association for Screen Entertainment
Brooklyn Academy of Science and the Environment, a high school in New York, US
Science and technology
Base (chemistry), a substance that can accept hydrogen ions (protons)
Base, an attribute to medication in pure form, for example erythromycin base
Base, one of the three terminals of a Bipolar junction transistor
BASE experiment, an antiproton experiment at CERN
Base pair, a pair of connected nucleotides on complementary DNA and RNA strands
Beta-alumina solid electrolyte, a fast ion conductor material
Nucleobase, in genetics, the parts of DNA and RNA involved in forming base pairs
Social science
Base (politics), a group of voters who almost always support a single party's candidates
Base (social class), a lower social class
Base and superstructure (Marxism), parts of society in Marxist theory
Sports
Base (baseball), a station that must be touched by a runner
Base, a position in some cheerleading stunts
BASE jumping, parachuting or wingsuit flying from a fixed structure or cliff
Base, a variant name for the children's game darebase
Other uses
Base (character), character in Marvel Comics
Base (EP), an album by South Korean singer Kim Jonghyun
Base, Maharashtra, a village in India
Rob Base, American rapper
Base, or binder (material), a material that holds paint or other materials together
Base, or foundation (architecture), the lowest and supporting layer of a structure
Base, or foundation (cosmetics), a cosmetic applied to the face
Base, in heraldry, the lower part of the shield
Base, or pedestal, a supporting feature of a statue or other item
Cooking base, a concentrated flavouring compound
Military base, or non-military base camp, a bivouac which provides shelter, military equipment and personnel
See also
Base camp (disambiguation)
Bases (disambiguation)
Basis (disambiguation)
Bass (disambiguation)
Bottom (disambiguation)
Radix (disambiguation)
The Base (disambiguation)
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Base or BASE may refer to:\n\nBrands and enterprises\nBase (mobile telephony provider), a Belgian mobile telecommunications operator\nBase CRM, an enterprise software company founded in 2009 with offices in Mountain View and Kraków, Poland\nBase Design, an international design, communications, audiovisual, copywriting and publishing firm\nBase FX, a visual effects and animation company founded in 2006 with studios in Beijing, Wuxi and Xiamen, China\nBudapest Aircraft Services, callsign BASE\n\nComputing\nBASE (search engine), Bielefeld Academic Search Engine\n, an HTML element\nBasically Available, Soft state, Eventual consistency (BASE), a consistency model\nGoogle Base, an online database provided by Google\nLibreOffice Base, LibreOffice's database module\nOpenOffice.org Base, OpenOffice.org's database module, also known as ooBase\n\nMathematics\nBase of computation, commonly called radix, the number of distinct digits in a positional numeral system\nBase of a logarithm, the number whose logarithm is \nBase (exponentiation), the number in an expression of the form \nBase (geometry), a side of a plane figure (for example a triangle) or face of a solid\nBase (group theory), a sequence of elements not jointly stabilized by any nontrivial group element.\nBase (topology), a type of generating set for a topological space\n\nOrganizations\nBackward Society Education, a Nepali non-governmental organization\nBASE (social centre), a self-managed social centre in Bristol, UK\nBeaverton Academy of Science and Engineering, part of Beaverton School District in Hillsboro, Oregon, US\nBible Archaeology Search and Exploration Institute\nBritish Association for Screen Entertainment\nBrooklyn Academy of Science and the Environment, a high school in New York, US\n\nScience and technology\nBase (chemistry), a substance that can accept hydrogen ions (protons)\nBase, an attribute to medication in pure form, for example erythromycin base\nBase, one of the three terminals of a Bipolar junction transistor\nBASE experiment, an antiproton experiment at CERN\nBase pair, a pair of connected nucleotides on complementary DNA and RNA strands\nBeta-alumina solid electrolyte, a fast ion conductor material\nNucleobase, in genetics, the parts of DNA and RNA involved in forming base pairs\n\nSocial science\nBase (politics), a group of voters who almost always support a single party's candidates\nBase (social class), a lower social class\nBase and superstructure (Marxism), parts of society in Marxist theory\n\nSports\nBase (baseball), a station that must be touched by a runner\nBase, a position in some cheerleading stunts\nBASE jumping, parachuting or wingsuit flying from a fixed structure or cliff\nBase, a variant name for the children's game darebase\n\nOther uses\nBase (character), character in Marvel Comics\nBase (EP), an album by South Korean singer Kim Jonghyun\nBase, Maharashtra, a village in India\nRob Base, American rapper\nBase, or binder (material), a material that holds paint or other materials together\nBase, or foundation (architecture), the lowest and supporting layer of a structure\nBase, or foundation (cosmetics), a cosmetic applied to the face\nBase, in heraldry, the lower part of the shield\nBase, or pedestal, a supporting feature of a statue or other item\nCooking base, a concentrated flavouring compound\nMilitary base, or non-military base camp, a bivouac which provides shelter, military equipment and personnel\n\nSee also\n\nBase camp (disambiguation)\nBases (disambiguation)\nBasis (disambiguation)\nBass (disambiguation)\nBottom (disambiguation)\nRadix (disambiguation)\nThe Base (disambiguation)",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Rattlesnake Island
|
Rattlesnake Island refers, variously, to the following places:
United States
Rattlesnake Island (Clear Lake), in Lake County, California
A previous name for Terminal Island, in Los Angeles County, California
Rattlesnake Island (New Hampshire), in Lake Winnipesaukee
Rattlesnake Island (Lake Erie), in Ohio
Canada
Rattlesnake Island (Okanagan Lake), in British Columbia
Australia
Rattlesnake Island (Queensland), in Halifax Bay, used for bombing practice
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Rattlesnake Island",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Rattlesnake Island refers, variously, to the following places:\n\nUnited States\n\n Rattlesnake Island (Clear Lake), in Lake County, California\n A previous name for Terminal Island, in Los Angeles County, California\n Rattlesnake Island (New Hampshire), in Lake Winnipesaukee\n Rattlesnake Island (Lake Erie), in Ohio\n\nCanada\n Rattlesnake Island (Okanagan Lake), in British Columbia\n\nAustralia\n Rattlesnake Island (Queensland), in Halifax Bay, used for bombing practice",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Nyagasanda
|
ni mto wa Burundi mashariki (mkoa wa Rutana) ambao unatiririka hadi ziwa Tanganyika. Baadaye, maji mengine yanachangia mto Kongo na hatimaye Bahari ya Atlantiki.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Rutana
Orodha ya mito ya Burundi
Mito mirefu ya Afrika
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mkoa wa Rutana
N
Ziwa Tanganyika
Mto Kongo
Atlantiki
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Nyagasanda",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni mto wa Burundi mashariki (mkoa wa Rutana) ambao unatiririka hadi ziwa Tanganyika. Baadaye, maji mengine yanachangia mto Kongo na hatimaye Bahari ya Atlantiki.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Rutana\n Orodha ya mito ya Burundi\n Mito mirefu ya Afrika\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMkoa wa Rutana\nN\nZiwa Tanganyika\nMto Kongo\nAtlantiki",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Kiburarra
|
Kiburarra ni lugha ya Kigunwinyguan nchini Australia inayozungumzwa na Waburarra katika jimbo la Northern Territory. Katika sensa ya mwaka 2006, idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiburarra ilihesabiwa kuwa watu 1070. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kiburarra kiko katika kundi la Kiburarran pamoja na Kidjeebbana, Kiguragone na Kinakara.
Viungo vya nje
lugha ya Kiburarra kwenye Multitree
makala za OLAC kuhusu Kiburarra
lugha ya Kiburarra katika Glottolog
lugha ya Kiburarra katika Ethnologue
Lugha za Australia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Kiburarra",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kiburarra ni lugha ya Kigunwinyguan nchini Australia inayozungumzwa na Waburarra katika jimbo la Northern Territory. Katika sensa ya mwaka 2006, idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiburarra ilihesabiwa kuwa watu 1070. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kiburarra kiko katika kundi la Kiburarran pamoja na Kidjeebbana, Kiguragone na Kinakara.\n\nViungo vya nje\nlugha ya Kiburarra kwenye Multitree\nmakala za OLAC kuhusu Kiburarra \nlugha ya Kiburarra katika Glottolog\nlugha ya Kiburarra katika Ethnologue\n\nLugha za Australia",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Bill Fralic
|
William P. Fralic Jr. ( ) (October 31, 1962 – December 13, 2018) was an American professional football player who was a guard for the Atlanta Falcons and Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL) from 1985 to 1993. He played college football for the Pittsburgh Panthers.
Early years
Born in Penn Hills, Pennsylvania, Fralic played high school football at Penn Hills High School and graduated in 1981. Readers of the Pennsylvania Football News named him to the "All Century" team of Pennsylvania high school football players. He is listed beside Chuck Bednarik and Mike Munchak as a first-team offensive lineman. Fralic was named the male high school athlete of the year by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
College
After high school, the highly recruited Fralic attended the University of Pittsburgh on a football scholarship. While at Pitt, he played offensive tackle for the Panthers and was named a consensus All-American his junior and senior seasons. He was known for the 'Pancake Block' which was termed for the way he would flatten his opponents when blocking. Fralic's teammates at Pitt included future Hall of Famers tackle Jimbo Covert and quarterback Dan Marino.
NFL career
In the 1985 NFL Draft, Fralic was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the first round with the second overall pick. He became a starter for the Falcons at offensive guard during his rookie season. Fralic went on to be named All-Pro in 1986 and 1987, and was named to the Pro Bowl from 1986 to 1989. During this time, the , Fralic developed a reputation as a ferocious run blocker.
At the end of his NFL career, Fralic was one of the first players to take advantage of the new free agent system and jumped from the Falcons to the Detroit Lions, almost doubling his pay to $1.6 million for the 1993 season. The 1989 action figure of Fralic, from the Starting Lineup Kenner toy line, is the 'Holy Grail' for collectors. As of 2020, a loose figure (not in the package) can fetch as much as $900 US dollars. The trading card that came with the figure is worth $200-$300.
Professional wrestling and color commentary
In 1986, Fralic was one of six football players in the twenty-man battle royal at WrestleMania 2, in which Andre the Giant was the victor. Leading up to the bout, Fralic's interviews pitted him as a rival to Big John Studd.
Fralic co-hosted the April 25, 1992 episode of WCW Saturday Night with Jim Ross and said he was weighing his options between joining WCW or going back to the NFL for the 1992 season. Fralic ultimately left the Atlanta Falcons, signed as a free agent with the Detroit Lions, and did not pursue pro wrestling.
He briefly returned to the World Wrestling Federation on July 4, 1993, to participate in the Stars and Stripes Challenge aboard the , trying to bodyslam the 550-pound WWF champion, Yokozuna.
Fralic was a color commentator for Falcons radio broadcasts from 1995 to 1997, and commentated Pittsburgh Panther broadcasts from 2004 to 2010.
Personal life and death
Fralic died at the age of 56 on December 13, 2018 from cancer.
During his NFL career, Fralic publicly opposed the use of steroids by NFL players and advocated more rigorous and more random testing to detect steroid use. In May 1989, he testified before the U.S. Senate that steroid use in the NFL was rampant. The chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the time, Sen. Joe Biden of Delaware, was said to have found Fralic's testimony "refreshing and believable."
In Atlanta, Fralic ran Bill Fralic Insurance Services, which he began during his playing days with the Falcons in 1989.
Fralic had an unusual provision in his first contract with the Falcons that guaranteed that the team would pay him $150,000 per year for 40 years, even after he was no longer with the Falcons and his playing career was over. This provision came about because Fralic's father, Bill Fralic Sr., insisted that his son have security in his contract.
References
External links
The Pennsylvania Football News All-Century Team Retrieved 2009-05-01.
'We Can Clean It Up' Atlanta Falcon Bill Fralic is making it his business to rid the NFL of steroids Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Perils Of A New Era Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Fralic not surprised by recent allegations Retrieved 2009-05-01.
1962 births
2018 deaths
All-American college football players
American football offensive guards
Atlanta Falcons announcers
Atlanta Falcons players
College football announcers
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Detroit Lions players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
Players of American football from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
Players of American football from Pittsburgh
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Bill Fralic",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "William P. Fralic Jr. ( ) (October 31, 1962 – December 13, 2018) was an American professional football player who was a guard for the Atlanta Falcons and Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL) from 1985 to 1993. He played college football for the Pittsburgh Panthers.\n\nEarly years\nBorn in Penn Hills, Pennsylvania, Fralic played high school football at Penn Hills High School and graduated in 1981. Readers of the Pennsylvania Football News named him to the \"All Century\" team of Pennsylvania high school football players. He is listed beside Chuck Bednarik and Mike Munchak as a first-team offensive lineman. Fralic was named the male high school athlete of the year by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.\n\nCollege\nAfter high school, the highly recruited Fralic attended the University of Pittsburgh on a football scholarship. While at Pitt, he played offensive tackle for the Panthers and was named a consensus All-American his junior and senior seasons. He was known for the 'Pancake Block' which was termed for the way he would flatten his opponents when blocking. Fralic's teammates at Pitt included future Hall of Famers tackle Jimbo Covert and quarterback Dan Marino.\n\nNFL career\nIn the 1985 NFL Draft, Fralic was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the first round with the second overall pick. He became a starter for the Falcons at offensive guard during his rookie season. Fralic went on to be named All-Pro in 1986 and 1987, and was named to the Pro Bowl from 1986 to 1989. During this time, the , Fralic developed a reputation as a ferocious run blocker.\n\nAt the end of his NFL career, Fralic was one of the first players to take advantage of the new free agent system and jumped from the Falcons to the Detroit Lions, almost doubling his pay to $1.6 million for the 1993 season. The 1989 action figure of Fralic, from the Starting Lineup Kenner toy line, is the 'Holy Grail' for collectors. As of 2020, a loose figure (not in the package) can fetch as much as $900 US dollars. The trading card that came with the figure is worth $200-$300.\n\nProfessional wrestling and color commentary\nIn 1986, Fralic was one of six football players in the twenty-man battle royal at WrestleMania 2, in which Andre the Giant was the victor. Leading up to the bout, Fralic's interviews pitted him as a rival to Big John Studd.\n\nFralic co-hosted the April 25, 1992 episode of WCW Saturday Night with Jim Ross and said he was weighing his options between joining WCW or going back to the NFL for the 1992 season. Fralic ultimately left the Atlanta Falcons, signed as a free agent with the Detroit Lions, and did not pursue pro wrestling.\n\nHe briefly returned to the World Wrestling Federation on July 4, 1993, to participate in the Stars and Stripes Challenge aboard the , trying to bodyslam the 550-pound WWF champion, Yokozuna.\n\nFralic was a color commentator for Falcons radio broadcasts from 1995 to 1997, and commentated Pittsburgh Panther broadcasts from 2004 to 2010.\n\nPersonal life and death\nFralic died at the age of 56 on December 13, 2018 from cancer.\n\nDuring his NFL career, Fralic publicly opposed the use of steroids by NFL players and advocated more rigorous and more random testing to detect steroid use. In May 1989, he testified before the U.S. Senate that steroid use in the NFL was rampant. The chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the time, Sen. Joe Biden of Delaware, was said to have found Fralic's testimony \"refreshing and believable.\"\n\nIn Atlanta, Fralic ran Bill Fralic Insurance Services, which he began during his playing days with the Falcons in 1989.\n\nFralic had an unusual provision in his first contract with the Falcons that guaranteed that the team would pay him $150,000 per year for 40 years, even after he was no longer with the Falcons and his playing career was over. This provision came about because Fralic's father, Bill Fralic Sr., insisted that his son have security in his contract.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Pennsylvania Football News All-Century Team Retrieved 2009-05-01.\n 'We Can Clean It Up' Atlanta Falcon Bill Fralic is making it his business to rid the NFL of steroids Retrieved 2009-05-01.\nPerils Of A New Era Retrieved 2009-05-01.\nFralic not surprised by recent allegations Retrieved 2009-05-01.\n\n1962 births\n2018 deaths\nAll-American college football players\nAmerican football offensive guards\nAtlanta Falcons announcers\nAtlanta Falcons players\nCollege football announcers\nCollege Football Hall of Fame inductees\nDetroit Lions players\nNational Conference Pro Bowl players\nNational Football League announcers\nSportspeople from Pittsburgh\nPlayers of American football from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania\nPittsburgh Panthers football players\nPlayers of American football from Pittsburgh",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Luau
|
Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Luau (ni uwanja wa ndege unaohudumia Luau, manispaa katika Mkoa wa Moxico nchini Angola . Ni magharibi mwa jiji, na unaweza kuchukua nafasi ya Uwanja wa Ndege wa Villa Teixeira de Sousa , uwanja wa ndege ambao haujawekwa lami ulio ndani ya jiji.
Mji wa Luau uko kwenye mpaka wa Angola na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na uko mkabala na mji wa Dilolo wa DRC. Uwanja wa ndege ni sehemu ya mpango wa usafiri unaojumuisha kurejesha uhusiano wa reli na barabara na Mkoa wa Katanga nchini DRC. Uwanja wa ndege ulifunguliwa Februari, 2015, na Rais wa Angola, José Eduardo dos Santos .
Marejeo
Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022
Utalii
Utalii wa Afrika
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Luau",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Luau (ni uwanja wa ndege unaohudumia Luau, manispaa katika Mkoa wa Moxico nchini Angola . Ni magharibi mwa jiji, na unaweza kuchukua nafasi ya Uwanja wa Ndege wa Villa Teixeira de Sousa , uwanja wa ndege ambao haujawekwa lami ulio ndani ya jiji.\n\nMji wa Luau uko kwenye mpaka wa Angola na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na uko mkabala na mji wa Dilolo wa DRC. Uwanja wa ndege ni sehemu ya mpango wa usafiri unaojumuisha kurejesha uhusiano wa reli na barabara na Mkoa wa Katanga nchini DRC. Uwanja wa ndege ulifunguliwa Februari, 2015, na Rais wa Angola, José Eduardo dos Santos .\n\nMarejeo \n\nAfrica Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022\nUtalii\nUtalii wa Afrika",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Karonga
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Karonga ni mji kaskazini mwa Malawi kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Nyasa. Ni makao makuu ya Wilaya ya Karonga inayopakana na Tanzania.
Mnamo mwaka 2018, Karonga ilikadiriwa kuwa na wakazi 61,609.
Jiografia
Karonga iko kwenye mwinuko wa mita 478 juu ya UB kwenye ufuo wa magharibi wa Ziwa Nyasa.
Historia
Zana za zama za mawe za kale na mabaki ya viumbehai waliofanana na binadamu wa kwanza zinaonyesha kwamba maeneo ya Karonga yalikaliwa mapema sana.
Ugunduzi huo ulikuwa katika eneo la uchimbaji wa Malema kutoka Karonga.
Wakati wa karne ya 19 kabla ya mwaka 1877 Karonga ilifahamika ngome ya Mlozi aliyekuwa mfanyabiashara wa watumwa. Mnamo 1883 kituo cha biashara cha Uingereza kilifunguliwa huko ambacho kiliendelea kikawa chanzo cha mji wa leo. Mvumbuzi Mwingereza Harry Johnston alivamia ngome ya Mlozi na kumaliza utawala wake. Kuanzia hapo Karonga ikawa kituo muhimu cha biashara na kilimo.
Mnamo Desemba 2009 eneo hilo lilipata mfululizo wa matetemeko ya ardhi.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Malawi
Marejeo
Ziwa Nyasa
Miji ya Malawi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Karonga",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Karonga ni mji kaskazini mwa Malawi kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Nyasa. Ni makao makuu ya Wilaya ya Karonga inayopakana na Tanzania.\n\nMnamo mwaka 2018, Karonga ilikadiriwa kuwa na wakazi 61,609.\n\nJiografia \nKaronga iko kwenye mwinuko wa mita 478 juu ya UB kwenye ufuo wa magharibi wa Ziwa Nyasa.\n\nHistoria \nZana za zama za mawe za kale na mabaki ya viumbehai waliofanana na binadamu wa kwanza zinaonyesha kwamba maeneo ya Karonga yalikaliwa mapema sana.\n\nUgunduzi huo ulikuwa katika eneo la uchimbaji wa Malema kutoka Karonga. \n\nWakati wa karne ya 19 kabla ya mwaka 1877 Karonga ilifahamika ngome ya Mlozi aliyekuwa mfanyabiashara wa watumwa. Mnamo 1883 kituo cha biashara cha Uingereza kilifunguliwa huko ambacho kiliendelea kikawa chanzo cha mji wa leo. Mvumbuzi Mwingereza Harry Johnston alivamia ngome ya Mlozi na kumaliza utawala wake. Kuanzia hapo Karonga ikawa kituo muhimu cha biashara na kilimo. \n\nMnamo Desemba 2009 eneo hilo lilipata mfululizo wa matetemeko ya ardhi.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya miji ya Malawi\n\nMarejeo \n\nZiwa Nyasa\nMiji ya Malawi",
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] |
Mto Onogin
|
unapatikana kaskazini mwa Uganda.
Maji yake yanaishia katika ziwa Turkana (Kenya).
Tazama pia
Orodha ya mito ya Uganda
Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Kaabong
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Wilaya ya Kaabong
Mito ya Uganda
ziwa Turkana
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mto Onogin",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana kaskazini mwa Uganda. \n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika ziwa Turkana (Kenya).\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya mito ya Uganda\n Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Kaabong\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nWilaya ya Kaabong\nMito ya Uganda\nziwa Turkana",
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] |
Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde
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Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde, pia inajulikana kama "Hifadhi ya Wanyamapori ya Liwonde", ni mbuga ya taifa iliyopo kusini mwa Malawi, karibu na mpaka wa Msumbiji .
Hifadhi hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1973, na imekuwa ikisimamiwa na shirika lisilo la faida la uhifadhi wa African Parks tangu Agosti 2015.
African Parks ilijenga uzio wa umeme kuzunguka eneo la hifadhi hiyo ili kusaidia kupunguza migogoro kati ya binadamu na wanyamapori.
Maelezo na jiografia
Hifadhi ya Ktaifa ya Liwonde iko katika Mkoa wa Kusini,Malawi, kusini mwa Ziwa Malawi, karibu na mpaka wa Msumbiji . Kwa sehemu kubwa iko ndani ya Wilaya ya Machinga, lakini pia iko katika Wilaya ya Mangochi . Wilaya ya Balaka na iko kando ya mpaka wake wa magharibi.
Hifadhi hiyo ina ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 548 ya misitu na savanna kavu . A km 30 sehemu ya Mto Shire hupitia mbuga hiyo ikijumuisha sehemu ya mwambao wa Ziwa Malombe, km 20 kusini mwa Ziwa Malawi .
Hifadhi hiyo iliongezwa mwaka 1977 kwenye ukingo wa kaskazini wa hifadhi ambayo inaiunganisha na Hifadhi ya Msitu wa Mangochi.
Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde, na Hifadhi ya Misitu ya Mangochi zinapakana na hifadhi hiyo, inasimamiwa na Hifadhi za Afrika kwa kushirikiana na jamii za wenyeji zinazowakilishwa na Jumuiya ya Uhifadhi wa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde (USACOL) na Kamati za Maliasili za Vijiji 31 zinazozunguka Liwonde. Liwonde ina kilomita 129 za mzunguko, ambao haukuwa na uzio hadi shirika lisilo la faida la African Parks lilithibitisha mipango ya kujenga mpaka wenye uzio kamili mwaka 2015, ambao umekamilika tangu wakati huo.
Historia
Liwonde ilianzishwa mwaka 1973. Hifadhi hiyo ilipotangazwa kwenye gazeti la serikali, wakazi wengi walilazimika kuhamia jamii za mpakani nje ya hifadhi hiyo, jambo ambalo limesababisha vijiji vya pembezoni mwa hifadhi hiyo kuwa na msongamano mkubwa wa watu ikilinganishwa na maeneo mengine ya nchi. Kabla ya mbuga hiyo kuundwa, ardhi ilitumika kwa kilimo, kwa kiasi kikubwa kujikimu. Pamba, mahindi, tumbaku, na mpunga vilikuwa mazao makuu na uvuvi ulikuwa tasnia nyingine muhimu.
African Parks ilichukua usimamizi wa Liwonde mnamo Agosti 2015, baada ya kuorodheshwa na Idara ya Mbuga za taifa na Wanyamapori ya Malawi (DNPW). Kujenga upya uzio wa hifadhi hiyo ilikuwa ni kipaumbele cha kwanza kwa shirika hilo, ili kupunguza migogoro ya binadamu na wanyamapori kwa kuwaweka wanyama ndani ya mipaka ya Liwonde na kupunguza ujangili. Uzio huu hufuatiliwa 24/7 ili kuhakikisha wanyama wanakaa ndani na wawindaji haramu wanakaa nje Uzio wa mbuga hiyo uligharimu dola za Marekani milioni 1.6 na ilichukua takribani miezi 18 kukamilika.
Wanyama
Liwonde ina idadi ya takribani mamalia wakubwa 17,800, na zaidi ya spishi 380 za ndege. Mamalia wakubwa ni pamoja na nyati wa afrika, swala (pamoja na Common eland, swala walio hatarini kutoweka ), nyani, faru mweusi, bushbuck, tembo, kiboko, impala, kudu, nyani, na nguruwe . Hifadhi hii ni makazi kwa spishi zingine nyingi za wanyama , na vile vile mamba .
Marejeo
Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022
Utalii wa Afrika
Utalii wa Malawi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde, pia inajulikana kama \"Hifadhi ya Wanyamapori ya Liwonde\", ni mbuga ya taifa iliyopo kusini mwa Malawi, karibu na mpaka wa Msumbiji . \n\nHifadhi hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1973, na imekuwa ikisimamiwa na shirika lisilo la faida la uhifadhi wa African Parks tangu Agosti 2015. \n\nAfrican Parks ilijenga uzio wa umeme kuzunguka eneo la hifadhi hiyo ili kusaidia kupunguza migogoro kati ya binadamu na wanyamapori.\n\nMaelezo na jiografia \nHifadhi ya Ktaifa ya Liwonde iko katika Mkoa wa Kusini,Malawi, kusini mwa Ziwa Malawi, karibu na mpaka wa Msumbiji . Kwa sehemu kubwa iko ndani ya Wilaya ya Machinga, lakini pia iko katika Wilaya ya Mangochi . Wilaya ya Balaka na iko kando ya mpaka wake wa magharibi. \n\nHifadhi hiyo ina ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 548 ya misitu na savanna kavu . A km 30 sehemu ya Mto Shire hupitia mbuga hiyo ikijumuisha sehemu ya mwambao wa Ziwa Malombe, km 20 kusini mwa Ziwa Malawi . \n\nHifadhi hiyo iliongezwa mwaka 1977 kwenye ukingo wa kaskazini wa hifadhi ambayo inaiunganisha na Hifadhi ya Msitu wa Mangochi. \n\nHifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde, na Hifadhi ya Misitu ya Mangochi zinapakana na hifadhi hiyo, inasimamiwa na Hifadhi za Afrika kwa kushirikiana na jamii za wenyeji zinazowakilishwa na Jumuiya ya Uhifadhi wa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde (USACOL) na Kamati za Maliasili za Vijiji 31 zinazozunguka Liwonde. Liwonde ina kilomita 129 za mzunguko, ambao haukuwa na uzio hadi shirika lisilo la faida la African Parks lilithibitisha mipango ya kujenga mpaka wenye uzio kamili mwaka 2015, ambao umekamilika tangu wakati huo.\n\nHistoria \n\nLiwonde ilianzishwa mwaka 1973. Hifadhi hiyo ilipotangazwa kwenye gazeti la serikali, wakazi wengi walilazimika kuhamia jamii za mpakani nje ya hifadhi hiyo, jambo ambalo limesababisha vijiji vya pembezoni mwa hifadhi hiyo kuwa na msongamano mkubwa wa watu ikilinganishwa na maeneo mengine ya nchi. Kabla ya mbuga hiyo kuundwa, ardhi ilitumika kwa kilimo, kwa kiasi kikubwa kujikimu. Pamba, mahindi, tumbaku, na mpunga vilikuwa mazao makuu na uvuvi ulikuwa tasnia nyingine muhimu. \n\nAfrican Parks ilichukua usimamizi wa Liwonde mnamo Agosti 2015, baada ya kuorodheshwa na Idara ya Mbuga za taifa na Wanyamapori ya Malawi (DNPW). Kujenga upya uzio wa hifadhi hiyo ilikuwa ni kipaumbele cha kwanza kwa shirika hilo, ili kupunguza migogoro ya binadamu na wanyamapori kwa kuwaweka wanyama ndani ya mipaka ya Liwonde na kupunguza ujangili. Uzio huu hufuatiliwa 24/7 ili kuhakikisha wanyama wanakaa ndani na wawindaji haramu wanakaa nje Uzio wa mbuga hiyo uligharimu dola za Marekani milioni 1.6 na ilichukua takribani miezi 18 kukamilika.\n\nWanyama \nLiwonde ina idadi ya takribani mamalia wakubwa 17,800, na zaidi ya spishi 380 za ndege. Mamalia wakubwa ni pamoja na nyati wa afrika, swala (pamoja na Common eland, swala walio hatarini kutoweka ), nyani, faru mweusi, bushbuck, tembo, kiboko, impala, kudu, nyani, na nguruwe . Hifadhi hii ni makazi kwa spishi zingine nyingi za wanyama , na vile vile mamba .\n\nMarejeo \n\nAfrica Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022\nUtalii wa Afrika\nUtalii wa Malawi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC
|
RC au rc ni kifupi cha:
Kodi
Kodi ya IATA ya Atlantic Airways, Visiwa vya Faroe
Kodi ya ISO 3166-1 ya nchi ya Jamhuri ya China (Taiwan)
Sayansi na teknolojia
Mahali
Mashirika na makampuni
Michezo
Watu
Kifupi
|
[
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC",
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},
{
"content": "RC au rc ni kifupi cha:\n\nKodi \n Kodi ya IATA ya Atlantic Airways, Visiwa vya Faroe\n Kodi ya ISO 3166-1 ya nchi ya Jamhuri ya China (Taiwan)\n\nSayansi na teknolojia\n\nMahali\n\nMashirika na makampuni\n\nMichezo\n\nWatu \n\nKifupi",
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] |
Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Hell's Gate
|
Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Hell's Gate iko kusini mwa Ziwa Naivasha nchini Kenya, kaskazini magharibi mwa Nairobi. Mbuga ya Taifa ya Hell's Gate inapata jina lake kutokana na vifusi vyembamba vilivyovunjika kutoka kwa miinuko, kwa wakati mmoja ilikuwa vijito vya ziwa la kale lililolisha binadamu wa kwanza katika Bonde la Ufa. Ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1984. Mbuga hii ndogo inajulikana kwa wingi wake wa aina ya wanyamapori na kwa ajili mandhari yake. Hii ni pamoja na minara ya Fischer's Tower na Central Tower na Giba ya Hell's Gate. Hifadhi hii ya Taifa pia ni makao ya vituo vitatu vya nishati za mvuke zilizoko Olkaria. Hifadhi hii ina kambi tatu msingi na inajumuisha a Kituo cha Utamaduni wa Wamasai, kinachotoa elimu kuhusu kabila la Wamasai, utamaduni na mila zake.
Historia
Hell's Gate National Park ilipata jina lake kutokana na kuvunjika kwembamba kwa miamba yake, ambayo kwa wakati mmoja ilikuwa vijito vya ziwa la kale lililolisha binadamu wa awali katika Bonde la Ufa. Ilipokea jina la "Hell's Gate" kutoka kwa Wapelelezi Fisher na Thomson mwaka wa 1883.
Katika miaka ya kwanza ya 1990, Mlima Longonot ulilipuka, na majivu yake bado yanaweza kupatikana ndani ya Hell's Gate. Stesheni ya mvuke ya Olkaria, ya kwanza ya aina yake barani Afrika, ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1981 na nishati za mvuke huzalisha chini ya Hell's Gate kutoka maeneo ya chemchemi za majimoto. Hifadhi hii ilifunguliwa rasmi mwaka wa 1984.
Jiografia
Mbuga ya Taifa ya Hell's Gate imekalia eneo ndogo kiasi kwa viwango vya Afrika. Hifadhi hii iko futi 5000 juu ya usawa wa bahari. Iko ndani ya Wilaya ya Nakuru, karibu na Ziwa Naivasha na wastani kutoka Nairobi. Mbuga iko baada ya mpinduko wa zamani katika barabara ya Nairobi kwenda Naivasha, na ina hali ya hewa ya joto na ukavu. Volkano za zamani za Olkaria na Hobley, zilizoko katika mbuga hii zinaweza kuonekana pamoja na miundo ya obsidian kutoka kwa mawe yaliyoyeyushwa na volkano kisha kupoa. Ndani ya Hell's Gate kuna Giba ya Hells Gate, na kuzungukwa na miamba miekundu ambayo ina hasho mbili za volkeno: Fischer's Tower na Central Tower. Kutoka kwa Central Tower kuna giba ndogo ambayo huelekea kusini na njia hushuka kutoka kwayo hadi katika chemchemi moto.
Viumbe wa mwituni
Kuna aina mbalimblai za wanyamapori katika mbuga hii, ingawa nyingi zake ni chache kwa idadi. Mifano ya wanyamapori wanaoonekana kidogo ni pamoja na simba, chui na duma. Hata hivyo, mbuga hii kihistoria imekuwa muhimu kama makao kwa tai nadra aina ya tumbusi mlakondoo. Kuna zaidi ya aina 103 za ndege katika Hifadhi hii, zikiwa ni pamoja na tai nderi, shakivale tumbo-jeupe, na barawai. Perere, Mbogo, punda milia, mbungu, kongoni, swara tomi na pia nyani hupatikana kwa kawaida. Hifadhi hii pia ni nyumbani kwa idadi ndogo ya korongo aina ya ngurunguru na tohe-milima.
Utalii
Mbuga hii ni maarufu kutokana na ukaribu wake na Nairobi na pesa kidogo za kiingilio ikilinganishwa na mbuga nyingine za Taifa. Kutembea, kuendesha baiskeli, na kuendesha pikipiki ni shughuli zinazoruhusiwa ndani ya Hifadhi, jambo ambalo linaloruhusiwa katika hifadhi moja au mbili za taifa nchini Kenya. Gazeti la Daily Nation lilisifia kupanda mlima katika Hell's Gate kama "wa kusisimua". Pia lilipendekeza kituo cha Joy Adamson na kuendesha boti katika Ziwa Naivasha. Kituo cha Kitamaduni cha Wamasai hutoa elimu kuhusu kabila la Kimasai utamaduni na mila zao.
Hifadhi hii ina kambi tatu msingi. Pia kuna pumziko kadhaa karibu na Ziwa Naivasha, maarufu miongoni mwa watalii kwa michezo ya maji, ndege na kutazama wanyama katika mashamba ya kibinafsi na kufanya matembezi katika Crescent Island, Crater Lake, na Mlima Longonot.
