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Rachid Aït-Atmane
|
Rachid Aït-Atmane (anayejulikana kama Rachid nchini Hispania,; alizaliwa 4 Januari 1993) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kitaalamu wa Algeria anayecheza kama kiungo wa kati kwa klabu ya JS Kabylie.
Kazi
Alizaliwa jijini Bobigny, Aït-Atmane alimaliza mafunzo yake na timu ya vijana ya RC Lens na kuanza kucheza katika timu ya wakubwa msimu wa 2010–11, katika Championnat de France amateur. Tarehe 4 Juni 2013, alihamia nje ya nchi kwa mara ya kwanza katika kazi yake, akisaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na klabu ya Kihispania ya Sporting de Gijón na kuwekwa katika timu ya B ya Segunda División B.
Kimataifa
Mwezi wa Novemba 2015, Aït-Atmane alikaribishwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye Timu ya Taifa ya Vijana ya Algeria kwa ajili ya mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya Tunisia kama maandalizi kwa Michuano ya CAF ya Wachezaji wa Chini ya Miaka 23 ya 2015.
Marejeo
Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria
Waliozaliwa 1993
Watu walio hai
|
[
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"content": "Rachid Aït-Atmane",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Rachid Aït-Atmane (anayejulikana kama Rachid nchini Hispania,; alizaliwa 4 Januari 1993) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kitaalamu wa Algeria anayecheza kama kiungo wa kati kwa klabu ya JS Kabylie.\n\nKazi \nAlizaliwa jijini Bobigny, Aït-Atmane alimaliza mafunzo yake na timu ya vijana ya RC Lens na kuanza kucheza katika timu ya wakubwa msimu wa 2010–11, katika Championnat de France amateur. Tarehe 4 Juni 2013, alihamia nje ya nchi kwa mara ya kwanza katika kazi yake, akisaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na klabu ya Kihispania ya Sporting de Gijón na kuwekwa katika timu ya B ya Segunda División B.\n\nKimataifa \nMwezi wa Novemba 2015, Aït-Atmane alikaribishwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye Timu ya Taifa ya Vijana ya Algeria kwa ajili ya mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya Tunisia kama maandalizi kwa Michuano ya CAF ya Wachezaji wa Chini ya Miaka 23 ya 2015.\n\nMarejeo \n\nWachezaji mpira wa Algeria\nWaliozaliwa 1993\nWatu walio hai",
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watakubali
|
Watakubali ni jina la wimbo uliotungwa na mwimbaji/mwanamuziki wa Bongo Flava kutoka nchini Tanzania - Mbosso. Wimbo umetoka tarehe 28 Januari 2018. Huu ni wimbo wa kwanza kutoka tangu aingie mkataba na WCB Wasafi. Wimbo umetayarishwa na Laizer Classic.
Wimbo unamzungumzia kijana mmoja anayependwa na mwanamke mwenye uwezo kuliko yeye. Mbaya zaidi, Mbosso hana pesa, hana ajira wala hana elimu ya kutosha vigezo vya mwanamke huyo. Pamoja na kasoro zote hizo, bado yule mwanamke anaonesha kumpenda Mbosso kwa hali aliyonayo. Katika wimbo anaelezea pia kisa kibaya alichowahi kuwafanya wazee wa mwanamke anayempenda. Je, kwa tukio la kukuba ukweni, watakubali?
Marejeo
Nyimbo za 2018
Nyimbo za Mbosso
Nyimbo zilizotayarishwa na Laizer Classic
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watakubali",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Watakubali ni jina la wimbo uliotungwa na mwimbaji/mwanamuziki wa Bongo Flava kutoka nchini Tanzania - Mbosso. Wimbo umetoka tarehe 28 Januari 2018. Huu ni wimbo wa kwanza kutoka tangu aingie mkataba na WCB Wasafi. Wimbo umetayarishwa na Laizer Classic. \n\nWimbo unamzungumzia kijana mmoja anayependwa na mwanamke mwenye uwezo kuliko yeye. Mbaya zaidi, Mbosso hana pesa, hana ajira wala hana elimu ya kutosha vigezo vya mwanamke huyo. Pamoja na kasoro zote hizo, bado yule mwanamke anaonesha kumpenda Mbosso kwa hali aliyonayo. Katika wimbo anaelezea pia kisa kibaya alichowahi kuwafanya wazee wa mwanamke anayempenda. Je, kwa tukio la kukuba ukweni, watakubali?\n\nMarejeo\n\nNyimbo za 2018\nNyimbo za Mbosso\nNyimbo zilizotayarishwa na Laizer Classic",
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] |
Mto Ngasaro
|
ni mto wa mkoa wa Mara (Tanzania kaskazini) ambao maji yake yanaingia katika ziwa Viktoria na hatimaye yanaelekea Bahari ya Kati kupitia mto Naili.
Tazama pia
Mito ya Tanzania
Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Mara
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mito ya Tanzania
Mkoa wa Mara
Ziwa Viktoria
Nile
|
[
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"content": "Mto Ngasaro",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "ni mto wa mkoa wa Mara (Tanzania kaskazini) ambao maji yake yanaingia katika ziwa Viktoria na hatimaye yanaelekea Bahari ya Kati kupitia mto Naili.\n\nTazama pia\n Mito ya Tanzania\n Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Mara\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMito ya Tanzania\nMkoa wa Mara\nZiwa Viktoria\nNile",
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%20Chisholm
|
Shirley Anita Chisholm ; (Novemba 30, 1924 - 1 Januari 2005) alikuwa mwanasiasa, mwalimu na mwandishi wa nchini Marekani. Mnamo mwaka 1968, alikua mwanamke wa kwanza mweusi kuchaguliwa katika Bunge la Marekani .
Marejeo
Waliofariki 2005
Waliozaliwa 1924
Wanawake wa Marekani
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%20Chisholm",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Shirley Anita Chisholm ; (Novemba 30, 1924 - 1 Januari 2005) alikuwa mwanasiasa, mwalimu na mwandishi wa nchini Marekani. Mnamo mwaka 1968, alikua mwanamke wa kwanza mweusi kuchaguliwa katika Bunge la Marekani .\n\nMarejeo \n\nWaliofariki 2005\nWaliozaliwa 1924\nWanawake wa Marekani",
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buton
|
Buton ni kisiwa cha Indonesia. Kiko upande wa kusini-mashariki wa kisiwa cha Sulawesi. Eneo la kisiwa ni 4408 km². Mji mkubwa kabisa kisiwani huitwa Bau-Bau. Mwaka wa 2010 idadi ya watu kisiwani imehesabiwa kuwa 447,408. Watu wakaao kisiwani kwa Buton huongea lugha mbalimbali, miongoni mwao Kiwolio na Kicia-Cia.
Visiwa vya Indonesia
|
[
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{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buton",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Buton ni kisiwa cha Indonesia. Kiko upande wa kusini-mashariki wa kisiwa cha Sulawesi. Eneo la kisiwa ni 4408 km². Mji mkubwa kabisa kisiwani huitwa Bau-Bau. Mwaka wa 2010 idadi ya watu kisiwani imehesabiwa kuwa 447,408. Watu wakaao kisiwani kwa Buton huongea lugha mbalimbali, miongoni mwao Kiwolio na Kicia-Cia.\n\nVisiwa vya Indonesia",
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] |
Bertrand Osborne
|
Bertrand Osborne (18 April 1935 – 4 September 2018) was a British politician from Montserrat. He served as the territory's Chief Minister from 13 November 1996 to 22 August 1997. He resigned from his post amid demonstrations over his dealings with the British government in the wake of the island nation being ravaged by a volcano eruption.
References
1935 births
Montserratian politicians
2018 deaths
Chief Ministers of Montserrat
Movement for National Reconstruction politicians
|
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{
"content": "Bertrand Osborne",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bertrand Osborne (18 April 1935 – 4 September 2018) was a British politician from Montserrat. He served as the territory's Chief Minister from 13 November 1996 to 22 August 1997. He resigned from his post amid demonstrations over his dealings with the British government in the wake of the island nation being ravaged by a volcano eruption.\n\nReferences\n\n1935 births\nMontserratian politicians\n2018 deaths\nChief Ministers of Montserrat\nMovement for National Reconstruction politicians",
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] |
Imalamakoye
|
Imalamakoye ni jina la kata ya Wilaya ya Urambo katika Mkoa wa Tabora, Tanzania yenye postikodi namba 45504 .. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 2984 waishio humo.
Marejeo
Wilaya ya Urambo
Mkoa wa Tabora
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
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{
"content": "Imalamakoye",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Imalamakoye ni jina la kata ya Wilaya ya Urambo katika Mkoa wa Tabora, Tanzania yenye postikodi namba 45504 .. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 2984 waishio humo.\n\nMarejeo \n\n \n\nWilaya ya Urambo\nMkoa wa Tabora",
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Omani
|
Usultani wa Omani (kwa Kiarabu:سلطنة عُمان Saltanat ˤUmān) ni nchi ya Bara Arabu katika Asia ya Magharibi.
Imepakana na Maungano ya Falme za Kiarabu, Saudia na Yemen, halafu Bahari Hindi na Ghuba ya Omani.
Utawala wa nchi hufuata muundo wa kifalme usiobanwa na masharti ya katiba.
Mji mkuu ni Maskat (Omani).
Historia
Omani imekaliwa na watu kwa zaidi ya miaka 100,000.
Omani ilikuwa kituo muhimu cha biashara kwenye Bahari Hindi na Ghuba ya Uajemi tangu milenia mbili KK.
Athira za nje
Tangu kuja kwa Uislamu Omani ilikuwa ama chini ya Uajemi au chini ya khalifa wa Baghdad na baadaye Dola la Seljuki.
Kati ya miaka 1507 na 1650 mji wa Maskat na pwani ya Omani vilitawaliwa na Ureno.
Makabila ya bara yaliunganika chini ya maimamu wa madhehebu ya Kiislamu ya Waibadiya na Imam Nasir ibn Murshid († 1649) alifaulu kupunguza eneo la Wareno. Mfuasi wake Sultan ibn Saif aliwafukuzwa kabisa Wareno na kushambulia vituo vyao kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki.
Omani na Afrika ya Mashariki
Masultani wa Omani walitawala pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki katika karne ya 19. Mwaka 1830 Sultani Sayyid Said alihamisha mji mkuu wake kutoka Omani kuja mji wa Zanzibar (Unguja). Baada ya kifo chake mwaka 1856 dola liligawiwa kuwa nchi mbili:
Usultani wa Omani
Usultani wa Zanzibar
Maskat na Omani
Tangu mwaka 1891 sultani alikuwa kabisa chini ya mamlaka ya mwakilishi Mwingereza hata kama kwa jina nchi haikuwa koloni. Kati ya makabila ya Omani bara ulikua upinzani dhidi ya utawala wa Sultani mjini Maskat na athira kubwa ya Uingereza katika serikali yake. Hali halisi kanda ya pwani ilikuwa chini ya sultani wa Maskat lakini katika sehemu za ndani, yaani Oman yenyewe, makabila yalijitawala au kuungana kumchagua imamu kama mkuu wao wa pamoja. Kwenye mwezi wa Mei mwaka 1913 viongozi wa makabila ya ndani pamoja na vongozi wa dini walikutana wakamchagua tena imamu.
Baada ya vita ya miaka 7 pande mbili zilipatana mwaka 1920 kugawa nchi: upande wa imamu ulikubali kutoshambulia tena miji ya vijiji vya pwani, sultani alikubali kuheshimu hali ya kujitawala ya maeneo ya ndani chini ya imamu. Sehemu za ndani ziliendelea kujitawala chini ya imamu hadi mwaka 1954.
Maungano chini ya Sultani Taimur
Amani ilivunjwa mwaka 1954 wakati Sultani Said bin Taimur alitoa kibali kwa kampuni ya Kiingereza kutafuta mafuta ya petroli katika maeneo ya imamu. Kuingia kwa kikosi cha sultani kilichoongozwa na maafisa Waingereza kulikuwa chanzo cha vita iliyoendelea kwa miaka 5 hadi ushindi wa upande wa sultani aliyepata usaidizi wa jeshi la Uingereza. Hivyo Maskat na Omani iliunganishwa kwa nguvu ya kijeshi.
Sultani Said bin Taimur alipeleka mji mkuu wake kwenda Salalah akaendelea kutawala kutoka pale. Said bin Taimur alianza utawala wake akirithi madeni makubwa akalenga kumaliza deni na kutoingia madeni mapya. Hivyo alikataa uwekezaji katika miundombinu kama vile barabara au taasisi za elimu na afya. Hadi mwaka 1970 Omani ilikuwa na kilomita tu 10 za barabara za lami, hospitali 1 pekee na shule 3. Matumizi ya baisikeli na miwani ya Jua yalikatazwa na hapakuwa na simu kwa raia binafsi. Mageti ya miji iliyozungukwa bado na kuta zilifungwa wakati wa machweo. Wakati wa usiku kila raia alitakiwa kutembea akishika koroboi. Sultani mwenyewe aliangalia maombi yote ya viza kwa wageni waliotaka kuingia nchini, na vilevile vibali kwa wananchi waliotaka kutoka nje ya nchi.
Mapinduzi ya Qabus
Kuanzia mwaka 1965 kulitokea uasi katika jimbo la Dhofar uliopanuka kati ya makabila ya milimani ukiongozwa na wanamapinduzi Wakomunisti kutoka nchi jirani ya Yemen Kusini. Jeshi la sultani lililoongozwa na maafisa Waingereza lilipambana na uasi huu na Waingereza walielewa kwamba sultani Taimur hakuwa na siasa ya kukomesha uasi. Hapo waliandaa mapinduzi ya kijeshi baada ya kuwasiliana na Qaboos bin Said al Said mwana pekee wa Taimur aliyewahi kusoma Uingereza lakini baada ya kurudi aliwekwa na baba yake chini ya ulinzi ndani ya kasri ya kifalme. Tarehe 23 Julai 1970 wanajeshi chini ya Waingereza walimkamata sultani Taimur aliyepelekwa mara moja uhamishoni Uingereza, Qabus alitangazwa kuwa sultani mpya.
Mabadiliko chini ya Qabus
Tangu 1970 hadi 2019 Omani ilitawaliwa na sultani Qabus aliyeanzisha mara moja mabadiliko mengi ya kuifanya kuwa nchi ya kisasa. Utumwa ulifutwa na mapato ya serikali, pamoja na hazina ya sultani, vilitumiwa kuwekeza katika miundombinu, ujenzi wa barabara, shule na hospitali. Vijana walitumwa ng'ambo ili wasome elimu ya kisasa.
Tangu miaka ya 1980, uwekezaji umelenga zaidi upande wa kuanzisha viwanda na kuanzisha kilimo cha kisasa ilhali nchi iliendelea kutegemea mapato ya uuzaji wa mafuta. Katika miaka 50 ya utawala wake nchi ilisogea mbele na mapato ya wananchi yaliongezeka mara 50.
Watu
Wakazi wengi ni Waarabu, Wabaluchi, Wahindi, Waafrika n.k. Zaidi ya asilimia 40 ni wahamiaji.
Wenyeji karibu wote ni Waislamu, wakati wageni ni wa dini tofautitofauti. Kwa jumla Waislamu ni 85.9%, Wakristo 6.5%, Mabanyani 5.5% n.k.
Lugha rasmi na ya kawaida ni Kiarabu, lakini Kiingereza, Kibaluchi, Kiurdu na Kiswahili pia vinatumika sana.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Ministry of Tourism (official government website).
Oman Encyclopædia Britannica
Ministry of Information (official government website).
Oman from the BBC News.
Key Development Forecasts for Oman from International Futures.
Nchi za Asia
Omani
Nchi za Kiarabu
Mashariki ya Kati
|
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"content": "Omani",
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{
"content": "Usultani wa Omani (kwa Kiarabu:سلطنة عُمان Saltanat ˤUmān) ni nchi ya Bara Arabu katika Asia ya Magharibi. \n\nImepakana na Maungano ya Falme za Kiarabu, Saudia na Yemen, halafu Bahari Hindi na Ghuba ya Omani. \n\nUtawala wa nchi hufuata muundo wa kifalme usiobanwa na masharti ya katiba. \n\nMji mkuu ni Maskat (Omani).\n\nHistoria \nOmani imekaliwa na watu kwa zaidi ya miaka 100,000.\n\nOmani ilikuwa kituo muhimu cha biashara kwenye Bahari Hindi na Ghuba ya Uajemi tangu milenia mbili KK.\n\nAthira za nje\nTangu kuja kwa Uislamu Omani ilikuwa ama chini ya Uajemi au chini ya khalifa wa Baghdad na baadaye Dola la Seljuki. \n\nKati ya miaka 1507 na 1650 mji wa Maskat na pwani ya Omani vilitawaliwa na Ureno.\n\nMakabila ya bara yaliunganika chini ya maimamu wa madhehebu ya Kiislamu ya Waibadiya na Imam Nasir ibn Murshid († 1649) alifaulu kupunguza eneo la Wareno. Mfuasi wake Sultan ibn Saif aliwafukuzwa kabisa Wareno na kushambulia vituo vyao kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki.\n\nOmani na Afrika ya Mashariki\nMasultani wa Omani walitawala pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki katika karne ya 19. Mwaka 1830 Sultani Sayyid Said alihamisha mji mkuu wake kutoka Omani kuja mji wa Zanzibar (Unguja). Baada ya kifo chake mwaka 1856 dola liligawiwa kuwa nchi mbili:\n Usultani wa Omani\n Usultani wa Zanzibar\n\nMaskat na Omani\nTangu mwaka 1891 sultani alikuwa kabisa chini ya mamlaka ya mwakilishi Mwingereza hata kama kwa jina nchi haikuwa koloni. Kati ya makabila ya Omani bara ulikua upinzani dhidi ya utawala wa Sultani mjini Maskat na athira kubwa ya Uingereza katika serikali yake. Hali halisi kanda ya pwani ilikuwa chini ya sultani wa Maskat lakini katika sehemu za ndani, yaani Oman yenyewe, makabila yalijitawala au kuungana kumchagua imamu kama mkuu wao wa pamoja. Kwenye mwezi wa Mei mwaka 1913 viongozi wa makabila ya ndani pamoja na vongozi wa dini walikutana wakamchagua tena imamu. \n\nBaada ya vita ya miaka 7 pande mbili zilipatana mwaka 1920 kugawa nchi: upande wa imamu ulikubali kutoshambulia tena miji ya vijiji vya pwani, sultani alikubali kuheshimu hali ya kujitawala ya maeneo ya ndani chini ya imamu. Sehemu za ndani ziliendelea kujitawala chini ya imamu hadi mwaka 1954.\n\nMaungano chini ya Sultani Taimur\nAmani ilivunjwa mwaka 1954 wakati Sultani Said bin Taimur alitoa kibali kwa kampuni ya Kiingereza kutafuta mafuta ya petroli katika maeneo ya imamu. Kuingia kwa kikosi cha sultani kilichoongozwa na maafisa Waingereza kulikuwa chanzo cha vita iliyoendelea kwa miaka 5 hadi ushindi wa upande wa sultani aliyepata usaidizi wa jeshi la Uingereza. Hivyo Maskat na Omani iliunganishwa kwa nguvu ya kijeshi.\n\nSultani Said bin Taimur alipeleka mji mkuu wake kwenda Salalah akaendelea kutawala kutoka pale. Said bin Taimur alianza utawala wake akirithi madeni makubwa akalenga kumaliza deni na kutoingia madeni mapya. Hivyo alikataa uwekezaji katika miundombinu kama vile barabara au taasisi za elimu na afya. Hadi mwaka 1970 Omani ilikuwa na kilomita tu 10 za barabara za lami, hospitali 1 pekee na shule 3. Matumizi ya baisikeli na miwani ya Jua yalikatazwa na hapakuwa na simu kwa raia binafsi. Mageti ya miji iliyozungukwa bado na kuta zilifungwa wakati wa machweo. Wakati wa usiku kila raia alitakiwa kutembea akishika koroboi. Sultani mwenyewe aliangalia maombi yote ya viza kwa wageni waliotaka kuingia nchini, na vilevile vibali kwa wananchi waliotaka kutoka nje ya nchi.\n\nMapinduzi ya Qabus\nKuanzia mwaka 1965 kulitokea uasi katika jimbo la Dhofar uliopanuka kati ya makabila ya milimani ukiongozwa na wanamapinduzi Wakomunisti kutoka nchi jirani ya Yemen Kusini. Jeshi la sultani lililoongozwa na maafisa Waingereza lilipambana na uasi huu na Waingereza walielewa kwamba sultani Taimur hakuwa na siasa ya kukomesha uasi. Hapo waliandaa mapinduzi ya kijeshi baada ya kuwasiliana na Qaboos bin Said al Said mwana pekee wa Taimur aliyewahi kusoma Uingereza lakini baada ya kurudi aliwekwa na baba yake chini ya ulinzi ndani ya kasri ya kifalme. Tarehe 23 Julai 1970 wanajeshi chini ya Waingereza walimkamata sultani Taimur aliyepelekwa mara moja uhamishoni Uingereza, Qabus alitangazwa kuwa sultani mpya.\n\nMabadiliko chini ya Qabus\nTangu 1970 hadi 2019 Omani ilitawaliwa na sultani Qabus aliyeanzisha mara moja mabadiliko mengi ya kuifanya kuwa nchi ya kisasa. Utumwa ulifutwa na mapato ya serikali, pamoja na hazina ya sultani, vilitumiwa kuwekeza katika miundombinu, ujenzi wa barabara, shule na hospitali. Vijana walitumwa ng'ambo ili wasome elimu ya kisasa. \n\nTangu miaka ya 1980, uwekezaji umelenga zaidi upande wa kuanzisha viwanda na kuanzisha kilimo cha kisasa ilhali nchi iliendelea kutegemea mapato ya uuzaji wa mafuta. Katika miaka 50 ya utawala wake nchi ilisogea mbele na mapato ya wananchi yaliongezeka mara 50.\n\nWatu\nWakazi wengi ni Waarabu, Wabaluchi, Wahindi, Waafrika n.k. Zaidi ya asilimia 40 ni wahamiaji.\n\nWenyeji karibu wote ni Waislamu, wakati wageni ni wa dini tofautitofauti. Kwa jumla Waislamu ni 85.9%, Wakristo 6.5%, Mabanyani 5.5% n.k.\n\nLugha rasmi na ya kawaida ni Kiarabu, lakini Kiingereza, Kibaluchi, Kiurdu na Kiswahili pia vinatumika sana.\n\nTazama pia \n Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje \n\n Ministry of Tourism (official government website).\n Oman Encyclopædia Britannica\n Ministry of Information (official government website).\n \n \n Oman from the BBC News.\n \n Key Development Forecasts for Oman from International Futures.\n\nNchi za Asia\nOmani\nNchi za Kiarabu\nMashariki ya Kati",
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1060
|
Makala hii inahusu mwaka 1060 BK (Baada ya Kristo).
Matukio
Waliozaliwa
Waliofariki
Karne ya 11
|
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1060",
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},
{
"content": "Makala hii inahusu mwaka 1060 BK (Baada ya Kristo).\n\nMatukio\n\nWaliozaliwa\n\nWaliofariki\n\nKarne ya 11",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Jim Johnson (American football)
|
Jim Johnson (May 26, 1941July 28, 2009) was an American professional football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He was a defensive coordinator for nine seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles. Widely regarded as one of the best defensive coordinators in the NFL, he was especially known for being a master architect of blitzes, disguising them skillfully and keeping offenses off balance.
Johnson played as a tight end for two years with the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL). In more than 40 years of coaching, he held head coaching duties only once (at the collegiate level), but was interviewed by the Arizona Cardinals regarding their head coaching vacancy in 2004.
Playing career
A native of Maywood, Illinois, Johnson played high school football for Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois. He played college football for head coach Dan Devine at the University of Missouri from 1959 to 1962. An all-Big Eight quarterback, Johnson played in the same backfield with long-time NFL executive Bill Tobin. He went undrafted in the 1963 NFL Draft, but was signed to play tight end by the Buffalo Bills of the AFL (1963–64).
Coaching career
Johnson began his coaching career as head coach at Missouri Southern (1967–68), before serving four-year tenures at Drake University (1969–72) and Indiana University (1973–76). In 1977, Johnson was hired by his former head coach at Missouri, Dan Devine, as defensive backs coach at University of Notre Dame. After helping the 1977 Fighting Irish to win the national championship in his first year, Johnson was later promoted to defensive coordinator and assistant head coach under Gerry Faust.
Leaving Notre Dame in 1984, Johnson coached in the short-lived USFL with the Oklahoma Outlaws (1984) and Jacksonville Bulls (1985). In 1986, he finally entered the NFL as a coach, spending eight seasons with the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals (1986–93). After overseeing the Cards defensive line for four seasons, Johnson excelled as their secondary coach, helping Aeneas Williams become the first rookie cornerback to lead the league in interceptions (6) since 1981.
In 1994, he joined the Indianapolis Colts as linebackers coach under head coach Ted Marchibroda. After defensive coordinator Vince Tobin left the Colts in 1996 to become head coach of the Cardinals, Johnson was deemed his successor by new Colts head coach Lindy Infante. The Colts finished last in the AFC East in 1997, causing Infante and his staff to be fired.
Johnson spent the 1998 NFL season as linebackers coach on the final staff of Seattle Seahawks head coach Dennis Erickson, before leaving for Philadelphia. He helped the Seahawks register 10 TDs on defense, including 8 INTs returned for scores, 2nd most in NFL history. If Johnson had stayed, he could have stepped into the coordinator's role when Fritz Shurmur died of cancer that summer.
On January 22, 1999, Eagles head coach Andy Reid targeted and hired Jim Johnson as the Eagles new defensive coordinator. Johnson's tenure in Philadelphia was his most successful, as the Eagles won 5 division titles, each reaping the benefits of his defenses. Because head coach Andy Reid is known more for his acumen on the offensive side of the ball, he handed complete control of the defensive unit of the team to Johnson, allowing Reid to concentrate on running the offense with his offensive coordinators, Brad Childress and later Marty Mornhinweg.
Reid repeatedly said he had full confidence in Johnson and the Eagles rewarded him accordingly, as he became one of the highest paid coordinators in the NFL. "As I've said many times, Jim Johnson is the best in the business at what he does", said Reid upon signing his prized defensive coordinator to a lucrative four-year contract extension in 2005. "His defensive units continue to produce at a very high level as he puts a lot of pressure on opposing offenses."
From 2000–07, Johnson's units rank tied for first in the NFL with 342 sacks, second in the league in 3rd down efficiency (34.3%) and red zone touchdown percentage (43.0%), and fourth in fewest points allowed (17.6 per game).
In 2001, Johnson's unit became the fourth team in NFL history to go all 16 games without allowing more than 21 points. Their streak of allowing 21 or fewer in 34 straight games was second longest in NFL history (Minnesota, 1968–71). In 1999, Johnson's unit forced an NFL-best 46 turnovers, including a team-record 5 interceptions returned for TDs.
Eagles defenders were selected for the Pro Bowl 26 times during Johnson's tenure. Former Eagle Brian Dawkins led the way with seven. Other Eagles defenders to go to the Pro Bowl under Johnson include Troy Vincent (five), Jeremiah Trotter (four), Hugh Douglas (three), Lito Sheppard (two), and Trent Cole, Michael Lewis, Asante Samuel, Corey Simon, Bobby Taylor (one each).
Current NFL head coaches John Harbaugh (special teams and defensive backs), Ron Rivera (linebackers), and Sean McDermott (defensive backs and linebackers) coached under Johnson with the Eagles.
Illness and death
Shortly after the Eagles were eliminated from the playoffs, on January 29, 2009, it was announced that Johnson was undergoing treatment for melanoma. In mid-May, Johnson announced a leave of absence due to the advancement of the cancer, with secondary coach Sean McDermott taking over duties as the interim defensive coordinator.
On July 24, 2009, Johnson officially resigned as defensive coordinator, with McDermott having the interim tag removed. Four days later, on July 28, 2009, Johnson died at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 68.
Head coaching record
College
References
1941 births
2009 deaths
American football quarterbacks
American football tight ends
Arizona Cardinals coaches
Buffalo Bills players
Indianapolis Colts coaches
Missouri Southern Lions football coaches
Missouri Tigers football players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches
Seattle Seahawks coaches
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
United States Football League coaches
Sportspeople from Maywood, Illinois
Players of American football from Cook County, Illinois
Deaths from melanoma
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
American Football League players
|
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Jim Johnson (American football)",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jim Johnson (May 26, 1941July 28, 2009) was an American professional football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He was a defensive coordinator for nine seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles. Widely regarded as one of the best defensive coordinators in the NFL, he was especially known for being a master architect of blitzes, disguising them skillfully and keeping offenses off balance.\n\nJohnson played as a tight end for two years with the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL). In more than 40 years of coaching, he held head coaching duties only once (at the collegiate level), but was interviewed by the Arizona Cardinals regarding their head coaching vacancy in 2004.\n\nPlaying career\nA native of Maywood, Illinois, Johnson played high school football for Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois. He played college football for head coach Dan Devine at the University of Missouri from 1959 to 1962. An all-Big Eight quarterback, Johnson played in the same backfield with long-time NFL executive Bill Tobin. He went undrafted in the 1963 NFL Draft, but was signed to play tight end by the Buffalo Bills of the AFL (1963–64).\n\nCoaching career\n\nJohnson began his coaching career as head coach at Missouri Southern (1967–68), before serving four-year tenures at Drake University (1969–72) and Indiana University (1973–76). In 1977, Johnson was hired by his former head coach at Missouri, Dan Devine, as defensive backs coach at University of Notre Dame. After helping the 1977 Fighting Irish to win the national championship in his first year, Johnson was later promoted to defensive coordinator and assistant head coach under Gerry Faust.\n\nLeaving Notre Dame in 1984, Johnson coached in the short-lived USFL with the Oklahoma Outlaws (1984) and Jacksonville Bulls (1985). In 1986, he finally entered the NFL as a coach, spending eight seasons with the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals (1986–93). After overseeing the Cards defensive line for four seasons, Johnson excelled as their secondary coach, helping Aeneas Williams become the first rookie cornerback to lead the league in interceptions (6) since 1981.\n\nIn 1994, he joined the Indianapolis Colts as linebackers coach under head coach Ted Marchibroda. After defensive coordinator Vince Tobin left the Colts in 1996 to become head coach of the Cardinals, Johnson was deemed his successor by new Colts head coach Lindy Infante. The Colts finished last in the AFC East in 1997, causing Infante and his staff to be fired.\n\nJohnson spent the 1998 NFL season as linebackers coach on the final staff of Seattle Seahawks head coach Dennis Erickson, before leaving for Philadelphia. He helped the Seahawks register 10 TDs on defense, including 8 INTs returned for scores, 2nd most in NFL history. If Johnson had stayed, he could have stepped into the coordinator's role when Fritz Shurmur died of cancer that summer.\n\nOn January 22, 1999, Eagles head coach Andy Reid targeted and hired Jim Johnson as the Eagles new defensive coordinator. Johnson's tenure in Philadelphia was his most successful, as the Eagles won 5 division titles, each reaping the benefits of his defenses. Because head coach Andy Reid is known more for his acumen on the offensive side of the ball, he handed complete control of the defensive unit of the team to Johnson, allowing Reid to concentrate on running the offense with his offensive coordinators, Brad Childress and later Marty Mornhinweg.\n\nReid repeatedly said he had full confidence in Johnson and the Eagles rewarded him accordingly, as he became one of the highest paid coordinators in the NFL. \"As I've said many times, Jim Johnson is the best in the business at what he does\", said Reid upon signing his prized defensive coordinator to a lucrative four-year contract extension in 2005. \"His defensive units continue to produce at a very high level as he puts a lot of pressure on opposing offenses.\"\nFrom 2000–07, Johnson's units rank tied for first in the NFL with 342 sacks, second in the league in 3rd down efficiency (34.3%) and red zone touchdown percentage (43.0%), and fourth in fewest points allowed (17.6 per game).\n\nIn 2001, Johnson's unit became the fourth team in NFL history to go all 16 games without allowing more than 21 points. Their streak of allowing 21 or fewer in 34 straight games was second longest in NFL history (Minnesota, 1968–71). In 1999, Johnson's unit forced an NFL-best 46 turnovers, including a team-record 5 interceptions returned for TDs.\n\nEagles defenders were selected for the Pro Bowl 26 times during Johnson's tenure. Former Eagle Brian Dawkins led the way with seven. Other Eagles defenders to go to the Pro Bowl under Johnson include Troy Vincent (five), Jeremiah Trotter (four), Hugh Douglas (three), Lito Sheppard (two), and Trent Cole, Michael Lewis, Asante Samuel, Corey Simon, Bobby Taylor (one each).\n\nCurrent NFL head coaches John Harbaugh (special teams and defensive backs), Ron Rivera (linebackers), and Sean McDermott (defensive backs and linebackers) coached under Johnson with the Eagles.\n\nIllness and death\nShortly after the Eagles were eliminated from the playoffs, on January 29, 2009, it was announced that Johnson was undergoing treatment for melanoma. In mid-May, Johnson announced a leave of absence due to the advancement of the cancer, with secondary coach Sean McDermott taking over duties as the interim defensive coordinator.\n\nOn July 24, 2009, Johnson officially resigned as defensive coordinator, with McDermott having the interim tag removed. Four days later, on July 28, 2009, Johnson died at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 68.\n\nHead coaching record\n\nCollege\n\nReferences\n\n1941 births\n2009 deaths\nAmerican football quarterbacks\nAmerican football tight ends\nArizona Cardinals coaches\nBuffalo Bills players\nIndianapolis Colts coaches\nMissouri Southern Lions football coaches\nMissouri Tigers football players\nNotre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches\nSeattle Seahawks coaches\nPhiladelphia Eagles coaches\nNational Football League defensive coordinators\nUnited States Football League coaches\nSportspeople from Maywood, Illinois\nPlayers of American football from Cook County, Illinois\nDeaths from melanoma\nDeaths from cancer in Pennsylvania\nAmerican Football League players",
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}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Diamantopoulos
|
Christopher "Chris" Diamantopoulos (alizaliwa tar. 9 Mei 1975) ni mwigizaji wa filamu na mchekeshaji kutoka nchini Marekani.
The Three Stooges (2012)
Marejeo
Viungo vya Nje
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Diamantopoulos",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Christopher \"Chris\" Diamantopoulos (alizaliwa tar. 9 Mei 1975) ni mwigizaji wa filamu na mchekeshaji kutoka nchini Marekani.\n\n The Three Stooges (2012)\n\nMarejeo\n\nViungo vya Nje",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Pembetatu mraba
|
Pembetatu mraba ni aina ya pekee ya pembetatu yenye pembe moja ya nyuzi 90°. Pembe mbili nyingine zina jumla ya nyuzi 90°.
Pande zina majina maalumu kutokana na kawaida ya wanahisabati ya Ugiriki wa Kale.
Pande ndefu kinyume cha pembe mraba ni hipotenusi au kiegana.
Pande mbili nyingine zinazoanza kwenye pembe mraba huitwa miguu au kwa neno la Kigiriki katheti.
uhakiki wa Thales husema kila pembetatu ambayo kona zake ziko kwenye nusuduara sharti ni pembetatu mraba.
uhakiki wa Pythagoras husema ya kwaba mraba juu ya hipotenusi ni sawa na jumla ya miraba juu ya miguu (katheti).
Jiometria
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Pembetatu mraba",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Pembetatu mraba ni aina ya pekee ya pembetatu yenye pembe moja ya nyuzi 90°. Pembe mbili nyingine zina jumla ya nyuzi 90°. \n\nPande zina majina maalumu kutokana na kawaida ya wanahisabati ya Ugiriki wa Kale. \nPande ndefu kinyume cha pembe mraba ni hipotenusi au kiegana. \nPande mbili nyingine zinazoanza kwenye pembe mraba huitwa miguu au kwa neno la Kigiriki katheti.\n\n uhakiki wa Thales husema kila pembetatu ambayo kona zake ziko kwenye nusuduara sharti ni pembetatu mraba.\n uhakiki wa Pythagoras husema ya kwaba mraba juu ya hipotenusi ni sawa na jumla ya miraba juu ya miguu (katheti).\n\nJiometria",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mia tisa arobaini na tisa
|
Mia tisa arobaini na tisa ni namba inayoandikwa 949 kwa tarakimu za kawaida na CMXLIX kwa zile za Kirumi.
Ni namba asilia inayofuata 948 na kutangulia 950.
Vigawo vyake vya namba tasa ni: 13 x 73.
Matumizi
Namba hurejea miaka 949 KK na 949 BK.
Tanbihi
Namba asilia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mia tisa arobaini na tisa",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mia tisa arobaini na tisa ni namba inayoandikwa 949 kwa tarakimu za kawaida na CMXLIX kwa zile za Kirumi. \n\nNi namba asilia inayofuata 948 na kutangulia 950.\n\nVigawo vyake vya namba tasa ni: 13 x 73.\n\nMatumizi\n Namba hurejea miaka 949 KK na 949 BK.\n\nTanbihi\n\nNamba asilia",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
David William Lister Read
|
David William Lister Read (23 Aprili 1922 – 2 Julai 2015) alikuwa mwandishi wa kazi za tawasifu ambazo huonesha maarifa na taarifa juu jamii ya watu kutoka katika utamaduni Kimasai na kuandika historia yake. Aliishi maisha ya kama Mmasai Mweupe kwani alifahamu lugha ya Kimasai kabla ya kufahamu Kiingereza ambayo ndo ilikuwa lugha mama.
Alizaliwa Nairobi, ambapo baadaealihama na kukaa nchini Tanzania, nchini humo ndimo alimokuwa akiishi na ilimlazimu arudi huko mara kwa mara. Aliishi miaka kadhaa huko wilayani Momella Arusha,nchini Tanzania ambapo aliendelea na kazi zake za uandishi mpaka alipofariki.Kupitia makala hizi imepelekea kujulikana kwa tamaduni mbalimbali za Kimasai.
Maandishi
David Read, Barefoot over the Serengeti, privately published by David Read, Nairobi 1979, 2nd ed. 1980 by Travel Book Club. Reprint 1984, and
David Read and Pamela Brown, Waters of the Sanjan. A Historical Novel of the Masai, privately published by David Read 1982, rev.ed. 1989,
David Read, Beating about the Bush. Tales from Tanganyika, privately published by David Read 2000,
David Read, Another Load of Bull, privately published by David Read,
Marejeo
Waandishi wa Tanzania
Waandishi wa Kiingereza
Afrocine 2019-Tanzania
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "David William Lister Read",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "David William Lister Read (23 Aprili 1922 – 2 Julai 2015) alikuwa mwandishi wa kazi za tawasifu ambazo huonesha maarifa na taarifa juu jamii ya watu kutoka katika utamaduni Kimasai na kuandika historia yake. Aliishi maisha ya kama Mmasai Mweupe kwani alifahamu lugha ya Kimasai kabla ya kufahamu Kiingereza ambayo ndo ilikuwa lugha mama. \n\nAlizaliwa Nairobi, ambapo baadaealihama na kukaa nchini Tanzania, nchini humo ndimo alimokuwa akiishi na ilimlazimu arudi huko mara kwa mara. Aliishi miaka kadhaa huko wilayani Momella Arusha,nchini Tanzania ambapo aliendelea na kazi zake za uandishi mpaka alipofariki.Kupitia makala hizi imepelekea kujulikana kwa tamaduni mbalimbali za Kimasai.\n\nMaandishi \n David Read, Barefoot over the Serengeti, privately published by David Read, Nairobi 1979, 2nd ed. 1980 by Travel Book Club. Reprint 1984, and \n David Read and Pamela Brown, Waters of the Sanjan. A Historical Novel of the Masai, privately published by David Read 1982, rev.ed. 1989, \n David Read, Beating about the Bush. Tales from Tanganyika, privately published by David Read 2000, \n David Read, Another Load of Bull, privately published by David Read,\n\nMarejeo\n\nWaandishi wa Tanzania\nWaandishi wa Kiingereza\nAfrocine 2019-Tanzania",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa%20cha%20Shindambwe
|
ni kati ya visiwa vya funguvisiwa la Lamu, kaunti ya Lamu, nchini Kenya.
Kinapatikana katika Bahari ya Hindi.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya visiwa vya Kenya
Marejeo
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Visiwa vya Kenya
Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi
Kaunti ya Lamu
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa%20cha%20Shindambwe",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni kati ya visiwa vya funguvisiwa la Lamu, kaunti ya Lamu, nchini Kenya.\n\nKinapatikana katika Bahari ya Hindi.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya visiwa vya Kenya\n\nMarejeo\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nVisiwa vya Kenya\nVisiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi\nKaunti ya Lamu",
"role": "assistant"
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Hawara
|
Hawara ni eneo la kihistoria katika Misri ya Kale lililopo kusini mwa Crocodilopolis (Arsinoe) kuelekea katika mteremko wa Oasisi ya Fayyum. Mgunduzi wa kwanza wa eneo hili alikuwa Karl Lepsius, mnamo mwaka 1843. William Flinders Petrie, alifika katika eneo hili kwa ajili ya uchunguzi mwaka 1888, pia walikuta karatasi za Mafunjo zilizotengenezwa na Wamisri ya karne ya kwanza na ya pili.Kwa Upande wa kaskazini mwa Piramid, kulikuwa na sehemu kubwa iliyokuwa na taswira za majeneza 146, iliyokuwa inakadiriwa kuwa katika eneo hilo tangu kipindi cha watu kutika Roma. Hii ikijulikana kuwa moja kati ya moja ya michoro ya zamani za kale iliyochorwa katika vitaby vya Roma
Amenemhet III aliyekuwa ndiye mtawala wa kinasaba mwenye nguvu zaidi wa Misri katika karne ya 12. Na pia lijenga piramidi katika eneo hili la Hawara. anasemekana kubadilisha tarehe za "Piramidi Nyeusi" iliyojengwa na yeye mwenyewe katika eneo la Dahshur. Katika eneo hili ndipo panaaminika kuwa ndiye sehemu aliyozikwa mtawala huyu. Pia katika eneo la Hawara ndipo kuna kaburi la Mtoto wa kike wa Amenemhet III aliyeitwa Neferu-Ptah, Kaburi hili lilipatika kiasi cha kilometa 2, kusini mwa piramidi la Mfalme.
Katika hali ya kawaida, katika kipindi cha kati cha uongozi wa kifalme wa Misri Piramidi zilizojengwa baada taya Amenemhet II, ilikuwa ikijengwa kwa kutumia matope na mbao.Katika piramid hizo pia kulikuwa na sehemu kwa ajili ta kuzikia. Majengo mengine yaliyojengwa na mawe. Hii ikiwa ni staili ya kujenga ambayo hadi sasa hutumika katika majengo mengi nchini Misri. Hii leo, Piramidi nyingi zilizojengwa kwa kutumia matope na mbao yanaonekana kuharibika kutokana na mvua.
Wakati wa kuingia, kuna ngazi zinazoteremsha na kuingia katika chumba kidogo, na mbele kidogo kuna korido inayoingia ndani zaidi,. Juu ya korido hili kuna mlango wa kusukuma wenye uzito wa tani 20. kama mwizi akiwa anaingia katika jumba hili, baada ya kutoa mlango huu wa tani 20, mbele kidogo angekutana na mlango uliojengwa na kuni na matope mwizi huyo angehisi kuwa, alikuwa akipoteza muda kutoa mlango na hapo kutakuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kukamatwa a walinzi.
Katika jumba hili ,kuna aina mbalimbali za ulinzi, lakini Pertie alikutahakuna haya mlango mmoja uliokuwa umefungwa, hii ikiwa na ile milango yenye uzitp wa tani kadhaa lakini hata ile milango ya miti. Hii inaweza ikiwa inaonesha uzembe wle waliofanya mazishi katika majumba hayo au pengine ni kutokana na kuwa na mategemeo ya kurudi hapo badae katika piramidi, au pengine ni nia ya makusudi ya kuwezesha wizi katika katika malkaburi, lakini kwa hali yote bado hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuhakikisha haya yote.
Sehemu ya mazishi ilikuwa imetengenezwa kwa kutumia nguzo ya jiwe, ambayo ilikuwa imeshushwa katika shimo ndani ya piramidi hiyo. Nguzo hii ilikuwa na uzito upatao tani 110 kwa mujibu wa Petrie. Maraba wa matofali ulipitishwa juu ya nguzo hii yam mawe na kuinua paa la sehemu hiyo na kufunikwa na vibamba vyenye kiasi cha uzito wa tani 45, .
Njia ya kuingia katika piramidi hii leo imefurika na maji yenye kina cha mita sita, hii ni kutokana na maji kutoka katika mfreji wa Bahr el-Yusuf (Joseph's Canal) ambao unatiririka katika njia mbili na kupita katika mita 30 ndani ya piramidi.
