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An extensive new study confirms the link between electronic cigarette use and a higher risk of chronic lung conditions. The study also found that many e-cigarette users also smoked tobacco, thereby facing an even higher risk of lung problems.
However, more and more evidence is stacking up against the perceived safety of these now popular devices.
And recently, some specialists have urged policymakers to take more restrictive measures when it comes to regulating e-cigarettes to safeguard public health more closely.
Now, the first longitudinal study of its kind — conducted in a large sample cohort that is representative of the population of the United States — confirms that there is a significant link between e-cigarette use and an increased risk of developing chronic lung disease.
Its authors, who have affiliations with the University of California in San Francisco, reveal their findings in a study paper featured in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.
Lung disease risk increases by about a third
For this study, the researchers analyzed the data of more than 32,000 U.S. adults, as collected via the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. The team had access to information on the participants' use of e-cigarettes, as well as tobacco between 2013–2016.
Since none of these participants had lung disease at baseline, the investigators also looked at medical records, taking note of any new lung disease diagnoses that occurred during the study period.
The team found that both current and former e-cigarette users had a 1.3 times higher risk of developing chronic lung disease compared with non-users. This association remained in place even after the investigators adjusted for confounding factors, including tobacco use.
"What we found is that for e-cigarette users, the odds of developing lung disease increased by about a third, even after controlling for their tobacco use and their clinical and demographic information."
Senior author Prof. Stanton Glantz
"We concluded that e-cigarettes are harmful on their own, and the effects are independent of smoking conventional tobacco," says Prof. Glantz
Individuals who smoked tobacco — but did not use e-cigarettes — had a 2.6 times higher risk of developing lung disease than non-smokers.
Dual users face an even higher risk
But the researchers also found something even more concerning — a large number of people who smoked tobacco also used e-cigarettes. These dual users, the team notes, had more than triple the risk of chronic lung disease.
"Dual users — the most common use pattern among people who use e-cigarettes — get the combined risk of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes, so they're actually worse off than tobacco smokers," Prof. Glantz observes.
The researchers also point out that while people who switch from traditional tobacco cigarettes to e-cigarettes may indeed lower their own risk of lung problems, according to their data, under 1% of people who smoked tobacco switched to e-cigarettes, exclusively.
Other tobacco users took up e-cigarettes without giving up traditional smoking, thereby actually facing more significant health risks.
"Switching from conventional cigarettes to e-cigarettes exclusively could reduce the risk of lung disease, but very few people do it," notes Prof. Glantz.
"For most smokers, they simply add e-cigarettes and become dual users, significantly increasing their risk of developing lung disease above just smoking," he stresses.
These findings come hot on the heels of an outbreak of e-cigarette use-associated lung injury that prompted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to issue urgent warnings to users.
However, the researchers point out that their findings do not refer to such cases of lung injury. They do, however, suggest a strong relationship between e-cigarettes and poor lung health.
"This study contributes to the growing case that e-cigarettes have long-term adverse effects on health and are making the tobacco epidemic worse," says Prof. Glantz.
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A Note from the Teacher: Bilingual teacher offers math in both Spanish and English in one Ozarks school district
In this round of our ongoing series Making a Difference, we hear first person essays from teachers in the rural Ozarks. This segment features Karen Quinonez Hernandez of the Carthage School District.
My name is Karen Quiñonez-Hernandez. I teach math in the Carthage School District in Carthage, Missouri — a town of about 15,500 people in southwest Missouri.
I would like to start by painting a picture of the school district I work in. Carthage is very special and unique. While much of southwest Missouri is rural with a predominantly white population, the Carthage School District is about 42 percent Hispanic and 53 percent white. English Language learners make up 24% of the student population, and about 60% of students receive free or reduced lunches. I have always imagined myself teaching at a school district like this. Since I am bilingual in English and in Spanish, I feel like what I bring to the table is definitely valued here because the district is in need of Spanish speaking professionals.
I teach seventh grade math all day long. That might sound a little boring to most, but I teach in English part of the day, and some of my lessons are completely in Spanish. This definitely breaks up the day for me. Currently, Carthage offers a kindergarten through eighth grade Dual Language program. We are the only rural district in Missouri to offer this immersion program and we hope to expand it through the 12th grade.
My Dual Language students are a mixture of children whose first language is English and students whose first language is Spanish. They have all been taking Dual Language classes together since kindergarten. By the time they get to me, most of them are fluent in both languages. They are meeting grade level expectations in core areas in both program languages! These students have proven capable of demonstrating cultural competence by understanding different cultures and being open to different cultural perspectives. For example, a former student of mine rescheduled her birthday party because one of the students that she had invited was unable to make it because she had to stay home and care for her siblings. As a seventh grader, she understood that, in most Hispanic households, the eldest child — especially daughters — normally take on caregiving obligations while parents are working.
Both students and teachers face challenges in our district. For one there's a lack of bilingual resources available for teachers to use or purchase. It is up to the classroom teacher to come up with all new activities that are in Spanish or translate an activity that was originally created in English. Therefore, anything I create in English, I must also translate to Spanish for my Dual Language classes. As the program progresses into high school next year, it will become more and more difficult to find educators who are bilingual or certified in Spanish that are also certified to teach in another content area.
Any teacher who teaches in a Dual Language program will most likely agree that it is double the work. However, it is well worth it. The parents that have enrolled their kids in this program have been so incredibly supportive and want to see their children succeed.
Since the kids have been together since kindergarten, the energy they bring to the classroom on the first day of school is at another level. There was no need for the beginning of the year ice breakers with them. They were all so comfortable and just happy to see each other. Instead, it felt like they were seeing if I was a good fit for their group.
They act like siblings. They support each other, lift each other up and even argue like siblings sometimes.
These students are leaders. I know the program is doing something right when I see them at school events translating for community members who only speak Spanish.
My students are determined. Another former student of mine whose first language is English was telling me all about her Algebra class. She said it takes her a little while to understand what is going on because she is receiving her lesson in English but she is thinking in Spanish. I was so ecstatic to hear that from her because she is using her second language to process.
I am so thankful to have the opportunity to teach the content that I love in the language that I grew up speaking. I never knew that being able to explain mathematical concepts to middle school students in two different languages would be so rewarding. Seeing that “aha” moment whenever the concept isn’t making sense in English, and I try explaining it in Spanish and it clicks is such a good feeling. The whole point is for them to understand math. Mathematics is its own language and I am so incredibly proud of my students to be learning it and understanding it in a foreign language.
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Staunton, February 28 – Many Russians assume that if a non-Russian stops speaking his own language and uses only Russian that such an individual is well on his way to re-identifying as a Russian. But that is not the case, and many Russian-speaking members of non-Russian nationalities remain closely attached to their non-Russian ethnic identity.
Indeed, just as the Irish did not become Irish nationalists until they stopped speaking Gaelic and just as Indian nationalism took off when the leaders of its many ethnic groups began speaking English, many non-Russians who no longer speak their own language are among the most passionately interested in their nations and their national history.
And thus it may even be the case that some members of a nationality who lose their native language and speak only Russian may be in a better position to defend their nations against Russian imperialism and the threat of national extinction than are those who speak only the national languages.
Consequently, it is a mistake for either Moscow officials or Western observers to think that the Russian language is so powerful that it can by itself transform the identities of non-Russians who go over to speaking it. In fact, it may have just the opposite effect and lead to more nationalism rather than less.
Rabit Batulla, a Kazan Tatar commentator, even goes so far as to declare that “the fate of the Tatar nation is not in the hands [of those who speak only Tatar and loudly proclaim today their Tatarness] but rather in the hands of Russian-speaking Tatars” (tatar-tribun.ru/kultur-multur/obrusevshie-ili-zhe-russkoyazychnye.html).
“Among Russian-speaking Tatars, there are many who are vitally interested in the past, present and future of the Tatar people. Typically such Tatars have European or Russian first names and Tatar family names.” But in almost all cases, they are proud of their Tatar background and consider themselves Tatars.
One of them told him, Batulla continues, that while he may speak Russian, he is “not Russified,” but instead “a Russian-language Tatar.” And he insists that “language is not the main component of the definition of the nation, and not religion forms the basis of the nation. Instead, knowledge, science and national character form the history and face of the Tatar people.”
“If knowledge is absent, then history disappears,” Batulla’s interlocutor continues; and “those who have [only] Tatar, often are illiterate” and thus not capable of preserving and promoting their national identity.
But Russian-speaking Tatars like himself, he says, “are saving the history of the Tatars by sacrificing their native language and Islam. At the foundation of a bright future of the Tatar nation lies its national character.” Anyone who doubts that should look at the history of the Jews since ancient times.