Marejeo
Viungo vya nje
Hell's Gate
|
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"content": "Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Hell's Gate",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Hell's Gate iko kusini mwa Ziwa Naivasha nchini Kenya, kaskazini magharibi mwa Nairobi. Mbuga ya Taifa ya Hell's Gate inapata jina lake kutokana na vifusi vyembamba vilivyovunjika kutoka kwa miinuko, kwa wakati mmoja ilikuwa vijito vya ziwa la kale lililolisha binadamu wa kwanza katika Bonde la Ufa. Ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1984. Mbuga hii ndogo inajulikana kwa wingi wake wa aina ya wanyamapori na kwa ajili mandhari yake. Hii ni pamoja na minara ya Fischer's Tower na Central Tower na Giba ya Hell's Gate. Hifadhi hii ya Taifa pia ni makao ya vituo vitatu vya nishati za mvuke zilizoko Olkaria. Hifadhi hii ina kambi tatu msingi na inajumuisha a Kituo cha Utamaduni wa Wamasai, kinachotoa elimu kuhusu kabila la Wamasai, utamaduni na mila zake.\n\nHistoria \nHell's Gate National Park ilipata jina lake kutokana na kuvunjika kwembamba kwa miamba yake, ambayo kwa wakati mmoja ilikuwa vijito vya ziwa la kale lililolisha binadamu wa awali katika Bonde la Ufa. Ilipokea jina la \"Hell's Gate\" kutoka kwa Wapelelezi Fisher na Thomson mwaka wa 1883. \n\nKatika miaka ya kwanza ya 1990, Mlima Longonot ulilipuka, na majivu yake bado yanaweza kupatikana ndani ya Hell's Gate. Stesheni ya mvuke ya Olkaria, ya kwanza ya aina yake barani Afrika, ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1981 na nishati za mvuke huzalisha chini ya Hell's Gate kutoka maeneo ya chemchemi za majimoto. Hifadhi hii ilifunguliwa rasmi mwaka wa 1984.\n\nJiografia \n \nMbuga ya Taifa ya Hell's Gate imekalia eneo ndogo kiasi kwa viwango vya Afrika. Hifadhi hii iko futi 5000 juu ya usawa wa bahari. Iko ndani ya Wilaya ya Nakuru, karibu na Ziwa Naivasha na wastani kutoka Nairobi. Mbuga iko baada ya mpinduko wa zamani katika barabara ya Nairobi kwenda Naivasha, na ina hali ya hewa ya joto na ukavu. Volkano za zamani za Olkaria na Hobley, zilizoko katika mbuga hii zinaweza kuonekana pamoja na miundo ya obsidian kutoka kwa mawe yaliyoyeyushwa na volkano kisha kupoa. Ndani ya Hell's Gate kuna Giba ya Hells Gate, na kuzungukwa na miamba miekundu ambayo ina hasho mbili za volkeno: Fischer's Tower na Central Tower. Kutoka kwa Central Tower kuna giba ndogo ambayo huelekea kusini na njia hushuka kutoka kwayo hadi katika chemchemi moto.\n\nViumbe wa mwituni \nKuna aina mbalimblai za wanyamapori katika mbuga hii, ingawa nyingi zake ni chache kwa idadi. Mifano ya wanyamapori wanaoonekana kidogo ni pamoja na simba, chui na duma. Hata hivyo, mbuga hii kihistoria imekuwa muhimu kama makao kwa tai nadra aina ya tumbusi mlakondoo. Kuna zaidi ya aina 103 za ndege katika Hifadhi hii, zikiwa ni pamoja na tai nderi, shakivale tumbo-jeupe, na barawai. Perere, Mbogo, punda milia, mbungu, kongoni, swara tomi na pia nyani hupatikana kwa kawaida. Hifadhi hii pia ni nyumbani kwa idadi ndogo ya korongo aina ya ngurunguru na tohe-milima.\n\nUtalii \nMbuga hii ni maarufu kutokana na ukaribu wake na Nairobi na pesa kidogo za kiingilio ikilinganishwa na mbuga nyingine za Taifa. Kutembea, kuendesha baiskeli, na kuendesha pikipiki ni shughuli zinazoruhusiwa ndani ya Hifadhi, jambo ambalo linaloruhusiwa katika hifadhi moja au mbili za taifa nchini Kenya. Gazeti la Daily Nation lilisifia kupanda mlima katika Hell's Gate kama \"wa kusisimua\". Pia lilipendekeza kituo cha Joy Adamson na kuendesha boti katika Ziwa Naivasha. Kituo cha Kitamaduni cha Wamasai hutoa elimu kuhusu kabila la Kimasai utamaduni na mila zao.\n\nHifadhi hii ina kambi tatu msingi. Pia kuna pumziko kadhaa karibu na Ziwa Naivasha, maarufu miongoni mwa watalii kwa michezo ya maji, ndege na kutazama wanyama katika mashamba ya kibinafsi na kufanya matembezi katika Crescent Island, Crater Lake, na Mlima Longonot.\n\nMarejeo\n\nViungo vya nje \n\nHell's Gate",
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] |
Tuy Sereivathana
|
Tuy Sereivathana (amezaliwa 1970) ni mwanamazingira kutoka Kamboja. Amefanya kazi kusuluhisha mizozo kati ya tembo na watu huko Kamboja.
Alipewa Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman mnamo 2010.
Mnamo 2011, alichaguliwa kama mshiriki wa programu ya National Geographic's Emerging Explorer Program.
Marejeo
Watu walio hai
Waliozaliwa 1970
Wanaume wa Kamboja
Wanaharakati wa Kamboja
Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Tuy Sereivathana",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tuy Sereivathana (amezaliwa 1970) ni mwanamazingira kutoka Kamboja. Amefanya kazi kusuluhisha mizozo kati ya tembo na watu huko Kamboja. \n\nAlipewa Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman mnamo 2010.\n\nMnamo 2011, alichaguliwa kama mshiriki wa programu ya National Geographic's Emerging Explorer Program.\n\nMarejeo\n\nWatu walio hai\nWaliozaliwa 1970\nWanaume wa Kamboja\nWanaharakati wa Kamboja\nMashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu",
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] |
Mto Nalubale
|
unapatikana katika wilaya ya Mukono, mkoa wa Kati, nchini Uganda.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya mito ya Uganda
Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Mukono
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Wilaya ya Mukono
Mito ya Uganda
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mto Nalubale",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana katika wilaya ya Mukono, mkoa wa Kati, nchini Uganda.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya mito ya Uganda\n Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Mukono\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nWilaya ya Mukono\nMito ya Uganda",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Everybody (Backstreet's Back)
|
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" is a song by American boy band Backstreet Boys, written and produced by Denniz Pop and Max Martin. It was released as the first single from the band's second international studio album Backstreet's Back in June 1997, and the third single from their self-titled debut US studio album on March 9, 1998, although the song was already being played by many American radio stations unofficially by importing the Canadian single. The accompanying music video was directed by American director Joseph Kahn.
Background and release
Zomba chairman Clive Calder suggested that "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" should be released as a single, which was met with resistance from Jive Records president Barry Weiss, as he believed that it would be weird to have a song called "Backstreet's Back" on the Backstreet Boys' first US album. The band suggested it could just mean that they were back home. After Canadian markets began playing the song, US markets near the border began picking the song up. They met with Weiss and asked that the song be added to the US album after the first million units had already been produced.
There are two versions of the song. The international album features the album or 7-inch version, which is the standard recording. The US album features the extended version of the song which includes an extended breakdown section, but cuts the bridge. The music video for the song was cut to both versions of the song, with the extended video released to the US market, and the standard video released everywhere else.
Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard stated that "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" contained a "contagious dance/pop beat and catchy hook that perfectly showcases this talented group's voices". British magazine Music Week rated the song four out of five, adding that "the boys turn up the power on a strutting, soulful anthem, which will be one of the summer's bigger successes." Editor Alan Jones noted that Backstreet Boys "state the obvious" in the song, "but they do it with a certain amount of style. The mid-tempo piece is instantly assimilated and well-sung, primarily as a group effort. Another major hit is guaranteed."
Commercial performance
Written and produced by Max Martin and Denniz Pop, "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" is one of the Backstreet Boys' most successful singles to date. It reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States—the band's second top-ten single in the country following "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)"—and spent 22 weeks on the chart, and number three on the UK Singles Chart. It is certified platinum in the US.
Music video
Background
The accompanying music video for "Everybody" was directed by Joseph Kahn, and filmed in Los Angeles, California from June 16–18, 1997. Kahn was contacted by Jive to direct a project with a "white Jodeci". Initially unaware who the Backstreet Boys were, he was shocked by the group's European sales figures after being given a cassette tape and publicity release about them. Initially a grunge and hip-hop director, he wanted to explore the pop genre, since he grew up listening to music from the 1980s.
The haunted house aesthetic was based on a treatment Kahn envisioned for rapper Ice Cube a few months prior, and was inspired by the music video for Michael Jackson's "Thriller". Kahn and the group wanted Antonio Fargas to portray the bus driver, as they were fans of Starsky & Hutch. The video shoot lasted for 36 hours, with Nick Carter's mummy shot being filmed last. Jive did not get behind the concept of the band in costumes or the $1 million requirements, and did not believe MTV would respect the video. The band ultimately had to put up their own money to shoot the video and had to fight with the label to get reimbursed once it was successful. The video premiered outside the United States in July 1997, although viewers with MuchMusic USA were able to see it as at the time it was still mostly a simulcast of the Canadian channel. In a 2017 interview with Billboard, Kahn stated that the video's impact broadened his view of pop culture, while creating a new scene in the US.
Synopsis
The video is bookended by scenes framing the context. When the Backstreet Boys' bus breaks down, their bus driver (Antonio Fargas) insists that they spend a night at a nearby haunted mansion while he gets help. It then shows Brian Littrell preparing to sleep in one of the bedrooms. While he is in bed, he pulls out a scary animal from under his covers, making him scream in horror. The musical portion of the video then starts, playing as a dream sequence in which each band member appears as a different movie monster: Littrell as a werewolf; Howie Dorough as Dracula; Nick Carter as a mummy; AJ McLean as Erik, the Phantom of the Opera; and Kevin Richardson as both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in a half-transformed Two-Face-like state. Throughout the beginning and middle of the song, the band, as monsters, mainly appear in their own individual vignettes related to their character; during the final chorus, they collectively appear in the foyer of the mansion, performing a dance routine with a group of additional dancers. Supermodel Josie Maran appears as Dorough's companion in his vignette, presumably portraying Mina Harker. At the end of the video, Littrell wakes up realizing that all was a nightmare. He talks with the members about his dream, all of them stating they had similar dreams, while trying to leave the house. However, the driver shows up, now a Frankenstein-esque monster, making the boys scream in horror.
There are two cuts of the video; one for the US market, and one for the international market, each of which features the edit of the song released on the album for that market. The international video cuts from the opening bookend to the first verse. The bridge of the song is intact and the first half of the dance routine, a ballroom dance portion, is intercut with the vignettes under it. This leads into the second half of the dance portion during the final choruses of the song which are not intercut with the vignettes. In the US cut, the ballroom half of the dance routine and the beginning of the second half are used at the start of the song during the first rhythm-only breakdown, and is not intercut with the vignettes. The second breakdown, which replaces the bridge, is accompanied only by shots from the vignettes, along with some shots of Littrell tumbling in the foyer and in the various vignettes. When the final chorus begins, the second half of the dance routine is shown again from the start, but is intercut with vignette scenes. Most of the remainder of the video is cut identically, other than several minor instances of alternate scenes or takes being used. The dance floor in the video was painted.
Awards and nominations
Track listing
US enhanced CD single
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (radio edit) – 3:45
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Matty's Radio Mix) – 3:55
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (remix video)
US enhanced maxi-single
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Matty's Radio Mix) – 3:55
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Multiman Remix) – 4:08
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Sharp London Vocal Mix) – 7:58
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (radio edit) – 3:45
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended version) – 4:45
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (remix video)
US 12-inch single
A1. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended radio mix) – 4:45
A2. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Matty's Hip Hop Radio Remix) – 3:55
A3. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Kano's Undercurrent Dub) – 7:11
B1. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Sharp London Vocal Remix) – 7:58
B2. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Sharp Trade Dub) – 8:55
Canadian CD single
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (7-inch version) – 3:44
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended version) – 4:45
"Boys Will Be Boys" – 4:05
"Anywhere for You" – 4:40
UK and European CD single
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (7-inch version) – 3:44
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended version) – 4:45
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (MultiMan Remix) – 4:09
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Matty's Remix) – 3:55
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Max & Macario Club Mix) – 6:12
UK CD single digipak
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (7-inch version) – 3:44
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended version) – 4:45
"Boys Will Be Boys" – 4:05
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1997 songs
1997 singles
1998 singles
Backstreet Boys songs
Song recordings produced by Max Martin
Song recordings produced by Denniz Pop
Songs written by Max Martin
Songs written by Denniz Pop
Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn
Songs about dancing
Number-one singles in Hungary
Number-one singles in Romania
Number-one singles in Spain
Jive Records singles
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "\"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" is a song by American boy band Backstreet Boys, written and produced by Denniz Pop and Max Martin. It was released as the first single from the band's second international studio album Backstreet's Back in June 1997, and the third single from their self-titled debut US studio album on March 9, 1998, although the song was already being played by many American radio stations unofficially by importing the Canadian single. The accompanying music video was directed by American director Joseph Kahn.\n\nBackground and release\nZomba chairman Clive Calder suggested that \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" should be released as a single, which was met with resistance from Jive Records president Barry Weiss, as he believed that it would be weird to have a song called \"Backstreet's Back\" on the Backstreet Boys' first US album. The band suggested it could just mean that they were back home. After Canadian markets began playing the song, US markets near the border began picking the song up. They met with Weiss and asked that the song be added to the US album after the first million units had already been produced. \nThere are two versions of the song. The international album features the album or 7-inch version, which is the standard recording. The US album features the extended version of the song which includes an extended breakdown section, but cuts the bridge. The music video for the song was cut to both versions of the song, with the extended video released to the US market, and the standard video released everywhere else.\n\nCritical reception\nLarry Flick from Billboard stated that \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" contained a \"contagious dance/pop beat and catchy hook that perfectly showcases this talented group's voices\". British magazine Music Week rated the song four out of five, adding that \"the boys turn up the power on a strutting, soulful anthem, which will be one of the summer's bigger successes.\" Editor Alan Jones noted that Backstreet Boys \"state the obvious\" in the song, \"but they do it with a certain amount of style. The mid-tempo piece is instantly assimilated and well-sung, primarily as a group effort. Another major hit is guaranteed.\"\n\nCommercial performance\nWritten and produced by Max Martin and Denniz Pop, \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" is one of the Backstreet Boys' most successful singles to date. It reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States—the band's second top-ten single in the country following \"Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)\"—and spent 22 weeks on the chart, and number three on the UK Singles Chart. It is certified platinum in the US.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe accompanying music video for \"Everybody\" was directed by Joseph Kahn, and filmed in Los Angeles, California from June 16–18, 1997. Kahn was contacted by Jive to direct a project with a \"white Jodeci\". Initially unaware who the Backstreet Boys were, he was shocked by the group's European sales figures after being given a cassette tape and publicity release about them. Initially a grunge and hip-hop director, he wanted to explore the pop genre, since he grew up listening to music from the 1980s.\n\nThe haunted house aesthetic was based on a treatment Kahn envisioned for rapper Ice Cube a few months prior, and was inspired by the music video for Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\". Kahn and the group wanted Antonio Fargas to portray the bus driver, as they were fans of Starsky & Hutch. The video shoot lasted for 36 hours, with Nick Carter's mummy shot being filmed last. Jive did not get behind the concept of the band in costumes or the $1 million requirements, and did not believe MTV would respect the video. The band ultimately had to put up their own money to shoot the video and had to fight with the label to get reimbursed once it was successful. The video premiered outside the United States in July 1997, although viewers with MuchMusic USA were able to see it as at the time it was still mostly a simulcast of the Canadian channel. In a 2017 interview with Billboard, Kahn stated that the video's impact broadened his view of pop culture, while creating a new scene in the US.\n\nSynopsis\n\nThe video is bookended by scenes framing the context. When the Backstreet Boys' bus breaks down, their bus driver (Antonio Fargas) insists that they spend a night at a nearby haunted mansion while he gets help. It then shows Brian Littrell preparing to sleep in one of the bedrooms. While he is in bed, he pulls out a scary animal from under his covers, making him scream in horror. The musical portion of the video then starts, playing as a dream sequence in which each band member appears as a different movie monster: Littrell as a werewolf; Howie Dorough as Dracula; Nick Carter as a mummy; AJ McLean as Erik, the Phantom of the Opera; and Kevin Richardson as both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in a half-transformed Two-Face-like state. Throughout the beginning and middle of the song, the band, as monsters, mainly appear in their own individual vignettes related to their character; during the final chorus, they collectively appear in the foyer of the mansion, performing a dance routine with a group of additional dancers. Supermodel Josie Maran appears as Dorough's companion in his vignette, presumably portraying Mina Harker. At the end of the video, Littrell wakes up realizing that all was a nightmare. He talks with the members about his dream, all of them stating they had similar dreams, while trying to leave the house. However, the driver shows up, now a Frankenstein-esque monster, making the boys scream in horror.\n\nThere are two cuts of the video; one for the US market, and one for the international market, each of which features the edit of the song released on the album for that market. The international video cuts from the opening bookend to the first verse. The bridge of the song is intact and the first half of the dance routine, a ballroom dance portion, is intercut with the vignettes under it. This leads into the second half of the dance portion during the final choruses of the song which are not intercut with the vignettes. In the US cut, the ballroom half of the dance routine and the beginning of the second half are used at the start of the song during the first rhythm-only breakdown, and is not intercut with the vignettes. The second breakdown, which replaces the bridge, is accompanied only by shots from the vignettes, along with some shots of Littrell tumbling in the foyer and in the various vignettes. When the final chorus begins, the second half of the dance routine is shown again from the start, but is intercut with vignette scenes. Most of the remainder of the video is cut identically, other than several minor instances of alternate scenes or takes being used. The dance floor in the video was painted.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nTrack listing\n\n US enhanced CD single\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (radio edit) – 3:45\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Matty's Radio Mix) – 3:55\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (remix video)\n\n US enhanced maxi-single\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Matty's Radio Mix) – 3:55\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Multiman Remix) – 4:08\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Sharp London Vocal Mix) – 7:58\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (radio edit) – 3:45\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (extended version) – 4:45\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (remix video)\n\n US 12-inch single\nA1. \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (extended radio mix) – 4:45\nA2. \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Matty's Hip Hop Radio Remix) – 3:55\nA3. \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Kano's Undercurrent Dub) – 7:11\nB1. \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Sharp London Vocal Remix) – 7:58\nB2. \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Sharp Trade Dub) – 8:55\n\n Canadian CD single\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (7-inch version) – 3:44\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (extended version) – 4:45\n \"Boys Will Be Boys\" – 4:05\n \"Anywhere for You\" – 4:40\n\n UK and European CD single\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (7-inch version) – 3:44\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (extended version) – 4:45\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (MultiMan Remix) – 4:09\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Matty's Remix) – 3:55\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Max & Macario Club Mix) – 6:12\n\n UK CD single digipak\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (7-inch version) – 3:44\n \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (extended version) – 4:45\n \"Boys Will Be Boys\" – 4:05\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n1997 songs\n1997 singles\n1998 singles\nBackstreet Boys songs\nSong recordings produced by Max Martin\nSong recordings produced by Denniz Pop\nSongs written by Max Martin\nSongs written by Denniz Pop\nMusic videos directed by Joseph Kahn\nSongs about dancing\nNumber-one singles in Hungary\nNumber-one singles in Romania\nNumber-one singles in Spain\nJive Records singles",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Microspore
|
Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote. Megaspores are structures that are part of the alternation of generations in many seedless vascular cryptogams, all gymnosperms and all angiosperms. Plants with heterosporous life cycles using microspores and megaspores arose independently in several plant groups during the Devonian period. Microspores are haploid, and are produced from diploid microsporocytes by meiosis.
Morphology
The microspore has three different types of wall layers. The outer layer is called the perispore, the next is the exospore, and the inner layer is the endospore. The perispore is the thickest of the three layers while the exospore and endospore are relatively equal in width.
Seedless vascular plants
In heterosporous seedless vascular plants, modified leaves called microsporophylls bear microsporangia containing many microsporocytes that undergo meiosis, each producing four microspores. Each microspore may develop into a male gametophyte consisting of a somewhat spherical antheridium within the microspore wall. Either 128 or 256 sperm cells with flagella are produced in each antheridium. The only heterosporous ferns are aquatic or semi-aquatic, including the genera Marsilea, Regnellidium, Pilularia, Salvinia, and Azolla. Heterospory also occurs in the lycopods in the spikemoss genus Selaginella and in the quillwort genus Isoëtes.
Types of seedless vascular plants:
Water ferns
Spikemosses
Quillworts
Gymnosperms
In seed plants the microspores develop into pollen grains each containing a reduced, multicellular male gametophyte. The megaspores, in turn, develop into reduced female gametophytes that produce egg cells that, once fertilized, develop into seeds. Pollen cones or microstrobili usually develop toward the tips of the lower branches in clusters up to 50 or more. The microsporangia of gymnosperms develop in pairs toward the bases of the scales, which are therefore called microsporophylls. Each of the microsporocytes in the microsporangia undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid microspores. These develop into pollen grains, each consisting of four cells and, in conifers, a pair of external air sacs. The air sacs give the pollen grains added buoyancy that helps with wind dispersal.
Types of Gymnosperms:
Conifers
Pines
Ginkgos
Cycads
Gnetophytes
Angiosperms
As the anther of a flowering plant develops, four patches of tissue differentiate from the main mass of cells. These patches of tissue contain many diploid microsporocyte cells, each of which undergoes meiosis producing a quartet of microspores. Four chambers (pollen sacs) lined with nutritive tapetal cells are visible by the time the microspores are produced.
After meiosis, the haploid microspores undergo several changes:
The microspore divides by mitosis producing two cells. The first of the cells (the generative cell) is small and is formed inside the second larger cell (the tube cell).
The members of each part of the microspores separate from each other.
A double-layered wall then develops around each microspore.
These steps occur in sequence and when complete, the microspores have become pollen grains.
Embryogenesis
Although it is not the usual route of a microspore, this process is the most effective way of yielding haploid and double haploid plants through the use of male sex hormones. Under certain stressors such as heat or starvation, plants select for microspore embryogenesis. It was found that over 250 different species of angiosperms responded this way. In the anther, after a microspore undergoes microsporogenesis, it can deviate towards embryogenesis and become star-like microspores. The microspore can then go one of four ways: Become an embryogenic microspore, undergo callogenesis to organogenesis (haploid/double haploid plant), become a pollen-like structure or die.
Microspore embryogenesis is used in biotechnology to produce double haploid plants, which are immediately fixed as homozygous for each locus in only one generation. The haploid microspore is stressed to trigger the embryogenesis pathway and the resulting haploid embryo either doubles its genome spontaneously or with the help of chromosome doubling agents. Without this double haploid technology, conventional breeding methods would take several generations of selection to produce a homozygous line.
See also
Microsporangium
Spore
Megaspore
References
Plant reproduction
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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{
"content": "Microspore",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote. Megaspores are structures that are part of the alternation of generations in many seedless vascular cryptogams, all gymnosperms and all angiosperms. Plants with heterosporous life cycles using microspores and megaspores arose independently in several plant groups during the Devonian period. Microspores are haploid, and are produced from diploid microsporocytes by meiosis.\n\nMorphology \nThe microspore has three different types of wall layers. The outer layer is called the perispore, the next is the exospore, and the inner layer is the endospore. The perispore is the thickest of the three layers while the exospore and endospore are relatively equal in width.\n\nSeedless vascular plants\nIn heterosporous seedless vascular plants, modified leaves called microsporophylls bear microsporangia containing many microsporocytes that undergo meiosis, each producing four microspores. Each microspore may develop into a male gametophyte consisting of a somewhat spherical antheridium within the microspore wall. Either 128 or 256 sperm cells with flagella are produced in each antheridium. The only heterosporous ferns are aquatic or semi-aquatic, including the genera Marsilea, Regnellidium, Pilularia, Salvinia, and Azolla. Heterospory also occurs in the lycopods in the spikemoss genus Selaginella and in the quillwort genus Isoëtes.\n\nTypes of seedless vascular plants:\n Water ferns\n Spikemosses\n Quillworts\n\nGymnosperms\nIn seed plants the microspores develop into pollen grains each containing a reduced, multicellular male gametophyte. The megaspores, in turn, develop into reduced female gametophytes that produce egg cells that, once fertilized, develop into seeds. Pollen cones or microstrobili usually develop toward the tips of the lower branches in clusters up to 50 or more. The microsporangia of gymnosperms develop in pairs toward the bases of the scales, which are therefore called microsporophylls. Each of the microsporocytes in the microsporangia undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid microspores. These develop into pollen grains, each consisting of four cells and, in conifers, a pair of external air sacs. The air sacs give the pollen grains added buoyancy that helps with wind dispersal.\n\nTypes of Gymnosperms:\nConifers\nPines\nGinkgos\nCycads\nGnetophytes\n\nAngiosperms\nAs the anther of a flowering plant develops, four patches of tissue differentiate from the main mass of cells. These patches of tissue contain many diploid microsporocyte cells, each of which undergoes meiosis producing a quartet of microspores. Four chambers (pollen sacs) lined with nutritive tapetal cells are visible by the time the microspores are produced. \nAfter meiosis, the haploid microspores undergo several changes:\nThe microspore divides by mitosis producing two cells. The first of the cells (the generative cell) is small and is formed inside the second larger cell (the tube cell).\nThe members of each part of the microspores separate from each other.\nA double-layered wall then develops around each microspore.\nThese steps occur in sequence and when complete, the microspores have become pollen grains.\n\nEmbryogenesis \nAlthough it is not the usual route of a microspore, this process is the most effective way of yielding haploid and double haploid plants through the use of male sex hormones. Under certain stressors such as heat or starvation, plants select for microspore embryogenesis. It was found that over 250 different species of angiosperms responded this way. In the anther, after a microspore undergoes microsporogenesis, it can deviate towards embryogenesis and become star-like microspores. The microspore can then go one of four ways: Become an embryogenic microspore, undergo callogenesis to organogenesis (haploid/double haploid plant), become a pollen-like structure or die.\n\nMicrospore embryogenesis is used in biotechnology to produce double haploid plants, which are immediately fixed as homozygous for each locus in only one generation. The haploid microspore is stressed to trigger the embryogenesis pathway and the resulting haploid embryo either doubles its genome spontaneously or with the help of chromosome doubling agents. Without this double haploid technology, conventional breeding methods would take several generations of selection to produce a homozygous line.\n\nSee also \n Microsporangium\n Spore\n Megaspore\n\nReferences\n\nPlant reproduction",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Mto Nakuwotom
|
unapatikana katika kaunti ya Turkana, kaskazini magharibi mwa Kenya (eneo la Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki).
Maji yake yanaishia katika ziwa la magadi linaloitwa Turkana na lililo kubwa kuliko maziwa yote ya Kenya. Ni pia ziwa la jangwani lililo kubwa kuliko yote duniani.
Tazama pia
Mito ya Kenya
Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Turkana
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mito ya Kenya
Kaunti ya Turkana
Ziwa Turkana
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mto Nakuwotom",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana katika kaunti ya Turkana, kaskazini magharibi mwa Kenya (eneo la Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki).\n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika ziwa la magadi linaloitwa Turkana na lililo kubwa kuliko maziwa yote ya Kenya. Ni pia ziwa la jangwani lililo kubwa kuliko yote duniani.\n\nTazama pia\n Mito ya Kenya\n Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Turkana\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMito ya Kenya\nKaunti ya Turkana\nZiwa Turkana",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Dale Griffin
|
Terence Dale "Buffin" Griffin (24 October 1948 – 17 January 2016) was an English drummer and a founding member of 1970s rock band Mott the Hoople. Later, he worked as a producer, and produced many of the BBC Radio 1 John Peel sessions from 1981 to 1994.
Life and career
Born in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, Griffin attended Ross-on-Wye Grammar School. He played in local bands with future fellow Mott the Hoople member Overend Watts and it was during this time he gained the nickname "Buffin". Griffin's bands during this time included the Silence and the Charles Kingsley Creation. He appeared on two singles in 1966 by Yemm and the Yemen. Also in 1966, again with Watts and also with Mick Ralphs, Griffin played in the Doc Thomas Group. Successful in Italy, the group performed until the summer of 1968 when further changes of band personnel took place. Organist Verden Allen was added and the group changed its name to the Shakedown Sound and then to Silence. In 1969 they moved to London and with the addition of Ian Hunter, in June 1969 Mott The Hoople were formed.
Following the departure of Ian Hunter and Mick Ralphs, Griffin, along with Overend Watts and Morgan Fisher re-formed Mott with guitarist Ray Major and vocalist Nigel Benjamin. Following the departure of Benjamin in 1976 the remaining members regrouped as British Lions, with former Medicine Head member and songwriter John Fiddler, until their demise around 1978. During the 1980s, Griffin produced albums for Hanoi Rocks and The Cult, and the Department S hit, 'Is Vic There?', among others (such as New Model Army).
Griffin also produced numerous BBC Radio 1 John Peel sessions from 1981 to 1994. These included:
The first professional recording session for Pulp in 1981.
A session by The Smashing Pumpkins that included the track, "Girl Named Sandoz", which was featured on Pisces Iscariot (in the liner notes, Billy Corgan derisively referred to Griffin as 'Mott The Nipple').
An early session for Nirvana, which appeared on their Incesticide collection.
A session for Carcass in 1989.
A session for Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark in 1983.
Aged 58, Griffin was diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
In January 2009 it was confirmed that Griffin and the other original members of Mott the Hoople would reform for three 40th anniversary reunion concerts in October 2009. Due to popular demand, the reunion was eventually extended to five shows. Having been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, Griffin only performed during the encores. The Pretenders drummer Martin Chambers, a fellow Herefordshire native and friend of the band, played the main set and also covered for Griffin on the 2013 tour.
Dale's brother Bob, also a drummer, plays in Hereford Punk band, Terminal Rage.
Griffin died in his sleep on 17 January 2016 at the age of 67, exactly a week after former collaborator David Bowie died from cancer.
See also
Peel Sessions 1979–1983
The Peel Sessions 1988–90
References
1948 births
2016 deaths
English rock drummers
British male drummers
English record producers
People from Ross-on-Wye
Musicians from Herefordshire
People with Alzheimer's disease
Mott the Hoople members
Glam rock musicians
20th-century British businesspeople
British Lions (band) members
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Dale Griffin",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Terence Dale \"Buffin\" Griffin (24 October 1948 – 17 January 2016) was an English drummer and a founding member of 1970s rock band Mott the Hoople. Later, he worked as a producer, and produced many of the BBC Radio 1 John Peel sessions from 1981 to 1994.\n\nLife and career\nBorn in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, Griffin attended Ross-on-Wye Grammar School. He played in local bands with future fellow Mott the Hoople member Overend Watts and it was during this time he gained the nickname \"Buffin\". Griffin's bands during this time included the Silence and the Charles Kingsley Creation. He appeared on two singles in 1966 by Yemm and the Yemen. Also in 1966, again with Watts and also with Mick Ralphs, Griffin played in the Doc Thomas Group. Successful in Italy, the group performed until the summer of 1968 when further changes of band personnel took place. Organist Verden Allen was added and the group changed its name to the Shakedown Sound and then to Silence. In 1969 they moved to London and with the addition of Ian Hunter, in June 1969 Mott The Hoople were formed.\n\nFollowing the departure of Ian Hunter and Mick Ralphs, Griffin, along with Overend Watts and Morgan Fisher re-formed Mott with guitarist Ray Major and vocalist Nigel Benjamin. Following the departure of Benjamin in 1976 the remaining members regrouped as British Lions, with former Medicine Head member and songwriter John Fiddler, until their demise around 1978. During the 1980s, Griffin produced albums for Hanoi Rocks and The Cult, and the Department S hit, 'Is Vic There?', among others (such as New Model Army).\n\nGriffin also produced numerous BBC Radio 1 John Peel sessions from 1981 to 1994. These included:\n\n The first professional recording session for Pulp in 1981.\n A session by The Smashing Pumpkins that included the track, \"Girl Named Sandoz\", which was featured on Pisces Iscariot (in the liner notes, Billy Corgan derisively referred to Griffin as 'Mott The Nipple').\n An early session for Nirvana, which appeared on their Incesticide collection.\n A session for Carcass in 1989.\n A session for Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark in 1983.\n\nAged 58, Griffin was diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease.\nIn January 2009 it was confirmed that Griffin and the other original members of Mott the Hoople would reform for three 40th anniversary reunion concerts in October 2009. Due to popular demand, the reunion was eventually extended to five shows. Having been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, Griffin only performed during the encores. The Pretenders drummer Martin Chambers, a fellow Herefordshire native and friend of the band, played the main set and also covered for Griffin on the 2013 tour.\n\nDale's brother Bob, also a drummer, plays in Hereford Punk band, Terminal Rage.\n\nGriffin died in his sleep on 17 January 2016 at the age of 67, exactly a week after former collaborator David Bowie died from cancer.\n\nSee also\nPeel Sessions 1979–1983\nThe Peel Sessions 1988–90\n\nReferences\n\n1948 births\n2016 deaths\nEnglish rock drummers\nBritish male drummers\nEnglish record producers\nPeople from Ross-on-Wye\nMusicians from Herefordshire\nPeople with Alzheimer's disease\nMott the Hoople members\nGlam rock musicians\n20th-century British businesspeople\nBritish Lions (band) members",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Dany Engobo
|
Dany Engobo, ni mwanamuziki nchini Kongo na kiongozi wa Les Coeurs Brises . Alianza kazi yake ya muziki huko Brazzaville. Alifanya kazi pamoja na gwiji wa gitaa Diblo Dibala katika nyimbo zake nyingi.
Alihamia Paris mnamo 1976 na kujifunza Kifaransa huko. Kuanzia hapo alianza kuimba nyimbo zake kwa lugha hiyo. Kwa madhumuni au malengo ya kimataifa, nyimbo zake mara nyingi hufanywa katika Lugha ya Lingala na Kifaransa.Pia ni mmoja wa watu matajiri.
Anajulikana sana katika muziki wake wa densi ambapo huchagua malkia wa densi wazuri wa kucheza ambao huchaguliwa kutoka idadi ya nchi tofauti.