Haekalu la kuekea maiti ambalo awali lilikuwa limesimama mkabala na piramidi hili, linaonekana kuwa, ndilo jengo lenye michoro mizuri inayojulikana kama "labyrinth" ilichorwa na Herodotus na pia imetajwa na Strabo na Diodorus Siculus.
Malkia Sobekneferu wa ufalme wa Misri wa kumi na mbili, amajenga katika eneo hili. Jina la malikia huyu linaamisha "Sobek nzuri kuliko yote",.
Moja kati ya ugunduzi uliofanywa na Flinders Petriealiweza kugundua nyaraka zmbalimbali, nyingine zikiwa zimeviringishwa. Na pia kuna nyingine ambazo zinatokeze katika kitabu cha Iliad toleo la kwanza na la pili.
Tazama pia
Piramidi za Giza
Marejeo
Viungo vya Nje
Monuments and Sites of Ancient Egypt: Hawara
Ancient Hawara
The Hawara Papyri
The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, University College London: A Virtual Exploration of the Lost Labyrinth
Majengo ya Misri
Makumbusho ya Misri
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Hawara",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hawara ni eneo la kihistoria katika Misri ya Kale lililopo kusini mwa Crocodilopolis (Arsinoe) kuelekea katika mteremko wa Oasisi ya Fayyum. Mgunduzi wa kwanza wa eneo hili alikuwa Karl Lepsius, mnamo mwaka 1843. William Flinders Petrie, alifika katika eneo hili kwa ajili ya uchunguzi mwaka 1888, pia walikuta karatasi za Mafunjo zilizotengenezwa na Wamisri ya karne ya kwanza na ya pili.Kwa Upande wa kaskazini mwa Piramid, kulikuwa na sehemu kubwa iliyokuwa na taswira za majeneza 146, iliyokuwa inakadiriwa kuwa katika eneo hilo tangu kipindi cha watu kutika Roma. Hii ikijulikana kuwa moja kati ya moja ya michoro ya zamani za kale iliyochorwa katika vitaby vya Roma\n\nAmenemhet III aliyekuwa ndiye mtawala wa kinasaba mwenye nguvu zaidi wa Misri katika karne ya 12. Na pia lijenga piramidi katika eneo hili la Hawara. anasemekana kubadilisha tarehe za \"Piramidi Nyeusi\" iliyojengwa na yeye mwenyewe katika eneo la Dahshur. Katika eneo hili ndipo panaaminika kuwa ndiye sehemu aliyozikwa mtawala huyu. Pia katika eneo la Hawara ndipo kuna kaburi la Mtoto wa kike wa Amenemhet III aliyeitwa Neferu-Ptah, Kaburi hili lilipatika kiasi cha kilometa 2, kusini mwa piramidi la Mfalme.\n\nKatika hali ya kawaida, katika kipindi cha kati cha uongozi wa kifalme wa Misri Piramidi zilizojengwa baada taya Amenemhet II, ilikuwa ikijengwa kwa kutumia matope na mbao.Katika piramid hizo pia kulikuwa na sehemu kwa ajili ta kuzikia. Majengo mengine yaliyojengwa na mawe. Hii ikiwa ni staili ya kujenga ambayo hadi sasa hutumika katika majengo mengi nchini Misri. Hii leo, Piramidi nyingi zilizojengwa kwa kutumia matope na mbao yanaonekana kuharibika kutokana na mvua. \n\nWakati wa kuingia, kuna ngazi zinazoteremsha na kuingia katika chumba kidogo, na mbele kidogo kuna korido inayoingia ndani zaidi,. Juu ya korido hili kuna mlango wa kusukuma wenye uzito wa tani 20. kama mwizi akiwa anaingia katika jumba hili, baada ya kutoa mlango huu wa tani 20, mbele kidogo angekutana na mlango uliojengwa na kuni na matope mwizi huyo angehisi kuwa, alikuwa akipoteza muda kutoa mlango na hapo kutakuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kukamatwa a walinzi.\n\nKatika jumba hili ,kuna aina mbalimbali za ulinzi, lakini Pertie alikutahakuna haya mlango mmoja uliokuwa umefungwa, hii ikiwa na ile milango yenye uzitp wa tani kadhaa lakini hata ile milango ya miti. Hii inaweza ikiwa inaonesha uzembe wle waliofanya mazishi katika majumba hayo au pengine ni kutokana na kuwa na mategemeo ya kurudi hapo badae katika piramidi, au pengine ni nia ya makusudi ya kuwezesha wizi katika katika malkaburi, lakini kwa hali yote bado hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuhakikisha haya yote.\n\nSehemu ya mazishi ilikuwa imetengenezwa kwa kutumia nguzo ya jiwe, ambayo ilikuwa imeshushwa katika shimo ndani ya piramidi hiyo. Nguzo hii ilikuwa na uzito upatao tani 110 kwa mujibu wa Petrie. Maraba wa matofali ulipitishwa juu ya nguzo hii yam mawe na kuinua paa la sehemu hiyo na kufunikwa na vibamba vyenye kiasi cha uzito wa tani 45, . \n\nNjia ya kuingia katika piramidi hii leo imefurika na maji yenye kina cha mita sita, hii ni kutokana na maji kutoka katika mfreji wa Bahr el-Yusuf (Joseph's Canal) ambao unatiririka katika njia mbili na kupita katika mita 30 ndani ya piramidi.\n\n \nHaekalu la kuekea maiti ambalo awali lilikuwa limesimama mkabala na piramidi hili, linaonekana kuwa, ndilo jengo lenye michoro mizuri inayojulikana kama \"labyrinth\" ilichorwa na Herodotus na pia imetajwa na Strabo na Diodorus Siculus.\n\nMalkia Sobekneferu wa ufalme wa Misri wa kumi na mbili, amajenga katika eneo hili. Jina la malikia huyu linaamisha \"Sobek nzuri kuliko yote\",.\n\nMoja kati ya ugunduzi uliofanywa na Flinders Petriealiweza kugundua nyaraka zmbalimbali, nyingine zikiwa zimeviringishwa. Na pia kuna nyingine ambazo zinatokeze katika kitabu cha Iliad toleo la kwanza na la pili.\n\nTazama pia\nPiramidi za Giza\n\nMarejeo\n\nViungo vya Nje\nMonuments and Sites of Ancient Egypt: Hawara\nAncient Hawara\nThe Hawara Papyri \nThe Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, University College London: A Virtual Exploration of the Lost Labyrinth \n\nMajengo ya Misri\nMakumbusho ya Misri",
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Potinus wa Lyon
|
Potinus (kwa Kifaransa Pothin; Frigia, katika Uturuki wa leo, 87 - Lyon, katika Ufaransa wa leo, 177) alikuwa askofu wa Lyon aliyeuawa wakati wa dhuluma ya kaisari Marcus Aurelius dhidi ya Ukristo.
Askofu Ireneo alimtaja kama mtangulizi wake mjini Lyon katika barua ambayo anadhaniwa kuwa aliwaandikia Wakristo wa mkoa wake wa asili, Asia Ndogo, ili kueleza majaribu yaliyowapata.
Kadiri yake, Potinus alitumwa na Polikarpo wa Smirna kufanya umisionari Ulaya magharibi pamoja na Wakristo wengine.
Anahesabiwa kuwa askofu wa kwanza wa Ufaransa.
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na Wakatoliki na Waorthodoksi kama mtakatifu mfiadini kwa kuwa akiwa na umri wa miaka 90 alifariki mara baada ya kufungwa gerezani.
Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 2 Juni pamoja na wenzake 47: mtumwa bikira Blandina wa Lyon, Aleksanda, Attalus, Vezi Espagati, Maturus, shemasi Sanctius, padri Zakaria, Makari, Asklibiade, Silvio, Primo, Ulpio, Vitale, Komino, Oktoba, Filomeno, Gemino, Julia, Albina, Grata, Emilia, Potamia, Pompea, Rodana, Biblis, Kwarsya, Materna, Elpis, Pontiko, Isto, Aristeo, Korneli, Zosimo, Tito, Julius, Zotiko, Apoloni, Jeminiani, Julia mwingine, Ausona, Emilia mwingine, Iamnika, Pompea mwingine, Domna, Yusta, Trofima na Antonia. Baadhi walifia gerezani kama yeye, baadhi waliuawa katika kiwanja cha michezo mbele ya maelfu ya watazamaji, ama kwa kwa kukatwa kichwa ama kwa kutupwa waliwe na wanyamapori.
Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Catholic Online: Pothinus
Waliozaliwa 87
Waliofariki 177
Maaskofu Wakatoliki
Wafiadini Wakristo
Watakatifu wa Uturuki
Watakatifu wa Ufaransa
|
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"content": "Potinus wa Lyon",
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"content": "Potinus (kwa Kifaransa Pothin; Frigia, katika Uturuki wa leo, 87 - Lyon, katika Ufaransa wa leo, 177) alikuwa askofu wa Lyon aliyeuawa wakati wa dhuluma ya kaisari Marcus Aurelius dhidi ya Ukristo.\n\nAskofu Ireneo alimtaja kama mtangulizi wake mjini Lyon katika barua ambayo anadhaniwa kuwa aliwaandikia Wakristo wa mkoa wake wa asili, Asia Ndogo, ili kueleza majaribu yaliyowapata. \n\nKadiri yake, Potinus alitumwa na Polikarpo wa Smirna kufanya umisionari Ulaya magharibi pamoja na Wakristo wengine.\n\nAnahesabiwa kuwa askofu wa kwanza wa Ufaransa.\n\nTangu kale anaheshimiwa na Wakatoliki na Waorthodoksi kama mtakatifu mfiadini kwa kuwa akiwa na umri wa miaka 90 alifariki mara baada ya kufungwa gerezani.\n\nSikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 2 Juni pamoja na wenzake 47: mtumwa bikira Blandina wa Lyon, Aleksanda, Attalus, Vezi Espagati, Maturus, shemasi Sanctius, padri Zakaria, Makari, Asklibiade, Silvio, Primo, Ulpio, Vitale, Komino, Oktoba, Filomeno, Gemino, Julia, Albina, Grata, Emilia, Potamia, Pompea, Rodana, Biblis, Kwarsya, Materna, Elpis, Pontiko, Isto, Aristeo, Korneli, Zosimo, Tito, Julius, Zotiko, Apoloni, Jeminiani, Julia mwingine, Ausona, Emilia mwingine, Iamnika, Pompea mwingine, Domna, Yusta, Trofima na Antonia. Baadhi walifia gerezani kama yeye, baadhi waliuawa katika kiwanja cha michezo mbele ya maelfu ya watazamaji, ama kwa kwa kukatwa kichwa ama kwa kutupwa waliwe na wanyamapori.\n\nTazama pia\nWatakatifu wa Agano la Kale\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo\nOrodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\nCatholic Online: Pothinus\n\nWaliozaliwa 87\nWaliofariki 177\nMaaskofu Wakatoliki\nWafiadini Wakristo\nWatakatifu wa Uturuki\nWatakatifu wa Ufaransa",
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Towards Understanding Islam
|
Towards Understanding Islam is a book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi which gained its author a reputation as a religious teacher and major thinker. This book has been translated into a number of languages. Jamaat-e-Islami claims that it has been translated into 13 languages. One English translation of this book is by Prof Khurshid Ahmad.
Under the subtitle Editor's Introduction in November 1979 Prof. Kurshid Ahmad tries to introduce the book: "Originally written in 1932 in Urdu, under the title Risala-e-Diniyat, the book was intended as a textbook for students of the higher classes and for the general public. It served an important need and became a popular Islamic reader. Most of the schools and colleges of the South Asia adopted it as a textbook in theology and made its study a part of their curricula. It has been translated into many of the world's languages, including: English, Arabic, Hindi (titled as इस्लाम धर्म) , Persian, German, French, Italian, Turkish, Portuguese, Swahili, Indonesian, Japanese, Malayalam, Tamil, Pashto, Balochi, Bengali, Gujarati and Sindhi. It is also translated in Telugu, Kannada, Marathi
and Albanian.
Description
Mawdudi argues that Islam is about much more than daily rituals and habits, and that it is to be regarded as a dynamic system for the whole of life. The purpose of the book is to provide both Muslims and non-Muslims with a brief but comprehensive view of Islam. The book also tries to provide a rational basis for Islamic beliefs.
About the author
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi (1903-1979), one of the chief architects of the contemporary Islamic resurgence, was a prominent Islamic thinker and writer of his time. He devoted his entire life to expounding the meaning and message of Islam and to organizing a collective movement to establish the Islamic Order.
In this struggle, he had to pass through all kinds of suffering. Between (1948-1967), he was put behind bars on four occasions, spending a total of five years in different prisons in Pakistan. In 1953, he was also sentenced to death by a Martial Law Court for writing a "seditious" pamphlet, this sentence being later commuted to life imprisonment. In 1941, he founded Jamaat-e-Islami, of which he remained Amir until 1972 and which is one of the most prominent Islamic movements today. He authored more than one hundred works on Islam, both scholarly and popular, and his writings have been translated into more than forty languages.
References
Books by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
|
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"content": "Towards Understanding Islam",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Towards Understanding Islam is a book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi which gained its author a reputation as a religious teacher and major thinker. This book has been translated into a number of languages. Jamaat-e-Islami claims that it has been translated into 13 languages. One English translation of this book is by Prof Khurshid Ahmad.\n\nUnder the subtitle Editor's Introduction in November 1979 Prof. Kurshid Ahmad tries to introduce the book: \"Originally written in 1932 in Urdu, under the title Risala-e-Diniyat, the book was intended as a textbook for students of the higher classes and for the general public. It served an important need and became a popular Islamic reader. Most of the schools and colleges of the South Asia adopted it as a textbook in theology and made its study a part of their curricula. It has been translated into many of the world's languages, including: English, Arabic, Hindi (titled as इस्लाम धर्म) , Persian, German, French, Italian, Turkish, Portuguese, Swahili, Indonesian, Japanese, Malayalam, Tamil, Pashto, Balochi, Bengali, Gujarati and Sindhi. It is also translated in Telugu, Kannada, Marathi\nand Albanian.\n\nDescription\nMawdudi argues that Islam is about much more than daily rituals and habits, and that it is to be regarded as a dynamic system for the whole of life. The purpose of the book is to provide both Muslims and non-Muslims with a brief but comprehensive view of Islam. The book also tries to provide a rational basis for Islamic beliefs.\n\nAbout the author\n\nSayyid Abul Ala Maududi (1903-1979), one of the chief architects of the contemporary Islamic resurgence, was a prominent Islamic thinker and writer of his time. He devoted his entire life to expounding the meaning and message of Islam and to organizing a collective movement to establish the Islamic Order.\n\nIn this struggle, he had to pass through all kinds of suffering. Between (1948-1967), he was put behind bars on four occasions, spending a total of five years in different prisons in Pakistan. In 1953, he was also sentenced to death by a Martial Law Court for writing a \"seditious\" pamphlet, this sentence being later commuted to life imprisonment. In 1941, he founded Jamaat-e-Islami, of which he remained Amir until 1972 and which is one of the most prominent Islamic movements today. He authored more than one hundred works on Islam, both scholarly and popular, and his writings have been translated into more than forty languages.\n\nReferences \n\nBooks by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi",
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziwa%20Saka
|
ni ziwa dogo la Uganda (wilaya ya Kabarole).
Marejeo
Maziwa ya Uganda
Wilaya ya Kabarole
|
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziwa%20Saka",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "ni ziwa dogo la Uganda (wilaya ya Kabarole).\n\nMarejeo \n\nMaziwa ya Uganda\nWilaya ya Kabarole",
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/207%20KK
|
Makala hii inahusu mwaka 207 KK (kabla ya Kristo).
Matukio
Waliozaliwa
Waliofariki
Karne ya 3 KK
|
[
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/207%20KK",
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"content": "Makala hii inahusu mwaka 207 KK (kabla ya Kristo).\n\nMatukio\n\nWaliozaliwa\n\nWaliofariki \n\nKarne ya 3 KK",
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%20of%20information
|
The logic of information, or the logical theory of information, considers the information content of logical signs and expressions along the lines initially developed by Charles Sanders Peirce. In this line of work, the concept of information serves to integrate the aspects of signs and expressions that are separately covered, on the one hand, by the concepts of denotation and extension, and on the other hand, by the concepts of connotation and comprehension.
Peirce began to develop these ideas in his lectures "On the Logic of Science" at Harvard University (1865) and the Lowell Institute (1866).
See also
Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography
Information theory
Inquiry
Philosophy of information
Pragmatic maxim
Pragmatic theory of information
Pragmatic theory of truth
Pragmaticism
Pragmatism
Scientific method
Semeiotic
Semiosis
Semiotics
Semiotic information theory
Sign relation
Sign relational complex
Triadic relation
References
Luciano Floridi, The Logic of Information, presentation, discussion, Télé-université (Université du Québec), 11 May 2005, Montréal, Canada.
Luciano Floridi, The logic of being informed, Logique et Analyse. 2006, 49.196, 433–460.
External links
Peirce, C.S. (1867), "Upon Logical Comprehension and Extension", Eprint
Information theory
Semiotics
Logic
Charles Sanders Peirce
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%20of%20information",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "The logic of information, or the logical theory of information, considers the information content of logical signs and expressions along the lines initially developed by Charles Sanders Peirce. In this line of work, the concept of information serves to integrate the aspects of signs and expressions that are separately covered, on the one hand, by the concepts of denotation and extension, and on the other hand, by the concepts of connotation and comprehension.\n\nPeirce began to develop these ideas in his lectures \"On the Logic of Science\" at Harvard University (1865) and the Lowell Institute (1866).\n\nSee also\n\n Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography\n Information theory\n Inquiry\n Philosophy of information\n Pragmatic maxim\n Pragmatic theory of information\n Pragmatic theory of truth\n Pragmaticism\n Pragmatism\n Scientific method\n Semeiotic\n Semiosis\n Semiotics\n Semiotic information theory\n Sign relation\n Sign relational complex\n Triadic relation\n\nReferences\n\n Luciano Floridi, The Logic of Information, presentation, discussion, Télé-université (Université du Québec), 11 May 2005, Montréal, Canada.\n Luciano Floridi, The logic of being informed, Logique et Analyse. 2006, 49.196, 433–460.\n\nExternal links\n Peirce, C.S. (1867), \"Upon Logical Comprehension and Extension\", Eprint\n\nInformation theory\nSemiotics\nLogic\nCharles Sanders Peirce",
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Austria Chini
|
Austria ya Chini (kwa Kijerumani: Niederösterreich) ni moja ya majimbo 9 ya kujitawala ya Austria lenye wakazi 1.608.590 kwenye eneo la km² 19.177.
Mji mkuu ni Sankt Pölten.
Waziri mkuu ni Johanna Mikl-Leitner (ÖVP).
Jiografia
Austria ya Chini imepakana na Ujerumani na majimbo ya Austria Juu, Steiermark, Burgenland na Vienna.
Miji mikubwa ni pamoja na Sankt Pölten na Wiener Neustadt.
Danubi na Morava ni mito muhimu zaidi.
Picha za Austria ya Chini
Tovuti za Nje
Austria Chini - Official Website (also in English)
Majimbo ya Austria
|
[
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"content": "Austria Chini",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Austria ya Chini (kwa Kijerumani: Niederösterreich) ni moja ya majimbo 9 ya kujitawala ya Austria lenye wakazi 1.608.590 kwenye eneo la km² 19.177. \n\nMji mkuu ni Sankt Pölten. \n\nWaziri mkuu ni Johanna Mikl-Leitner (ÖVP).\n\nJiografia\nAustria ya Chini imepakana na Ujerumani na majimbo ya Austria Juu, Steiermark, Burgenland na Vienna.\n\nMiji mikubwa ni pamoja na Sankt Pölten na Wiener Neustadt.\n\nDanubi na Morava ni mito muhimu zaidi.\n\nPicha za Austria ya Chini\n\nTovuti za Nje\n\n Austria Chini - Official Website (also in English)\n\nMajimbo ya Austria",
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olatunji%20Adeola
|
Olatunde Adeola Waidi (alizaliwa Juni 13, 1983 jijini Owu) ni mchezaji wa soka wa Nigeria anayechezea klabu ya Kwara United F.C. jijini Ilorin. Olatunji Adeola ni beki.
Taaluma
Anajulikana pia kama 'Libero', anatumai kuvalia jezi za taifa na kuendeleza taaluma yake katika klabu ya Ulaya. Alicheza katika timu za Princess Jegede F.C. Abakaliki (2004), na Kwara United F.C. jijini Ilorin (2005). Alikuwa mshindi wa pili katika Kombe la FA la jimbo huko Lagos mwaka 1999, mshindi wa Kombe la FA la jimbo na Jasper United F.C. mwaka 2000, na mshindi wa medali ya shaba na Jasper United F.C. jijini Italia/US Sam Marco Championship huko Udinese-Italia mwaka 2000.
Marejeo
Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria
Waliozaliwa 1983
Watu walio hai
|
[
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olatunji%20Adeola",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Olatunde Adeola Waidi (alizaliwa Juni 13, 1983 jijini Owu) ni mchezaji wa soka wa Nigeria anayechezea klabu ya Kwara United F.C. jijini Ilorin. Olatunji Adeola ni beki.\n\nTaaluma \nAnajulikana pia kama 'Libero', anatumai kuvalia jezi za taifa na kuendeleza taaluma yake katika klabu ya Ulaya. Alicheza katika timu za Princess Jegede F.C. Abakaliki (2004), na Kwara United F.C. jijini Ilorin (2005). Alikuwa mshindi wa pili katika Kombe la FA la jimbo huko Lagos mwaka 1999, mshindi wa Kombe la FA la jimbo na Jasper United F.C. mwaka 2000, na mshindi wa medali ya shaba na Jasper United F.C. jijini Italia/US Sam Marco Championship huko Udinese-Italia mwaka 2000.\n\nMarejeo\n\nWachezaji mpira wa Nigeria\nWaliozaliwa 1983\nWatu walio hai",
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Kupigwa risasi kwa Terence Crutcher
|
Mnamo Septemba 16, 2016, Terence Crutcher, Dereva mweusi mwenye umri wa miaka 40, alipigwa risasi na kuuawa na afisa wa polisi Betty Jo Shelby huko Tulsa, Oklahoma. Hakuwa na silaha, akiwa amesimama karibu na gari lake katikati ya barabara.
Risasi hiyo ilisababisha maandamano huko Tulsa. Siku sita baadaye, 22 Septemba , Wakili wa Wilaya ya Tulsa alimshtaki Shelby kwa kuua bila kukusudia baada ya ufyatuaji risasi kupachikwa jina la mauaji. Mnamo Mei 17, 2017, mahakama ilimkuta hana hatia ya kuua bila kukusudia.
Historia
Terence Tafford Crutcher, Sr. (b. 16 Agosti 1976) alikuwa mzee wa miaka 40. Pacha wa Crutcher, Dk. Tiffany Crutcher, alimtaja kuwa baba na alisema kuwa wakati wa kifo chake aliandikishwa kusomea muziki katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tulsa Community. Kulingana na dada yake, Crutcher alihusika kuimba kwaya katika kanisa lake.
Maafisa waliohusika katika tukio la Tulsa, Oklahoma, mnamo Septemba 16, 2016, walikuwa Betty Shelby na Tyler Turnbough. Turnbough alikua afisa mnamo 2009 na Shelby mnamo 2011.
Marejeo
USLW Iringa
Waliofariki 2016
Wanaume wa Marekani
|
[
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"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Kupigwa risasi kwa Terence Crutcher",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mnamo Septemba 16, 2016, Terence Crutcher, Dereva mweusi mwenye umri wa miaka 40, alipigwa risasi na kuuawa na afisa wa polisi Betty Jo Shelby huko Tulsa, Oklahoma. Hakuwa na silaha, akiwa amesimama karibu na gari lake katikati ya barabara.\n\nRisasi hiyo ilisababisha maandamano huko Tulsa. Siku sita baadaye, 22 Septemba , Wakili wa Wilaya ya Tulsa alimshtaki Shelby kwa kuua bila kukusudia baada ya ufyatuaji risasi kupachikwa jina la mauaji. Mnamo Mei 17, 2017, mahakama ilimkuta hana hatia ya kuua bila kukusudia.\n\nHistoria \nTerence Tafford Crutcher, Sr. (b. 16 Agosti 1976) alikuwa mzee wa miaka 40. Pacha wa Crutcher, Dk. Tiffany Crutcher, alimtaja kuwa baba na alisema kuwa wakati wa kifo chake aliandikishwa kusomea muziki katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tulsa Community. Kulingana na dada yake, Crutcher alihusika kuimba kwaya katika kanisa lake.\n\nMaafisa waliohusika katika tukio la Tulsa, Oklahoma, mnamo Septemba 16, 2016, walikuwa Betty Shelby na Tyler Turnbough. Turnbough alikua afisa mnamo 2009 na Shelby mnamo 2011.\n\nMarejeo \nUSLW Iringa\nWaliofariki 2016\nWanaume wa Marekani",
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David Maxwell
|
David Maxwell may refer to:
David Maxwell (academic) (born 1944), president of Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa
David Maxwell (historian) (born 1963), Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Cambridge University
David Maxwell (musician) (1943–2015), American blues pianist
David Maxwell (politician) (born 1943), Iowa state representative
David Maxwell (rower) (born 1951), British rower
David Maxwell (printer), English printer
David Farrow Maxwell (1900–1985), president of the American Bar Association
See also
David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir (1900–1967), British Conservative politician, lawyer and judge
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"content": "David Maxwell",
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"content": "David Maxwell may refer to:\n\n David Maxwell (academic) (born 1944), president of Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa\n David Maxwell (historian) (born 1963), Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Cambridge University\n David Maxwell (musician) (1943–2015), American blues pianist\n David Maxwell (politician) (born 1943), Iowa state representative\n David Maxwell (rower) (born 1951), British rower\n David Maxwell (printer), English printer \n David Farrow Maxwell (1900–1985), president of the American Bar Association\n\nSee also\n David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir (1900–1967), British Conservative politician, lawyer and judge",
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanga
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Kanga ni jina la:
Jamii ya ndege (Kanga (ndege))
Aina ya kitambaa (Kanga (kitambaa))
Kata za Kanga (Mafia), Kanga (Mvomero) na Kanga (Songwe) nchini Tanzania
|
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanga",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kanga ni jina la:\nJamii ya ndege (Kanga (ndege))\nAina ya kitambaa (Kanga (kitambaa))\nKata za Kanga (Mafia), Kanga (Mvomero) na Kanga (Songwe) nchini Tanzania",
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Lockheed AC-130
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The Lockheed AC-130 gunship is a heavily armed, long-endurance, ground-attack variant of the C-130 Hercules transport, fixed-wing aircraft. It carries a wide array of ground-attack weapons that are integrated with sophisticated sensors, navigation, and fire-control systems. Unlike other modern military fixed-wing aircraft, the AC-130 relies on visual targeting. Because its large profile and low operating altitudes around 7,000 feet (2,100 m) make it an easy target, its close air support missions are usually flown at night.
The airframe is manufactured by Lockheed Martin, while Boeing is responsible for the conversion into a gunship and for aircraft support. Developed during the Vietnam War as "Project Gunship II", the AC-130 replaced the Douglas AC-47 Spooky, or "Gunship I". The sole operator is the United States Air Force, which uses the AC-130U Spooky and AC-130W Stinger II variants for close air support, air interdiction, and force protection, with the upgraded AC-130J Ghostrider entering service. Close air support roles include supporting ground troops, escorting convoys, and urban operations. Air-interdiction missions are conducted against planned targets and targets of opportunity. Force-protection missions include defending air bases and other facilities. AC-130Us are based at Hurlburt Field, Florida, while AC-130Ws are based at Cannon AFB, New Mexico; gunships can be deployed worldwide. The squadrons are part of the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC), a component of the United States Special Operations Command.
The AC-130 has an unpressurized cabin, with the weaponry mounted to fire from the port side of the fuselage. During an attack, the gunship performs a pylon turn, flying in a large circle around the target, so is able to fire at it for far longer than in a conventional strafing attack. The AC-130H Spectre was armed with two M61 Vulcan cannons, one L/60 Bofors 40 mm cannon, and M137 cannon and M37 recoil mechanism from the M102 howitzer; after 1994, the cannons were removed. The upgraded AC-130U Spooky has a GAU-12 Equalizer cannon in place of the Spectre's two cannons, an improved fire-control system, and increased ammunition capacity. The new AC-130J was based on the MC-130J Commando II special-operations tanker. The AC-130W Stinger II is a modified C-130H with upgrades including a precision strike package.
Development
Origins
During the Vietnam War, the C-130 Hercules was selected to replace the Douglas AC-47 Spooky gunship (Project Gunship I) to improve mission endurance and increase capacity to carry munitions. Capable of flying faster than helicopters and at high altitudes with excellent loiter time, the use of the pylon turn allowed the AC-47 to deliver continuous, accurate fire to a single point on the ground.
In 1967, JC-130A 54-1626 was selected for conversion into the prototype AC-130A gunship (Project Gunship II). The modifications were done at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base by the Aeronautical Systems Division. A direct-view night-vision telescope was installed in the forward door, an early forward-looking infrared device was placed in the forward part of the left wheel well, with miniguns and rotary cannons fixed facing down and aft along the left side. The analog fire-control computer prototype was handcrafted by RAF Wing Commander Tom Pinkerton at the USAF Avionics Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB. Flight testing of the prototype was performed primarily at Eglin Air Force Base, followed by further testing and modifications. By September 1967, the aircraft was certified ready for combat testing and was flown to Nha Trang Air Base, South Vietnam, for a 90-day test program. The AC-130 was later supplemented by the AC-119 Shadow (Project Gunship III), which later proved to be underpowered.
Seven more warplanes were converted to the "Plain Jane" configuration like the AC-130 prototype in 1968, and one aircraft received the "Surprise Package" refit in 1969. The Surprise Package upgrade included the latest 20 mm rotary autocannons and 40 mm Bofors cannon, but no 7.62 mm close-support armament. The Surprise Package configuration served as a test bed for the avionic systems and armament for the AC-130E. In 1970, 10 more AC-130As were acquired under the "Pave Pronto" project. In the summer of 1971, Surprise Package AC-130s were converted to the Pave Pronto configuration and assumed the new nickname of "Thor". Conversion of C-130Es into AC-130Es for the "PAVE Spectre" project followed. Regardless of their project names, the aircraft were more commonly referred to by the squadron's call sign, Spectre.
Recent and planned upgrades
In 2007, AFSOC initiated a program to upgrade the armament of AC-130s. The test program planned for the 25 mm GAU-12/U and 40 mm Bofors cannon on the AC-130U gunships to be replaced with two 30 mm Mk 44 Bushmaster II cannons. In 2007, the Air Force modified four AC-130U gunships as test platforms for the Bushmasters. These were referred to as AC-130U Plus 4 or AC-130U+4. AFSOC, however, canceled its plans to install the new cannons on its fleet of AC-130Us. It has since removed the guns and reinstalled the original 40 mm and 25 mm cannons and returned the planes to combat duty. Brigadier General Bradley A. Heithold, AFSOC's director of plans, programs, requirements, and assessments, said on 11 August 2008 that the effort was canceled because of problems with the Bushmaster's accuracy in tests "at the altitude we were employing it". Also, schedule considerations drove the decision, he said.
Plans were made for possible replacement of the 105 mm cannon with a breech-loading 120 mm M120 mortar, and to give the AC-130 a standoff capability using either the AGM-114 Hellfire missile, the Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (based on the Hydra 70 rocket), or the Viper Strike glide bomb.
In 2010, the Air Force awarded L-3 Communications a $61 million (~$ in ) contract to add precision strike packages to eight MC-130W Combat Spear special-mission aircraft to give them a gunship-like attack capability; such-equipped MC-130Ws are known as Dragon Spears. AFSOC is arming these aircraft to relieve the high operational demands on AC-130 gunships until new AC-130Js enter service. The MC-130W Dragon Spear was renamed AC-130W Stinger II in 2011. The precision strike packages consist of a 30 mm gun and several precision guided munitions. Rails are mounted on the outboard pylon of the wing for four Hellfire missiles, SDBs, or SDB IIs under each. Ten common launch tubes (CLTs) are mounted on the rear ramp to fire Griffin A missiles; additional missiles are stored in the aircraft that can be reloaded in flight. CLTs are able to fire other small munitions able to fit inside the -diameter, -long tubes.
The AC-130J Ghostrider came from a 2011 initiative that sought to acquire 16 new gunships based on newly built MC-130J Combat Shadow II special-operations tankers outfitted with a "precision strike package" to give them an attack capability, requesting $1.6 billion from fiscal years 2011 through 2015. This was to increase the size of the gunship fleet to 33 aircraft, a net increase of eight after the planned retirement of eight aging AC-130Hs. The first aircraft would be bought in fiscal 2012, followed by two in fiscal 2013, five in fiscal 2014, and the final eight in fiscal 2015. The decision to retain the C-130 came after funding for 16 C-27Js was removed from the fiscal 2010 budget.
The AC-130J was to follow the path of the Dragon Spear program. On 9 January 2013, the Air Force began converting the first MC-130J Combat Shadow II into an AC-130J. The first AC-130J was delivered to AFSOC on 29 July 2015. The first AC-130J gunships achieved initial operational capability (IOC) on 30 September 2017. The AC-130J has two planned increments: the Block 10 configuration includes an internal 30 mm gun, small diameter bombs, and laser-guided missiles launched from the rear cargo door; and Block 20 configuration adds a 105 mm cannon, large aircraft infrared countermeasures, wing-mounted Hellfire missiles, and radio-frequency countermeasures.
The Air Force decided to add a 105 mm cannon to the AC-130J in addition to the 30 mm cannon and smart bombs, the shells being more accurate and cheaper than dropping SDBs. AFSOC is actively pursuing a directed-energy weapon on board the AC-130J in place of the 30 mm gun by 2022, similar to the previous Advanced Tactical Laser program. It is to produce a beam of up to 120 kW, or potentially even 180–200 kW, weigh about , defensively destroy antiaircraft missiles, and offensively engage communications towers, boats, cars, and aircraft. However, laser armament may only be installed on a few aircraft rather than the entire AC-130J fleet; the laser will be mounted on the side in place of the 30 mm cannon. Other potential additions include an active denial system to perform airborne crowd control, and small unmanned aerial vehicles from the CLTs to provide remote video feed and coordinates to weapons operators through cloud cover. Called the Tactical Off-board Sensor (TOBS), the drones would be expendable and fly along a programmed orbit to verify targets the aircraft cannot see itself because of bad weather or standing off from air defenses. AFSOC was to initially use the Raytheon Coyote small UAV for the TOBS mission, as it is an off-the-shelf design with a one-hour endurance, but plans to fulfill the role with a new drone capable of a four-hour endurance by 2019.
The Air Force was also interested in acquiring a glide bomb that can be launched from the CLTs, capable of hitting ground vehicles traveling as fast as 120 km/h (70 mph) while above . In June 2016, Dynetics was awarded a contract by SOCOM to integrate its tactical munition onto the AC-130. Designated the GBU-69/B Small Glide Munition, the weapon weighs and is armed with a blast-fragmentation warhead that can detonate by direct impact or at a selected height; despite being smaller, being unpowered allows for its warhead to be heavier than those on the Hellfire and Griffin A missiles, and , respectively. Guidance is provided by a GPS receiver with antispoofing software and four distributed-aperture semiactive laser seeker apertures adapted from the WGU-59/B APKWS for terminal guidance. Approval for fielding occurred in early 2017. Dynetics was awarded a contract to deliver an initial batch of 70 SGMs in June 2017, with plans to buy up to 1,000. The SGM can travel .
Future
, AC-130 gunships have been providing close air support for special operators for 56 years. Although the aircraft have been kept relevant through constant upgrades to their weaponry, sensor packages, and countermeasures, they are not expected to be survivable in future nonpermissive environments due to their high signatures and low airspeeds. Military analysts, such as the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, have suggested that AFSOC invest in more advanced technologies to fill the role to operate in future contested combat zones, including a mix of low-cost disposable unmanned and stealthy strike aircraft.
Design
Overview
The AC-130 is a heavily armed, long-endurance aircraft carrying an array of weapons against ground targets that are integrated with sophisticated sensors, navigation, and fire-control systems. It is capable of delivering precision firepower or area-saturation fire over a target area over a long period of time, at night, or in adverse weather. The sensor suite consists of an electro-optical image sensor, infrared sensor, and radar. These sensors allow the gunship to visually or electronically identify friendly ground forces and targets in most weather conditions.
The AC-130U is equipped with the AN/APQ-180, a synthetic aperture radar, for long-range target detection and identification. The gunship's navigational devices include inertial navigation systems and a global positioning system. The AC-130U employs technologies developed in the 1990s, which allow it to attack two targets simultaneously. It has twice the munitions capacity of the AC-130H. Although the AC-130U conducts some operations in daylight, most of its combat missions are conducted at night. The AC-130H's unit cost is US$132.4 million, and the AC-130U's cost is $190 million (fiscal 2001 dollars).
Upgrades
During the Vietnam War era, the various AC-130 versions following the Pave Pronto modifications were equipped with a magnetic anomaly detector system called Black Crow (designated AN/ASD-5), a highly sensitive passive device with a phased-array antenna located in the left-front nose radome that could pick up localized deviations in the Earth's magnetic field normally used to detect submerged submarines. The Black Crow system was slaved into the targeting computers of the AC-130A/E/H, enabling the detection of the unshielded ignition coils of North Vietnamese trucks hidden under dense jungle foliage along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. It could also detect hand-held transmitter signals of air controllers on the ground to identify and locate targets.
The PGM-38/U enhanced 25 mm high-explosive incendiary round was created to expand the AC-130U gunships' mission in standoff range and survivability for its 25 mm GAU-12/U gun. This round is a combination of the existing PGU-25 HEI and a M758 fuze designated as FMU-151/B to meet the MIL-STD-1316. The FMU-151 has an improved arming delay with multisensitive range.
Operational history
Vietnam War
The AC-130 gunship first arrived in South Vietnam on 21 September 1967 under the Gunship II program and began combat operations over Laos and South Vietnam that same year. In June 1968, AC-130s were deployed to Tan Son Nhut AB near Saigon for support against the Tet Offensive. By 30 October 1968, enough AC-130 Gunship IIs arrived to form a squadron, the 16th Special Operations Squadron of the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. At this time, the C-130A gunship was designated the AC-130A.
On 18 August 1968, an AC-130 gunship flying an armed reconnaissance mission in Vietnam's III Corps was diverted to support the Katum Special Forces Camp. The ground commander quickly assessed the accurate fire and capabilities of this weapons system and called for fire on his own perimeter when the Viet Cong attempted to bridge the wire on the west side of his position.
By December 1968, most AC-130s flew under F-4 Phantom II escort (to protect the gunship against heavy and concentrated antiaircraft fire) from the 497th Tactical Fighter Squadron, normally three Phantoms per gunship. On 24 May 1969, the first Spectre gunship was lost to enemy fire.
In late 1969, under code name "Surprise Package", 56-0490 arrived with solid-state, laser-illuminated, low light-level TV with a companion YAG laser designator, an improved forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor, video recording for TV and FLIR, an inertial navigation system, and a prototype digital fire-control computer. The remaining AC-130s were refitted with upgraded similar equipment in the summer of 1970, and then redeployed to Ubon RTAFB. On 25 October 1971, the first "Cadillac" gunship, the AC-130E, arrived in Vietnam. On 17 February 1972, the first 105 mm cannon arrived for service with Spectre and was installed on Gunship 570. It was used from mid-February until the aircraft received battle damage to its right flap. The cannon was switched to Gunship 571 and was used until 30 March when the aircraft was shot down.
On 28 January 1973, the Vietnam peace accord went into effect, marking the end of Spectre operations in Vietnam. Spectre was still needed and active in the region, supporting operations in Laos and Cambodia. On 22 February 1973, American offensive operations in Laos ended and the gunships became totally committed to operations in the Cambodian conflict.
On 12 April 1975, the Khmer Rouge was threatening the capital of Phnom Penh and AC-130s were called on to help in Operation Eagle Pull, the final evacuation of American and allied officials from Phnom Penh before it was conquered by the communists. The AC-130 was also over Saigon on 30 April 1975 to protect the final evacuation in Operation Frequent Wind. Spectres were also called in when the USS Mayaguez was seized, on the open sea, by Khmer Rouge soldiers and sailors on 15 May 1975.
Six AC-130s and 52 air crew members were lost during the war. AC-130s reportedly destroyed more than 10,000 trucks and participated in many crucial close-air-support missions in Vietnam.
Cold War and later action
With the conclusion of hostilities in Southeast Asia in the mid-1970s, the AC-130H became the sole gunship in the regular Air Force, home based at Hurlburt Field, Florida, while the AC-130A fleet was transferred to the Air Force Reserve's 919th Tactical Airlift Group (919 TAG) at Eglin AFB Auxiliary Field #3/Duke Field, Florida. With the transition to the AC-130A, the 919 TAG was then redesignated as the 919th Special Operations Group.
In the late 1970s, when the AC-130H fleet was first being modified for in-flight refueling capability, a demonstration mission was planned and flown from Hurlburt Field, Florida, nonstop, to conduct a 2-hour live-fire mission over Empire Firing Range in the Republic of Panama, then return home. This 13-hour mission with two in-flight refuelings from KC-135 tankers proved the validity of flying long-range missions outside the contiguous United States to attack targets then return to home base without intermediate stops.
AC-130s from both the 4th and 16th Special Operations Squadrons have been deployed in nearly every conflict in which the United States has been involved, officially and unofficially, since the end of the Vietnam War.
In July 1979, AC-130H crews deployed to Howard Air Force Base, Panama, as a precaution against possible hostile actions against American personnel during the Nicaraguan Revolution. New time aloft and nonstop distance records were subsequently set by a 16th SOS two-ship AC-130H formation flight that departed Hurlburt Field on 13 November 1979 and landed on 15 November at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, a distance of and 29 hours 43 minutes nonstop, refueling four times in-flight. Refueling support for the Guam deployment was provided by KC-135 crews from the 305th Air Refueling Wing from Grissom AFB, Indiana.
In November 1979, four AC-130H gunships flew nonstop from Hurlburt Field to Anderson AFB, Guam, because of the hostage situation at the US Embassy in Iran. On Guam, AC-130H crews developed communications-out/lights-out refueling procedures for later employment by trial-and-error. This deployment with the 1 SOW/CC as task force commander was directed from the office of the CJCS for fear that Iranian militants could begin executing American Embassy personnel who had been taken hostage on 4 November. One early option considered AC-130H retaliatory punitive strikes deep within Iran. Later gunship flights exceeded the 1979 Hurlburt-to-Guam flight. Upon return in March 1980, the four planes soon found themselves in Egypt to support the ill-fated hostage rescue attempt.
During Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada in 1983, AC-130s suppressed enemy air-defense systems and attacked ground forces enabling the assault of the Point Salines Airfield via airdrop and air-land of friendly forces. The AC-130 aircrew earned the Lieutenant General William H. Tunner Award for the mission.
The AC-130Hs of the 16th Special Operations Squadron unit maintained an ongoing rotation to Howard AB, Panama, monitoring activities in El Salvador and other Central American points of interest, with rules of engagement eventually permitting attacks on FMLN targets. This commitment of maintainers and crews started in 1983 and lasted until 1990. The AC-130 is considered to have hastened the end of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s. Crews flew undercover missions from Honduras and attacked guerrilla camps and concentrations.
AC-130s also had a primary role during the United States invasion of Panama (named Operation Just Cause) in 1989, when they destroyed Panama Defense Force headquarters and numerous command-and-control facilities, and provided close air support for US ground troops. Aircrews earned the Mackay Trophy for the most meritorious flight of the year, and the Tunner Award.
Gulf War and the 1990s
During the Gulf War of 1990–1991 (Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm), Regular Air Force and Air Force Reserve AC-130s provided close air support and force protection (air base defense) for ground forces, and battlefield interdiction. The primary interdiction targets were early-warning/ground-control intercept sites along the southern border of Iraq. At its standard altitude of , the aircraft had a proven ability to engage moving ground targets. The first gunship to enter the Battle of Khafji helped stop a southbound Iraqi armored column on 29 January 1991. One day later, three more gunships provided further aid to Marines participating in the operation. The gunships attacked Iraqi positions and columns moving south to reinforce their positions north of the city.
Despite the threat of SAMs and increasing visibility during the early morning hours of 31 January 1991, one AC-130H, AF Serial No. 69-6567, call-sign Spirit 03, opted to stay to continue to protect the Marines. A lone Iraqi with a Strela-2 MANPADS shot Spirit 03 down, and all 14 crew members were killed. The loss of Spirit 03 did however result in the US DoD joining the development of the AN/AAQ-24 Directed Infrared Countermeasures System which, in its updated laser-based form, is now a common fit across large US military aircraft.