“For centuries,” he says, “Jews were forced to move around the world, they were driven out from everywhere, they were persecuted, they were killed in large numbers and finally they settled in Russia. They forgot their native language and were transformed into Russian-speaking Jews. They even in fact began to forget the religion of their forefathers.”
“But,” he continues, “the Jews preserved their national character” despite that. Those Tatar nationalists who denounce Russian-speaking Tatars should remember this and remember as well that Russian-speaking Tatars are often more effective defenders of the Tatar nation than are Tatar-speaking Tatars.
To be sure, “overt and covert assimilation of Tatars is taking place. Many of them are being russified. But [Russian-speaking Tatars] are not.” Instead, they “love and study Tatar history.” No one is going to be able to stop the spread of Russian. “That train has left the station. And there is no way back.”
Insstead, “there remains only one single path, the path of the Russian-speaking Tatars.” And because that is so, all Tatars must view Russian-speaking Tatars not as the enemy but as a key component in the formation of a new Tatar nation. In some ways, it might be better if this were not the case; but this is the best strategy for the future.
Failing to remain united regardless of language only pours “water on the mill of anti-Tatar forces” and allows them to successfully pursue their “divide and conquer” strategy. And to promote such unity, he calls for establishing in each region “a society of young Russian-speaking Tatar intellectuals and to invite to join it successful Tatar businessmen."
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Pigeons are one of the most intelligent birds with an amazing memory. A pigeon can detect cancer in radiology images, pass the mirror test, and recognize words. Pigeons can see colors the same way as humans, and they also can see ultraviolet rays. Due to their intelligence and adaptability, the US Coast Guard uses pigeons to rescue people.
During the 1970s and early 80s, the US coast guard trained pigeons to search for people lost at sea as part of “Project Sea Hunt.” Pigeons have better eyesight than humans, so they were given basic training for search and rescue missions. The pigeons were good at spotting but were trained on orange, red, and yellow objects. After their basic training, the pigeons were placed in chambers beneath the helicopter with a view of a 120-degree window, so three pigeons could see 360 degrees. When they saw a life jacket they pecked a keyboard which was set with a light, so the helicopter moved closer to the target. The pigeons outperformed the humans by spotting the floating target 80 of 89 trails and spotted targets 90% of the time where the aircrew saw the object only 38 percent of the time.
There were also few drawbacks of using pigeons. The first and foremost drawback was the weight of the pigeons, which had to be carefully maintained. Pigeons generally get hungry to search the oceans for hours without losing focus. Pigeons’ health will be at risk if the weight drops, whereas an increase in weight would reduce their effectiveness. During the project sea hunt, a helicopter went in search of the missing boat. The helicopter ran out of fuel and landed at sea, in which the crew escaped with no injuries, but they couldn’t save the life of pigeons.
What Animal Did the US Coast Guard Attempt to Train as Lifeguards
- A. Pigeons
- B. Hawk
- C. Falcon
- D. Eagle
Despite the accident, the Coast Guard recommended sending the pigeons to helicopter units across America. The officials also wanted to introduce owls in the search and rescue missions because they would see them at night.
Why Not Hawks and Falcons?
The Coast Guard officials said they didn’t train shape-eyed birds like hawks or falcons because pigeons are well-mannered, calmer, and easier to train.
The project sea hunt was successful in 1981, but the advances in technology replaced pigeons.
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In 1994, Kirkwood, Foster, & Bartow replicated a 1983 study about the history of industrial arts. In their study, the authors concluded that industrial arts and technology education share a rich history. Given that technology itself comes out of the practical arts, I suppose this should not be surprising.
What is a bit surprising is that the authors seem to imply that the technology education movers and shakers at the time were trying to separate themselves from industrial arts education. Perhaps the technology folks wanted to claim their ideas as new when they were just putting new skins on old wine (nothing ever changes, does it?).
I am a firm believer in using historical perspectives to guide our decision-making. Yet, we have to avoid using historical perspective to view any new ideas as simply a pendulum shift. Instead, look for the funnel effect. While new ideas might look like old ideas, they should be circling ever closer to the target.
The article also made me wonder about if our continued focus on using technology for learning (educational technology) might be causing us to miss the long-held goals of industrial arts and technology education. Sure the kids are using technology, but are they thinking about technology?
Kirkwood, J.J.; Foster, P.N.; & Bartow, S.M. (1994). Historical Leaders in Technology Education Philosophy. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education. 32(1). Online.
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Oral Health for Athletes
For everyone, including elite and endurance athletes, the best protection against tooth decay is a combined regimen of effective home care, regular professional care, and a heathy diet that is low in refined sugar, simple carbohydrates, and concentrated forms of acid. Exercise is also an important part of an overall healthy lifestyle, but there are certain forms of exercise and levels of physical training that can increase an individual’s overall risk factors for tooth decay. These factors are often not fully controlled with something as simple as swapping one sports drink for another.
The good news is that most of these factors can be controlled with some simple adjustments to your basic fueling and home-care routine. However, as more and more people strive to increase their overall health and fitness levels by training for and completing a marathon, triathlon, century, or Ironman competition on an amateur level, there is an increasing gap of information about how to care properly for your teeth while you train and compete.
What you put in your mouth before, during, and after a strenuous workout or endurance race can certainly have a significant effect on the health of your teeth over time, but the changes that occur in the mouth during high-impact or endurance exercise create an environment where cavity-causing bacteria can thrive and reproduce at accelerated rates when acid and sugar are present. Understanding these basic biological changes that happen in the mouth when you engage in endurance or elite levels of exercise is key in helping you make the best choices possible in fueling your athletic performance and protecting the health of your teeth.
Why Saliva Matters
When we talk about the accelerated risks of tooth decay in performance athletes and amateur enthusiasts in comparison to the general population, the biggest distinguishing factor lies not so much in the sports drinks, gels, and bars consumed during training, but in the saliva itself. As the duration and intensity of exercise increases, the rate of breathing increases as well. These increased rates of respiration tend to dry out the mouth. The longer the exercise lasts, the more difficulty the mouth has in maintaining adequate saliva flow. Many endurance athletes describe this feeling as ‘cotton mouth’ and it is extremely common in runners, cyclists, swimmers, speed skaters, and many other athletes who maintain high levels of cardiovascular activity for extended periods of time.
This lack of saliva in the mouth isn’t just uncomfortable for the athlete; it is also the primary accelerant for dental decay. The saliva contains protective, neutralizing enzymes that help control the growth of cavity-causing bacteria. If a sugar, simple carbohydrate, or highly acidic food or beverage is introduced into the mouth when the saliva flow is low like this, those bacteria are able to grow and reproduce at a virtually uninhibited rate. Swimmers, unlike cyclists and runners, almost never fuel while they are swimming, but they can also be at risk of accelerated dental decay when this same dry mouth is exposed to chlorinated water that has not been properly pH adjusted.
The biggest problem for most endurance athletes here is that simple carbohydrates like sugar form the foundation of proper fueling through an event or long training session. When you are running, swimming, or cycling for hours at a time, the body simply cannot wait for you to digest a more complex form of fuel. Which means that your mouth will be exposed to food and beverages that leave you more vulnerable to developing decay at a time when your mouth has very few defenses against it.
Dental Disease Affects Athletic performance
Sometimes a passionate pursuit like professional athletics can come with sacrifices. Many professional athletes suffer injuries and joint degeneration due to overuse. But tooth decay is not the same as a functional overuse injury. Tooth decay is a disease and the body treats it as such. When dental decay develops enough, the entire immune system engages to try and keep the bacteria from entering the bloodstream and creating infection elsewhere in the body. The pain of a toothache is at the very least a distraction during exercise, but asking your body to fight an internal infection and run a marathon at the same time will most certainly affect your overall performance.
A very interesting study to this effect was performed at the 2012 Olympic Games in London. 302 athletes from 25 different sports were examined and interviewed during their time in the Olympic Village. The results demonstrated extremely high levels of poor oral health, including dental decay in 55% of the athletes, and gingivitis in 76% of the athletes. More than 40% of those athletes reported being bothered by their oral health, and 18% were conscious of their oral health having a negative impact on their training and performance.
What You Can Do
The good news is that many of the risk factors for tooth decay associated with athletic performance can be reduced with some simple changes to how and when you fuel, and how you care for your mouth when you aren’t exercising.