Marejeo
Wanamuziki wa Jamhuri ya Kongo
Arusha Editathon Muziki
Waliozaliwa 1955
Watu walio hai
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Dany Engobo",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Dany Engobo, ni mwanamuziki nchini Kongo na kiongozi wa Les Coeurs Brises . Alianza kazi yake ya muziki huko Brazzaville. Alifanya kazi pamoja na gwiji wa gitaa Diblo Dibala katika nyimbo zake nyingi. \n\nAlihamia Paris mnamo 1976 na kujifunza Kifaransa huko. Kuanzia hapo alianza kuimba nyimbo zake kwa lugha hiyo. Kwa madhumuni au malengo ya kimataifa, nyimbo zake mara nyingi hufanywa katika Lugha ya Lingala na Kifaransa.Pia ni mmoja wa watu matajiri.\n\nAnajulikana sana katika muziki wake wa densi ambapo huchagua malkia wa densi wazuri wa kucheza ambao huchaguliwa kutoka idadi ya nchi tofauti.\n\nMarejeo \n\nWanamuziki wa Jamhuri ya Kongo\nArusha Editathon Muziki\nWaliozaliwa 1955\nWatu walio hai",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Habra%2C%20California
|
La Habra ni mji wa Marekani katika jimbo la California. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2000, mji una wakazi wapatao 59,000 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo m 91 kutoka juu ya usawa wa bahari. Eneo lake ni 19 km².
Miji ya California
Orange County, California
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Habra%2C%20California",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "La Habra ni mji wa Marekani katika jimbo la California. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2000, mji una wakazi wapatao 59,000 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo m 91 kutoka juu ya usawa wa bahari. Eneo lake ni 19 km².\n\nMiji ya California\nOrange County, California",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Nguruwe Mweusi wa Iberia
|
Nguruwe Mweusi wa Iberia ni uzao wa jadi wa nguruwe-kaya (Sus scrofa domesticus) ambayo ni asili ya Rasi ya Iberia.
Asili ya aina hii ya nguruwe inaweza kuwa nyuma ya Neolithic, wakati ufugaji wa wanyama ulipoanza.
Kwa sasa hupatikana sehemu ya kusini na kati ya Ureno na Hispania.
Nadharia iliyokubalika zaidi ni kwamba nguruwe wa kwanza waliletwa kwenye Peninsula ya Iberia na Wafoinike kutoka pwani ya Mashariki ya Mediterania, ambao waliingia na nguruwe mwitu. Ni mfano wa nadra katika uzalishaji wa nguruwe ulimwenguni. Uzazi wa Iberia kwa sasa ni moja ya mifano michache ya uzazi wa ndani ambao umebadilishwa na mazingira ya wachungaji ambao ni matajiri wa ardhi hasa katika rasilimali za asili.
Nguruwe na jamaa
Mamalia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Nguruwe Mweusi wa Iberia",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nguruwe Mweusi wa Iberia ni uzao wa jadi wa nguruwe-kaya (Sus scrofa domesticus) ambayo ni asili ya Rasi ya Iberia. \n\nAsili ya aina hii ya nguruwe inaweza kuwa nyuma ya Neolithic, wakati ufugaji wa wanyama ulipoanza. \n\nKwa sasa hupatikana sehemu ya kusini na kati ya Ureno na Hispania.\n\nNadharia iliyokubalika zaidi ni kwamba nguruwe wa kwanza waliletwa kwenye Peninsula ya Iberia na Wafoinike kutoka pwani ya Mashariki ya Mediterania, ambao waliingia na nguruwe mwitu. Ni mfano wa nadra katika uzalishaji wa nguruwe ulimwenguni. Uzazi wa Iberia kwa sasa ni moja ya mifano michache ya uzazi wa ndani ambao umebadilishwa na mazingira ya wachungaji ambao ni matajiri wa ardhi hasa katika rasilimali za asili.\n\nNguruwe na jamaa\nMamalia",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Verisimo, Masima na Julia
|
(walifariki Lisboa, leo nchini Ureno) walikuwa Wakristo ambao waliuawa kutokana na imani yao wakati wa dhuluma ya Dola la Roma.
Tangu kale wanaheshimiwa na Wakatoliki na Waorthodoksi kama watakatifu wafiadini.
Sikukuu yao ni tarehe 1 Oktoba.
Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Tanbihi
Waliozaliwa karne ya 3
Waliofariki 300
Wafiadini Wakristo
Watakatifu wa Ureno
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Verisimo, Masima na Julia",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "(walifariki Lisboa, leo nchini Ureno) walikuwa Wakristo ambao waliuawa kutokana na imani yao wakati wa dhuluma ya Dola la Roma.\n\nTangu kale wanaheshimiwa na Wakatoliki na Waorthodoksi kama watakatifu wafiadini.\n\nSikukuu yao ni tarehe 1 Oktoba.\n\nTazama pia\nWatakatifu wa Agano la Kale\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo\nOrodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko\n\nTanbihi\n\nWaliozaliwa karne ya 3\nWaliofariki 300\nWafiadini Wakristo\nWatakatifu wa Ureno",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Magocha
|
ni mji wa Zimbabwe, katika mkoa wa Masvingo.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Zimbabwe
Miji ya Zimbabwe
Masvingo
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Magocha",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni mji wa Zimbabwe, katika mkoa wa Masvingo.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya miji ya Zimbabwe\n\nMiji ya Zimbabwe\nMasvingo",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Nurdin Bakari
|
Nurdin Bakari (alizaliwa 6 Julai, 1988) ni mwanasoka wa zamani wa nchini Tanzania aliyeichezea Timu ya Taifa ya Tanzania. Alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa kikosi cha mwaka 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 na 2011 katika mashindano ya kombe la CECAFA Cups.
Ushiriki Kimataifa
Mabao Kimataifa
Alama na matokeo yanaorodhesha idadi ya mabao ya Tanzania kwanza.
Marejeo
Wachezaji mpira wa Tanzania
Waliozaliwa 1988
Watu walio hai
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Nurdin Bakari",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nurdin Bakari (alizaliwa 6 Julai, 1988) ni mwanasoka wa zamani wa nchini Tanzania aliyeichezea Timu ya Taifa ya Tanzania. Alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa kikosi cha mwaka 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 na 2011 katika mashindano ya kombe la CECAFA Cups.\n\nUshiriki Kimataifa\n\nMabao Kimataifa \nAlama na matokeo yanaorodhesha idadi ya mabao ya Tanzania kwanza.\n\nMarejeo \n\nWachezaji mpira wa Tanzania\n Waliozaliwa 1988\n Watu walio hai",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mlangobahari wa Taiwan
|
Mlangobahari wa Taiwan (kwa Kiingereza: Taiwan Strait au Formosa Strait) ni sehemu ya bahari iliyopo kati ya China bara na kisiwa cha Taiwan. Huu ni mlangobahari unaounganisha Bahari ya Mashariki ya China na Bahari ya Kusini ya China. Upana wake ni kilomita 180, sehemu nyembamba kabisa km 131.
Ni njia ya bahari inayotumiwa na meli nyingi sana zinazobeba kontena baina ya bandari za China bara.
Tangu ushindi wa ukomunisti katika China bara kwenye mwaka 1949 mlangobahari huo uliona mapambano kadhaa ya kijeshi. Jeshi la Kuomintang chini ya rais Chiang Kai-shek liliweza kujiokoa mbele ya Wakomunisti chini ya Mao Zedong wakivuka bahari wakafaulu kujitetea pale Taiwan na pia kwenye visiwa vidogo karibu na pwani ya bara. Jeshi la ukombozi la watu wa China lilipiga mizinga visiwa vya karibu kama Qemoy kwa miaka mingi. Kwa jumla manowari za Marekani zilizuia mashambulio ya jeshi la bara kufika Taiwan. Mwaka 1965 kulikuwa na mapigano kadhaa baina ya manowari za pande zote mbili katika eneo la mlangobahari.
Baada ya Jamhuri ya Watu wa China kupokewa mwaka 1972 katika Umoja wa Mataifa mashambulio katika mlangobahari yamekwisha. Baada ya kifo cha Mao na siasa mpya chini ya Deng Xiaoping biashara imeweza kuanza baina ya pande hizo mbili za China, mwanzoni kwa umbo la magendo na baadaye pia kwa njia halali.
Leo hii watalii na wafanyabiashara kutoka pande zote mbili za mlangobahari wanavuka na kutembelea upande mwingine bila shida.
Viungo vya nje
Jiografia ya China
Jiografia ya Taiwan
Milangobahari ya Asia
Milangobahari ya Pasifiki
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mlangobahari wa Taiwan",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mlangobahari wa Taiwan (kwa Kiingereza: Taiwan Strait au Formosa Strait) ni sehemu ya bahari iliyopo kati ya China bara na kisiwa cha Taiwan. Huu ni mlangobahari unaounganisha Bahari ya Mashariki ya China na Bahari ya Kusini ya China. Upana wake ni kilomita 180, sehemu nyembamba kabisa km 131. \n\nNi njia ya bahari inayotumiwa na meli nyingi sana zinazobeba kontena baina ya bandari za China bara. \n\nTangu ushindi wa ukomunisti katika China bara kwenye mwaka 1949 mlangobahari huo uliona mapambano kadhaa ya kijeshi. Jeshi la Kuomintang chini ya rais Chiang Kai-shek liliweza kujiokoa mbele ya Wakomunisti chini ya Mao Zedong wakivuka bahari wakafaulu kujitetea pale Taiwan na pia kwenye visiwa vidogo karibu na pwani ya bara. Jeshi la ukombozi la watu wa China lilipiga mizinga visiwa vya karibu kama Qemoy kwa miaka mingi. Kwa jumla manowari za Marekani zilizuia mashambulio ya jeshi la bara kufika Taiwan. Mwaka 1965 kulikuwa na mapigano kadhaa baina ya manowari za pande zote mbili katika eneo la mlangobahari.\n\nBaada ya Jamhuri ya Watu wa China kupokewa mwaka 1972 katika Umoja wa Mataifa mashambulio katika mlangobahari yamekwisha. Baada ya kifo cha Mao na siasa mpya chini ya Deng Xiaoping biashara imeweza kuanza baina ya pande hizo mbili za China, mwanzoni kwa umbo la magendo na baadaye pia kwa njia halali. \n\nLeo hii watalii na wafanyabiashara kutoka pande zote mbili za mlangobahari wanavuka na kutembelea upande mwingine bila shida.\n\nViungo vya nje\n\nJiografia ya China\nJiografia ya Taiwan\nMilangobahari ya Asia\nMilangobahari ya Pasifiki",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Üzümlü
|
Üzümlü () is a municipality (belde) and seat of Üzümlü District of Erzincan Province in Turkey. It had a population of 8,325 in 2021.
It is divided into the neighborhoods of Babacan, Bahçeşehir, Ciminlibaba, Çavuşlu, Çay, Fatih, Geyikli, Mimar Sinan, Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu, Oruçlu, Pirisami, Terzibaba, Üçler, Yavuz Selim and Yunusemre.
Meskhetian Turks from Ukraine were settled in the town in 2016.
Sights
Altıntepe fortress, an ancient Urartian site.
References
Populated places in Üzümlü District
District municipalities in Turkey
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Üzümlü",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Üzümlü () is a municipality (belde) and seat of Üzümlü District of Erzincan Province in Turkey. It had a population of 8,325 in 2021.\n\nIt is divided into the neighborhoods of Babacan, Bahçeşehir, Ciminlibaba, Çavuşlu, Çay, Fatih, Geyikli, Mimar Sinan, Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu, Oruçlu, Pirisami, Terzibaba, Üçler, Yavuz Selim and Yunusemre.\n\nMeskhetian Turks from Ukraine were settled in the town in 2016.\n\nSights\n Altıntepe fortress, an ancient Urartian site.\n\nReferences\n\nPopulated places in Üzümlü District\nDistrict municipalities in Turkey",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Sesaria wa Arles
|
Sesaria wa Arles (pia: Sesaria Mzee; 465 hivi - 525 hivi) alikuwa abesi huko Provence, leo nchini Ufaransa, dada wa askofu Sesari wa Arles ambaye aliandika kanuni ya mabikira kwa ajili yake na ya wenzake, akiwa wa kwanza katika Ukristo wa Magharibi kuandika kanuni ya kitawa kwa wanawake (512).
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na Kanisa Katoliki na Waorthodoksi kama mtakatifu.
Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 12 Januari.
Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Tanbihi
Vyanzo
Life of Caesarius of Arles (VIta Caesarii Arelatensis), by Bishop Cyprian of Toulon and others, ed. by Bruno Krusch, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, vol. 3, Hannover: Hahn 1896, pp. 433-501 , English translation by William Klingshirn, Caesarius of Arles: Life, Testament, Letters, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 1994 (Translated Texts for Historians, vol. 19), pp. 1–70.
Rule for nuns, ed. by Adalbert de Vogüé and Joël Courreau, Sources Chrétiennes, vol. 345, Paris: Cerf 1988, pp. 170–272, English translation by Maria Caritas McCarthy, Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press 1960.
Marejeo mengine
Klingshirn, William E. (2004). Caesarius of Arles: The Making of a Christian Community in Late Antique Gaul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN|978-0-511-58387-2. OCLC 55719240
McNamara, Jo Ann; Halborg, John E.; Whatley, E. Gordon (1992). Sainted Women of the Dark Ages. Durham, England: Duke University Press. ISBN|978-0-8223-8236-2. OCLC 55716176
Storia del Cristianesimo dell'abate di Berault-Bercastel, vol. 7, 1829.
Della Gaze, Dictionary of Women Artists: Artists, J-Z, Taylor & Francis, 1997, ISBN 1-884964-21-4.
Jo Ann McNamara, John E. Halborg, E. Gordon Whatley, Sainted Women of the Dark Ages, Duke University Press, 1992.
Giuseppe Agostino Orsi, Storia ecclesiastica, vol. 35, G. Battaggia, 1825.
Waliozaliwa 465
Waliofariki 525
Wamonaki
Mabikira
Watakatifu wa Ufaransa
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Sesaria wa Arles",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sesaria wa Arles (pia: Sesaria Mzee; 465 hivi - 525 hivi) alikuwa abesi huko Provence, leo nchini Ufaransa, dada wa askofu Sesari wa Arles ambaye aliandika kanuni ya mabikira kwa ajili yake na ya wenzake, akiwa wa kwanza katika Ukristo wa Magharibi kuandika kanuni ya kitawa kwa wanawake (512).\n\nTangu kale anaheshimiwa na Kanisa Katoliki na Waorthodoksi kama mtakatifu. \n\nSikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 12 Januari.\n\nTazama pia\nWatakatifu wa Agano la Kale\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo\nOrodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko\n\nTanbihi\n\nVyanzo \n Life of Caesarius of Arles (VIta Caesarii Arelatensis), by Bishop Cyprian of Toulon and others, ed. by Bruno Krusch, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, vol. 3, Hannover: Hahn 1896, pp. 433-501 , English translation by William Klingshirn, Caesarius of Arles: Life, Testament, Letters, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 1994 (Translated Texts for Historians, vol. 19), pp. 1–70.\n Rule for nuns, ed. by Adalbert de Vogüé and Joël Courreau, Sources Chrétiennes, vol. 345, Paris: Cerf 1988, pp. 170–272, English translation by Maria Caritas McCarthy, Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press 1960.\n\nMarejeo mengine\n Klingshirn, William E. (2004). Caesarius of Arles: The Making of a Christian Community in Late Antique Gaul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN|978-0-511-58387-2. OCLC 55719240\n McNamara, Jo Ann; Halborg, John E.; Whatley, E. Gordon (1992). Sainted Women of the Dark Ages. Durham, England: Duke University Press. ISBN|978-0-8223-8236-2. OCLC 55716176\n Storia del Cristianesimo dell'abate di Berault-Bercastel, vol. 7, 1829.\n Della Gaze, Dictionary of Women Artists: Artists, J-Z, Taylor & Francis, 1997, ISBN 1-884964-21-4.\n Jo Ann McNamara, John E. Halborg, E. Gordon Whatley, Sainted Women of the Dark Ages, Duke University Press, 1992.\n Giuseppe Agostino Orsi, Storia ecclesiastica, vol. 35, G. Battaggia, 1825.\n\nWaliozaliwa 465\nWaliofariki 525\nWamonaki\nMabikira\nWatakatifu wa Ufaransa",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattergories%20%28game%20show%29
|
Scattergories is an American game show on NBC daytime hosted by Dick Clark, with Charlie Tuna as announcer, that aired from January 18 to June 11, 1993. The show, which was adapted from the Milton Bradley board game of the same name, was produced by Reg Grundy Productions and was the second to last American game show to be produced by the company.
Gameplay
Two teams of four competed on each episode, one team consisting entirely of women and the other of men. The show was based on the board game of the same name and featured a panel of five celebrities. Instead of being physically present in the studio, though, the panelists videotaped their responses to the game questions in advance; they also recorded introductions for the host and dialogues leading into and out of commercial breaks.
Main game
The team in control was given 15 seconds to name up to six items that fit a stated category and began with a specified letter of the alphabet. Contestants had to raise their hands before answering, and could not confer with their teammates. No contestant could give two consecutive responses, and an individual word could be used in no more than two answers. The team scored one point for each answer given within the time limit, after which the opposing team was then given an opportunity to challenge any responses they believed were unacceptable. Challenges were settled by a majority vote among a panel of five judges chosen from the studio audience. The team in control gained or lost one point for each response accepted or rejected by the panel, respectively. After the challenges were finished (if any), the team chose four celebrity panelists, one at a time, whose responses to the category/letter were then played back. The team scored one additional point for each panelist's response that was not on their list.
Early in the show's run, the host stated a category/letter at the beginning of the first round, and the first contestant to buzz in and give an acceptable response scored one point and secured initial control for his/her team. Later, the toss-up was dropped and the challengers played first. Some former contestants were invited to serve as judges during the latter portion of the run.
Two rounds were played, with each team having control for one turn per round. All responses and challenges were worth two points in the second round, and initial control was given to the leading team. The high scorers at the end of the second round won the game and $500. In the event of a tie, a toss-up similar to the first-round starter was played; the first contestant to buzz in and give an acceptable response won the game for his/her team.
Teams remained on the show until they were defeated or won five consecutive matches.
Bonus round
One final category was played, with each celebrity giving one answer that started with a different assigned letter. The team had 25 seconds to provide two answers for each of these five letters, playing through them in an order specified by the host. Once time ran out, any celebrities associated with unacceptable answers were taken out of play, as were any for whom the team had failed to give two answers.
The answers given by the remaining ("unlocked") celebrities were then revealed. If a celebrity's answer did not match either of the two given by the team, he/she was "captured." Capturing any three celebrities awarded a cash jackpot that began at $4,000 and increased by $1,000 every day it went unclaimed. Otherwise, the team won $100 per unlocked celebrity.
Originally, the winning team started the round by choosing one of five cards, each containing the name of a different celebrity. The team won the jackpot if they had captured the celebrity whose name they had drawn, or if all five had been captured. If they were unsuccessful, they won $200 per capture.
Broadcast history
Scattergories and a revival of Grundy's earlier hit Scrabble joined the NBC lineup on the same day. NBC was looking to replace the soap opera Santa Barbara, which had been airing since 1984 but had recently suffered a dive in ratings thanks in part to stations becoming more prone to moving their schedules around to open the 3:00 pm slot Santa Barbara occupied for other programming such as talk shows. NBC agreed to give that time slot back to the affiliates once Santa Barbara ended, making it the first of the major American broadcast networks to do this; ABC gave the slot back in 2012, while CBS allowed flexibility to its own affiliates as to where they choose to air programming.
In exchange, NBC reclaimed the noon hour as a network time slot and chose to place both of its new game shows there. Scattergories aired at 12:30 pm, following Scrabble, for its entire run. However, not all of NBC's affiliates would air Scattergories at its scheduled time due to their longstanding practice of airing local newscasts or other syndicated programming in the 12:00 pm hour; this resulted in some NBC stations airing the show in a different spot on their schedule while most others did not air it at all. In the markets that did air Scattergories at its scheduled time, the show faced off against Loving on ABC and the first half-hour of The Young and the Restless on CBS, but did not perform well enough against either soap opera. As a result, NBC cancelled Scattergories after twenty-one weeks of episodes and aired its last episode on June 11, 1993. The show was then replaced on June 14 by Caesars Challenge -- the last new daytime game show to date -- which began airing at 12:30 pm until January 3, 1994, when it moved to 12:00 pm for its last two weeks, finally ending in that slot on January 14, 1994; NBC completely gave back the 12:00 pm hour to its affiliates (for the second time) after that show ended.
Notes
References
External links
1993 American television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
1990s American game shows
English-language television shows
NBC original programming
Television shows based on board games
Television series by Reg Grundy Productions
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows based on Hasbro toys
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattergories%20%28game%20show%29",
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"content": "Scattergories is an American game show on NBC daytime hosted by Dick Clark, with Charlie Tuna as announcer, that aired from January 18 to June 11, 1993. The show, which was adapted from the Milton Bradley board game of the same name, was produced by Reg Grundy Productions and was the second to last American game show to be produced by the company.\n\nGameplay\nTwo teams of four competed on each episode, one team consisting entirely of women and the other of men. The show was based on the board game of the same name and featured a panel of five celebrities. Instead of being physically present in the studio, though, the panelists videotaped their responses to the game questions in advance; they also recorded introductions for the host and dialogues leading into and out of commercial breaks.\n\nMain game\nThe team in control was given 15 seconds to name up to six items that fit a stated category and began with a specified letter of the alphabet. Contestants had to raise their hands before answering, and could not confer with their teammates. No contestant could give two consecutive responses, and an individual word could be used in no more than two answers. The team scored one point for each answer given within the time limit, after which the opposing team was then given an opportunity to challenge any responses they believed were unacceptable. Challenges were settled by a majority vote among a panel of five judges chosen from the studio audience. The team in control gained or lost one point for each response accepted or rejected by the panel, respectively. After the challenges were finished (if any), the team chose four celebrity panelists, one at a time, whose responses to the category/letter were then played back. The team scored one additional point for each panelist's response that was not on their list.\n\nEarly in the show's run, the host stated a category/letter at the beginning of the first round, and the first contestant to buzz in and give an acceptable response scored one point and secured initial control for his/her team. Later, the toss-up was dropped and the challengers played first. Some former contestants were invited to serve as judges during the latter portion of the run.\n\nTwo rounds were played, with each team having control for one turn per round. All responses and challenges were worth two points in the second round, and initial control was given to the leading team. The high scorers at the end of the second round won the game and $500. In the event of a tie, a toss-up similar to the first-round starter was played; the first contestant to buzz in and give an acceptable response won the game for his/her team.\n\nTeams remained on the show until they were defeated or won five consecutive matches.\n\nBonus round\nOne final category was played, with each celebrity giving one answer that started with a different assigned letter. The team had 25 seconds to provide two answers for each of these five letters, playing through them in an order specified by the host. Once time ran out, any celebrities associated with unacceptable answers were taken out of play, as were any for whom the team had failed to give two answers.\n\nThe answers given by the remaining (\"unlocked\") celebrities were then revealed. If a celebrity's answer did not match either of the two given by the team, he/she was \"captured.\" Capturing any three celebrities awarded a cash jackpot that began at $4,000 and increased by $1,000 every day it went unclaimed. Otherwise, the team won $100 per unlocked celebrity.\n\nOriginally, the winning team started the round by choosing one of five cards, each containing the name of a different celebrity. The team won the jackpot if they had captured the celebrity whose name they had drawn, or if all five had been captured. If they were unsuccessful, they won $200 per capture.\n\nBroadcast history\nScattergories and a revival of Grundy's earlier hit Scrabble joined the NBC lineup on the same day. NBC was looking to replace the soap opera Santa Barbara, which had been airing since 1984 but had recently suffered a dive in ratings thanks in part to stations becoming more prone to moving their schedules around to open the 3:00 pm slot Santa Barbara occupied for other programming such as talk shows. NBC agreed to give that time slot back to the affiliates once Santa Barbara ended, making it the first of the major American broadcast networks to do this; ABC gave the slot back in 2012, while CBS allowed flexibility to its own affiliates as to where they choose to air programming.\n\nIn exchange, NBC reclaimed the noon hour as a network time slot and chose to place both of its new game shows there. Scattergories aired at 12:30 pm, following Scrabble, for its entire run. However, not all of NBC's affiliates would air Scattergories at its scheduled time due to their longstanding practice of airing local newscasts or other syndicated programming in the 12:00 pm hour; this resulted in some NBC stations airing the show in a different spot on their schedule while most others did not air it at all. In the markets that did air Scattergories at its scheduled time, the show faced off against Loving on ABC and the first half-hour of The Young and the Restless on CBS, but did not perform well enough against either soap opera. As a result, NBC cancelled Scattergories after twenty-one weeks of episodes and aired its last episode on June 11, 1993. The show was then replaced on June 14 by Caesars Challenge -- the last new daytime game show to date -- which began airing at 12:30 pm until January 3, 1994, when it moved to 12:00 pm for its last two weeks, finally ending in that slot on January 14, 1994; NBC completely gave back the 12:00 pm hour to its affiliates (for the second time) after that show ended.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1993 American television series debuts\n1993 American television series endings\n1990s American game shows\nEnglish-language television shows\nNBC original programming\nTelevision shows based on board games\nTelevision series by Reg Grundy Productions\nTelevision series by Fremantle (company)\nTelevision shows based on Hasbro toys",
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20Delon
|
Alain Delon (alizaliwa Sceaux, 8 Novemba 1935) ni mwigizaji wa Ufaransa.
Yeye ni mmoja wa watendaji maarufu wa Ufaransa wakati wake. Alikuwa ishara ya kweli ya uzuri katika miaka ya 60 na haraka akawa nyota ya ulimwengu inayojulikana kwa watendaji wakuu na waigizaji wa ulimwengu huu. Watu milioni 135 wameona filamu zake zikimfanya kuwa bingwa wa ofisi ya sanduku.
Waigizaji filamu wa Ufaransa
|
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20Delon",
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"content": "Alain Delon (alizaliwa Sceaux, 8 Novemba 1935) ni mwigizaji wa Ufaransa. \n\nYeye ni mmoja wa watendaji maarufu wa Ufaransa wakati wake. Alikuwa ishara ya kweli ya uzuri katika miaka ya 60 na haraka akawa nyota ya ulimwengu inayojulikana kwa watendaji wakuu na waigizaji wa ulimwengu huu. Watu milioni 135 wameona filamu zake zikimfanya kuwa bingwa wa ofisi ya sanduku.\n\nWaigizaji filamu wa Ufaransa",
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Basque language
|
Basque (; ) is a language spoken by Basques and others of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. Linguistically, Basque is a language isolate (unrelated to any other existing languages). The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country. The Basque language is spoken by 28.4% (751,500) of Basques in all territories. Of these, 93.2% (700,300) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.8% (51,200) are in the French portion.
Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the three "ancient provinces" in France. Gipuzkoa, most of Biscay, a few municipalities on the northern border of Álava and the northern area of Navarre formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen Basque fluency. By contrast, most of Álava, the westernmost part of Biscay, and central and southern Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of Spanish, either because Basque was replaced by Spanish over the centuries (as in most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it may never have been spoken there (as in parts of Enkarterri and south-eastern Navarre).
In Francoist Spain, Basque language use was discouraged by the government's repressive policies. In the Basque Country, "Francoist repression was not only political, but also linguistic and cultural." Franco's regime suppressed Basque from official discourse, education, and publishing, making it illegal to register newborn babies under Basque names, and even requiring tombstone engravings in Basque to be removed. In some provinces the public use of Basque was suppressed, with people fined for speaking it. Public use of Basque was frowned upon by supporters of the regime, often regarded as a sign of anti-Francoism or separatism. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was developed by the Euskaltzaindia in the late 1960s.
Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are Biscayan, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese in Spain and Navarrese–Lapurdian and Souletin in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that the Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media, literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school.
Basque is the only surviving language isolate in Europe. The current mainstream scientific view on the origin of the Basques and of their language is that early forms of Basque developed before the arrival of Indo-European languages in the area, i.e. before the arrival of Celtic and Romance languages in particular, as the latter today geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Typologically, with its agglutinative morphology and ergative–absolutive alignment, Basque grammar remains markedly different from that of Standard Average European languages. Nevertheless, Basque has borrowed up to 40 percent of its vocabulary from Romance languages, and the Latin script is used for the Basque alphabet.
Names of the language
In Basque, the name of the language is officially (alongside various dialect forms).
In French, the language is normally called , though has become common in recent times. Spanish has a greater variety of names for the language. Today, it is most commonly referred to as , , or . Both terms, and , are inherited from the Latin ethnonym , which in turn goes back to the Greek term (), an ethnonym used by Strabo in his (23 CE, Book III).
The Spanish term , derived from Latin , has acquired negative connotations over the centuries and is not well-liked amongst Basque speakers generally. Its use is documented at least as far back as the 14th century when a law passed in Huesca in 1349 stated that —essentially penalising the use of Arabic, Hebrew, or Basque in marketplaces with a fine of 30 sols (the equivalent of 30 sheep).
History and classification
Basque is geographically surrounded by Romance languages but is a language isolate unrelated to them, and indeed, to any other language in the world. It is the last remaining descendant of one of the pre-Indo-European languages of Prehistoric Europe. Consequently, the prehistory of the Basque language may not be reconstructible by means of the traditional comparative method except by applying it to differences between dialects within the language. Little is known of its origins, but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in and around the area of modern Basque Country before the arrival of the Indo-European languages in western Europe.
Authors such as Miguel de Unamuno and Louis Lucien Bonaparte have noted that the words for "knife" (), "axe" (), and "hoe" () appear to derive from the word for "stone" (), and have therefore concluded that the language dates to prehistoric Europe when those tools were made of stone. Others find this unlikely: see the controversy.
Latin inscriptions in preserve a number of words with cognates in the reconstructed proto-Basque language, for instance, the personal names and ( and mean 'young girl' and 'man', respectively in modern Basque). This language is generally referred to as Aquitanian and is assumed to have been spoken in the area before the Roman Republic's conquests in the western Pyrenees. Some authors even argue for late Basquisation, that the language moved westward during Late Antiquity after the fall of the Western Roman Empire into the northern part of Hispania into what is now Basque Country.
Roman neglect of this area allowed Aquitanian to survive while the Iberian and Tartessian languages became extinct. Through the long contact with Romance languages, Basque adopted a sizeable number of Romance words. Initially the source was Latin, later Gascon (a branch of Occitan) in the north-east, Navarro-Aragonese in the south-east and Spanish in the south-west.
Since 1968, Basque has been immersed in a revitalisation process, facing formidable obstacles. However, significant progress has been made in numerous areas. Six main factors have been identified to explain its relative success:
implementation and acceptance of Unified Basque (Batua),
integration of Basque in the education system
creation of media in Basque (radio, newspapers, and television)
the established new legal framework
collaboration between public institutions and people's organisations, and
campaigns for Basque language literacy.
While those six factors influenced the revitalisation process, the extensive development and use of language technologies is also considered a significant additional factor.
Hypotheses concerning Basque's connections to other languages
While accepted by a majority of linguists as a non-Indo-European language, many attempts have been made to link the Basque language with more geographically distant languages. Apart from pseudoscientific comparisons, the appearance of long-range linguistics gave rise to several attempts to connect Basque with geographically very distant language families. Historical work on Basque is challenging since written material and documentation only is available for some few hundred years. Almost all hypotheses concerning the origin of Basque are controversial, and the suggested evidence is not generally accepted by mainstream linguists. Some of these hypothetical connections are:
Ligurian substrate: this hypothesis, proposed in the 19th century by d'Arbois de Jubainville, J. Pokorny, P. Kretschmer and several other linguists, encompasses the Basco-Iberian hypothesis.
Iberian: another ancient language once spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, shows several similarities with Aquitanian and Basque. However, not enough evidence exists to distinguish geographical connections from linguistic ones. Iberian itself remains unclassified. Eduardo Orduña Aznar claims to have established correspondences between Basque and Iberian numerals and noun case markers.
Vasconic substratum theory: this proposal, made by the German linguist Theo Vennemann, claims that enough toponymical evidence exists to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of western Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in Europe.
Georgian: linking Basque to the Kartvelian languages is now widely discredited. The hypothesis was inspired by the existence of the ancient Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus and some similarities in societal practices and agriculture between the two populations. Historical comparisons are difficult due to the dearth of historical material for Basque and several of the Kartvelian languages. Typological similarities have been proposed for some of the phonological characteristics and most importantly for some of the details of the ergative constructions, but these alone cannot prove historical relatedness between languages since such characteristics are found in other languages across the world, even if not in Indo-European. According to J. P. Mallory, the hypothesis was also inspired by a Basque place-name ending in -dze which is common in Kartvelian. The theory suggested that Basque and Georgian were remnants of a pre-Indo-European group.
Northeast Caucasian languages, such as Chechen, are seen by some linguists as more likely candidates for a very distant connection.
Dené–Caucasian: based on the possible Caucasian link, some linguists, for example John Bengtson and Merritt Ruhlen, have proposed including Basque in the Dené–Caucasian superfamily of languages, but this proposed superfamily includes languages from North America and Eurasia, and its existence is highly controversial.
Indo-European: a genetic link between Basque and the Indo-European languages has been proposed by Forni (2013). This proposal is rejected by most reviewers, both including scholars adhering to the mainstream view of Basque as a language isolate (Gorrochategui, Lakarra), as well as proponents of wide-range genetic relations (Bengtson).
Geographic distribution
The region where Basque is spoken has become smaller over centuries, especially at the northern, southern, and eastern borders. Nothing is known about the limits of this region in ancient times, but on the basis of toponyms and epigraphs, it seems that in the beginning of the Common Era it stretched to the river Garonne in the north (including the south-western part of present-day France); at least to the Val d'Aran in the east (now a Gascon-speaking part of Catalonia), including lands on both sides of the Pyrenees; the southern and western boundaries are not clear at all.
The Reconquista temporarily counteracted this contracting tendency when the Christian lords called on northern Iberian peoples — Basques, Asturians, and "Franks" — to colonise the new conquests. The Basque language became the main everyday language, while other languages like Spanish, Gascon, French, or Latin were preferred for the administration and high education.
By the 16th century, the Basque-speaking area was reduced basically to the present-day seven provinces of the Basque Country, excluding the southern part of Navarre, the south-western part of Álava, and the western part of Biscay, and including some parts of Béarn.
In 1807, Basque was still spoken in the northern half of Álava—including its capital city Vitoria-Gasteiz—and a vast area in central Navarre, but in these two provinces, Basque experienced a rapid decline that pushed its border northwards. In the French Basque Country, Basque was still spoken in all the territory except in Bayonne and some villages around, and including some bordering towns in Béarn.
In the 20th century, however, the rise of Basque nationalism spurred increased interest in the language as a sign of ethnic identity, and with the establishment of autonomous governments in the Southern Basque Country, it has recently made a modest comeback. In the Spanish part, Basque-language schools for children and Basque-teaching centres for adults have brought the language to areas such as western Enkarterri and the Ribera del Ebro in southern Navarre, where it is not known to ever have been widely spoken; and in the French Basque Country, these schools and centres have almost stopped the decline of the language.