The military has used AC-130 gunships during the humanitarian operations in Somalia (Operation Restore Hope and Operation United Shield) in 1992–93 and Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti in 1994. AC-130s took part in Operation Assured Response in Liberia in 1996 and in Operation Silver Wake in 1997, the evacuation of American non-combatants from Albania.
AC-130s took part in the NATO missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo during the 1990s.
The AC-130U gunship set a new record for the longest sustained flight by any C-130 on 22 and 23 October 1997, when two AC-130U gunships flew 36 hours nonstop from Hurlburt Field to Taegu Air Base (Daegu), South Korea, being refueled seven times in the air by KC-135 tankers. The two gunships took on 410,000 lb (186,000 kg) of fuel. Gunships also were part of the buildup of US forces in 1998 to compel Iraq to allow UNSCOM weapons inspections.
War on Terror
The US has used gunships with deployments to the War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Freedom's Sentinel) (2001–2021), and Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom) (2003–2011). AC-130 strikes were directed by special forces on known Taliban locations during the early days of the war in Afghanistan. US Special Operations Forces used the AC-130 to support its operations. The day after arriving in Afghanistan, the AC-130s attacked Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces near the city of Konduz and were directly responsible for the city's surrender the next day. On 26 November 2001, Spectres were called in to put down a rebellion at the prison fort of Qala-I-Janghi. The 16 SOS flew missions over Mazar-i-Sharif, Kunduz, Kandahar, Shkin, Asadabad, Bagram, Baghran, Tora Bora, and virtually every other part of Afghanistan. The Spectre participated in countless operations within Afghanistan, performing on-call close air support and armed reconnaissance. In March 2002, three AC-130 Spectres provided 39 crucial combat missions in support of Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan. During the intense fighting, the planes fired more than 1,300 40 mm and 1,200 105 mm rounds.
Close air support was the main mission of the AC-130 in Iraq. Night after night, at least one AC-130 was in the air to fulfill one or more air-support requests (ASRs). A typical mission had the AC–130 supporting a single brigade's ASRs followed by aerial refueling and another two hours with another brigade or SOF team. The use of AC-130s in places like Fallujah, urban settings where insurgents were among crowded populations of non-combatants, was criticized by human rights groups. AC-130s were also used for intelligence gathering with their sophisticated long-range video, infrared and radar sensors. In 2007, US Special Operations forces also used the AC-130 in attacks on suspected Al-Qaeda militants in Somalia.
Eight AC-130H and 17 AC-130U aircraft were in active-duty service as of July 2010. In March 2011, the Air Force deployed two AC-130U gunships to take part in Operation Odyssey Dawn, the US military intervention in Libya, which eventually came under NATO as Operation Unified Protector.
By September 2013, 14 MC-130W Dragon Spear aircraft have been converted to AC-130W Stinger II gunships. The Stinger gunships have been deployed to Afghanistan to replace the aging AC-130H aircraft and provide an example for the new AC-130J Ghostrider. Modifications began by cutting holes in the plane to make room for weapons and adding kits and bomb bases for laser-guided munitions. Crews added a 105 mm cannon, 20-inch infrared and electro-optical sensors, and the ability to carry 250-lb bombs on the wings.
The final AC-130H Spectre gunship, tail number 69-6569 "Excalibur" was retired on 26 May 2015 at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico.
On 15 November 2015, two days after the attacks in Paris by ISIL, AC-130s and A-10 Thunderbolt II attack aircraft destroyed a convoy of over 100 ISIL-operated oil tanker trucks in Syria. The attacks were part of an intensification of the US-led military intervention against ISIL called Operation Tidal Wave II (named after the original Operation Tidal Wave during World War II, a failed attempt to raid German oil fields that resulted in heavy aircraft and aircrew loss) in an attempt to cut off oil smuggling as a source of funding for the group.
On 3 October 2015, an AC-130 mistakenly attacked the Doctors Without Borders hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan, killing 42 people and injuring over 30. In five separate runs, the gunship struck the hospital, that was erroneously identified as the source of attacks on coalition members. Subsequent inquiries led to punishment of 16 military personnel and cited "human error" as the root cause.
On 30 September 2017, the Air Force declared the AC-130J Ghostrider had achieved initial operational capability, with six gunships having been delivered; the aircraft is planned to reach full operational capability by 2023 with 37 gunships delivered. The J-variant is lighter and more fuel efficient than previous versions, able to fly at with a range of and service ceiling of . The AC-130U returned from its final combat deployment on 8 July 2019; the final AC-130U was retired in June 2020. AFSOC started taking delivery of the AC-130J in spring 2019, and the aircraft began deploying to Afghanistan by the summer.
Variants
In service
AC-130J Ghostrider
Based on MC-130J; 32 aircraft were procured as of 2014 to replace the AC-130H. As of 2018, the first AC-130J Ghostrider squadron, the 73rd Special Operations Squadron, is operating from Hurlburt Field, Florida.
Retired
AC-130A Spectre (Project Gunship II, Surprise Package, Pave Pronto)
Conversions of C-130As; 19 completed; transferred to Air Force Reserve in 1975, retired in 1995.
AC-130E Spectre (Pave Spectre, Pave Aegis)
Conversions of C-130Es; 11 completed; 10 upgraded to AC-130H configuration.
AC-130H Spectre
Upgraded AC-130E aircraft; 8 completed; last aircraft retired in 2015.
AC-130U Spooky
The 3rd generation AC-130 gunship. The variant was retired in June 2020.
AC-130W Stinger II (formerly known as the MC-130W Dragon Spear)
Conversions of 14 MC-130W Combat Spears. The variant was retired in July 2022.
Operators
United States Air Force
Detachment 2, 14th Air Commando Wing – Nha Trang Air Base, South Vietnam 1967–1968
8th Tactical Fighter Wing – Ubon/Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand 1968–1975
16th Special Operations Squadron
1st Special Operations Wing – Hurlburt Field, Florida 1975–1993, 2006–present
4th Special Operations Squadron 2006–present
8th Special Operations Squadron 1975
16th Special Operations Squadron 1975–1993, 2006–2007
18th Flight Test Squadron 1991–1993, 2006–2017
19th Special Operations Squadron 2006–2017
73rd Special Operations Squadron 2018–present
16th Special Operations Wing – Hurlburt Field, Florida 1993–2006
4th Special Operations Squadron 1995–2006
73rd Special Operations Squadron 2007–2015
18th Flight Test Squadron
19th Special Operations Squadron 1996–2006
27th Special Operations Wing – Cannon AFB, New Mexico 2007–
16th Special Operations Squadron
17th Special Operations Squadron
551st Special Operations Squadron
46th Test Wing – Eglin AFB, Florida 2014–present
413th Flight Test Squadron
412th Test Wing – Edwards AFB, California 1990–1995
418th Flight Test Squadron
492d Special Operations Wing – Hurlburt Field, Florida 2017–present
18th Flight Test Squadron
19th Special Operations Squadron
919th Special Operations Wing – Duke Field, Florida 1975–1995
711th Special Operations Squadron
Aircraft on display
One of the first seven AC-130A aircraft deployed to Vietnam was AF serial no. 53–3129, named First Lady in November 1970. This aircraft was a conversion of the first production C-130. On 25 March 1971, it took an anti-aircraft artillery hit in the belly just aft of the nose gear wheel well over the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos. The 37 mm shell destroyed everything below the crew deck and barely missed striking two crew members. The pilot was able to crash land the aircraft safely. In 1975, after the conclusion of US involvement in the Vietnam war, it was transferred to the Air Force Reserve, where it served with the 711th Special Operations Squadron of the 919th Special Operations Wing. In 1980, the aircraft was upgraded from the original three-bladed propellers to the quieter four-bladed propellers and was eventually retired in late 1995. The retirement also marked an end to the Air Force Reserve Command flying the AC-130A. The aircraft now sits on display in the final Air Force Reserve Command configuration with grey paint, black markings, and the four-bladed Hamilton Sunstrand 54H60-91 props at the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, USA.
A second aircraft, AF serial no. 56–0509, named the Ultimate End, was originally accepted as a C-130A by the Air Force on 28 February 1957, and modified to the AC-130A configuration on 27 July 1970. The aircraft participated in the Vietnam War and the rescue of the SS Mayaguez. Ultimate End demonstrated the durability of the C-130 after surviving hits in five places by 37 mm anti-aircraft artillery on 12 December 1970, extensive left wing leading edge damage on 12 April 1971 and a 57 mm round damaging the belly and injuring one crewman on 4 March 1972. "Ultimate End" was reassigned to the Air Force Reserve's 919th Special Operations Wing at Eglin AFB Auxiliary Field No.3 / Duke Field on 17 June 1975, where it continued in service until retired in the fall 1994 and transferred to Air Force Special Operations Command's Heritage Air Park at Hurlburt Field, Florida. While assigned to the 711th Special Operations Squadron, Ultimate End served in Operations JUST CAUSE in Panama, DESERT STORM in Kuwait and Iraq, and UPHOLD DEMOCRACY in Haiti. After 36 years and seven months of service, 24 years as a gunship, Ultimate End retired from service on 1 October 1994. It made its last flight from Duke Field to Hurlburt Field on 20 October 1994. The Spectre Association dedicated "Ultimate End" (which served with the 16 SOS in Vietnam) on 4 May 1995. Lt Col Michael Byers, then 16 SOS commander, represented the active-duty gunship force and Clyde Gowdy of the Spectre Association represented all Spectre personnel past and present for the unveiling of a monument at the aircraft and the dedication as a whole.
A third AC-130A, AF serial no. 54–1630, is on display in the Cold War Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. Named Azrael for the angel of death in Islam who severs the soul from the body, this aircraft figured prominently in the closing hours of Operation Desert Storm. On 26 February 1991, Coalition ground forces were driving the Iraqi Army out of Kuwait. With an Air Force Reserve crew called to active duty, Azrael was sent to the Al Jahra highway (Highway 80) between Kuwait City and Basra, Iraq, to intercept the convoys of tanks, trucks, buses, and cars fleeing the battle. Facing SA-6 and SA-8 surface-to-air missiles and 37 mm and 57 mm radar-guided anti-aircraft artillery the crew attacked and destroyed or disabled most of the convoys. Azrael was also assigned to the 919th Special Operations Wing and retired to the museum in October 1995.
Another AC-130A, AF serial no. 54–1626, the original prototype AC-130 named "Gunship II" is on display at the outdoor Air Park at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. This aircraft served in Southeast Asia from 1967 to 1972, then served in JC-130A test configuration. It was transferred to the National Museum of the United States Air Force in 1976, and converted back to AC-130A configuration in the late 1990s.
AC-130A serial no. 54–1623, c/n 3010, named "Ghost Rider" served in Southeast Asia and later conflicts until being retired in 1997 to Dobbins AFB, Georgia. Ghost Rider eventually was transferred and displayed at the Aviation Wing Museum at Marietta, Georgia.
AC-130H serial no. 69-6575, named "Wicked Wanda" is on display at the Hurlburt Field, FL airpark. Hurlburt Field adds AC-130H, MC-130 to air park
AC-130U serial no. 87-0128, named "Big Daddy" is on display at the Hurlburt Field, FL airpark. Hurlburt Field Airpark Adventure: The AC-130U Spooky Gunship
Specifications (AC-130)
Notable appearances in media
See also
References
Further reading
(AC-130 refs loaded throughout book)
External links
"Gunship History", Spectre Association.
"Powerful Gunships Prowl Iraq, and Limits Show" on NPR from All Things Considered.
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(1977) T.O. 1C-130(A)A-1 Flight Manual USAF Series AC-130A Airplane (Part 1), (Part 2)
C-130, A
C-130, A
1960s United States attack aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Four-engined turboprop aircraft
Aircraft artillery
Gunships
AC-130
Aircraft first flown in 1966
Military equipment of the Vietnam War
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"content": "Lockheed AC-130",
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"content": "The Lockheed AC-130 gunship is a heavily armed, long-endurance, ground-attack variant of the C-130 Hercules transport, fixed-wing aircraft. It carries a wide array of ground-attack weapons that are integrated with sophisticated sensors, navigation, and fire-control systems. Unlike other modern military fixed-wing aircraft, the AC-130 relies on visual targeting. Because its large profile and low operating altitudes around 7,000 feet (2,100 m) make it an easy target, its close air support missions are usually flown at night.\n\nThe airframe is manufactured by Lockheed Martin, while Boeing is responsible for the conversion into a gunship and for aircraft support. Developed during the Vietnam War as \"Project Gunship II\", the AC-130 replaced the Douglas AC-47 Spooky, or \"Gunship I\". The sole operator is the United States Air Force, which uses the AC-130U Spooky and AC-130W Stinger II variants for close air support, air interdiction, and force protection, with the upgraded AC-130J Ghostrider entering service. Close air support roles include supporting ground troops, escorting convoys, and urban operations. Air-interdiction missions are conducted against planned targets and targets of opportunity. Force-protection missions include defending air bases and other facilities. AC-130Us are based at Hurlburt Field, Florida, while AC-130Ws are based at Cannon AFB, New Mexico; gunships can be deployed worldwide. The squadrons are part of the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC), a component of the United States Special Operations Command.\n\nThe AC-130 has an unpressurized cabin, with the weaponry mounted to fire from the port side of the fuselage. During an attack, the gunship performs a pylon turn, flying in a large circle around the target, so is able to fire at it for far longer than in a conventional strafing attack. The AC-130H Spectre was armed with two M61 Vulcan cannons, one L/60 Bofors 40 mm cannon, and M137 cannon and M37 recoil mechanism from the M102 howitzer; after 1994, the cannons were removed. The upgraded AC-130U Spooky has a GAU-12 Equalizer cannon in place of the Spectre's two cannons, an improved fire-control system, and increased ammunition capacity. The new AC-130J was based on the MC-130J Commando II special-operations tanker. The AC-130W Stinger II is a modified C-130H with upgrades including a precision strike package.\n\nDevelopment\n\nOrigins\nDuring the Vietnam War, the C-130 Hercules was selected to replace the Douglas AC-47 Spooky gunship (Project Gunship I) to improve mission endurance and increase capacity to carry munitions. Capable of flying faster than helicopters and at high altitudes with excellent loiter time, the use of the pylon turn allowed the AC-47 to deliver continuous, accurate fire to a single point on the ground.\n\nIn 1967, JC-130A 54-1626 was selected for conversion into the prototype AC-130A gunship (Project Gunship II). The modifications were done at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base by the Aeronautical Systems Division. A direct-view night-vision telescope was installed in the forward door, an early forward-looking infrared device was placed in the forward part of the left wheel well, with miniguns and rotary cannons fixed facing down and aft along the left side. The analog fire-control computer prototype was handcrafted by RAF Wing Commander Tom Pinkerton at the USAF Avionics Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB. Flight testing of the prototype was performed primarily at Eglin Air Force Base, followed by further testing and modifications. By September 1967, the aircraft was certified ready for combat testing and was flown to Nha Trang Air Base, South Vietnam, for a 90-day test program. The AC-130 was later supplemented by the AC-119 Shadow (Project Gunship III), which later proved to be underpowered.\n\nSeven more warplanes were converted to the \"Plain Jane\" configuration like the AC-130 prototype in 1968, and one aircraft received the \"Surprise Package\" refit in 1969. The Surprise Package upgrade included the latest 20 mm rotary autocannons and 40 mm Bofors cannon, but no 7.62 mm close-support armament. The Surprise Package configuration served as a test bed for the avionic systems and armament for the AC-130E. In 1970, 10 more AC-130As were acquired under the \"Pave Pronto\" project. In the summer of 1971, Surprise Package AC-130s were converted to the Pave Pronto configuration and assumed the new nickname of \"Thor\". Conversion of C-130Es into AC-130Es for the \"PAVE Spectre\" project followed. Regardless of their project names, the aircraft were more commonly referred to by the squadron's call sign, Spectre.\n\nRecent and planned upgrades\n\nIn 2007, AFSOC initiated a program to upgrade the armament of AC-130s. The test program planned for the 25 mm GAU-12/U and 40 mm Bofors cannon on the AC-130U gunships to be replaced with two 30 mm Mk 44 Bushmaster II cannons. In 2007, the Air Force modified four AC-130U gunships as test platforms for the Bushmasters. These were referred to as AC-130U Plus 4 or AC-130U+4. AFSOC, however, canceled its plans to install the new cannons on its fleet of AC-130Us. It has since removed the guns and reinstalled the original 40 mm and 25 mm cannons and returned the planes to combat duty. Brigadier General Bradley A. Heithold, AFSOC's director of plans, programs, requirements, and assessments, said on 11 August 2008 that the effort was canceled because of problems with the Bushmaster's accuracy in tests \"at the altitude we were employing it\". Also, schedule considerations drove the decision, he said.\n\nPlans were made for possible replacement of the 105 mm cannon with a breech-loading 120 mm M120 mortar, and to give the AC-130 a standoff capability using either the AGM-114 Hellfire missile, the Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (based on the Hydra 70 rocket), or the Viper Strike glide bomb.\n\nIn 2010, the Air Force awarded L-3 Communications a $61 million (~$ in ) contract to add precision strike packages to eight MC-130W Combat Spear special-mission aircraft to give them a gunship-like attack capability; such-equipped MC-130Ws are known as Dragon Spears. AFSOC is arming these aircraft to relieve the high operational demands on AC-130 gunships until new AC-130Js enter service. The MC-130W Dragon Spear was renamed AC-130W Stinger II in 2011. The precision strike packages consist of a 30 mm gun and several precision guided munitions. Rails are mounted on the outboard pylon of the wing for four Hellfire missiles, SDBs, or SDB IIs under each. Ten common launch tubes (CLTs) are mounted on the rear ramp to fire Griffin A missiles; additional missiles are stored in the aircraft that can be reloaded in flight. CLTs are able to fire other small munitions able to fit inside the -diameter, -long tubes.\n\nThe AC-130J Ghostrider came from a 2011 initiative that sought to acquire 16 new gunships based on newly built MC-130J Combat Shadow II special-operations tankers outfitted with a \"precision strike package\" to give them an attack capability, requesting $1.6 billion from fiscal years 2011 through 2015. This was to increase the size of the gunship fleet to 33 aircraft, a net increase of eight after the planned retirement of eight aging AC-130Hs. The first aircraft would be bought in fiscal 2012, followed by two in fiscal 2013, five in fiscal 2014, and the final eight in fiscal 2015. The decision to retain the C-130 came after funding for 16 C-27Js was removed from the fiscal 2010 budget.\n\nThe AC-130J was to follow the path of the Dragon Spear program. On 9 January 2013, the Air Force began converting the first MC-130J Combat Shadow II into an AC-130J. The first AC-130J was delivered to AFSOC on 29 July 2015. The first AC-130J gunships achieved initial operational capability (IOC) on 30 September 2017. The AC-130J has two planned increments: the Block 10 configuration includes an internal 30 mm gun, small diameter bombs, and laser-guided missiles launched from the rear cargo door; and Block 20 configuration adds a 105 mm cannon, large aircraft infrared countermeasures, wing-mounted Hellfire missiles, and radio-frequency countermeasures.\n\nThe Air Force decided to add a 105 mm cannon to the AC-130J in addition to the 30 mm cannon and smart bombs, the shells being more accurate and cheaper than dropping SDBs. AFSOC is actively pursuing a directed-energy weapon on board the AC-130J in place of the 30 mm gun by 2022, similar to the previous Advanced Tactical Laser program. It is to produce a beam of up to 120 kW, or potentially even 180–200 kW, weigh about , defensively destroy antiaircraft missiles, and offensively engage communications towers, boats, cars, and aircraft. However, laser armament may only be installed on a few aircraft rather than the entire AC-130J fleet; the laser will be mounted on the side in place of the 30 mm cannon. Other potential additions include an active denial system to perform airborne crowd control, and small unmanned aerial vehicles from the CLTs to provide remote video feed and coordinates to weapons operators through cloud cover. Called the Tactical Off-board Sensor (TOBS), the drones would be expendable and fly along a programmed orbit to verify targets the aircraft cannot see itself because of bad weather or standing off from air defenses. AFSOC was to initially use the Raytheon Coyote small UAV for the TOBS mission, as it is an off-the-shelf design with a one-hour endurance, but plans to fulfill the role with a new drone capable of a four-hour endurance by 2019.\n\nThe Air Force was also interested in acquiring a glide bomb that can be launched from the CLTs, capable of hitting ground vehicles traveling as fast as 120 km/h (70 mph) while above . In June 2016, Dynetics was awarded a contract by SOCOM to integrate its tactical munition onto the AC-130. Designated the GBU-69/B Small Glide Munition, the weapon weighs and is armed with a blast-fragmentation warhead that can detonate by direct impact or at a selected height; despite being smaller, being unpowered allows for its warhead to be heavier than those on the Hellfire and Griffin A missiles, and , respectively. Guidance is provided by a GPS receiver with antispoofing software and four distributed-aperture semiactive laser seeker apertures adapted from the WGU-59/B APKWS for terminal guidance. Approval for fielding occurred in early 2017. Dynetics was awarded a contract to deliver an initial batch of 70 SGMs in June 2017, with plans to buy up to 1,000. The SGM can travel .\n\nFuture\n, AC-130 gunships have been providing close air support for special operators for 56 years. Although the aircraft have been kept relevant through constant upgrades to their weaponry, sensor packages, and countermeasures, they are not expected to be survivable in future nonpermissive environments due to their high signatures and low airspeeds. Military analysts, such as the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, have suggested that AFSOC invest in more advanced technologies to fill the role to operate in future contested combat zones, including a mix of low-cost disposable unmanned and stealthy strike aircraft.\n\nDesign\n\nOverview\nThe AC-130 is a heavily armed, long-endurance aircraft carrying an array of weapons against ground targets that are integrated with sophisticated sensors, navigation, and fire-control systems. It is capable of delivering precision firepower or area-saturation fire over a target area over a long period of time, at night, or in adverse weather. The sensor suite consists of an electro-optical image sensor, infrared sensor, and radar. These sensors allow the gunship to visually or electronically identify friendly ground forces and targets in most weather conditions.\n\nThe AC-130U is equipped with the AN/APQ-180, a synthetic aperture radar, for long-range target detection and identification. The gunship's navigational devices include inertial navigation systems and a global positioning system. The AC-130U employs technologies developed in the 1990s, which allow it to attack two targets simultaneously. It has twice the munitions capacity of the AC-130H. Although the AC-130U conducts some operations in daylight, most of its combat missions are conducted at night. The AC-130H's unit cost is US$132.4 million, and the AC-130U's cost is $190 million (fiscal 2001 dollars).\n\nUpgrades\n\nDuring the Vietnam War era, the various AC-130 versions following the Pave Pronto modifications were equipped with a magnetic anomaly detector system called Black Crow (designated AN/ASD-5), a highly sensitive passive device with a phased-array antenna located in the left-front nose radome that could pick up localized deviations in the Earth's magnetic field normally used to detect submerged submarines. The Black Crow system was slaved into the targeting computers of the AC-130A/E/H, enabling the detection of the unshielded ignition coils of North Vietnamese trucks hidden under dense jungle foliage along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. It could also detect hand-held transmitter signals of air controllers on the ground to identify and locate targets.\n\nThe PGM-38/U enhanced 25 mm high-explosive incendiary round was created to expand the AC-130U gunships' mission in standoff range and survivability for its 25 mm GAU-12/U gun. This round is a combination of the existing PGU-25 HEI and a M758 fuze designated as FMU-151/B to meet the MIL-STD-1316. The FMU-151 has an improved arming delay with multisensitive range.\n\nOperational history\n\nVietnam War\n\nThe AC-130 gunship first arrived in South Vietnam on 21 September 1967 under the Gunship II program and began combat operations over Laos and South Vietnam that same year. In June 1968, AC-130s were deployed to Tan Son Nhut AB near Saigon for support against the Tet Offensive. By 30 October 1968, enough AC-130 Gunship IIs arrived to form a squadron, the 16th Special Operations Squadron of the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. At this time, the C-130A gunship was designated the AC-130A.\n\nOn 18 August 1968, an AC-130 gunship flying an armed reconnaissance mission in Vietnam's III Corps was diverted to support the Katum Special Forces Camp. The ground commander quickly assessed the accurate fire and capabilities of this weapons system and called for fire on his own perimeter when the Viet Cong attempted to bridge the wire on the west side of his position.\n\nBy December 1968, most AC-130s flew under F-4 Phantom II escort (to protect the gunship against heavy and concentrated antiaircraft fire) from the 497th Tactical Fighter Squadron, normally three Phantoms per gunship. On 24 May 1969, the first Spectre gunship was lost to enemy fire.\n\nIn late 1969, under code name \"Surprise Package\", 56-0490 arrived with solid-state, laser-illuminated, low light-level TV with a companion YAG laser designator, an improved forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor, video recording for TV and FLIR, an inertial navigation system, and a prototype digital fire-control computer. The remaining AC-130s were refitted with upgraded similar equipment in the summer of 1970, and then redeployed to Ubon RTAFB. On 25 October 1971, the first \"Cadillac\" gunship, the AC-130E, arrived in Vietnam. On 17 February 1972, the first 105 mm cannon arrived for service with Spectre and was installed on Gunship 570. It was used from mid-February until the aircraft received battle damage to its right flap. The cannon was switched to Gunship 571 and was used until 30 March when the aircraft was shot down.\n\nOn 28 January 1973, the Vietnam peace accord went into effect, marking the end of Spectre operations in Vietnam. Spectre was still needed and active in the region, supporting operations in Laos and Cambodia. On 22 February 1973, American offensive operations in Laos ended and the gunships became totally committed to operations in the Cambodian conflict.\n\nOn 12 April 1975, the Khmer Rouge was threatening the capital of Phnom Penh and AC-130s were called on to help in Operation Eagle Pull, the final evacuation of American and allied officials from Phnom Penh before it was conquered by the communists. The AC-130 was also over Saigon on 30 April 1975 to protect the final evacuation in Operation Frequent Wind. Spectres were also called in when the USS Mayaguez was seized, on the open sea, by Khmer Rouge soldiers and sailors on 15 May 1975.\n\nSix AC-130s and 52 air crew members were lost during the war. AC-130s reportedly destroyed more than 10,000 trucks and participated in many crucial close-air-support missions in Vietnam.\n\nCold War and later action\n\nWith the conclusion of hostilities in Southeast Asia in the mid-1970s, the AC-130H became the sole gunship in the regular Air Force, home based at Hurlburt Field, Florida, while the AC-130A fleet was transferred to the Air Force Reserve's 919th Tactical Airlift Group (919 TAG) at Eglin AFB Auxiliary Field #3/Duke Field, Florida. With the transition to the AC-130A, the 919 TAG was then redesignated as the 919th Special Operations Group.\n\nIn the late 1970s, when the AC-130H fleet was first being modified for in-flight refueling capability, a demonstration mission was planned and flown from Hurlburt Field, Florida, nonstop, to conduct a 2-hour live-fire mission over Empire Firing Range in the Republic of Panama, then return home. This 13-hour mission with two in-flight refuelings from KC-135 tankers proved the validity of flying long-range missions outside the contiguous United States to attack targets then return to home base without intermediate stops.\n\nAC-130s from both the 4th and 16th Special Operations Squadrons have been deployed in nearly every conflict in which the United States has been involved, officially and unofficially, since the end of the Vietnam War.\n\nIn July 1979, AC-130H crews deployed to Howard Air Force Base, Panama, as a precaution against possible hostile actions against American personnel during the Nicaraguan Revolution. New time aloft and nonstop distance records were subsequently set by a 16th SOS two-ship AC-130H formation flight that departed Hurlburt Field on 13 November 1979 and landed on 15 November at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, a distance of and 29 hours 43 minutes nonstop, refueling four times in-flight. Refueling support for the Guam deployment was provided by KC-135 crews from the 305th Air Refueling Wing from Grissom AFB, Indiana.\n\nIn November 1979, four AC-130H gunships flew nonstop from Hurlburt Field to Anderson AFB, Guam, because of the hostage situation at the US Embassy in Iran. On Guam, AC-130H crews developed communications-out/lights-out refueling procedures for later employment by trial-and-error. This deployment with the 1 SOW/CC as task force commander was directed from the office of the CJCS for fear that Iranian militants could begin executing American Embassy personnel who had been taken hostage on 4 November. One early option considered AC-130H retaliatory punitive strikes deep within Iran. Later gunship flights exceeded the 1979 Hurlburt-to-Guam flight. Upon return in March 1980, the four planes soon found themselves in Egypt to support the ill-fated hostage rescue attempt.\n\nDuring Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada in 1983, AC-130s suppressed enemy air-defense systems and attacked ground forces enabling the assault of the Point Salines Airfield via airdrop and air-land of friendly forces. The AC-130 aircrew earned the Lieutenant General William H. Tunner Award for the mission.\n\nThe AC-130Hs of the 16th Special Operations Squadron unit maintained an ongoing rotation to Howard AB, Panama, monitoring activities in El Salvador and other Central American points of interest, with rules of engagement eventually permitting attacks on FMLN targets. This commitment of maintainers and crews started in 1983 and lasted until 1990. The AC-130 is considered to have hastened the end of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s. Crews flew undercover missions from Honduras and attacked guerrilla camps and concentrations.\n\nAC-130s also had a primary role during the United States invasion of Panama (named Operation Just Cause) in 1989, when they destroyed Panama Defense Force headquarters and numerous command-and-control facilities, and provided close air support for US ground troops. Aircrews earned the Mackay Trophy for the most meritorious flight of the year, and the Tunner Award.\n\nGulf War and the 1990s\n\nDuring the Gulf War of 1990–1991 (Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm), Regular Air Force and Air Force Reserve AC-130s provided close air support and force protection (air base defense) for ground forces, and battlefield interdiction. The primary interdiction targets were early-warning/ground-control intercept sites along the southern border of Iraq. At its standard altitude of , the aircraft had a proven ability to engage moving ground targets. The first gunship to enter the Battle of Khafji helped stop a southbound Iraqi armored column on 29 January 1991. One day later, three more gunships provided further aid to Marines participating in the operation. The gunships attacked Iraqi positions and columns moving south to reinforce their positions north of the city.\n\nDespite the threat of SAMs and increasing visibility during the early morning hours of 31 January 1991, one AC-130H, AF Serial No. 69-6567, call-sign Spirit 03, opted to stay to continue to protect the Marines. A lone Iraqi with a Strela-2 MANPADS shot Spirit 03 down, and all 14 crew members were killed. The loss of Spirit 03 did however result in the US DoD joining the development of the AN/AAQ-24 Directed Infrared Countermeasures System which, in its updated laser-based form, is now a common fit across large US military aircraft.\n\nThe military has used AC-130 gunships during the humanitarian operations in Somalia (Operation Restore Hope and Operation United Shield) in 1992–93 and Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti in 1994. AC-130s took part in Operation Assured Response in Liberia in 1996 and in Operation Silver Wake in 1997, the evacuation of American non-combatants from Albania.\n\nAC-130s took part in the NATO missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo during the 1990s.\n\nThe AC-130U gunship set a new record for the longest sustained flight by any C-130 on 22 and 23 October 1997, when two AC-130U gunships flew 36 hours nonstop from Hurlburt Field to Taegu Air Base (Daegu), South Korea, being refueled seven times in the air by KC-135 tankers. The two gunships took on 410,000 lb (186,000 kg) of fuel. Gunships also were part of the buildup of US forces in 1998 to compel Iraq to allow UNSCOM weapons inspections.\n\nWar on Terror\n\nThe US has used gunships with deployments to the War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Freedom's Sentinel) (2001–2021), and Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom) (2003–2011). AC-130 strikes were directed by special forces on known Taliban locations during the early days of the war in Afghanistan. US Special Operations Forces used the AC-130 to support its operations. The day after arriving in Afghanistan, the AC-130s attacked Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces near the city of Konduz and were directly responsible for the city's surrender the next day. On 26 November 2001, Spectres were called in to put down a rebellion at the prison fort of Qala-I-Janghi. The 16 SOS flew missions over Mazar-i-Sharif, Kunduz, Kandahar, Shkin, Asadabad, Bagram, Baghran, Tora Bora, and virtually every other part of Afghanistan. The Spectre participated in countless operations within Afghanistan, performing on-call close air support and armed reconnaissance. In March 2002, three AC-130 Spectres provided 39 crucial combat missions in support of Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan. During the intense fighting, the planes fired more than 1,300 40 mm and 1,200 105 mm rounds.\n\nClose air support was the main mission of the AC-130 in Iraq. Night after night, at least one AC-130 was in the air to fulfill one or more air-support requests (ASRs). A typical mission had the AC–130 supporting a single brigade's ASRs followed by aerial refueling and another two hours with another brigade or SOF team. The use of AC-130s in places like Fallujah, urban settings where insurgents were among crowded populations of non-combatants, was criticized by human rights groups. AC-130s were also used for intelligence gathering with their sophisticated long-range video, infrared and radar sensors. In 2007, US Special Operations forces also used the AC-130 in attacks on suspected Al-Qaeda militants in Somalia.\n\nEight AC-130H and 17 AC-130U aircraft were in active-duty service as of July 2010. In March 2011, the Air Force deployed two AC-130U gunships to take part in Operation Odyssey Dawn, the US military intervention in Libya, which eventually came under NATO as Operation Unified Protector.\n\nBy September 2013, 14 MC-130W Dragon Spear aircraft have been converted to AC-130W Stinger II gunships. The Stinger gunships have been deployed to Afghanistan to replace the aging AC-130H aircraft and provide an example for the new AC-130J Ghostrider. Modifications began by cutting holes in the plane to make room for weapons and adding kits and bomb bases for laser-guided munitions. Crews added a 105 mm cannon, 20-inch infrared and electro-optical sensors, and the ability to carry 250-lb bombs on the wings.\n\nThe final AC-130H Spectre gunship, tail number 69-6569 \"Excalibur\" was retired on 26 May 2015 at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico.\n\nOn 15 November 2015, two days after the attacks in Paris by ISIL, AC-130s and A-10 Thunderbolt II attack aircraft destroyed a convoy of over 100 ISIL-operated oil tanker trucks in Syria. The attacks were part of an intensification of the US-led military intervention against ISIL called Operation Tidal Wave II (named after the original Operation Tidal Wave during World War II, a failed attempt to raid German oil fields that resulted in heavy aircraft and aircrew loss) in an attempt to cut off oil smuggling as a source of funding for the group.\n\nOn 3 October 2015, an AC-130 mistakenly attacked the Doctors Without Borders hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan, killing 42 people and injuring over 30. In five separate runs, the gunship struck the hospital, that was erroneously identified as the source of attacks on coalition members. Subsequent inquiries led to punishment of 16 military personnel and cited \"human error\" as the root cause.\n\nOn 30 September 2017, the Air Force declared the AC-130J Ghostrider had achieved initial operational capability, with six gunships having been delivered; the aircraft is planned to reach full operational capability by 2023 with 37 gunships delivered. The J-variant is lighter and more fuel efficient than previous versions, able to fly at with a range of and service ceiling of . The AC-130U returned from its final combat deployment on 8 July 2019; the final AC-130U was retired in June 2020. AFSOC started taking delivery of the AC-130J in spring 2019, and the aircraft began deploying to Afghanistan by the summer.\n\nVariants\n\nIn service \nAC-130J Ghostrider\nBased on MC-130J; 32 aircraft were procured as of 2014 to replace the AC-130H. As of 2018, the first AC-130J Ghostrider squadron, the 73rd Special Operations Squadron, is operating from Hurlburt Field, Florida.\n\nRetired \nAC-130A Spectre (Project Gunship II, Surprise Package, Pave Pronto)\nConversions of C-130As; 19 completed; transferred to Air Force Reserve in 1975, retired in 1995.\n\nAC-130E Spectre (Pave Spectre, Pave Aegis)\nConversions of C-130Es; 11 completed; 10 upgraded to AC-130H configuration.\n\nAC-130H Spectre\nUpgraded AC-130E aircraft; 8 completed; last aircraft retired in 2015.\n\nAC-130U Spooky\nThe 3rd generation AC-130 gunship. The variant was retired in June 2020.\n\nAC-130W Stinger II (formerly known as the MC-130W Dragon Spear)\nConversions of 14 MC-130W Combat Spears. The variant was retired in July 2022.\n\nOperators\n\nUnited States Air Force\nDetachment 2, 14th Air Commando Wing – Nha Trang Air Base, South Vietnam 1967–1968\n8th Tactical Fighter Wing – Ubon/Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand 1968–1975\n16th Special Operations Squadron\n1st Special Operations Wing – Hurlburt Field, Florida 1975–1993, 2006–present\n4th Special Operations Squadron 2006–present\n8th Special Operations Squadron 1975\n16th Special Operations Squadron 1975–1993, 2006–2007\n18th Flight Test Squadron 1991–1993, 2006–2017\n19th Special Operations Squadron 2006–2017\n73rd Special Operations Squadron 2018–present\n16th Special Operations Wing – Hurlburt Field, Florida 1993–2006\n4th Special Operations Squadron 1995–2006\n73rd Special Operations Squadron 2007–2015\n18th Flight Test Squadron\n19th Special Operations Squadron 1996–2006\n27th Special Operations Wing – Cannon AFB, New Mexico 2007–\n16th Special Operations Squadron\n17th Special Operations Squadron\n551st Special Operations Squadron\n46th Test Wing – Eglin AFB, Florida 2014–present\n413th Flight Test Squadron\n412th Test Wing – Edwards AFB, California 1990–1995\n418th Flight Test Squadron\n492d Special Operations Wing – Hurlburt Field, Florida 2017–present\n18th Flight Test Squadron\n19th Special Operations Squadron\n919th Special Operations Wing – Duke Field, Florida 1975–1995\n711th Special Operations Squadron\n\nAircraft on display\n\nOne of the first seven AC-130A aircraft deployed to Vietnam was AF serial no. 53–3129, named First Lady in November 1970. This aircraft was a conversion of the first production C-130. On 25 March 1971, it took an anti-aircraft artillery hit in the belly just aft of the nose gear wheel well over the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos. The 37 mm shell destroyed everything below the crew deck and barely missed striking two crew members. The pilot was able to crash land the aircraft safely. In 1975, after the conclusion of US involvement in the Vietnam war, it was transferred to the Air Force Reserve, where it served with the 711th Special Operations Squadron of the 919th Special Operations Wing. In 1980, the aircraft was upgraded from the original three-bladed propellers to the quieter four-bladed propellers and was eventually retired in late 1995. The retirement also marked an end to the Air Force Reserve Command flying the AC-130A. The aircraft now sits on display in the final Air Force Reserve Command configuration with grey paint, black markings, and the four-bladed Hamilton Sunstrand 54H60-91 props at the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, USA.\n\nA second aircraft, AF serial no. 56–0509, named the Ultimate End, was originally accepted as a C-130A by the Air Force on 28 February 1957, and modified to the AC-130A configuration on 27 July 1970. The aircraft participated in the Vietnam War and the rescue of the SS Mayaguez. Ultimate End demonstrated the durability of the C-130 after surviving hits in five places by 37 mm anti-aircraft artillery on 12 December 1970, extensive left wing leading edge damage on 12 April 1971 and a 57 mm round damaging the belly and injuring one crewman on 4 March 1972. \"Ultimate End\" was reassigned to the Air Force Reserve's 919th Special Operations Wing at Eglin AFB Auxiliary Field No.3 / Duke Field on 17 June 1975, where it continued in service until retired in the fall 1994 and transferred to Air Force Special Operations Command's Heritage Air Park at Hurlburt Field, Florida. While assigned to the 711th Special Operations Squadron, Ultimate End served in Operations JUST CAUSE in Panama, DESERT STORM in Kuwait and Iraq, and UPHOLD DEMOCRACY in Haiti. After 36 years and seven months of service, 24 years as a gunship, Ultimate End retired from service on 1 October 1994. It made its last flight from Duke Field to Hurlburt Field on 20 October 1994. The Spectre Association dedicated \"Ultimate End\" (which served with the 16 SOS in Vietnam) on 4 May 1995. Lt Col Michael Byers, then 16 SOS commander, represented the active-duty gunship force and Clyde Gowdy of the Spectre Association represented all Spectre personnel past and present for the unveiling of a monument at the aircraft and the dedication as a whole.\n\nA third AC-130A, AF serial no. 54–1630, is on display in the Cold War Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. Named Azrael for the angel of death in Islam who severs the soul from the body, this aircraft figured prominently in the closing hours of Operation Desert Storm. On 26 February 1991, Coalition ground forces were driving the Iraqi Army out of Kuwait. With an Air Force Reserve crew called to active duty, Azrael was sent to the Al Jahra highway (Highway 80) between Kuwait City and Basra, Iraq, to intercept the convoys of tanks, trucks, buses, and cars fleeing the battle. Facing SA-6 and SA-8 surface-to-air missiles and 37 mm and 57 mm radar-guided anti-aircraft artillery the crew attacked and destroyed or disabled most of the convoys. Azrael was also assigned to the 919th Special Operations Wing and retired to the museum in October 1995.\n\nAnother AC-130A, AF serial no. 54–1626, the original prototype AC-130 named \"Gunship II\" is on display at the outdoor Air Park at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. This aircraft served in Southeast Asia from 1967 to 1972, then served in JC-130A test configuration. It was transferred to the National Museum of the United States Air Force in 1976, and converted back to AC-130A configuration in the late 1990s.\n\nAC-130A serial no. 54–1623, c/n 3010, named \"Ghost Rider\" served in Southeast Asia and later conflicts until being retired in 1997 to Dobbins AFB, Georgia. Ghost Rider eventually was transferred and displayed at the Aviation Wing Museum at Marietta, Georgia.\n\nAC-130H serial no. 69-6575, named \"Wicked Wanda\" is on display at the Hurlburt Field, FL airpark. Hurlburt Field adds AC-130H, MC-130 to air park\n\nAC-130U serial no. 87-0128, named \"Big Daddy\" is on display at the Hurlburt Field, FL airpark. Hurlburt Field Airpark Adventure: The AC-130U Spooky Gunship\n\nSpecifications (AC-130)\n\nNotable appearances in media\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n (AC-130 refs loaded throughout book)\n\nExternal links\n\n \"Gunship History\", Spectre Association.\n \"Powerful Gunships Prowl Iraq, and Limits Show\" on NPR from All Things Considered.\n \n .\n(1977) T.O. 1C-130(A)A-1 Flight Manual USAF Series AC-130A Airplane (Part 1), (Part 2)\n\nC-130, A\nC-130, A\n1960s United States attack aircraft\nFour-engined tractor aircraft\nHigh-wing aircraft\nFour-engined turboprop aircraft\nAircraft artillery\nGunships\nAC-130\nAircraft first flown in 1966\nMilitary equipment of the Vietnam War",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Chachani
|
Chachani ni jina la kata ya Wilaya ya Chake Chake katika Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini, Tanzania yenye postikodi namba 74203 .. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2002, kata ina wakazi wapatao 3,140 waishio humo.
Marejeo
Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini
Wilaya ya Chake Chake
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Chachani",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Chachani ni jina la kata ya Wilaya ya Chake Chake katika Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini, Tanzania yenye postikodi namba 74203 .. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2002, kata ina wakazi wapatao 3,140 waishio humo.\n\nMarejeo\n\nMkoa wa Pemba Kusini\nWilaya ya Chake Chake",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakobo%20Mkatwakatwa
|
Yakobo Mkatwakatwa (alifariki Beth Lapat, nchini Uajemi, 421) alikuwa askari Mkristo aliyeuawa kwa sababu ya imani yake katika dhuluma ya mfalme Yazdegerd I. Ingawa kwanza alikubali kuasi, alipolaumiwa na familia yake alitubu na hatimaye alivumilia kukatwakatwa sehemu 28 kabla ya kukatwa kichwa.
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na Waorthodoksi, Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki na Wakatoliki kama mtakatifu mfiadini.
Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 27 Novemba.
Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Tanbihi
Marejeo
Thieleman J. van Braght, Martyr's Mirror, 1660
Viungo vya nje
San Giacomo l'Interciso (il Solitario) Martire in Persia
The Holy Martyr James the Persian
Monastery of St. Jacob Persian
Waliofariki 421
Wafiadini Wakristo
Watakatifu wa Uajemi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakobo%20Mkatwakatwa",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Yakobo Mkatwakatwa (alifariki Beth Lapat, nchini Uajemi, 421) alikuwa askari Mkristo aliyeuawa kwa sababu ya imani yake katika dhuluma ya mfalme Yazdegerd I. Ingawa kwanza alikubali kuasi, alipolaumiwa na familia yake alitubu na hatimaye alivumilia kukatwakatwa sehemu 28 kabla ya kukatwa kichwa.\n\nTangu kale anaheshimiwa na Waorthodoksi, Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki na Wakatoliki kama mtakatifu mfiadini.\n\nSikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 27 Novemba.\n\nTazama pia\nWatakatifu wa Agano la Kale\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo\nOrodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko\n\nTanbihi\n\nMarejeo\nThieleman J. van Braght, Martyr's Mirror, 1660\n\nViungo vya nje\n San Giacomo l'Interciso (il Solitario) Martire in Persia\n The Holy Martyr James the Persian \n Monastery of St. Jacob Persian \n\nWaliofariki 421\nWafiadini Wakristo\nWatakatifu wa Uajemi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
The Headies 2014
|
The headies 2014 lilikuwa toleo la tisa la The Headies. Ilifanyika tarehe 14 Desemba 2014, katika Hoteli ya Eko na Suites katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos. Kina mada "Feel the Passion", onyesho liliendeshwa na Toke Makinwa na Basketmouth . Awali ilipangwa kufanyika tarehe 25 Oktoba 2014 . Hapo awali Bovi alitangazwa kuwa mmoja wa waandaji, lakini aliishia kutokuwa mwenyeji kutokana na yeye kupangwa kwa ajili ya kipindi kingine.Tarehe 30 Septemba 2014, uteuzi ulitangazwa wakati wa mkutano na waandishi wa habari katika ofisi ya HipTV huko Allen, Lagos. Kcee, Olamide na Phyno waliongoza uteuzi huo wakiwa na watano kila mmoja.
Marejeo
Arusha Editathon Muziki
Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika
Muziki wa Afrika
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Headies 2014",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The headies 2014 lilikuwa toleo la tisa la The Headies. Ilifanyika tarehe 14 Desemba 2014, katika Hoteli ya Eko na Suites katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos. Kina mada \"Feel the Passion\", onyesho liliendeshwa na Toke Makinwa na Basketmouth . Awali ilipangwa kufanyika tarehe 25 Oktoba 2014 . Hapo awali Bovi alitangazwa kuwa mmoja wa waandaji, lakini aliishia kutokuwa mwenyeji kutokana na yeye kupangwa kwa ajili ya kipindi kingine.Tarehe 30 Septemba 2014, uteuzi ulitangazwa wakati wa mkutano na waandishi wa habari katika ofisi ya HipTV huko Allen, Lagos. Kcee, Olamide na Phyno waliongoza uteuzi huo wakiwa na watano kila mmoja.\n\nMarejeo \nArusha Editathon Muziki\nMbegu za muziki wa Afrika\nMuziki wa Afrika",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Kigali
|
Kigali ni mji mkuu wa Rwanda na pia mji mkubwa kuliko mingine yote nchini.
Iko karibu sana na mstari wa ikweta kwenye kimo cha 1400 - 1600 m juu ya UB. Hali ya hewa ni ya wastani hakuna baridi kali wala joto kali.
Kigali ina wakazi 600,000.
Historia
Kigali ilianzishwa wakati wa ukoloni wa Kijerumani mwaka 1907 kama kituo cha mwakilishi wa Afrika ya Mashariki Mjerumani Richard Kandt.
Wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia ilivamiwa na Wabelgiji ikawa sehemu ya eneo lao na kukabidhiwa Rwanda na Burundi chini ya utawala wa Ubelgiji.
Baada ya kugawa kwa Rwanda-Burundi kuwa nchi mbili za Rwanda na Burundi, Kigali ikawa mji mkuu wa Rwanda mwaka 1962.
Mauaji ya Watutsi ya mwaka 1994 yalianza Kigali. Mji ulipungukiwa wakazi 100,000 wakati ule.
Uchumi
Misingi ya uchumi ya Kigali ni biashara ya kahawa, mifugo na Bustani.
Mawasiliano
Kigali ina uwanja wa ndege wa kimataifa uitwao Kigali International Airport. Kuna barabara kwenda Burundi na Uganda.
Bildung
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Rwanda
Viungo vya nje
Miji Mikuu Afrika
Miji ya Rwanda
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Kigali",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kigali ni mji mkuu wa Rwanda na pia mji mkubwa kuliko mingine yote nchini.\n\nIko karibu sana na mstari wa ikweta kwenye kimo cha 1400 - 1600 m juu ya UB. Hali ya hewa ni ya wastani hakuna baridi kali wala joto kali.\n\nKigali ina wakazi 600,000.\n\nHistoria \nKigali ilianzishwa wakati wa ukoloni wa Kijerumani mwaka 1907 kama kituo cha mwakilishi wa Afrika ya Mashariki Mjerumani Richard Kandt. \nWakati wa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia ilivamiwa na Wabelgiji ikawa sehemu ya eneo lao na kukabidhiwa Rwanda na Burundi chini ya utawala wa Ubelgiji. \n\nBaada ya kugawa kwa Rwanda-Burundi kuwa nchi mbili za Rwanda na Burundi, Kigali ikawa mji mkuu wa Rwanda mwaka 1962. \n\nMauaji ya Watutsi ya mwaka 1994 yalianza Kigali. Mji ulipungukiwa wakazi 100,000 wakati ule.\n\nUchumi \nMisingi ya uchumi ya Kigali ni biashara ya kahawa, mifugo na Bustani.\n\nMawasiliano \nKigali ina uwanja wa ndege wa kimataifa uitwao Kigali International Airport. Kuna barabara kwenda Burundi na Uganda. \nBildung\n\nTazama pia \n Orodha ya miji ya Rwanda\n\nViungo vya nje\n\n \nMiji Mikuu Afrika\nMiji ya Rwanda",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Karataş
|
ni mji na wilaya iliopo katika Mkoa wa Adana kwenye kanda ya Mediteranea huko nchini Uturuki.
Viungo vya Nje
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Karataş",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni mji na wilaya iliopo katika Mkoa wa Adana kwenye kanda ya Mediteranea huko nchini Uturuki.\n\nViungo vya Nje",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Richard Greenblatt (playwright)
|
Richard Greenblatt (born 1953) is a Canadian playwright who currently lives in Toronto. He is best known for 2 Pianos, 4 Hands, which he wrote and performed with Ted Dykstra.
Early life
Greenblatt was born in 1953 in Montreal, Quebec, to a secular Jewish family. His parents were active Communists until 1956, when they left the party after Khrushchev's Secret Speech. He is the brother of Lewis Furey, musician, actor & director.
Greenblatt attended Dawson College. He later trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. In 1975 he returned to Canada and began his theatrical career.
Works
Soft Pedalling (1981)
The Theory of Relatives (1994, co-written with Daniel Brooks, Diane Flacks, Leah Cherniak, Leslie Lester, and Allan Merovitz)
2 Pianos, 4 Hands (1994)
Sibs (2000)
Letters From Lehrer (2006)
Personal life
Greenblatt was married to director/writer Kate Lushington. The two have three children: Natasha, William, and Luke.
See also
List of Canadian writers
List of Canadian playwrights
References
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
1953 births
Living people
Jewish Canadian writers
Dawson College alumni
Jewish Canadian male actors
Alumni of RADA
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
Male actors from Montreal
Writers from Montreal
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Dora Mavor Moore Award winners
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Richard Greenblatt (playwright)",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Richard Greenblatt (born 1953) is a Canadian playwright who currently lives in Toronto. He is best known for 2 Pianos, 4 Hands, which he wrote and performed with Ted Dykstra.\n\nEarly life \nGreenblatt was born in 1953 in Montreal, Quebec, to a secular Jewish family. His parents were active Communists until 1956, when they left the party after Khrushchev's Secret Speech. He is the brother of Lewis Furey, musician, actor & director.\n\nGreenblatt attended Dawson College. He later trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. In 1975 he returned to Canada and began his theatrical career.\n\nWorks\nSoft Pedalling (1981)\nThe Theory of Relatives (1994, co-written with Daniel Brooks, Diane Flacks, Leah Cherniak, Leslie Lester, and Allan Merovitz)\n2 Pianos, 4 Hands (1994)\nSibs (2000)\nLetters From Lehrer (2006)\n\nPersonal life \nGreenblatt was married to director/writer Kate Lushington. The two have three children: Natasha, William, and Luke.\n\nSee also \nList of Canadian writers\nList of Canadian playwrights\n\nReferences \n\n20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights\n21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights\n1953 births\nLiving people\nJewish Canadian writers\nDawson College alumni\nJewish Canadian male actors\nAlumni of RADA\nCanadian male dramatists and playwrights\nMale actors from Montreal\nWriters from Montreal\n20th-century Canadian male writers\n21st-century Canadian male writers\nDora Mavor Moore Award winners",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education
|
The Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE) is an independent centre and registered charity based in the United Kingdom which aims to promote inclusion in education. As part of their work, they publish booklets on inclusive practice, and summaries of laws related to inclusion.
See also
Special education in the United Kingdom
Dyslexia support in the United Kingdom
External links
CSIE official website
CSIE resources
Education in the United Kingdom
Special education in the United Kingdom
Dyslexia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE) is an independent centre and registered charity based in the United Kingdom which aims to promote inclusion in education. As part of their work, they publish booklets on inclusive practice, and summaries of laws related to inclusion.\n\nSee also\n\n Special education in the United Kingdom\n Dyslexia support in the United Kingdom\n\nExternal links\nCSIE official website\nCSIE resources\n\nEducation in the United Kingdom\nSpecial education in the United Kingdom\nDyslexia",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Arkupo
|
Arkupo (kwa Kiingereza Archippus, kutoka Kigiriki: Ἅρχιππος, Arkhippos, "bwana wa farasi") alikuwa Mkristo wa karne ya 1 anayetajwa na mtume Paulo mara mbili kama mwenzi wake katika Agano Jipya la Biblia ya Kikristo: Film 1:2 na Kol 4:17.
Inasemekana alikuwa askofu wa kwanza wa Laodikea.
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na Wakatoliki na Waorthodoksi kama mtakatifu.
Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa nao tarehe 20 Machi au tarehe 19 Februari.
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
St. Archippus catholic.org
http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92998
Watu wa Biblia
Waliofariki karne ya 1
Maaskofu Wakatoliki
Watakatifu wa Uturuki
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Arkupo",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Arkupo (kwa Kiingereza Archippus, kutoka Kigiriki: Ἅρχιππος, Arkhippos, \"bwana wa farasi\") alikuwa Mkristo wa karne ya 1 anayetajwa na mtume Paulo mara mbili kama mwenzi wake katika Agano Jipya la Biblia ya Kikristo: Film 1:2 na Kol 4:17.\n\nInasemekana alikuwa askofu wa kwanza wa Laodikea.\n\nTangu kale anaheshimiwa na Wakatoliki na Waorthodoksi kama mtakatifu.\n\nSikukuu yake huadhimishwa nao tarehe 20 Machi au tarehe 19 Februari.\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n St. Archippus catholic.org\n http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92998\n\nWatu wa Biblia\nWaliofariki karne ya 1\nMaaskofu Wakatoliki\nWatakatifu wa Uturuki",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Pitu
|
unapatikana kusini mwa Tanzania.
Maji yake yanaishia katika mto Rufiji na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Hindi.
Tazama pia
Mito ya Tanzania
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mito ya Tanzania
Mto Rufiji
Bahari ya Hindi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Pitu",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana kusini mwa Tanzania.\n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika mto Rufiji na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Hindi.\n\nTazama pia\n Mito ya Tanzania\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMito ya Tanzania\nMto Rufiji\nBahari ya Hindi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mto Namuzingole
|
unapatikana katika wilaya ya Mukono, mkoa wa Kati, nchini Uganda.
Maji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya mito ya Uganda
Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Mukono
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Wilaya ya Mukono
Mito ya Uganda
Nile
Mediteranea
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mto Namuzingole",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana katika wilaya ya Mukono, mkoa wa Kati, nchini Uganda. \n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya mito ya Uganda\n Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Mukono\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nWilaya ya Mukono\nMito ya Uganda\nNile\nMediteranea",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta%20C%C3%A1ceres
|
Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (4 Machi 1971 – 2 Machi 2016) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa mazingira wa Honduras (Lenca), kiongozi wa kiasili, na mwanzilishi mwenza na mratibu wa Baraza la Mashirika Maarufu na Wenyeji wa Honduras (COPINH). Alishinda Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman mwaka 2015, kwa "kampeni ya msingi ambayo ilifanikiwa kumshinikiza Ujenzi wa bwawa kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni Bwawa la Agua Zarca" huko Río Gualcarque.
Marejeo
wanaharakati wa Honduras
WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta%20C%C3%A1ceres",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (4 Machi 1971 – 2 Machi 2016) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa mazingira wa Honduras (Lenca), kiongozi wa kiasili, na mwanzilishi mwenza na mratibu wa Baraza la Mashirika Maarufu na Wenyeji wa Honduras (COPINH). Alishinda Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman mwaka 2015, kwa \"kampeni ya msingi ambayo ilifanikiwa kumshinikiza Ujenzi wa bwawa kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni Bwawa la Agua Zarca\" huko Río Gualcarque.\n\nMarejeo\n\nwanaharakati wa Honduras\nWikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa%20la%20Kitume%20la%20Armenia
|
Kanisa la Kitume la Armenia (kwa Kiarmenia: Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի), ambalo pengine linaitwa pia Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Armenia au Kanisa la Kigregori, ni Kanisa la kitaifa la kale zaidi duniani (301).
Wafuasi wake wanahesabiwa kati ya Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki kwa sababu hawakubali Mtaguso wa Kalsedonia na Mitaguso ya kiekumeni iliyofuata.
Upande wa ibada, linatumia liturujia ya Armenia.
Uongozi na uenezi
Mkuu wake anaitwa Catholikos (kwa Waarmenia cheo hicho ni cha juu kuliko kile cha "Patriarki") na makao yake makuu yako katika mji wa Echmiadzin, huko Armenia. Kwa sasa ni Karekin II.
Yupo pia Catholikos mwingine mwenye makao makuu Antilyas huko Lebanoni. Kwa sasa ni Aram I.
Kutoka huko wanaongoza Waarmenia milioni 7 hivi waliosambaa duniani hasa baada ya maangamizi ya halaiki yaliyofanywa na Waturuki baada ya Vita Vikuu vya kwanza.
Viungo vya nje
Catholicosato ya Echmiadzin
Catholicosato ya Cilicia
Maktaba pepe ya Kanisa hilo)
Taarifa kadhaa juu ya Kanisa hilo
Kitabu cha sala cha Kanisa hilo
Picha za makanisa ya Kiarmenia
Dini nchini Armenia
Ukristo
Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa%20la%20Kitume%20la%20Armenia",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kanisa la Kitume la Armenia (kwa Kiarmenia: Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի), ambalo pengine linaitwa pia Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Armenia au Kanisa la Kigregori, ni Kanisa la kitaifa la kale zaidi duniani (301). \n\nWafuasi wake wanahesabiwa kati ya Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki kwa sababu hawakubali Mtaguso wa Kalsedonia na Mitaguso ya kiekumeni iliyofuata.\n\nUpande wa ibada, linatumia liturujia ya Armenia.\n\nUongozi na uenezi \nMkuu wake anaitwa Catholikos (kwa Waarmenia cheo hicho ni cha juu kuliko kile cha \"Patriarki\") na makao yake makuu yako katika mji wa Echmiadzin, huko Armenia. Kwa sasa ni Karekin II.\n\nYupo pia Catholikos mwingine mwenye makao makuu Antilyas huko Lebanoni. Kwa sasa ni Aram I. \n\nKutoka huko wanaongoza Waarmenia milioni 7 hivi waliosambaa duniani hasa baada ya maangamizi ya halaiki yaliyofanywa na Waturuki baada ya Vita Vikuu vya kwanza.\n\nViungo vya nje \n Catholicosato ya Echmiadzin\n Catholicosato ya Cilicia\n Maktaba pepe ya Kanisa hilo)\n Taarifa kadhaa juu ya Kanisa hilo\n Kitabu cha sala cha Kanisa hilo\n Picha za makanisa ya Kiarmenia \n\nDini nchini Armenia\nUkristo\nWaorthodoksi wa Mashariki",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Omsk
|
Omsk (Kirusi: Омск) ni mji wa Urusi. Ina wakazi 1,134,016. Iko katika mkoa wa Omsk Oblast.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Urusi
Miji ya Urusi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Omsk",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Omsk (Kirusi: Омск) ni mji wa Urusi. Ina wakazi 1,134,016. Iko katika mkoa wa Omsk Oblast.\n\nTazama pia \n Orodha ya miji ya Urusi\n\nMiji ya Urusi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%20Apache
|
The HTC Apache is a Windows Mobile 5.0 device, sold as the PPC-6700 by Sprint, and the XV6700 by Verizon Wireless and other US carriers. The device was one of the first CDMA Windows Mobile 5.0 devices on the market, and the first to be released in the United States. The Apache is a Pocket PC PDA with smartphone capabilities.
The upgraded generation of the model is the HTC Mogul, also known as the HTC Titan, the PPC-6800, or the XV6800 from Verizon Wireless.
Features
CDMA 1xRTT/EVDO
Bluetooth
802.11b Wi-Fi
1.3 Megapixel camera/camcorder
Built in QWERTY slide out keyboard (but no hardware ctrl key)
Blue LED keyboard backlight
2.88" 64K color TFT touchscreen
Speakerphone
USB and infrared dial up networking
MiniSD / MMC card slot
Reference: Section 5.4 of the Verizon XV6700 User Manual (expansion slot compatible with miniSD and MMC cards)
Specifications
Band: CDMA 800/1900
Weight: 6.07 oz
Dimensions: 4.25" x 2.32" x 0.93"
Battery Type: Lithium Ion polymer 1350 mAh
Display Resolution: 240x320 16-bit QVGA
Java: Yes, MIDP: 2.0
Built in memory: 128 MB (Flash memory), 64 MB Ram
Operating system: Windows Mobile 5.0 for Pocket PC Phone Edition
Due to the popularity of the device there are many unofficial Operating System releases found on the Internet. Most notably, Windows Mobile 6.5 Professional.
External links
Manufacturer's site
Product page
Microsoft Windows Mobile
Custom Rom enthusiasts
HTC Custom Rom kitchen
AIG Investments support page for default firmware and documentation on the PPC6700 and XV6700
UT Starcom support link for Verizon Wireless - Deprecated
UT Starcom support link for Sprint - deprecated
Running Linux on the HTC Apache phone
Chinese xv6700 website
Apache
Windows Mobile Professional devices
Mobile phones with an integrated hardware keyboard
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%20Apache",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The HTC Apache is a Windows Mobile 5.0 device, sold as the PPC-6700 by Sprint, and the XV6700 by Verizon Wireless and other US carriers. The device was one of the first CDMA Windows Mobile 5.0 devices on the market, and the first to be released in the United States. The Apache is a Pocket PC PDA with smartphone capabilities.\n\nThe upgraded generation of the model is the HTC Mogul, also known as the HTC Titan, the PPC-6800, or the XV6800 from Verizon Wireless.\n\nFeatures\n CDMA 1xRTT/EVDO\n Bluetooth\n 802.11b Wi-Fi\n 1.3 Megapixel camera/camcorder\n Built in QWERTY slide out keyboard (but no hardware ctrl key)\n Blue LED keyboard backlight\n 2.88\" 64K color TFT touchscreen\n Speakerphone\n USB and infrared dial up networking\n MiniSD / MMC card slot\nReference: Section 5.4 of the Verizon XV6700 User Manual (expansion slot compatible with miniSD and MMC cards)\n\nSpecifications\nBand: CDMA 800/1900\nWeight: 6.07 oz\nDimensions: 4.25\" x 2.32\" x 0.93\"\nBattery Type: Lithium Ion polymer 1350 mAh\nDisplay Resolution: 240x320 16-bit QVGA\nJava: Yes, MIDP: 2.0\nBuilt in memory: 128 MB (Flash memory), 64 MB Ram\nOperating system: Windows Mobile 5.0 for Pocket PC Phone Edition\n\nDue to the popularity of the device there are many unofficial Operating System releases found on the Internet. Most notably, Windows Mobile 6.5 Professional.\n\nExternal links \nManufacturer's site\nProduct page \nMicrosoft Windows Mobile\nCustom Rom enthusiasts\nHTC Custom Rom kitchen \nAIG Investments support page for default firmware and documentation on the PPC6700 and XV6700\nUT Starcom support link for Verizon Wireless - Deprecated \nUT Starcom support link for Sprint - deprecated\nRunning Linux on the HTC Apache phone\nChinese xv6700 website\n\nApache\nWindows Mobile Professional devices\nMobile phones with an integrated hardware keyboard",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadar%2C%20Ethiopia
|
Hadar (pia imeandikwa Qad daqar, Qadaqar; kwa Kiafar "nyeupe [ qidi ] mkondo [ daqar ]") ni eneo la palantolojia katika wilaya ya Mille, Eneo la utawala 1 la Mkoa wa Afar, Ethiopia, takribani km 15 kinyume na mkondo wa mto (magharibi) ya daraja la A1 juu ya Mto Awash (Adayitu kebele ).
Marejeo
Jimbo la Afar
Maeneo ya kiakiolojia ya Ethiopia
Africa Wiki Challenge 2021 in Tanzania
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadar%2C%20Ethiopia",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hadar (pia imeandikwa Qad daqar, Qadaqar; kwa Kiafar \"nyeupe [ qidi ] mkondo [ daqar ]\") ni eneo la palantolojia katika wilaya ya Mille, Eneo la utawala 1 la Mkoa wa Afar, Ethiopia, takribani km 15 kinyume na mkondo wa mto (magharibi) ya daraja la A1 juu ya Mto Awash (Adayitu kebele ).\n\nMarejeo \n\nJimbo la Afar\nMaeneo ya kiakiolojia ya Ethiopia\nAfrica Wiki Challenge 2021 in Tanzania",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa%20cha%20Wahondo
|
ni kati ya visiwa cha kaunti ya Siaya, magharibi mwa Kenya.
Kinapatikana katika ziwa Nyanza, la pili duniani kwa ukubwa.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya visiwa vya Kenya
Marejeo
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Visiwa vya Kenya
Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria
Kaunti ya Siaya
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa%20cha%20Wahondo",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni kati ya visiwa cha kaunti ya Siaya, magharibi mwa Kenya.\n\nKinapatikana katika ziwa Nyanza, la pili duniani kwa ukubwa.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya visiwa vya Kenya\n\nMarejeo\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nVisiwa vya Kenya\nVisiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria\nKaunti ya Siaya",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Moulins, Allier
|
Moulins au Moulins-sur-Allier ni mji wa Ufaransa.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Ufaransa
Viungo vya nje
Tovuti rasmi
Miji ya Ufaransa
Auvergne
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Moulins, Allier",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Moulins au Moulins-sur-Allier ni mji wa Ufaransa.\n\nTazama pia \n Orodha ya miji ya Ufaransa\n\nViungo vya nje \n Tovuti rasmi\n\nMiji ya Ufaransa\nAuvergne",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Punjkot
|
Punjkot () is a tehsil (administrative subdivision of local government) in Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
Populated places in Muzaffarabad District
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Punjkot",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Punjkot () is a tehsil (administrative subdivision of local government) in Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.\n\nPopulated places in Muzaffarabad District",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropping%20Knowledge
|
Dropping Knowlege ni shirika lisilo la kiserikali lenye lengo la kuleta majadiliano dunia nzima kuhusu matatizo makubwa yanayomkabili mwanadamu.
Tarehe 9 Septemba 2006 shirika hili liliandaa tukio linaloitwa "Meza ya Sauti Huru" (the Table of Free Voices), ambapo watu 112 toka katika nyanja mbalimbali kama za sayansi, teknolojia, utamaduni, na sanaa hukaa pamoja na kujibu maswali 100. Maswali haya huchujwa toka katika maswali ambayo huulizwa na watu mbalimbali duniani kupitia tovuti ya shirika hili.
Majibu ya maswali haya hurekodiwa na kuandikwa na kuhifadhiwa ili kwa msingi wa baraza liitwalo "Maktaba Hai" (Living Library) ambapo ushiriki utakuwa wazi kwa mtu yeyote yule.
Kampuni ya bima ya Munich, Ujerumani, Allianz inatoa msaada wa fedha kwa shirika hili kwa miaka miwili, toka mwaka 2005 - 2007.
Maswali
Sehemu kubwa ya mradi huu unaoendeshwa na shirika la Dropping Knowledge ni maswali yanayotumwa na watu toka sehemu mbalimbali duniani kupitia tovuti yao. Shirika hili linaamini kuwa tukiuliza maswali sahihi na tukayajibu, huo utakuwa ni mwanzo wa kujenga jamii bora zaidi duniani.
Meza ya Sauti Huru (The Table of Free Voices)
Tarehe 9 Septemba 2006 watu toka katika nyanja mbalimbali duniani watakutaka August-Bebel-Platz, Berlin, mahali ambapo serikali ya Kinazi ya Ujerumani ilichoma moto vitabu mwaka 1933 ili kujibu maswali 100 yaliyochaguliwa. Maswali haya yataulizwa na kujibiwa na washiriki wote 112 kwa wakati mmoja. Kila mshiriki atakuwa na kamera mbele yake itakayorekodi jibu lake. Majibu haya baadaye yataweka kwenye Intaneti.
Maktaba Hai (Living Library)
Maktaba Hai ni baraza ambapo watu wataweza kushiriki katika mijadala itakayotokana na majibu ya maswali 100 yaliyojibiwa.
Viungo vya nje
Tovuti ya Dropping Knowledge
Waliochaguliwa kujibu maswali
Mashirika
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropping%20Knowledge",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Dropping Knowlege ni shirika lisilo la kiserikali lenye lengo la kuleta majadiliano dunia nzima kuhusu matatizo makubwa yanayomkabili mwanadamu.\n\nTarehe 9 Septemba 2006 shirika hili liliandaa tukio linaloitwa \"Meza ya Sauti Huru\" (the Table of Free Voices), ambapo watu 112 toka katika nyanja mbalimbali kama za sayansi, teknolojia, utamaduni, na sanaa hukaa pamoja na kujibu maswali 100. Maswali haya huchujwa toka katika maswali ambayo huulizwa na watu mbalimbali duniani kupitia tovuti ya shirika hili.\n\nMajibu ya maswali haya hurekodiwa na kuandikwa na kuhifadhiwa ili kwa msingi wa baraza liitwalo \"Maktaba Hai\" (Living Library) ambapo ushiriki utakuwa wazi kwa mtu yeyote yule.\n\nKampuni ya bima ya Munich, Ujerumani, Allianz inatoa msaada wa fedha kwa shirika hili kwa miaka miwili, toka mwaka 2005 - 2007.\n\nMaswali \nSehemu kubwa ya mradi huu unaoendeshwa na shirika la Dropping Knowledge ni maswali yanayotumwa na watu toka sehemu mbalimbali duniani kupitia tovuti yao. Shirika hili linaamini kuwa tukiuliza maswali sahihi na tukayajibu, huo utakuwa ni mwanzo wa kujenga jamii bora zaidi duniani.\n\nMeza ya Sauti Huru (The Table of Free Voices) \nTarehe 9 Septemba 2006 watu toka katika nyanja mbalimbali duniani watakutaka August-Bebel-Platz, Berlin, mahali ambapo serikali ya Kinazi ya Ujerumani ilichoma moto vitabu mwaka 1933 ili kujibu maswali 100 yaliyochaguliwa. Maswali haya yataulizwa na kujibiwa na washiriki wote 112 kwa wakati mmoja. Kila mshiriki atakuwa na kamera mbele yake itakayorekodi jibu lake. Majibu haya baadaye yataweka kwenye Intaneti.\n\nMaktaba Hai (Living Library) \nMaktaba Hai ni baraza ambapo watu wataweza kushiriki katika mijadala itakayotokana na majibu ya maswali 100 yaliyojibiwa.\n\nViungo vya nje \n Tovuti ya Dropping Knowledge\n Waliochaguliwa kujibu maswali\n\nMashirika",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Kibauni
|
ni kata ya kaunti ya Machakos, Eneo bunge la Mwala, nchini Kenya.
Tanbihi
Kata za Kenya
Kaunti ya Machakos
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Kibauni",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni kata ya kaunti ya Machakos, Eneo bunge la Mwala, nchini Kenya.\n\nTanbihi\n\nKata za Kenya\nKaunti ya Machakos",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Christ College (Sydney)
|
Christ College, formerly known as the Presbyterian Theological Centre, is the theological college of the Presbyterian Church of Australia in New South Wales. It provides theological education for ministry candidates and members of the laity. It is an approved teaching institution of the Australian College of Theology.
The other theological colleges of the Presbyterian Church of Australia are the Presbyterian Theological College in Melbourne, the Queensland Theological College (formerly the Consortium of Reformed Colleges) in Brisbane.
History
The Presbyterian Church of New South Wales established the theological hall in 1873, to train Presbyterian ministers in accordance with the Westminster Confession of Faith, including the Presbyterian Church of Australia's later Declaratory Statement of 1901. It was located in St Andrew's College at the University of Sydney, and from the early 1920s co-operated with the Methodist and Congregational colleges under the United Faculty of Theology. In 1987 the then Presbyterian Training Centre moved to Shaftesbury Road Burwood, was renamed as the Presbyterian Theological Centre, Burwood and expanded its scope to include training of the laity, as well as elders, missionaries, deaconesses, chaplains, church planters, and youth workers.
The dean of the college in the early years in Burwood was John Davies, who served as principal and lecturer in Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis. In 2010 Ian Smith took over from Davies as principal. The institution was renamed Christ College in 2014.
Degrees and programs
The College is accredited to offer the following degrees in various forms. The following are the flagship programs at the College.
Diploma of Theology (DipTh)/Diploma of Ministry (DipMin)
Bachelor of Theology (Th.B.)/Bachelor of Ministry (B.Min.)
Graduate Diploma of Theology (GradDipTh)/Graduate Diploma of Divinity (GradDipDiv)
Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
Master of Arts in Theology (MA)
Master of Theology (Th.M.)
Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.)
Doctor of Theology (Th.D.)
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
For the training of candidates for ordination in the Presbyterian Church of Australia, the College offers a rich and robust 4-year 128 credit points training program that goes beyond the typical Master of Divinity program.
The College is also in partnership with a number of groups and organisations to offer ministry skill-specific training.
Redeemer City to City: Incubator Program for the training of church planters
Jericho Road: Chaplaincy Program for the training of chaplains working in hospitals, school, army, and the like
Ministry Training for Women
Guest lecturers
The college also hosts annual intensives taught by eminent pastor-theologians. Some of these include Chad Van Dixhoorn, Scott Rae, Michael Horton, D.A Carson, Timothy Witmer, Bryan Chappell, and Carl Trueman.
Facilities
The college building, completed in early 2014, consists of a large community area and an auditorium which can seat over 200. There are five purpose built class rooms and a library with over 45,000 volumes (and great views of the city of Sydney). The administration building is a restored heritage building and is connected to new building. Australian Presbyterian World Mission (APWM) also has offices in the building.
Students
The Presbyterian Theological Centre has more than 150 students, both male and female. The college also admits members of other denominations for theological training.
The Students' Representative Council represents the students of the college, with responsibility for fostering community spirit, service to each other, and improving student resources
References
Educational institutions established in 1873
1873 establishments in Australia
Education in Sydney
Australian College of Theology
Seminaries and theological colleges in New South Wales
Theological colleges of the Presbyterian Church of Australia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Christ College (Sydney)",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Christ College, formerly known as the Presbyterian Theological Centre, is the theological college of the Presbyterian Church of Australia in New South Wales. It provides theological education for ministry candidates and members of the laity. It is an approved teaching institution of the Australian College of Theology.\n\nThe other theological colleges of the Presbyterian Church of Australia are the Presbyterian Theological College in Melbourne, the Queensland Theological College (formerly the Consortium of Reformed Colleges) in Brisbane.\n\nHistory\nThe Presbyterian Church of New South Wales established the theological hall in 1873, to train Presbyterian ministers in accordance with the Westminster Confession of Faith, including the Presbyterian Church of Australia's later Declaratory Statement of 1901. It was located in St Andrew's College at the University of Sydney, and from the early 1920s co-operated with the Methodist and Congregational colleges under the United Faculty of Theology. In 1987 the then Presbyterian Training Centre moved to Shaftesbury Road Burwood, was renamed as the Presbyterian Theological Centre, Burwood and expanded its scope to include training of the laity, as well as elders, missionaries, deaconesses, chaplains, church planters, and youth workers.\n\nThe dean of the college in the early years in Burwood was John Davies, who served as principal and lecturer in Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis. In 2010 Ian Smith took over from Davies as principal. The institution was renamed Christ College in 2014.\n\nDegrees and programs\nThe College is accredited to offer the following degrees in various forms. The following are the flagship programs at the College.\nDiploma of Theology (DipTh)/Diploma of Ministry (DipMin)\nBachelor of Theology (Th.B.)/Bachelor of Ministry (B.Min.)\nGraduate Diploma of Theology (GradDipTh)/Graduate Diploma of Divinity (GradDipDiv)\nMaster of Divinity (M.Div.)\nMaster of Arts in Theology (MA)\nMaster of Theology (Th.M.)\nDoctor of Ministry (D.Min.)\nDoctor of Theology (Th.D.)\nDoctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)\n\nFor the training of candidates for ordination in the Presbyterian Church of Australia, the College offers a rich and robust 4-year 128 credit points training program that goes beyond the typical Master of Divinity program.\n\nThe College is also in partnership with a number of groups and organisations to offer ministry skill-specific training.\n\n Redeemer City to City: Incubator Program for the training of church planters\n Jericho Road: Chaplaincy Program for the training of chaplains working in hospitals, school, army, and the like\n Ministry Training for Women\n\nGuest lecturers\nThe college also hosts annual intensives taught by eminent pastor-theologians. Some of these include Chad Van Dixhoorn, Scott Rae, Michael Horton, D.A Carson, Timothy Witmer, Bryan Chappell, and Carl Trueman.\n\nFacilities\n\nThe college building, completed in early 2014, consists of a large community area and an auditorium which can seat over 200. There are five purpose built class rooms and a library with over 45,000 volumes (and great views of the city of Sydney). The administration building is a restored heritage building and is connected to new building. Australian Presbyterian World Mission (APWM) also has offices in the building.\n\nStudents\nThe Presbyterian Theological Centre has more than 150 students, both male and female. The college also admits members of other denominations for theological training.\n\nThe Students' Representative Council represents the students of the college, with responsibility for fostering community spirit, service to each other, and improving student resources\n\nReferences\n\nEducational institutions established in 1873\n1873 establishments in Australia\nEducation in Sydney\nAustralian College of Theology\nSeminaries and theological colleges in New South Wales\nTheological colleges of the Presbyterian Church of Australia",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Sophia Akuffo
|
Sophia Abena Boafoa Akuffo (amezaliwa 20 Desemba 1949) alikuwa Jaji Mkuu wa Ghana kutoka 2017 hadi 20 Desemba 2019. Kabla ya hapo, tayari alikuwa Jaji katika Mahakama Kuu ya Ghana tangu 1995.
Elimu
Alikuwa na elimu ya sekondari katika Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Wesley, Cape Coast na alipata Shahada ya Sheria ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana. Aliongeza masomo yake katika Shule ya Sheria ya Ghana ambapo alistahili kuwa wakili. Sophia Akuffo alifundishwa kama wakili. chini ya Nana Akuffo-Addo. Ana digrii ya Uzamili ya Sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard huko USA.
Kazi
Sophia Akuffo amekuwa mshiriki wa Kamati ya Uongozi ya Taasisi ya Elimu ya Mahakama ya Jumuiya ya Madola,. na Mwenyekiti wa Kikosi Kazi cha Usuluhishi wa Migogoro Mbadala kwa miaka kadhaa. Mnamo Januari 2006, alichaguliwa kama mmoja wa majaji wa kwanza wa Mahakama ya Afrika juu ya Haki za Binadamu na Watu: mwanzoni alichaguliwa kwa miaka miwili na baadaye akachaguliwa tena hadi 2014 na aliwahi kuwa Makamu wa Rais na Rais wa Mahakama
Jaji Mkuu wa Ghana
Mnamo Mei 11, 2017, Sophia Akuffo aliteuliwa kama Jaji wa juu zaidi wa Mahakama Kuu ya Ghana na Nana Akuffo-Addo, kwa idhini ya Bunge. Aliapishwa na Rais Akuffo-Addo mnamo 19 Juni 2017 kama Jaji Mkuu wa kumi na tatu wa Jamhuri ya Ghana. Hukumu ya mwisho aliyohusika ilikuwa tarehe 18 Desemba 2019 wakati Mahakama Kuu ilipotoa uamuzi wa pamoja kwamba mahakama zinaweza kukaa mwishoni mwa wiki na siku za likizo za benki kushughulikia kesi za haraka za kisheria. Alizungumza pia juu ya shukrani zake kwa Marais wengine wa zamani wa Ghana. Hawa ni pamoja na marehemu John Atta Mills ambaye alikuwa mhadhiri wake juu ya Ushuru katika Shule ya Sheria ya Ghana na pia alimteua kwa Mahakama ya Afrika ya Haki za Binadamu na Watu nchini Ethiopia. Alimtaja marehemu Jerry Rawlings ambaye alimteua kwa Mahakama Kuu mnamo 1995 na John Kufuor ambaye alimteua kwa Mahakama ya Haki za Binadamu na Watu wa Afrika mnamo 2006. [3] Alikuwa rais wa Mahakama hii akiungwa mkono na John Mahama na aliteuliwa na Nana Akufo-Addo kama Jaji Mkuu
Maandishi ya kimahakama
Chama kipya cha kizalendo v Mwanasheria Mkuu (pia anajulikana kama kesi ya CIBA) 1997 ICHRL 24 (12 Machi 1997)
Kustaafu
Baada ya kutumikia kama Jaji Mkuu, Akuffo alistaafu mnamo 2019.
Mnamo tarehe 28 Machi 2020, Nana Akufo-Addo alimteua Akuffo kuongoza Mfuko mpya wa Kitaifa wa Dhamana wa COVID-19 uliozinduliwa wakati wa janga la COVID-19.
Familia
Ana binti ambaye huenda kwa jina Violet Padi na watoto wawili wakuu Samuel Osei na Cara Nyami. Ana familia kubwa kwa sababu ya wake wengi wa mitala, pamoja na dada sita wanaoishi lakini anaonekana kuwa karibu na wale watatu waliotajwa hapo juu.
Marejeo
Wanawake wa Ghana
Editathon 2021-06 Morogor
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Sophia Akuffo",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sophia Abena Boafoa Akuffo (amezaliwa 20 Desemba 1949) alikuwa Jaji Mkuu wa Ghana kutoka 2017 hadi 20 Desemba 2019. Kabla ya hapo, tayari alikuwa Jaji katika Mahakama Kuu ya Ghana tangu 1995.\n\nElimu \nAlikuwa na elimu ya sekondari katika Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Wesley, Cape Coast na alipata Shahada ya Sheria ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana. Aliongeza masomo yake katika Shule ya Sheria ya Ghana ambapo alistahili kuwa wakili. Sophia Akuffo alifundishwa kama wakili. chini ya Nana Akuffo-Addo. Ana digrii ya Uzamili ya Sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard huko USA.\n\nKazi \nSophia Akuffo amekuwa mshiriki wa Kamati ya Uongozi ya Taasisi ya Elimu ya Mahakama ya Jumuiya ya Madola,. na Mwenyekiti wa Kikosi Kazi cha Usuluhishi wa Migogoro Mbadala kwa miaka kadhaa. Mnamo Januari 2006, alichaguliwa kama mmoja wa majaji wa kwanza wa Mahakama ya Afrika juu ya Haki za Binadamu na Watu: mwanzoni alichaguliwa kwa miaka miwili na baadaye akachaguliwa tena hadi 2014 na aliwahi kuwa Makamu wa Rais na Rais wa Mahakama\n\nJaji Mkuu wa Ghana \nMnamo Mei 11, 2017, Sophia Akuffo aliteuliwa kama Jaji wa juu zaidi wa Mahakama Kuu ya Ghana na Nana Akuffo-Addo, kwa idhini ya Bunge. Aliapishwa na Rais Akuffo-Addo mnamo 19 Juni 2017 kama Jaji Mkuu wa kumi na tatu wa Jamhuri ya Ghana. Hukumu ya mwisho aliyohusika ilikuwa tarehe 18 Desemba 2019 wakati Mahakama Kuu ilipotoa uamuzi wa pamoja kwamba mahakama zinaweza kukaa mwishoni mwa wiki na siku za likizo za benki kushughulikia kesi za haraka za kisheria. Alizungumza pia juu ya shukrani zake kwa Marais wengine wa zamani wa Ghana. Hawa ni pamoja na marehemu John Atta Mills ambaye alikuwa mhadhiri wake juu ya Ushuru katika Shule ya Sheria ya Ghana na pia alimteua kwa Mahakama ya Afrika ya Haki za Binadamu na Watu nchini Ethiopia. Alimtaja marehemu Jerry Rawlings ambaye alimteua kwa Mahakama Kuu mnamo 1995 na John Kufuor ambaye alimteua kwa Mahakama ya Haki za Binadamu na Watu wa Afrika mnamo 2006. [3] Alikuwa rais wa Mahakama hii akiungwa mkono na John Mahama na aliteuliwa na Nana Akufo-Addo kama Jaji Mkuu\n\nMaandishi ya kimahakama \n\n Chama kipya cha kizalendo v Mwanasheria Mkuu (pia anajulikana kama kesi ya CIBA) 1997 ICHRL 24 (12 Machi 1997)\n\nKustaafu \nBaada ya kutumikia kama Jaji Mkuu, Akuffo alistaafu mnamo 2019.\n\nMnamo tarehe 28 Machi 2020, Nana Akufo-Addo alimteua Akuffo kuongoza Mfuko mpya wa Kitaifa wa Dhamana wa COVID-19 uliozinduliwa wakati wa janga la COVID-19.\n\nFamilia \nAna binti ambaye huenda kwa jina Violet Padi na watoto wawili wakuu Samuel Osei na Cara Nyami. Ana familia kubwa kwa sababu ya wake wengi wa mitala, pamoja na dada sita wanaoishi lakini anaonekana kuwa karibu na wale watatu waliotajwa hapo juu.\n\nMarejeo \n\nWanawake wa Ghana\nEditathon 2021-06 Morogor",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura%20Saunders
|
Sakura Saunders (alizaliwa 1979) ni mwandishi wa Marekani mwenye asili ya Japani anayeishi Toronto. Katika kipindi cha miaka kumi iliyopita amekuwa mwanaharakati mashuhuri wa vyombo vya habari. Ingawa anahusishwa na vuguvugu la kupinga ushirika la Occupy Toronto, hupendelea kujiweka kama "mratibu wa haki ya madini".
Muziki
Mnamo 2001, Saunders na rafiki yake, Scott Soriano, walianzisha lebo ndogo ya kurekodi huko California, lebo ambayo husaini bendi chipukizi za hard-rock. Saunders alimwacha Soriano akiwa msimamizi pekee wa lebo hiyo ya rekodi alipoacha kutafuta kazi ya uanaharakati.
Ndoa
Saunders alifunga ndoa na mwenzi wake katika msimu wa joto wa 2011 katika harusi isiyo ya kidini. Mratibu wa harusi alisema, "harusi ilikusudiwa sio tu kusherehekea upendo wa wanandoa, lakini pia imani ya kisiasa iliyokuwepo ndani ya uhusiano wao." Harusi ilifanyika katika bustani ya umma huko Toronto na uliandaliwa uendeshaji wa baiskeli kwa pamoja kuelekea chakula cha jioni, huku njia ikiwa imepambwa na jumbe za upendo na hariri iliyokaguliwa mioyo mekundu yenye machafuko. Saunders alisema, "Kuwa na jumbe hizi zinazoonekana sana kulifanya harusi yetu kuwa onyesho la kukuza machafuko, ambayo yanahusu tu kuvunja mamlaka ya serikali na ushirika kama vile kusaidiana na kupendana. Pia ilikuwa fursa ya kufichua familia yetu kidogo. uasi na kuwafanya washiriki nasi katika vitendo hivi vya ukombozi."