Here are some guidelines to consider:
International Journal of Sports Medicine: Elite athletes and oral health
British Journal of Sports Medicine: Oral health and impact on performance athletes participating in the London 2012 Olympic Games: a cross-sectional study
Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents: The effect of swimming on oral ecological factors
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry: Severe and rapid erosion of dental enamel from swimming: a clinical report
Journal of the California Dental Association: Sports drinks and dental erosion
Drinks That Eat Teeth
The Acid Test
A Guide to Added Sweeteners
How to Brush and Floss Your Teeth
The Story of Plaque
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While a storm rages in our world over the fate of Syrian refugees, B.A. Shapiro’s The Muralist reminds us that history too often repeats itself. The novel is set in pre-WWII New York, where a young Jewish artist, Alizée Benoit, desperately tries to obtain American visas for family members living in France and Germany. When the St. Louis, a German ship carrying nine hundred European Jews seeking asylum—including Alizée’s cousins—is turned away from the U.S. and sent back to Europe, the decision is fueled by both anti-Semitism and a fear that the vessel might be harboring German spies. It’s hard not to see this historically accurate account of the 1940 refugee crisis as an eerie echo of today’s asylum seekers.
Alizée, a student of Hans Hoffman, is one of the early Abstract Expressionist painters and a fierce believer in the power of abstract art. This view is shared by her compatriots, Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollack, William DeKooning, and Lee Krasner—real-life artists who play roles in this tale. To survive during the Depression, all of them have found work with the WPA, Alizée and Lee Krasner as muralists. Forced to paint representational pictures, Alizée longs to design the kinds of abstract murals that she believes would represent the true American spirit. (Abstract Expressionism has in fact often been called the first art movement original to America.) After a chance encounter, Alizée befriends Eleanor Roosevelt, who comes to admire her art and helps influence the WPA to approve the creation of two abstract murals, one designed by Alizée, the other by Lee Krasner. But unknown to the other painters, Alizée is drawn into a darker world of not just political art but activism.
Interspersed with Alizee’s tale in The Muralist is the present-day story of Alizee’s great-niece, Dani Abrams, an artist who works at Christie’s. In 1940, readers learn, Alizée disappeared and was never found, despite a desperate search by Dani’s grandfather, Alizée’s brother. In her duties at the auction house, Dani has come upon some small paintings attached to the backs of other Abstract Expressionist paintings. She is certain they were created by her great-aunt. But why were they hidden? How can she prove their origins? More importantly, how can she unravel the secrets of what truly happened to her talented aunt?
The Muralist is best when it focuses on the intensity and political paranoia of an isolationist United States before the nation entered WWII. It also highlights an ugly but little-known truth of the era: decisions about visas were made by Assistant Secretary of State Breckinridge Long, an anti-Semite and close friend of FDR who for far too long barred desperate European Jews from entering the U.S., essentially sending them to their deaths in Nazi gas chambers.
As she did in her previous bestseller, The Art Forger, Shapiro reveals a keen sense of the concerns of artists and deftly brings to life the art scene of New York in the late 1930s and early 1940s, a time of hard drinking, young camaraderie, and artistic rebellion. She also does a fine job of making the reader care about a fragile girl haunted by the desperate situation of her family abroad. Although the novel’s ending seems overly coincidental and too-neatly tied with a bow, The Muralist is a unique read and a harsh reminder that that those who learn too little from history are often plagued to repeat it.
Jennie Fields received an M.F.A. in creative writing from the University of Iowa Writers’ Workshop and is the author of four novels: The Age of Desire, Lily Beach, Crossing Brooklyn Ferry, and The Middle Ages. She lives in Nashville.
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August 2016 was the hottest month measured since contemporary records began in 1880, according to a NASA analysis.
• It was not only the hottest August ever, but also it ties July 2016 as the hottest month ever—an extraordinary occurrence.
• In 2015, the hottest October ever took place, and it was followed by the hottest November ever, and then by the hottest December ever—and this sequence continued right up to the present.
• The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) keeps separate records, and its streak of record-breaking months stretches even further back in time: Every month since May 2015 has been the hottest version of that month ever, according to the agency.
• Second, August’s record essentially ensures that 2016 will be the warmest year on record.
• 2016 could wind up being as much as 1 degree Celsius hotter than the pre-industrial temperature average.
• This is a stark accomplishment when you consider that the nations of the world committed last year to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial average.
• We are two-thirds of the way there already.
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Some Rules for Making a Presentation
Here's a 10-minute Powerpoint talk with
Human attention is very limited. Don't cram too much
information, either in each slide, or in the whole talk. Avoid
details: they won't be remembered anyway.
- Have a very clear introduction, to motivate what you do and to
present the problem you want to solve. The introduction is
not technical in nature, but strategic (i.e. why this
problem, big idea).
- If you have a companion paper, mention it during the talk and
recommend it for more details. Don't put all the details in the
talk. Present only the important ones.
- Use only one idea per slide.
- Have a good conclusions slide: put there the main ideas, the ones
you really want people to remember. Use only one
- The conclusion slide should be the last one. Do not put other
slides after conclusions, as this will weaken their impact.
- Having periodic "talk outline" slides (to show where you
are in the talk) helps, especially for longer talks. At least one
"talk outline" slide is very useful, usually after the
- Don't count on the audience to remember any detail from one slide
to another (like color-coding, applications you measure, etc.). If
you need it remembered, re-state the information a second time.
- Especially if you have to present many different things, try to
build a unifying thread. The talk should be sequential in nature
(i.e. no big conceptual leaps from one slide to the next).
- Try to cut out as much as possible; less is better.
- Help the audience understand where you are going. Often it's best
to give them a high-level overview first, and then plunge into the
details; then, while listening to the details they can relate to the
high-level picture and understand where you are. This also helps them
save important brain power for later parts of the talk which may be
- Use a good presentation-building tool, like MS PowerPoint. Avoid
Latex, except for slides with formulas (Leslie Lamport himself says
that slides are visual, while Latex is meant to be logical). Good
looks are important. If you need formulas, try TeXPoint, George
Necula's Latex for Powerpoint.
- Humor is very useful; prepare a couple of puns and jokes
beforehand (but not epic jokes, which require complicated setup).
However, if you're not good with jokes, better avoid them
altogether. Improvising humor is very dangerous.
- The more you rehearse the talk, the better it will be. A
rehearsal is most useful when carried out loud. 5 rehearsals is a
minimum for an important talk.
- The more people criticize your talk (during practice), the better
it will be; pay attention to criticism, not necessarily to all
suggestions, but try to see what and why people misunderstood your
- Not everything has to be written down; speech can and should
complement the information on the slides.
- Be enthusiastic.
- Act your talk: explain, ask rhetorical questions, act surprised, etc.
- Give people time to think about the important facts by slowing
down, or even stopping for a moment.
- Do not go overtime under any circumstance.
- Listen to the questions very carefully; many speakers answer
different questions than the ones asked.
- Do not treat your audience as mentally-impaired: do not explain
the completely obvious things.
- Slides should have short titles. A long title shows something is
- Use uniform capitalization rules.
- All the text on one slide should have the same structure
(e.g. complete phrases, idea only, etc.).
- Put very little text on a slide; avoid text completely if you can.
Put no more than one idea per slide (i.e. all bullets should refer
to the same thing). If you have lots of text, people will read it
faster than you talk, and will not pay attention to what you say.
- Don't use small fonts.
- Use very few formulas (one per presentation). The same goes for
program code (at most one code fragment per
- Do not put useless graphics on each slide: logos, grids,
- Spell-check. A spelling mistake is an attention magnet.
- Use suggestive graphical illustrations as much as possible. Don't
shun graphical metaphors. Prefer an image to text.
In my presentations I try to have 80% of the slides with images.
- Do not put in the figures details you will not mention explicitly.
The figures should be as schematic as possible (i.e. no overload of
- Do not "waste" information by using unnecessary colors.
Each different color should signify something different, and
something important. Color-code your information if you can, but
don't use too many different colors. Have high-contrast colors.
- A few real photos related to your subject look
very cool (e.g. real system, hardware, screen-shots, automatically
generated figures, etc.). Real photos are much more effective
during the core of the talk than during the intro. I hate talks
with a nice picture during the introduction and next only text; they
open your appetite and then leave you hungry.
- For some strange reason, rectangles with shadows seem to look much
better than without (especially if there are just a few in the
- Sometimes a matte pastel background looks much better than a white
- Exploit animation with restraint. Do not use fancy animation
effects if not necessary.
- However, there are places where animation is extremely valuable,
e.g., to depict the evolution of a complex system, or to introduce
related ideas one by one.
- Use strong colors for important stuff, pastel colors for the
- Encode information cleverly: e.g. make arrow widths showing flows
proportional to the flow capacity.
- Use thick lines in drawings (e.g. 1 1/2 points or more).
- Don't put useless information in result graphs (e.g. the 100% bar
for each application).
- Label very clearly the axes of the graphs. Explain the un-obvious
ones. Use large fonts for labels; the default fonts in Excel are too
- Discuss the results numbers in detail; "milk" them as
much as possible.
(c) 2003-2005 by Mihai Budiu.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 2.5 License.
Feel free to use it for any purpose, including commercial, as long as
you properly quote me.