Official status
Historically, Latin or Romance languages have been the official languages in this region. However, Basque was explicitly recognised in some areas. For instance, the fuero or charter of the Basque-colonised Ojacastro (now in La Rioja) allowed the inhabitants to use Basque in legal processes in the 13th and 14th centuries.
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 states in Article 3 that the Spanish language is the official language of the nation, but allows autonomous communities to provide a co-official language status for the other languages of Spain. Consequently, the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Autonomous Community establishes Basque as the co-official language of the autonomous community. The Statute of Navarre establishes Spanish as the official language of Navarre, but grants co-official status to the Basque language in the Basque-speaking areas of northern Navarre. Basque has no official status in the French Basque Country and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law. However, the use of Basque by Spanish nationals in French courts is permitted (with translation), as Basque is officially recognised on the other side of the border.
The positions of the various existing governments differ with regard to the promotion of Basque in areas where Basque is commonly spoken. The language has official status in those territories that are within the Basque Autonomous Community, where it is spoken and promoted heavily, but only partially in Navarre. The Ley del Vascuence ("Law of Basque"), seen as contentious by many Basques, but considered fitting Navarra's linguistic and cultural diversity by some of the main political parties of Navarre, divides Navarre into three language areas: Basque-speaking, non-Basque-speaking, and mixed. Support for the language and the linguistic rights of citizens vary, depending on the area. Others consider it unfair, since the rights of Basque speakers differ greatly depending on the place they live.
Demographics
The 2016 sociolinguistic survey of all Basque-speaking territories showed that in 2016, of all people aged 16 and above:
In the Basque Autonomous Community, 33.9% were fluent Basque speakers, 19.1% passive speakers and 47% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in Gipuzkoa (50.6% speakers) and Bizkaia (27.6%) and lowest in Álava (19.2%). These results represent an increase from previous years (30.1% in 2006, 29.5% in 2001, 27.7% in 1996 and 24.1% in 1991). The highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (57.5%) vs. 25.0% in the 65+ age range.
In French Basque Country, in 2006, 20.5% were fluent Basque speakers, 9.3% passive speakers, and 70.1% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in Labourd and Soule (49.5% speakers) and lowest in the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz conurbation (8.4%). Because the French Basque Country is not under the influence of the Basque Autonomous Country government, the region has fewer incentives to learn the language by government authorities. As such, these results represent another decrease from previous years (22.5% in 2006, 24.8% in 2001 and 26.4 in 1996 or 56,146 in 1996 to 51,197 in 2016). The highest percentage of speakers is in the 65+ age range (28.1%). The lowest percentage is found in the 35-49 age range (14.6%), but there is a slight increase in the 16–24 age range (18.9%)
In Navarre, 12.9% were fluent Basque speakers, 10.3% passive speakers, and 76.7% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in the Basque-speaking zone in the north (61.1% speakers) and lowest in the non-Basque-speaking zone in the south (2.7%). These results represent a slight increase from previous years (11.1% in 2006,10.3% in 2001, 9.6% in 1996 and 9.5% in 1991). The highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (25.8%) vs. 8.3% in the 65+ age range.
Taken together, in 2016, of a total population of 3,131,464 (2,191,688 in the Autonomous Community; 297,847 in the Northern provinces; and 640,647 in Navarre), 751,527 spoke Basque (aged 16 and above). This amounts to 28.4% Basque bilinguals overall, 16.4% passive speakers, and 55.2% non-speakers. Compared to the 1991 figures, this represents an overall increase of 223,000, from 528,500 (from a population of 2,371,100) 25 years previously. This number tends to increase, since 55.4% of the population between 16 and 24 years old spoke Basque in 2016, compared to only 22.5% in 1991.
While there is a general increase in the number of Basque-speaking during this period, this is mainly because of bilingualism. Basque transmission as a sole mother tongue has decreased from 19% in 1991 to 15.1% in 2016, while Basque and another language being used as mother language increased from 3% to 5.4% in the same time period. General public attitude towards efforts to promote the Basque language have also been more positive, with the share of people against these efforts falling from 20.9% in 1991 to 16% in 2016.
Basque is used as a language of commerce both in the Basque Country and in locations around the world where Basques immigrated throughout history.
Dialects
The modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence, sometimes making cross-dialect communication difficult. This is especially true in the case of Biscayan and Souletin, which are regarded as the most divergent Basque dialects.
Modern Basque dialectology distinguishes five dialects:
Biscayan or "Western"
Gipuzkoan or "Central"
Upper Navarrese
Navarro-Lapurdian
Souletin (Zuberoan)
These dialects are divided in 11 subdialects, and 24 minor varieties among them.
According to Koldo Zuazo, the Biscayan dialect or "Western" is the most widespread dialect, with around 300,000 speakers out of a total of around 660,000 speakers. This dialect is divided in two minor subdialects: the Western Biscayan and Eastern Biscayan, plus transitional dialects.
Influence on other languages
Although the influence of the neighbouring Romance languages on the Basque language (especially the lexicon, but also to some degree Basque phonology and grammar) has been much more extensive, it is usually assumed that there has been some feedback from Basque into these languages as well. In particular Gascon and Aragonese, and to a lesser degree Spanish are thought to have received this influence in the past. In the case of Aragonese and Gascon, this would have been through substrate interference following language shift from Aquitanian or Basque to a Romance language, affecting all levels of the language, including place names around the Pyrenees.
Although a number of words of alleged Basque origin in the Spanish language are circulated (e.g. 'anchovies', 'dashing, gallant, spirited', 'puppy', etc.), most of these have more easily explicable Romance etymologies or not particularly convincing derivations from Basque. Ignoring cultural terms, there is one strong loanword candidate, , long considered the source of the Pyrenean and Iberian Romance words for "left (side)" (, , ). The lack of initial in Gascon could arguably be due to a Basque influence but this issue is under-researched.
The other most commonly claimed substrate influences:
the Old Spanish merger of and .
the simple five vowel system.
change of initial into (e.g. fablar → hablar, with Old Basque lacking but having ).
voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant , a sound transitional between laminodental and palatal ; this sound also influenced other Ibero-Romance languages and Catalan.
The first two features are common, widespread developments in many Romance (and non-Romance) languages. The change of to occurred historically only in a limited area (Gascony and Old Castile) that corresponds almost exactly to areas where heavy Basque bilingualism is assumed, and as a result has been widely postulated (and equally strongly disputed). Substrate theories are often difficult to prove (especially in the case of phonetically plausible changes like to ). As a result, although many arguments have been made on both sides, the debate largely comes down to the a priori tendency on the part of particular linguists to accept or reject substrate arguments.
Examples of arguments against the substrate theory, and possible responses:
Spanish did not fully shift to , instead, it has preserved before consonants such as and (cf fuerte, frente). (On the other hand, the occurrence of in these words might be a secondary development from an earlier sound such as or and learned words (or words influenced by written Latin form). Gascon does have in these words, which might reflect the original situation.)
Evidence of Arabic loanwords in Spanish points to continuing to exist long after a Basque substrate might have had any effect on Spanish. (On the other hand, the occurrence of in these words might be a late development. Many languages have come to accept new phonemes from other languages after a period of significant influence. For example, French lost /h/ but later regained it as a result of Germanic influence, and has recently gained as a result of English influence.)
Basque regularly developed Latin into or .
The same change also occurs in parts of Sardinia, Italy and the Romance languages of the Balkans where no Basque substrate can be reasonably argued for. (On the other hand, the fact that the same change might have occurred elsewhere independently does not disprove substrate influence. Furthermore, parts of Sardinia also have prothetic or before initial , just as in Basque and Gascon, which may actually argue for some type of influence between both areas.)
Beyond these arguments, a number of nomadic groups of Castile are also said to use or have used Basque words in their jargon, such as the gacería in Segovia, the mingaña, the Galician fala dos arxinas and the Asturian Xíriga.
Part of the Romani community in the Basque Country speaks Erromintxela, which is a rare mixed language, with a Kalderash Romani vocabulary and Basque grammar.
Basque pidgins
A number of Basque-based or Basque-influenced pidgins have existed. In the 16th century, Basque sailors used a Basque–Icelandic pidgin in their contacts with Iceland. The Algonquian–Basque pidgin arose from contact between Basque whalers and the Algonquian peoples in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Strait of Belle Isle.
Phonology
Vowels
The Basque language features five vowels: , , , and (the same that are found in Spanish, Asturian and Aragonese). In the Zuberoan dialect, extra phonemes are featured:
the close front rounded vowel , graphically represented as ;
a set of contrasting nasal vowels.
There is no distinctive vowel length in Basque, although vowels can be lengthened for emphasis. The mid vowels and are raised before nasal consonants.
Basque has an a-Elision Rule, according to which the vowel is elided before any following vowel. This does not prevent the existence of diphthongs with present.
There are six diphthongs in Basque, all falling and with or as the second element.
Consonants
In syllable-final position, all plosives are devoiced and are spelled accordingly in Standard Basque. When between vowels, and often when after or , the voiced plosives , , and , are pronounced as the corresponding fricatives , , and .
Basque has a distinction between laminal and apical articulation for the alveolar fricatives and affricates. With the laminal alveolar fricative , the friction occurs across the blade of the tongue, the tongue tip pointing toward the lower teeth. This is the usual in most European languages. It is written with an orthographic . By contrast, the voiceless apicoalveolar fricative is written ; the tip of the tongue points toward the upper teeth and friction occurs at the tip (apex). For example, zu "you" (singular, respectful) is distinguished from su "fire". The affricate counterparts are written and . So, etzi "the day after tomorrow" is distinguished from etsi "to give up"; atzo "yesterday" is distinguished from atso "old woman".
In the westernmost parts of the Basque country, only the apical and the alveolar affricate are used.
Basque also features postalveolar sibilants (, written , and , written ), sounding like English sh and ch.
The letter has a variety of realisations according to the regional dialect: , as pronounced from west to east in south Bizkaia and coastal Lapurdi, central Bizkaia, east Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, south Navarre, inland Lapurdi and Low Navarre, and Zuberoa, respectively.
The letter is pronounced in the northern dialects, but not pronounced in the southern ones. Unified Basque spells it except when it is predictable, in a position following a consonant.
Unless they are recent loanwords (e.g. Ruanda "Rwanda", radar, robot ... ), words may not have initial . In older loans, initial r- took a prosthetic vowel, resulting in err- (Erroma "Rome", Errusia "Russia"), more rarely irr- (for example irratia "radio", irrisa "rice") and arr- (for example arrazional "rational").
Basque does not have in syllable final position, and syllable-final assimilates to the place of articulation of following plosives. As a result, is pronounced like , and is realized as .
Palatalization
Basque has two types of palatalization, automatic palatalization and expressive palatalization. Automatic palatalization occurs in western Labourd, much of Navarre, all of Gipuzkoa, and nearly all of Biscay. As a result of automatic palatalization, and become the palatal nasal and the palatal lateral respectively after the vowel and before another vowel. An exception is the loanword 'lily'. The same palatalization occurs after the semivowel of the diphthongs ai, ei, oi, ui. This palatalization occurs in a wider area, including Soule, all of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, and almost all of Navarre. In a few regions, and can be palatalized even in the absence of a following vowel. After palatalization, the semivowel is usually absorbed by the palatal consonant. This can be seen in older spellings, such as instead of modern 'degree'. That said, the modern orthography for Standard Basque ignores automatic palatalization.
In certain regions of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, intervocalic is often palatalized after and especially . It may become indistinguishable from the affricate , spelled , so 'father' may sound like it were spelled or . This type of palatalization is far from general, and is often viewed as substandard.
In Goizueta Basque, there are a few examples of being palatalized after , and optional palatalization of . For example, 'seedbed' becomes , and 'lamb' can be .
Basque nouns, adjectives, and adverbs can be expressively palatalized. These express 'smallness', rarely literal and often showing affection, in nouns, and mitigation in adjectives and adverbs. This is often used in the formation of pet names and nicknames. In words containing one or more sibilant, these sibilants are palatalized in order to form the palatalized form. That is, s and z become x, and ts and tz become tx. As a result, 'man' becomes 'little fellow', 'crazy, insane' becomes 'silly, foolish', and 'lamb' becomes 'lambkin, young lamb'.
In words without sibilants, , , , and can become palatalized. This palatalization is indicated in writing with a double consonant, except in the case of palatalized which is written . Thus, 'drop' becomes 'droplet', and 'grey' becomes 'grey and pretty, greyish'.
The pronunciation of tt and dd, and the existence of dd, differ by dialect. In the Gipuzkoan and Biscayan dialects tt is often pronounced the same as tx, that is, as , and dd does not exist. Likewise, in Goizueta Basque, tt is a voiceless palatal stop and the corresponding voiced palatal stop, , is absent except as an allophone of . In Goizueta Basque, is sometimes the result of an affectionate palatalization of .
Palatalization of the rhotics is rare and only occurs in the eastern dialects. When palatalized, the rhotics become the palatal lateral . Likewise, palatalization of velars, resulting in tt or tx, is quite rare.
A few common words, such as 'dog', pronounced , use palatal sounds even though in current usage they have lost the diminutive sense, the corresponding non-palatal forms now acquiring an augmentative or pejorative sense: 'big dog'.
Sandhi
There are some rules which govern the behavior of consonants in contact with each other. These apply both within and between words. When two plosives meet, the first one is dropped, and the second must become voiceless. If a sibilant follows a plosive, the plosive is dropped, and the sibilant becomes the corresponding affricate. When a plosive follows an affricate, the affricate becomes a sibilant, and a voiced plosive is devoiced. When a voiced plosive follows a sibilant, it is devoiced except in very slow and careful speech. In the central dialects of Basque, a sibilant turns into an affricate when it follows a liquid or a nasal. When a plosive follows a nasal, there's a strong tendency for it to become voiced.
Stress and pitch
Basque features great dialectal variation in accentuation, from a weak pitch accent in the western dialects to a marked stress in central and eastern dialects, with varying patterns of stress placement. Stress is in general not distinctive (and for historical comparisons not very useful); there are, however, a few instances where stress is phonemic, serving to distinguish between a few pairs of stress-marked words and between some grammatical forms (mainly plurals from other forms), e.g. basóà ("the forest", absolutive case) vs. básoà ("the glass", absolutive case; an adoption from Spanish ); basóàk ("the forest", ergative case) vs. básoàk ("the glass", ergative case) vs. básoak ("the forests" or "the glasses", absolutive case).
Given its great deal of variation among dialects, stress is not marked in the standard orthography and Euskaltzaindia (the Academy of the Basque Language) provides only general recommendations for a standard placement of stress, basically to place a high-pitched weak stress (weaker than that of Spanish, let alone that of English) on the second syllable of a syntagma, and a low-pitched even-weaker stress on its last syllable, except in plural forms where stress is moved to the first syllable.
This scheme provides Basque with a distinct musicality that differentiates its sound from the prosodical patterns of Spanish (which tends to stress the second-to-last syllable). Some Euskaldun berriak ("new Basque-speakers", i.e. second-language Basque-speakers) with Spanish as their first language tend to carry the prosodical patterns of Spanish into their pronunciation of Basque, e.g. pronouncing nire ama ("my mum") as nire áma (– – ´ –), instead of as niré amà (– ´ – `).
Morphophonology
The combining forms of nominals in final vary across the regions of the Basque Country. The can stay unchanged, be lowered to an , or it can be lost. Loss is most common in the east, while lowering is most common in the west. For instance, buru, "head", has the combining forms buru- and bur-, as in buruko, "cap", and burko, "pillow", whereas katu, "cat", has the combining form kata-, as in katakume, "kitten". Michelena suggests that the lowering to is generalised from cases of Romance borrowings in Basque that retained Romance stem alternations, such as kantu, "song" with combining form kanta-, borrowed from Romance canto, canta-.
Grammar
Basque is an ergative–absolutive language. The subject of an intransitive verb is in the absolutive case (which is unmarked), and the same case is used for the direct object of a transitive verb. The subject of the transitive verb is marked differently, with the ergative case (shown by the suffix -k). This also triggers main and auxiliary verbal agreement.
The auxiliary verb, which accompanies most main verbs, agrees not only with the subject, but with any direct object and the indirect object present. Among European languages, this polypersonal agreement is found only in Basque, some languages of the Caucasus (especially the Kartvelian languages), Mordvinic languages, Hungarian, and Maltese (all non-Indo-European). The ergative–absolutive alignment is also rare among European languages—occurring only in some languages of the Caucasus—but not infrequent worldwide.
Consider the phrase:
Martin-ek is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending -k (with an epenthetic -e-). Egunkariak has an -ak ending, which marks plural object (plural absolutive, direct object case). The verb is , in which is a kind of gerund ("buying") and the auxiliary means "he/she (does) them for me". This can be split like this:
di- is used in the present tense when the verb has a subject (ergative), a direct object (absolutive), and an indirect object, and the object is him/her/it/them.
-zki- means the absolutive (in this case the newspapers) is plural; if it were singular there would be no infix; and
-t or -da- means "to me/for me" (indirect object).
in this instance there is no suffix after -t. A zero suffix in this position indicates that the ergative (the subject) is third person singular (he/she/it).
The auxiliary verb is composed as di-zki-da-zue and means 'you pl. (do) them for me'
di- indicates that the main verb is transitive and in the present tense
-zki- indicates that the direct object is plural
-da- indicates that the indirect object is me (to me/for me; -t becomes -da- when not final)
-zue indicates that the subject is you (plural)
The pronoun zuek 'you (plural)' has the same form both in the nominative or absolutive case (the subject of an intransitive sentence or direct object of a transitive sentence) and in the ergative case (the subject of a transitive sentence). In spoken Basque, the auxiliary verb is never dropped even if it is redundant, e.g. in 'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. However, the pronouns are almost always dropped, e.g. zuek in 'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. The pronouns are used only to show emphasis: 'it is you (pl.) who buys the newspapers for me', or 'it is me for whom you buy the newspapers'.
Modern Basque dialects allow for the conjugation of about fifteen verbs, called synthetic verbs, some only in literary contexts. These can be put in the present and past tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods, in three tenses in the conditional and potential moods, and in one tense in the imperative. Each verb that can be taken intransitively has a nor (absolutive) paradigm and possibly a nor-nori (absolutive–dative) paradigm, as in the sentence Aititeri txapela erori zaio ("The hat fell from grandfather['s head]"). Each verb that can be taken transitively uses those two paradigms for antipassive-voice contexts in which no agent is mentioned (Basque lacks a passive voice, and displays instead an antipassive voice paradigm), and also has a nor-nork (absolutive–ergative) paradigm and possibly a nor-nori-nork (absolutive–dative–ergative) paradigm. This last is exemplified by dizkidazue above. In each paradigm, each constituent noun can take on any of eight persons, five singular and three plural, with the exception of nor-nori-nork in which the absolutive can only be third person singular or plural. The most ubiquitous auxiliary, izan, can be used in any of these paradigms, depending on the nature of the main verb.
There are more persons in the singular (5) than in the plural (3) for synthetic (or filamentous) verbs because of the two familiar persons—informal masculine and feminine second person singular. The pronoun hi is used for both of them, but where the masculine form of the verb uses a -k, the feminine uses an -n. This is a property rarely found in Indo-European languages. The entire paradigm of the verb is further augmented by inflecting for "listener" (the allocutive) even if the verb contains no second person constituent. If the situation calls for the familiar masculine, the form is augmented and modified accordingly. Likewise for the familiar feminine.
(Gizon bat etorri da, "a man has come"; gizon bat etorri duk, "a man has come [you are a male close friend]", gizon bat etorri dun, "a man has come [you are a female close friend]", gizon bat etorri duzu, "a man has come [I talk to you (Sir / Madam)]") This multiplies the number of possible forms by nearly three. Still, the restriction on contexts in which these forms may be used is strong, since all participants in the conversation must be friends of the same sex, and not too far apart in age. Some dialects dispense with the familiar forms entirely. Note, however, that the formal second person singular conjugates in parallel to the other plural forms, perhaps indicating that it was originally the second person plural, later came to be used as a formal singular, and then later still the modern second person plural was formulated as an innovation.
All the other verbs in Basque are called periphrastic, behaving much like a participle would in English. These have only three forms in total, called aspects: perfect (various suffixes), habitual (suffix -t[z]en), and future/potential (suffix. -ko/-go). Verbs of Latinate origin in Basque, as well as many other verbs, have a suffix -tu in the perfect, adapted from the Latin perfect passive -tus suffix. The synthetic verbs also have periphrastic forms, for use in perfects and in simple tenses in which they are deponent.
Within a verb phrase, the periphrastic verb comes first, followed by the auxiliary.
A Basque noun-phrase is inflected in 17 different ways for case, multiplied by four ways for its definiteness and number (indefinite, definite singular, definite plural, and definite close plural: euskaldun [Basque speaker], euskalduna [the Basque speaker, a Basque speaker], euskaldunak [Basque speakers, the Basque speakers], and euskaldunok [we Basque speakers, those Basque speakers]). These first 68 forms are further modified based on other parts of the sentence, which in turn are inflected for the noun again. It has been estimated that, with two levels of recursion, a Basque noun may have 458,683 inflected forms.
The common noun "liburu" (book) is declined as follows:
The proper name "Mikel" (Michael) is declined as follows:
Within a noun phrase, modifying adjectives follow the noun. As an example of a Basque noun phrase, etxe zaharrean "in the old house" is morphologically analysed as follows by Agirre et al.
Basic syntactic construction is subject–object–verb (unlike Spanish, French or English where a subject–verb–object construction is more common). The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed for thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, What is this? can be translated as Zer da hau? or Hau zer da?, but in both cases the question tag zer immediately precedes the verb da. This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word galdegai (focus) is used.
In negative sentences, the order changes. Since the negative particle ez must always directly precede the auxiliary, the topic most often comes beforehand, and the rest of the sentence follows. This includes the periphrastic, if there is one: Aitak frantsesa irakasten du, "Father teaches French", in the negative becomes Aitak ez du frantsesa irakasten, in which irakasten ("teaching") is separated from its auxiliary and placed at the end.
Vocabulary
Through contact with neighbouring peoples, Basque has adopted many words from Latin, Spanish, French and Gascon, among other languages. There are a considerable number of Latin loans (sometimes obscured by being subject to Basque phonology and grammar for centuries), for example: lore ("flower", from florem), errota ("mill", from rotam, "[mill] wheel"), gela ("room", from cellam), gauza ("thing", from causa).
Writing system
Basque is written using the Latin script including and sometimes and . Basque does not use for native words, but the Basque alphabet (established by Euskaltzaindia) does include them for loanwords:
⟨Aa, Bb, Cc, (and, as a variant, Çç), Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz⟩
The phonetically meaningful digraphs are treated as pairs of letters.
All letters and digraphs represent unique phonemes. The main exception is when precedes and , which in most dialects palatalises their sounds into and , even if these are not written. Hence, can also be written without changing the sound, whereas the proper name requires the mute to break the palatalisation of the .
is mute in most regions, but it is pronounced in many places in the north-east, the main reason for its existence in the Basque alphabet.
Its acceptance was a matter of contention during the standardisation process because the speakers of the most extended dialects had to learn where to place , silent for them.
In Sabino Arana's (1865–1903) alphabet, digraphs and were replaced with and , respectively.
A typically Basque style of lettering is sometimes used for inscriptions.
It derives from the work of stone and wood carvers and is characterised by thick serifs.
Number system used by millers
Basque millers traditionally employed a separate number system of unknown origin. In this system the symbols are arranged either along a vertical line or horizontally. On the vertical line the single digits and fractions are usually off to one side, usually at the top. When used horizontally, the smallest units are usually on the right and the largest on the left.
The system is, as is the Basque system of counting in general, vigesimal (base 20). Although the system is in theory capable of indicating numbers above 100, most recorded examples do not go above 100 in general. Fractions are relatively common, especially .
The exact systems used vary from area to area but generally follow the same principle with 5 usually being a diagonal line or a curve off the vertical line (a V shape is used when writing a 5 horizontally). Units of ten are usually a horizontal line through the vertical. The twenties are based on a circle with intersecting lines. This system is no longer in general use but is occasionally employed for decorative purposes.
Examples
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Language video gallery
See also
Basque dialects
Vasconic languages
List of Basques
Basque Country
Late Basquisation
Languages of France
Languages of Spain
Aquitanian language
List of ideophones in Basque
Wiktionary: Swadesh list of Basque words
Basque literature
References
Further reading
General and descriptive grammars
Allières, Jacques (1979): Manuel pratique de basque, "Connaissance des langues" v. 13, A. & J. Picard (Paris), .
de Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María (1969): Morfología vasca. La Gran enciclopedia vasca, Bilbao 1969.
Campion, Arturo (1884): Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara, Tolosa.
Euskara Institutua (Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sareko Euskal Gramatika, SEG Aurkezpena [Sareko Euskal Gramatika]
Hualde, José Ignacio & Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (eds.): A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. .
Lafitte, Pierre (1962): Grammaire basque – navarro-labourdin littéraire. Elkarlanean, Donostia/Bayonne, . (Dialectal.)
Lafon, R. (1972): "Basque" In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.) Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 9. Linguistics in Western Europe, Mouton, The Hague, Mouton, pp. 1744–1792. Part 2 The study of languages
Tovar, Antonio, (1957): The Basque Language, U. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Urquizu Sarasúa, Patricio (2007): Gramática de la lengua vasca. UNED, Madrid, .
van Eys, Willem J. (1879): Grammaire comparée des dialectes basques, Paris.
Linguistic studies
Agirre, Eneko, et al. (1992): XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based on two-level morphology.
Gavel, Henri (1921): Eléments de phonetique basque (= Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 12, París. (Study of the dialects.)
Hualde, José Ignacio (1991): Basque phonology, Taylor & Francis, .
Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba A.; Hualde, José Ignacio (eds.) (2006): Studies in Basque and historical linguistics in memory of R. L. Trask – R. L. Trasken oroitzapenetan ikerketak euskalaritzaz eta hizkuntzalaritza historikoaz, (= Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo: International journal of Basque linguistics and philology Vol. 40, No. 1–2), San Sebastián.
Lakarra, J. & Ortiz de Urbina, J.(eds.) (1992): Syntactic Theory and Basque Syntax, Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, Donostia-San Sebastian, .
Orduña Aznar, Eduardo. 2005. Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos. Palaeohispanica 5:491–506. This fifth volume of the journal Palaeohispanica consists of Acta Palaeohispanica IX, the proceedings of the ninth conference on Paleohispanic studies.
de Rijk, R. (1972): Studies in Basque Syntax: Relative clauses PhD Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.
Uhlenbeck, C.C. (1909–1910): "Contribution à une phonétique comparative des dialectes basques", Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 3 Wayback Machine pp. 465–503 4 Wayback Machine pp. 65–120.
Zuazo, Koldo (2008): Euskalkiak: euskararen dialektoak. Elkar. .
Lexicons
Aulestia, Gorka (1989): Basque–English dictionary University of Nevada Press, Reno, .
Aulestia, Gorka & White, Linda (1990): English–Basque dictionary, University of Nevada Press, Reno, .
Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María de (1905): Diccionario vasco–español–francés, Geuthner, Bilbao/Paris (reprinted many times).
Michelena, Luis: Diccionario General Vasco/Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia. 16 vols. Real academia de la lengua vasca, Bilbao 1987ff. .
Morris, Mikel (1998): "Morris Student Euskara–Ingelesa Basque–English Dictionary", Klaudio Harluxet Fundazioa, Donostia
Sarasola, Ibon (2010–), "Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia EEH" Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia (EEH) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
Sarasola, Ibon (2010): "Zehazki" Zehazki - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
Sota, M. de la, et al., 1976: Diccionario Retana de autoridades de la lengua vasca: con cientos de miles de nuevas voces y acepciones, Antiguas y modernas, Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. .
Van Eys, W. J. 1873. Dictionnaire basque–français. Paris/London: Maisonneuve/Williams & Norgate.
Basque corpora
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2011): "ETC: Egungo Testuen Corpusa" Egungo Testuen Corpusa (ETC) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009): "Ereduzko Prosa Gaur, EPG" Ereduzko Prosa Gaur (EPG) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009–): "Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa, EPD" Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa (EPD) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2013): "Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa, EKC" Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa (EKC) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2014): "Goenkale Corpusa" Goenkale Corpusa - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2010): "Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa" Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country
Other
Agirre Sorondo, Antxon. 1988. Tratado de Molinología: Los molinos en Guipúzcoa. San Sebastián: Eusko Ikaskunza-Sociedad de Estudios Vascos. Fundación Miguel de Barandiarán.
Bakker, Peter, et al. 1991. Basque pidgins in Iceland and Canada. Anejos del Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo", XXIII.
Deen, Nicolaas Gerard Hendrik. 1937. Glossaria duo vasco-islandica. Amsterdam. Reprinted 1991 in Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo, 25(2):321–426.
History of the language and etymologies
Azurmendi, Joxe: "Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Renaissance und Reformation und die Entstehung der baskischen Literatur im religiösen und politischen Konfliktgebiet zwischen Spanien und Frankreich" In: Wolfgang W. Moelleken (Herausgeber), Peter J. Weber (Herausgeber): Neue Forschungsarbeiten zur Kontaktlinguistik, Bonn: Dümmler, 1997.
Hualde, José Ignacio; Lakarra, Joseba A. & R.L. Trask (eds) (1996): Towards a History of the Basque Language, "Current Issues in Linguistic Theory" 131, John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam, .
Michelena, Luis, 1990. Fonética histórica vasca. Bilbao.
Lafon, René (1944): Le système du verbe basque au XVIe siècle, Delmas, Bordeaux.
Löpelmann, Martin (1968): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der baskischen Sprache. Dialekte von Labourd, Nieder-Navarra und La Soule. 2 Bde. de Gruyter, Berlin (non-standard etymologies; idiosyncratic).
Orpustan, J. B. (1999): La langue basque au Moyen-Age. Baïgorri, .
Pagola, Rosa Miren. 1984. Euskalkiz Euskalki. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpe.
Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1980. Le Gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 85.
Trask, R.L.: History of Basque. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. .
Trask, R.L. † (edited by Max W. Wheeler) (2008): Etymological Dictionary of Basque, University of Sussex (unfinished). Also "Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)" Buber's Basque Page: The Larry Trask Archive: Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)
Relationship to other languages
General reviews of the theories
Jacobsen, William H. Jr. (1999): "Basque Language Origin Theories" In Basque Cultural Studies, edited by William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, and Joseba Zulaika, 27–43. Basque Studies Program Occasional Papers Series, No. 5. Reno: Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno.
Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1998): "Hizkuntzalaritza konparatua eta aitzineuskararen erroa" (in Basque), Uztaro 25, pp. 47–110, (includes review of older theories).
Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1999): "Ná-De-Ná" (in Basque), Uztaro 31, pp. 15–84.
Trask, R.L. (1995): "Origin and Relatives of the Basque Language : Review of the Evidence" in Towards a History of the Basque Language, ed. J. Hualde, J. Lakarra, R.L. Trask, John Benjamins, Amsterdam / Philadelphia.
Trask, R.L.: History of Basque. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. ; pp. 358–414.
Afroasiatic hypothesis
Schuchardt, Hugo (1913): "Baskisch-Hamitische wortvergleichungen" Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos = "Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques" 7:289–340.
Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1964/66): "Les rapports du basque et du berbère", Comptes rendus du GLECS (Groupe Linguistique d'Etudes Chamito-Sémitiques) 10:177–184.
Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): Le origini della lingua basca, Bologna, (new edit ).
Dené–Caucasian hypothesis
Bengtson, John D. (1999): The Comparison of Basque and North Caucasian. in: Mother Tongue. Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory. Gloucester, Mass.
Bengtson, John D. (2004): "Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque)." Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (CILL) 30.4, pp. 33–54.
Bengtson, John D.. (2006): "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." (there is also a preliminary draft)
Bengtson, John D. (1997): Review of "The History of Basque". London: Routledge, 1997. Pp.xxii,458" by R.L. Trask.
Bengtson, John D., (1996): "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1."
Caucasian hypothesis
Bouda, Karl (1950): "L'Euskaro-Caucasique" Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vasca de Amigos del País. Homenaje a D. Julio de Urquijo e Ybarra vol. III, San Sebastián, pp. 207–232.
Klimov, Georgij A. (1994): Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft, Buske, Hamburg, ; pp. 208–215.
Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): Le origini della lingua basca, Bologna, (new edit ).
Míchelena, Luis (1968): "L'euskaro-caucasien" in Martinet, A. (ed.) Le langage, Paris, pp. 1414–1437 (criticism).
Uhlenbeck, Christian Cornelius (1924): "De la possibilité d' une parenté entre le basque et les langues caucasiques", Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 15, pp. 565–588.
Zelikov, Mixail (2005): "L'hypothèse basco-caucasienne dans les travaux de N. Marr" Cahiers de l'ILSL, N° 20, pp. 363–381.
Зыцарь Ю. В. O родстве баскского языка с кавказскими // Вопросы языкознания. 1955. № 5.
Iberian hypothesis
Bähr, Gerhard (1948): "Baskisch und Iberisch" Eusko Jakintza II, pp. 3–20, 167–194, 381–455.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín (1993): La onomástica aquitana y su relación con la ibérica, Lengua y cultura en Hispania prerromana : actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas de la Península Ibérica: (Colonia 25–28 de Noviembre de 1989) (Francisco Villar and Jürgen Untermann, eds.), , pp. 609–634.
Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2002). La hipótesis del vascoiberismo desde el punto de vista de la epigrafía íbera, Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta, 90, pp. 197–218, .
Schuchardt, Hugo Ernst Mario (1907): Die Iberische Deklination, Wien.
Uralic-Altaic hypothesis
Bonaparte, Louis Lucien (1862): Langue basque et langues finnoises, London.
Vasconic-Old European hypothesis
Vennemann, Theo (2003): Europa Vasconica – Europa Semitica, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 138, De Gruyter, Berlin, .
Vennemann, Theo (2007): "Basken wie wir: Linguistisches und Genetisches zum europäischen Stammbaum", BiologenHeute 5/6, 6–11.
Other theories
Thornton, R.W. (2002): Basque Parallels to Greenberg's Eurasiatic. in: Mother Tongue. Gloucester, Mass., 2002.