Marejeo
waandishi wa Marekani
Swahili climate voices
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura%20Saunders",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sakura Saunders (alizaliwa 1979) ni mwandishi wa Marekani mwenye asili ya Japani anayeishi Toronto. Katika kipindi cha miaka kumi iliyopita amekuwa mwanaharakati mashuhuri wa vyombo vya habari. Ingawa anahusishwa na vuguvugu la kupinga ushirika la Occupy Toronto, hupendelea kujiweka kama \"mratibu wa haki ya madini\".\n\nMuziki\nMnamo 2001, Saunders na rafiki yake, Scott Soriano, walianzisha lebo ndogo ya kurekodi huko California, lebo ambayo husaini bendi chipukizi za hard-rock. Saunders alimwacha Soriano akiwa msimamizi pekee wa lebo hiyo ya rekodi alipoacha kutafuta kazi ya uanaharakati.\n\nNdoa\nSaunders alifunga ndoa na mwenzi wake katika msimu wa joto wa 2011 katika harusi isiyo ya kidini. Mratibu wa harusi alisema, \"harusi ilikusudiwa sio tu kusherehekea upendo wa wanandoa, lakini pia imani ya kisiasa iliyokuwepo ndani ya uhusiano wao.\" Harusi ilifanyika katika bustani ya umma huko Toronto na uliandaliwa uendeshaji wa baiskeli kwa pamoja kuelekea chakula cha jioni, huku njia ikiwa imepambwa na jumbe za upendo na hariri iliyokaguliwa mioyo mekundu yenye machafuko. Saunders alisema, \"Kuwa na jumbe hizi zinazoonekana sana kulifanya harusi yetu kuwa onyesho la kukuza machafuko, ambayo yanahusu tu kuvunja mamlaka ya serikali na ushirika kama vile kusaidiana na kupendana. Pia ilikuwa fursa ya kufichua familia yetu kidogo. uasi na kuwafanya washiriki nasi katika vitendo hivi vya ukombozi.\"\n\nMarejeo \n\nwaandishi wa Marekani\nSwahili climate voices",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnyoo-kichocho
|
Minyoo-kichocho ni spishi za minyoo vidusia za jenasi Schistosoma zinazosababisha ugonjwa wa kichocho kwa watu. Spishi zinaweza kugawanywa katika vikundi viwili kwa njia mbili tofauti. Njia ya kwanza ni mgawanyiko kulingana na ogani ambamo wapevu wanaishi, matumbo au kibofu. Njia ya pili ni kulingana na mahali pa mwiba kwenye mayai, kwa upande au kwenye ncha.
Spishi nyingine za Schistosoma huambukiza vertebrata wengine.
Minyoo wa familia Schistosomatidae hutofautiana na minyoo-bapa wengine kwa kuwa wana jinsia mbili tofauti ambazo zina ukubwa tofauti. Wana vidusiwa wawili, kidusiwa cha kati (konokono) na kidusiwa cha mwisho (vertebrata). Wanafika hatua ya upevu katika damu ya kidusiwa cha mwisho.
Spishi (ogani inayoambukizwa, mahali pa mwiba wa yai)
Schistosoma guineensis (matumba, ncha)
Schistosoma haematobium, Mnyoo-kichocho wa kibofu (kibofu, ncha)
Schistosoma intercalatum (matumbo, ncha)
Schistosoma japonicum (matumbo, upande)
Schistosoma mansoni, Mnyoo-kichocho wa matumbo (matumbo, upande)
Schistosoma mekongi (matumbo, upande)
Mofolojia
Minyoo-kichocho wapevu wana ulinganifu wa kimsingi wa pande mbili, vidonge vya kufyonza upande wa kinywa na wa tumbo, mwili uliofunikwa kwa ngozi ya seli zilizounganishwa, mfumo wa mmeng'enyo bila mkundu ulio na kinywa, umio na pochi yenye panda. Nafasi kati ya ngozi na mfereji wa chakula hujazwa na mtandao huru wa seli za mesodermi. Mfumo wa kinyesi na udhibiti wa osmosisi unategemea seli za viali. Minyoo wapevu huwa na urefu wa mm 10-20 na hutumia globini kutoka kwa hemoglobini ya vidusiwa vyao kwa mfumo wao wa mzunguko.
Uzazi
Kinyume na Trematoda wengine minyoo-kichocho wana jinsia tofauti. Jinsia hizo mbili zinaonyesha kiwango kikubwa cha maumbo mawili tofauti ya kijinsia na dume ni mkubwa sana kuliko jike. Dume huzunguka jike na kumfunga ndani ya mfereji wake wa kubebea jike kwa maisha yote ya minyoo wapevu. Dume akijilisha kwa damu ya kidusiwa, anampitishia jike kidogo. Dume pia hupitisha kemikali ambazo hukamilisha ukuaji wa jike, na kisha watazaana kijinsia. Ingawa nadra pengine minyoo-kichocho walioungana "wataachana", maana jike atamwacha dume ili kuunga mwingine. Sababu halisi haieleweki, ingawa inafikiriwa kuwa majike watawaacha wenzao ili kuunga madume walio mbali zaidi kijenetiki. Utaratibu kama huo wa kibiolojia utasaidia kupungua uzaanamumo na unaweza kuchangia anuwai kubwa sana ya kijenetiki ya minyoo-kichocho.
Mzunguko wa maisha
Minyoo wapevu huishi kwenye vena za matumbo au kibofu. Wanazalisha idadi kubwa ya mayai, ambayo huamili kupitia ukuta wa matumbo au kibofu kuingia uwazi. Kisha hutolewa pamoja na kinyesi au mkojo. Walakini mayai mengine yanaweza kubebwa na damu kwenda sehemu nyingine za mwili, ambapo wanaweza kuingia kwenye tishu nyingine na kuzingirwa. Hii inaweza kusababisha kila aina ya shida.
Mayai yakitomba ndani ya maji lava hutoa wanaoitwa mirasidio na waliofunikwa na silio na ambao hutafuta konokono wa maji ili kuwaambukiza. Konokono hao hutumika kama vidusiwa vya kati na spishi tofauti huwa na lava wa minyoo tofauti. K.m. konokono vidusiwa wa S. mansoni ni spishi za Biomphalaria na wale wa S. haematobium ni spishi za Bulinus. Lava huzaana bila ngono katika konokono kidusiwa wao hadi watoke kama aina tofauti ya lava inayoitwa serkari ambaye ana mkia wa kuogelea. Serkari hutafuta kidusiwa cha mwisho na wakipata mmoja hupenya ngozi yake wakipoteza mkia wao wakati wa mchakato huo.
Mara tu ndani ya mwili lava sasa huitwa skistosomula. Wanaingia kwenye mishipa ya damu na kusafiri kupitia moyo na ini hadi kwenye vena ya matumbo au kibofu, ambapo hukomaa. Skistosomula nyingi huuawa njiani na seli za kinga. Wapevu huepuka ]]mfumo wa kingamaradhi]] kwa kujifunika na antijeni za kidusiwa.
Picha
Schistosomatidae
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnyoo-kichocho",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Minyoo-kichocho ni spishi za minyoo vidusia za jenasi Schistosoma zinazosababisha ugonjwa wa kichocho kwa watu. Spishi zinaweza kugawanywa katika vikundi viwili kwa njia mbili tofauti. Njia ya kwanza ni mgawanyiko kulingana na ogani ambamo wapevu wanaishi, matumbo au kibofu. Njia ya pili ni kulingana na mahali pa mwiba kwenye mayai, kwa upande au kwenye ncha.\n\nSpishi nyingine za Schistosoma huambukiza vertebrata wengine.\n\nMinyoo wa familia Schistosomatidae hutofautiana na minyoo-bapa wengine kwa kuwa wana jinsia mbili tofauti ambazo zina ukubwa tofauti. Wana vidusiwa wawili, kidusiwa cha kati (konokono) na kidusiwa cha mwisho (vertebrata). Wanafika hatua ya upevu katika damu ya kidusiwa cha mwisho.\n\nSpishi (ogani inayoambukizwa, mahali pa mwiba wa yai)\n Schistosoma guineensis (matumba, ncha)\n Schistosoma haematobium, Mnyoo-kichocho wa kibofu (kibofu, ncha)\n Schistosoma intercalatum (matumbo, ncha)\n Schistosoma japonicum (matumbo, upande)\n Schistosoma mansoni, Mnyoo-kichocho wa matumbo (matumbo, upande)\n Schistosoma mekongi (matumbo, upande)\n\nMofolojia\nMinyoo-kichocho wapevu wana ulinganifu wa kimsingi wa pande mbili, vidonge vya kufyonza upande wa kinywa na wa tumbo, mwili uliofunikwa kwa ngozi ya seli zilizounganishwa, mfumo wa mmeng'enyo bila mkundu ulio na kinywa, umio na pochi yenye panda. Nafasi kati ya ngozi na mfereji wa chakula hujazwa na mtandao huru wa seli za mesodermi. Mfumo wa kinyesi na udhibiti wa osmosisi unategemea seli za viali. Minyoo wapevu huwa na urefu wa mm 10-20 na hutumia globini kutoka kwa hemoglobini ya vidusiwa vyao kwa mfumo wao wa mzunguko.\n\nUzazi\nKinyume na Trematoda wengine minyoo-kichocho wana jinsia tofauti. Jinsia hizo mbili zinaonyesha kiwango kikubwa cha maumbo mawili tofauti ya kijinsia na dume ni mkubwa sana kuliko jike. Dume huzunguka jike na kumfunga ndani ya mfereji wake wa kubebea jike kwa maisha yote ya minyoo wapevu. Dume akijilisha kwa damu ya kidusiwa, anampitishia jike kidogo. Dume pia hupitisha kemikali ambazo hukamilisha ukuaji wa jike, na kisha watazaana kijinsia. Ingawa nadra pengine minyoo-kichocho walioungana \"wataachana\", maana jike atamwacha dume ili kuunga mwingine. Sababu halisi haieleweki, ingawa inafikiriwa kuwa majike watawaacha wenzao ili kuunga madume walio mbali zaidi kijenetiki. Utaratibu kama huo wa kibiolojia utasaidia kupungua uzaanamumo na unaweza kuchangia anuwai kubwa sana ya kijenetiki ya minyoo-kichocho.\n\nMzunguko wa maisha\nMinyoo wapevu huishi kwenye vena za matumbo au kibofu. Wanazalisha idadi kubwa ya mayai, ambayo huamili kupitia ukuta wa matumbo au kibofu kuingia uwazi. Kisha hutolewa pamoja na kinyesi au mkojo. Walakini mayai mengine yanaweza kubebwa na damu kwenda sehemu nyingine za mwili, ambapo wanaweza kuingia kwenye tishu nyingine na kuzingirwa. Hii inaweza kusababisha kila aina ya shida.\n\nMayai yakitomba ndani ya maji lava hutoa wanaoitwa mirasidio na waliofunikwa na silio na ambao hutafuta konokono wa maji ili kuwaambukiza. Konokono hao hutumika kama vidusiwa vya kati na spishi tofauti huwa na lava wa minyoo tofauti. K.m. konokono vidusiwa wa S. mansoni ni spishi za Biomphalaria na wale wa S. haematobium ni spishi za Bulinus. Lava huzaana bila ngono katika konokono kidusiwa wao hadi watoke kama aina tofauti ya lava inayoitwa serkari ambaye ana mkia wa kuogelea. Serkari hutafuta kidusiwa cha mwisho na wakipata mmoja hupenya ngozi yake wakipoteza mkia wao wakati wa mchakato huo.\n\nMara tu ndani ya mwili lava sasa huitwa skistosomula. Wanaingia kwenye mishipa ya damu na kusafiri kupitia moyo na ini hadi kwenye vena ya matumbo au kibofu, ambapo hukomaa. Skistosomula nyingi huuawa njiani na seli za kinga. Wapevu huepuka ]]mfumo wa kingamaradhi]] kwa kujifunika na antijeni za kidusiwa.\n\nPicha\n\nSchistosomatidae",
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] |
Eukeri wa Orleans
|
Eukeri wa Orleans (Orleans, leo nchini Ufaransa, 687 hivi - Sint-Truiden, leo nchini Ubelgiji, 743) alikuwa askofu wa mji huo wa Gaul (leo Ufaransa) kuanzia mwaka 721 hadi 733 hivi.
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na Kanisa Katoliki kama mtakatifu.
Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 20 Februari.
Maisha
Kisha kusoma nyaraka za Mtume Paulo, alitawa katika monasteri ya Jumieges.
Baada ya miaka saba, kutokana na sifa zake, alichaguliwa kuwa askofu wa Orleans lakini alisingiziwa kwa Karolo Nyundo ambaye, kisha kupata ushindi katika Mapigano ya Tours na Poitiers, alimpeleka uhamishoni Cologne, leo nchini Ujerumani. Hata hivyo, alipoona amepokewa vizuri mno, aliomba kwenda kuishi katika monasteri alimofariki baadaye.
Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Tanbihi
Marejeo
Lives of the Saints: For Every Day of the Year; edited by Rev. Hugo Hoever, S.O.Cist., Ph.D., New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1955
Viungo vya nje
Catholic Forum: St. Eucherius
Lives of the Saints: St. Eucherius
St. Patrick's Church, Washington, D.C.: February 20 Saints
Waliozaliwa 687
Waliofariki 743
Wamonaki
Maaskofu Wakatoliki
Watakatifu wa Ufaransa
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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"content": "Eukeri wa Orleans",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Eukeri wa Orleans (Orleans, leo nchini Ufaransa, 687 hivi - Sint-Truiden, leo nchini Ubelgiji, 743) alikuwa askofu wa mji huo wa Gaul (leo Ufaransa) kuanzia mwaka 721 hadi 733 hivi.\n\nTangu kale anaheshimiwa na Kanisa Katoliki kama mtakatifu.\n\nSikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 20 Februari.\n\nMaisha\nKisha kusoma nyaraka za Mtume Paulo, alitawa katika monasteri ya Jumieges.\n\nBaada ya miaka saba, kutokana na sifa zake, alichaguliwa kuwa askofu wa Orleans lakini alisingiziwa kwa Karolo Nyundo ambaye, kisha kupata ushindi katika Mapigano ya Tours na Poitiers, alimpeleka uhamishoni Cologne, leo nchini Ujerumani. Hata hivyo, alipoona amepokewa vizuri mno, aliomba kwenda kuishi katika monasteri alimofariki baadaye.\n\nTazama pia\nWatakatifu wa Agano la Kale\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo\nOrodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko\n\nTanbihi\n\nMarejeo\nLives of the Saints: For Every Day of the Year; edited by Rev. Hugo Hoever, S.O.Cist., Ph.D., New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1955\n\nViungo vya nje\nCatholic Forum: St. Eucherius\nLives of the Saints: St. Eucherius\nSt. Patrick's Church, Washington, D.C.: February 20 Saints \n\nWaliozaliwa 687\nWaliofariki 743\nWamonaki\nMaaskofu Wakatoliki\nWatakatifu wa Ufaransa",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisanit
|
Nisanit () was the largest Israeli settlement in the northern tip of the Gaza Strip in a mini-settlement bloc including Elei Sinai and Dugit. While Nisanit was under the municipal authority of the Hof Aza Regional Council it was not physically in the Gush Katif bloc where the bulk of the 'Gush Katif' settlements were located.
History
The village was established as a Nahal military outpost in 1980 and demilitarized when turned over for civilian residential purposes in 1984 to 15 pioneer families. In 1993, its status was changed to 'urban community'. Nisanit also served as a satellite municipal branch of the regional council for the three northern Gaza Strip settlements. The name of the town is the Hebrew translation of the hawksbeard flower which is widespread in the area's sand dunes in spring.
Nisanit, which numbered about 300 families (around 900 people), was one of the few 'mixed' Gush Katif settlements with Orthodox and non-religious Jews living together.
Unilateral disengagement
Nisanit's residents were evicted on 21 August 2005 by Israeli Army and Israeli Police personnel as part of the unilateral disengagement plan. The houses were destroyed and the area was abandoned.
Drive to rebuild
On July 26, 2007, some 500 activists, including former residents, attempted to return to the ruins as a beginning to rebuilding the community. Police attempted to stop the march before it reached the Gaza border but did not succeed though several arrests were made. Organizers vowed to continue plans for a future return to Nisanit.
References
Populated places established in 1984
Former Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip
Nahal settlements
Villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict
1993 establishments in the Palestinian territories
2005 disestablishments in the Palestinian territories
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisanit",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nisanit () was the largest Israeli settlement in the northern tip of the Gaza Strip in a mini-settlement bloc including Elei Sinai and Dugit. While Nisanit was under the municipal authority of the Hof Aza Regional Council it was not physically in the Gush Katif bloc where the bulk of the 'Gush Katif' settlements were located.\n\nHistory\nThe village was established as a Nahal military outpost in 1980 and demilitarized when turned over for civilian residential purposes in 1984 to 15 pioneer families. In 1993, its status was changed to 'urban community'. Nisanit also served as a satellite municipal branch of the regional council for the three northern Gaza Strip settlements. The name of the town is the Hebrew translation of the hawksbeard flower which is widespread in the area's sand dunes in spring.\n\nNisanit, which numbered about 300 families (around 900 people), was one of the few 'mixed' Gush Katif settlements with Orthodox and non-religious Jews living together.\n\nUnilateral disengagement\nNisanit's residents were evicted on 21 August 2005 by Israeli Army and Israeli Police personnel as part of the unilateral disengagement plan. The houses were destroyed and the area was abandoned.\n\nDrive to rebuild\nOn July 26, 2007, some 500 activists, including former residents, attempted to return to the ruins as a beginning to rebuilding the community. Police attempted to stop the march before it reached the Gaza border but did not succeed though several arrests were made. Organizers vowed to continue plans for a future return to Nisanit.\n\nReferences\n\nPopulated places established in 1984\nFormer Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip\nNahal settlements\nVillages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict\n1993 establishments in the Palestinian territories\n2005 disestablishments in the Palestinian territories",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Cabo Verde
|
Cabo Verde (kwa Kiing. Cape Verde) ni nchi ya visiwa katika bahari ya Atlantiki mbele ya pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi.
Umbali wake na Senegal ni km 460.
Jiografia
Eneo la visiwa vyake kwa jumla ni km² 4,033.
Funguvisiwa lake lina visiwa 15 katika vikundi viwili:
Visiwa "juu ya upepo" (Barlavento): Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Sal, Boa Vista na visiwa bila watu vya Santa Luzia, Branco na Razo.
Visiwa "chini ya upepo" (Sotavento): Maio, Santiago, Fogo, Brava na visiwa bila watu vya Ilheus Secos ou do Rombo.
Miji
Mji mkuu ni Praia katika kisiwa cha Santiago.
Miji mikubwa zaidi ni (takwimu za mwaka 2010): Praia (wakazi 127,832), Mindelo (wakazi 70,468), Santa Maria (wakazi 23,839), Assomada (wakazi 12,026), Pedra Badejo (wakazi 9,345) na São Filipe (wakazi 8,125).
Historia
Hadi kufika kwa Wareno katika karne ya 15 visiwa vya Cabo Verde havikuwa na watu.
Wareno walianzisha mashamba ya miwa na kuleta watumwa kutoka bara la Afrika.
Cabo Verde ilikuwa pia kituo muhimu cha biashara ya watumwa kati ya Afrika na Amerika.
Wahamiaji kutoka Ulaya walikuwa pia Wahispania, Waitalia pamoja na Wayahudi na Waislamu waliokataliwa kukaa kwao Ureno.
Watu
Kutokana na historia hiyo, leo idadi kubwa ya wakazi ni machotara waliozaliwa na Waafrika (waliochangia 56% ya DNA) na Wazungu (waliochangia 44%).
Lugha rasmi ni Kireno, lakini wakazi wanazungumza zaidi aina mbalimbali za Krioli iliyotokana na lugha hiyo.
Upande wa dini, walau 89.1% ya wakazi ni Wakristo, hasa wa Kanisa Katoliki (78.7%), lakini pia wa madhehebu mbalimbali ya Uprotestanti (10.4%).
Kutokana na hali ngumu ya uchumi, wananchi wanaoishi nje ya Cabo Verde ni mara mbili kuliko wale wanaoishi nchini. Kati ya waliohama baada ya uhuru (1975), 500,000 wanaishi Marekani na 150,000 Ureno. Hata hivyo kuna wahamiaji vilevile, hasa kutoka nchi za Afrika bara.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa
Demografia ya Afrika
Marejeo
Viungo vya nje
Official website of the Government of Cape Verde
Cape Verde from State.gov
Country Profile from BBC News
Cape Verde entry on Encyclopædia Britannica
Cape Verde from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Key Development Forecasts for Cape Verde from International Futures
Cape Verde 2012
Amateur Radio Cabo Verde
Cabo Verde
Nchi za Afrika
Umoja wa Afrika
Visiwa vya Afrika
Visiwa vya Atlantiki
Nchi za visiwa
Nchi zinazotumia Kireno
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Cabo Verde",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cabo Verde (kwa Kiing. Cape Verde) ni nchi ya visiwa katika bahari ya Atlantiki mbele ya pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi. \n\nUmbali wake na Senegal ni km 460.\n\nJiografia\nEneo la visiwa vyake kwa jumla ni km² 4,033.\n\nFunguvisiwa lake lina visiwa 15 katika vikundi viwili:\n Visiwa \"juu ya upepo\" (Barlavento): Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Sal, Boa Vista na visiwa bila watu vya Santa Luzia, Branco na Razo.\n Visiwa \"chini ya upepo\" (Sotavento): Maio, Santiago, Fogo, Brava na visiwa bila watu vya Ilheus Secos ou do Rombo.\n\nMiji\nMji mkuu ni Praia katika kisiwa cha Santiago.\n\nMiji mikubwa zaidi ni (takwimu za mwaka 2010): Praia (wakazi 127,832), Mindelo (wakazi 70,468), Santa Maria (wakazi 23,839), Assomada (wakazi 12,026), Pedra Badejo (wakazi 9,345) na São Filipe (wakazi 8,125).\n\nHistoria\n\nHadi kufika kwa Wareno katika karne ya 15 visiwa vya Cabo Verde havikuwa na watu.\n\nWareno walianzisha mashamba ya miwa na kuleta watumwa kutoka bara la Afrika. \n\nCabo Verde ilikuwa pia kituo muhimu cha biashara ya watumwa kati ya Afrika na Amerika. \n\nWahamiaji kutoka Ulaya walikuwa pia Wahispania, Waitalia pamoja na Wayahudi na Waislamu waliokataliwa kukaa kwao Ureno.\n\nWatu\nKutokana na historia hiyo, leo idadi kubwa ya wakazi ni machotara waliozaliwa na Waafrika (waliochangia 56% ya DNA) na Wazungu (waliochangia 44%).\n\nLugha rasmi ni Kireno, lakini wakazi wanazungumza zaidi aina mbalimbali za Krioli iliyotokana na lugha hiyo.\n\nUpande wa dini, walau 89.1% ya wakazi ni Wakristo, hasa wa Kanisa Katoliki (78.7%), lakini pia wa madhehebu mbalimbali ya Uprotestanti (10.4%).\n\nKutokana na hali ngumu ya uchumi, wananchi wanaoishi nje ya Cabo Verde ni mara mbili kuliko wale wanaoishi nchini. Kati ya waliohama baada ya uhuru (1975), 500,000 wanaishi Marekani na 150,000 Ureno. Hata hivyo kuna wahamiaji vilevile, hasa kutoka nchi za Afrika bara.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi\n Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu\n Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu\n Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa\n Demografia ya Afrika\n\nMarejeo\n\nViungo vya nje \n\n Official website of the Government of Cape Verde\n \n \n Cape Verde from State.gov\n Country Profile from BBC News\n Cape Verde entry on Encyclopædia Britannica\n Cape Verde from UCB Libraries GovPubs\n Key Development Forecasts for Cape Verde from International Futures\n Cape Verde 2012 \n Amateur Radio Cabo Verde\n\nCabo Verde\nNchi za Afrika\nUmoja wa Afrika\nVisiwa vya Afrika\nVisiwa vya Atlantiki\nNchi za visiwa\nNchi zinazotumia Kireno",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Wasimbete
|
ni kata ya kaunti ya Migori, Eneo bunge la Suna Magharibi, nchini Kenya.
Tanbihi
Kata za Kenya
Kaunti ya Migori
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Wasimbete",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni kata ya kaunti ya Migori, Eneo bunge la Suna Magharibi, nchini Kenya.\n\nTanbihi\n\nKata za Kenya\nKaunti ya Migori",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Karl von Frisch
|
Karl von Frisch (20 Novemba 1886 – 12 Juni 1982) alikuwa mwanazuolojia kutoka nchi ya Austria lakini hasa alifanya kazi nchini Ujerumani. Hasa alichunguza tabia za samaki na za nyuki. Mwaka wa 1973, pamoja na Konrad Lorenz na Nikolaas Tinbergen alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba.
Waliozaliwa 1886
Waliofariki 1982
Wanasayansi wa Austria
Wanasayansi wa Ujerumani
Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Karl von Frisch",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Karl von Frisch (20 Novemba 1886 – 12 Juni 1982) alikuwa mwanazuolojia kutoka nchi ya Austria lakini hasa alifanya kazi nchini Ujerumani. Hasa alichunguza tabia za samaki na za nyuki. Mwaka wa 1973, pamoja na Konrad Lorenz na Nikolaas Tinbergen alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba.\n\nWaliozaliwa 1886\nWaliofariki 1982\nWanasayansi wa Austria\nWanasayansi wa Ujerumani\nTuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20High%20School%20%28Grand%20Junction%2C%20Colorado%29
|
Central High School is a public secondary school for grades 9-12 located in Grand Junction, Colorado. Its enrollment is 1,598, and it is operated by Mesa County Valley School District No. 51.
History
Central High School graduated its first class of seniors in 1948. The school was first established and located in an old adobe building at 29 Road and North Avenue, a site formerly occupied by Fruitvale Elementary School and Fruitvale High School. The current CHS building near E Road was first occupied in 1959.
In August 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama led a televised town hall meeting on healthcare reform at Central High School.
Extracurriculars
Central High offers football, baseball, tennis, soccer, and wrestling.
Central publishes a school newspaper titled The Warrior, which highlights school issues, as well as a yearbook.
Notable alumni
Ben Garland - Professional American football player for the Denver Broncos, Atlanta Falcons, and San Francisco 49ers
Chuck Hull - Engineer and inventor; member of the National Inventors Hall of Fame
Amy Kame - American professional basketball player for the Townsville Fire in the WNBL
See also
List of high schools in Colorado
List of high schools in Mesa County, Colorado
References
External links
Mesa County Valley School District official website
Public high schools in Colorado
Grand Junction, Colorado
Schools in Mesa County, Colorado
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20High%20School%20%28Grand%20Junction%2C%20Colorado%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Central High School is a public secondary school for grades 9-12 located in Grand Junction, Colorado. Its enrollment is 1,598, and it is operated by Mesa County Valley School District No. 51.\n\nHistory\nCentral High School graduated its first class of seniors in 1948. The school was first established and located in an old adobe building at 29 Road and North Avenue, a site formerly occupied by Fruitvale Elementary School and Fruitvale High School. The current CHS building near E Road was first occupied in 1959. \n\nIn August 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama led a televised town hall meeting on healthcare reform at Central High School.\n\nExtracurriculars\nCentral High offers football, baseball, tennis, soccer, and wrestling.\n\nCentral publishes a school newspaper titled The Warrior, which highlights school issues, as well as a yearbook.\n\nNotable alumni\n\n Ben Garland - Professional American football player for the Denver Broncos, Atlanta Falcons, and San Francisco 49ers\n Chuck Hull - Engineer and inventor; member of the National Inventors Hall of Fame\n Amy Kame - American professional basketball player for the Townsville Fire in the WNBL\n\nSee also\nList of high schools in Colorado\nList of high schools in Mesa County, Colorado\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMesa County Valley School District official website\n\nPublic high schools in Colorado\nGrand Junction, Colorado\nSchools in Mesa County, Colorado",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidungmali
|
Kidungmali ni lugha ya Kisino-Tibeti nchini Nepal inayozungumzwa na Wadungmali. Mwaka wa 2011 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kidungmali imehesabiwa kuwa watu 6260. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kidungmali iko katika kundi la Kihimalaya.
Viungo vya nje
lugha ya Kidungmali kwenye Multitree
makala za OLAC kuhusu Kidungmali
lugha ya Kidungmali katika Glottolog
lugha ya Kidungmali kwenye Ethnologue
Lugha za Nepal
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidungmali",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kidungmali ni lugha ya Kisino-Tibeti nchini Nepal inayozungumzwa na Wadungmali. Mwaka wa 2011 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kidungmali imehesabiwa kuwa watu 6260. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kidungmali iko katika kundi la Kihimalaya.\n\nViungo vya nje\nlugha ya Kidungmali kwenye Multitree\nmakala za OLAC kuhusu Kidungmali \nlugha ya Kidungmali katika Glottolog\nlugha ya Kidungmali kwenye Ethnologue\n\nLugha za Nepal",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Nuktambili
|
Nuktambili au nukta pachaa ni alama ya uakifishaji. Ina nukta mbili zinazokaa moja juu ya nyingine (:). Inatumiwa katika sentensi kudokeza ya kwamba yale yanayofuata ni maneno kamili ya msemaji au nukuu. Menginevyo kuashiria yale yanayofuata kama ni mfano, orodha n.k.
alama za uakifishaji
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Nuktambili",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nuktambili au nukta pachaa ni alama ya uakifishaji. Ina nukta mbili zinazokaa moja juu ya nyingine (:). Inatumiwa katika sentensi kudokeza ya kwamba yale yanayofuata ni maneno kamili ya msemaji au nukuu. Menginevyo kuashiria yale yanayofuata kama ni mfano, orodha n.k.\n\nalama za uakifishaji",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938
|
Makala hii inahusu mwaka 1938 BK (Baada ya Kristo).
Matukio
9 Novemba - Usiku wa Chembechembe (kwa Kijerumani: Reichskristallnacht), ambapo WaNazi wanatumia nguvu na vurugu dhidi ya Wayahudi.
Waliozaliwa
5 Januari - Ngugi wa Thiongo, mwandishi Mkenya
25 Januari - Vladimir Vysotsky, msanii kutoka Urusi
28 Januari - Tomas Lindahl, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia mwaka wa 2015
1 Februari - Sherman Hemsley, mwigizaji wa filamu kutoka Marekani
7 Machi - David Baltimore, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba, mwaka wa 1975
18 Machi - Charley Frank Pride, mwanamuziki kutoka Marekani
8 Aprili - Kofi Annan, Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa hadi 2006
15 Aprili - Claudia Cardinale, mwigizaji filamu kutoka Italia
9 Mei - Charles Simic, mshairi kutoka Marekani
29 Julai - Enzo G. Castellari, mwongozaji wa filamu kutoka Italia
2 Septemba - Giuliano Gemma, mwigizaji filamu kutoka Italia
3 Septemba - Ryoji Noyori, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia mwaka wa 2001
4 Oktoba - Kurt Wüthrich, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia mwaka wa 2002
15 Oktoba - Fela Kuti, mwanamuziki kutoka Nigeria
12 Novemba - Benjamin Mkapa, Rais wa tatu wa Tanzania
bila tarehe
Edward Sokoine, mwanasiasa kutoka Tanzania
Waliofariki
13 Juni - Charles Édouard Guillaume, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia mwaka wa 1920
10 Novemba - Kemal Atatürk, Rais wa kwanza wa Uturuki
11 Desemba - Christian Lous Lange, mwanasiasa Mnorwei na mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani mwaka wa 1921
27 Desemba - Zona Gale, mwandishi wa kike wa Marekani na mshindi wa Tuzo ya Pulitzer, mwaka wa 1921
Karne ya 20
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Makala hii inahusu mwaka 1938 BK (Baada ya Kristo).\n\nMatukio \n9 Novemba - Usiku wa Chembechembe (kwa Kijerumani: Reichskristallnacht), ambapo WaNazi wanatumia nguvu na vurugu dhidi ya Wayahudi.\n\nWaliozaliwa \n\n5 Januari - Ngugi wa Thiongo, mwandishi Mkenya\n 25 Januari - Vladimir Vysotsky, msanii kutoka Urusi\n 28 Januari - Tomas Lindahl, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia mwaka wa 2015\n1 Februari - Sherman Hemsley, mwigizaji wa filamu kutoka Marekani\n7 Machi - David Baltimore, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba, mwaka wa 1975\n18 Machi - Charley Frank Pride, mwanamuziki kutoka Marekani\n8 Aprili - Kofi Annan, Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa hadi 2006\n15 Aprili - Claudia Cardinale, mwigizaji filamu kutoka Italia\n 9 Mei - Charles Simic, mshairi kutoka Marekani\n29 Julai - Enzo G. Castellari, mwongozaji wa filamu kutoka Italia\n2 Septemba - Giuliano Gemma, mwigizaji filamu kutoka Italia\n3 Septemba - Ryoji Noyori, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia mwaka wa 2001\n4 Oktoba - Kurt Wüthrich, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia mwaka wa 2002\n15 Oktoba - Fela Kuti, mwanamuziki kutoka Nigeria\n12 Novemba - Benjamin Mkapa, Rais wa tatu wa Tanzania\n\nbila tarehe\nEdward Sokoine, mwanasiasa kutoka Tanzania\n\nWaliofariki \n13 Juni - Charles Édouard Guillaume, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia mwaka wa 1920\n10 Novemba - Kemal Atatürk, Rais wa kwanza wa Uturuki\n11 Desemba - Christian Lous Lange, mwanasiasa Mnorwei na mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani mwaka wa 1921\n27 Desemba - Zona Gale, mwandishi wa kike wa Marekani na mshindi wa Tuzo ya Pulitzer, mwaka wa 1921\n\nKarne ya 20",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Boldklubben Avarta
|
Boldklubben Avarta is a Danish football club currently playing in the Denmark Series Group 1, which ranks as the 5th highest league in Denmark. Avarta's home ground is Tømrermester Jim Jensens Park in Rødovre, Copenhagen, which has a capacity of 6,000.
History
Boldklubben Avarta was founded on 20 January 1953 as "Rødovrevejens Boldklub". In the first year had the club home at Rødovre Stadium, but since 1960 has been the Espelundens Idrætsanlæg.
The team was relegated from the Danish 2nd Division East following the 2005–06 season, but spent only two seasons in the Denmark Series Pool 1 before gaining promotion back into the Danish 2nd Division East for the 2008–09 season.
Squad
Updated ''13 August 2023"
References
External links
Official site (in Danish)
Football clubs in Denmark
1953 establishments in Denmark
Boldklubben Avarta
Football clubs in Copenhagen
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Boldklubben Avarta",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Boldklubben Avarta is a Danish football club currently playing in the Denmark Series Group 1, which ranks as the 5th highest league in Denmark. Avarta's home ground is Tømrermester Jim Jensens Park in Rødovre, Copenhagen, which has a capacity of 6,000.\n\nHistory\nBoldklubben Avarta was founded on 20 January 1953 as \"Rødovrevejens Boldklub\". In the first year had the club home at Rødovre Stadium, but since 1960 has been the Espelundens Idrætsanlæg.\n\nThe team was relegated from the Danish 2nd Division East following the 2005–06 season, but spent only two seasons in the Denmark Series Pool 1 before gaining promotion back into the Danish 2nd Division East for the 2008–09 season.\n\nSquad\nUpdated ''13 August 2023\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial site (in Danish)\n\nFootball clubs in Denmark\n1953 establishments in Denmark\nBoldklubben Avarta\nFootball clubs in Copenhagen",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Gharyan
|
ni mji wa Libya wenye wakazi 38,402 mwaka 2010.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Libya
Marejeo
Miji ya Libya
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Gharyan",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni mji wa Libya wenye wakazi 38,402 mwaka 2010.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya miji ya Libya\n\nMarejeo \n\nMiji ya Libya",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Nebula
|
Nebula ni neno linalotumika kwa ajili ya kutaja eneo angavu na jeupejeupe linaloonekana angani ama kwa macho au kwa darubini.
Zamani hata galaksi ziliweza kuitwa "nebula". Galaksi ya Andromeda iliyokuwa galaksi ya kwanza kutambuliwa angani ilikuwa inaitwa "Andromeda Nebula".
Siku hizi neno linataja wingu kubwa linalong'aa. Maada yake inaweza kuwa gesi ya moto, vumbi na utegili.
Gesi ya moto na utegili zinang'aa pekee yake; vumbi linaweza kuakisi nuru ya nyota za karibu.
Mara nyingi nebula ni mahali pa kuzaliwa au kutokea kwa nyota mpya. Wakati mwingine wingu ni mabaki tu ya nyota aina ya nova, yaani nyota iliyokufa katika mlipuko mkubwa.
Nebula
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Nebula",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nebula ni neno linalotumika kwa ajili ya kutaja eneo angavu na jeupejeupe linaloonekana angani ama kwa macho au kwa darubini. \n\nZamani hata galaksi ziliweza kuitwa \"nebula\". Galaksi ya Andromeda iliyokuwa galaksi ya kwanza kutambuliwa angani ilikuwa inaitwa \"Andromeda Nebula\".\n\nSiku hizi neno linataja wingu kubwa linalong'aa. Maada yake inaweza kuwa gesi ya moto, vumbi na utegili. \n\nGesi ya moto na utegili zinang'aa pekee yake; vumbi linaweza kuakisi nuru ya nyota za karibu.\n\nMara nyingi nebula ni mahali pa kuzaliwa au kutokea kwa nyota mpya. Wakati mwingine wingu ni mabaki tu ya nyota aina ya nova, yaani nyota iliyokufa katika mlipuko mkubwa.\n\nNebula",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homabay%20West
|
ni kata ya kaunti ya Homa Bay, Eneo bunge la Homa Bay Mjini, nchini Kenya.
Tanbihi
Kata za Kenya
Kaunti ya Homa Bay
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homabay%20West",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni kata ya kaunti ya Homa Bay, Eneo bunge la Homa Bay Mjini, nchini Kenya.\n\nTanbihi\n\nKata za Kenya\nKaunti ya Homa Bay",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari
|
Cagliari ni mji wa Italia katika mkoa wa Sardinia. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2016, mji una wakazi wapatao 154,460 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo mita 4 juu ya usawa wa bahari.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Italia
Marejeo
Viungo vya nje
Tovuti rasmi
Miji ya Italia
Sardinia
Miji ya pwani ya Mediteranea
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cagliari ni mji wa Italia katika mkoa wa Sardinia. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2016, mji una wakazi wapatao 154,460 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo mita 4 juu ya usawa wa bahari.\n\nTazama pia \n Orodha ya miji ya Italia\n\nMarejeo\n\nViungo vya nje \n\n Tovuti rasmi\n\nMiji ya Italia\nSardinia\nMiji ya pwani ya Mediteranea",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhuhu
|
Ruhuhu ni jina la kata ya Wilaya ya Ludewa katika Mkoa wa Njombe, Tanzania. Wakati wa wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 3,821 walioishi humo. Msimbo wa posta ni 59424 . Kata ya Ruhuhu ina undwa na vijiji vitatu ambavyo ni Ngelenge, Ilela na Kipingu.
Marejeo
Wilaya ya Ludewa
Kata za Mkoa wa Njombe
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhuhu",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Ruhuhu ni jina la kata ya Wilaya ya Ludewa katika Mkoa wa Njombe, Tanzania. Wakati wa wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 3,821 walioishi humo. Msimbo wa posta ni 59424 . Kata ya Ruhuhu ina undwa na vijiji vitatu ambavyo ni Ngelenge, Ilela na Kipingu.\n\nMarejeo \n \n \n \nWilaya ya Ludewa \nKata za Mkoa wa Njombe",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbinga%20%28mji%29
|
Mbinga ni mji katika Mkoa wa Ruvuma nchini Tanzania iliyokuwa halmashauri ya pekee kwenye mwaka 2015.
Mji huo una kata 20 na wakazi wake walikadiriwa kuwa 140,747 mnamo mwaka 2015.
Mbinga inapitiwa na barabara ya A19 kutoka Songea kwenda Mbamba Bay kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Nyasa.
Wenyeji wa Mbinga ni Wamatengo.
Marejeo
Viungo vya Nje
Tovuti rasmi]
Living space Mbinga (tovuti ya kikatoliki)
M
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbinga%20%28mji%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mbinga ni mji katika Mkoa wa Ruvuma nchini Tanzania iliyokuwa halmashauri ya pekee kwenye mwaka 2015.\n\nMji huo una kata 20 na wakazi wake walikadiriwa kuwa 140,747 mnamo mwaka 2015.\n\nMbinga inapitiwa na barabara ya A19 kutoka Songea kwenda Mbamba Bay kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Nyasa.\n\nWenyeji wa Mbinga ni Wamatengo.\n\nMarejeo\n\nViungo vya Nje\nTovuti rasmi]\nLiving space Mbinga (tovuti ya kikatoliki) \n\nM",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierzon
|
Vierzon ni mji wa Ufaransa.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Ufaransa
Viungo vya nje
Miji ya Ufaransa
Centre
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierzon",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Vierzon ni mji wa Ufaransa.\n\nTazama pia \n Orodha ya miji ya Ufaransa\n\nViungo vya nje \n\nMiji ya Ufaransa\nCentre",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlima%20Sir%20Sandford
|
ni mlima wa Kanada, wenye kimo cha mita 3,519 juu ya usawa wa bahari.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya milima
Milima ya Kanada
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlima%20Sir%20Sandford",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni mlima wa Kanada, wenye kimo cha mita 3,519 juu ya usawa wa bahari.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya milima\n\nMilima ya Kanada",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity%20Protection%20Convention%20%28Revised%29%2C%201952
|
Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1952, with the preamble stating:
Modification
The convention revised Convention C3 on definition of women, to be also irrespective of race and creed, not only of age, marriage status and nationality, and was subsequently revised in 2000 by Convention C183 on minimum condition of maternity leave (from 12 weeks to 14 weeks) and no
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention had been ratified by 41 states. Subsequently, the treaty has been denounced by 17 of the ratifying states, some automatically due to ratification of conventions that trigger automatic denunciation of the 1952 treaty.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Maternity
Motherhood
Women's rights instruments
Treaties concluded in 1952
Treaties entered into force in 1955
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of San Marino
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Sri Lanka
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Uzbekistan
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties of Yugoslavia
1952 in labor relations
1952 in women's history
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity%20Protection%20Convention%20%28Revised%29%2C%201952",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952 is an International Labour Organization Convention.\n\nIt was established in 1952, with the preamble stating:\n\nModification \nThe convention revised Convention C3 on definition of women, to be also irrespective of race and creed, not only of age, marriage status and nationality, and was subsequently revised in 2000 by Convention C183 on minimum condition of maternity leave (from 12 weeks to 14 weeks) and no\n\nRatifications\nAs of 2013, the convention had been ratified by 41 states. Subsequently, the treaty has been denounced by 17 of the ratifying states, some automatically due to ratification of conventions that trigger automatic denunciation of the 1952 treaty.\n\nExternal links \nText.\nRatifications.\n\nMaternity\nMotherhood\nWomen's rights instruments\nTreaties concluded in 1952\nTreaties entered into force in 1955\nTreaties of the Bahamas\nTreaties of Bolivia\nTreaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil\nTreaties of Chile\nTreaties of Croatia\nTreaties of Ecuador\nTreaties of Equatorial Guinea\nTreaties of Ghana\nTreaties of Greece\nTreaties of Guatemala\nTreaties of Kyrgyzstan\nTreaties of the Libyan Arab Republic\nTreaties of the Mongolian People's Republic\nTreaties of Papua New Guinea\nTreaties of the Polish People's Republic\nTreaties of the Soviet Union\nTreaties of San Marino\nTreaties of Francoist Spain\nTreaties of Sri Lanka\nTreaties of Tajikistan\nTreaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic\nTreaties of Uruguay\nTreaties of Uzbekistan\nTreaties of Zambia\nTreaties of Yugoslavia\n1952 in labor relations\n1952 in women's history",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mto Maara Nene
|
unapatikana katika kaunti ya Meru, katikati ya Kenya.
Maji yake yanaishia katika mto Tana, ambao ndio mrefu kuliko yote nchini, na hatimaye katika bahari ya Hindi.
Tazama pia
Mito ya Kenya
Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Meru
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mito ya Kenya
Kaunti ya Meru
Mto Tana
Bahari ya Hindi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mto Maara Nene",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana katika kaunti ya Meru, katikati ya Kenya.\n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika mto Tana, ambao ndio mrefu kuliko yote nchini, na hatimaye katika bahari ya Hindi.\n\nTazama pia\n Mito ya Kenya\n Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Meru\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMito ya Kenya\nKaunti ya Meru\nMto Tana\nBahari ya Hindi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Latin American Integration Association
|
The Latin American Integration Association / Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración / Associação Latino-Americana de Integração (LAIA / ALADI) is an international and regional scope organization. It was created on 12 August 1980 by the 1980 Montevideo Treaty, replacing the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA/ALALC). Currently, it has 13 member countries, and any of the Latin American States may apply for accession.
Objectives
The development of the integration process developed within the framework of the ALADI aims at promoting the harmonious and balanced socio-economic development of the region, and its long-term objective is the gradual and progressive establishment of a Latin-American single market.
Basic functions
Promotion and regulation of reciprocal trade
Economic complementation
Development of economic cooperation actions contributing to the markets extension.
General principles
Pluralism in political and economic matters;
Progressive convergence of partial actions for the establishment of a Latin-American Common Market;
Flexibility;
Differential treatments based on the development level of the member countries; and
Multiple forms of trade agreements.