- I don't agree 100% with him, but Mark Jason Dominus gives some
very good advice
- Excellent advice
from 1979 by Leslie Lamport.
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The “planetary geared” peg makes tuning easier on violins, violas, and cellos. There are several additional reasons to favor them.
Geared pegs are a newer innovation when it comes to useful – some may say ingenious – stringed instrument accessories. Widely available both online as well as at the local violin shop, these pegs boil down larger points of difference – some might say conflicts – within a relatively simple, small thing.
If you’re new to what a geared peg is, here’s the simplest explanation: the tension and therefore tuning of strings on any type of stringed instrument (violin, viola, cello, bass, ukulele, etc.) can happen at either end: the pegbox at the top of the instrument, or the fine tuners at the bottom of the instrument (toward the chinrest on a violin). But for the most part, the tuning pegs at the scroll end are most frequently adjusted to achieve proper tuning.
Historically, these pegs were held in place and adjusted by friction between the peg and the surrounding pegbox wood. But a geared peg is more technically advanced. Hidden inside what appear to be traditional pegs are a set of planetary gears –¬ so named because they involve a smaller (the “sun”) and larger (“ring,” like planets) toothed gears – that do two things. One is that they allow for more precise tuning because it takes bigger, more exaggerated movement by the hands of the instrumentalist to achieve smaller changes in the tension. Second, it makes the process of tuning easier for those hands (i.e., less pressure and strength is required).
So what’s the conflict?
For starters, Stradivari, Guarneri and all other pre-20th century violinmakers never worked with geared pegs. These are modern innovations, arguably in the category of steel (not gut) strings and composite (not pernambuco) bows. Purists may scoff, but under many conditions and circumstances these newer innovations make sense. What’s interesting is that makers of geared pegs are careful to ensure the appearance of the pegs is preserved, not visible to anyone observing the instrument even at close distance.
Another conflict that is essentially solved with geared pegs is how abrupt humidity differences require acclimatization of the instrument and therefore frequent tuning. This is because wood pegs and the pegbox into which they are inserted are made of different types of wood that respond differently to humidity and aridity. The traveling violinist, violist or cellist knows how important this can be.
But perhaps the conflict resolution that geared pegs provide that is of greatest benefit to the vast majority of players is the ease with which geared pegs are adjusted. Children and older adults, or anyone with compromised wrist biomechanics, may lack the sufficient strength to execute the somewhat awkward maneuver of traditional pegs.
Is the sound different when played on an instrument with geared pegs? As with gut vs. steel and pernambuco vs. composite, it mostly boils down to the player and their pragmatic considerations (and having a good luthier to install them). In some cases it’s almost impossible to know, since those gears are hidden within the traditional-appearing pegs.
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Mary and Elizabeth Museum Gift Shop
“Mary Lincoln?” “She was crazy.”
“Elizabeth Keckley?” “Who?”
The Mary and Elizabeth Museum Gift Shop displays mementos in a tribute to the unique friendship between Mary Lincoln and her dressmaker, the former slave, Elizabeth Keckley. It is in the interest of historical accuracy to release Mary Lincoln from the damaging and incorrect label of insanity. And to rescue Elizabeth Keckley from anonymity. In the mid-1800s, slaves were forbidden to read and write and even well-educated white women were supposed to keep quiet. Both women paid for their “offenses” of superior intelligence and independent spirit. Historical accounts continue to parrot the damaging misinformation about Mary and exclude Elizabeth.
Mary’s staunch abolitionist views were formed when she was a child and witnessed chained slaves pass by her front door to the auction block. She was born into the wealthy, slave-owning Todd family in Lexington, Kentucky, the town founded by her forebears. When she was six years old her mother died and her father remarried. The grief-stricken child sought the comfort of the slave, Mammy Sally in a household that grew from six to 15 siblings.
Unlike most girls in her milieu, Mary received a quality education. The precocious child would develop into a sassy, articulate and politically astute woman. An ambitious and influential force behind her husband’s ascent to the presidency, her choice to stay in his shadow was deliberate.
Elizabeth Keckley was a slave who purchased her own freedom and her son’s. Each was the result of rape by a white man. Elizabeth went on to build a successful dressmaking business in the Capital city but when secession loomed, her most prominent clients, Mrs. Robert E. Lee and Mrs. Jefferson Davis went south. Elizabeth sought out the new First Lady.
Elizabeth became a respected presence in the Executive Mansion as her duties extended beyond creating many of Mary’s gowns for the hundreds of required state-related events. The two women formed a deep friendship that crossed the color line—a rarity in the Civil War era. Each had sons the same age who were Union soldiers. When Elizabeth founded the Contraband Relief Association in 1862 to help former slaves become autonomous, the Lincolns donated. Mary additionally helped and solicited funds from acquaintances. Still mourning her son Eddie who died at age four, Mary would seek out the comfort of Elizabeth during two more tragedies: 11-year-old son Willie’s death and the President’s assassination.
Enemies of the President turned on the First Lady. Newspapers stoked rumors of her extravagance that continued after the assassination. She was falsely accused of accumulating massive debt on her gowns and furnishings. In fact, she was extremely frugal, buying in bulk for the discounts. In addition, she was an excellent seamstress who made many of her own gowns. Historian Betty Ellison examined check registers proving that William S. Wood, interim commissioner of public building, stole from the accounts and blamed Mary for the short falls. Northerners were suspicious of her because of her Confederate family and Southerners believed she betrayed them.
With neither a government widow’s pension nor a will to provide for her, Mary felt desperate. Elizabeth neglected her dressmaking business when she tried to help Mary sell articles from her wardrobe. The ensuing, widely publicized “Old Clothes” scandal raised no money.
To produce an income and salvage Mary’s reputation, Elizabeth wrote and published “Behind the Scenes”, a book about her personal history and her time with the Lincolns. It was a disaster. Newspapers discredited her, insisting that a slave couldn’t write. The woman publisher not only didn’t pay Elizabeth but reneged on a promise and printed private correspondence between the two friends. Upon learning that her family’s intimate life was exposed, Mary refused contact with Elizabeth including her gift of the quilt she made from Mary’s dress scraps. Unable to revive her business, the dressmaker sank into poverty. The meager pension she received when her only son was killed in the war wasn’t enough.
Keckley Quilt, Susan Bercu, painting, detail from diorama
Mary was overwhelmed by grief, her lowered standard of living and isolation from friends. Robert, alarmed about her erratic state of mind, unduly influenced a panel of judges to commit her to a private mental institution. Although she was lucid enough to secure a wife and husband legal team who obtained her release and had her declared sane, history would not absolve her of the crazy label. After years of pressuring the unsympathetic Congress to create a widow’s pension, it finally came through. It was too late. Mary died on July 16, 1882, at her beloved sister Elizabeth’s home in Springfield.
“Mary and Elizabeth Gift Shop” Diorama 15 in. wide x 23 in. high x 8 in. deep
The museum gift shop displays mementos that augment the story of Elizabeth Keckley and Mary Lincoln. Some of the gutta-percha ambrotype cases containing albumen prints of loved ones included a lock of hair and a written sentiment. Except for the photocopies of the two letters, I created all the original art. The diorama structure is cardboard painted with acrylic. Many drawings and paintings were scanned, so only photocopies are placed on the diorama. All three-dimensional items including the photo frames are cardboard painted with acrylics.
Photo Cases, left to right, Mary Lincoln, Eddie Lincoln
Photo Case (cover), Housewife (Pocket Sewing Kit for Soldier)
Susan Bercu, painted cardboard with drawings of portrait photos, details from diorama
Top background, left and right
Mary Lincoln, Elizabeth Keckley (pencil)
Objects, top to bottom/left to right
Mary’s mourning brooch of carved onyx disks with black enamel and yellow gold (painted cardboard)
Mary’s blood-stained white silk fan (painted cardboard)
Lincoln and son Thomas (Tad) photo case (painted cardboard/pencil portrait)
Edward (Eddie) Lincoln (died at age four) photo case. Inscription from his tombstone: “Bright is the home to him now given. For of such is the Kingdom of Heaven.” (painted cardboard/ pencil portrait)
Elizabeth Keckley photo case (painted cardboard/ pencil portrait)
Mary Lincoln photo case (painted cardboard/pencil portrait)
Quilt sewn by Elizabeth Keckley. “Liberty”, embroidered in the quilt’s center, is meaningful because of Elizabeth’s slave origin. (painting)
Letter, reproductions, left to right, Mary to Abraham; Mary to Elizabeth (Lizzie)
Housewife (pocket sewing kit for soldiers) (painted cardboard)
Mary’s white linen gold embroidered gloves, worn at first Inaugural Ball, 1861. Mary bought gloves in bulk at a discount for herself and her husband since they would shake hands with as many as 1,000 visitors in a single day at a time when hands were unclean. (painted cardboard)
Pocket Watch, 18K solid gold, inscribed, “To Miss Mary Todd—A Token of my Everlasting Devotion and Affection, Abe Lincoln” (painted cardboard)
Exhibit label (pencil)
Bonus Strange Fact
Hidden Message Watchmaker and Northern sympathizer Jonathan Dillon secretly scratched a message inside Abraham Lincoln’s pocket watch when it came to him for repair. When the Smithsonian announced acquisition of the watch in 1958, a Dillon descendant notified the museum of the rumored inscription. The museum opened it and found a message scratched inside, “Jonathan Dillon April 13, 1861 Fort Sumpter [sic] was attacked by the rebels on the above date J Dillon April 13, 1861 Washington” and “thank God we have a government Jonth Dillon.”