External links
– Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language)
An overview of language technology tools for Basque: Automatic translators for Basque, dictionaries, resources to learn Basque... (~ 2016)
Euskara Institutua, The University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU
Ahotsak.eus - Basque Oral Archive
Agglutinative languages
Articles containing video clips
Basque culture
Language isolates of Europe
Languages of France
Subject–object–verb languages
Synthetic languages
Languages of Spain
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"content": "Basque language",
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"content": "Basque (; ) is a language spoken by Basques and others of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. Linguistically, Basque is a language isolate (unrelated to any other existing languages). The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country. The Basque language is spoken by 28.4% (751,500) of Basques in all territories. Of these, 93.2% (700,300) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.8% (51,200) are in the French portion.\n\nNative speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the three \"ancient provinces\" in France. Gipuzkoa, most of Biscay, a few municipalities on the northern border of Álava and the northern area of Navarre formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen Basque fluency. By contrast, most of Álava, the westernmost part of Biscay, and central and southern Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of Spanish, either because Basque was replaced by Spanish over the centuries (as in most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it may never have been spoken there (as in parts of Enkarterri and south-eastern Navarre).\n\nIn Francoist Spain, Basque language use was discouraged by the government's repressive policies. In the Basque Country, \"Francoist repression was not only political, but also linguistic and cultural.\" Franco's regime suppressed Basque from official discourse, education, and publishing, making it illegal to register newborn babies under Basque names, and even requiring tombstone engravings in Basque to be removed. In some provinces the public use of Basque was suppressed, with people fined for speaking it. Public use of Basque was frowned upon by supporters of the regime, often regarded as a sign of anti-Francoism or separatism. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was developed by the Euskaltzaindia in the late 1960s.\n\nBesides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are Biscayan, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese in Spain and Navarrese–Lapurdian and Souletin in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that the Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media, literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school.\n\nBasque is the only surviving language isolate in Europe. The current mainstream scientific view on the origin of the Basques and of their language is that early forms of Basque developed before the arrival of Indo-European languages in the area, i.e. before the arrival of Celtic and Romance languages in particular, as the latter today geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Typologically, with its agglutinative morphology and ergative–absolutive alignment, Basque grammar remains markedly different from that of Standard Average European languages. Nevertheless, Basque has borrowed up to 40 percent of its vocabulary from Romance languages, and the Latin script is used for the Basque alphabet.\n\nNames of the language \n\nIn Basque, the name of the language is officially (alongside various dialect forms).\n\nIn French, the language is normally called , though has become common in recent times. Spanish has a greater variety of names for the language. Today, it is most commonly referred to as , , or . Both terms, and , are inherited from the Latin ethnonym , which in turn goes back to the Greek term (), an ethnonym used by Strabo in his (23 CE, Book III).\n\nThe Spanish term , derived from Latin , has acquired negative connotations over the centuries and is not well-liked amongst Basque speakers generally. Its use is documented at least as far back as the 14th century when a law passed in Huesca in 1349 stated that —essentially penalising the use of Arabic, Hebrew, or Basque in marketplaces with a fine of 30 sols (the equivalent of 30 sheep).\n\nHistory and classification \n\nBasque is geographically surrounded by Romance languages but is a language isolate unrelated to them, and indeed, to any other language in the world. It is the last remaining descendant of one of the pre-Indo-European languages of Prehistoric Europe. Consequently, the prehistory of the Basque language may not be reconstructible by means of the traditional comparative method except by applying it to differences between dialects within the language. Little is known of its origins, but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in and around the area of modern Basque Country before the arrival of the Indo-European languages in western Europe.\n\nAuthors such as Miguel de Unamuno and Louis Lucien Bonaparte have noted that the words for \"knife\" (), \"axe\" (), and \"hoe\" () appear to derive from the word for \"stone\" (), and have therefore concluded that the language dates to prehistoric Europe when those tools were made of stone. Others find this unlikely: see the controversy.\n\nLatin inscriptions in preserve a number of words with cognates in the reconstructed proto-Basque language, for instance, the personal names and ( and mean 'young girl' and 'man', respectively in modern Basque). This language is generally referred to as Aquitanian and is assumed to have been spoken in the area before the Roman Republic's conquests in the western Pyrenees. Some authors even argue for late Basquisation, that the language moved westward during Late Antiquity after the fall of the Western Roman Empire into the northern part of Hispania into what is now Basque Country.\n\nRoman neglect of this area allowed Aquitanian to survive while the Iberian and Tartessian languages became extinct. Through the long contact with Romance languages, Basque adopted a sizeable number of Romance words. Initially the source was Latin, later Gascon (a branch of Occitan) in the north-east, Navarro-Aragonese in the south-east and Spanish in the south-west.\n\nSince 1968, Basque has been immersed in a revitalisation process, facing formidable obstacles. However, significant progress has been made in numerous areas. Six main factors have been identified to explain its relative success: \n implementation and acceptance of Unified Basque (Batua), \n integration of Basque in the education system\n creation of media in Basque (radio, newspapers, and television)\n the established new legal framework\n collaboration between public institutions and people's organisations, and \n campaigns for Basque language literacy.\n\nWhile those six factors influenced the revitalisation process, the extensive development and use of language technologies is also considered a significant additional factor.\n\nHypotheses concerning Basque's connections to other languages \nWhile accepted by a majority of linguists as a non-Indo-European language, many attempts have been made to link the Basque language with more geographically distant languages. Apart from pseudoscientific comparisons, the appearance of long-range linguistics gave rise to several attempts to connect Basque with geographically very distant language families. Historical work on Basque is challenging since written material and documentation only is available for some few hundred years. Almost all hypotheses concerning the origin of Basque are controversial, and the suggested evidence is not generally accepted by mainstream linguists. Some of these hypothetical connections are:\n\n Ligurian substrate: this hypothesis, proposed in the 19th century by d'Arbois de Jubainville, J. Pokorny, P. Kretschmer and several other linguists, encompasses the Basco-Iberian hypothesis.\n Iberian: another ancient language once spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, shows several similarities with Aquitanian and Basque. However, not enough evidence exists to distinguish geographical connections from linguistic ones. Iberian itself remains unclassified. Eduardo Orduña Aznar claims to have established correspondences between Basque and Iberian numerals and noun case markers.\n Vasconic substratum theory: this proposal, made by the German linguist Theo Vennemann, claims that enough toponymical evidence exists to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of western Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in Europe.\n Georgian: linking Basque to the Kartvelian languages is now widely discredited. The hypothesis was inspired by the existence of the ancient Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus and some similarities in societal practices and agriculture between the two populations. Historical comparisons are difficult due to the dearth of historical material for Basque and several of the Kartvelian languages. Typological similarities have been proposed for some of the phonological characteristics and most importantly for some of the details of the ergative constructions, but these alone cannot prove historical relatedness between languages since such characteristics are found in other languages across the world, even if not in Indo-European. According to J. P. Mallory, the hypothesis was also inspired by a Basque place-name ending in -dze which is common in Kartvelian. The theory suggested that Basque and Georgian were remnants of a pre-Indo-European group.\n Northeast Caucasian languages, such as Chechen, are seen by some linguists as more likely candidates for a very distant connection.\n Dené–Caucasian: based on the possible Caucasian link, some linguists, for example John Bengtson and Merritt Ruhlen, have proposed including Basque in the Dené–Caucasian superfamily of languages, but this proposed superfamily includes languages from North America and Eurasia, and its existence is highly controversial.\n Indo-European: a genetic link between Basque and the Indo-European languages has been proposed by Forni (2013). This proposal is rejected by most reviewers, both including scholars adhering to the mainstream view of Basque as a language isolate (Gorrochategui, Lakarra), as well as proponents of wide-range genetic relations (Bengtson).\n\nGeographic distribution \n\nThe region where Basque is spoken has become smaller over centuries, especially at the northern, southern, and eastern borders. Nothing is known about the limits of this region in ancient times, but on the basis of toponyms and epigraphs, it seems that in the beginning of the Common Era it stretched to the river Garonne in the north (including the south-western part of present-day France); at least to the Val d'Aran in the east (now a Gascon-speaking part of Catalonia), including lands on both sides of the Pyrenees; the southern and western boundaries are not clear at all.\n\nThe Reconquista temporarily counteracted this contracting tendency when the Christian lords called on northern Iberian peoples — Basques, Asturians, and \"Franks\" — to colonise the new conquests. The Basque language became the main everyday language, while other languages like Spanish, Gascon, French, or Latin were preferred for the administration and high education.\n\nBy the 16th century, the Basque-speaking area was reduced basically to the present-day seven provinces of the Basque Country, excluding the southern part of Navarre, the south-western part of Álava, and the western part of Biscay, and including some parts of Béarn.\n\nIn 1807, Basque was still spoken in the northern half of Álava—including its capital city Vitoria-Gasteiz—and a vast area in central Navarre, but in these two provinces, Basque experienced a rapid decline that pushed its border northwards. In the French Basque Country, Basque was still spoken in all the territory except in Bayonne and some villages around, and including some bordering towns in Béarn.\n\nIn the 20th century, however, the rise of Basque nationalism spurred increased interest in the language as a sign of ethnic identity, and with the establishment of autonomous governments in the Southern Basque Country, it has recently made a modest comeback. In the Spanish part, Basque-language schools for children and Basque-teaching centres for adults have brought the language to areas such as western Enkarterri and the Ribera del Ebro in southern Navarre, where it is not known to ever have been widely spoken; and in the French Basque Country, these schools and centres have almost stopped the decline of the language.\n\nOfficial status \n\nHistorically, Latin or Romance languages have been the official languages in this region. However, Basque was explicitly recognised in some areas. For instance, the fuero or charter of the Basque-colonised Ojacastro (now in La Rioja) allowed the inhabitants to use Basque in legal processes in the 13th and 14th centuries.\n\nThe Spanish Constitution of 1978 states in Article 3 that the Spanish language is the official language of the nation, but allows autonomous communities to provide a co-official language status for the other languages of Spain. Consequently, the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Autonomous Community establishes Basque as the co-official language of the autonomous community. The Statute of Navarre establishes Spanish as the official language of Navarre, but grants co-official status to the Basque language in the Basque-speaking areas of northern Navarre. Basque has no official status in the French Basque Country and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law. However, the use of Basque by Spanish nationals in French courts is permitted (with translation), as Basque is officially recognised on the other side of the border.\n\nThe positions of the various existing governments differ with regard to the promotion of Basque in areas where Basque is commonly spoken. The language has official status in those territories that are within the Basque Autonomous Community, where it is spoken and promoted heavily, but only partially in Navarre. The Ley del Vascuence (\"Law of Basque\"), seen as contentious by many Basques, but considered fitting Navarra's linguistic and cultural diversity by some of the main political parties of Navarre, divides Navarre into three language areas: Basque-speaking, non-Basque-speaking, and mixed. Support for the language and the linguistic rights of citizens vary, depending on the area. Others consider it unfair, since the rights of Basque speakers differ greatly depending on the place they live.\n\nDemographics \n\nThe 2016 sociolinguistic survey of all Basque-speaking territories showed that in 2016, of all people aged 16 and above:\n In the Basque Autonomous Community, 33.9% were fluent Basque speakers, 19.1% passive speakers and 47% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in Gipuzkoa (50.6% speakers) and Bizkaia (27.6%) and lowest in Álava (19.2%). These results represent an increase from previous years (30.1% in 2006, 29.5% in 2001, 27.7% in 1996 and 24.1% in 1991). The highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (57.5%) vs. 25.0% in the 65+ age range.\n In French Basque Country, in 2006, 20.5% were fluent Basque speakers, 9.3% passive speakers, and 70.1% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in Labourd and Soule (49.5% speakers) and lowest in the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz conurbation (8.4%). Because the French Basque Country is not under the influence of the Basque Autonomous Country government, the region has fewer incentives to learn the language by government authorities. As such, these results represent another decrease from previous years (22.5% in 2006, 24.8% in 2001 and 26.4 in 1996 or 56,146 in 1996 to 51,197 in 2016). The highest percentage of speakers is in the 65+ age range (28.1%). The lowest percentage is found in the 35-49 age range (14.6%), but there is a slight increase in the 16–24 age range (18.9%)\n In Navarre, 12.9% were fluent Basque speakers, 10.3% passive speakers, and 76.7% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in the Basque-speaking zone in the north (61.1% speakers) and lowest in the non-Basque-speaking zone in the south (2.7%). These results represent a slight increase from previous years (11.1% in 2006,10.3% in 2001, 9.6% in 1996 and 9.5% in 1991). The highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (25.8%) vs. 8.3% in the 65+ age range.\n\nTaken together, in 2016, of a total population of 3,131,464 (2,191,688 in the Autonomous Community; 297,847 in the Northern provinces; and 640,647 in Navarre), 751,527 spoke Basque (aged 16 and above). This amounts to 28.4% Basque bilinguals overall, 16.4% passive speakers, and 55.2% non-speakers. Compared to the 1991 figures, this represents an overall increase of 223,000, from 528,500 (from a population of 2,371,100) 25 years previously. This number tends to increase, since 55.4% of the population between 16 and 24 years old spoke Basque in 2016, compared to only 22.5% in 1991.\n\nWhile there is a general increase in the number of Basque-speaking during this period, this is mainly because of bilingualism. Basque transmission as a sole mother tongue has decreased from 19% in 1991 to 15.1% in 2016, while Basque and another language being used as mother language increased from 3% to 5.4% in the same time period. General public attitude towards efforts to promote the Basque language have also been more positive, with the share of people against these efforts falling from 20.9% in 1991 to 16% in 2016.\n\nBasque is used as a language of commerce both in the Basque Country and in locations around the world where Basques immigrated throughout history.\n\nDialects \n\nThe modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence, sometimes making cross-dialect communication difficult. This is especially true in the case of Biscayan and Souletin, which are regarded as the most divergent Basque dialects.\n\nModern Basque dialectology distinguishes five dialects:\n Biscayan or \"Western\"\n Gipuzkoan or \"Central\"\n Upper Navarrese\n Navarro-Lapurdian\n Souletin (Zuberoan)\n\nThese dialects are divided in 11 subdialects, and 24 minor varieties among them.\nAccording to Koldo Zuazo, the Biscayan dialect or \"Western\" is the most widespread dialect, with around 300,000 speakers out of a total of around 660,000 speakers. This dialect is divided in two minor subdialects: the Western Biscayan and Eastern Biscayan, plus transitional dialects.\n\nInfluence on other languages \n\nAlthough the influence of the neighbouring Romance languages on the Basque language (especially the lexicon, but also to some degree Basque phonology and grammar) has been much more extensive, it is usually assumed that there has been some feedback from Basque into these languages as well. In particular Gascon and Aragonese, and to a lesser degree Spanish are thought to have received this influence in the past. In the case of Aragonese and Gascon, this would have been through substrate interference following language shift from Aquitanian or Basque to a Romance language, affecting all levels of the language, including place names around the Pyrenees.\n\nAlthough a number of words of alleged Basque origin in the Spanish language are circulated (e.g. 'anchovies', 'dashing, gallant, spirited', 'puppy', etc.), most of these have more easily explicable Romance etymologies or not particularly convincing derivations from Basque. Ignoring cultural terms, there is one strong loanword candidate, , long considered the source of the Pyrenean and Iberian Romance words for \"left (side)\" (, , ). The lack of initial in Gascon could arguably be due to a Basque influence but this issue is under-researched.\n\nThe other most commonly claimed substrate influences:\n the Old Spanish merger of and .\n the simple five vowel system.\n change of initial into (e.g. fablar → hablar, with Old Basque lacking but having ).\n voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant , a sound transitional between laminodental and palatal ; this sound also influenced other Ibero-Romance languages and Catalan.\n\nThe first two features are common, widespread developments in many Romance (and non-Romance) languages. The change of to occurred historically only in a limited area (Gascony and Old Castile) that corresponds almost exactly to areas where heavy Basque bilingualism is assumed, and as a result has been widely postulated (and equally strongly disputed). Substrate theories are often difficult to prove (especially in the case of phonetically plausible changes like to ). As a result, although many arguments have been made on both sides, the debate largely comes down to the a priori tendency on the part of particular linguists to accept or reject substrate arguments.\n\nExamples of arguments against the substrate theory, and possible responses:\n Spanish did not fully shift to , instead, it has preserved before consonants such as and (cf fuerte, frente). (On the other hand, the occurrence of in these words might be a secondary development from an earlier sound such as or and learned words (or words influenced by written Latin form). Gascon does have in these words, which might reflect the original situation.)\n Evidence of Arabic loanwords in Spanish points to continuing to exist long after a Basque substrate might have had any effect on Spanish. (On the other hand, the occurrence of in these words might be a late development. Many languages have come to accept new phonemes from other languages after a period of significant influence. For example, French lost /h/ but later regained it as a result of Germanic influence, and has recently gained as a result of English influence.)\n Basque regularly developed Latin into or .\n The same change also occurs in parts of Sardinia, Italy and the Romance languages of the Balkans where no Basque substrate can be reasonably argued for. (On the other hand, the fact that the same change might have occurred elsewhere independently does not disprove substrate influence. Furthermore, parts of Sardinia also have prothetic or before initial , just as in Basque and Gascon, which may actually argue for some type of influence between both areas.)\n\nBeyond these arguments, a number of nomadic groups of Castile are also said to use or have used Basque words in their jargon, such as the gacería in Segovia, the mingaña, the Galician fala dos arxinas and the Asturian Xíriga.\n\nPart of the Romani community in the Basque Country speaks Erromintxela, which is a rare mixed language, with a Kalderash Romani vocabulary and Basque grammar.\n\nBasque pidgins \nA number of Basque-based or Basque-influenced pidgins have existed. In the 16th century, Basque sailors used a Basque–Icelandic pidgin in their contacts with Iceland. The Algonquian–Basque pidgin arose from contact between Basque whalers and the Algonquian peoples in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Strait of Belle Isle.\n\nPhonology\n\nVowels \n\nThe Basque language features five vowels: , , , and (the same that are found in Spanish, Asturian and Aragonese). In the Zuberoan dialect, extra phonemes are featured:\n the close front rounded vowel , graphically represented as ;\n a set of contrasting nasal vowels.\n\nThere is no distinctive vowel length in Basque, although vowels can be lengthened for emphasis. The mid vowels and are raised before nasal consonants.\n\nBasque has an a-Elision Rule, according to which the vowel is elided before any following vowel. This does not prevent the existence of diphthongs with present.\n\nThere are six diphthongs in Basque, all falling and with or as the second element.\n\nConsonants \n\nIn syllable-final position, all plosives are devoiced and are spelled accordingly in Standard Basque. When between vowels, and often when after or , the voiced plosives , , and , are pronounced as the corresponding fricatives , , and .\n\nBasque has a distinction between laminal and apical articulation for the alveolar fricatives and affricates. With the laminal alveolar fricative , the friction occurs across the blade of the tongue, the tongue tip pointing toward the lower teeth. This is the usual in most European languages. It is written with an orthographic . By contrast, the voiceless apicoalveolar fricative is written ; the tip of the tongue points toward the upper teeth and friction occurs at the tip (apex). For example, zu \"you\" (singular, respectful) is distinguished from su \"fire\". The affricate counterparts are written and . So, etzi \"the day after tomorrow\" is distinguished from etsi \"to give up\"; atzo \"yesterday\" is distinguished from atso \"old woman\".\n\nIn the westernmost parts of the Basque country, only the apical and the alveolar affricate are used.\n\nBasque also features postalveolar sibilants (, written , and , written ), sounding like English sh and ch.\n\nThe letter has a variety of realisations according to the regional dialect: , as pronounced from west to east in south Bizkaia and coastal Lapurdi, central Bizkaia, east Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, south Navarre, inland Lapurdi and Low Navarre, and Zuberoa, respectively.\n\nThe letter is pronounced in the northern dialects, but not pronounced in the southern ones. Unified Basque spells it except when it is predictable, in a position following a consonant.\n\nUnless they are recent loanwords (e.g. Ruanda \"Rwanda\", radar, robot ... ), words may not have initial . In older loans, initial r- took a prosthetic vowel, resulting in err- (Erroma \"Rome\", Errusia \"Russia\"), more rarely irr- (for example irratia \"radio\", irrisa \"rice\") and arr- (for example arrazional \"rational\").\n\nBasque does not have in syllable final position, and syllable-final assimilates to the place of articulation of following plosives. As a result, is pronounced like , and is realized as .\n\nPalatalization \nBasque has two types of palatalization, automatic palatalization and expressive palatalization. Automatic palatalization occurs in western Labourd, much of Navarre, all of Gipuzkoa, and nearly all of Biscay. As a result of automatic palatalization, and become the palatal nasal and the palatal lateral respectively after the vowel and before another vowel. An exception is the loanword 'lily'. The same palatalization occurs after the semivowel of the diphthongs ai, ei, oi, ui. This palatalization occurs in a wider area, including Soule, all of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, and almost all of Navarre. In a few regions, and can be palatalized even in the absence of a following vowel. After palatalization, the semivowel is usually absorbed by the palatal consonant. This can be seen in older spellings, such as instead of modern 'degree'. That said, the modern orthography for Standard Basque ignores automatic palatalization.\n\nIn certain regions of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, intervocalic is often palatalized after and especially . It may become indistinguishable from the affricate , spelled , so 'father' may sound like it were spelled or . This type of palatalization is far from general, and is often viewed as substandard.\n\nIn Goizueta Basque, there are a few examples of being palatalized after , and optional palatalization of . For example, 'seedbed' becomes , and 'lamb' can be .\n\nBasque nouns, adjectives, and adverbs can be expressively palatalized. These express 'smallness', rarely literal and often showing affection, in nouns, and mitigation in adjectives and adverbs. This is often used in the formation of pet names and nicknames. In words containing one or more sibilant, these sibilants are palatalized in order to form the palatalized form. That is, s and z become x, and ts and tz become tx. As a result, 'man' becomes 'little fellow', 'crazy, insane' becomes 'silly, foolish', and 'lamb' becomes 'lambkin, young lamb'.\nIn words without sibilants, , , , and can become palatalized. This palatalization is indicated in writing with a double consonant, except in the case of palatalized which is written . Thus, 'drop' becomes 'droplet', and 'grey' becomes 'grey and pretty, greyish'.\n\nThe pronunciation of tt and dd, and the existence of dd, differ by dialect. In the Gipuzkoan and Biscayan dialects tt is often pronounced the same as tx, that is, as , and dd does not exist. Likewise, in Goizueta Basque, tt is a voiceless palatal stop and the corresponding voiced palatal stop, , is absent except as an allophone of . In Goizueta Basque, is sometimes the result of an affectionate palatalization of .\n\nPalatalization of the rhotics is rare and only occurs in the eastern dialects. When palatalized, the rhotics become the palatal lateral . Likewise, palatalization of velars, resulting in tt or tx, is quite rare.\n\nA few common words, such as 'dog', pronounced , use palatal sounds even though in current usage they have lost the diminutive sense, the corresponding non-palatal forms now acquiring an augmentative or pejorative sense: 'big dog'.\n\nSandhi \nThere are some rules which govern the behavior of consonants in contact with each other. These apply both within and between words. When two plosives meet, the first one is dropped, and the second must become voiceless. If a sibilant follows a plosive, the plosive is dropped, and the sibilant becomes the corresponding affricate. When a plosive follows an affricate, the affricate becomes a sibilant, and a voiced plosive is devoiced. When a voiced plosive follows a sibilant, it is devoiced except in very slow and careful speech. In the central dialects of Basque, a sibilant turns into an affricate when it follows a liquid or a nasal. When a plosive follows a nasal, there's a strong tendency for it to become voiced.\n\nStress and pitch \n\nBasque features great dialectal variation in accentuation, from a weak pitch accent in the western dialects to a marked stress in central and eastern dialects, with varying patterns of stress placement. Stress is in general not distinctive (and for historical comparisons not very useful); there are, however, a few instances where stress is phonemic, serving to distinguish between a few pairs of stress-marked words and between some grammatical forms (mainly plurals from other forms), e.g. basóà (\"the forest\", absolutive case) vs. básoà (\"the glass\", absolutive case; an adoption from Spanish ); basóàk (\"the forest\", ergative case) vs. básoàk (\"the glass\", ergative case) vs. básoak (\"the forests\" or \"the glasses\", absolutive case).\n\nGiven its great deal of variation among dialects, stress is not marked in the standard orthography and Euskaltzaindia (the Academy of the Basque Language) provides only general recommendations for a standard placement of stress, basically to place a high-pitched weak stress (weaker than that of Spanish, let alone that of English) on the second syllable of a syntagma, and a low-pitched even-weaker stress on its last syllable, except in plural forms where stress is moved to the first syllable.\n\nThis scheme provides Basque with a distinct musicality that differentiates its sound from the prosodical patterns of Spanish (which tends to stress the second-to-last syllable). Some Euskaldun berriak (\"new Basque-speakers\", i.e. second-language Basque-speakers) with Spanish as their first language tend to carry the prosodical patterns of Spanish into their pronunciation of Basque, e.g. pronouncing nire ama (\"my mum\") as nire áma (– – ´ –), instead of as niré amà (– ´ – `).\n\nMorphophonology \n\nThe combining forms of nominals in final vary across the regions of the Basque Country. The can stay unchanged, be lowered to an , or it can be lost. Loss is most common in the east, while lowering is most common in the west. For instance, buru, \"head\", has the combining forms buru- and bur-, as in buruko, \"cap\", and burko, \"pillow\", whereas katu, \"cat\", has the combining form kata-, as in katakume, \"kitten\". Michelena suggests that the lowering to is generalised from cases of Romance borrowings in Basque that retained Romance stem alternations, such as kantu, \"song\" with combining form kanta-, borrowed from Romance canto, canta-.\n\nGrammar \n\nBasque is an ergative–absolutive language. The subject of an intransitive verb is in the absolutive case (which is unmarked), and the same case is used for the direct object of a transitive verb. The subject of the transitive verb is marked differently, with the ergative case (shown by the suffix -k). This also triggers main and auxiliary verbal agreement.\n\nThe auxiliary verb, which accompanies most main verbs, agrees not only with the subject, but with any direct object and the indirect object present. Among European languages, this polypersonal agreement is found only in Basque, some languages of the Caucasus (especially the Kartvelian languages), Mordvinic languages, Hungarian, and Maltese (all non-Indo-European). The ergative–absolutive alignment is also rare among European languages—occurring only in some languages of the Caucasus—but not infrequent worldwide.\n\nConsider the phrase:\n\nMartin-ek is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending -k (with an epenthetic -e-). Egunkariak has an -ak ending, which marks plural object (plural absolutive, direct object case). The verb is , in which is a kind of gerund (\"buying\") and the auxiliary means \"he/she (does) them for me\". This can be split like this:\n di- is used in the present tense when the verb has a subject (ergative), a direct object (absolutive), and an indirect object, and the object is him/her/it/them.\n -zki- means the absolutive (in this case the newspapers) is plural; if it were singular there would be no infix; and\n -t or -da- means \"to me/for me\" (indirect object).\n in this instance there is no suffix after -t. A zero suffix in this position indicates that the ergative (the subject) is third person singular (he/she/it).\n\nThe auxiliary verb is composed as di-zki-da-zue and means 'you pl. (do) them for me'\n di- indicates that the main verb is transitive and in the present tense\n -zki- indicates that the direct object is plural\n -da- indicates that the indirect object is me (to me/for me; -t becomes -da- when not final)\n -zue indicates that the subject is you (plural)\n\nThe pronoun zuek 'you (plural)' has the same form both in the nominative or absolutive case (the subject of an intransitive sentence or direct object of a transitive sentence) and in the ergative case (the subject of a transitive sentence). In spoken Basque, the auxiliary verb is never dropped even if it is redundant, e.g. in 'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. However, the pronouns are almost always dropped, e.g. zuek in 'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. The pronouns are used only to show emphasis: 'it is you (pl.) who buys the newspapers for me', or 'it is me for whom you buy the newspapers'.\n\nModern Basque dialects allow for the conjugation of about fifteen verbs, called synthetic verbs, some only in literary contexts. These can be put in the present and past tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods, in three tenses in the conditional and potential moods, and in one tense in the imperative. Each verb that can be taken intransitively has a nor (absolutive) paradigm and possibly a nor-nori (absolutive–dative) paradigm, as in the sentence Aititeri txapela erori zaio (\"The hat fell from grandfather['s head]\"). Each verb that can be taken transitively uses those two paradigms for antipassive-voice contexts in which no agent is mentioned (Basque lacks a passive voice, and displays instead an antipassive voice paradigm), and also has a nor-nork (absolutive–ergative) paradigm and possibly a nor-nori-nork (absolutive–dative–ergative) paradigm. This last is exemplified by dizkidazue above. In each paradigm, each constituent noun can take on any of eight persons, five singular and three plural, with the exception of nor-nori-nork in which the absolutive can only be third person singular or plural. The most ubiquitous auxiliary, izan, can be used in any of these paradigms, depending on the nature of the main verb.\n\nThere are more persons in the singular (5) than in the plural (3) for synthetic (or filamentous) verbs because of the two familiar persons—informal masculine and feminine second person singular. The pronoun hi is used for both of them, but where the masculine form of the verb uses a -k, the feminine uses an -n. This is a property rarely found in Indo-European languages. The entire paradigm of the verb is further augmented by inflecting for \"listener\" (the allocutive) even if the verb contains no second person constituent. If the situation calls for the familiar masculine, the form is augmented and modified accordingly. Likewise for the familiar feminine.\n(Gizon bat etorri da, \"a man has come\"; gizon bat etorri duk, \"a man has come [you are a male close friend]\", gizon bat etorri dun, \"a man has come [you are a female close friend]\", gizon bat etorri duzu, \"a man has come [I talk to you (Sir / Madam)]\") This multiplies the number of possible forms by nearly three. Still, the restriction on contexts in which these forms may be used is strong, since all participants in the conversation must be friends of the same sex, and not too far apart in age. Some dialects dispense with the familiar forms entirely. Note, however, that the formal second person singular conjugates in parallel to the other plural forms, perhaps indicating that it was originally the second person plural, later came to be used as a formal singular, and then later still the modern second person plural was formulated as an innovation.\n\nAll the other verbs in Basque are called periphrastic, behaving much like a participle would in English. These have only three forms in total, called aspects: perfect (various suffixes), habitual (suffix -t[z]en), and future/potential (suffix. -ko/-go). Verbs of Latinate origin in Basque, as well as many other verbs, have a suffix -tu in the perfect, adapted from the Latin perfect passive -tus suffix. The synthetic verbs also have periphrastic forms, for use in perfects and in simple tenses in which they are deponent.\n\nWithin a verb phrase, the periphrastic verb comes first, followed by the auxiliary.\n\nA Basque noun-phrase is inflected in 17 different ways for case, multiplied by four ways for its definiteness and number (indefinite, definite singular, definite plural, and definite close plural: euskaldun [Basque speaker], euskalduna [the Basque speaker, a Basque speaker], euskaldunak [Basque speakers, the Basque speakers], and euskaldunok [we Basque speakers, those Basque speakers]). These first 68 forms are further modified based on other parts of the sentence, which in turn are inflected for the noun again. It has been estimated that, with two levels of recursion, a Basque noun may have 458,683 inflected forms.\n\nThe common noun \"liburu\" (book) is declined as follows:\n\nThe proper name \"Mikel\" (Michael) is declined as follows:\n\nWithin a noun phrase, modifying adjectives follow the noun. As an example of a Basque noun phrase, etxe zaharrean \"in the old house\" is morphologically analysed as follows by Agirre et al.\n\nBasic syntactic construction is subject–object–verb (unlike Spanish, French or English where a subject–verb–object construction is more common). The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed for thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, What is this? can be translated as Zer da hau? or Hau zer da?, but in both cases the question tag zer immediately precedes the verb da. This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word galdegai (focus) is used.\n\nIn negative sentences, the order changes. Since the negative particle ez must always directly precede the auxiliary, the topic most often comes beforehand, and the rest of the sentence follows. This includes the periphrastic, if there is one: Aitak frantsesa irakasten du, \"Father teaches French\", in the negative becomes Aitak ez du frantsesa irakasten, in which irakasten (\"teaching\") is separated from its auxiliary and placed at the end.\n\nVocabulary \n\nThrough contact with neighbouring peoples, Basque has adopted many words from Latin, Spanish, French and Gascon, among other languages. There are a considerable number of Latin loans (sometimes obscured by being subject to Basque phonology and grammar for centuries), for example: lore (\"flower\", from florem), errota (\"mill\", from rotam, \"[mill] wheel\"), gela (\"room\", from cellam), gauza (\"thing\", from causa).\n\nWriting system \n\nBasque is written using the Latin script including and sometimes and . Basque does not use for native words, but the Basque alphabet (established by Euskaltzaindia) does include them for loanwords:\n⟨Aa, Bb, Cc, (and, as a variant, Çç), Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz⟩\n\nThe phonetically meaningful digraphs are treated as pairs of letters.\n\nAll letters and digraphs represent unique phonemes. The main exception is when precedes and , which in most dialects palatalises their sounds into and , even if these are not written. Hence, can also be written without changing the sound, whereas the proper name requires the mute to break the palatalisation of the .\n\n is mute in most regions, but it is pronounced in many places in the north-east, the main reason for its existence in the Basque alphabet.\nIts acceptance was a matter of contention during the standardisation process because the speakers of the most extended dialects had to learn where to place , silent for them.\n\nIn Sabino Arana's (1865–1903) alphabet, digraphs and were replaced with and , respectively.\n\nA typically Basque style of lettering is sometimes used for inscriptions.\nIt derives from the work of stone and wood carvers and is characterised by thick serifs.\n\nNumber system used by millers \n\nBasque millers traditionally employed a separate number system of unknown origin. In this system the symbols are arranged either along a vertical line or horizontally. On the vertical line the single digits and fractions are usually off to one side, usually at the top. When used horizontally, the smallest units are usually on the right and the largest on the left.\n\nThe system is, as is the Basque system of counting in general, vigesimal (base 20). Although the system is in theory capable of indicating numbers above 100, most recorded examples do not go above 100 in general. Fractions are relatively common, especially .\n\nThe exact systems used vary from area to area but generally follow the same principle with 5 usually being a diagonal line or a curve off the vertical line (a V shape is used when writing a 5 horizontally). Units of ten are usually a horizontal line through the vertical. The twenties are based on a circle with intersecting lines. This system is no longer in general use but is occasionally employed for decorative purposes.\n\nExamples\n\nArticle 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\n\n\n\nLanguage video gallery\n\nSee also \n Basque dialects\n Vasconic languages\n List of Basques\n Basque Country\n Late Basquisation\n Languages of France\n Languages of Spain\n Aquitanian language\n List of ideophones in Basque\n Wiktionary: Swadesh list of Basque words\n Basque literature\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nGeneral and descriptive grammars \n Allières, Jacques (1979): Manuel pratique de basque, \"Connaissance des langues\" v. 13, A. & J. Picard (Paris), .\n de Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María (1969): Morfología vasca. La Gran enciclopedia vasca, Bilbao 1969.\n Campion, Arturo (1884): Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara, Tolosa.\n Euskara Institutua (Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sareko Euskal Gramatika, SEG Aurkezpena [Sareko Euskal Gramatika]\n Hualde, José Ignacio & Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (eds.): A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. .\n \n Lafitte, Pierre (1962): Grammaire basque – navarro-labourdin littéraire. Elkarlanean, Donostia/Bayonne, . (Dialectal.)\n Lafon, R. (1972): \"Basque\" In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.) Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 9. Linguistics in Western Europe, Mouton, The Hague, Mouton, pp. 1744–1792. Part 2 The study of languages\n \n Tovar, Antonio, (1957): The Basque Language, U. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.\n \n Urquizu Sarasúa, Patricio (2007): Gramática de la lengua vasca. UNED, Madrid, .\n van Eys, Willem J. (1879): Grammaire comparée des dialectes basques, Paris.\n\nLinguistic studies \n Agirre, Eneko, et al. (1992): XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based on two-level morphology.\n Gavel, Henri (1921): Eléments de phonetique basque (= Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 12, París. (Study of the dialects.)\n Hualde, José Ignacio (1991): Basque phonology, Taylor & Francis, .\n Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba A.; Hualde, José Ignacio (eds.) (2006): Studies in Basque and historical linguistics in memory of R. L. Trask – R. L. Trasken oroitzapenetan ikerketak euskalaritzaz eta hizkuntzalaritza historikoaz, (= Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo: International journal of Basque linguistics and philology Vol. 40, No. 1–2), San Sebastián.\n Lakarra, J. & Ortiz de Urbina, J.(eds.) (1992): Syntactic Theory and Basque Syntax, Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, Donostia-San Sebastian, .\n Orduña Aznar, Eduardo. 2005. Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos. Palaeohispanica 5:491–506. This fifth volume of the journal Palaeohispanica consists of Acta Palaeohispanica IX, the proceedings of the ninth conference on Paleohispanic studies.\n de Rijk, R. (1972): Studies in Basque Syntax: Relative clauses PhD Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.\n Uhlenbeck, C.C. (1909–1910): \"Contribution à une phonétique comparative des dialectes basques\", Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 3 Wayback Machine pp. 465–503 4 Wayback Machine pp. 65–120.\n Zuazo, Koldo (2008): Euskalkiak: euskararen dialektoak. Elkar. .\n\nLexicons \n Aulestia, Gorka (1989): Basque–English dictionary University of Nevada Press, Reno, .\n Aulestia, Gorka & White, Linda (1990): English–Basque dictionary, University of Nevada Press, Reno, .\n Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María de (1905): Diccionario vasco–español–francés, Geuthner, Bilbao/Paris (reprinted many times).\n Michelena, Luis: Diccionario General Vasco/Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia. 16 vols. Real academia de la lengua vasca, Bilbao 1987ff. .\n Morris, Mikel (1998): \"Morris Student Euskara–Ingelesa Basque–English Dictionary\", Klaudio Harluxet Fundazioa, Donostia\n Sarasola, Ibon (2010–), \"Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia EEH\" Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia (EEH) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU\n Sarasola, Ibon (2010): \"Zehazki\" Zehazki - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU\n Sota, M. de la, et al., 1976: Diccionario Retana de autoridades de la lengua vasca: con cientos de miles de nuevas voces y acepciones, Antiguas y modernas, Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. .\n Van Eys, W. J. 1873. Dictionnaire basque–français. Paris/London: Maisonneuve/Williams & Norgate.\n\nBasque corpora \n Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2011): \"ETC: Egungo Testuen Corpusa\" Egungo Testuen Corpusa (ETC) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country\n Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009): \"Ereduzko Prosa Gaur, EPG\" Ereduzko Prosa Gaur (EPG) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country\n Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009–): \"Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa, EPD\" Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa (EPD) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country\n Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2013): \"Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa, EKC\" Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa (EKC) - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country\n Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2014): \"Goenkale Corpusa\" Goenkale Corpusa - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country\n Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2010): \"Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa\" Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa - UPV/EHU, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU), The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country\n\nOther \n Agirre Sorondo, Antxon. 1988. Tratado de Molinología: Los molinos en Guipúzcoa. San Sebastián: Eusko Ikaskunza-Sociedad de Estudios Vascos. Fundación Miguel de Barandiarán.\n \n Bakker, Peter, et al. 1991. Basque pidgins in Iceland and Canada. Anejos del Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca \"Julio de Urquijo\", XXIII.\n Deen, Nicolaas Gerard Hendrik. 1937. Glossaria duo vasco-islandica. Amsterdam. Reprinted 1991 in Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo, 25(2):321–426.\n\nHistory of the language and etymologies \n \n Azurmendi, Joxe: \"Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Renaissance und Reformation und die Entstehung der baskischen Literatur im religiösen und politischen Konfliktgebiet zwischen Spanien und Frankreich\" In: Wolfgang W. Moelleken (Herausgeber), Peter J. Weber (Herausgeber): Neue Forschungsarbeiten zur Kontaktlinguistik, Bonn: Dümmler, 1997. \n Hualde, José Ignacio; Lakarra, Joseba A. & R.L. Trask (eds) (1996): Towards a History of the Basque Language, \"Current Issues in Linguistic Theory\" 131, John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam, .\n Michelena, Luis, 1990. Fonética histórica vasca. Bilbao. \n Lafon, René (1944): Le système du verbe basque au XVIe siècle, Delmas, Bordeaux.\n Löpelmann, Martin (1968): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der baskischen Sprache. Dialekte von Labourd, Nieder-Navarra und La Soule. 2 Bde. de Gruyter, Berlin (non-standard etymologies; idiosyncratic).\n Orpustan, J. B. (1999): La langue basque au Moyen-Age. Baïgorri, .\n Pagola, Rosa Miren. 1984. Euskalkiz Euskalki. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpe.\n Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1980. Le Gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 85.\n Trask, R.L.: History of Basque. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. .\n Trask, R.L. † (edited by Max W. Wheeler) (2008): Etymological Dictionary of Basque, University of Sussex (unfinished). Also \"Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)\" Buber's Basque Page: The Larry Trask Archive: Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)\n\nRelationship to other languages\n\nGeneral reviews of the theories \n Jacobsen, William H. Jr. (1999): \"Basque Language Origin Theories\" In Basque Cultural Studies, edited by William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, and Joseba Zulaika, 27–43. Basque Studies Program Occasional Papers Series, No. 5. Reno: Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno.\n Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1998): \"Hizkuntzalaritza konparatua eta aitzineuskararen erroa\" (in Basque), Uztaro 25, pp. 47–110, (includes review of older theories).\n Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1999): \"Ná-De-Ná\" (in Basque), Uztaro 31, pp. 15–84.\n Trask, R.L. (1995): \"Origin and Relatives of the Basque Language : Review of the Evidence\" in Towards a History of the Basque Language, ed. J. Hualde, J. Lakarra, R.L. Trask, John Benjamins, Amsterdam / Philadelphia.\n Trask, R.L.: History of Basque. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. ; pp. 358–414.\n\nAfroasiatic hypothesis \n Schuchardt, Hugo (1913): \"Baskisch-Hamitische wortvergleichungen\" Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos = \"Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques\" 7:289–340.\n Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1964/66): \"Les rapports du basque et du berbère\", Comptes rendus du GLECS (Groupe Linguistique d'Etudes Chamito-Sémitiques) 10:177–184.\n \n Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): Le origini della lingua basca, Bologna, (new edit ).\n\nDené–Caucasian hypothesis \n Bengtson, John D. (1999): The Comparison of Basque and North Caucasian. in: Mother Tongue. Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory. Gloucester, Mass.\n \n Bengtson, John D. (2004): \"Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque).\" Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (CILL) 30.4, pp. 33–54.\n Bengtson, John D.. (2006): \"Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages.\" (there is also a preliminary draft)\n Bengtson, John D. (1997): Review of \"The History of Basque\". London: Routledge, 1997. Pp.xxii,458\" by R.L. Trask.\n Bengtson, John D., (1996): \"A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1.\"\n\nCaucasian hypothesis \n Bouda, Karl (1950): \"L'Euskaro-Caucasique\" Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vasca de Amigos del País. Homenaje a D. Julio de Urquijo e Ybarra vol. III, San Sebastián, pp. 207–232.\n Klimov, Georgij A. (1994): Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft, Buske, Hamburg, ; pp. 208–215.\n \n \n Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): Le origini della lingua basca, Bologna, (new edit ).\n Míchelena, Luis (1968): \"L'euskaro-caucasien\" in Martinet, A. (ed.) Le langage, Paris, pp. 1414–1437 (criticism).\n Uhlenbeck, Christian Cornelius (1924): \"De la possibilité d' une parenté entre le basque et les langues caucasiques\", Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 15, pp. 565–588.\n Zelikov, Mixail (2005): \"L'hypothèse basco-caucasienne dans les travaux de N. Marr\" Cahiers de l'ILSL, N° 20, pp. 363–381.\n Зыцарь Ю. В. O родстве баскского языка с кавказскими // Вопросы языкознания. 1955. № 5.\n\nIberian hypothesis \n Bähr, Gerhard (1948): \"Baskisch und Iberisch\" Eusko Jakintza II, pp. 3–20, 167–194, 381–455.\n Gorrochategui, Joaquín (1993): La onomástica aquitana y su relación con la ibérica, Lengua y cultura en Hispania prerromana : actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas de la Península Ibérica: (Colonia 25–28 de Noviembre de 1989) (Francisco Villar and Jürgen Untermann, eds.), , pp. 609–634.\n Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2002). La hipótesis del vascoiberismo desde el punto de vista de la epigrafía íbera, Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta, 90, pp. 197–218, .\n Schuchardt, Hugo Ernst Mario (1907): Die Iberische Deklination, Wien.\n\nUralic-Altaic hypothesis \n Bonaparte, Louis Lucien (1862): Langue basque et langues finnoises, London.\n\nVasconic-Old European hypothesis \n Vennemann, Theo (2003): Europa Vasconica – Europa Semitica, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 138, De Gruyter, Berlin, .\n Vennemann, Theo (2007): \"Basken wie wir: Linguistisches und Genetisches zum europäischen Stammbaum\", BiologenHeute 5/6, 6–11.\n\nOther theories \n Thornton, R.W. (2002): Basque Parallels to Greenberg's Eurasiatic. in: Mother Tongue. Gloucester, Mass., 2002.\n\nExternal links \n\n – Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language)\n An overview of language technology tools for Basque: Automatic translators for Basque, dictionaries, resources to learn Basque... (~ 2016)\n Euskara Institutua, The University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU\n Ahotsak.eus - Basque Oral Archive\n\n \nAgglutinative languages\nArticles containing video clips\nBasque culture\nLanguage isolates of Europe\nLanguages of France\nSubject–object–verb languages\nSynthetic languages\nLanguages of Spain",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipolis
|
Amphipolis (; ) is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is Rodolivos. It was an important ancient Greek polis (city), and later a Roman city, whose large remains can still be seen.