Integration mechanisms
The ALADI promotes the establishment of an area of economic preferences within the region, in order to create a Latin-American common market, through three mechanisms:
A Regional Tariff Preference applied to goods from the member countries compared to tariffs in-force for third countries.
Regional Scope Agreements, those in which all member countries participate.
Partial Scope Agreements, those wherein two or more countries of the area participate.
The Relatively Less Economically Developed Countries of the region (Bolivia, Ecuador and Paraguay) benefit from a preferential system, through the lists of markets opening offered by the countries in favor of the Relatively Less Economically Developed Countries; special programs of cooperation (business rounds, pre-investment, financing, technological support); and countervailing measures in favor of the land-locked countries, the full participation of such countries in the integration process is sought.
The ALADI includes in its legal structure the strongest sub-regional, plurilateral and bilateral integration agreements arising in growing numbers in the continent. As a result, the ALADI – as an institutional and legal framework or “umbrella” of the regional integration- develops actions in order to support and foster these efforts for the progressive establishment of a common economic space.
Member states
Accession of other Latin American countries
The 1980 Montevideo Treaty is open to the accession of any Latin-American country. On 26 August 1999, the first accession to the 1980 Montevideo Treaty was executed, with the incorporation of the Republic of Cuba as a member country of the ALADI. On 10 May 2012, the Republic of Panama became the thirteenth member country of the ALADI. Likewise, the accession of the Republic of Nicaragua was accepted in the Sixteenth Meeting of the Council of Ministers (Resolution 75 (XVI)), held on 11 August 2011.
Currently, Nicaragua moves towards the fulfillment of conditions for becoming a member country of the ALADI.
The ALADI opens its field of actions for the rest of Latin America through multilateral links or partial agreements with other countries and integration areas of the continent (Article 25). The Latin-American Integration Association also contemplates the horizontal cooperation with other integration movements in the world and partial actions with third developing countries or their respective integration areas (Article 27).
Institutional structure
Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs
The Council of Ministers is the supreme body of the ALADI, and adopts the decisions for the superior political management of the integration process.
It is constituted by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the member countries. Notwithstanding, when one of such member countries assigns the competence of the integration affairs to a different Minister or Secretary of State, the member countries may be represented, with full powers, by the respective Minister or Secretary. It is convened by the Committee of Representatives, meets and makes decisions with the presence of all the member countries.
Evaluation and Convergence Conference
It is in charge, among others, of analyzing the functioning of the integration process in all its aspects, promoting the convergence of the partial scope agreements seeking their progressive multilateralization, and promoting greater scope actions as regards economic integration. It is made up of Plenipotentiaries of the member countries.
Committee of Representatives
It is the permanent political body and negotiating forum of the ALADI, where all the initiatives for the fulfillment of the objectives established by the 1980 Montevideo Treaty are analyzed and agreed on. It is composed of a Permanent Representative of each member country with right to one vote and an Alternate Representative. It meets regularly every 15 days and its Resolutions are adopted by the affirmative vote of two thirds of the member countries.
General Secretariat
It is the technical body of the ALADI, and it may propose, evaluate, study and manage for the fulfillment of the objectives of the ALADI. It is composed of technical and administrative personnel, and directed by a Secretary-General, who has the support of two Undersecretaries, elected for a three-year period, renewable for the same term.
Secretaries general
1980–1984 Julio César Schupp (Paraguay)
1984–1987 Juan José Real (Uruguay)
1987–1990 Norberto Bertaina (Argentina)
1990–1993 Jorge Luis Ordóñez (Colombia)
1993–1999 Antônio José de Cerqueira Antunes (Brasil)
2000–2005 Juan Francisco Rojas Penso (Venezuela)
2005–2008 Didier Opertti (Uruguay)
2008–2009 Bernardino Hugo Saguier-Caballero (Paraguay)
2009–2011 José Félix Fernández Estigarribia (Paraguay)
2011–2017 Carlos Álvarez (Argentina)
2017– Alejandro de la Peña Navarrete (Mexico)
See also
Free trade
Free trade area
International trade
Central America Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade Area of the Americas
Latin American economy
Trade bloc
Mercosur
Andean Community of Nations
Union of South American Nations
Central American Integration System
Caribbean Community
Latin American Economic System
Latin American Parliament
PetroCaribe
References
Latin America
Trade blocs
United Nations General Assembly observers
Organizations based in Montevideo
Organizations established in 1980
Palermo, Montevideo
International organizations based in the Americas
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Latin American Integration Association",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Latin American Integration Association / Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración / Associação Latino-Americana de Integração (LAIA / ALADI) is an international and regional scope organization. It was created on 12 August 1980 by the 1980 Montevideo Treaty, replacing the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA/ALALC). Currently, it has 13 member countries, and any of the Latin American States may apply for accession.\n\nObjectives \nThe development of the integration process developed within the framework of the ALADI aims at promoting the harmonious and balanced socio-economic development of the region, and its long-term objective is the gradual and progressive establishment of a Latin-American single market.\n\nBasic functions\n Promotion and regulation of reciprocal trade\n Economic complementation\n Development of economic cooperation actions contributing to the markets extension.\n\nGeneral principles\n Pluralism in political and economic matters;\n Progressive convergence of partial actions for the establishment of a Latin-American Common Market;\n Flexibility;\n Differential treatments based on the development level of the member countries; and\n Multiple forms of trade agreements.\n\nIntegration mechanisms\nThe ALADI promotes the establishment of an area of economic preferences within the region, in order to create a Latin-American common market, through three mechanisms:\n A Regional Tariff Preference applied to goods from the member countries compared to tariffs in-force for third countries.\n Regional Scope Agreements, those in which all member countries participate.\n Partial Scope Agreements, those wherein two or more countries of the area participate.\n\nThe Relatively Less Economically Developed Countries of the region (Bolivia, Ecuador and Paraguay) benefit from a preferential system, through the lists of markets opening offered by the countries in favor of the Relatively Less Economically Developed Countries; special programs of cooperation (business rounds, pre-investment, financing, technological support); and countervailing measures in favor of the land-locked countries, the full participation of such countries in the integration process is sought.\nThe ALADI includes in its legal structure the strongest sub-regional, plurilateral and bilateral integration agreements arising in growing numbers in the continent. As a result, the ALADI – as an institutional and legal framework or “umbrella” of the regional integration- develops actions in order to support and foster these efforts for the progressive establishment of a common economic space.\n\nMember states\n\nAccession of other Latin American countries\n\nThe 1980 Montevideo Treaty is open to the accession of any Latin-American country. On 26 August 1999, the first accession to the 1980 Montevideo Treaty was executed, with the incorporation of the Republic of Cuba as a member country of the ALADI. On 10 May 2012, the Republic of Panama became the thirteenth member country of the ALADI. Likewise, the accession of the Republic of Nicaragua was accepted in the Sixteenth Meeting of the Council of Ministers (Resolution 75 (XVI)), held on 11 August 2011. \n\nCurrently, Nicaragua moves towards the fulfillment of conditions for becoming a member country of the ALADI.\n\nThe ALADI opens its field of actions for the rest of Latin America through multilateral links or partial agreements with other countries and integration areas of the continent (Article 25). The Latin-American Integration Association also contemplates the horizontal cooperation with other integration movements in the world and partial actions with third developing countries or their respective integration areas (Article 27).\n\nInstitutional structure\n\nCouncil of Ministers of Foreign Affairs\nThe Council of Ministers is the supreme body of the ALADI, and adopts the decisions for the superior political management of the integration process.\nIt is constituted by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the member countries. Notwithstanding, when one of such member countries assigns the competence of the integration affairs to a different Minister or Secretary of State, the member countries may be represented, with full powers, by the respective Minister or Secretary. It is convened by the Committee of Representatives, meets and makes decisions with the presence of all the member countries.\n\nEvaluation and Convergence Conference\nIt is in charge, among others, of analyzing the functioning of the integration process in all its aspects, promoting the convergence of the partial scope agreements seeking their progressive multilateralization, and promoting greater scope actions as regards economic integration. It is made up of Plenipotentiaries of the member countries.\n\nCommittee of Representatives\nIt is the permanent political body and negotiating forum of the ALADI, where all the initiatives for the fulfillment of the objectives established by the 1980 Montevideo Treaty are analyzed and agreed on. It is composed of a Permanent Representative of each member country with right to one vote and an Alternate Representative. It meets regularly every 15 days and its Resolutions are adopted by the affirmative vote of two thirds of the member countries.\n\nGeneral Secretariat\nIt is the technical body of the ALADI, and it may propose, evaluate, study and manage for the fulfillment of the objectives of the ALADI. It is composed of technical and administrative personnel, and directed by a Secretary-General, who has the support of two Undersecretaries, elected for a three-year period, renewable for the same term.\n\nSecretaries general\n\n 1980–1984 Julio César Schupp (Paraguay)\n 1984–1987 Juan José Real (Uruguay)\n 1987–1990 Norberto Bertaina (Argentina)\n 1990–1993 Jorge Luis Ordóñez (Colombia)\n 1993–1999 Antônio José de Cerqueira Antunes (Brasil)\n 2000–2005 Juan Francisco Rojas Penso (Venezuela) \n 2005–2008 Didier Opertti (Uruguay) \n 2008–2009 Bernardino Hugo Saguier-Caballero (Paraguay)\n 2009–2011 José Félix Fernández Estigarribia (Paraguay) \n 2011–2017 Carlos Álvarez (Argentina)\n 2017– Alejandro de la Peña Navarrete (Mexico)\n\nSee also \n\n Free trade\n Free trade area\n International trade\n Central America Free Trade Agreement\n Free Trade Area of the Americas\n Latin American economy\n Trade bloc\n Mercosur\n Andean Community of Nations\n Union of South American Nations\n Central American Integration System\n Caribbean Community\n Latin American Economic System\n Latin American Parliament\n PetroCaribe\n\nReferences \n\nLatin America\nTrade blocs\nUnited Nations General Assembly observers\nOrganizations based in Montevideo\nOrganizations established in 1980\nPalermo, Montevideo\nInternational organizations based in the Americas",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Chuchu
|
unapatikana kaskazini mwa Uganda.
Maji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya mito ya Uganda
Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Kotido
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Wilaya ya Kotido
Mito ya Uganda
Nile
Mediteranea
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Chuchu",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana kaskazini mwa Uganda. \n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya mito ya Uganda\n Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Kotido\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nWilaya ya Kotido\nMito ya Uganda\nNile\nMediteranea",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mwalusembe
|
Mwalusembe ni kata ya Wilaya ya Mkuranga katika Mkoa wa Pwani, Tanzania. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 11,706 walioishi humo.
Marejeo
Wilaya ya Mkuranga
Kata za Mkoa wa Pwani
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mwalusembe",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mwalusembe ni kata ya Wilaya ya Mkuranga katika Mkoa wa Pwani, Tanzania. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 11,706 walioishi humo.\n\nMarejeo\n \n \n \nWilaya ya Mkuranga \nKata za Mkoa wa Pwani",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Yija
|
ni korongo linalopatikana kaskazini mwa Kenya, kuanzia karibu na ziwa Turkana.
Hata hivyo maji yake yanaishia katika mto Jubba na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Hindi.
Tazama pia
Mito ya Kenya
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mito ya Kenya
Mto Jubba
Bahari ya Hindi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Yija",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni korongo linalopatikana kaskazini mwa Kenya, kuanzia karibu na ziwa Turkana.\n\nHata hivyo maji yake yanaishia katika mto Jubba na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Hindi.\n\nTazama pia\n Mito ya Kenya\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMito ya Kenya\nMto Jubba\nBahari ya Hindi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Nisht Azoy
|
Nisht Azoy is the second album of the Montreal-based klezmer band, Black Ox Orkestar. The record's name translates into Not Like This. It was released on 180g LP and CD. Compared to their previous album, Ver Tanzt? more percussion and group singing is utilised.
Track listing
"Bukharian" – 4:45
"Az Vey Dem Tatn" – 5:29
"Violin Duet" – 5:22
"Ikh Ken Tsvey Zayn" – 5:34
"Ratsekr Grec" – 4:18
"Tsvey Tabelakh" – 7:13
"Dobriden" – 6:50
"Golem" – 7:21
Personnel
Thierry Amar – contrabass
Scott Levine – cymbalum, saz, mandolin, guitar, violin, percussion, vocals
Gabe Levine – clarinet, guitar
Jessica Moss – violin
Guest musicians
Brian Lipson – trumpet on "Ratsekr Grec"
Pierre-Guy Blanchard – drums on "Ratsekr Grec", "Tsvey Tabelakh" and "Dobriden"
The Two Doves Friendship Band – various instruments on "Tsvey Tabelakh"
Black Ox Orkestar albums
2006 albums
Constellation Records (Canada) albums
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Nisht Azoy",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nisht Azoy is the second album of the Montreal-based klezmer band, Black Ox Orkestar. The record's name translates into Not Like This. It was released on 180g LP and CD. Compared to their previous album, Ver Tanzt? more percussion and group singing is utilised.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Bukharian\" – 4:45\n \"Az Vey Dem Tatn\" – 5:29\n \"Violin Duet\" – 5:22\n \"Ikh Ken Tsvey Zayn\" – 5:34\n \"Ratsekr Grec\" – 4:18\n \"Tsvey Tabelakh\" – 7:13\n \"Dobriden\" – 6:50\n \"Golem\" – 7:21\n\nPersonnel\n Thierry Amar – contrabass\n Scott Levine – cymbalum, saz, mandolin, guitar, violin, percussion, vocals\n Gabe Levine – clarinet, guitar\n Jessica Moss – violin\n\nGuest musicians\n Brian Lipson – trumpet on \"Ratsekr Grec\"\n Pierre-Guy Blanchard – drums on \"Ratsekr Grec\", \"Tsvey Tabelakh\" and \"Dobriden\"\n The Two Doves Friendship Band – various instruments on \"Tsvey Tabelakh\"\n\nBlack Ox Orkestar albums\n2006 albums\nConstellation Records (Canada) albums",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki
|
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki (alizaliwa 14 Februari 1985 huko Thenia) ni daktari wa falsafa wa Algeria (PhD) na mhandisi wa otomatiki anayejulikana sana kwa utafiti wa robotiki na magari yanayojiendesha.
Wasifu
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ni mzaliwa wa Cabilia huko Argelia ambaye alihudhuria masomo yake ya msingi katika jimbo la Bumerdés kabla ya kujiunga na Universidad de Boumerdès mnamo 2003 kwa kozi ya teknolojia.
Baada ya kukamilisha mpango wake wa masomo ya teknolojia mnamo 2008, alichagua utaalamu wa Uhandisi wa Umeme, na Roboti kama chaguo.
Boushaki alitetea udaktari wake wa roboti mnamo Septemba 30, 2016 na jury compuesto kwa mkurugenzi wake Philippe Poignet, na mkurugenzi mwenza Chao Liu, alijitetea kwa msaada wa los ponentes Nicolas Andreff na Jérôme Szewczyk, watahini Stephane Caro y Benot Herman. kama mgeni wa Salih Abdelaziz.
Elimu
Nasaba ya udaktari
Mbio
Mada za Utafiti
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ana shughuli za kisayansi katika maeneo mbalimbali ya teknolojia:
Sayansi ya kompyuta.
Roboti na Roboti za Kurekebisha.
Uboreshaji wa muundo na udhibiti wa roboti ya mirija iliyokolea kwa upasuaji wa laparoscopic wa ufikiaji mmoja.
Udhibiti wa roboti za mirija iliyokolea.
Upasuaji wa endonasal endoscopic na utumiaji wa roboti za mirija iliyokolea katika upasuaji wa laparoscopic kwa kufikia one.
Usindikaji wa data kwa kompyuta katika vifaa vya pembeni.
Microelectronics na Microbotics.
Upasuaji wa roboti, Mfumo wa Upasuaji wa Da Vinci na Robot ya Matibabu.
Utengenezaji wa mashine ndogo na uhandisi wa mekatroniki.
Mifumo otomatiki na ya kielektroniki.
Kinematiki ya roboti za mirija iliyokolea.
Ufadhili wa utafiti na ufadhili wa masomo
Utafiti wa Boushaki ulifadhiliwa na Maabara ya Kuingilia Matibabu ya Usaidizi wa Kompyuta (CAMI labex) ya Chuo Kikuu cha Grenoble kama sehemu ya ushirikiano kati ya Maabara ya Montpellier ya Informatics, Robotics na Microelectronics (LIRMM) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Montpellier na Uhandisi wa maabara, Informatics na Maabara ya Picha (ICUBE) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Strasbourg.
Kwa kweli, lebo ya CAMI imefadhili udaktari na utafiti wa baada ya udaktari wa Boushaki tangu 2012 kama sehemu ya muundo, muundo na udhibiti wa roboti zilizo na mirija iliyokolea na mwelekeo wao kuelekea maombi ya matibabu. Shughuli ya kisayansi ya Boushaki chini ya udhamini wa maabara ya ubora wa CAMI pia inafadhiliwa na Shirika la Utafiti la Kitaifa la Ufaransa chini ya mpango wa Investissement d'Avenir.
Upasuaji wa Roboti
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki alishiriki katika utafiti wa upasuaji wa roboti kwa usahihi katika maabara ya LIRMM huko Montpellier na kisha katika kituo cha SSSA huko Pisa wakati wa muongo kutoka 2010 hadi 2020.
Alibuni mbinu ya kihesabu ya Jacobian ili kuiga kinematiki zisizo sahihi zinazotumika kwa udhibiti wa mwendo wa roboti za kimatibabu zilizoundwa kwa teknolojia ya bomba iliyokolea.
Kazi yake ililenga upasuaji wa kina wa ubongo kwa kutumia roboti ya matibabu kulingana na mbinu ya uchunguzi wa pua na mfumo wa uendeshaji wa mikono miwili.
Pia alifanya kazi na roboti zilizowekwa wakati wa upasuaji wa tumbo na ini kwa kutumia mbinu ya laparoscopic na chale ndogo inayoambatana na mbinu ya microwave.
Magari yanayojiendesha
Tangu 2020, Boushaki amefanya utafiti kuhusu magari yanayojiendesha katika Kituo cha Roboti na Mifumo ya Kujiendesha (KUCARS) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Khalifa, kilichoko Abu Dhabi.
Anashiriki katika kazi ya robots na mifumo ya akili katika kituo hiki (KUCARS) iliyoongozwa na Profesa Lakmal Seneviratne, ambapo anachangia ujuzi wake na timu ya uanzishaji katika uwanja wa akili ya bandia.
Kwa hivyo, Boushaki hushiriki na zaidi ya maprofesa na watafiti 50 wa KUCARS katika kufanya utafiti wa upainia ili kugundua njia mpya za kuendeleza robotiki kwa mazingira yaliyokithiri, matumizi ya viwandani, na ukaguzi wa miundombinu.
Machapisho ya magazeti
Task-space position control of concentric-tube robot with inaccurate kinematics using approximate Jacobian, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2014, 5877-5882.
Endonasal Endoscopic Approach for Deep Brain Tumors Using Concentric Tube Robot, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, V. Trevillot, P. Poignet, In Proceedings of SURGETICA, 2014.
Optimization of concentric-tube robot design for deep anterior brain tumor surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, B. Herman, V. Trevillot, M. Akkari, P. Poignet, in the Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV'14), Thailand, Nov. 2016.
Design Optimization and Control for Concentric Tube Robot in Assisted Single-Access Laparoscopic Surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier, 2016.
Conception, modélisation et commande des robots à tubes concentriques : vers des applications médicales, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M.T. Chikhaoui, K. Rabenorosa, C. Liu, N. Andreff, P.Poignet, Techniques de l’Ingénieur: Conception, modélisation et commande en robotique (in French), Vol. TIB398DUO, pp. 1-29, May 2016, Workshop national.
Experimental Validation of Concentric Tube Robot Control for Surgical Application with Uncertain Kinematics, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IFAC paper, 2017.
A novel microwaves tool for robotic resection of the liver, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Frosini, F. Staderini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, 29th International Conference of the Society for Medical Innovation and Technology - SMIT, 2017 November 9-10, Turin (Italy).
Development of a robotic pre-coagulation device during hepatic surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Staderini, F. Frosini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, B. Badii, 9th Worldwide Congress if the Clinical Robotic Surgery Association – CRSA, September 22-23, 2017, Chicago (USA).
Haptic feedback in the Da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK): A user study based on grasping, palpation, and incision tasks, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, A. Saracino, A. Deguet, F. Staderini, F. Cianchi, A. Menciassi, E. Sinibaldi, International Journal of Medical Robots, 2019.
Dynamic Modeling of the Da Vinci Research Kit Arm for the Estimation of Interaction Wrench, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Piqué, M. Brancadoro, E. De Momi, A. Menciassi, International Symposium on Medical Robotics (ISMR), 2019.
A novel microwave tool for robotic liver resection in minimally invasive surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, F. Staderini, E. Sinibaldi, L. Capineri, F. Cianchi, G. Biffi, A. Menciassi, Minimum Invasive Thermal Allied Technology, 2020.
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Twitter
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - LinkedIn
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Idref.fr
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Theses.fr
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Dblp
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Google Scholar
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - IEEE
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - IRIS SSSUP
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - ORCID
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Pinterest
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Researchgate
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Scopus
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Bayt
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Archives-ouvertes.fr
Watu wa Algeria
Waliozaliwa 1985
Wanasayansi wa Algeria
Wahandisi
Wahandisi wa Algeria
Familia Boushaki
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mohamed Nassim Boushaki",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mohamed Nassim Boushaki (alizaliwa 14 Februari 1985 huko Thenia) ni daktari wa falsafa wa Algeria (PhD) na mhandisi wa otomatiki anayejulikana sana kwa utafiti wa robotiki na magari yanayojiendesha.\n\nWasifu \nMohamed Nassim Boushaki ni mzaliwa wa Cabilia huko Argelia ambaye alihudhuria masomo yake ya msingi katika jimbo la Bumerdés kabla ya kujiunga na Universidad de Boumerdès mnamo 2003 kwa kozi ya teknolojia.\n\nBaada ya kukamilisha mpango wake wa masomo ya teknolojia mnamo 2008, alichagua utaalamu wa Uhandisi wa Umeme, na Roboti kama chaguo.\n\nBoushaki alitetea udaktari wake wa roboti mnamo Septemba 30, 2016 na jury compuesto kwa mkurugenzi wake Philippe Poignet, na mkurugenzi mwenza Chao Liu, alijitetea kwa msaada wa los ponentes Nicolas Andreff na Jérôme Szewczyk, watahini Stephane Caro y Benot Herman. kama mgeni wa Salih Abdelaziz.\n\nElimu\n\nNasaba ya udaktari\n\nMbio\n\nMada za Utafiti \n\nMohamed Nassim Boushaki ana shughuli za kisayansi katika maeneo mbalimbali ya teknolojia:\n\n Sayansi ya kompyuta.\n Roboti na Roboti za Kurekebisha.\n Uboreshaji wa muundo na udhibiti wa roboti ya mirija iliyokolea kwa upasuaji wa laparoscopic wa ufikiaji mmoja.\n Udhibiti wa roboti za mirija iliyokolea.\n Upasuaji wa endonasal endoscopic na utumiaji wa roboti za mirija iliyokolea katika upasuaji wa laparoscopic kwa kufikia one.\n Usindikaji wa data kwa kompyuta katika vifaa vya pembeni.\n Microelectronics na Microbotics.\n Upasuaji wa roboti, Mfumo wa Upasuaji wa Da Vinci na Robot ya Matibabu.\n Utengenezaji wa mashine ndogo na uhandisi wa mekatroniki.\n Mifumo otomatiki na ya kielektroniki.\n Kinematiki ya roboti za mirija iliyokolea.\n\nUfadhili wa utafiti na ufadhili wa masomo \nUtafiti wa Boushaki ulifadhiliwa na Maabara ya Kuingilia Matibabu ya Usaidizi wa Kompyuta (CAMI labex) ya Chuo Kikuu cha Grenoble kama sehemu ya ushirikiano kati ya Maabara ya Montpellier ya Informatics, Robotics na Microelectronics (LIRMM) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Montpellier na Uhandisi wa maabara, Informatics na Maabara ya Picha (ICUBE) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Strasbourg.\n\nKwa kweli, lebo ya CAMI imefadhili udaktari na utafiti wa baada ya udaktari wa Boushaki tangu 2012 kama sehemu ya muundo, muundo na udhibiti wa roboti zilizo na mirija iliyokolea na mwelekeo wao kuelekea maombi ya matibabu. Shughuli ya kisayansi ya Boushaki chini ya udhamini wa maabara ya ubora wa CAMI pia inafadhiliwa na Shirika la Utafiti la Kitaifa la Ufaransa chini ya mpango wa Investissement d'Avenir.\n\nUpasuaji wa Roboti \n\nMohamed Nassim Boushaki alishiriki katika utafiti wa upasuaji wa roboti kwa usahihi katika maabara ya LIRMM huko Montpellier na kisha katika kituo cha SSSA huko Pisa wakati wa muongo kutoka 2010 hadi 2020.\n\nAlibuni mbinu ya kihesabu ya Jacobian ili kuiga kinematiki zisizo sahihi zinazotumika kwa udhibiti wa mwendo wa roboti za kimatibabu zilizoundwa kwa teknolojia ya bomba iliyokolea.\n\nKazi yake ililenga upasuaji wa kina wa ubongo kwa kutumia roboti ya matibabu kulingana na mbinu ya uchunguzi wa pua na mfumo wa uendeshaji wa mikono miwili.\n\nPia alifanya kazi na roboti zilizowekwa wakati wa upasuaji wa tumbo na ini kwa kutumia mbinu ya laparoscopic na chale ndogo inayoambatana na mbinu ya microwave.\n\nMagari yanayojiendesha \nTangu 2020, Boushaki amefanya utafiti kuhusu magari yanayojiendesha katika Kituo cha Roboti na Mifumo ya Kujiendesha (KUCARS) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Khalifa, kilichoko Abu Dhabi.\n\nAnashiriki katika kazi ya robots na mifumo ya akili katika kituo hiki (KUCARS) iliyoongozwa na Profesa Lakmal Seneviratne, ambapo anachangia ujuzi wake na timu ya uanzishaji katika uwanja wa akili ya bandia.\n\nKwa hivyo, Boushaki hushiriki na zaidi ya maprofesa na watafiti 50 wa KUCARS katika kufanya utafiti wa upainia ili kugundua njia mpya za kuendeleza robotiki kwa mazingira yaliyokithiri, matumizi ya viwandani, na ukaguzi wa miundombinu.\n\nMachapisho ya magazeti \n Task-space position control of concentric-tube robot with inaccurate kinematics using approximate Jacobian, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2014, 5877-5882.\n\n Endonasal Endoscopic Approach for Deep Brain Tumors Using Concentric Tube Robot, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, V. Trevillot, P. Poignet, In Proceedings of SURGETICA, 2014.\n\n Optimization of concentric-tube robot design for deep anterior brain tumor surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, B. Herman, V. Trevillot, M. Akkari, P. Poignet, in the Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV'14), Thailand, Nov. 2016.\n\n Design Optimization and Control for Concentric Tube Robot in Assisted Single-Access Laparoscopic Surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier, 2016.\n\n Conception, modélisation et commande des robots à tubes concentriques : vers des applications médicales, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M.T. Chikhaoui, K. Rabenorosa, C. Liu, N. Andreff, P.Poignet, Techniques de l’Ingénieur: Conception, modélisation et commande en robotique (in French), Vol. TIB398DUO, pp. 1-29, May 2016, Workshop national.\n\n Experimental Validation of Concentric Tube Robot Control for Surgical Application with Uncertain Kinematics, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IFAC paper, 2017.\n\n A novel microwaves tool for robotic resection of the liver, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Frosini, F. Staderini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, 29th International Conference of the Society for Medical Innovation and Technology - SMIT, 2017 November 9-10, Turin (Italy).\n\n Development of a robotic pre-coagulation device during hepatic surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Staderini, F. Frosini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, B. Badii, 9th Worldwide Congress if the Clinical Robotic Surgery Association – CRSA, September 22-23, 2017, Chicago (USA).\n\n Haptic feedback in the Da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK): A user study based on grasping, palpation, and incision tasks, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, A. Saracino, A. Deguet, F. Staderini, F. Cianchi, A. Menciassi, E. Sinibaldi, International Journal of Medical Robots, 2019.\n\n Dynamic Modeling of the Da Vinci Research Kit Arm for the Estimation of Interaction Wrench, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Piqué, M. Brancadoro, E. De Momi, A. Menciassi, International Symposium on Medical Robotics (ISMR), 2019.\n\n A novel microwave tool for robotic liver resection in minimally invasive surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, F. Staderini, E. Sinibaldi, L. Capineri, F. Cianchi, G. Biffi, A. Menciassi, Minimum Invasive Thermal Allied Technology, 2020.\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje \n\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Twitter\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - LinkedIn\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Idref.fr\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Theses.fr\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Dblp\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Google Scholar\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - IEEE\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - IRIS SSSUP\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - ORCID\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Pinterest\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Researchgate\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Scopus\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Bayt\n Mohamed Nassim Boushaki - Archives-ouvertes.fr\n\nWatu wa Algeria\nWaliozaliwa 1985\nWanasayansi wa Algeria\nWahandisi\nWahandisi wa Algeria\nFamilia Boushaki",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mtango
|
Mtango (Cucumis sativus) ni mmea mtambaa wa familia Cucurbitaceae. Matunda yake, yaitwayo matango, hutumika sana katika saladi duniani kote.
Spishi mbili za pori huitwa mtango-mwitu (Cucumis aculeatus na C. dipsaceus). Lakini mtango-tamu (Solanum muricatum) hauna mnasaba na mtango, kwa sababu ni mwana wa familia Solanaceae.
Picha
Mboga na jamaa
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mtango",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mtango (Cucumis sativus) ni mmea mtambaa wa familia Cucurbitaceae. Matunda yake, yaitwayo matango, hutumika sana katika saladi duniani kote.\n\nSpishi mbili za pori huitwa mtango-mwitu (Cucumis aculeatus na C. dipsaceus). Lakini mtango-tamu (Solanum muricatum) hauna mnasaba na mtango, kwa sababu ni mwana wa familia Solanaceae.\n\nPicha\n\nMboga na jamaa",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mpura
|
Mongezi Thomas Stuurman (22 Septemba 1995 – 9 Agosti 2021) anayejulikana kitaalamu kama Mpura, alikuwa rapa wa Afrika Kusini mbunifu wa mitindo na mtayarishaji wa rekodi anayejulikana zaidi kwa wimbo wake maarufu "Umsebenzi Wethu".
Maisha ya Awali na Elimu
Mpura alizaliwa na kukulia huko Soweto kaskazini mwa Johannesburg. Alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Wavulana ya Highlands North.
Kazi
Kabla ya kupata umaarufu katika tasnia ya muziki, alijihusisha na mitindo na akaanzisha Mpura Designs, chapa ya mtindo wa mtaani isiyo na jinsia moja. Mnamo 2018, alianzisha Wiki ya Mitindo ya Afrika Kusini, akionyesha mkusanyiko wake wa 2019.
Mnamo Desemba 11, 2020, yeye na Busta 929 wakiwa na Lady Du, Reece Madlisa, Mr JazziQ na wimbo wa Zuma wa 'Work Wethu' ulitolewa. Wimbo huu ulifikia chati nambari moja za ndani za iTunes na uliidhinishwa kuwa platinamu.
Tuzo na uteuzi
Msindi mwaka 2021
Tuzo ya mziki bora wa Amapiano South Afrika (Mwimbaji Bora wa Nyimbo za Amapiano/Rapper )
Kifo
Mnamo tarehe 9 Agosti 2021, Mpura alikufa katika ajali ya gari alipokuwa akienda kutumbuiza katika hafla huko Kaskazini Magharibi, pamoja na Killer Kau.
Marejeo
Afrika Kusini
Arusha Editathon Muziki
Waliozaliwa 1995
waliofariki 2021
Sanaa ya Afrika
1lib1ref 2023
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mpura",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mongezi Thomas Stuurman (22 Septemba 1995 – 9 Agosti 2021) anayejulikana kitaalamu kama Mpura, alikuwa rapa wa Afrika Kusini mbunifu wa mitindo na mtayarishaji wa rekodi anayejulikana zaidi kwa wimbo wake maarufu \"Umsebenzi Wethu\".\n\nMaisha ya Awali na Elimu \nMpura alizaliwa na kukulia huko Soweto kaskazini mwa Johannesburg. Alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Wavulana ya Highlands North.\n\nKazi \nKabla ya kupata umaarufu katika tasnia ya muziki, alijihusisha na mitindo na akaanzisha Mpura Designs, chapa ya mtindo wa mtaani isiyo na jinsia moja. Mnamo 2018, alianzisha Wiki ya Mitindo ya Afrika Kusini, akionyesha mkusanyiko wake wa 2019.\n\nMnamo Desemba 11, 2020, yeye na Busta 929 wakiwa na Lady Du, Reece Madlisa, Mr JazziQ na wimbo wa Zuma wa 'Work Wethu' ulitolewa. Wimbo huu ulifikia chati nambari moja za ndani za iTunes na uliidhinishwa kuwa platinamu.\n\nTuzo na uteuzi \nMsindi mwaka 2021\n\n Tuzo ya mziki bora wa Amapiano South Afrika (Mwimbaji Bora wa Nyimbo za Amapiano/Rapper )\n\nKifo \nMnamo tarehe 9 Agosti 2021, Mpura alikufa katika ajali ya gari alipokuwa akienda kutumbuiza katika hafla huko Kaskazini Magharibi, pamoja na Killer Kau.\n\nMarejeo\n\nAfrika Kusini\nArusha Editathon Muziki\nWaliozaliwa 1995\nwaliofariki 2021\nSanaa ya Afrika\n1lib1ref 2023",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Ruhudji
|
Mto Ruhudji ni mto wa Tanzania unaochangia mto Mnyera, tawimto la mto Kilombero, unaotiririka hadi kuungana na mto Luwegu kuunda mto Rufiji ambao unaishia katika Bahari Hindi.
Pia Ruhudji ndiyo mto mkubwa mkoani Njombe ambao umekatisha katikati ya Njombe mjini ndipo inapopatikana pacha ya Makambako na Makete baada ya kuvuka daraja kubwa la mto huo kutoka makao makuu ya mkoa wa Njombe.
Tazama pia
Mito ya Tanzania
Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Njombe
Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Morogoro
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mito ya Tanzania
Mkoa wa Njombe
Mkoa wa Morogoro
Bahari ya Hindi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Ruhudji",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mto Ruhudji ni mto wa Tanzania unaochangia mto Mnyera, tawimto la mto Kilombero, unaotiririka hadi kuungana na mto Luwegu kuunda mto Rufiji ambao unaishia katika Bahari Hindi. \n\nPia Ruhudji ndiyo mto mkubwa mkoani Njombe ambao umekatisha katikati ya Njombe mjini ndipo inapopatikana pacha ya Makambako na Makete baada ya kuvuka daraja kubwa la mto huo kutoka makao makuu ya mkoa wa Njombe.\n\nTazama pia\n Mito ya Tanzania\n Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Njombe\n Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Morogoro\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMito ya Tanzania\nMkoa wa Njombe\nMkoa wa Morogoro\nBahari ya Hindi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenza
|
Chenza ni tunda la mchenza na linafanana na chungwa dogo. Lina maji matamu na nyama.
Chenza hutupa vitamini kwenye miili yetu.
Matunda
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenza",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Chenza ni tunda la mchenza na linafanana na chungwa dogo. Lina maji matamu na nyama. \n\nChenza hutupa vitamini kwenye miili yetu.\n\nMatunda",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mto Matcak
|
unapatikana katika wilaya ya Nwoya, kaskazini mwa Uganda.
Maji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya mito ya Uganda
Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Nwoya
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Wilaya ya Nwoya
Mito ya Uganda
Nile
Mediteranea
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mto Matcak",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana katika wilaya ya Nwoya, kaskazini mwa Uganda. \n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika mto Naili na hatimaye katika Bahari ya Kati.\n\nTazama pia\n Orodha ya mito ya Uganda\n Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Nwoya\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nWilaya ya Nwoya\nMito ya Uganda\nNile\nMediteranea",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil
|
Brazili, rasmi Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Brazil, ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Amerika ya Kusini na Amerika ya Kilatini. Ikiwa na kilomita za mraba milioni 8.5 na zaidi ya watu milioni 220, Brazili ni nchi ya tano kwa ukubwa duniani kwa eneo na ya saba kwa watu wengi zaidi. Mji mkuu wake ni Brasília, na jiji lake lenye watu wengi zaidi ni São Paulo. Shirikisho ya Brazil hilo linaundwa na muungano wa majimbo 26 na Wilaya ya Shirikisho. Ndiyo nchi kubwa zaidi kuwa na Kireno kama lugha rasmi na ndiyo pekee katika bara la Amerika. Pia ni moja ya mataifa yenye tamaduni nyingi na tofauti za kikabila, kutokana na zaidi ya karne ya uhamiaji mkubwa kutoka duniani kote. Pamoja na nchi yenye watu wengi zaidi ya Wakatoliki wa Roma.
Ikipakana na Bahari ya Atlantiki upande wa mashariki, Brazili ina ufuo wa kilomita 7,491. Inapakana na nchi na maeneo mengine yote ya Amerika ya Kusini isipokuwa Ekuador na Chile na inashughulikia 47.3% ya eneo la ardhi la bara. Bonde lake la Amazon linajumuisha msitu mkubwa wa kitropiki, makazi ya wanyamapori wa aina mbalimbali, anuwai ya mifumo ya ekolojia, na maliasili nyingi zinazozunguka makazi mengi yaliyolindwa. Urithi huu wa kipekee wa mazingira unaifanya Brazili kuwa mojawapo ya nchi 17 za megadiverse, na ni mada inayovutia sana kimataifa, kwani uharibifu wa mazingira kupitia michakato kama vile ukataji miti una athari za moja kwa moja kwa masuala ya kimataifa kama vile mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na upotezaji wa bioanuwai.
Brazili ni nguvu ya kikanda, na pia imeainishwa kama nchi yenye uchumi unaoibukia, ikiwa na nchi kubwa zaidi katika Amerika ya Kilatini. Kama uchumi wa kipato cha juu cha kati na Benki ya Dunia na nchi mpya iliyoendelea kiviwanda, Brazili ina sehemu kubwa zaidi ya utajiri wa kimataifa huko Amerika ya Kusini. Lakini nchi inashikilia viwango vinavyoonekana vya rushwa, uhalifu na ukosefu wa usawa wa kijamii.
Jiografia
Misitu mipana ya dunia inapatikana Brazil katika beseni ya mto Amazonas. Misitu hii inafunika takriban 40% ya eneo la nchi.
Idadi kubwa ya wakazi hukalia maeneo karibu na pwani ya Atlantiki.
Kitovu cha kilimo ni nyanda za "cerado" au savana katika magharibi ya kati ya Brazil.
Milima
Mlima mkubwa ni Pico da Neblina (mita 3,014 juu ya UB) pamoja na Pico 31 de Março (mita 2,992) ulio karibu nao kwenye mipaka ya Brazil, Venezuela na Guyana.
Mlima mkubwa wa kusini ni Pico da Bandeira (mita 2.891).
Mlima unaojulikana zaidi si mkubwa lakini uko ndani ya mji wa Rio de Janeiro: ni Corcovado wenye mita 710. Juu yake kuna sanamu ya Yesu Kristo ambayo ni ishara ya mji.
Mito muhimu
Brazil ina mto mkubwa na mrefu wa dunia ambayo ni Amazonas wenye urefu wa takriban kilometa 7000. Matawimto yake muhimu ni Río Purús, Rio Negro na Rio Tapajós.
Katika mashariki kuna mto Iguaçu wenye maporomoko ya Iguaçu ambayo ndiyo makubwa duniani.
Parana (3.998 km) ni mto mrefu duniani baada ya Amazonas. Unalisha kituo kikubwa cha nishati ya maji duniani cha Itaipú.
Lagoa dos Patos karibu na Porto Alegre ni wangwa kubwa la Brazil lenye 10.000 km².
Ipiranga si mto mkubwa, hata kama jina lake linapatikana katika wimbo wa taifa.
Visiwa
Brazil ina visiwa vichache vidogo katika Atlantiki kama vileː
Penedos de São Pedro e São Paulo (miamba ya Mt. Petro na Mt. Paulo)
Kisiwa cha matumbawe cha Rocas
Fernando de Noronha
Trindade e Martim Vaz
Visiwa hivyo ni sehemu ya mgongo kati wa Atlantiki; hali halisi ni vilele vya milima inayoanza kwenye msingi wa bahari.
Kisiwa kikubwa cha Brazil hakipo baharini bali kati ya mto Amazonas: ni Marajó, chenye eneo la km² 48.000 (kubwa kushinda eneo la Uswisi).
Hali ya hewa
Hali ya hewa ni ya kitropiki isipokuwa kusini.
Beseni ya Amazonas ina mvua nyingi. Kwenye milima ya kusini usimbishaji unaweza kutokea kama theluji.
Miji muhimu
Jiji kubwa ni São Paulo linalofikia (pamoja na mitaa ya jirani) kwenye idadi ya wakazi milioni 20.5.
Majiji ya kufuata ni Rio de Janeiro (wakazi milioni 11.4), Belo Horizonte (wakazi milioni 4.3), Curitiba (wakazi milioni 4), Recife (wakazi milioni 3.6), Brasilia (wakazi milioni 2.9), Salvador da Bahia (wakazi milioni 2.9), Fortaleza (wakazi milioni 2.6).
São Paulo ni jiji kubwa kabisa linalokua haraka sana. Ni moyo wa uchumi wa Brazil wenye viwanda vingi.
Rio de Janeiro ilikuwa mji mkuu wa nchi hadi kuanzishwa kwa Brasilia. Imejulikana kote duniani kutokana na uzuri wa mazingira yake na sherehe ya Kanivali. Ina pia viwanda muhimu na ni kitovu cha utamaduni wa nchi.
Mji mkuu wa Brasilia ulijengwa kama ishara ya umoja wa nchi katika miaka mitatu tu.
Jumla ya asilimia 70 za wakazi hukalia miji mikubwa. (Angalia Orodha ya miji ya Brazil.)
Historia
Brazil imekaliwa na watu tangu miaka 10,000 iliyopita. Waindio waliingia kutoka kaskazini. Hakuna taarifa za kimaandishi lakini akiolojia imeweza kufumbua makazi mbalimbali ya wenyeji asilia.
Ukoloni
Brazil ilikuwa koloni la Ureno hadi mwaka 1822 kutokana na mkataba wa Tordesillas ambamo Hispania na Ureno zilipatana tarehe 5 Septemba 1494 kuhusu ugawaji wa dunia kati yao baada ya fumbuzi za Kolumbus.
Mreno wa kwanza aliyefika mwambao wa Brazil tarehe 22 Aprili 1500 alikuwa Pedro Alvares Cabral. Makazi ya kwanza ya Wareno ni mji wa São Vicente mwaka 1532. Mji mkuu wa kwanza ulikuwa bandari ya Salvador da Bahia tangu 1549.
Wareno walianzisha kilimo cha miwa wakiwalazimisha Waindio kuwafanyia kazi. Walianza kuingia ndani ya bara wakitafuta watumwa kwa ajili ya mashamba na dhahabu.
Hali ya Waindio
Wenyeji walipungua haraka kwa sababu ya kuambukizwa magonjwa ya kigeni wakikosa kinga dhidi yake, halafu kutokana na kutendewa vibaya kama watumwa mashambani.
Wareno walianza kutafuta wafanyakazi penginepo kwa kuchukua watumwa kutoka Afrika.
Mapadri Wajesuiti
Katika hali hiyo wamisionari Wakristo wa Shirika la Yesu walisimama upande wa Waindio. Walijipatia tamko rasmi la Papa wa Roma la kuwa Waindio ni binadamu kamili, hivyo hawafai kutendewa kinyama. Wakibatizwa na kuwa Wakristo walitakiwa kukubaliwa kama raia yeyote wa Ureno – amri ambayo mara nyingi haikukubaliwa na wavindaji wa watumwa na wenye mashamba.
Mapadri wa Shirika la Yesu walianzisha „reduciones“ yaani vijiji na miji kwa ajili ya Waindio walioishi chini ya ulinzi wao na kutetewa dhidi ya wavindaji wa watumwa. Katika makazi hayo Waindio walifundishwa shule kwa lugha za kienyeji na Kireno, na kupata mafunzo wa ufundi mbalimbali. Kwa namna hiyo mapadri hao walitawala maeneo makubwa ndani ya bara.
Hali hiyo ilisababisha hasira ya wanasiasa Wareno walioendelea kuwapinga hadi Ureno penyewe. Hatimaye mwaka 1767 hao mapadre Wajesuiti walilazimishwa kuondoka katika Ureno na makoloni yake yote.