Secret Notes Scratched Inside Abraham Lincoln’s Watch photo, Smithsonian Museum
Bloody Strange Facts of Major Henry Rathbone and Clara Harris
The Wounded Major Several people declined the Lincolns’ invitation to Ford’s Theater before Major Henry Rathbone and his fiancé Clara Harris, a favorite of Mary, accepted. When the Major tried to stop the attack, he was slashed by John Wilkes Booth’s sword. Clara tried to comfort Mary who screamed, “Oh! My husband’s blood!” In fact, it was the Major’s blood on Clara’s gown and Mary’s fan. The President did not bleed externally.
The Murder Clara and Henry married and moved to Germany where Henry, who had a history of depression, became increasingly deranged until in 1883, he fatally shot his wife.He stabbed himself several times before servants intervened. Their three children were spared. Henry spent his final days in a German asylum for the criminally insane.
The Bloody Gown Clara’s blood-soaked gown was stored in a closet in the Harris family home in Albany, New York. When she and a house guest believed they heard ghosts laughing, Clara had the closet bricked-in. In 1910, 45 years after Lincoln’s assassination, the Rathbones’ son Henry, then a US Representative, dismantled the closet and burned the entombed dress, saying it had cursed his family.
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Spain has sometimes been slow to recognize its own treasures. Miguel de Cervantes was slipping into obscurity after his death until he was rescued by foreign literary experts. El Greco's paintings were pulled from oblivion by the French. The Muslim palace of Alhambra had fallen into neglect before the American author Washington Irving and others wrote about it in the 1800s.
Now, more than 500 years after expelling its Jews and moving to hide if not eradicate all traces of their existence, Spain has begun rediscovering the Jewish culture that thrived here for centuries and that scholars say functioned as a second Jerusalem during the Middle Ages.
"We've gone from a period of pillaging the Jews and then suppressing and ignoring their patrimony to a period of rising curiosity and fascination," said Ana María López, the director of the Sephardic Museum in Toledo, a hub of Jewish life before the Jews were expelled or forced to convert to Christianity in 1492 during the Inquisition.
Cities and towns across Spain are searching for the remains of their medieval synagogues, excavating old Jewish neighborhoods and trying to identify Jewish cemeteries. Scholars say they are overwhelmed with requests from local governments to study archaeological findings and ancient documents that may validate a region's Jewish heritage.
Other people are joining in, delving into family histories to hunt for signs of Jewish ancestry.
"I don't go a week without someone calling and asking me if their last name has Jewish roots," said Javier Castaño, an expert in Spain's Jewish history at the Higher Council for Scientific Research in Madrid.
"It's the opposite of 300 years ago, when people changed their last names to Spanish names and looked for ancestors of pure Spanish blood," he said. "Now it's trendy to say you have Jewish roots."
But Castaño and other scholars say the revival has in some ways gone too far. They contend that some local governments, eager to attract well-heeled tourists from the United States and Israel, are making claims about their Jewish heritage that are not supported by historical evidence.
"This whole revival is a very important and positive contribution," Castaño said. "The problem is that in some cases people are falsifying the past by creating a Jewish patrimony that never existed." He and other critics say cities are promoting old Jewish quarters with no original structures, cemeteries whose real location is still a mystery and medieval synagogues that are hardly medieval, if they ever functioned as synagogues at all.
"History is being exploited," Castaño said, citing Oviedo near the northern coast and Jaén in the south as particularly egregious examples. "People are trying to reproduce what has occurred in Toledo. Everyone wants their medieval synagogue."
Toledo, with two intact medieval synagogues, including the Tránsito Synagogue from the 14th century, is something of an exception in Spain, where the expulsion of the Jews was followed by a campaign to destroy, disassemble or obscure obvious reminders of their presence.
The Network of Jewish Quarters in Spain, which works to revive and promote medieval Jewish neighborhoods, concedes that some cities have oversold their possessions.
"But it's not that they don't have the history, it's that the history is not so visible," said Assumpció Hosta, the network's secretary-general. "We have to give these cities time to invest in the recovery of their patrimony."
Spain had the most vibrant Jewish population in Europe before the expulsion of 1492, and it produced one of the most influential cultural legacies in Jewish history.
It was here that Hebrew was reborn as a language suitable not just for prayer and liturgy but for poetry and other secular pursuits, contributing to the advent in Spain of what has been called a golden age of Jewish literature, philosophy and science in the 10th and 11th centuries.
"In the minds of her sons and daughters, Sepharad was a second Jerusalem," Jane Gerber wrote in her book "The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience."
"Expulsion from Spain, therefore, was as keenly lamented as exile from the Holy Land," she said.
Scholarly interest in this chapter of Jewish history has been intensifying in Spain for decades, but only recently has it extended to the public.
Besides the revival of Jewish neighborhoods, there has been an explosion of books on Jewish themes, with 200 to 250 published every year, and new museums, cultural centers, restaurants and musical groups devoted to Sephardic traditions.
Medieval festivals that have typically included only Muslims and Christians are now seeking to add Jewish participants. Jewish leaders say the trend has received an added push from Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, who has made encouraging a more open and tolerant society a primary objective of his administration.
Still, despite the new enthusiasm for Spain's Jewish heritage, intolerance toward Jews here is far from a thing of the past, the leaders say.
"A contradictory element in all this is that a new anti-Semitism is also developing in Spain," said Jacobo Israel Garzón, the president of the Federation of Jewish Communities in Spain. "It uses the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as its source, but it passes very quickly from anti-Israelism to anti-Semitism."
Israel said the number of Jews in Spain today was small, 40,000 to 50,000. But he said the population was growing steadily thanks to immigration, particularly from North Africa, where so many Jews fled after the 15th- century expulsion.
Many of these returnees still speak a form of the Judeo-Spanish language of their ancestors and have maintained their traditions.
"There is tremendous nostalgia for Sephardic Spain in the Jewish world, particularly in the ancestors of the expelled Jews," Israel said. "But even in the souls of the Jews who were not expelled, there is the sense that with the end of Jewish Spain something very important was lost."
"Spain is now opening the way for the study of that lost footprint," he said.
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The Giant's Causeway on the Antrim coast officially becomes a World Heritage Site one of fifty areas of the world to receive this status from the United Nations.
At a ceremony held at the Giant's Causeway visitor centre an inscribed basalt rock was unveiled by writer and broadcaster Magnus Magnusson.
The unusual structure of the rocks and pillars on this section of the County Antrim coast have given rise to many legends. One is that the causeway was built by none other than the mythological Irish warrior Finn McCool, who was having a fight with a neighbouring Scottish giant. Another legend tells of Finn McCool’s attempt to rid himself of his Scottish foe once and for all. He dressed himself like a baby, and when the Scottish giant saw him, he took fright and ran off. If this was the size of the baby, how big was the father?
Giant's Causeway World Heritage Site (1986)
In geological terms, the story of how the Giant’s Causeway came to be is not quite as dramatic. Magnus Magnusson explains,
It was formed something like 58 million years ago, I’m told by geologists, as a result of tremendous volcanic effusions of molten basaltic rock. This kind of basalt has got one curious thing about it. It cools rather slowly, and it’s this cooling that’s cracked the rock into these many-sided pillars, with the jointing every sort of 30 centimetres or so... just like the vertebrae of a human being...
The causeway was declared a World Heritage Site by the World Heritage Convention, which provides for the protection of cultural and natural properties of outstanding universal value. With the causeway now firmly established on the international map, it is hoped that recognition of its unique structure will lead to a greater influx of tourists to the area.
An RTÉ News report broadcast on 21 April 1987. The reporter is Emer Murphy.
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| 0.963222 | 403 | 2.90625 | 3 |
This report examines how violence against women specifically affects children and young people. It looks at the nature of violence they experience in their homes and their own relationships, its impacts, and the priorities for action if efforts to prevent violence among, and protect, young people are to be successful.