Amphipolis was originally a colony of ancient Athenians and was the site of the battle between the Spartans and Athenians in 422 BC. It was later the place where Alexander the Great prepared for campaigns leading to his invasion of Asia in 335 BC. Alexander's three finest admirals, Nearchus, Androsthenes and Laomedon, resided in Amphipolis. After Alexander's death, his wife Roxana and their son Alexander IV were imprisoned and murdered in 311 BC.
Excavations in and around the city have revealed important buildings, ancient walls and tombs. The finds are displayed at the archaeological museum of Amphipolis. At the nearby vast Kasta burial mound, an ancient Macedonian tomb has recently been revealed. The Lion of Amphipolis monument nearby is a popular destination for visitors.
It was located within the region of Edonis.
History
Origins
Throughout the 5th century BC, Athens sought to consolidate its control over Thrace, which was strategically important because of its raw materials (the gold and silver of the Pangaion hills and the dense forests that provided timber for naval construction), and the sea routes vital for Athens' supply of grain from Scythia.
A first unsuccessful attempt at colonisation was in 497 BC by the Milesian Tyrant Histiaeus. After the defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, the Athenian general Kimon managed to occupy Eion a few km south on the coast in 476 BC, and turned it into a military base and commercial port. The Athenians founded a first colony at Ennea-Hodoi (‘Nine Ways’) in 465 BC, but the first ten thousand colonists were massacred by the Thracians. A second attempt took place in 437 BC on the same site under general Hagnon which was successful. The city and its first impressive and elaborately built walls of 7.5 km length date from this time. The new Athenian colony became quickly of considerable size and wealth.
The new settlement took the name of Amphipolis (literally, "around the city"), a name which is the subject of much debate about its etymology. Thucydides claims the name comes from the fact that the Strymon River flows "around the city" on two sides; however a note in the Suda (also given in the lexicon of Photius) offers a different explanation apparently given by Marsyas, son of Periander: that a large proportion of the population lived "around the city". However, a more probable explanation is the one given by Julius Pollux: that the name indicates the vicinity of an isthmus.
Amphipolis quickly became the main power base of the Athenians in Thrace and, consequently, a target of choice for their Spartan adversaries. In 424 BC during the Peloponnesian War the Spartan general Brasidas captured Amphipolis.
Two years later in 422 BC, a new Athenian force under the general Kleon failed once more during the Battle of Amphipolis at which both Kleon and Brasidas lost their lives. Brasidas survived long enough to hear of the defeat of the Athenians and was buried at Amphipolis with impressive pomp. From then on he was regarded as the founder of the city and honoured with yearly games and sacrifices.
The Athenian population remained very much in the minority in the city and hence Amphipolis remained an independent city and an ally of the Athenians, rather than a colony or member of the Athens-led Delian League. It entered a new phase of prosperity as a cosmopolitan centre.
Macedonian rule
The city itself kept its independence until the reign of king Philip II () despite several Athenian attacks, notably because of the government of Callistratus of Aphidnae. In 357 BC, Philip succeeded where the Athenians had failed and conquered the city, thereby removing the obstacle which Amphipolis presented to Macedonian control over Thrace. According to the historian Theopompus, this conquest came to be the object of a secret accord between Athens and Philip II, who would return the city in exchange for the fortified town of Pydna, but the Macedonian king betrayed the accord, refusing to cede Amphipolis and laying siege to Pydna as well.
The city was not immediately incorporated into the Macedonian kingdom, and for some time preserved its institutions and a certain degree of autonomy. The border of Macedonia was not moved further east; however, Philip sent a number of Macedonian governors to Amphipolis, and in many respects the city was effectively "Macedonianized". Nomenclature, the calendar and the currency (the gold stater, created by Philip to capitalise on the gold reserves of the Pangaion hills, replaced the Amphipolitan drachma) were all replaced by Macedonian equivalents. In the reign of Alexander the Great, Amphipolis was an important naval base, and the birthplace of three of the most famous Macedonian admirals: Nearchus, Androsthenes and Laomedon, whose burial place is most likely marked by the famous lion of Amphipolis.
The importance of the city in this period is shown by Alexander the Great's decision that it was one of the six cities at which large luxurious temples costing 1,500 talents were built. Alexander prepared for campaigns here against Thrace in 335 BC and his army and fleet assembled near the port before the invasion of Asia. The port was also used as naval base during his campaigns in Asia. After Alexander's death, his wife Roxana and their young son Alexander IV were exiled by Cassander and later murdered here.
Throughout Macedonian sovereignty Amphipolis was a strong fortress of great strategic and economic importance, as shown by inscriptions. Amphipolis became one of the main stops on the Macedonian royal road (as testified by a border stone found between Philippi and Amphipolis giving the distance to the latter), and later on the Via Egnatia, the principal Roman road which crossed the southern Balkans. Apart from the ramparts of the lower town, the gymnasium and a set of well-preserved frescoes from a wealthy villa are the only artifacts from this period that remain visible. Though little is known of the layout of the town, modern knowledge of its institutions is in considerably better shape thanks to a rich epigraphic documentation, including a military ordinance of Philip V and an ephebarchic law from the gymnasium.
Conquest by the Romans
After the final victory of Rome over Macedonia in the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC, Amphipolis became the capital of one of the four mini-republics, or merides, which were created by the Romans out of the kingdom of the Antigonids which succeeded Alexander's empire in Macedon. These merides were gradually incorporated into the Roman client state, and later province, of Thracia. According to the Acts of the Apostles, the apostles Paul and Silas passed through Amphipolis in the early AD 50s, on their journey between Philippi and Thessalonica; where hence they proselytized to the Greeks, including Epicurean and Stoic philosophers.
In the 1st c. BC the city was badly damaged in the Thracian revolt against Roman rule.
Revival in Late Antiquity
During the period of Late Antiquity, Amphipolis benefited from the increasing economic prosperity of Macedonia, as is evidenced by the large number of Christian churches that were built. Significantly however, these churches were built within a restricted area of the town, sheltered by the walls of the acropolis. This has been taken as evidence that the large fortified perimeter of the ancient town was no longer defendable, and that the population of the city had considerably diminished.
Nevertheless, the number, size and quality of the churches constructed between the 5th and 6th centuries are impressive. Four basilicas adorned with rich mosaic floors and elaborate architectural sculptures (such as the ram-headed column capitals – see picture) have been excavated, as well as a church with a hexagonal central plan which evokes that of the basilica of St Vitalis in Ravenna. It is difficult to find reasons for such municipal extravagance in such a small town. One possible explanation provided by the historian André Boulanger is that an increasing ‘willingness’ on the part of the wealthy upper classes in the late Roman period to spend money on local gentrification projects (which he terms euergetism, from the Greek verb ; meaning 'I do good') was exploited by the local church to its advantage, which led to a mass gentrification of the urban centre and of the agricultural riches of the city's territory. Amphipolis was also a diocese under the metropolitan see of Thessalonica – the Bishop of Amphipolis is first mentioned in 533. The bishopric is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Final decline of the city
The Slavic invasions of the late 6th century gradually encroached on the back-country Amphipolitan lifestyle and led to the decline of the town, during which period its inhabitants retreated to the area around the acropolis. The ramparts were maintained to a certain extent, thanks to materials plundered from the monuments of the lower city, and the large unused cisterns of the upper city were occupied by small houses and the workshops of artisans. Around the middle of the 7th century, a further reduction of the inhabited area of the city was followed by an increase in the fortification of the town, with the construction of a new rampart with pentagonal towers cutting through the middle of the remaining monuments. The acropolis, the Roman baths, and especially the episcopal basilica were crossed by this wall.
The city was probably abandoned in the eighth century, as the last bishop was attested at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. Its inhabitants probably moved to the neighbouring site of ancient Eion, port of Amphipolis, which had been rebuilt and refortified in the Byzantine period under the name “Chrysopolis”. This small port continued to enjoy some prosperity, before being abandoned during the Ottoman period. The last recorded sign of activity in the region of Amphipolis was the construction of a fortified tower to the north in 1367 by the megas primikerios John and the stratopedarches Alexios to protect the land that they had given to the monastery of Pantokrator on Mount Athos.
Archaeology
The site was discovered and described by many travellers and archaeologists during the 19th century, including E. Cousinéry (1831) (engraver), Leon Heuzey (1861), and P. Perdrizet (1894–1899). However, excavations did not truly begin until after the Second World War. The Greek Archaeological Society under D. Lazaridis excavated in 1972 and 1985, uncovering a necropolis, the city wall (see photograph), the basilicas, and the acropolis. Further excavations have since uncovered the river bridge, the gymnasium, Greek and Roman villas and numerous tombs etc.
Parts of the lion monument and tombs were discovered during World War I by Bulgarian and British troops whilst digging trenches in the area. In 1934, M. Feyel, of the École française d'Athènes (EfA), led an epigraphical mission to the site and uncovered further remains of the lion monument (a reconstruction was given in the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, a publication of the EfA which is available on line).
The silver ossuary containing the cremated remains of Brasidas and a gold crown (see image) was found in a tomb in pride of place under the Agora.
The Tomb of Amphipolis
In 2012 Greek archaeologists unearthed a large tomb within the Kasta Hill, the biggest burial mound in Greece, northeast of Amphipolis. The large size and quality of the tumulus indicates the prominence of the burials made there, and its dating and the connections of the city with Alexander the Great suggest important occupants. The perimeter wall of the tumulus is long, and is made of limestone covered with marble.
The tomb comprises three chambers separated by walls. There are two sphinxes just outside the entrance to the tomb. Two of the columns supporting the roof in the first section are in the form of Caryatids, in the 4th century BC style. The excavation revealed a pebble mosaic directly behind the Caryatids and in front of the Macedonian marble door leading to the "third" chamber. The mosaic shows the allegory of the abduction of Persephone by Hades, but the persons depicted are Philip and Olympias of Macedon. Hades' chariot is drawn by two white horses and led to the underworld by Hermes. The mosaic verifies the Macedonian character of the tomb. As the head of one of the sphinxes was found inside the tomb behind the broken door, it is clear that there were intruders, probably in antiquity.
Fragments of bones from 5 individuals were found in the cist tomb, the most complete of which is a 60+ year old woman in the deepest layer. Dr. Katerina Peristeri, the archaeologist heading the excavation of the tomb, dates the tomb to the late 4th century BC, the period after the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC). One theory is that the tomb was built for the mother of Alexander the Great, Olympias.
Restoration of the tomb is due for completion in 2023 in the course of which building materials of the grave site which were later used by the Romans elsewhere will be rebuilt in their original location.
The city walls
The original 7.5 km long walls are generally visible, particularly the northern section which is preserved to a height of 7.5m. 5 preserved gates can be seen and notably the gate in front of the wooden bridge.
In early Christian times another, inner, wall was built around the acropolis.
The ancient wooden bridge of Amphipolis
The ancient bridge that crossed the river Strymon was mentioned by Thucydides, was strategic as it controlled access between Macedonia and the Chalkidike in the west to Thrace in the east, and was important for the economy and trade. It was therefore incorporated into the city walls.
It was discovered in 1977 and is a unique find for Greek antiquity. The hundreds of wooden piles have been carbon-dated and show the vast life of the bridge with some piles dating from 760 BC, and others used till about 1800 AD.
The Gymnasium
This was a major public building for the military and gymnastic training of youth as well as for their artistic and intellectual education. It was built in the 4th c. BC and includes a palaestra, the rectangular court surrounded by colonnades with adjoining rooms for many athletic functions. The covered stoa or xystos for indoor training in inclement weather is a long portico 75m long and 7m wide to allow 6 runners to compete simultaneously. There was also a parallel outdoor track, paradromida, for training in good weather and a system of cisterns for water supply.
During the Macedonian era it became a major institution.
The stone stela bearing the rules of the gymnasium was found in the north wing, detailing the duties and powers of the master and the education of the athletes.
After it was destroyed in the 1st c. BC in the Thracian rebellion against Roman rule, it was rebuilt in Augustus's time in the 1st c. AD along with the rest of the city.
Amphipolitans
Demetrius of Amphipolis, student of Plato
Zoilus (400–320 BC), grammarian, cynic philosopher
Pamphilus (painter), head of Sicyonian school and teacher of Apelles
Aetion, sculptor
Philippus of Amphipolis, historian
Nearchus, admiral
Erigyius, general
Damasias of Amphipolis 320 BC Stadion Olympics
Hermagoras of Amphipolis (), stoic philosopher, follower of Persaeus
Apollodorus of Amphipolis, appointed joint military governor of Babylon and the other satrapies as far as Cilicia by Alexander the Great
Xena - In the television series Xena Warrior Princess, Amphipolis is the main character's home village.
Municipality
The municipality Amfipoli was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following four former municipalities, that became municipal units:
Amfipoli
Kormista
Proti
Rodolivos
The municipality has an area of 411.773 km2, the municipal unit 152.088 km2.
See also
Archaeological Museum of Amphipolis
List of ancient Greek cities
References
External links
Official site about Amphipolis
Demographic Information from Greek Travel Pages
Livius.org: Amphipolis
The tomb of Amphipolis
Populated places in Serres (regional unit)
Amphipolis (municipality)
437 BC
5th-century BC establishments
8th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire
Ancient Amphipolis
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Central Macedonia
Archaeological sites in Macedonia (Greece)
Athenian colonies
Former populated places in Greece
Populated places established in the 5th century BC
Populated places disestablished in the 8th century
Populated places in ancient Macedonia
Populated places in ancient Thrace
Roman towns and cities in Greece
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
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"content": "Amphipolis (; ) is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is Rodolivos. It was an important ancient Greek polis (city), and later a Roman city, whose large remains can still be seen.\n\nAmphipolis was originally a colony of ancient Athenians and was the site of the battle between the Spartans and Athenians in 422 BC. It was later the place where Alexander the Great prepared for campaigns leading to his invasion of Asia in 335 BC. Alexander's three finest admirals, Nearchus, Androsthenes and Laomedon, resided in Amphipolis. After Alexander's death, his wife Roxana and their son Alexander IV were imprisoned and murdered in 311 BC.\n\nExcavations in and around the city have revealed important buildings, ancient walls and tombs. The finds are displayed at the archaeological museum of Amphipolis. At the nearby vast Kasta burial mound, an ancient Macedonian tomb has recently been revealed. The Lion of Amphipolis monument nearby is a popular destination for visitors.\n\nIt was located within the region of Edonis.\n\nHistory\n\nOrigins\n\nThroughout the 5th century BC, Athens sought to consolidate its control over Thrace, which was strategically important because of its raw materials (the gold and silver of the Pangaion hills and the dense forests that provided timber for naval construction), and the sea routes vital for Athens' supply of grain from Scythia. \nA first unsuccessful attempt at colonisation was in 497 BC by the Milesian Tyrant Histiaeus. After the defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, the Athenian general Kimon managed to occupy Eion a few km south on the coast in 476 BC, and turned it into a military base and commercial port. The Athenians founded a first colony at Ennea-Hodoi (‘Nine Ways’) in 465 BC, but the first ten thousand colonists were massacred by the Thracians. A second attempt took place in 437 BC on the same site under general Hagnon which was successful. The city and its first impressive and elaborately built walls of 7.5 km length date from this time. The new Athenian colony became quickly of considerable size and wealth.\n\nThe new settlement took the name of Amphipolis (literally, \"around the city\"), a name which is the subject of much debate about its etymology. Thucydides claims the name comes from the fact that the Strymon River flows \"around the city\" on two sides; however a note in the Suda (also given in the lexicon of Photius) offers a different explanation apparently given by Marsyas, son of Periander: that a large proportion of the population lived \"around the city\". However, a more probable explanation is the one given by Julius Pollux: that the name indicates the vicinity of an isthmus.\n\nAmphipolis quickly became the main power base of the Athenians in Thrace and, consequently, a target of choice for their Spartan adversaries. In 424 BC during the Peloponnesian War the Spartan general Brasidas captured Amphipolis. \n\nTwo years later in 422 BC, a new Athenian force under the general Kleon failed once more during the Battle of Amphipolis at which both Kleon and Brasidas lost their lives. Brasidas survived long enough to hear of the defeat of the Athenians and was buried at Amphipolis with impressive pomp. From then on he was regarded as the founder of the city and honoured with yearly games and sacrifices.\n\nThe Athenian population remained very much in the minority in the city and hence Amphipolis remained an independent city and an ally of the Athenians, rather than a colony or member of the Athens-led Delian League. It entered a new phase of prosperity as a cosmopolitan centre.\n\nMacedonian rule\n\nThe city itself kept its independence until the reign of king Philip II () despite several Athenian attacks, notably because of the government of Callistratus of Aphidnae. In 357 BC, Philip succeeded where the Athenians had failed and conquered the city, thereby removing the obstacle which Amphipolis presented to Macedonian control over Thrace. According to the historian Theopompus, this conquest came to be the object of a secret accord between Athens and Philip II, who would return the city in exchange for the fortified town of Pydna, but the Macedonian king betrayed the accord, refusing to cede Amphipolis and laying siege to Pydna as well.\n\nThe city was not immediately incorporated into the Macedonian kingdom, and for some time preserved its institutions and a certain degree of autonomy. The border of Macedonia was not moved further east; however, Philip sent a number of Macedonian governors to Amphipolis, and in many respects the city was effectively \"Macedonianized\". Nomenclature, the calendar and the currency (the gold stater, created by Philip to capitalise on the gold reserves of the Pangaion hills, replaced the Amphipolitan drachma) were all replaced by Macedonian equivalents. In the reign of Alexander the Great, Amphipolis was an important naval base, and the birthplace of three of the most famous Macedonian admirals: Nearchus, Androsthenes and Laomedon, whose burial place is most likely marked by the famous lion of Amphipolis.\n\nThe importance of the city in this period is shown by Alexander the Great's decision that it was one of the six cities at which large luxurious temples costing 1,500 talents were built. Alexander prepared for campaigns here against Thrace in 335 BC and his army and fleet assembled near the port before the invasion of Asia. The port was also used as naval base during his campaigns in Asia. After Alexander's death, his wife Roxana and their young son Alexander IV were exiled by Cassander and later murdered here.\n\nThroughout Macedonian sovereignty Amphipolis was a strong fortress of great strategic and economic importance, as shown by inscriptions. Amphipolis became one of the main stops on the Macedonian royal road (as testified by a border stone found between Philippi and Amphipolis giving the distance to the latter), and later on the Via Egnatia, the principal Roman road which crossed the southern Balkans. Apart from the ramparts of the lower town, the gymnasium and a set of well-preserved frescoes from a wealthy villa are the only artifacts from this period that remain visible. Though little is known of the layout of the town, modern knowledge of its institutions is in considerably better shape thanks to a rich epigraphic documentation, including a military ordinance of Philip V and an ephebarchic law from the gymnasium.\n\nConquest by the Romans\n\nAfter the final victory of Rome over Macedonia in the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC, Amphipolis became the capital of one of the four mini-republics, or merides, which were created by the Romans out of the kingdom of the Antigonids which succeeded Alexander's empire in Macedon. These merides were gradually incorporated into the Roman client state, and later province, of Thracia. According to the Acts of the Apostles, the apostles Paul and Silas passed through Amphipolis in the early AD 50s, on their journey between Philippi and Thessalonica; where hence they proselytized to the Greeks, including Epicurean and Stoic philosophers.\n\nIn the 1st c. BC the city was badly damaged in the Thracian revolt against Roman rule.\n\nRevival in Late Antiquity\n\nDuring the period of Late Antiquity, Amphipolis benefited from the increasing economic prosperity of Macedonia, as is evidenced by the large number of Christian churches that were built. Significantly however, these churches were built within a restricted area of the town, sheltered by the walls of the acropolis. This has been taken as evidence that the large fortified perimeter of the ancient town was no longer defendable, and that the population of the city had considerably diminished.\n\nNevertheless, the number, size and quality of the churches constructed between the 5th and 6th centuries are impressive. Four basilicas adorned with rich mosaic floors and elaborate architectural sculptures (such as the ram-headed column capitals – see picture) have been excavated, as well as a church with a hexagonal central plan which evokes that of the basilica of St Vitalis in Ravenna. It is difficult to find reasons for such municipal extravagance in such a small town. One possible explanation provided by the historian André Boulanger is that an increasing ‘willingness’ on the part of the wealthy upper classes in the late Roman period to spend money on local gentrification projects (which he terms euergetism, from the Greek verb ; meaning 'I do good') was exploited by the local church to its advantage, which led to a mass gentrification of the urban centre and of the agricultural riches of the city's territory. Amphipolis was also a diocese under the metropolitan see of Thessalonica – the Bishop of Amphipolis is first mentioned in 533. The bishopric is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.\n\nFinal decline of the city\n\nThe Slavic invasions of the late 6th century gradually encroached on the back-country Amphipolitan lifestyle and led to the decline of the town, during which period its inhabitants retreated to the area around the acropolis. The ramparts were maintained to a certain extent, thanks to materials plundered from the monuments of the lower city, and the large unused cisterns of the upper city were occupied by small houses and the workshops of artisans. Around the middle of the 7th century, a further reduction of the inhabited area of the city was followed by an increase in the fortification of the town, with the construction of a new rampart with pentagonal towers cutting through the middle of the remaining monuments. The acropolis, the Roman baths, and especially the episcopal basilica were crossed by this wall.\n\nThe city was probably abandoned in the eighth century, as the last bishop was attested at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. Its inhabitants probably moved to the neighbouring site of ancient Eion, port of Amphipolis, which had been rebuilt and refortified in the Byzantine period under the name “Chrysopolis”. This small port continued to enjoy some prosperity, before being abandoned during the Ottoman period. The last recorded sign of activity in the region of Amphipolis was the construction of a fortified tower to the north in 1367 by the megas primikerios John and the stratopedarches Alexios to protect the land that they had given to the monastery of Pantokrator on Mount Athos.\n\nArchaeology\n\nThe site was discovered and described by many travellers and archaeologists during the 19th century, including E. Cousinéry (1831) (engraver), Leon Heuzey (1861), and P. Perdrizet (1894–1899). However, excavations did not truly begin until after the Second World War. The Greek Archaeological Society under D. Lazaridis excavated in 1972 and 1985, uncovering a necropolis, the city wall (see photograph), the basilicas, and the acropolis. Further excavations have since uncovered the river bridge, the gymnasium, Greek and Roman villas and numerous tombs etc.\n\nParts of the lion monument and tombs were discovered during World War I by Bulgarian and British troops whilst digging trenches in the area. In 1934, M. Feyel, of the École française d'Athènes (EfA), led an epigraphical mission to the site and uncovered further remains of the lion monument (a reconstruction was given in the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, a publication of the EfA which is available on line).\n\nThe silver ossuary containing the cremated remains of Brasidas and a gold crown (see image) was found in a tomb in pride of place under the Agora.\n\nThe Tomb of Amphipolis\n\nIn 2012 Greek archaeologists unearthed a large tomb within the Kasta Hill, the biggest burial mound in Greece, northeast of Amphipolis. The large size and quality of the tumulus indicates the prominence of the burials made there, and its dating and the connections of the city with Alexander the Great suggest important occupants. The perimeter wall of the tumulus is long, and is made of limestone covered with marble.\n\nThe tomb comprises three chambers separated by walls. There are two sphinxes just outside the entrance to the tomb. Two of the columns supporting the roof in the first section are in the form of Caryatids, in the 4th century BC style. The excavation revealed a pebble mosaic directly behind the Caryatids and in front of the Macedonian marble door leading to the \"third\" chamber. The mosaic shows the allegory of the abduction of Persephone by Hades, but the persons depicted are Philip and Olympias of Macedon. Hades' chariot is drawn by two white horses and led to the underworld by Hermes. The mosaic verifies the Macedonian character of the tomb. As the head of one of the sphinxes was found inside the tomb behind the broken door, it is clear that there were intruders, probably in antiquity.\n\nFragments of bones from 5 individuals were found in the cist tomb, the most complete of which is a 60+ year old woman in the deepest layer. Dr. Katerina Peristeri, the archaeologist heading the excavation of the tomb, dates the tomb to the late 4th century BC, the period after the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC). One theory is that the tomb was built for the mother of Alexander the Great, Olympias.\n\nRestoration of the tomb is due for completion in 2023 in the course of which building materials of the grave site which were later used by the Romans elsewhere will be rebuilt in their original location.\n\nThe city walls\n\nThe original 7.5 km long walls are generally visible, particularly the northern section which is preserved to a height of 7.5m. 5 preserved gates can be seen and notably the gate in front of the wooden bridge.\n\nIn early Christian times another, inner, wall was built around the acropolis.\n\nThe ancient wooden bridge of Amphipolis\n\nThe ancient bridge that crossed the river Strymon was mentioned by Thucydides, was strategic as it controlled access between Macedonia and the Chalkidike in the west to Thrace in the east, and was important for the economy and trade. It was therefore incorporated into the city walls.\n \nIt was discovered in 1977 and is a unique find for Greek antiquity. The hundreds of wooden piles have been carbon-dated and show the vast life of the bridge with some piles dating from 760 BC, and others used till about 1800 AD.\n\nThe Gymnasium\n\nThis was a major public building for the military and gymnastic training of youth as well as for their artistic and intellectual education. It was built in the 4th c. BC and includes a palaestra, the rectangular court surrounded by colonnades with adjoining rooms for many athletic functions. The covered stoa or xystos for indoor training in inclement weather is a long portico 75m long and 7m wide to allow 6 runners to compete simultaneously. There was also a parallel outdoor track, paradromida, for training in good weather and a system of cisterns for water supply. \n\nDuring the Macedonian era it became a major institution.\n\nThe stone stela bearing the rules of the gymnasium was found in the north wing, detailing the duties and powers of the master and the education of the athletes.\n\nAfter it was destroyed in the 1st c. BC in the Thracian rebellion against Roman rule, it was rebuilt in Augustus's time in the 1st c. AD along with the rest of the city.\n\nAmphipolitans\nDemetrius of Amphipolis, student of Plato\nZoilus (400–320 BC), grammarian, cynic philosopher\nPamphilus (painter), head of Sicyonian school and teacher of Apelles\nAetion, sculptor\nPhilippus of Amphipolis, historian\nNearchus, admiral\nErigyius, general\nDamasias of Amphipolis 320 BC Stadion Olympics\nHermagoras of Amphipolis (), stoic philosopher, follower of Persaeus\nApollodorus of Amphipolis, appointed joint military governor of Babylon and the other satrapies as far as Cilicia by Alexander the Great\nXena - In the television series Xena Warrior Princess, Amphipolis is the main character's home village.\n\nMunicipality\nThe municipality Amfipoli was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following four former municipalities, that became municipal units:\nAmfipoli\nKormista\nProti\nRodolivos\n\nThe municipality has an area of 411.773 km2, the municipal unit 152.088 km2.\n\nSee also\nArchaeological Museum of Amphipolis\nList of ancient Greek cities\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official site about Amphipolis\n Demographic Information from Greek Travel Pages\n Livius.org: Amphipolis \n The tomb of Amphipolis\n\nPopulated places in Serres (regional unit)\nAmphipolis (municipality)\n437 BC\n5th-century BC establishments\n8th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire\nAncient Amphipolis\nAncient Greek archaeological sites in Central Macedonia\nArchaeological sites in Macedonia (Greece)\nAthenian colonies\nFormer populated places in Greece\nPopulated places established in the 5th century BC\nPopulated places disestablished in the 8th century\nPopulated places in ancient Macedonia\nPopulated places in ancient Thrace\nRoman towns and cities in Greece\nPopulated places of the Byzantine Empire",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Maili Moja
|
Maili Moja ni kata ya Wilaya ya Kibaha Mjini katika Mkoa wa Pwani, Tanzania yenye postikodi namba 61102 . Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 21,606 walioishi humo.