Upanuzi wa Brazil
Karne ya 17 na ya 18 iliona kuanzishwa kwa miji mizuri kwa sababu dhahabu na almasi zilivumbuliwa katika misitu ya beseni ya Amazonas. Misafara ya kutafuta hazina hizi zilipanua eneo la Brazil kuelekea magharibi.
Mji mkuu ulihamishwa kwenda Rio de Janeiro mwaka 1763.
Uhuru 1822
Uhuru wa Brazil ulisababishwa na siasa za Ulaya. Mwaka 1807 Ureno ilivamiwa na Ufaransa ya Napoleon Bonaparte. Mfalme wa Ureno João VI alikimbilia Brazil, Rio de Janeiro ikawa mji mkuu wa dola la Ureno.
Mfalme aliporudi Ureno mwaka 1821 alimwachia mtoto wake Pedro utawala wa Brazil. Mwaka 1822 Pedro aliyeona mabadiliko ya kimapinduzi katika makoloni ya Hispania kote Amerika ya Kusini aliamua kutangaza uhuru wa Brazil akiwa mwenyewe mfalme kwa cheo cha Kaisari.
Watu
Kutokana na historia ya nchi, wakazi wengi wana asili ya Ulaya (47.7%) au ni machotara (43.1). Asilimia 7.6 wana asili ya Afrika tu.
Wakazi walio wengi hutumia lugha ya Kireno, lakini kuna lugha nyingi kwa sababu ya vikundi vya wenyeji asilia (Waindio) na wahamiaji kutoka pande zote za dunia.
Asilia 64.6 ya wananchi wanafuata imani ya Kanisa Katoliki. Ndiyo nchi yenye Wakatoliki wengi kuliko zote duniani. Waprotestanti ni asilimia 22.2.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya majimbo ya Brazil
Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
Viungo vya nje
Tovuti rasmi ya serikali ya Brazil
Nchi za Amerika Kusini
Nchi za G20
Nchi zinazotumia Kireno
|
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil",
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"content": "Brazili, rasmi Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Brazil, ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Amerika ya Kusini na Amerika ya Kilatini. Ikiwa na kilomita za mraba milioni 8.5 na zaidi ya watu milioni 220, Brazili ni nchi ya tano kwa ukubwa duniani kwa eneo na ya saba kwa watu wengi zaidi. Mji mkuu wake ni Brasília, na jiji lake lenye watu wengi zaidi ni São Paulo. Shirikisho ya Brazil hilo linaundwa na muungano wa majimbo 26 na Wilaya ya Shirikisho. Ndiyo nchi kubwa zaidi kuwa na Kireno kama lugha rasmi na ndiyo pekee katika bara la Amerika. Pia ni moja ya mataifa yenye tamaduni nyingi na tofauti za kikabila, kutokana na zaidi ya karne ya uhamiaji mkubwa kutoka duniani kote. Pamoja na nchi yenye watu wengi zaidi ya Wakatoliki wa Roma. \n\nIkipakana na Bahari ya Atlantiki upande wa mashariki, Brazili ina ufuo wa kilomita 7,491. Inapakana na nchi na maeneo mengine yote ya Amerika ya Kusini isipokuwa Ekuador na Chile na inashughulikia 47.3% ya eneo la ardhi la bara. Bonde lake la Amazon linajumuisha msitu mkubwa wa kitropiki, makazi ya wanyamapori wa aina mbalimbali, anuwai ya mifumo ya ekolojia, na maliasili nyingi zinazozunguka makazi mengi yaliyolindwa. Urithi huu wa kipekee wa mazingira unaifanya Brazili kuwa mojawapo ya nchi 17 za megadiverse, na ni mada inayovutia sana kimataifa, kwani uharibifu wa mazingira kupitia michakato kama vile ukataji miti una athari za moja kwa moja kwa masuala ya kimataifa kama vile mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na upotezaji wa bioanuwai. \n\nBrazili ni nguvu ya kikanda, na pia imeainishwa kama nchi yenye uchumi unaoibukia, ikiwa na nchi kubwa zaidi katika Amerika ya Kilatini. Kama uchumi wa kipato cha juu cha kati na Benki ya Dunia na nchi mpya iliyoendelea kiviwanda, Brazili ina sehemu kubwa zaidi ya utajiri wa kimataifa huko Amerika ya Kusini. Lakini nchi inashikilia viwango vinavyoonekana vya rushwa, uhalifu na ukosefu wa usawa wa kijamii.\n\nJiografia \nMisitu mipana ya dunia inapatikana Brazil katika beseni ya mto Amazonas. Misitu hii inafunika takriban 40% ya eneo la nchi. \n\nIdadi kubwa ya wakazi hukalia maeneo karibu na pwani ya Atlantiki. \n\nKitovu cha kilimo ni nyanda za \"cerado\" au savana katika magharibi ya kati ya Brazil.\n\nMilima \n\nMlima mkubwa ni Pico da Neblina (mita 3,014 juu ya UB) pamoja na Pico 31 de Março (mita 2,992) ulio karibu nao kwenye mipaka ya Brazil, Venezuela na Guyana. \n\nMlima mkubwa wa kusini ni Pico da Bandeira (mita 2.891).\n\nMlima unaojulikana zaidi si mkubwa lakini uko ndani ya mji wa Rio de Janeiro: ni Corcovado wenye mita 710. Juu yake kuna sanamu ya Yesu Kristo ambayo ni ishara ya mji.\n\nMito muhimu \n\nBrazil ina mto mkubwa na mrefu wa dunia ambayo ni Amazonas wenye urefu wa takriban kilometa 7000. Matawimto yake muhimu ni Río Purús, Rio Negro na Rio Tapajós.\n \nKatika mashariki kuna mto Iguaçu wenye maporomoko ya Iguaçu ambayo ndiyo makubwa duniani.\n\nParana (3.998 km) ni mto mrefu duniani baada ya Amazonas. Unalisha kituo kikubwa cha nishati ya maji duniani cha Itaipú.\n \nLagoa dos Patos karibu na Porto Alegre ni wangwa kubwa la Brazil lenye 10.000 km².\n\nIpiranga si mto mkubwa, hata kama jina lake linapatikana katika wimbo wa taifa.\n\nVisiwa \nBrazil ina visiwa vichache vidogo katika Atlantiki kama vileː\n\n Penedos de São Pedro e São Paulo (miamba ya Mt. Petro na Mt. Paulo)\n Kisiwa cha matumbawe cha Rocas\n Fernando de Noronha\n Trindade e Martim Vaz\nVisiwa hivyo ni sehemu ya mgongo kati wa Atlantiki; hali halisi ni vilele vya milima inayoanza kwenye msingi wa bahari.\n\nKisiwa kikubwa cha Brazil hakipo baharini bali kati ya mto Amazonas: ni Marajó, chenye eneo la km² 48.000 (kubwa kushinda eneo la Uswisi).\n\nHali ya hewa \nHali ya hewa ni ya kitropiki isipokuwa kusini.\n\nBeseni ya Amazonas ina mvua nyingi. Kwenye milima ya kusini usimbishaji unaweza kutokea kama theluji.\n\nMiji muhimu \n\nJiji kubwa ni São Paulo linalofikia (pamoja na mitaa ya jirani) kwenye idadi ya wakazi milioni 20.5. \n\nMajiji ya kufuata ni Rio de Janeiro (wakazi milioni 11.4), Belo Horizonte (wakazi milioni 4.3), Curitiba (wakazi milioni 4), Recife (wakazi milioni 3.6), Brasilia (wakazi milioni 2.9), Salvador da Bahia (wakazi milioni 2.9), Fortaleza (wakazi milioni 2.6). \n\nSão Paulo ni jiji kubwa kabisa linalokua haraka sana. Ni moyo wa uchumi wa Brazil wenye viwanda vingi. \n\nRio de Janeiro ilikuwa mji mkuu wa nchi hadi kuanzishwa kwa Brasilia. Imejulikana kote duniani kutokana na uzuri wa mazingira yake na sherehe ya Kanivali. Ina pia viwanda muhimu na ni kitovu cha utamaduni wa nchi.\n\nMji mkuu wa Brasilia ulijengwa kama ishara ya umoja wa nchi katika miaka mitatu tu. \n\nJumla ya asilimia 70 za wakazi hukalia miji mikubwa. (Angalia Orodha ya miji ya Brazil.)\n\nHistoria \nBrazil imekaliwa na watu tangu miaka 10,000 iliyopita. Waindio waliingia kutoka kaskazini. Hakuna taarifa za kimaandishi lakini akiolojia imeweza kufumbua makazi mbalimbali ya wenyeji asilia.\n\nUkoloni \nBrazil ilikuwa koloni la Ureno hadi mwaka 1822 kutokana na mkataba wa Tordesillas ambamo Hispania na Ureno zilipatana tarehe 5 Septemba 1494 kuhusu ugawaji wa dunia kati yao baada ya fumbuzi za Kolumbus.\n\nMreno wa kwanza aliyefika mwambao wa Brazil tarehe 22 Aprili 1500 alikuwa Pedro Alvares Cabral. Makazi ya kwanza ya Wareno ni mji wa São Vicente mwaka 1532. Mji mkuu wa kwanza ulikuwa bandari ya Salvador da Bahia tangu 1549. \n\nWareno walianzisha kilimo cha miwa wakiwalazimisha Waindio kuwafanyia kazi. Walianza kuingia ndani ya bara wakitafuta watumwa kwa ajili ya mashamba na dhahabu.\n\nHali ya Waindio \nWenyeji walipungua haraka kwa sababu ya kuambukizwa magonjwa ya kigeni wakikosa kinga dhidi yake, halafu kutokana na kutendewa vibaya kama watumwa mashambani. \n\nWareno walianza kutafuta wafanyakazi penginepo kwa kuchukua watumwa kutoka Afrika.\n\nMapadri Wajesuiti \nKatika hali hiyo wamisionari Wakristo wa Shirika la Yesu walisimama upande wa Waindio. Walijipatia tamko rasmi la Papa wa Roma la kuwa Waindio ni binadamu kamili, hivyo hawafai kutendewa kinyama. Wakibatizwa na kuwa Wakristo walitakiwa kukubaliwa kama raia yeyote wa Ureno – amri ambayo mara nyingi haikukubaliwa na wavindaji wa watumwa na wenye mashamba. \n\nMapadri wa Shirika la Yesu walianzisha „reduciones“ yaani vijiji na miji kwa ajili ya Waindio walioishi chini ya ulinzi wao na kutetewa dhidi ya wavindaji wa watumwa. Katika makazi hayo Waindio walifundishwa shule kwa lugha za kienyeji na Kireno, na kupata mafunzo wa ufundi mbalimbali. Kwa namna hiyo mapadri hao walitawala maeneo makubwa ndani ya bara. \n\nHali hiyo ilisababisha hasira ya wanasiasa Wareno walioendelea kuwapinga hadi Ureno penyewe. Hatimaye mwaka 1767 hao mapadre Wajesuiti walilazimishwa kuondoka katika Ureno na makoloni yake yote.\n\nUpanuzi wa Brazil \nKarne ya 17 na ya 18 iliona kuanzishwa kwa miji mizuri kwa sababu dhahabu na almasi zilivumbuliwa katika misitu ya beseni ya Amazonas. Misafara ya kutafuta hazina hizi zilipanua eneo la Brazil kuelekea magharibi. \n\nMji mkuu ulihamishwa kwenda Rio de Janeiro mwaka 1763.\n\nUhuru 1822 \nUhuru wa Brazil ulisababishwa na siasa za Ulaya. Mwaka 1807 Ureno ilivamiwa na Ufaransa ya Napoleon Bonaparte. Mfalme wa Ureno João VI alikimbilia Brazil, Rio de Janeiro ikawa mji mkuu wa dola la Ureno. \n\nMfalme aliporudi Ureno mwaka 1821 alimwachia mtoto wake Pedro utawala wa Brazil. Mwaka 1822 Pedro aliyeona mabadiliko ya kimapinduzi katika makoloni ya Hispania kote Amerika ya Kusini aliamua kutangaza uhuru wa Brazil akiwa mwenyewe mfalme kwa cheo cha Kaisari.\n\nWatu\nKutokana na historia ya nchi, wakazi wengi wana asili ya Ulaya (47.7%) au ni machotara (43.1). Asilimia 7.6 wana asili ya Afrika tu.\n\nWakazi walio wengi hutumia lugha ya Kireno, lakini kuna lugha nyingi kwa sababu ya vikundi vya wenyeji asilia (Waindio) na wahamiaji kutoka pande zote za dunia.\n\nAsilia 64.6 ya wananchi wanafuata imani ya Kanisa Katoliki. Ndiyo nchi yenye Wakatoliki wengi kuliko zote duniani. Waprotestanti ni asilimia 22.2.\n\nTazama pia \n Orodha ya majimbo ya Brazil\n Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi\n\nViungo vya nje \n\n Tovuti rasmi ya serikali ya Brazil\n\n \nNchi za Amerika Kusini\nNchi za G20\nNchi zinazotumia Kireno",
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisimbali
|
Kisimbali ni lugha ya Kipapua nchini Papua Guinea Mpya inayozungumzwa na Wasimbali. Mwaka wa 2012 Kisimbali imehesabiwa kuwa watu 450. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kisimbali iko katika kundi la “East New Britain”.
Viungo vya nje
lugha ya Kisimbali kwenye Multitree
makala za OLAC kuhusu Kisimbali
lugha ya Kisimbali katika Glottolog
lugha ya Kisimbali kwenye Ethnologue
Lugha za Papua Guinea Mpya
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"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisimbali",
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"content": "Kisimbali ni lugha ya Kipapua nchini Papua Guinea Mpya inayozungumzwa na Wasimbali. Mwaka wa 2012 Kisimbali imehesabiwa kuwa watu 450. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kisimbali iko katika kundi la “East New Britain”.\n\nViungo vya nje\nlugha ya Kisimbali kwenye Multitree\nmakala za OLAC kuhusu Kisimbali\nlugha ya Kisimbali katika Glottolog\nlugha ya Kisimbali kwenye Ethnologue\n\nLugha za Papua Guinea Mpya",
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Azimio la Vienna na mpango wa utekelezaji
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Azimio la Vienna na mpango wa utukelezaji lijulikanalo kama VDPA (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action), ni azimio juu ya haki za binadamu lililopitishwa kwa makubaliano katika Mkutano wa Kimataifa juu ya Haki za Binadamu mnamo 25 Juni 1993 huko Vienna, Austria.
Wadhifa wa kamishna wa umoja wa mataifa wa haki za binadamu uliopendekezwa na azimio hili, ulianzishwa baada ya kutengenezwa kwa makubaliano namba 48/121 ya Mkutano Mkuu (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/121).
Marejeo
Viungo vya nje
Full text of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
Umoja wa Mataifa
Haki za binadamu
1Lib1Ref2020 Tanzania
|
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"content": "Azimio la Vienna na mpango wa utekelezaji",
"role": "user"
},
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"content": "Azimio la Vienna na mpango wa utukelezaji lijulikanalo kama VDPA (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action), ni azimio juu ya haki za binadamu lililopitishwa kwa makubaliano katika Mkutano wa Kimataifa juu ya Haki za Binadamu mnamo 25 Juni 1993 huko Vienna, Austria. \n\nWadhifa wa kamishna wa umoja wa mataifa wa haki za binadamu uliopendekezwa na azimio hili, ulianzishwa baada ya kutengenezwa kwa makubaliano namba 48/121 ya Mkutano Mkuu (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/121).\n\nMarejeo\n\nViungo vya nje \n\n Full text of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action\n\nUmoja wa Mataifa\nHaki za binadamu\n1Lib1Ref2020 Tanzania",
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Waist Deep
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Waist Deep is a 2006 American action drama film directed by Vondie Curtis-Hall and starring Tyrese Gibson and Meagan Good.
Plot
Ex-con Otis Samuel Sr. or "O2" on account of his ability to vanish from a crime scene like oxygen, has done his time and is determined to stay out of trouble and never leave his young son, Otis, Jr.
When O2 arrives late to pick up Junior from school, he pledges that he will always return for Junior. That promise is put to the test just moments later when O2's vintage 1966 Chevrolet Impala SS Lowrider convertible is stolen from him at gunpoint in the middle of a crowded Southland intersection with Junior in the back seat, kidnapping him in the process. O2 chases the car and gets into a nasty gun battle with the carjackers, but to no avail.
O2 catches up with Coco, a woman who sells stolen suits for P Money. O2 knows she is the one who marked him for the carjacking, and he forces her to help him retrieve Junior. The two steal a car (a 1996 Impala SS sedan) and Coco's boyfriend savagely beats her. Seeing this, O2 pistol whips him with his gun before the two retreat to Lucky's home. Lucky, Otis' unreliable cousin who works for Big Meat, the leader of the Outlaw Syndicate, offers to help.
After a few hours, Lucky comes back with some bad news: Meat has Junior and demands that O2 deliver $100,000 by midnight the next night, or Junior will die. Meat was once O2's partner and thinks O2 still has the $100,000 they made off their last job together.
O2 comes up with a plan: he and Coco will rob P Money's and Meat's own operations, staging it to look like one is stealing from the other, and triggering a gang war that will hopefully eliminate both and help O2 and Coco rescue Junior. After a successful robbery of one of the Big Meat's locations, O2 and Coco come across a set of safe deposit box keys belonging to numerous banks.
The next day, they stage a number of bank robberies and are able to retrieve expensive jewelry, which Lucky offers to get rid to prove his worth. When Lucky takes the jewelry to Big Meat unknowing that it belongs to Big Meat, Lucky is forced to set up a meeting between himself, O2, and Coco, with Big Meat along to end O2.
They take the car to an alley and give him the money. It is revealed that Big Meat never intended to let Junior live and signals one of his men to kill Junior. Lucky sees this and tackles him as the man shoots, one shot hit Lucky in the side of the chest. O2 kills Meat and his men and retrieves Junior.
They stop at a gas station to attend to Lucky's wound. O2 tells Lucky they will get him to a hospital, but Lucky dies from his wounds. Distress from O2’s discovery causes him to briefly lose control of the car, and alert the police. O2 hides in a parking lot and tells Coco to take Junior to the Mexican border while he outruns the cops. As Junior and Coco escape, O2 is tailed by the cops. They run him to a dead end where the lake is. O2, realizing he has no choice, drives into the water.
Later in Mexico, Coco and Junior are living in a house on a beach. They are walking on the beach when they see O2 in the distance and then reunite.
Cast
Tyrese Gibson as Otis (O2) Samuel Sr.
Meagan Good as Coco
Larenz Tate as Lucky
The Game as Big Meat
Henry Hunter Hall as Otis Samuel Junior
Kimora Lee Simmons as Fencing House Lady
Darris Love as Rock
Julius Denem as P Money
Thomas Abate as Gas Manager
Reception
Box office
The film debuted at #4 behind Click, Disney/Pixar's Cars, and Nacho Libre, grossing $9,404,180 from 1,004 theaters with a $9,366 average in its opening weekend. Altogether, the film grossed $21,353,303.
Critical response
Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes has the film at a approval rating based on reviews, with an average score of . The site's critical consensus reads: "A well-meaning B-movie that suffers from a cliche-ridden script and poorly drawn characters that fail to inspire much sympathy."
Steve Davis of The Austin Chronicle criticized Curtis-Hall's "cinema vérité" approach to the film, writing that it focuses less on the aspects of "parental instincts" found in Kramer vs. Kramer and Lorenzo's Oil for the violence-driven scenes of Bonnie and Clyde, saying that "In light of such sensationalism, the efforts [of Waist Deep] to make some meaningful social commentary about street gangs and the vicious circle in which African-American men often find themselves seem like an afterthought, rather than anything remotely sincere."
Wesley Morris, writing for The Boston Globe, said that the movie captures the 2003 Jay-Z and Beyoncé duet more than the 1967 Arthur Penn classic with its monotonous chases and middling supporting cast that make up Curtis-Hall's take on the hood film genre, saying "It's [also] as if the only way he could justify making another movie smitten with thug life is by having the characters commit their crimes amid a climate of civic activism."
The A.V. Clubs Nathan Rabin gave the film a "D" grade, saying "Waist Deep might have succeeded had Curtis-Hall pushed the outrageousness of his potboiler premise to the level of comic-book Grand Guignol, but the film lacks the energy and pizzazz to work as lurid pulp. Like the forgotten blaxploitation schlock it often resembles, the film aspires to nothing but cheap thrills, but while it's plenty cheap, it's far from thrilling."
Entertainment Weekly writer Gregory Kirschling gave the film a "B" grade, saying that Curtis-Hall infuses the B-level urban fantasy plot with some "surprising social and emotional flavorings rarely found in the genre." Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said that the movie manages to capture the "freewheeling spirit" of the tried and true formula it uses to go along with the stylish scenes and felt both Gibson and Good had solid chemistry and carried their roles with expertise, concluding that "Sure, there's probably no good reason to watch Waist Deep. But if you start watching it, Waist Deep gives you no good reason to stop. It doesn't even give you a moment to think about it."
IGN contributor Stax also praised the performances of Gibson and Good, calling the former "sensitive yet charismatic" and the latter "vivacious and scene-stealing", for elevating the material that Curtis-Hall peppers with tense action scenes, concluding that "[W]hile Waist Deep offers precious little that hasn't been seen in dozens of other "lovers on the lam" movies and urban crime pics, its energy, wit, effective lead performances and taut direction save this old-fashioned B-movie from being a Waist of time."
In 2011, Complex placed the film at number 25 on its list of the worst movies starring rappers. Complex staff writer Matt Barone said that it could have been an underwhelming yet tolerable hood version of Bonnie & Clyde, had it not been for the casting of Game as the main antagonist that devolves it into "ludicrousness and lack of dramatic resonance" territory, concluding that "Hate it or really hate it, his overacting kills Waist Deep, and not in the slang term sense."
Nominations
Film: Outstanding Hip-Hop Movie, (Nominated) BET Hip-Hop Movie Awards
Tyrese Gibson: Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor, (Nominated) Black Movie Awards
Meagan Good: Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress, (Nominated) Black Movie Awards, Choice Female Breakout Performance, (Nominated) Teen Choice Award
Soundtrack
See also
List of hood films
Bonnie and Clyde: A 1967 film that shares similar subplots including the two main characters on the road, trying to avoid police, and committing bank robberies.
References
External links
Waist Deep Production Notes
2006 films
2006 crime drama films
2006 romantic drama films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
American crime drama films
American gang films
American romantic drama films
Films directed by Vondie Curtis-Hall
Films scored by Terence Blanchard
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
Hood films
Intrepid Pictures films
Relativity Media films
English-language crime drama films
|
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"content": "Waist Deep",
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"content": "Waist Deep is a 2006 American action drama film directed by Vondie Curtis-Hall and starring Tyrese Gibson and Meagan Good.\n\nPlot\nEx-con Otis Samuel Sr. or \"O2\" on account of his ability to vanish from a crime scene like oxygen, has done his time and is determined to stay out of trouble and never leave his young son, Otis, Jr.\n\nWhen O2 arrives late to pick up Junior from school, he pledges that he will always return for Junior. That promise is put to the test just moments later when O2's vintage 1966 Chevrolet Impala SS Lowrider convertible is stolen from him at gunpoint in the middle of a crowded Southland intersection with Junior in the back seat, kidnapping him in the process. O2 chases the car and gets into a nasty gun battle with the carjackers, but to no avail.\n\nO2 catches up with Coco, a woman who sells stolen suits for P Money. O2 knows she is the one who marked him for the carjacking, and he forces her to help him retrieve Junior. The two steal a car (a 1996 Impala SS sedan) and Coco's boyfriend savagely beats her. Seeing this, O2 pistol whips him with his gun before the two retreat to Lucky's home. Lucky, Otis' unreliable cousin who works for Big Meat, the leader of the Outlaw Syndicate, offers to help.\n\nAfter a few hours, Lucky comes back with some bad news: Meat has Junior and demands that O2 deliver $100,000 by midnight the next night, or Junior will die. Meat was once O2's partner and thinks O2 still has the $100,000 they made off their last job together.\n\nO2 comes up with a plan: he and Coco will rob P Money's and Meat's own operations, staging it to look like one is stealing from the other, and triggering a gang war that will hopefully eliminate both and help O2 and Coco rescue Junior. After a successful robbery of one of the Big Meat's locations, O2 and Coco come across a set of safe deposit box keys belonging to numerous banks.\n\nThe next day, they stage a number of bank robberies and are able to retrieve expensive jewelry, which Lucky offers to get rid to prove his worth. When Lucky takes the jewelry to Big Meat unknowing that it belongs to Big Meat, Lucky is forced to set up a meeting between himself, O2, and Coco, with Big Meat along to end O2.\n\nThey take the car to an alley and give him the money. It is revealed that Big Meat never intended to let Junior live and signals one of his men to kill Junior. Lucky sees this and tackles him as the man shoots, one shot hit Lucky in the side of the chest. O2 kills Meat and his men and retrieves Junior.\n\nThey stop at a gas station to attend to Lucky's wound. O2 tells Lucky they will get him to a hospital, but Lucky dies from his wounds. Distress from O2’s discovery causes him to briefly lose control of the car, and alert the police. O2 hides in a parking lot and tells Coco to take Junior to the Mexican border while he outruns the cops. As Junior and Coco escape, O2 is tailed by the cops. They run him to a dead end where the lake is. O2, realizing he has no choice, drives into the water.\n\nLater in Mexico, Coco and Junior are living in a house on a beach. They are walking on the beach when they see O2 in the distance and then reunite.\n\nCast\n Tyrese Gibson as Otis (O2) Samuel Sr. \n Meagan Good as Coco\n Larenz Tate as Lucky\n The Game as Big Meat\n Henry Hunter Hall as Otis Samuel Junior\n Kimora Lee Simmons as Fencing House Lady\n Darris Love as Rock\n Julius Denem as P Money\n Thomas Abate as Gas Manager\n\nReception\n\nBox office\nThe film debuted at #4 behind Click, Disney/Pixar's Cars, and Nacho Libre, grossing $9,404,180 from 1,004 theaters with a $9,366 average in its opening weekend. Altogether, the film grossed $21,353,303.\n\nCritical response\nReview aggregate Rotten Tomatoes has the film at a approval rating based on reviews, with an average score of . The site's critical consensus reads: \"A well-meaning B-movie that suffers from a cliche-ridden script and poorly drawn characters that fail to inspire much sympathy.\"\n\nSteve Davis of The Austin Chronicle criticized Curtis-Hall's \"cinema vérité\" approach to the film, writing that it focuses less on the aspects of \"parental instincts\" found in Kramer vs. Kramer and Lorenzo's Oil for the violence-driven scenes of Bonnie and Clyde, saying that \"In light of such sensationalism, the efforts [of Waist Deep] to make some meaningful social commentary about street gangs and the vicious circle in which African-American men often find themselves seem like an afterthought, rather than anything remotely sincere.\"\n\nWesley Morris, writing for The Boston Globe, said that the movie captures the 2003 Jay-Z and Beyoncé duet more than the 1967 Arthur Penn classic with its monotonous chases and middling supporting cast that make up Curtis-Hall's take on the hood film genre, saying \"It's [also] as if the only way he could justify making another movie smitten with thug life is by having the characters commit their crimes amid a climate of civic activism.\"\n\nThe A.V. Clubs Nathan Rabin gave the film a \"D\" grade, saying \"Waist Deep might have succeeded had Curtis-Hall pushed the outrageousness of his potboiler premise to the level of comic-book Grand Guignol, but the film lacks the energy and pizzazz to work as lurid pulp. Like the forgotten blaxploitation schlock it often resembles, the film aspires to nothing but cheap thrills, but while it's plenty cheap, it's far from thrilling.\"\n\nEntertainment Weekly writer Gregory Kirschling gave the film a \"B\" grade, saying that Curtis-Hall infuses the B-level urban fantasy plot with some \"surprising social and emotional flavorings rarely found in the genre.\" Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said that the movie manages to capture the \"freewheeling spirit\" of the tried and true formula it uses to go along with the stylish scenes and felt both Gibson and Good had solid chemistry and carried their roles with expertise, concluding that \"Sure, there's probably no good reason to watch Waist Deep. But if you start watching it, Waist Deep gives you no good reason to stop. It doesn't even give you a moment to think about it.\"\n\nIGN contributor Stax also praised the performances of Gibson and Good, calling the former \"sensitive yet charismatic\" and the latter \"vivacious and scene-stealing\", for elevating the material that Curtis-Hall peppers with tense action scenes, concluding that \"[W]hile Waist Deep offers precious little that hasn't been seen in dozens of other \"lovers on the lam\" movies and urban crime pics, its energy, wit, effective lead performances and taut direction save this old-fashioned B-movie from being a Waist of time.\"\n\nIn 2011, Complex placed the film at number 25 on its list of the worst movies starring rappers. Complex staff writer Matt Barone said that it could have been an underwhelming yet tolerable hood version of Bonnie & Clyde, had it not been for the casting of Game as the main antagonist that devolves it into \"ludicrousness and lack of dramatic resonance\" territory, concluding that \"Hate it or really hate it, his overacting kills Waist Deep, and not in the slang term sense.\"\n\nNominations\nFilm: Outstanding Hip-Hop Movie, (Nominated) BET Hip-Hop Movie Awards\nTyrese Gibson: Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor, (Nominated) Black Movie Awards\nMeagan Good: Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress, (Nominated) Black Movie Awards, Choice Female Breakout Performance, (Nominated) Teen Choice Award\n\nSoundtrack\n\nSee also \n List of hood films\n Bonnie and Clyde: A 1967 film that shares similar subplots including the two main characters on the road, trying to avoid police, and committing bank robberies.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n \n Waist Deep Production Notes\n\n2006 films\n2006 crime drama films\n2006 romantic drama films\n2000s American films\n2000s English-language films\nAmerican crime drama films\nAmerican gang films\nAmerican romantic drama films\nFilms directed by Vondie Curtis-Hall\nFilms scored by Terence Blanchard\nFilms set in Los Angeles\nFilms shot in Los Angeles\nHood films\nIntrepid Pictures films\nRelativity Media films\nEnglish-language crime drama films",
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Bellarmino
|
Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino (Montepulciano, wilaya ya Siena, nchini Italia, 4 Oktoba 1542 - Roma, Italia, 17 Septemba 1621) alikuwa mtawa wa Shirika la Yesu, halafu padri, askofu na kardinali wa Kanisa Katoliki anayeshika nafasi muhimu katika historia ya karne ya 16 na 17.
Alitangazwa na Papa Pius XI kuwa mwenye heri tarehe 13 Mei 1923, mtakatifu tarehe 29 Juni 1930 na mwalimu wa Kanisa tarehe 17 Septemba 1931.
Sikukuu yake inaadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 17 Septemba.
Maisha
Utoto na ujana
Roberto alizaliwa Montepulciano, wilaya ya Siena, Italia, tarehe 4 Oktoba 1542, katika familia kubwa, akiwa mtoto wa kiume wa tatu kati ya watano; wazazi wake walikuwa na asili ya kisharifu, lakini hali ya uchumi ilikuwa tofauti. Baba yake, Vincenzo Bellarmino, alikuwa jaji, na mama yake, Cinzia Cervini, alikuwa dada wa Papa Marcello II.
Tangu utotoni alikuwa na afya mbovu na mwelekeo mkubwa kwa mambo ya dini kama mama yake. Baada ya kupata malezi nyumbani, alitumwa Padova kwa masomo.
Alipofikia umri wa miaka 18, akifuata wito wake wa upadri, na kuvutiwa na mfano wa Ignas wa Loyola, aliamua kujiunga na Shirika la Yesu alilolianzisha, na tarehe 21 Septemba 1560 aliweka nadhiri zake za kwanza.
Badala ya kujivunia undugu wake na Papa, alidumu kuwa na unyenyekevu na bidii.
Alisomea Roma tangu mwaka 1560 hadi 1563, halafu alianza kufundisha Firenze na Mondovì, katika shule za shirika lake.
Mwaka 1567 alianza kusoma kwa mpango teolojia huko Padova, lakini kutokana na sifa yake kama mhubiri, mwaka 1569 mkuu wa shirika, Fransisko Borja, alimtuma Louvain (leo katika Ubelgiji), kwenye chuo kikuu maarufu cha mji huo. Ndipo alifahamu kwa karibu Uprotestanti na kuanza kujitokeza hasa katika mabishano na Walutheri na Wakalvini.
Ufundishaji
Baada ya kupewa upadrisho huko Gand tarehe 25 Machi 1570, alibaki Louvain miaka sita kama mwalimu wa teolojia na mhubiri, akizidi kupata wanafunzi na wasikilizaji kutoka kila upande.
Mwaka 1576 Papa Gregori XIII alimuita Roma afundishe hoja dhidi ya uzushi, kama alivyofanya hadi mwaka 1586, Akiandika vitini ambavyo baadaye vikaunda kitabu “Controversiae” (“Mabishano”), ambacho kilisifiwa mara kwa utajiri, uwazi na msingi wa kihistoria katika kutoa msimamo wa Kikatoliki juu ya Ufunuo, Kanisa, sakramenti na neema. Humo alisisitiza muundo wa Kanisa, kama ilivyohitajiwa na hali tete ya imani wakati huo, asisahau roho yake inayohuisha kwa ndani muundo huo. Pia alikwepa kushambulia Waprotestanti, akikazia kutetea mafundisho ya Kanisa kwa hoja za akili na za mapokeo.
Mtaguso wa Trento ulikuwa umemalizika tangu miaka, na Kanisa Katoliki lilikuwa bado na haja ya kujiimarisha kielimu na kiroho. Kazi ya Roberto iliingia moja kwa moja katika juhudi hizo za Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki.
Kuanzia mwaka 1588, akiwa kiongozi wa kiroho wa Wajesuiti wanafunzi wa Collegio Romano, alishirikiana na Papa Sixtus V, ingawa huyo hakumpenda sana yeye wala shirika lake. Kati ya vijana aliowalea huko, maarufu zaidi ni Alois Gonzaga, ambaye alifariki mwaka 1591 kutokana na tauni aliyoambukizwa na mtu aliyemuokota barabarani.
Baada ya kushughulikia kesi ya kumtangaza mwenye heri, aliomba azikwe karibu naye, kama ilivyotokea baadaye.
Tangu mwaka 1592 hadi 1594 alikuwa gombera wa seminari hiyo, halafu mwaka 1595 akawa mkuu wa shirika katika kanda ya Napoli.
Ukardinali
Mwaka 1597 Papa Klementi VIII alimrudisha Roma kama mshauri wake katika masuala ya teolojia n.k.
Miaka ya 1597-1598 alitunga katekisimu kubwa na ndogo, ambazo ziliathiriwa na mazingira ya mabishano kati ya madhehebu ya Kikristo, na kuenea sana hadi mwisho wa karne XIX. Mchango wake huo katika malezi ya vizazi vipya vya Kikatoliki ulimstahilia sifa ya mwalimu wa Kanisa.
Tarehe 3 Machi 1599 Papa alimteua kuwa kardinali akieleza kwamba, "Kanisa la Mungu halina mwingine sawa naye katika elimu". Bellarmino alijaribu kwa kila njia kumfanya Papa abadili uamuzi, lakini mwishoni alilazimika kukubali. Pamoja na hayo, hakuacha maisha yake magumu, na mapato ya cheo hicho aliyaelekeza karibu yote kwa maskini.
Kama kardinali aliongoza idara mbalimbali za Papa na, baada ya kupewa uaskofu tarehe 21 Aprili 1602, akawa Askofu mkuu wa jimbo la Capua (1602-1605), alipojitokeza kwa bidii yake ya kuhubiri katika kanisa kuu, kwa kutembelea parokia kila wiki, kwa sinodi 3 za jimbo alizoendesha na kwa kuanzisha mtaguso wa kanda.
Alikuwa anajua kujilinganisha na watu wa kawaida, nao walifurahia usahili wa mtu msomi kiasi hicho.
Baada ya kushiriki uchaguzi wa Papa Leo XI na wa Papa Paulo V, aliitwa tena Roma kushughulikia idara mbalimbali, lakini pia alitumwa kama balozi huko Venezia na Uingereza akatetee haki za Kanisa.
Mzigo wa majukumu na ubovu wa mazingira havikumsahaulisha juhudi kwa ajili ya utakatifu aliodaiwa na hadhi yake kama mtawa na askofu, akimlenga Yesu ili kumjua, kumpenda na kumuiga kwa dhati. Kwake ilikuwa furaha kubwa kujikusanya kwa utulivu na unyofu asali na kumzingatia Mungu.
Miaka ya mwisho alitunga vitabu mbalimbali kuhusu maisha ya Kiroho alipokusanya matunda ya mazoezi yake ya kiroho ya kila mwaka, kama vile “Akili Kupanda kwa Mungu”, “Ufundi wa Kufa Vema” na “Mlio wa Njiwa”. Humo inajitokeza hisia yake kubwa ya wema usio na mipaka wa Mungu, ambaye alijisikia mwanae mpendwa.
“Ee roho, mfano wako ni Mungu, uzuri usio na mipaka, mwanga usio na kivuli, uangavu unaopita ule wa mwezi na jua… Yeyote anayempata Mungu, amepata yote, yeyote anayemkosa Mungu amekosa yote”.
Katika kuhimiza kwa nguvu urekebisho wa Kanisa, kuanzia wakleri hadi walei, alielekeza kwanza wongofu wa moyo kadiri ya mafundisho ya Biblia na ya watakatifu.
Alifariki Roma tarehe 17 Septemba 1621.
Sala yake
Wewe, Bwana, u mwema, umekuwa tayari kusamehe,
na mwingi wa fadhili, kwa watu wote wakuitao;
nani hatakutumikia kwa moyo wote baada ya kuanza kuonja walau kidogo
utamu wa mamlaka yako ya Kibaba?
Unawaagiza nini watumishi wako, Bwana?
Unasema, Jitieni nira yangu. Na nira yako ikoje?
Unasema, Nira yangu ni laini, na mzigo wangu ni mwepesi.
Nani hatabeba kwa moyo radhi kabisa nira isiyobana bali inapendeza,
na mzigo usiolemea, bali unainua?
Kwa hiyo umeongeza kwa haki, Nanyi mtapata raha nafsini mwenu.
Na ikoje nira yako hiyo ambayo haichoshi, bali inapumzisha?
Kwa hakika ndiyo amri ya kwanza tena kuu,
Mpende Bwana Mungu wako kwa moyo wako wote.
Nini ni rahisi, nono na tamu kuliko kupenda wema, uzuri na upendo?
Na hayo yote ndiwe wewe, Bwana Mungu wangu.
Nawe unafikia hatua ya kuahidi tuzo kwa wale wanaoshika sheria zako,
ingawa tayari zenyewe ni za thamani kuliko dhahabu nyingi,
na tamu kuliko sega la asali?
Ndiyo, unaahidi kweli tuzo, tena tuzo kubwa mno.
Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Tanbihi
Maandishi
Opera Omnia zilizokusudiwa kukusanya maandishi yake yote zilitolewa Cologne (1617), Venezia (1721), Napoli (1856), Paris (1870).
Kati ya yale muhimu zaidi kuna haya yafuatayo:
Mabishano:
Disputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei adversus hujus temporis hereticos
De Exemptione clericorum na De Indulgentiis et Jubilaeo, ambayo yaliingizwa baadaye katika De Controversiis
De Transitu Romani Imperii a Graecis ad Francos
Responsio ad praecipua capita Apologiae [...] pro successione Henrici Navarreni
Judicium de Libro quem Lutherani vocant Concordiae
Responsio Matthaei Torti ad librum inscriptum Triplici nodo triplex cuneus
Apologia Bellarmini pro responsi one sub ad librum Jacobi Magnae Britanniae Regis
Tractatus de potestate Summi Pontificis in rebus temporalibus, adversus Gulielmum Barclay
Katekesi na maisha ya kiroho:
Dottrina Cristiana Breve
Dichiarazione Più Copiosa Della Dottrina Cristiana
Dichiarazione del simbolo
Admonitio ad Episcopum Theanensem nepotem suum quae sint necessaria episcopo
Exhortationes Domesticae
Conciones habitae Lovanii
De Ascensione mentis in Deum
De Aeterna felicitate sanctorum
De gemitu columbae
De septem verbis Christi
De arte bene moriendi
Ufafanuzi wa Biblia na mengineyo:
De Scriptoribus ecclesiasticis
De Editione Latinae Vulgatae, quo sensu a Concilio Tridentino definitum sit ut ea pro authenticae habeatur
In omnes Psalmos dilucida expositio
Viungo vya nje
Matukio ya maisha yake katika Catholic forum web-site .
Kitabu De Laicis kuhusu serikali katika tafsiri ya Kiingereza
Kitabu Maneno Saba ya Yesu Msalabani
Kitabu Heri ya Milele ya Watakatifu
Kitabu Ufundi wa Kufa Vema)
Kitabu hichohicho katika PDF
. Taarifa muhimu juu yake
Maisha yake.