Citation: Flood, M., and L. Fergus. (2008). An Assault on Our Future: The impact of violence on young people and their relationships. Sydney: White Ribbon Foundation.
Respectful Relationships Education: Violence prevention and respectful relationships education in Victorian secondary schools
This report offers a comprehensive overview of best practice in violence prevention education in schools, identifying five principles of best practice. It maps promising programs around Australia and internationally. And it offers directions for advancing the field. The report is relevant beyond this, however, offering indicators of effective practice in violence prevention education which are relevant for a variety of settings and populations.
Some sections of the report focus in particular on issues of interest for those working with men and boys in violence prevention, such as the teaching methods to use and the content to address (pp. 36-43), whether to have mixed-sex or single-sex classes (pp. 47-50), whether curricula should be delivered by teachers or community educators or peers (pp. 52-53), and whether the sex of the educator makes a difference (pp. 53-54).
Note that I have also included the text of a seminar which summarises the report, titled "Advancing the field", and the Powerpoint which goes along with this.
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What is Diverticulitis?
Diverticula are pouches that form in the digestive system, most commonly in the wall of the large intestine. Feces can get trapped in the pouches, promoting the growth of bacteria. This leads to the inflammation or infection of the diverticula, which is known as diverticulitis.
What causes Diverticulitis?
Doctors aren’t sure what causes the formation of diverticula. The presence of diverticula is called diverticulosis. Diverticulosis may never develop into diverticulitis. For many years, scientists believed that a low-fiber diet caused diverticulosis. Without fiber to add bulk to the stool, the large intestine has to work harder to push it through the digestive system, and pressure from this may cause weak spots which eventually turn into pouches. However, a recent study indicated that a low-fiber diet is not associated with diverticulosis. Clearly, more research is needed.
Who is at risk?
Studies have found links between diverticulitis and obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and certain medications, like NSAIDs and steroids. Diverticulitis is rarer in countries where people eat high-fiber diets, so too little fiber in the diet may increase risk as well. People over the age of 40 are more prone to diverticulitis, potentially because the strength and elasticity of the large intestine decreases over time, leading to an increased likelihood of diverticulosis.
Signs and Symptoms
The most common symptom of diverticulitis is a sudden, severe pain in the lower left side of the abdomen. The pain may worsen when the patient moves. Some people experience mild abdominal pain that worsens over the course of a few days, but this is less common than sudden, severe pain. The abdomen may feel swollen, tender, or sore, and gas and bloating are common. Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation, can also indicate diverticulitis, as well as fever and chills. Patients may experience nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, diverticular bleeding can be present, indicated by blood in the stool.
Symptoms of Diverticulitis:
- Sudden, severe pain in the lower left side of the abdomen (or mild pain that worsens over time)
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Swollen, tender, or sore abdomen
- Gas and bloating
- Fever and/or chills
- Nausea and vomiting
- Blood in the stool
If diverticulitis is suspected, your doctor will first conduct a rectal exam and blood test. The blood test can indicate inflammation or anemia; too few red blood cells may indicate that there is bleeding in the large intestine. A fecal occult blood test checks for blood in the stool, and an abdominal X-ray can rule out other issues.
After these routine tests, the doctor may want a better look at your large intestine. Because there is a risk of the pouch bursting, some tests that are frequently performed for other abdominal issues are not frequently used if diverticulitis. For example, sigmoidoscopies, colonoscopies, and barium enemas are not often done because the large intestine could perforate, causing the infection to spill into the abdominal cavity lining.
CT scans are less invasive and are commonly used to identify and diagnosis diverticulitis, and to rule out other conditions.
Treatments for diverticulitis often involve a change in diet. The doctor may recommend a liquid diet for a few days to give the infection time to heal. Antibiotics may also be prescribed. Patients should increase the amount of fiber in their diets to prevent future attacks. Tylenol and other NSAIDs may ease mild pain. If the pain is severe or the patient cannot drink liquids, he or she made need to stay in the hospital and receive nutrition through an IV. In fewer than 6% of cases, patients will require surgery.
Most cases of diverticulitis improve in two or three days. Occasionally, complications may occur, such as an abscess, perforation, or bowel obstruction. In these instances, surgery may be required.
- Black, navy, and kidney beans
- Whole-grain cereal
- Apples, pears, raspberries, and prunes
- Squash, sweet potato, and green peas
- Cauliflower, broccoli, spinach, and corn
- Sunflower seeds, almonds, peanuts
- Quinoa, brown rice, whole-grain breads and pasta
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Global Accessibility Awareness Day (GAAD) aims to build awareness around accessibility and inclusion for people with disabilities. The goal is to get everyone thinking and talking about how we can build inclusive digital experiences that work for everyone.
We’re so glad it’s GAAD! We thought it’d be the perfect day to update you on some of the progress we’ve been making to improve our own approach to accessibility.
Finding insights with felt
Back in March, we introduced you to the work we’ve been doing with the rockstar students from Governor Morehead School (GMS), the flagship school in Raleigh serving the special needs of visually impaired students.
We’ve continued to build on our GMS partnership over the last few months, and in April we hosted our first hands-on design workshop. We gave each student a felt board and several pieces of felt representing different types of web content like navigation, article, or comments. We asked the students to design a webpage, organizing the pieces of felt on their boards in a way that would make it simple for them to navigate on a laptop.
Once they’d had a chance to work as individuals and refine their designs, we asked them to present their boards to their group. All of the students had great insights to share. One student with no vision said that when she uses a website, she visualizes where the content might be rather than only thinking about it sequentially.
Another student with low vision compared the process of designing to a popular computer game, saying “I like to visualize the end product…web design can be compared to visualizing the end structure in Minecraft before starting a design.”
Listening to the students explain their choices helped us gain a better understanding of how they think about and access content on a webpage. These observations will inform our research moving forward.
Making contributions inclusive
Starting today, we’re asking that contributions to the current version of PatternFly meet new accessibility criteria before they can be added to the pattern library. The criteria may seem simple, but they make a big impact:
- Patterns have to be keyboard accessible.
- Patterns have to meet to the 5 rules of ARIA.
Recently, we released an alpha.1 of the next major version of PatternFly (learn more about PatternFly-Next in the Roadmap Update). With that alpha, we included the first version of the PatternFly accessibility guide, providing techniques and suggestions to help design, develop, and test UIs to ensure that everyone has a good user experience.
We’re still in the early phases of design and development for PatternFly-Next, and the accessibility guide is also a work in progress. Your feedback is always welcome, so if you have an idea or recommendation, visit our community page and learn how you can get in touch.
We’re committed to improving our approach to accessibility and learning more every day. As we build on our approaches, we hope we’re able to help PatternFly designers and developers build accessibility into components and products from the beginning of a project to support an inclusive and accessible user experience.
GAAD is about education, conversation, and sharing, so we’d love to hear about your own approach to and experience with accessibility in the comments below! And don’t forget to share this post to help us spread the GAAD word.
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| 0.94731 | 699 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Nitrogen, symbol N, gaseous element that makes up the largest portion of the earth’s atmosphere.
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen is in group 15 (or Va) of the periodic table.
Nitrogen was discovered by the British physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772 and recognized as an
elemental gas by the French chemist, Antoine Laurent Lavoiser about 1776.
Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless tasteless, nontoxic gas. It can be condensed into a colorless
liquid, which can be compressed into a colorless, crystalline solid. Nitrogen exists in two natural forms,
and four radioactive forms (artificial). Nitrogen melts at -210.01 degrees C, (-349.02 F), boils at -195.79 C
(320.42 F), and has a density of 1.251 g/liter at 0 C (32 F) and 1 atmosphere pressure. The atomic weight
of nitrogen is 14.007.
Nitrogen is obtained from the atmosphere by passing air over heated copper of iron. The oxygen
is removed from the air, leaving nitrogen mixed with inert gases. Pure nitrogen is obtained by fractional
distillation of liquid air; because liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point than liquid oxygen, the nitrogen
distills of first an can be collected.
Nitrogen compresses about 4/5ths by volume of the atmosphere. Nitrogen is inert and serves as a
diluent for oxygen in burning and respiration processes. It is an important element in plant nutrition;
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en
| 0.893018 | 326 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Basket Weaving Techniques : Pairing
Pairing is used mainly in round and oval bottoms. It is not suitable for siding, but it is sometimes used in place of a top wale. Pairing is carried out by taking the left-hand rod of the two over the other, behind the stake, and to the front again, repeating this with each rod alternately.
Claim Your Free Willow Handbook
The Willow Handbook is your quick start guide to the ancient craft of Willow Basket Weaving.
Inside The Willow Handbook you will learn:
- Methods of cultivation, harvesting and preparation of Willow
- Work space and tools required for basket weaving
- Technical terms and essential weaving techniques
Click Here To Get Your Free Copy !