Marejeo
Wilaya ya Kibaha Mjini
Kata za Mkoa wa Pwani
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Maili Moja",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Maili Moja ni kata ya Wilaya ya Kibaha Mjini katika Mkoa wa Pwani, Tanzania yenye postikodi namba 61102 . Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 21,606 walioishi humo.\n\nMarejeo\n \n \n \nWilaya ya Kibaha Mjini \nKata za Mkoa wa Pwani",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Kipahari-Potwari
|
Kipahari-Kipotwari ni lugha ya Kihindi-Kiulaya nchini Pakistan na Uhindi inayozungumzwa na Wapahari. Mwaka wa 2007 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kipahari-Kipotwari nchini Pakistan imehesabiwa kuwa watu milioni mbili na nusu. ia kuna wasemaji 1,020,000 nchini Uhindi (2000). Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kipahari-Kipotwari iko katika kundi la Kiaryan.
Viungo vya nje
lugha ya Kipahari-Kipotwari kwenye Multitree
makala za OLAC kuhusu Kipahari-Kipotwari
lugha ya Kipahari-Kipotwari katika Glottolog
lugha ya Kipahari-Kipotwari kwenye Ethnologue
Lugha za Pakistan
Lugha za Uhindi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Kipahari-Potwari",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kipahari-Kipotwari ni lugha ya Kihindi-Kiulaya nchini Pakistan na Uhindi inayozungumzwa na Wapahari. Mwaka wa 2007 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kipahari-Kipotwari nchini Pakistan imehesabiwa kuwa watu milioni mbili na nusu. ia kuna wasemaji 1,020,000 nchini Uhindi (2000). Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kipahari-Kipotwari iko katika kundi la Kiaryan.\n\nViungo vya nje\nlugha ya Kipahari-Kipotwari kwenye Multitree\nmakala za OLAC kuhusu Kipahari-Kipotwari\nlugha ya Kipahari-Kipotwari katika Glottolog\nlugha ya Kipahari-Kipotwari kwenye Ethnologue\n\nLugha za Pakistan\nLugha za Uhindi",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentlake%20High%20School
|
Kentlake High School is a public high school, of more than 1,500 students located in Kent, Washington, United States. It is part of the Kent School District.
History
Kentlake High School was designed by the architectural firm Burr Lawrence Rising and was a prison gates and built in 1997. Built to accommodate 1600 students, the brick-exterior, two-story facility has for student use. Under a cooperative agreement with King County Parks, an adjacent site provides additional fields for Kentlake's athletic programs.
Kentlake welcomed its first student body, the classes of 1999 and 2000 in grades 10–11, when it opened on September 2, 1997. Kentlake opened to grades 9–12 during the 2004–05 school years. During the 2010-2011 school year, Dr. Joe Potts, former assistant principal of Kentwood High School, replaced Diana Pratt as the principal of Kentlake. The replacement was followed with the hiring of two assistant principals - Dylan Smith and Jordanne Nevin.
Academics
Kentlake High School offers several Advanced Placement (AP) courses to the students. Those courses include Art, Literature, Language, Calculus (AB), Calculus (BC), Statistics, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Physics, Oceanography, Government and Politics, and Psychology an even subjects like automobile mechanics and 3D design/printing.
In addition to AP courses, Kentlake also offers students several University of Washington courses - UW Composition, UW Literature, UW Comparative Lit, UW U.S. History, UW Biology: Brain & Addiction, UW Oceanography, UW Pre-Calculus, and UW Foundations in Information Technology. As of 2017, UW Astronomy is no longer offered.
Language courses offered at Kentlake include Polish, Japanese, French, Spanish, German, Latin, Icelandic, Finnish, Mandrin, Thai and Vietnamese, as well as American Sign Language.
Clubs and Activities
Kentlake offers a variety of clubs and activities to their students. These clubs and activities include:
Archery
ASL/Hand up Club
Bowling Club
Chess Club
Cosplay Club
DECA
Drama
Environmental Protection Club
Falcon Flyer (school newspaper)
Falcon Gourmet
Falcons of Faith
FCLA (Future Community Leaders)
FIDM Fashion Club
Film Club
French Club
Hip Hop/Step Club
Honor Society
Japan Club
Key Club
Link Crew (by selection)
Men of Excellence
Minecraft Club
Mud Wrestling
Multi-cultural Club
Speech & Debate
Ultimate Frisbee Club
Athletics
Kentlake participates in the WIAA 3A/4A division. They have been part of the Cascade Division of the North Puget Sound League since the 2016-17 school year. Their volleyball team has won the 4A state championships three times; in 2000, 2001, and 2002. KL volleyball also reached the state tournament in 2005, 2006, and 2007. The fast-pitch softball team has made it to the quarter-finals six times, the semifinals three times, and to the state championship once. Kentlake's baseball team reached the state championship in 2008 and won 2nd in 4a State in 2017. Kentlake's girls basketball team reached the state tournament in 2007.
Boys
Football
Cross Country
Golf
Basketball
Swim and Dive
Wrestling
Baseball
Tennis
Track and Field
Soccer
Judo
Girls
Volleyball
Cross Country
Swim and Dive
Golf
Soccer
Gymnastics
Basketball
Wrestling
Softball
Track and Field
Tennis
Judo
Cheerleading
Dance Team
Notable alumni
Courtney Thompson - University of Washington volleyball player, member of the NCAA 2005 championship team, awarded the Honda Award as the nation's top female player the highest award a female student athlete can receive Is now or was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team. Won a silver medal at the 2012 Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2016 Olympics.
Tess Henley - Singer-songwriter, pianist and soul music performer.
Band Accomplishments
In just its second year of existence, Kentlake's Jazz Ensemble took top honors in the Heritage New Orleans Jazz Festival. In 1999, the Jazz Ensemble finished 1st in its classification at the Reno Jazz Festival and 3rd at the Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival. That same year, the group undertook the challenge of performing the Ellington/Strayhorn “Jazz Nutcracker Suite” in its entirety and committed to making it an annual event by performing it again during the subsequent holiday seasons. That annual performance has since evolved into the highly popular Jingle Jazz Concert. One of the benefits of being a new high school in these times is having up-to-date technology, which includes digital recording capabilities. The jazz ensemble students have recorded, engineered, and produced a composite CD of the 1998-2000 and 2004 Kentlake Jazz Ensembles, and even contributed the cover art as well. Just this week the Kentlake High School Jazz Ensemble has been declared the winner (by taped audition) of the “Big Bad Voodoo Daddy Contest”, sponsored by Selmer Music Co., resulting in a performance by the recording group at Kentlake on March 21, 2001. To top it off, the 2001 band was selected as one of the top 15 groups nationally and performed at the prestigious Essentially Ellington Festival in New York City. In 2004 the Jazz Ensemble took Grand Sweepstakes honors at the New Orleans Heritage Festival, which is also attended in 2010.
In 2007, the band took top honors at the Boise State Gene Harris Jazz Festival and twice has been selected as the top band at the University of Montana Buddy DeFranco Jazz Festival (2009 and 2012). Several band alumni have moved into the professional music scene as performers, recording industry workers, and music teachers.
Kentlake's former band Director, Chuck Stowell who is a graduate of the University of Washington, retired after the 2014 school year. Jonathan Urmenita replaced him. Urmenita is a graduate of Washington State University.
Controversies
In February 2000 Chief Judge John Coughenour ordered the school to reinstate a student who had been suspended for creating an unofficial school website at home stating the school did not have the authority to punish students for exercising their freedom of speech outside of school.
In March 2011, a Kentlake High School teacher, Barbara Anderson, was charged with felony sexual misconduct with a minor after she was accused of having sex with a 17-year-old boy.
On April 3, 2012, two students were arrested by the Kent Police Department after the administration reported that a loaded gun had been brought to school. According to the letter passed out by the administration, no harm was originally intended. A small handgun was confiscated and two students have been expelled.
in 2022, there was another report of a student having a relationship with a teacher.
References
External links
Official site
Kent School District site
Kentlake PTSA site
The Falcon Flyer
High schools in King County, Washington
Education in Kent, Washington
South Puget Sound League
Educational institutions established in 1996
Public high schools in Washington (state)
1996 establishments in Washington (state)
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentlake%20High%20School",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kentlake High School is a public high school, of more than 1,500 students located in Kent, Washington, United States. It is part of the Kent School District.\n\nHistory\nKentlake High School was designed by the architectural firm Burr Lawrence Rising and was a prison gates and built in 1997. Built to accommodate 1600 students, the brick-exterior, two-story facility has for student use. Under a cooperative agreement with King County Parks, an adjacent site provides additional fields for Kentlake's athletic programs.\n\nKentlake welcomed its first student body, the classes of 1999 and 2000 in grades 10–11, when it opened on September 2, 1997. Kentlake opened to grades 9–12 during the 2004–05 school years. During the 2010-2011 school year, Dr. Joe Potts, former assistant principal of Kentwood High School, replaced Diana Pratt as the principal of Kentlake. The replacement was followed with the hiring of two assistant principals - Dylan Smith and Jordanne Nevin.\n\nAcademics\nKentlake High School offers several Advanced Placement (AP) courses to the students. Those courses include Art, Literature, Language, Calculus (AB), Calculus (BC), Statistics, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Physics, Oceanography, Government and Politics, and Psychology an even subjects like automobile mechanics and 3D design/printing.\n\nIn addition to AP courses, Kentlake also offers students several University of Washington courses - UW Composition, UW Literature, UW Comparative Lit, UW U.S. History, UW Biology: Brain & Addiction, UW Oceanography, UW Pre-Calculus, and UW Foundations in Information Technology. As of 2017, UW Astronomy is no longer offered.\n\nLanguage courses offered at Kentlake include Polish, Japanese, French, Spanish, German, Latin, Icelandic, Finnish, Mandrin, Thai and Vietnamese, as well as American Sign Language.\n\nClubs and Activities\nKentlake offers a variety of clubs and activities to their students. These clubs and activities include:\nArchery\nASL/Hand up Club\nBowling Club\nChess Club\nCosplay Club\nDECA\nDrama\nEnvironmental Protection Club\nFalcon Flyer (school newspaper)\nFalcon Gourmet\nFalcons of Faith\nFCLA (Future Community Leaders)\nFIDM Fashion Club\nFilm Club\nFrench Club\nHip Hop/Step Club\nHonor Society\nJapan Club\nKey Club\nLink Crew (by selection)\nMen of Excellence\nMinecraft Club\nMud Wrestling\nMulti-cultural Club\nSpeech & Debate\nUltimate Frisbee Club\n\nAthletics\nKentlake participates in the WIAA 3A/4A division. They have been part of the Cascade Division of the North Puget Sound League since the 2016-17 school year. Their volleyball team has won the 4A state championships three times; in 2000, 2001, and 2002. KL volleyball also reached the state tournament in 2005, 2006, and 2007. The fast-pitch softball team has made it to the quarter-finals six times, the semifinals three times, and to the state championship once. Kentlake's baseball team reached the state championship in 2008 and won 2nd in 4a State in 2017. Kentlake's girls basketball team reached the state tournament in 2007.\nBoys\n Football\n Cross Country\n Golf\n Basketball\n Swim and Dive\n Wrestling\n Baseball\n Tennis\n Track and Field\n Soccer\n Judo\nGirls\n Volleyball\n Cross Country\n Swim and Dive\n Golf\n Soccer\n Gymnastics\n Basketball\n Wrestling\n Softball\n Track and Field\n Tennis\n Judo\n Cheerleading\n Dance Team\n\nNotable alumni\n Courtney Thompson - University of Washington volleyball player, member of the NCAA 2005 championship team, awarded the Honda Award as the nation's top female player the highest award a female student athlete can receive Is now or was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team. Won a silver medal at the 2012 Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2016 Olympics.\nTess Henley - Singer-songwriter, pianist and soul music performer.\n\nBand Accomplishments\nIn just its second year of existence, Kentlake's Jazz Ensemble took top honors in the Heritage New Orleans Jazz Festival. In 1999, the Jazz Ensemble finished 1st in its classification at the Reno Jazz Festival and 3rd at the Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival. That same year, the group undertook the challenge of performing the Ellington/Strayhorn “Jazz Nutcracker Suite” in its entirety and committed to making it an annual event by performing it again during the subsequent holiday seasons. That annual performance has since evolved into the highly popular Jingle Jazz Concert. One of the benefits of being a new high school in these times is having up-to-date technology, which includes digital recording capabilities. The jazz ensemble students have recorded, engineered, and produced a composite CD of the 1998-2000 and 2004 Kentlake Jazz Ensembles, and even contributed the cover art as well. Just this week the Kentlake High School Jazz Ensemble has been declared the winner (by taped audition) of the “Big Bad Voodoo Daddy Contest”, sponsored by Selmer Music Co., resulting in a performance by the recording group at Kentlake on March 21, 2001. To top it off, the 2001 band was selected as one of the top 15 groups nationally and performed at the prestigious Essentially Ellington Festival in New York City. In 2004 the Jazz Ensemble took Grand Sweepstakes honors at the New Orleans Heritage Festival, which is also attended in 2010.\n\nIn 2007, the band took top honors at the Boise State Gene Harris Jazz Festival and twice has been selected as the top band at the University of Montana Buddy DeFranco Jazz Festival (2009 and 2012). Several band alumni have moved into the professional music scene as performers, recording industry workers, and music teachers.\n\nKentlake's former band Director, Chuck Stowell who is a graduate of the University of Washington, retired after the 2014 school year. Jonathan Urmenita replaced him. Urmenita is a graduate of Washington State University.\n\nControversies\nIn February 2000 Chief Judge John Coughenour ordered the school to reinstate a student who had been suspended for creating an unofficial school website at home stating the school did not have the authority to punish students for exercising their freedom of speech outside of school.\n\nIn March 2011, a Kentlake High School teacher, Barbara Anderson, was charged with felony sexual misconduct with a minor after she was accused of having sex with a 17-year-old boy.\n\nOn April 3, 2012, two students were arrested by the Kent Police Department after the administration reported that a loaded gun had been brought to school. According to the letter passed out by the administration, no harm was originally intended. A small handgun was confiscated and two students have been expelled.\n\nin 2022, there was another report of a student having a relationship with a teacher.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial site\nKent School District site\nKentlake PTSA site\nThe Falcon Flyer\n\nHigh schools in King County, Washington\nEducation in Kent, Washington\nSouth Puget Sound League\nEducational institutions established in 1996\nPublic high schools in Washington (state)\n1996 establishments in Washington (state)",
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meja%20Jenerali
|
Meja Jenerali (kutoka Kiingereza: Major General) ni cheo cha afisa wa jeshi kilicho chini ya Luteni Jenerali na juu ya Brigedia au Brigedia Jenerali, kulingana na nchi. Hufanya kazi chini ya Luteni jenerali na ni mkubwa kuliko Brigedia jenerali.
Cheo
Jeshi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meja%20Jenerali",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Meja Jenerali (kutoka Kiingereza: Major General) ni cheo cha afisa wa jeshi kilicho chini ya Luteni Jenerali na juu ya Brigedia au Brigedia Jenerali, kulingana na nchi. Hufanya kazi chini ya Luteni jenerali na ni mkubwa kuliko Brigedia jenerali.\n\nCheo\nJeshi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohane%20Mbilikimo
|
Yohane Mbilikimo (kwa Kigiriki: Ιωάννης Κολοβός, Ioannes Kolobos; kwa Kiarabu: ابو يحنّس القصير (Abū) Yuḥannis al-Qaṣīr; Thebe, 339 hivi – Mlima Colzim, 405 hivi) alikuwa padri mmonaki wa Misri.
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na Wakatoliki, Waorthodoksi na Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki kama mtakatifu.
Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 15 Septemba au 17 Oktoba au 9 Novemba.
Maisha
Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nane alikwenda na kaka yake kuishi jangwani akawa mfuasi wa Pambo. Alisifiwa hasa kwa utiifu wake. Baadaye aliongoza wengi, akiwemo Arseni Mkuu.
Maisha yake yote alikula mara moja tu kwa siku, tena nafaka, matunda na mboga tu.
Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Mababu wa jangwani
Tanbihi
Vyanzo kwa Kiswahili
Misemo ya Mababa wa Jangwani (Apophthegmata Patrum) – tafsiri ya W. Ngowi, O.F.M.Cap. – ed. Salvatorianum – Morogoro 2000 –ISBN 0-264-66350-0
Vyanzo kwa Kiingereza
Saint John the Dwarf
Ortodox Church of America, Feasts and Saints
Atiya, Aziz S. The Coptic Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1991.
Waliozaliwa 339
Waliofariki 405
Mapadri
Wakaapweke
Mababu wa jangwani
Watakatifu wa Misri
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohane%20Mbilikimo",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Yohane Mbilikimo (kwa Kigiriki: Ιωάννης Κολοβός, Ioannes Kolobos; kwa Kiarabu: ابو يحنّس القصير (Abū) Yuḥannis al-Qaṣīr; Thebe, 339 hivi – Mlima Colzim, 405 hivi) alikuwa padri mmonaki wa Misri. \n\nTangu kale anaheshimiwa na Wakatoliki, Waorthodoksi na Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki kama mtakatifu.\n\nSikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 15 Septemba au 17 Oktoba au 9 Novemba.\n\nMaisha\nAlipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nane alikwenda na kaka yake kuishi jangwani akawa mfuasi wa Pambo. Alisifiwa hasa kwa utiifu wake. Baadaye aliongoza wengi, akiwemo Arseni Mkuu.\n \nMaisha yake yote alikula mara moja tu kwa siku, tena nafaka, matunda na mboga tu.\n\nTazama pia\nWatakatifu wa Agano la Kale\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo\nOrodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko\nMababu wa jangwani\n\nTanbihi\n\nVyanzo kwa Kiswahili\n Misemo ya Mababa wa Jangwani (Apophthegmata Patrum) – tafsiri ya W. Ngowi, O.F.M.Cap. – ed. Salvatorianum – Morogoro 2000 –ISBN 0-264-66350-0\n\nVyanzo kwa Kiingereza\nSaint John the Dwarf\nOrtodox Church of America, Feasts and Saints\n Atiya, Aziz S. The Coptic Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1991. \n\nWaliozaliwa 339\nWaliofariki 405\nMapadri\nWakaapweke\nMababu wa jangwani\nWatakatifu wa Misri",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Nikola II wa Urusi
|
Nikola wa II wa Urusi (kwa Kirusi: Николай II Алекса́ндрович, Nikolai II Aleksandrovich; St. Petersburg, Urusi, 18 Mei 1868 – Yekaterinburg, Urusi, 17 Julai 1918) alikuwa tsar (mtawala wa kifalme au kaisari) wa mwisho wa Urusi (kuanzia tarehe 1 Novemba 1894 hadi alipozalimishwa kujiuzulu tarehe 15 Machi 1917).
Familia yake nzima iliuawa na Wakomunisti. Kwa sababu hiyo wote wanaheshimiwa na Waorthodoksi kama watakatifu wafiadini.
Tazama pia
Historia ya Urusi
Vita ya Japani na Urusi ya 1905
Mapinduzi ya Urusi ya 1917
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Tanbihi
Vyanzo
Marejeo mengine
The Sokolov Report, in Victor Alexandrov, "The End of The Romanovs", London: 1966
Boris Antonov, Russian Czars, St. Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers ()
Michael M. Baden, Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation, In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition). Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174–183, Springfield, Illinois: 2006
Paul Grabbe, "The Private World of the Last Czar" New York: 1985
Genrikh Ioffe, Revoliutsiia i sud'ba Romanovykh Moscow: Respublika, 1992
Coryne Hall & John Van der Kiste, Once A Grand Duchess : Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, Phoenix Mill, Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2002 (hardcover, )
Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias. 1993.
Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra 1999
Marvin Lyons, Nicholas II The Last Czar, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974 (hardcover, )
Shay McNeal, "The Secret Plot to Save the Czar" 2001
Bernard Pares, "The Fall of the Russian Monarchy" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988
John Curtis Perry and Konstantin Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs. 1999.
Edvard Radzinsky, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II (1992) .
Samten, Jampa. (2010). "Notes on the Thirteenth Dalai Lama's Confidential Letter to the Tsar of Russia." In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 357–370.
Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
Anthony Summers and Tom Mangold, The File on the Czar. 1976.
Andrew M. Verner, The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution 1990
Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 2 2000
Prince Felix Yussupov, Lost Splendour
Elisabeth Heresch, "Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Lüge und Verrat". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 1992
The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 – March 1917. Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999
Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937
Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914–1917 Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929
Nicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914–1917. Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970.
The Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938
Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar. Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917.
Paul Benckendorff, Last Days at Czarskoe Selo. London: 1927
Sophie Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography London: 1928
Pierre Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York: 1921
A. A. Mossolov (Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935
Anna Vyrubova, Memories of the Russian Court London: 1923
A.Yarmolinsky, editor, "The Memoirs of Count Witte" New York & Toronto: 1921
Sir George Buchanan (British Ambassador) My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, Cassell, 1923)
Meriel Buchanan, Dissolution of an Empire, Cassell, 1932
Gleb Botkin, The Real Romanovs, Fleming H. Revell Co, 1931
Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995
Viungo vya nje
Photos of the last visit of Tsar Nicholas and family to France, to Cherbourg 1909 from contemporary Magazine, Illustration
The Execution of Czar Nicholas II, 1918, EyeWitness to History.
Brief Summary of Czar
Abdication Proclamation, 2 March 1917 (the signature was put in pencil) (translation included)
Alexander Palace Time Machine
Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition
Frozentears.org A Media Library to Nicholas II and his Family.
Romanov sisters
Scientists Reopen Czar Mystery
Ipatiev House — Romanov Memorial detailed site on the historical context, circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov's execution
The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family , Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of execution of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918.
Nikolay II — Life and Death, Edvard Radzinski. Later published in English as The Last Czar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II.
Memoirs: The reign of Nicholas II 1-12 13-33 34-45 46-52 (incomplete), Sergei Witte. It was originally published in 1922 in Berlin. No complete English translations are available yet.
New Russian Martyrs. Czar Nicholas and His Family. A story of life, canonisation. Photoalbum.
Russian History Magazine Articles about the Romanovs from Atlantis magazine.
Resurrecting the Czar – November 2010 (Smithsonian magazine)
The coronation of Emperor Nicholas II. 26 (14, old style), may, 1896. Historical photos.
. – Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013)
Waliozaliwa 1872
Waliofariki 1918
Makaizari wa Urusi
Wafiadini Wakristo
Watakatifu wa Ujerumani
Watakatifu wa Urusi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Nikola II wa Urusi",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nikola wa II wa Urusi (kwa Kirusi: Николай II Алекса́ндрович, Nikolai II Aleksandrovich; St. Petersburg, Urusi, 18 Mei 1868 – Yekaterinburg, Urusi, 17 Julai 1918) alikuwa tsar (mtawala wa kifalme au kaisari) wa mwisho wa Urusi (kuanzia tarehe 1 Novemba 1894 hadi alipozalimishwa kujiuzulu tarehe 15 Machi 1917).\n\nFamilia yake nzima iliuawa na Wakomunisti. Kwa sababu hiyo wote wanaheshimiwa na Waorthodoksi kama watakatifu wafiadini.\n\nTazama pia\nHistoria ya Urusi\nVita ya Japani na Urusi ya 1905\nMapinduzi ya Urusi ya 1917\nWatakatifu wa Agano la Kale\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo\nOrodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko\n\nTanbihi\n\nVyanzo\n\nMarejeo mengine\n\nThe Sokolov Report, in Victor Alexandrov, \"The End of The Romanovs\", London: 1966\nBoris Antonov, Russian Czars, St. Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers ()\nMichael M. Baden, Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation, In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition). Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174–183, Springfield, Illinois: 2006\nPaul Grabbe, \"The Private World of the Last Czar\" New York: 1985\nGenrikh Ioffe, Revoliutsiia i sud'ba Romanovykh Moscow: Respublika, 1992 \nCoryne Hall & John Van der Kiste, Once A Grand Duchess : Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, Phoenix Mill, Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2002 (hardcover, )\nDominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias. 1993.\nAndrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra 1999\nMarvin Lyons, Nicholas II The Last Czar, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974 (hardcover, )\nShay McNeal, \"The Secret Plot to Save the Czar\" 2001\nBernard Pares, \"The Fall of the Russian Monarchy\" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988\nJohn Curtis Perry and Konstantin Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs. 1999.\nEdvard Radzinsky, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II (1992) .\nSamten, Jampa. (2010). \"Notes on the Thirteenth Dalai Lama's Confidential Letter to the Tsar of Russia.\" In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. \"The Earth Ox Papers\", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 357–370.\nMark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.\nAnthony Summers and Tom Mangold, The File on the Czar. 1976.\nAndrew M. Verner, The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution 1990\nRichard Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 2 2000\nPrince Felix Yussupov, Lost Splendour\nElisabeth Heresch, \"Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Lüge und Verrat\". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 1992\nThe Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 – March 1917. Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999\nLetters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937\nLetters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914–1917 Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929\nNicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914–1917. Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970.\nThe Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938\nWilly-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar. Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917.\nPaul Benckendorff, Last Days at Czarskoe Selo. London: 1927\nSophie Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography London: 1928\nPierre Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York: 1921\nA. A. Mossolov (Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935\nAnna Vyrubova, Memories of the Russian Court London: 1923\nA.Yarmolinsky, editor, \"The Memoirs of Count Witte\" New York & Toronto: 1921\nSir George Buchanan (British Ambassador) My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, Cassell, 1923)\nMeriel Buchanan, Dissolution of an Empire, Cassell, 1932\nGleb Botkin, The Real Romanovs, Fleming H. Revell Co, 1931\nMark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995\n\nViungo vya nje\n\nPhotos of the last visit of Tsar Nicholas and family to France, to Cherbourg 1909 from contemporary Magazine, Illustration \nThe Execution of Czar Nicholas II, 1918, EyeWitness to History.\nBrief Summary of Czar\nAbdication Proclamation, 2 March 1917 (the signature was put in pencil) (translation included)\nAlexander Palace Time Machine\nNicholas and Alexandra Exhibition\nFrozentears.org A Media Library to Nicholas II and his Family.\nRomanov sisters\nScientists Reopen Czar Mystery\nIpatiev House — Romanov Memorial detailed site on the historical context, circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov's execution\n The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family , Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of execution of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918.\n Nikolay II — Life and Death, Edvard Radzinski. Later published in English as The Last Czar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II.\n Memoirs: The reign of Nicholas II 1-12 13-33 34-45 46-52 (incomplete), Sergei Witte. It was originally published in 1922 in Berlin. No complete English translations are available yet.\nNew Russian Martyrs. Czar Nicholas and His Family. A story of life, canonisation. Photoalbum.\nRussian History Magazine Articles about the Romanovs from Atlantis magazine.\nResurrecting the Czar – November 2010 (Smithsonian magazine)\n The coronation of Emperor Nicholas II. 26 (14, old style), may, 1896. Historical photos. \n. – Historical reconstruction \"The Romanovs\". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013)\n\nWaliozaliwa 1872\nWaliofariki 1918\nMakaizari wa Urusi\nWafiadini Wakristo\nWatakatifu wa Ujerumani\nWatakatifu wa Urusi",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Mtumba
|
Mtumba ni jina la kata ya Dodoma Mjini katika Mkoa wa Dodoma, Tanzania. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 17268 waishio humo.
Makao makuu ya serikali
Eneo la Mtumba limechaguliwa kuwa na majengo ya makao makuu mapya ya serikali ya Tanzania. . Eneo lililoandaliwa lina hektari 617 na wizara zote zimeshapokea viwanja mnamo Aprili 2019.
Marejeo
Mkoa wa Dodoma
Wilaya ya Dodoma Mjini
|
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mtumba",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mtumba ni jina la kata ya Dodoma Mjini katika Mkoa wa Dodoma, Tanzania. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 17268 waishio humo.\n\nMakao makuu ya serikali\nEneo la Mtumba limechaguliwa kuwa na majengo ya makao makuu mapya ya serikali ya Tanzania. . Eneo lililoandaliwa lina hektari 617 na wizara zote zimeshapokea viwanja mnamo Aprili 2019.\n\nMarejeo\n\nMkoa wa Dodoma\nWilaya ya Dodoma Mjini",
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo%20cha%20Utumishi%20wa%20Umma%20Tanzania
|
Chuo cha Utumishi wa Umma ni taasisi ya elimu ya juu nchini Tanzania, iliyopewa jukumu la kutoa kozi zinazowatayarisha wanafunzi wanaohitimu katika chuo hicho kwa ajili ya utoaji wa huduma ya umma kwa wananchi. Taasisi hiyo pia hutoa kozi mpya kwa watumishi wa umma walio kazini, ili kuboresha na kuongeza ujuzi na maarifa kazini.
Eneo
Chuo hiki kina kampasi sita katika maeneo yafuatayo: Mtwara, Singida, Tanga, Mbeya, Tabora na Dar es Salaam. Kampasi kuu ipo Dar es Salaam kando ya Mtaa wa Bibi Titi Mohammed, jirani na eneo la Upanga Mashariki. Msimamo wa kijiografia wa kampasi hiyo ya Dar es Salaam ni:06°48'54.0"S, 39°16'51.0"E (Latitudo:-6.815000; Longitudo:39.280833).
Mtazamo
Chuo cha Utumishi wa Umma Tanzania kilianzishwa ili kusaidia idara ya utumishi wa umma kwa mafunzo, ushauri na utafiti ili kukidhi kuridhika kwa wateja. Chuo cha Utumishi wa Umma Tanzania kinaendesha miradi kadhaa katika taaluma mbalimbali ili kuboresha ubora wa huduma. Baadhi ya miradi hiyo hufanywa kwa usaidizi wa wafadhili kama vile CINOP. CINOP imefanya mengi ili kuhakikisha TPSC kupitia mbinu shirikishi imebadilisha CBET (Uzoefu wa Elimu ya ujuzi). TPSC imesajiliwa kama Chuo cha Ufundi ambapo Idara za Utumishi wa Umma zitakuwa na watumishi wenye mwelekeo wa vitendo waliohitimu kutoka TPSC. Kwa kufanya hivyo, CINOP imeshiriki kikamilifu katika mchakato wa Kuboresha miundombinu ya ICT, kama vile Chumba cha Kompyuta na Kituo cha Rasilimali za habari. Chini ya mradi huu, TPSC ni taasisi ya kwanza barani Afrika kutumia programu ya Kompyuta ya Uholanzi kusimamia mifumo ya kompyuta inayojulikana kama ResPowerfuse.Pia TPSC inatumia teknolojia ya IGEL. Kwa hiyo TPSC inajitahidi kuhakikisha kwamba watumishi wana uwezo wa kutoa huduma na kutumia rasilimali zilizopo.
Marejeo
Vyuo vikuu vya Tanzania
Dar es Salaam
WikiVibrance_Tanzania
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo%20cha%20Utumishi%20wa%20Umma%20Tanzania",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Chuo cha Utumishi wa Umma ni taasisi ya elimu ya juu nchini Tanzania, iliyopewa jukumu la kutoa kozi zinazowatayarisha wanafunzi wanaohitimu katika chuo hicho kwa ajili ya utoaji wa huduma ya umma kwa wananchi. Taasisi hiyo pia hutoa kozi mpya kwa watumishi wa umma walio kazini, ili kuboresha na kuongeza ujuzi na maarifa kazini.\n\nEneo\nChuo hiki kina kampasi sita katika maeneo yafuatayo: Mtwara, Singida, Tanga, Mbeya, Tabora na Dar es Salaam. Kampasi kuu ipo Dar es Salaam kando ya Mtaa wa Bibi Titi Mohammed, jirani na eneo la Upanga Mashariki. Msimamo wa kijiografia wa kampasi hiyo ya Dar es Salaam ni:06°48'54.0\"S, 39°16'51.0\"E (Latitudo:-6.815000; Longitudo:39.280833).\n\nMtazamo\nChuo cha Utumishi wa Umma Tanzania kilianzishwa ili kusaidia idara ya utumishi wa umma kwa mafunzo, ushauri na utafiti ili kukidhi kuridhika kwa wateja. Chuo cha Utumishi wa Umma Tanzania kinaendesha miradi kadhaa katika taaluma mbalimbali ili kuboresha ubora wa huduma. Baadhi ya miradi hiyo hufanywa kwa usaidizi wa wafadhili kama vile CINOP. CINOP imefanya mengi ili kuhakikisha TPSC kupitia mbinu shirikishi imebadilisha CBET (Uzoefu wa Elimu ya ujuzi). TPSC imesajiliwa kama Chuo cha Ufundi ambapo Idara za Utumishi wa Umma zitakuwa na watumishi wenye mwelekeo wa vitendo waliohitimu kutoka TPSC. Kwa kufanya hivyo, CINOP imeshiriki kikamilifu katika mchakato wa Kuboresha miundombinu ya ICT, kama vile Chumba cha Kompyuta na Kituo cha Rasilimali za habari. Chini ya mradi huu, TPSC ni taasisi ya kwanza barani Afrika kutumia programu ya Kompyuta ya Uholanzi kusimamia mifumo ya kompyuta inayojulikana kama ResPowerfuse.Pia TPSC inatumia teknolojia ya IGEL. Kwa hiyo TPSC inajitahidi kuhakikisha kwamba watumishi wana uwezo wa kutoa huduma na kutumia rasilimali zilizopo.\n\nMarejeo \n\nVyuo vikuu vya Tanzania\nDar es Salaam\nWikiVibrance_Tanzania",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Mlima Mhundugulu
|
ndio mrefu zaidi kati ya milima ya Rubeho iliyoko katika Mkoa wa Morogoro na Mkoa wa Dodoma nchini Tanzania.