Waliozaliwa 1542
Waliofariki 1621
Wajesuiti
Maaskofu Wakatoliki
Makardinali
Watakatifu wa Italia
Walimu wa Kanisa
|
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"content": "Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino (Montepulciano, wilaya ya Siena, nchini Italia, 4 Oktoba 1542 - Roma, Italia, 17 Septemba 1621) alikuwa mtawa wa Shirika la Yesu, halafu padri, askofu na kardinali wa Kanisa Katoliki anayeshika nafasi muhimu katika historia ya karne ya 16 na 17.\n\nAlitangazwa na Papa Pius XI kuwa mwenye heri tarehe 13 Mei 1923, mtakatifu tarehe 29 Juni 1930 na mwalimu wa Kanisa tarehe 17 Septemba 1931.\n\nSikukuu yake inaadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 17 Septemba.\n\nMaisha\n\nUtoto na ujana \nRoberto alizaliwa Montepulciano, wilaya ya Siena, Italia, tarehe 4 Oktoba 1542, katika familia kubwa, akiwa mtoto wa kiume wa tatu kati ya watano; wazazi wake walikuwa na asili ya kisharifu, lakini hali ya uchumi ilikuwa tofauti. Baba yake, Vincenzo Bellarmino, alikuwa jaji, na mama yake, Cinzia Cervini, alikuwa dada wa Papa Marcello II. \n\nTangu utotoni alikuwa na afya mbovu na mwelekeo mkubwa kwa mambo ya dini kama mama yake. Baada ya kupata malezi nyumbani, alitumwa Padova kwa masomo. \n\nAlipofikia umri wa miaka 18, akifuata wito wake wa upadri, na kuvutiwa na mfano wa Ignas wa Loyola, aliamua kujiunga na Shirika la Yesu alilolianzisha, na tarehe 21 Septemba 1560 aliweka nadhiri zake za kwanza.\n\nBadala ya kujivunia undugu wake na Papa, alidumu kuwa na unyenyekevu na bidii. \n\nAlisomea Roma tangu mwaka 1560 hadi 1563, halafu alianza kufundisha Firenze na Mondovì, katika shule za shirika lake. \n\nMwaka 1567 alianza kusoma kwa mpango teolojia huko Padova, lakini kutokana na sifa yake kama mhubiri, mwaka 1569 mkuu wa shirika, Fransisko Borja, alimtuma Louvain (leo katika Ubelgiji), kwenye chuo kikuu maarufu cha mji huo. Ndipo alifahamu kwa karibu Uprotestanti na kuanza kujitokeza hasa katika mabishano na Walutheri na Wakalvini.\n\nUfundishaji \nBaada ya kupewa upadrisho huko Gand tarehe 25 Machi 1570, alibaki Louvain miaka sita kama mwalimu wa teolojia na mhubiri, akizidi kupata wanafunzi na wasikilizaji kutoka kila upande.\n\nMwaka 1576 Papa Gregori XIII alimuita Roma afundishe hoja dhidi ya uzushi, kama alivyofanya hadi mwaka 1586, Akiandika vitini ambavyo baadaye vikaunda kitabu “Controversiae” (“Mabishano”), ambacho kilisifiwa mara kwa utajiri, uwazi na msingi wa kihistoria katika kutoa msimamo wa Kikatoliki juu ya Ufunuo, Kanisa, sakramenti na neema. Humo alisisitiza muundo wa Kanisa, kama ilivyohitajiwa na hali tete ya imani wakati huo, asisahau roho yake inayohuisha kwa ndani muundo huo. Pia alikwepa kushambulia Waprotestanti, akikazia kutetea mafundisho ya Kanisa kwa hoja za akili na za mapokeo.\n\nMtaguso wa Trento ulikuwa umemalizika tangu miaka, na Kanisa Katoliki lilikuwa bado na haja ya kujiimarisha kielimu na kiroho. Kazi ya Roberto iliingia moja kwa moja katika juhudi hizo za Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki.\n\nKuanzia mwaka 1588, akiwa kiongozi wa kiroho wa Wajesuiti wanafunzi wa Collegio Romano, alishirikiana na Papa Sixtus V, ingawa huyo hakumpenda sana yeye wala shirika lake. Kati ya vijana aliowalea huko, maarufu zaidi ni Alois Gonzaga, ambaye alifariki mwaka 1591 kutokana na tauni aliyoambukizwa na mtu aliyemuokota barabarani. \n\nBaada ya kushughulikia kesi ya kumtangaza mwenye heri, aliomba azikwe karibu naye, kama ilivyotokea baadaye. \n\nTangu mwaka 1592 hadi 1594 alikuwa gombera wa seminari hiyo, halafu mwaka 1595 akawa mkuu wa shirika katika kanda ya Napoli.\n\nUkardinali \n\nMwaka 1597 Papa Klementi VIII alimrudisha Roma kama mshauri wake katika masuala ya teolojia n.k. \n\nMiaka ya 1597-1598 alitunga katekisimu kubwa na ndogo, ambazo ziliathiriwa na mazingira ya mabishano kati ya madhehebu ya Kikristo, na kuenea sana hadi mwisho wa karne XIX. Mchango wake huo katika malezi ya vizazi vipya vya Kikatoliki ulimstahilia sifa ya mwalimu wa Kanisa.\n\nTarehe 3 Machi 1599 Papa alimteua kuwa kardinali akieleza kwamba, \"Kanisa la Mungu halina mwingine sawa naye katika elimu\". Bellarmino alijaribu kwa kila njia kumfanya Papa abadili uamuzi, lakini mwishoni alilazimika kukubali. Pamoja na hayo, hakuacha maisha yake magumu, na mapato ya cheo hicho aliyaelekeza karibu yote kwa maskini.\n\nKama kardinali aliongoza idara mbalimbali za Papa na, baada ya kupewa uaskofu tarehe 21 Aprili 1602, akawa Askofu mkuu wa jimbo la Capua (1602-1605), alipojitokeza kwa bidii yake ya kuhubiri katika kanisa kuu, kwa kutembelea parokia kila wiki, kwa sinodi 3 za jimbo alizoendesha na kwa kuanzisha mtaguso wa kanda.\n\nAlikuwa anajua kujilinganisha na watu wa kawaida, nao walifurahia usahili wa mtu msomi kiasi hicho.\n\nBaada ya kushiriki uchaguzi wa Papa Leo XI na wa Papa Paulo V, aliitwa tena Roma kushughulikia idara mbalimbali, lakini pia alitumwa kama balozi huko Venezia na Uingereza akatetee haki za Kanisa.\n\nMzigo wa majukumu na ubovu wa mazingira havikumsahaulisha juhudi kwa ajili ya utakatifu aliodaiwa na hadhi yake kama mtawa na askofu, akimlenga Yesu ili kumjua, kumpenda na kumuiga kwa dhati. Kwake ilikuwa furaha kubwa kujikusanya kwa utulivu na unyofu asali na kumzingatia Mungu.\n\nMiaka ya mwisho alitunga vitabu mbalimbali kuhusu maisha ya Kiroho alipokusanya matunda ya mazoezi yake ya kiroho ya kila mwaka, kama vile “Akili Kupanda kwa Mungu”, “Ufundi wa Kufa Vema” na “Mlio wa Njiwa”. Humo inajitokeza hisia yake kubwa ya wema usio na mipaka wa Mungu, ambaye alijisikia mwanae mpendwa.\n\n“Ee roho, mfano wako ni Mungu, uzuri usio na mipaka, mwanga usio na kivuli, uangavu unaopita ule wa mwezi na jua… Yeyote anayempata Mungu, amepata yote, yeyote anayemkosa Mungu amekosa yote”.\n\nKatika kuhimiza kwa nguvu urekebisho wa Kanisa, kuanzia wakleri hadi walei, alielekeza kwanza wongofu wa moyo kadiri ya mafundisho ya Biblia na ya watakatifu.\n\nAlifariki Roma tarehe 17 Septemba 1621.\n\nSala yake\n\nWewe, Bwana, u mwema, umekuwa tayari kusamehe,\nna mwingi wa fadhili, kwa watu wote wakuitao;\nnani hatakutumikia kwa moyo wote baada ya kuanza kuonja walau kidogo\nutamu wa mamlaka yako ya Kibaba?\n\nUnawaagiza nini watumishi wako, Bwana?\n\nUnasema, Jitieni nira yangu. Na nira yako ikoje?\n\nUnasema, Nira yangu ni laini, na mzigo wangu ni mwepesi.\n\nNani hatabeba kwa moyo radhi kabisa nira isiyobana bali inapendeza,\nna mzigo usiolemea, bali unainua?\n\nKwa hiyo umeongeza kwa haki, Nanyi mtapata raha nafsini mwenu.\n\nNa ikoje nira yako hiyo ambayo haichoshi, bali inapumzisha?\n\nKwa hakika ndiyo amri ya kwanza tena kuu,\nMpende Bwana Mungu wako kwa moyo wako wote.\n\nNini ni rahisi, nono na tamu kuliko kupenda wema, uzuri na upendo?\n\nNa hayo yote ndiwe wewe, Bwana Mungu wangu.\n\nNawe unafikia hatua ya kuahidi tuzo kwa wale wanaoshika sheria zako,\ningawa tayari zenyewe ni za thamani kuliko dhahabu nyingi,\nna tamu kuliko sega la asali?\n\nNdiyo, unaahidi kweli tuzo, tena tuzo kubwa mno.\n\nTazama pia\nWatakatifu wa Agano la Kale\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo\nOrodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko\n\nTanbihi\n\nMaandishi \nOpera Omnia zilizokusudiwa kukusanya maandishi yake yote zilitolewa Cologne (1617), Venezia (1721), Napoli (1856), Paris (1870).\n\nKati ya yale muhimu zaidi kuna haya yafuatayo:\nMabishano:\n Disputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei adversus hujus temporis hereticos\n De Exemptione clericorum na De Indulgentiis et Jubilaeo, ambayo yaliingizwa baadaye katika De Controversiis\n De Transitu Romani Imperii a Graecis ad Francos\n Responsio ad praecipua capita Apologiae [...] pro successione Henrici Navarreni\n Judicium de Libro quem Lutherani vocant Concordiae\n Responsio Matthaei Torti ad librum inscriptum Triplici nodo triplex cuneus \n Apologia Bellarmini pro responsi one sub ad librum Jacobi Magnae Britanniae Regis\n Tractatus de potestate Summi Pontificis in rebus temporalibus, adversus Gulielmum Barclay\n\nKatekesi na maisha ya kiroho:\n Dottrina Cristiana Breve\n Dichiarazione Più Copiosa Della Dottrina Cristiana \n Dichiarazione del simbolo\n Admonitio ad Episcopum Theanensem nepotem suum quae sint necessaria episcopo \n Exhortationes Domesticae\n Conciones habitae Lovanii \n De Ascensione mentis in Deum\n De Aeterna felicitate sanctorum\n De gemitu columbae\n De septem verbis Christi \n De arte bene moriendi\n\nUfafanuzi wa Biblia na mengineyo:\n De Scriptoribus ecclesiasticis\n De Editione Latinae Vulgatae, quo sensu a Concilio Tridentino definitum sit ut ea pro authenticae habeatur\n In omnes Psalmos dilucida expositio\n\nViungo vya nje \n Matukio ya maisha yake katika Catholic forum web-site .\n Kitabu De Laicis kuhusu serikali katika tafsiri ya Kiingereza\n Kitabu Maneno Saba ya Yesu Msalabani\n Kitabu Heri ya Milele ya Watakatifu\n Kitabu Ufundi wa Kufa Vema)\n Kitabu hichohicho katika PDF \n . Taarifa muhimu juu yake\n Maisha yake.\n\nWaliozaliwa 1542\nWaliofariki 1621\nWajesuiti\nMaaskofu Wakatoliki\nMakardinali\nWatakatifu wa Italia\nWalimu wa Kanisa",
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Kpando Municipal District
|
Kpando Municipal District is one of the eighteen districts in Volta Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989 when it was known as Kpando District, until the southern part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 19 August 2004 to create South Dayi District; thus the remaining part has been retained as Kpando District. However on 28 June 2012, the southern part of the district was later split off to create North Dayi District on 28 June 2012; while the remaining part was elevated to municipal district assembly status on the same year to become Kpando Municipal District. The municipality is located in the western part of Volta Region and has Kpando as its capital town.
Background
Kpando, the municipal district capital, is about 70 km from Ho, the regional capital. The location of the Municipality places it at a strategic position with potential for fast economic growth and development. The municipality lies within Latitudes 6° 20’ N and 7° 05’ N, and Longitude 0° 17’ E. The Volta Lake, which stretches over 80 km of the coastal line, demarcates the western boundary. The Kpando Municipality shares boundaries with Biakoye District in the north, Afajato South District to the East and North Dayi District in the south.
The population of the Municipality according to 2010 population and housing census stands at 53,736 with 25,904 males and 27,832 females. Kpando Municipal is one of the oldest districts in the Volta Region of Ghana which span into the current Oti Region. Kpando Tokor is a fishing community along the Lake Volta. It also serve as a point to crossing the Lake Volta to Afram plains and other nearby villages using outboard motor powered boats or the government operated pontoon.
Boundaries
Kpando Municipal District is bounded by:
the Lake Volta to the west,
Afadzato South to the East,
Biakoye District to the north, and
North Dayi District to the south.
Villages
In addition to Kpandu, the Capital Town and Administrative Centre made up of Kpando Gabi, Kpando Tsakpe and Kpando Aloyi the Kpando Municipal District contains the following villages:
Tertiary Institutions
Margaret Marquart Catholic Nursing Training College
Senior High Schools
Bishop Herman College
Kpando Senior High School
Kpando Technical School
Hospitals
Margaret Marquart Catholic Hospital
St. Patrick's Hospital
Hotels & Guest Houses
Cedes Guest House
Typical Guesthouse
Same Sisters Guest House
Typical Guest House
First Class Guest House
Catherine's Guest House
Buggie Hotel
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of Volta Region
2012 establishments in Ghana
|
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"content": "Kpando Municipal District",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Kpando Municipal District is one of the eighteen districts in Volta Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989 when it was known as Kpando District, until the southern part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 19 August 2004 to create South Dayi District; thus the remaining part has been retained as Kpando District. However on 28 June 2012, the southern part of the district was later split off to create North Dayi District on 28 June 2012; while the remaining part was elevated to municipal district assembly status on the same year to become Kpando Municipal District. The municipality is located in the western part of Volta Region and has Kpando as its capital town.\n\nBackground \nKpando, the municipal district capital, is about 70 km from Ho, the regional capital. The location of the Municipality places it at a strategic position with potential for fast economic growth and development. The municipality lies within Latitudes 6° 20’ N and 7° 05’ N, and Longitude 0° 17’ E. The Volta Lake, which stretches over 80 km of the coastal line, demarcates the western boundary. The Kpando Municipality shares boundaries with Biakoye District in the north, Afajato South District to the East and North Dayi District in the south.\n\nThe population of the Municipality according to 2010 population and housing census stands at 53,736 with 25,904 males and 27,832 females. Kpando Municipal is one of the oldest districts in the Volta Region of Ghana which span into the current Oti Region. Kpando Tokor is a fishing community along the Lake Volta. It also serve as a point to crossing the Lake Volta to Afram plains and other nearby villages using outboard motor powered boats or the government operated pontoon.\n\nBoundaries\nKpando Municipal District is bounded by:\n\n the Lake Volta to the west,\n Afadzato South to the East,\nBiakoye District to the north, and\n North Dayi District to the south.\n\nVillages\nIn addition to Kpandu, the Capital Town and Administrative Centre made up of Kpando Gabi, Kpando Tsakpe and Kpando Aloyi the Kpando Municipal District contains the following villages:\n\nTertiary Institutions\n Margaret Marquart Catholic Nursing Training College\n\nSenior High Schools\n Bishop Herman College\n Kpando Senior High School\n Kpando Technical School\n\nHospitals\n Margaret Marquart Catholic Hospital\n St. Patrick's Hospital\n\nHotels & Guest Houses \n Cedes Guest House\n Typical Guesthouse\nSame Sisters Guest House\nTypical Guest House\nFirst Class Guest House\nCatherine's Guest House\nBuggie Hotel\n\nSources\n \n GhanaDistricts.com\n\nReferences\n\nDistricts of Volta Region\n2012 establishments in Ghana",
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] |
Abrahamu wa Faiyum
|
Abrahamu wa Faiyum (1829 – 10 Juni 1914) alikuwa mmonaki, halafu askofu wa Faiyum na Giza, maarufu kama Rafiki wa fukara.
Mwaka 1964, Sinodi ya Kanisa la Kikopti ilimtangaza mtakatifu.
Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Online e-Book: St. Anba Abram the Departed Bishop of Fayoum "Friend of the Poor" (1829-1914 A.D.) - Includes Part I: His Life & Part II: Wonders and Miracles - Written by William A. Hanna, Ph.D. (Format: PDF - 790 KB)
Another e-Book about Anba Abram, the Friend of the Poor, by Rev. Fr. Tadros Y. Malaty (Format: PDF - 646 KB)
https://web.archive.org/web/20050819132516/http://www.copticchurch.org/English_spiritual_articles/AnbaAbraam.htm
Saint (Anba) Abram Museum: An Album of the Contents of the Museum of The Departed Bishop of Fayoum; The Monastery of St. Mercurius known as 'Deir AL-Azab' Fayoum, Egypt (Format: PDF - 1.17 MB)
The Coptic Orthodox Diocese of El-Fayoum/Anba Abram Monastery, Egypt (most content in Arabic)
Waliozaliwa 1829
Waliofariki 1914
Wamonaki
Maaskofu
Watakatifu wa Misri
Wakopti
|
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"content": "Abrahamu wa Faiyum",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Abrahamu wa Faiyum (1829 – 10 Juni 1914) alikuwa mmonaki, halafu askofu wa Faiyum na Giza, maarufu kama Rafiki wa fukara.\n\nMwaka 1964, Sinodi ya Kanisa la Kikopti ilimtangaza mtakatifu.\n\nTazama pia\nWatakatifu wa Agano la Kale\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo\nOrodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika\nOrodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Online e-Book: St. Anba Abram the Departed Bishop of Fayoum \"Friend of the Poor\" (1829-1914 A.D.) - Includes Part I: His Life & Part II: Wonders and Miracles - Written by William A. Hanna, Ph.D. (Format: PDF - 790 KB)\n Another e-Book about Anba Abram, the Friend of the Poor, by Rev. Fr. Tadros Y. Malaty (Format: PDF - 646 KB)\n https://web.archive.org/web/20050819132516/http://www.copticchurch.org/English_spiritual_articles/AnbaAbraam.htm\n Saint (Anba) Abram Museum: An Album of the Contents of the Museum of The Departed Bishop of Fayoum; The Monastery of St. Mercurius known as 'Deir AL-Azab' Fayoum, Egypt (Format: PDF - 1.17 MB)\n The Coptic Orthodox Diocese of El-Fayoum/Anba Abram Monastery, Egypt (most content in Arabic)\n\nWaliozaliwa 1829\nWaliofariki 1914\nWamonaki\nMaaskofu\nWatakatifu wa Misri\nWakopti",
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Uwanja wa michezo wa Mandela
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Uwanja wa michezo wa Mandela ni uwanja wenye shughuli mbalimbali za kimichezo nchini Uganda. Ulipewa jina hilo la Rais wa Afrika Kusini, Nelson Mandela kwa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi. Rekodi ya mahudhurio ya uwanja huo iliwekwa mnamo mwaka 2004, katika mechi ya mpira wa miguu kati ya timu za taifa ya Uganda na Afrika Kusini.
Viungo Vya Nje
Photo at worldstadiums.com
Photo at fussballtempel.net
Photo at pbase.com
Marejeo
Viwanja vya michezo Uganda
Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha
|
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"content": "Uwanja wa michezo wa Mandela",
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"content": "Uwanja wa michezo wa Mandela ni uwanja wenye shughuli mbalimbali za kimichezo nchini Uganda. Ulipewa jina hilo la Rais wa Afrika Kusini, Nelson Mandela kwa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi. Rekodi ya mahudhurio ya uwanja huo iliwekwa mnamo mwaka 2004, katika mechi ya mpira wa miguu kati ya timu za taifa ya Uganda na Afrika Kusini.\n\nViungo Vya Nje\nPhoto at worldstadiums.com \nPhoto at fussballtempel.net\nPhoto at pbase.com\n\nMarejeo \n\nViwanja vya michezo Uganda\nAfrica Wiki Challenge Arusha",
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] |
Milima ya Mahenge
|
Milima ya Gulela iko mashariki mwa Tanzania katika Mkoa wa Morogoro.
Kilele cha juu kiko mita 1,039 juu ya usawa wa bahari.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania
Milima ya Tanzania
Mkoa wa Morogoro
|
[
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{
"content": "Milima ya Mahenge",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Milima ya Gulela iko mashariki mwa Tanzania katika Mkoa wa Morogoro. \n\nKilele cha juu kiko mita 1,039 juu ya usawa wa bahari.\n\nTazama pia \n Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania\n\nMilima ya Tanzania\nMkoa wa Morogoro",
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] |
Khalil Azmi
|
Khalil Azmi (alizaliwa 23 Agosti 1964) ni mchezaji wa soka wa zamani wa Moroko, aliyekuwa kipa. Alicheza misimu kumi katika Ligi ya Moroko, miwili katika USISL, miwili katika National Professional Soccer League, moja katika A-League, na moja katika Major League Soccer.
Viungo vya nje
FIFA: Khalil Azmi
Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko
Waliozaliwa 1964
Watu walio hai
|
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{
"content": "Khalil Azmi",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Khalil Azmi (alizaliwa 23 Agosti 1964) ni mchezaji wa soka wa zamani wa Moroko, aliyekuwa kipa. Alicheza misimu kumi katika Ligi ya Moroko, miwili katika USISL, miwili katika National Professional Soccer League, moja katika A-League, na moja katika Major League Soccer.\n\nViungo vya nje \n FIFA: Khalil Azmi\n\nWachezaji mpira wa Moroko\nWaliozaliwa 1964\nWatu walio hai",
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305%20Divizia%20A
|
The 2004–05 Divizia A was the eighty-seventh season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania. Season began in July 2004 and ended in June 2005. Steaua București became champions on 11 June 2005.
Team changes
Relegated
The teams that were relegated to the Divizia B at the end of the previous season:
Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț
Petrolul Ploiești
Bihor Oradea
Promoted
The teams that were promoted from the Divizia B at the start of the season:
Politehnica Iași
Sportul Studențesc
CFR Cluj
Venues
Personnel and kits
League table
Positions by round
Results
Attendances
Top goalscorers
Champion squad
References
Liga I seasons
Romania
1
|
[
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{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305%20Divizia%20A",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The 2004–05 Divizia A was the eighty-seventh season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania. Season began in July 2004 and ended in June 2005. Steaua București became champions on 11 June 2005.\n\nTeam changes\n\nRelegated\nThe teams that were relegated to the Divizia B at the end of the previous season:\n Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț\n Petrolul Ploiești\n Bihor Oradea\n\nPromoted\nThe teams that were promoted from the Divizia B at the start of the season:\n Politehnica Iași\n Sportul Studențesc\n CFR Cluj\n\nVenues\n\nPersonnel and kits\n\nLeague table\n\nPositions by round\n\nResults\n\nAttendances\n\nTop goalscorers\n\nChampion squad\n\nReferences\n\nLiga I seasons\nRomania\n1",
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid%20El%20Atrache
|
Farid El Atrache (Kiarabu:فريد الأطرش,Oktoba 19, 1910 - 26 Desemba 1974) alikuwa ni mtunzi, mwimbaji wa nchini Syria na huko Misri. Baada ya kuhamia Misri akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa tu na mama yake pamoja na ndugu zake. Al-Atrash alipata mafanikio ya juu kwa zaidi ya miongo minne na kurekodi nyimbo 500 na akiwa mhusika mkuu katika filamu 31. Wakati mwingine hujulikana kama "Mfalme wa Oud". Al-Atrash ni mmoja wa watu muhimu sana katika muziki wa Kiarabu wa karne ya 20.
Marejeo
Waliozaliwa 1910
Watu wa Misri
Waliofariki 1974
Arusha Editathon Muziki
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid%20El%20Atrache",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Farid El Atrache (Kiarabu:فريد الأطرش,Oktoba 19, 1910 - 26 Desemba 1974) alikuwa ni mtunzi, mwimbaji wa nchini Syria na huko Misri. Baada ya kuhamia Misri akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa tu na mama yake pamoja na ndugu zake. Al-Atrash alipata mafanikio ya juu kwa zaidi ya miongo minne na kurekodi nyimbo 500 na akiwa mhusika mkuu katika filamu 31. Wakati mwingine hujulikana kama \"Mfalme wa Oud\". Al-Atrash ni mmoja wa watu muhimu sana katika muziki wa Kiarabu wa karne ya 20.\n\nMarejeo\n\nWaliozaliwa 1910\nWatu wa Misri\nWaliofariki 1974\nArusha Editathon Muziki",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Mto Kavuko
|
unapatikana katika kaunti ya Kitui, mashariki mwa Kenya.
Maji yake yanaishia katika mto Tana, ambao ndio mrefu kuliko yote nchini, na hatimaye katika bahari ya Hindi.
Tazama pia
Mito ya Kenya
Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Kitui
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mito ya Kenya
Kaunti ya Kitui
Mto Tana
Bahari ya Hindi
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mto Kavuko",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "unapatikana katika kaunti ya Kitui, mashariki mwa Kenya.\n\nMaji yake yanaishia katika mto Tana, ambao ndio mrefu kuliko yote nchini, na hatimaye katika bahari ya Hindi.\n\nTazama pia\n Mito ya Kenya\n Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Kitui\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMito ya Kenya\nKaunti ya Kitui\nMto Tana\nBahari ya Hindi",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Nebraska Supreme Court
|
The Nebraska Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Nebraska. The court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. Each justice is initially appointed by the governor of Nebraska; using the Missouri Plan, each justice is then subject to a retention vote for additional six-year terms. The six associate justices each represent a Supreme Court district; the chief justice is appointed (and retained) at-large.
Unlike most other states, with the exception of North Dakota, the Nebraska Supreme Court requires a supermajority of five justices of the seven to rule unconstitutional a legislative provision (the 48 others states require a simple majority).
The court’s justices
Selection of justices
The court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. The six justices each represent a Supreme Court district. If a position becomes vacant, the judicial nominating commission, made up of four lawyers and four non-lawyers, holds a hearing to select potential candidates. The commission then submits two names to the Nebraska Governor, who then determines the replacing judge. If the Governor does not follow through with this responsibility within 60 days of receiving the nominees, the responsibility then goes to Chief Justice of the state Supreme Court. To retain the office, a judge must run in a retention election after serving three years. Additionally, the judge must run every six years to retain his seat. If the judge receives less than 50% of the affirmative vote, the judge is not retained. Nebraska judges do not have a mandatory retirement age, but they are granted retirement at age 65 or earlier, if it is due to disability.
Districts
The Supreme Court of Nebraska is separated into six districts, with one Justice selected for each. Each justice faces a retention election from his or her district except for the Chief Justice, who faces a statewide retention election. The districts mostly follow county lines and are redrawn decennially after the census results are finalized. The 2021 redistricting produced the following districts:
District 1
District 1 consists of Lancaster County.
District 2
District 2 consists of a part of Douglas County.
District 3
District 3 consists of Antelope, Boone, Boyd, Burt, Cedar, Cuming, Dakota, Dixon, Dodge, Holt, Knox, Madison, Pierce, Stanton, Thurston, Washington, Wayne, and Wheeler counties as well as parts of Douglas and Sarpy counties.
District 4
District 4 consists of parts of Douglas and Sarpy counties.
District 5
District 5 consists of Butler, Cass, Clay, Colfax, Fillmore, Gage, Hall, Hamilton, Jefferson, Johnson, Merrick, Nance, Nemaha, Nuckolls, Otoe, Pawnee, Platte, Polk, Richardson, Saline, Saunders, Seward, Thayer, Webster, and York counties.
District 6
District 6 consists of Adams, Arthur, Banner, Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Buffalo, Chase, Cherry, Cheyenne, Custer, Dawes, Dawson, Deuel, Dundy, Franklin, Frontier, Furnas, Garden, Garfield, Greeley, Gosper, Grant, Harlan, Hayes, Hitchcock, Hooker, Howard, Kearney, Keith, Keya Paha, Kimball, Lincoln, Logan, Loup, McPherson, Morrill, Perkins, Phelps, Red Willow, Rock, Scotts Bluff, Sheridan, Sherman, Sioux, Thomas, and Valley counties.
Current justices
Current members of Nebraska Supreme Court are:
Chief justice
Mike Heavican is the Chief Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court. He was appointed to the court by Governor Dave Heineman, a Republican, and assumed office as the court's presiding justice on October 2, 2006. He was retained in 2010, 2016, and 2022. The Chief Justice is appointed (and retained) at-large.
Salaries
As of January 2017, the Associate Justices and Chief Justice earn $171,975 annually. National Center for the State Courts, Salary Comparisons, Nebraska
History of the court
1850s to 1970s
Nebraska's original Supreme Court, referred to as the Territorial Supreme Court, was established following the Kansas–Nebraska Act in May 1854. Fifteen male judges comprised the bench of the Territorial Supreme Court. During the seventy-one years between 1867, when Nebraska became a state, to 1938 a total of thirty-seven judges sat on the Nebraska Supreme Court. The original total of a bench of fifteen was reduced to three. The three Supreme Court judges also served simultaneously as district court judges at the time of Nebraska's statehood. The Nebraska constitution was then amended in 1908 to include a bench of six associate justices and one chief justice. The chief justice position would be held by the justice with the least amount of time remaining in his term. The judges were originally chosen by partisan election. In 1908 this was later amended to a nonpartisan election. Currently the Nebraska Supreme Court justices are elected by way of a modified Missouri Plan.
In the Nebraska Supreme Court's early years there were no regulations as to what cases could be appealed and heard by the court. Due to the lack of regulations the Supreme Court's docket became overloaded. As a solution the Nebraska Supreme Court was allowed to elect commissioners to assist with the workload. Originally three commissioners were elected, one from the Democratic Party, one from the Republican Party, and the last a member of the Populist Party. The three commissioners would serve a term of three years. In 1901 the commissioners numbers increased from three to a total of nine. Six of the nine commissioners would serve a one-year term and three would serve a two-year term. The commissioners sat in groups of three. This resulted in the creation of four appellate courts, the fourth being the Supreme Court. Select District Court justices were allowed to sit on cases heard by the Supreme Court under four stipulations found in Article V, Section 2 of the state's constitution. If the court was sitting in two separate five judge divisions, if the constitutionality of a statute was in question, an appeal case of a convicted homicide, and lastly when a decision by a division of the Nebraska Supreme Court was under review. ) In 1977 a general guideline pertaining to the format of a court report was drafted and released to the court's reporters. This guideline would assure that all reports were structured in the same manner. Even with the efforts to increase the time efficiency of the Supreme Court the docket remained over filled. It was proposed to increase the existing bench of seven judges to a bench of nine. The amendment was opposed but revisited later in 1977. It was in this year that the Supreme Court Judges received a salary of 39,750 dollars, an increase from previous years.
Boyd v. Nebraska ex Rel. Thayer
The case Boyd v. Nebraska ex Rel. Thayer was heard by the Supreme Court in 1891. The case was the result of a Gubernatorial Election in which Omaha Democrat James Boyd claimed victory. There were accusations by the Populist party regarding fraudulent votes in the favor of Boyd. John M. Thayer, the existing governor of the state, refused to give up his office. Thayer questioned the legitimacy of Boyd's citizenship claiming he was not eligible for office. Boyd's father, an immigrant, obtained citizenship after his son reached the age of majority. Thayer filed a quo warranto in the Nebraska Supreme Court. The court ruled that the father's citizenship did not apply to Boyd. The Nebraska Supreme Court restored Thayer to office. Boyd appealed after the ruling. The case progressed to the United States Supreme Court. The court ruled that Boyd was a citizen.
Chief Justice Robert G. Simmons
Robert G. Simmons was the longest-serving chief justice in the history of the Nebraska Supreme Court as of . Chief Justice Simmons was born in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska in 1891. He attended Hastings college and the University of Nebraska's College of Law. His early career paths included Scotts Bluff County Attorney, a lieutenant in the army, and was elected to congress as a Republican. On November 8, 1938 Simmons defeated former attorney general C.A. Sorenson and was elected Chief Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court. The Simmons era heard several cases involving capital punishment. The court issued death warrants for four murders. The four death sentence's method was the electric chair. One of the four executions in the Simmons Era was Charles Starkweather. In 1951 the Simmon's court heard the case of Drabbels v. Skelly Oil Co. This case addressed the legitimacy of a murder charge in regard to an unborn child. The court unanimously ruled that a child who is still within the womb of the mother has no claim to life. Chief Justice Simmons retired on January 2, 1963 after serving on the bench for slightly over twenty five years.
Meyer v. Nebraska
Structure of the Nebraska courts
Decisions of the county court can be appealed to the district court, although some cases, such as probate cases and decisions of the county court sitting as a juvenile court, may be appealed directly to the Nebraska Court of Appeals. Decisions of the district court, juvenile courts, and workers' compensation court are appealable to the Court of Appeals. Decisions of the Court of Appeals are subject to further review by the Supreme Court.
Notable cases
Chicago B. & Q.R. Co. v. Krayenbuhl: Liability
Meyer v. Nebraska: Due process
McGuire v. McGuire: Financial responsibilities in a marriage
Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart: Free speech
References
External links
Nebraska Supreme Court Homepage.
1854 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Courts and tribunals established in 1854
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Nebraska Supreme Court",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Nebraska Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Nebraska. The court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. Each justice is initially appointed by the governor of Nebraska; using the Missouri Plan, each justice is then subject to a retention vote for additional six-year terms. The six associate justices each represent a Supreme Court district; the chief justice is appointed (and retained) at-large.\n\nUnlike most other states, with the exception of North Dakota, the Nebraska Supreme Court requires a supermajority of five justices of the seven to rule unconstitutional a legislative provision (the 48 others states require a simple majority).\n\nThe court’s justices\n\nSelection of justices\nThe court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. The six justices each represent a Supreme Court district. If a position becomes vacant, the judicial nominating commission, made up of four lawyers and four non-lawyers, holds a hearing to select potential candidates. The commission then submits two names to the Nebraska Governor, who then determines the replacing judge. If the Governor does not follow through with this responsibility within 60 days of receiving the nominees, the responsibility then goes to Chief Justice of the state Supreme Court. To retain the office, a judge must run in a retention election after serving three years. Additionally, the judge must run every six years to retain his seat. If the judge receives less than 50% of the affirmative vote, the judge is not retained. Nebraska judges do not have a mandatory retirement age, but they are granted retirement at age 65 or earlier, if it is due to disability.\n\nDistricts\nThe Supreme Court of Nebraska is separated into six districts, with one Justice selected for each. Each justice faces a retention election from his or her district except for the Chief Justice, who faces a statewide retention election. The districts mostly follow county lines and are redrawn decennially after the census results are finalized. The 2021 redistricting produced the following districts:\n\nDistrict 1\nDistrict 1 consists of Lancaster County.\n\nDistrict 2\nDistrict 2 consists of a part of Douglas County.\n\nDistrict 3\nDistrict 3 consists of Antelope, Boone, Boyd, Burt, Cedar, Cuming, Dakota, Dixon, Dodge, Holt, Knox, Madison, Pierce, Stanton, Thurston, Washington, Wayne, and Wheeler counties as well as parts of Douglas and Sarpy counties.\n\nDistrict 4\nDistrict 4 consists of parts of Douglas and Sarpy counties.\n\nDistrict 5\nDistrict 5 consists of Butler, Cass, Clay, Colfax, Fillmore, Gage, Hall, Hamilton, Jefferson, Johnson, Merrick, Nance, Nemaha, Nuckolls, Otoe, Pawnee, Platte, Polk, Richardson, Saline, Saunders, Seward, Thayer, Webster, and York counties.\n\nDistrict 6 \nDistrict 6 consists of Adams, Arthur, Banner, Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Buffalo, Chase, Cherry, Cheyenne, Custer, Dawes, Dawson, Deuel, Dundy, Franklin, Frontier, Furnas, Garden, Garfield, Greeley, Gosper, Grant, Harlan, Hayes, Hitchcock, Hooker, Howard, Kearney, Keith, Keya Paha, Kimball, Lincoln, Logan, Loup, McPherson, Morrill, Perkins, Phelps, Red Willow, Rock, Scotts Bluff, Sheridan, Sherman, Sioux, Thomas, and Valley counties.\n\nCurrent justices\n\nCurrent members of Nebraska Supreme Court are:\n\nChief justice\nMike Heavican is the Chief Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court. He was appointed to the court by Governor Dave Heineman, a Republican, and assumed office as the court's presiding justice on October 2, 2006. He was retained in 2010, 2016, and 2022. The Chief Justice is appointed (and retained) at-large.\n\nSalaries\nAs of January 2017, the Associate Justices and Chief Justice earn $171,975 annually. National Center for the State Courts, Salary Comparisons, Nebraska\n\nHistory of the court\n\n1850s to 1970s\nNebraska's original Supreme Court, referred to as the Territorial Supreme Court, was established following the Kansas–Nebraska Act in May 1854. Fifteen male judges comprised the bench of the Territorial Supreme Court. During the seventy-one years between 1867, when Nebraska became a state, to 1938 a total of thirty-seven judges sat on the Nebraska Supreme Court. The original total of a bench of fifteen was reduced to three. The three Supreme Court judges also served simultaneously as district court judges at the time of Nebraska's statehood. The Nebraska constitution was then amended in 1908 to include a bench of six associate justices and one chief justice. The chief justice position would be held by the justice with the least amount of time remaining in his term. The judges were originally chosen by partisan election. In 1908 this was later amended to a nonpartisan election. Currently the Nebraska Supreme Court justices are elected by way of a modified Missouri Plan.\n\nIn the Nebraska Supreme Court's early years there were no regulations as to what cases could be appealed and heard by the court. Due to the lack of regulations the Supreme Court's docket became overloaded. As a solution the Nebraska Supreme Court was allowed to elect commissioners to assist with the workload. Originally three commissioners were elected, one from the Democratic Party, one from the Republican Party, and the last a member of the Populist Party. The three commissioners would serve a term of three years. In 1901 the commissioners numbers increased from three to a total of nine. Six of the nine commissioners would serve a one-year term and three would serve a two-year term. The commissioners sat in groups of three. This resulted in the creation of four appellate courts, the fourth being the Supreme Court. Select District Court justices were allowed to sit on cases heard by the Supreme Court under four stipulations found in Article V, Section 2 of the state's constitution. If the court was sitting in two separate five judge divisions, if the constitutionality of a statute was in question, an appeal case of a convicted homicide, and lastly when a decision by a division of the Nebraska Supreme Court was under review. ) In 1977 a general guideline pertaining to the format of a court report was drafted and released to the court's reporters. This guideline would assure that all reports were structured in the same manner. Even with the efforts to increase the time efficiency of the Supreme Court the docket remained over filled. It was proposed to increase the existing bench of seven judges to a bench of nine. The amendment was opposed but revisited later in 1977. It was in this year that the Supreme Court Judges received a salary of 39,750 dollars, an increase from previous years.\n\nBoyd v. Nebraska ex Rel. Thayer\nThe case Boyd v. Nebraska ex Rel. Thayer was heard by the Supreme Court in 1891. The case was the result of a Gubernatorial Election in which Omaha Democrat James Boyd claimed victory. There were accusations by the Populist party regarding fraudulent votes in the favor of Boyd. John M. Thayer, the existing governor of the state, refused to give up his office. Thayer questioned the legitimacy of Boyd's citizenship claiming he was not eligible for office. Boyd's father, an immigrant, obtained citizenship after his son reached the age of majority. Thayer filed a quo warranto in the Nebraska Supreme Court. The court ruled that the father's citizenship did not apply to Boyd. The Nebraska Supreme Court restored Thayer to office. Boyd appealed after the ruling. The case progressed to the United States Supreme Court. The court ruled that Boyd was a citizen.\n\nChief Justice Robert G. Simmons\n\nRobert G. Simmons was the longest-serving chief justice in the history of the Nebraska Supreme Court as of . Chief Justice Simmons was born in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska in 1891. He attended Hastings college and the University of Nebraska's College of Law. His early career paths included Scotts Bluff County Attorney, a lieutenant in the army, and was elected to congress as a Republican. On November 8, 1938 Simmons defeated former attorney general C.A. Sorenson and was elected Chief Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court. The Simmons era heard several cases involving capital punishment. The court issued death warrants for four murders. The four death sentence's method was the electric chair. One of the four executions in the Simmons Era was Charles Starkweather. In 1951 the Simmon's court heard the case of Drabbels v. Skelly Oil Co. This case addressed the legitimacy of a murder charge in regard to an unborn child. The court unanimously ruled that a child who is still within the womb of the mother has no claim to life. Chief Justice Simmons retired on January 2, 1963 after serving on the bench for slightly over twenty five years.\n\nMeyer v. Nebraska\n\nStructure of the Nebraska courts\n\nDecisions of the county court can be appealed to the district court, although some cases, such as probate cases and decisions of the county court sitting as a juvenile court, may be appealed directly to the Nebraska Court of Appeals. Decisions of the district court, juvenile courts, and workers' compensation court are appealable to the Court of Appeals. Decisions of the Court of Appeals are subject to further review by the Supreme Court.\n\nNotable cases\n Chicago B. & Q.R. Co. v. Krayenbuhl: Liability\n Meyer v. Nebraska: Due process\n McGuire v. McGuire: Financial responsibilities in a marriage\n Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart: Free speech\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nNebraska Supreme Court Homepage.\n\n \n\n \n1854 establishments in Nebraska Territory\nCourts and tribunals established in 1854",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari%20ya%20Riiser-Larsen
|
ni bahari ya pembeni ya Bahari ya Kusini.
Tanbihi
Antaktika
Bahari
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari%20ya%20Riiser-Larsen",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni bahari ya pembeni ya Bahari ya Kusini.\n\nTanbihi\n\nAntaktika\nBahari",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Miaka ya 200 KK
|
Makala hii inahusu muongo ya miaka 209 - 200 KK.
Matukio
Utamaduni
Sayansi
Watu
Viungo vya nje
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Miaka ya 200 KK",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Makala hii inahusu muongo ya miaka 209 - 200 KK.\n\nMatukio\n\nUtamaduni\n\nSayansi\n\nWatu\n\nViungo vya nje",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Selian
|
ni kati ya mito ya mkoa wa Arusha (Tanzania Kaskazini).
Unaanzia katika mlima Meru na kupita karibu na mji wa Arusha.
Tazama pia
Mito ya Tanzania
Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Arusha
Tanbihi
Viungo vya nje
Geonames.org
Mito ya Tanzania
Mkoa wa Arusha
Arusha
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto%20Selian",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "ni kati ya mito ya mkoa wa Arusha (Tanzania Kaskazini). \n\nUnaanzia katika mlima Meru na kupita karibu na mji wa Arusha.\n\nTazama pia\n Mito ya Tanzania\n Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Arusha\n\nTanbihi\n\nViungo vya nje\n Geonames.org\n\nMito ya Tanzania\nMkoa wa Arusha\nArusha",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Hajigak Pass
|
The Hajigak Pass ( hajji gak 'little pilgrim') is a mountain pass of Afghanistan. It is situated at a height of above sea-level in the northern part of Maidan Wardak province, connecting it with Bamyan province to the northwest. It is one of the two main routes from Kabul to Bamyan in Hazarajat, leading across the Koh-i-Baba range.
Climate
The climate in this area is classified as a subarctic (Dsc) in the Köppen climate classification system. Avalanches, heavy snowfalls and landslides can occur anytime and can sometimes block some sections of the road, being extremely dangerous due to frequent patches of ice.
Routes
The two main routes from Kabul to Bamyan are from the south via Maidan Wardak and the Hajigak Pass, and from the north via Parwan and the Shibar Pass. The journey via the Shibar Pass is approximately 6 and half hours long covering around long. The Shibar pass is still preferred over the Hajigak pass on safety grounds, because in the harsh climate of the area the Hajigak remain covered with snow during most of the year.
The Hajigak route leaves Kabul from Kote Sangi, about 1 km west of Kabul University, and follows the paved highway to Ghazni west and then south into Maidan Wardak province. There the route leaves the Ghazni highway, turning right to head west through Maidan Shar, the capital of Maidan Wardak province. It continues through Jalrez, Sarchashman, Sia Sang, and Duz Qol, before crossing the Unai Pass to Gardan Diwal, where the route again turns to the right to head north, and finally start the climb to the Hajigak Pass proper.
There are numerous villages in this sparsely populated, rugged area. The greenness of the trees and the clearness of the air in the valleys greet tourists who travel to Bamyan. In the fall and spring large camel caravans add their particular color and excitement to the scene.
The major wildlife is lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) which are often seen squatting in large groups beside the road. These very large birds are also known as Bearded Vultures for they have very noticeable, rather comical goatees. Having a passion for bone marrow, they have been seen to carry animal bones to a height and carefully drop them onto rocks to crack them so that they can feast upon the marrow with greedy delight.
Railway projects
In May 2016, India, Iran and Afghanistan signed an agreement to develop two berths at the Port of Chabahar, build the new Chabahar-Zahedan railway line as part of the North–South Transport Corridor by linking it with the Trans-Iranian Railway, and invest up to INR 1 lakh crore (US$14 billion) in the Chabahar Special Economic zone by building a gas-based urea plant as well as other industries there. The proposed railway line will be linked with the Chabahar-Zaranj-Delaram-Hajigak railway, a 900 km long Indian-Iranian project that will link the future US$10 billion Indian iron-ore mining operations at the Hajigak to the Chabahar port.
See also
Unai Pass
Shibar Pass
Hajigak mining concession
References
External links
Kotal Hajigak
Mountain passes of Afghanistan
Landforms of Maidan Wardak Province
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Hajigak Pass",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Hajigak Pass ( hajji gak 'little pilgrim') is a mountain pass of Afghanistan. It is situated at a height of above sea-level in the northern part of Maidan Wardak province, connecting it with Bamyan province to the northwest. It is one of the two main routes from Kabul to Bamyan in Hazarajat, leading across the Koh-i-Baba range.\n\nClimate\nThe climate in this area is classified as a subarctic (Dsc) in the Köppen climate classification system. Avalanches, heavy snowfalls and landslides can occur anytime and can sometimes block some sections of the road, being extremely dangerous due to frequent patches of ice.\n\nRoutes\nThe two main routes from Kabul to Bamyan are from the south via Maidan Wardak and the Hajigak Pass, and from the north via Parwan and the Shibar Pass. The journey via the Shibar Pass is approximately 6 and half hours long covering around long. The Shibar pass is still preferred over the Hajigak pass on safety grounds, because in the harsh climate of the area the Hajigak remain covered with snow during most of the year.\n\nThe Hajigak route leaves Kabul from Kote Sangi, about 1 km west of Kabul University, and follows the paved highway to Ghazni west and then south into Maidan Wardak province. There the route leaves the Ghazni highway, turning right to head west through Maidan Shar, the capital of Maidan Wardak province. It continues through Jalrez, Sarchashman, Sia Sang, and Duz Qol, before crossing the Unai Pass to Gardan Diwal, where the route again turns to the right to head north, and finally start the climb to the Hajigak Pass proper.\n\nThere are numerous villages in this sparsely populated, rugged area. The greenness of the trees and the clearness of the air in the valleys greet tourists who travel to Bamyan. In the fall and spring large camel caravans add their particular color and excitement to the scene.\n\nThe major wildlife is lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) which are often seen squatting in large groups beside the road. These very large birds are also known as Bearded Vultures for they have very noticeable, rather comical goatees. Having a passion for bone marrow, they have been seen to carry animal bones to a height and carefully drop them onto rocks to crack them so that they can feast upon the marrow with greedy delight.\n\nRailway projects \n\nIn May 2016, India, Iran and Afghanistan signed an agreement to develop two berths at the Port of Chabahar, build the new Chabahar-Zahedan railway line as part of the North–South Transport Corridor by linking it with the Trans-Iranian Railway, and invest up to INR 1 lakh crore (US$14 billion) in the Chabahar Special Economic zone by building a gas-based urea plant as well as other industries there. The proposed railway line will be linked with the Chabahar-Zaranj-Delaram-Hajigak railway, a 900 km long Indian-Iranian project that will link the future US$10 billion Indian iron-ore mining operations at the Hajigak to the Chabahar port.\n\nSee also\nUnai Pass\nShibar Pass\nHajigak mining concession\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Kotal Hajigak\n\nMountain passes of Afghanistan\nLandforms of Maidan Wardak Province",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
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