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en
| 0.895917 | 153 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Chain or Compound Percentages
If £50 is increased by 10%, we calculate 10% of £50 and add the answer.
We could have obtained the same answer by multiplying £50 by
This method is especially convenient when an amount is increased several times by different percentages.
Suppose £50 is increased in turn by 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% successively.
To increase by 10% multiply by
To increase by 15% multiply by
To increase by 20% multiply by
To increase by 25% multiply by
To increase by 10% then 15% then 20% then 25%, multiply by
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| 0.957116 | 128 | 3.25 | 3 |
Canadian Space Agency
The Astronautics Vocabulary is a glossary of terms that pertain to the science and technology of spaceflight. This alphabetical list can be navigated by clicking on the letters A-Z displayed on this page.
Definition: A jet propulsion engine carrying the necessary fuel.
Other Definition: None
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| 0.732126 | 66 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This REPTILES Flip Flap book® is the perfect addition to your unit on Reptiles! Get ready to have your students APPLY everything they learned about Reptiles in this fresh and funky Flip-Flap Book®!
Included in this unit is:
- 1 R-E-P-T-I-L-E-S Flip-Flap Book® - The students will have the opportunity to demonstrate what they have learned about Reptiles within this resource.
- define what a reptile is
- write about their favorite reptile and why it is their favorite
- write 2 facts and 1 opinion about a specific reptile
- complete a Reptiles Description Bubble Map
- complete a Reptiles Can, Have, Are graphic organizer
- research a specific reptile and complete the graphic organizer with habitat, food, description, protection, enemies, and interesting facts
- write an expository paragraph using their research that includes a topic sentence, supporting details, and a conclusion
This flip-flap book® could also be used as an authentic assessment to evaluate the depth of knowledge your students gained through your unit on reptiles.
Please Note: This unit requires 8 1/2 x 11 AND 8 1/2 x 14 (legal size) photocopy paper. In order to print this unit, you will need BOTH SIZES OF PAPER!
Try something NEW, DIFFERENT, and FRESH with your students. You can be sure they will have a blast showing their knowledge in a fun and interactive way!
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| 0.921305 | 320 | 3.609375 | 4 |
October 1990 ushered in a period of war, death and devastation in Rwanda. Civil war ravaged the country and ultimately culminated in the 1994 genocide of 500,000 to 1 million people in a period of a little over three months.
Only 25 years since the Rwandan Genocide, many women in Rwanda are still recovering from loss, hardship and trauma. Militants raped between 250,000 to 500,000 women during the genocide and many who survived lost friends, family and community. Determined to raise up their communities after a period of national devastation, here are five resilient women in Rwanda who inspire and create change for the present and the future of Rwanda.
Five Resilient Women in Rwanda
- Christelle Kwizera
Christelle Kwizera graduated magna cum laude from Oklahoma Christian University, where she researched purifying water via ozone. Now Christelle is the managing director of Water Access Rwanda, whose mission is to provide clean, affordable and reliable water sources to combat water security. Operating since 2014, Water Access Rwanda provided access to clean water to more than 132,000 people, schools, businesses and farms throughout not only Rwanda but also within the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi and Uganda.
- Elise Rida Musomandera
Elise Rida Musomandera lost both of her parents at an early age. This dramatically shaped her life and fed her determination to combat hunger, empower women and youth and support survivors of genocide and individuals with AIDS. In 2014, Elise founded Isano Women and Youth Empowerment. Elise is the CEO of her nonprofit organization and leads the fight against poverty, promotes peace, protects the environment and empowers others through education.
- Safi Umukundwa
At only 8 years old, Safi Umukundwa became a survivor and orphan of genocide. On account of her resiliency and dedication, she excelled in secondary school. She ultimately received funding for university education and inspired the name of the nonprofit, Safi Life, where she serves as the county director of Rwanda. Safi Life works to promote female advancement in Africa through awarding university scholarships and funding education for women, which additionally combats domestic abuse and poverty. As a result, Safi works to build up and inspire the next generation of strong and resilient women in Rwanda.
- Salaama Numukobwa
Salaama Numukobwa is a mother, activist and inspiration. Since 2011, she served her community through volunteer work. Salaama is now the community facilitator of Mind Leaps in Rwanda. Mind Leaps is a nonprofit organization that works with vulnerable and at-risk youth through dance, increasing cognitive and social-emotional development. Seventy percent of students who completed Mind Leaps’ dance program in Rwanda performed within the top 20 percent of their classes in 2017.
- Solange Impanoyimana
Solange Impanoyimana was only 11 years old when the Rwandan genocide left her to provide for herself. Committed to furthering her education, she achieved her bachelor’s degree and went on to co-found Resonate. Resonate is a nonprofit that provides girls and women leadership workshops to cultivate skills and increase confidence through storytelling, professional development and action leadership programs. In 2017, 36 percent of participants started businesses, 60 percent fill leadership roles and 43 percent have secured employment, promotions or academic opportunities.
Only a quarter-decade after the dark stain of hatred and genocide affected Rwanda, Christelle, Elise, Safi, Salaama and Solange shine their light on the future of their country. These courageous women are the epitome of strength and represent millions of resilient women in Rwanda.
– Keeley Griego
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| 0.942627 | 763 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Many things can cause hair loss in humans, and most diagnoses have “alopecia” in their names. While environmental factors can lead to thinning hair and bald heads, genetics are responsible for the most common type of hair loss: androgenetic alopecia (AGA).
AGA is commonly known as male pattern baldness. It affects more than 95 percent of all men with hair loss. Some men lose their hair before they turn 21 years of age. More than two-thirds experience some measure of hair loss by age 35. By age 50, an overwhelming majority of men have considerable hair loss.
Hair Loss and Emotions
Although modern culture associates baldness with sexiness and virility, most men are unhappy about their hair loss. Thinning hair affects almost every part of their lives. While hair loss is not a mental disorder, it can cause great emotional distress. It can negatively impact relationships and careers.
Many products claim to prevent hair loss and restore hair growth, but not all of them are effective. Only two products have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to stop hair loss and encourage regrowth. Just a few surgeons currently perform hair restoration to the highest standards. A frank discussion with a doctor is advisable before men pursue a hair loss treatment.
Common Hair Loss Causes
Many factors can contribute to hair loss in men. Illness or disease, medications, nutrient deficiencies and intense stress are possible reasons for hair loss. Androgenetic alopecia, however, is almost always the result of hormones and genetics.
Men with male pattern baldness inherit a sensitivity to DHT, a medical abbreviation for dihydrotestosterone. DHT is a derivative of testosterone, the chief male sex hormone. The 5 alpha-reductase enzyme, which is involved in steroid metabolism, converts testosterone into DHT. Elevated levels of scalp DHT results in damaged hair follicles.
While the genetic process of androgenetic alopecia is unclear, scientists think that DHT shrinks the hair follicles. When the hormone is suppressed, the hair follicles thrive. The right treatment can stop or slow the DHT conversion process and prevent hair loss.
Common Hair Loss Treatments
Finasteride and minoxidil are two medically-proven treatments for male pattern baldness. These FDA-approved drugs act as 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors to block DHT and prevent hair loss. Finasteride was originally developed to treat enlarged prostate glands, and minoxidil was developed to treat high blood pressure. Hair growth was an interesting side effect of these drugs.
Today, men use topical minoxidil to encourage hair growth. Minoxidil is an over-the-counter product. Finasteride, available only by prescription, is an effective DHT blocker. Unfortunately, these drugs have the potential for scalp irritation and sexual side effects such as low libido and erectile dysfunction (ED).
For some men, natural hair loss products are a better solution. Available in pill form as nutritional supplements, or as a topical foam or shampoo, these products are safe and produce few unwanted side effects. The best hair loss treatments contain ingredients that inhibit the 5 alpha-reductase, block DHT and support healthy hair.
Hair transplants are the most common surgical hair loss treatment. These procedures remove skin-and-hair plugs from healthy areas of the scalp and implant them into bald sections. Surgical scalp reduction is another treatment option. For men who do not respond well to drugs or hair restoration treatments, natural-looking wigs and hairpieces can cover hair loss.
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en
| 0.942074 | 749 | 3.1875 | 3 |
One year ago tomorrow, at 12.51 p.m. on a Tuesday, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck south-east of Christchurch’s business district. Our thoughts are with the people who lived through it and are still living through it, and with people who lost someone in the quake.
While updating Te Ara’s story about the 2010–11 Canterbury earthquakes, we looked at the 10,000+ aftershocks map in awe. We started to wonder about the history of earthquakes in the region, why we have so many earthquakes in New Zealand and how they’re measured.