Una urefu wa mita ? juu ya usawa wa bahari.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania
Milima ya Tanzania
Milima ya Afrika
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mlima Mhundugulu",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ndio mrefu zaidi kati ya milima ya Rubeho iliyoko katika Mkoa wa Morogoro na Mkoa wa Dodoma nchini Tanzania.\n\nUna urefu wa mita ? juu ya usawa wa bahari.\n\nTazama pia\nOrodha ya milima ya Tanzania\n\nMilima ya Tanzania\nMilima ya Afrika",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833%20KK
|
Makala hii inahusu mwaka 1833 KK (kabla ya Kristo).
Matukio
Waliozaliwa
Waliofariki
Karne ya 19 KK
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833%20KK",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Makala hii inahusu mwaka 1833 KK (kabla ya Kristo).\n\nMatukio\n\nWaliozaliwa\n\nWaliofariki \n\nKarne ya 19 KK",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Uwanja wa ndege wa Porto Amboim
|
Uwanja wa ndege wa Porto Amboim (ni uwanja wa ndege unaohudumia Porto Amboim, mji wa pwani katika Mkoa wa Cuanza Sul, Angola .
Nuru ya Porto Amboim isiyo ya mwelekeo (Kitambulisho: PA ) ipo uwanjani.
Marejeo
Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022
Uwanja wa Ndege
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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{
"content": "Uwanja wa ndege wa Porto Amboim",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Uwanja wa ndege wa Porto Amboim (ni uwanja wa ndege unaohudumia Porto Amboim, mji wa pwani katika Mkoa wa Cuanza Sul, Angola .\n\nNuru ya Porto Amboim isiyo ya mwelekeo (Kitambulisho: PA ) ipo uwanjani.\n\nMarejeo \n\nAfrica Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022\nUwanja wa Ndege",
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirose%20Heijir%C5%8D
|
was a Japanese professional Go player of Hoensha and Nihon Ki-in who reached 5-dan in 1902. Hirose was the teacher of Iwamoto Kaoru and Kato Shin. Other disciples of Hirose included Tsuyamori Itsuro, Iida Haruji and Sakaguchi Tsunejiro.
Biography
In 1895 he achieved 3 dan.
In 1898 he achieved 4 dan.
In 1901 he started to play Jubango with Ishii Senji.
In 1902 he achieved 5 dan.
In 1907 he started to play Jubango with Izawa Genkichi.
In 1912 he achieved 6 dan.
In 1918 he traveled to China because of an invitation from the prime minister of the Republic of China.
In 1920 he became the fifth president of Hoensha.
In 1921 he achieved 7 dan.
In 1924 he retired because of illness.
External links
Sensei's Library profile
1865 births
1940 deaths
Japanese Go players
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirose%20Heijir%C5%8D",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "was a Japanese professional Go player of Hoensha and Nihon Ki-in who reached 5-dan in 1902. Hirose was the teacher of Iwamoto Kaoru and Kato Shin. Other disciples of Hirose included Tsuyamori Itsuro, Iida Haruji and Sakaguchi Tsunejiro.\n\nBiography \nIn 1895 he achieved 3 dan.\nIn 1898 he achieved 4 dan.\nIn 1901 he started to play Jubango with Ishii Senji.\nIn 1902 he achieved 5 dan.\nIn 1907 he started to play Jubango with Izawa Genkichi.\nIn 1912 he achieved 6 dan.\nIn 1918 he traveled to China because of an invitation from the prime minister of the Republic of China.\nIn 1920 he became the fifth president of Hoensha.\nIn 1921 he achieved 7 dan.\nIn 1924 he retired because of illness.\n\nExternal links\nSensei's Library profile\n\n1865 births\n1940 deaths\nJapanese Go players",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Sanary-sur-Mer
|
Sanary-sur-Mer (, literally Sanary on Sea; ), popularly known as Sanary, is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, Southeastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 16,696. Sanary-sur-Mer is located in coastal Provence on the Mediterranean Sea, west of Toulon and southeast of Marseille. It can be reached from Paris by TGV in less than four hours. In high season there are direct flights to nearby Toulon–Hyères Airport from London, Oslo, Brussels and Rotterdam.
History
The seafront location was part of the commune of Ollioules. In the 16th century the seigneur established a fishing village here, clustered around the medieval watchtower, under the protection of "Sanct Nazari" of Lérins Abbey. The port was constructed and the harbour deepened in the mid-16th century. The little fishing port known in the Provençal dialect of Occitan (or in Provençal if considered as a distinct language) as Sant Nazari, later Sant Nàri, contracted later on as Sanàri, was finally granted its independence from Ollioules by Louis XIV of France on 10 July 1688. On 12 November 1890 it officially received its Francised name, Sanary, which was formalised and distinguished as "sur-Mer" ("on Sea") on 27 July 1923.
As a tourist rendezvous, the village underwent a strong decade of growth in the 1980s. Sanary-sur-Mer's coastline has a number of small beaches; it is an active village all year round, unlike most small towns on the Mediterranean coast. Sanary-sur-Mer is one of the sunniest places in France, with an average of only 61 days of rain, mostly in winter, as well as major solar radiation (6,156 MJ/m2/yr), comparable to Sicily. It is regularly swept by the Mistral, a strong wind coming from the Rhône Valley, which brings low humidity around 20%, gusts up to , cool temperatures, sun and deep blue skies. Wind is near gale force or higher on average 115 days per year (storm force eight days per year), making Sanary a favourite destination for windsurfers.
Population
Main sights
Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Pitié: From this chapel built in 1560 on a headland west of the town, the visitor sees a broad view over the bay of Sanary. It has a large number of ex-voto votive offerings.
Église Saint Nazaire: A Gothic Revival church of the late 19th century, Michel Pacha, architect.
Tour romane: A medieval construction, circa 1300.
Port: Sanary has a large collection of traditional wooden fishing boats, mainly the local "pointus". It also has a small fleet of artisan fishermen, who sell their catch every morning.
Portissol: The nicest beach in Sanary.
Market: Every morning there is a Provençal market under the plane trees, with much fresh produce.
Jacques Cousteau had a house in Sanary, the Villa Baobab. He was a pioneer of deep sea diving equipment, which he invented and developed around Sanary. The Frédéric Dumas International Diving Museum (Musée Frédéric-Dumas) is in a 13th-century Romanesque tower made available by the municipality; it bills itself as an historical city of diving. Frédéric Dumas was a co-inventor with Cousteau of the aqua-lung.
Sanary was the birthplace of Ernest Blanc (1923–2010), a distinguished operatic baritone who enjoyed a long international career.
Sanary hosts every year during the month of May the prestigious international photography festival PHOTOMED, now also held in parallel in Beirut.
Literary Sanary
With the rise of Nazism in the early 1930s, a great number of German writers and intellectuals left Germany and settled here: the playwright Bertold Brecht, Egon Erwin Kisch, Thomas Mann, Ludwig Marcuse, Joseph Roth, Franz Werfel and his wife Alma Mahler widow of Gustav Mahler at Le Moulin Gris (near the Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Pitié), Lion Feuchtwanger at Villa Lazare then at Villa Valmer, and Arnold Zweig. Patronised by Jean Cocteau and his coterie, Sanary had already drawn Aldous Huxley, who wrote Brave New World at Villa Huley, and his wife, Maria; they attracted other English visitors, such as D. H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda; Julian Huxley and his wife, Juliette; and others. The German expatriates clustered around Thomas Mann and his large family, his brother Heinrich and his wife (the model for Blue Angel), the writers Stefan Zweig and Arnold Zweig, the art critic Julius Meier-Graefe, and the artist René Schickele. Sybille von Schoenebeck (later, as Sybille Bedford, the author of A Legacy) lived here with her mother. Ludwig Marcuse in his book "Mein Zwanzigstes Jahrhundert" (p. 160) wrote about Sanary: "Wir wohnten im Paradies – notgedrungen", meaning "We lived in paradise – against our will".
"If one lives in exile," wrote Hermann Kesten, "The café becomes at once the family home, the nation, church and parliament, a desert and a place of pilgrimage, cradle of illusions and their cemetery... In exile, the café is the one place where life goes on."
With the declaration of war in 1939, the French government treated these exiles as enemy aliens and interned some of them in camps like the concentration Camp des Milles near Aix-en-Provence, and eventually some were sent to Auschwitz. After the liberation of France, the whole episode went ignored until the 1990s when, perhaps thanks to the increasing number of tourists from Germany, a commemorative plaque was unveiled, and literary itineraries were signposted.
International relations
Sanary-sur-Mer is twinned with:
Luino, Italy, since 2001
Bad Säckingen, Germany, since 1973
Purkersdorf, Austria, since 1973
Hongcheon, South Korea, since 1986
Kościerzyna, Poland, since 1990
Noginsk, Russia, since 2010
See also
Communes of the Var department
Bibliography
German Writers in French Exile, 1933–1940, by Martin Mauthner (London: 2007), .
References
External links
Official site
2000 pictures, history, agenda
Independent site
Info site
The Independent obituary of Sybille Bedford, February 20, 2006
Independent site
Pointu boats in Sanary
Communes of Var (department)
French Riviera
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Sanary-sur-Mer",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sanary-sur-Mer (, literally Sanary on Sea; ), popularly known as Sanary, is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, Southeastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 16,696. Sanary-sur-Mer is located in coastal Provence on the Mediterranean Sea, west of Toulon and southeast of Marseille. It can be reached from Paris by TGV in less than four hours. In high season there are direct flights to nearby Toulon–Hyères Airport from London, Oslo, Brussels and Rotterdam.\n\nHistory\nThe seafront location was part of the commune of Ollioules. In the 16th century the seigneur established a fishing village here, clustered around the medieval watchtower, under the protection of \"Sanct Nazari\" of Lérins Abbey. The port was constructed and the harbour deepened in the mid-16th century. The little fishing port known in the Provençal dialect of Occitan (or in Provençal if considered as a distinct language) as Sant Nazari, later Sant Nàri, contracted later on as Sanàri, was finally granted its independence from Ollioules by Louis XIV of France on 10 July 1688. On 12 November 1890 it officially received its Francised name, Sanary, which was formalised and distinguished as \"sur-Mer\" (\"on Sea\") on 27 July 1923.\n\nAs a tourist rendezvous, the village underwent a strong decade of growth in the 1980s. Sanary-sur-Mer's coastline has a number of small beaches; it is an active village all year round, unlike most small towns on the Mediterranean coast. Sanary-sur-Mer is one of the sunniest places in France, with an average of only 61 days of rain, mostly in winter, as well as major solar radiation (6,156 MJ/m2/yr), comparable to Sicily. It is regularly swept by the Mistral, a strong wind coming from the Rhône Valley, which brings low humidity around 20%, gusts up to , cool temperatures, sun and deep blue skies. Wind is near gale force or higher on average 115 days per year (storm force eight days per year), making Sanary a favourite destination for windsurfers.\n\nPopulation\n\nMain sights\nChapelle Notre-Dame-de-Pitié: From this chapel built in 1560 on a headland west of the town, the visitor sees a broad view over the bay of Sanary. It has a large number of ex-voto votive offerings. \nÉglise Saint Nazaire: A Gothic Revival church of the late 19th century, Michel Pacha, architect.\nTour romane: A medieval construction, circa 1300.\nPort: Sanary has a large collection of traditional wooden fishing boats, mainly the local \"pointus\". It also has a small fleet of artisan fishermen, who sell their catch every morning.\nPortissol: The nicest beach in Sanary.\nMarket: Every morning there is a Provençal market under the plane trees, with much fresh produce.\n\nJacques Cousteau had a house in Sanary, the Villa Baobab. He was a pioneer of deep sea diving equipment, which he invented and developed around Sanary. The Frédéric Dumas International Diving Museum (Musée Frédéric-Dumas) is in a 13th-century Romanesque tower made available by the municipality; it bills itself as an historical city of diving. Frédéric Dumas was a co-inventor with Cousteau of the aqua-lung.\n\nSanary was the birthplace of Ernest Blanc (1923–2010), a distinguished operatic baritone who enjoyed a long international career.\n\nSanary hosts every year during the month of May the prestigious international photography festival PHOTOMED, now also held in parallel in Beirut.\n\nLiterary Sanary\n\nWith the rise of Nazism in the early 1930s, a great number of German writers and intellectuals left Germany and settled here: the playwright Bertold Brecht, Egon Erwin Kisch, Thomas Mann, Ludwig Marcuse, Joseph Roth, Franz Werfel and his wife Alma Mahler widow of Gustav Mahler at Le Moulin Gris (near the Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Pitié), Lion Feuchtwanger at Villa Lazare then at Villa Valmer, and Arnold Zweig. Patronised by Jean Cocteau and his coterie, Sanary had already drawn Aldous Huxley, who wrote Brave New World at Villa Huley, and his wife, Maria; they attracted other English visitors, such as D. H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda; Julian Huxley and his wife, Juliette; and others. The German expatriates clustered around Thomas Mann and his large family, his brother Heinrich and his wife (the model for Blue Angel), the writers Stefan Zweig and Arnold Zweig, the art critic Julius Meier-Graefe, and the artist René Schickele. Sybille von Schoenebeck (later, as Sybille Bedford, the author of A Legacy) lived here with her mother. Ludwig Marcuse in his book \"Mein Zwanzigstes Jahrhundert\" (p. 160) wrote about Sanary: \"Wir wohnten im Paradies – notgedrungen\", meaning \"We lived in paradise – against our will\".\n\n\"If one lives in exile,\" wrote Hermann Kesten, \"The café becomes at once the family home, the nation, church and parliament, a desert and a place of pilgrimage, cradle of illusions and their cemetery... In exile, the café is the one place where life goes on.\"\n\nWith the declaration of war in 1939, the French government treated these exiles as enemy aliens and interned some of them in camps like the concentration Camp des Milles near Aix-en-Provence, and eventually some were sent to Auschwitz. After the liberation of France, the whole episode went ignored until the 1990s when, perhaps thanks to the increasing number of tourists from Germany, a commemorative plaque was unveiled, and literary itineraries were signposted.\n\nInternational relations\n\nSanary-sur-Mer is twinned with:\n Luino, Italy, since 2001\n Bad Säckingen, Germany, since 1973\n Purkersdorf, Austria, since 1973\n Hongcheon, South Korea, since 1986\n Kościerzyna, Poland, since 1990\n Noginsk, Russia, since 2010\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Var department\n\nBibliography \n German Writers in French Exile, 1933–1940, by Martin Mauthner (London: 2007), .\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial site\n2000 pictures, history, agenda\nIndependent site\nInfo site\nThe Independent obituary of Sybille Bedford, February 20, 2006\nIndependent site\nPointu boats in Sanary\n\nCommunes of Var (department)\nFrench Riviera",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibharia
|
Kibharia ni lugha ya Kidravidi nchini Uhindi inayozungumzwa na Wabharia. Mwaka wa 1981 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kibharia imehesabiwa kuwa watu 197,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kibharia haijaainishwa. Wataalamu wengine hudai kuwa Kibharia ni lugha ya Kihindi-Kiulaya.
Viungo vya nje
lugha ya Kibharia kwenye Multitree
makala za OLAC kuhusu Kibharia
lugha ya Kibharia katika Glottolog
lugha ya Kibharia kwenye Ethnologue
Lugha za Uhindi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibharia",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kibharia ni lugha ya Kidravidi nchini Uhindi inayozungumzwa na Wabharia. Mwaka wa 1981 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kibharia imehesabiwa kuwa watu 197,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kibharia haijaainishwa. Wataalamu wengine hudai kuwa Kibharia ni lugha ya Kihindi-Kiulaya.\n\nViungo vya nje\nlugha ya Kibharia kwenye Multitree\nmakala za OLAC kuhusu Kibharia \nlugha ya Kibharia katika Glottolog\nlugha ya Kibharia kwenye Ethnologue\n\nLugha za Uhindi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Kiwira
|
ni kati ya mito ya mkoa wa Songwe (Tanzania Kusini Magharibi) ambayo maji yake yanaishia katika bahari Hindi kupitia Ziwa Nyasa na mto Zambezi.
Tazama pia
Mito ya Tanzania
Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Songwe
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mito ya Tanzania
Mkoa wa Songwe
Ziwa Nyasa
Bahari ya Hindi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Kiwira",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni kati ya mito ya mkoa wa Songwe (Tanzania Kusini Magharibi) ambayo maji yake yanaishia katika bahari Hindi kupitia Ziwa Nyasa na mto Zambezi.\n\nTazama pia\n Mito ya Tanzania\n Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Songwe\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMito ya Tanzania\nMkoa wa Songwe\nZiwa Nyasa\nBahari ya Hindi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Uyoma
|
ni kata ya kaunti ya Siaya, eneo bunge la Rarieda, nchini Kenya.
Tanbihi
Kata za Kenya
Kaunti ya Siaya
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Uyoma",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni kata ya kaunti ya Siaya, eneo bunge la Rarieda, nchini Kenya.\n\nTanbihi\n\nKata za Kenya\nKaunti ya Siaya",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Kiede-Nago
|
Kiede-Nago ni lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo nchini Benin inayozungumzwa na Waede. Mwaka wa 2002 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiede-Nago imehesabiwa kuwa watu 200,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kiede-Nago iko katika kundi la Kiyoruboidi.
Viungo vya nje
lugha ya Kinago kwenye Multitree
makala za OLAC kuhusu Kinago
lugha ya Kinago katika Glottolog
http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nqg
Lugha za Benin
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Kiede-Nago",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kiede-Nago ni lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo nchini Benin inayozungumzwa na Waede. Mwaka wa 2002 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiede-Nago imehesabiwa kuwa watu 200,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kiede-Nago iko katika kundi la Kiyoruboidi.\n\nViungo vya nje\nlugha ya Kinago kwenye Multitree\nmakala za OLAC kuhusu Kinago \nlugha ya Kinago katika Glottolog\nhttp://www.ethnologue.com/language/nqg\n\nLugha za Benin",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarafa%20ya%20Yapleu
|
Tarafa ya Yapleu (kwa Kifaransa: Sous-préfecture de Yapleu) ni moja kati ya Tarafa 11 za Wilaya ya Man katika Mkoa wa Tonkpi ulioko magharibi mwa Cote d'Ivoire.
Mwaka 2014 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa 7,735 .
Makao makuu yako Yapleu (mji).
Hapa chini ni majina ya vijiji 2 vya tarafa ya Yapleu na idadi ya wakazi mwaka 2014:
Tontigouiné (1 063)
Yapleu (6 672)
Marejeo
Tarafa za Cote d'Ivoire
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarafa%20ya%20Yapleu",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tarafa ya Yapleu (kwa Kifaransa: Sous-préfecture de Yapleu) ni moja kati ya Tarafa 11 za Wilaya ya Man katika Mkoa wa Tonkpi ulioko magharibi mwa Cote d'Ivoire.\n\nMwaka 2014 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa 7,735 .\n\nMakao makuu yako Yapleu (mji).\n\nHapa chini ni majina ya vijiji 2 vya tarafa ya Yapleu na idadi ya wakazi mwaka 2014:\n Tontigouiné (1 063)\n Yapleu (6 672)\n\nMarejeo\n\nTarafa za Cote d'Ivoire",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Jaribio T la Mwanafunzi
|
Katika takwimu, Jaribio T la Mwanafunzi (kwa Kiingereza: Student's t-test) ni jaribio la takwimu ambalo linaweza kujaribu upweke kati ya wastani mbili.
Linapatwa kwa hesabu kama Takwimu T.
Kwa programu ya takwimu R
Ili utafute Jaribio T la Mwanafunzi kwa lugha ya programu ya takwimu R uandike:
> t.test(x, y, paired=TRUE)
Marejeo
Saleh, A. M. E., & Ehsanes, M. (2001). An introduction to probability and statistics. Wiley.
Peck, R., Olsen, C., & Devore, J. L. (2015). Introduction to statistics and data analysis. Cengage Learning.
Takwimu
Hisabati
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Jaribio T la Mwanafunzi",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Katika takwimu, Jaribio T la Mwanafunzi (kwa Kiingereza: Student's t-test) ni jaribio la takwimu ambalo linaweza kujaribu upweke kati ya wastani mbili.\n\nLinapatwa kwa hesabu kama Takwimu T.\n\nKwa programu ya takwimu R \nIli utafute Jaribio T la Mwanafunzi kwa lugha ya programu ya takwimu R uandike:\n\n> t.test(x, y, paired=TRUE)\n\nMarejeo \n Saleh, A. M. E., & Ehsanes, M. (2001). An introduction to probability and statistics. Wiley.\n Peck, R., Olsen, C., & Devore, J. L. (2015). Introduction to statistics and data analysis. Cengage Learning.\n\nTakwimu\nHisabati",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa%20cha%20Zinga%20%28Uganda%29
|
ni kati ya visiwa vya Uganda kusini (Mkoa wa Kati, Wilaya ya Wakiso).
Kinapatikana katika ziwa Nyanza, la pili duniani kwa ukubwa wa eneo.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya visiwa vya Uganda
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Visiwa vya Uganda
Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria
Wilaya ya Wakiso
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa%20cha%20Zinga%20%28Uganda%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni kati ya visiwa vya Uganda kusini (Mkoa wa Kati, Wilaya ya Wakiso).\n\nKinapatikana katika ziwa Nyanza, la pili duniani kwa ukubwa wa eneo.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya visiwa vya Uganda\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nVisiwa vya Uganda\nVisiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria\nWilaya ya Wakiso",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82%20Hulka-Laskowski
|
Paweł Hulka-Laskowski (25 June 1881 – 29 October 1946) was a Polish writer, translator, journalist and social worker.
He was born in Żyrardów in working class, Protestant family of Czech ancestry. His parents were textile factory workers. In 1903 he enrolled to the University of Heidelberg. After his return to Poland, he settled with his wife Kazimiera and daughter Elżbieta in Grodzisk Mazowiecki. In June 1910 Hulka-Laskowski and his wife were arrested by Tsarist Russian authorities, being accused on complicity in the assassination attempt of a local Russian gendarmerie commander. After their release from prison they moved to Żyrardów.
In the interwar period, Hulka-Laskowski contributed to many newspapers and magazines, such as Bluszcz, Echo Literacko-Artystyczne, Sfinks, Myśl Niepodległa, Wiadomości Literackie and Jednota. He was a prolific translator, translating i.a. the works of Karel Čapek, Božena Němcová, Jonathan Swift, James Fenimore Cooper, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Ernst Kretschmer, Emil Ludwig and Roger Martin du Gard. He is most known for the Polish translation of Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk.
He died in a hospital in Cieszyn from a brain stroke, and was buried at the Evangelical Lutheran cemetery, Cieszyn.
Works
1927 Porucznik Regier (Lieutenant Regier)
1934 Mój Żyrardów (My Żyrardów)
1938 Śląsk za Olzą (Silesia Behind Olza)
1946 Księżyc nad Cieszynem (Moon over Cieszyn)
References
Snoch, Bogdan, Górnośląski Leksykon Biograficzny. Suplement do wydania drugiego. Katowice: Silesian Museum, 2006, p. 50–51.
1881 births
1946 deaths
People from Żyrardów
Polish male writers
Polish translators
20th-century translators
Polish Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Polish people of Czech descent
Translators from Czech
20th-century Polish journalists
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82%20Hulka-Laskowski",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Paweł Hulka-Laskowski (25 June 1881 – 29 October 1946) was a Polish writer, translator, journalist and social worker.\n\nHe was born in Żyrardów in working class, Protestant family of Czech ancestry. His parents were textile factory workers. In 1903 he enrolled to the University of Heidelberg. After his return to Poland, he settled with his wife Kazimiera and daughter Elżbieta in Grodzisk Mazowiecki. In June 1910 Hulka-Laskowski and his wife were arrested by Tsarist Russian authorities, being accused on complicity in the assassination attempt of a local Russian gendarmerie commander. After their release from prison they moved to Żyrardów.\n\nIn the interwar period, Hulka-Laskowski contributed to many newspapers and magazines, such as Bluszcz, Echo Literacko-Artystyczne, Sfinks, Myśl Niepodległa, Wiadomości Literackie and Jednota. He was a prolific translator, translating i.a. the works of Karel Čapek, Božena Němcová, Jonathan Swift, James Fenimore Cooper, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Ernst Kretschmer, Emil Ludwig and Roger Martin du Gard. He is most known for the Polish translation of Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk.\n\nHe died in a hospital in Cieszyn from a brain stroke, and was buried at the Evangelical Lutheran cemetery, Cieszyn.\n\nWorks\n\n 1927 Porucznik Regier (Lieutenant Regier)\n 1934 Mój Żyrardów (My Żyrardów)\n 1938 Śląsk za Olzą (Silesia Behind Olza)\n 1946 Księżyc nad Cieszynem (Moon over Cieszyn)\n\nReferences\n\n Snoch, Bogdan, Górnośląski Leksykon Biograficzny. Suplement do wydania drugiego. Katowice: Silesian Museum, 2006, p. 50–51. \n\n1881 births\n1946 deaths\nPeople from Żyrardów\nPolish male writers\nPolish translators\n20th-century translators\nPolish Calvinist and Reformed Christians\nPolish people of Czech descent\nTranslators from Czech\n20th-century Polish journalists",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Strange Cargo 2
|
Strange Cargo 2 is the third album by electronic instrumentalist William Orbit. It was released in 1990. The album is the second in a series of similarly titled albums: Strange Cargo, Strange Cargo III, and Strange Cargo Hinterland.
Critical reception
The Chicago Tribune called the album "a mix of light jazz, funk and a smattering of world music to make it all seem somehow exotic."
AllMusic wrote that "though there's a bit more electronics on this record, [Orbit] still seems uncommonly fixated with textural touches like Spanish guitar, and the effect is much more Windham Hill than Warp."
Track listing
"Dark Eyed Kid"
"Atom Dream"
"Ruby Heart"
"El Santo"
"Dia Del Muerto"
"777"
"The Thief and the Serpent"
"The Last Lagoon"
"Millennium"
"Painted Rock"
References
William Orbit albums
1990 albums
I.R.S. Records albums
Albums produced by William Orbit
Sequel albums
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Strange Cargo 2",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Strange Cargo 2 is the third album by electronic instrumentalist William Orbit. It was released in 1990. The album is the second in a series of similarly titled albums: Strange Cargo, Strange Cargo III, and Strange Cargo Hinterland.\n\nCritical reception\n\nThe Chicago Tribune called the album \"a mix of light jazz, funk and a smattering of world music to make it all seem somehow exotic.\"\n\nAllMusic wrote that \"though there's a bit more electronics on this record, [Orbit] still seems uncommonly fixated with textural touches like Spanish guitar, and the effect is much more Windham Hill than Warp.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\"Dark Eyed Kid\"\n\"Atom Dream\"\n\"Ruby Heart\"\n\"El Santo\"\n\"Dia Del Muerto\"\n\"777\"\n\"The Thief and the Serpent\"\n\"The Last Lagoon\"\n\"Millennium\"\n\"Painted Rock\"\n\nReferences\n\nWilliam Orbit albums\n1990 albums\nI.R.S. Records albums\nAlbums produced by William Orbit\nSequel albums",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Letsrecycle.com
|
Letsrecycle.com ni tovuti ya Kiingereza ya kuwasilisha habari na taarifa zihusihano na usimamizi wa taka na viwanda vya kuchakata taka. Tovuti hutoa habari na taarifa kila siku na pia ni miongoni mwa wadau wakubwa wa kutoa taarifa ya taka nchini Uingereza. Pia hutaja bei mbalimbali ya taka zilizochakatwa zikiwemo karatasi, vyuma chakavu, plastiki, vioo na mbao. Ni maalumu tu kwa ajili ya wananchi na biashara za Uingereza, Mamlaka za ndani na vikundi vya kijamii vinavyojihusisha na kuchakata na usimamizi wa taka. Pia tovuti hukubali michango na hadithi za watu mbalimbali
Marejeo
Ekolojia
Wiki4HumanRights USW
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Letsrecycle.com",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Letsrecycle.com ni tovuti ya Kiingereza ya kuwasilisha habari na taarifa zihusihano na usimamizi wa taka na viwanda vya kuchakata taka. Tovuti hutoa habari na taarifa kila siku na pia ni miongoni mwa wadau wakubwa wa kutoa taarifa ya taka nchini Uingereza. Pia hutaja bei mbalimbali ya taka zilizochakatwa zikiwemo karatasi, vyuma chakavu, plastiki, vioo na mbao. Ni maalumu tu kwa ajili ya wananchi na biashara za Uingereza, Mamlaka za ndani na vikundi vya kijamii vinavyojihusisha na kuchakata na usimamizi wa taka. Pia tovuti hukubali michango na hadithi za watu mbalimbali\n\nMarejeo \n\nEkolojia\nWiki4HumanRights USW",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu%20cha%20Ruthu
|
Kitabu cha Ruthu ni kimojawapo kati ya vitabu vifupi vya Biblia ya Kiebrania, kwa hiyo pia ya Agano la Kale katika Biblia ya Kikristo.
Ni kati ya vile vichache vilivyo na jina la mwanamke ambaye ndiye mhusika mkuu wa habari.
Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya Biblia, hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa historia ya wokovu ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya ufunuo wa Mungu kwa binadamu.
Umuhimu wake
Katika fujo ya miaka ya Waamuzi (Kitabu cha Waamuzi), habari ya kitabu hiki kifupi inatujenga: inamhusu Ruthu, mwanamke Mpagani wa kabila la Moabu aliyeolewa na Mwisraeli kwao, ng’ambo ya mto Yordani.
Baada ya kufiwa mume wake akafuatana na mama mkwe Naomi hadi Bethlehemu ili aolewe na ndugu wa marehemu na kumzalia mtoto kadiri ya Torati, sheria ya Israeli.
Baada ya kufanikiwa kuolewa na Boazi kwa msaada wa Naomi, alimzaa Obedi.
Huyo mtoto akawa baba wa Yese na babu wa mfalme Daudi.
Hivyo kwa uaminifu wake mwanamke huyo pia akatajwa katika Injili kama bibi wa Yesu (Math 1:5-6).
Mazingira
Habari kuu ya kitabu cha Ruthu ilitokea wakati wa Waamuzi, lakini inafurahisha moyo, ikilinganishwa na hali mbaya ya kidini na ya kimaadili iliyoandikwa katika kitabu cha Waamuzi.
Habari yenyewe inaonyesha kwamba imani kamili kwa Mungu na uangalifu na upendo kwa watu wengine wakati ule pia ulikuwepo katika Israeli.
Katika taifa zima walikuwepo watu waliojitahidi kuishi maisha ya unyenyekevu na haki mbele ya Mungu wa kweli.
Habari hiyo pia inaonyesha kwamba Mungu aliwaangalia watu kama hao kwa neema yake kubwa, akiyaongoza mambo yao ya kila siku na kuwafanikisha. Wema huo pia ulikuwa baraka kwa taifa zima.
Yaliyomo
1:1-22 Miaka kumi ya taabu katika nchi ya Moabu
2:1-4:22 Mwanzo wa maisha mapya katika Israeli
Viungo vya nje
Kitabu cha Ruth katika Biblia (Union Version)
Ruth
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu%20cha%20Ruthu",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kitabu cha Ruthu ni kimojawapo kati ya vitabu vifupi vya Biblia ya Kiebrania, kwa hiyo pia ya Agano la Kale katika Biblia ya Kikristo. \n\nNi kati ya vile vichache vilivyo na jina la mwanamke ambaye ndiye mhusika mkuu wa habari.\n\nKama vitabu vingine vyote vya Biblia, hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa historia ya wokovu ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya ufunuo wa Mungu kwa binadamu.\n\nUmuhimu wake\nKatika fujo ya miaka ya Waamuzi (Kitabu cha Waamuzi), habari ya kitabu hiki kifupi inatujenga: inamhusu Ruthu, mwanamke Mpagani wa kabila la Moabu aliyeolewa na Mwisraeli kwao, ng’ambo ya mto Yordani.\n\nBaada ya kufiwa mume wake akafuatana na mama mkwe Naomi hadi Bethlehemu ili aolewe na ndugu wa marehemu na kumzalia mtoto kadiri ya Torati, sheria ya Israeli.\n\nBaada ya kufanikiwa kuolewa na Boazi kwa msaada wa Naomi, alimzaa Obedi. \n\nHuyo mtoto akawa baba wa Yese na babu wa mfalme Daudi.\n\nHivyo kwa uaminifu wake mwanamke huyo pia akatajwa katika Injili kama bibi wa Yesu (Math 1:5-6).\n\nMazingira \nHabari kuu ya kitabu cha Ruthu ilitokea wakati wa Waamuzi, lakini inafurahisha moyo, ikilinganishwa na hali mbaya ya kidini na ya kimaadili iliyoandikwa katika kitabu cha Waamuzi. \n\nHabari yenyewe inaonyesha kwamba imani kamili kwa Mungu na uangalifu na upendo kwa watu wengine wakati ule pia ulikuwepo katika Israeli.\n\nKatika taifa zima walikuwepo watu waliojitahidi kuishi maisha ya unyenyekevu na haki mbele ya Mungu wa kweli. \n\nHabari hiyo pia inaonyesha kwamba Mungu aliwaangalia watu kama hao kwa neema yake kubwa, akiyaongoza mambo yao ya kila siku na kuwafanikisha. Wema huo pia ulikuwa baraka kwa taifa zima.\n\nYaliyomo \n1:1-22\t\tMiaka kumi ya taabu katika nchi ya Moabu\n2:1-4:22\tMwanzo wa maisha mapya katika Israeli\n\nViungo vya nje \n Kitabu cha Ruth katika Biblia (Union Version)\n \n\nRuth",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
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