The Web Team here at Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, went looking through the wealth of information, diagrams and data on Te Ara, NZHistory and available through Geonet, and assembled an infographic to present this information together – click on the image below to view the complete infographic. It is the first of a series of infographics and visualisation that we’re calling ‘Perspectives’. The idea behind them is to give our users a new way of looking at aspects of our culture and history. Each of the Perspectives infographics will be visually rich, filled with interesting facts, available under Creative Commons (BY NC), and hopefully they will have something for anyone at any level to take away with them.
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en
| 0.946816 | 279 | 3.203125 | 3 |
One of the three sons of Zeruiah, David's sister, and "captain of the host" during the whole of David's reign ( 2 Samuel 2:13 ; 10:7 ; 11:1 ; 1 Kings 11:15 ). His father's name is nowhere mentioned, although his sepulchre at Bethlehem is mentioned ( 2 Samuel 2:32 ). His two brothers were Abishai and Asahel, the swift of foot, who was killed by Abner ( 2 Samuel 2:13-32 ), whom Joab afterwards treacherously murdered ( 3:22-27 ). He afterwards led the assault at the storming of the fortress on Mount Zion, and for this service was raised to the rank of "prince of the king's army" ( 2 Samuel 5:6-10 ; 1 Chronicles 27:34 ). His chief military achievements were, (1) against the allied forces of Syria and Ammon; (2) against Edom ( 1 Kings 11:151 Kings 11:16 ); and (3) against the Ammonites ( 2 Samuel 10:7-19 ; 2 Samuel 11:12 Samuel 11:11 ). His character is deeply stained by the part he willingly took in the murder of Uriah ( 11:14-25 ). He acted apparently from a sense of duty in putting Absalom to death ( 18:1-14 ). David was unmindful of the many services Joab had rendered to him, and afterwards gave the command of the army to Amasa, Joab's cousin ( 2 Samuel 20:1-13 ; 19:13 ). When David was dying Joab espoused the cause of Adonijah in preference to that of Solomon. He was afterwards slain by Benaiah, by the command of Solomon, in accordance with his father's injunction ( 2 Samuel 3:29 ; 20:5-13 ), at the altar to which he had fled for refuge. Thus this hoary conspirator died without one to lift up a voice in his favour. He was buried in his own property in the "wilderness," probably in the north-east of Jerusalem ( 1 Kings 2:51 Kings 2:28-34 ). Benaiah succeeded him as commander-in-chief of the army.
These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by Thomas Nelson, 1897. Public Domain, copy freely.
[N] indicates this entry was also found in Nave's Topical Bible [H] indicates this entry was also found in Hitchcock's Bible Names [S] indicates this entry was also found in Smith's Bible Dictionary Bibliography InformationEaston, Matthew George. "Entry for Joab". "Easton's Bible Dictionary". .
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| 0.968126 | 568 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Irish and Celtic myths and legends, Irish folklore and Irish fairy tales and Legendary Places in Ireland
The breathtaking fortress of Dun Aengus, perched on the edge of a steep cliff
Dun Aengus means "the Fort of Aenghus", and remains one of the most impressive ancient monuments in Ireland, Europe or the world. Perched on the edge of a high and jagged cliff with the grey-green waters of the Atlantic battering below, it gained its name from its original builders, who were called the Fir Bolg, some of the first to arrive in Ireland and who strove mightily with the Tuatha de Dannan at Moy Tura.
"The Fir Bolg gave them battle upon Mag Tuired; they were a long time fighting that battle. At last it broke against the Fir Bolg, and the slaughter pressed northward, and a hundred thousand of them were slain…The Fir Bolg fell in that battle all but a few, and they went out of Ireland in flight from the Tuatha Dé Dannan…
Thereafter they came in flight before Cairbre under the protection of Meldb and Ailill, and these gave them lands. This is the wandering of the sons of Umor. Oengus son of Umor was king over them in the east, and from them are named those territories, Loch CIme from Cime Four-Heads son of Umor, the Point of Taman in Medraige from Taman son of Umor, the Fort of Oengus in Ara from Oengus, the Stone-heap of Conall in Aidne from Conall, Mag Adair from Adar, Mag Asail from Asal in Mumu also. Menn son of Umor was the poet. They were in fortresses and in islands of the sea around Ireland in that wise, till Cu Chulaind overwhelmed them."
After the Fir Bolg it was reputed to have become the last refuge of the feared Fomorian sea demons as well.
It lies within four great stone walls, open on one side to the ocean, and among its most striking features is the circle of jagged stones that surrounds it. These were meant to make approach to the fort difficult, and they'd have done a fine job of it too, for even now the edges of the stones are sharp and you could do yourself a severe injury by falling atop one.
In the heart of the fourteen acre enclosure is a giant stone slab, although to what purpose it was put in the olden days none can say. The fort could see a great distance out to either side as well, and so perhaps acted as a watchtower for invaders, traders or raiders. Its age is unknown but very great, and its history is less known again, but if you're visiting you'd be best to do so during the evenings, when there are fewer visitors.
Dun Aengus still stands where it's marked on the map below.
We now have an amazing Patreon page as well, where you can listen to the many myths and legends on the Emerald Isle! Exclusive to our Patreon, you can now hear stories of ancient Ireland, folklore and fairy tales and more, all professionally narrated. It's at times like these that it's most important to support artists and creative people whose income might be reduced, so if you'd like to support the work that goes into Emerald Isle, the Patreon can be found here: https://www.patreon.com/emeraldisle
Legendary Places in Ireland
Ireland is a land of many treasures – some are well known while others are known only to a few, like the mysterious stone circles of Beaghmore! In the north of County Tyrone they can be found, at the edge of the Sperrin mountains looking out over the wide countryside below, dating back to the bronze age and earlier, to the time when the Tuath ... [more]
The royal ringfort of Grianán Ailigh was known as the father of every building in Ireland by the Annals of the Four Masters, who also claimed it was first built in the year 1500 BC, in the time of the Tuatha Dé Danann! A mighty place of strength it is and was and may always be, one of the few locations in Ireland correctly marked on a ... [more]
Knockma of the mists is a place wreathed in secrets and myth where they say sleeps the greatest king of the Sidhe, he whose name was Finnbheara! Should you go for a walk around Knockma Hill, pay close attention to that which you cannot see – a warm breeze meant a good fairy was passing by, and a sudden shiver meant an evil one was close! J ... [more]
Nine is a mystical number in Irish folklore, being thrice three, itself known from ancient times as a mysterious symbol, and so should you happen across nine stones, you would do well to be extra careful! For who knows what might lie sleeping just below the surface. And such a place can be found on the saddle between Sliabh Bán, the White ... [more]
Once upon a time there were many kingdoms in Ireland, and many kings, or perhaps they would have been better known as chieftains, but kings they were for all that. As time went by each of these kingdoms fell and were joined one into the other, but yet a single kingdom still remains in the farthest north and farthest west of the country, and this is ... [more]
Ireland's bones are made of stories, you can hardly step over a rock or walk past an old mound but if it could speak, it would tell you tales you could hardly imagine. But of all the legended glens and fields misty with memory in this ancient nation, there are few with as many secrets hidden in their depths as Lough Gur in county Limerick. S ... [more]
There are tens of thousands of round stone forts in Ireland, some say as many as fifty thousand, if you can believe it, and one of the finest examples we have is at Kilcashel in County Mayo, which comes from the Irish Coill an Chaisil, the woods of the stone fort. Almost perfectly circular in construction, with thick walls two broad men could walk ... [more]
Scattered throughout the Irish countryside are hundreds if not thousands of holy wells, almost all of great antiquity, even predating Christianity. They can take almost any form and show up in any place, shimmering in the shadow of engraved stone monuments, in lapping sea caves where the fresh and salt waters mingle twice a day, as natural springs ... [more]
In county Roscommon there's a place of great antiquity called Oweynagat, which some have mistakenly thought to mean the Cave of Cats, although it has nothing to do with cats - “cath” being the Irish word for “battle” and so it should rightfully be called the battle cave. Indeed it has a long association with the Morrigan ... [more]
The Burren is one of the wonders of Ireland. A rolling rocky landscape of limestone hills and plains, it is marked with history stretching back thousands of years. Nestled in between the limestone slabs are herbs and plants you'd be hard pressed to find elsewhere, hailing from places as far afield as the Arctic and the Mediterranean, kept warm ... [more]
Older than Stonehenge and the great pyramids of Giza stands Newgrange, the heart of legends and mysteries stretching back five thousand years. Situated along the river Boyne near to numerous other such places like Knowth and Dowth, that very same river where Fionn Mac Cumhaill was said to have first found and tasted the salmon of knowledge, and the ... [more]
The seat of the High Kings of Ireland of old, Tara or Temair as it was known then, is said to have been the seat of a hundred and forty two kings, kingships won by battle, contest and merit, not passed down father to son as in more primitive cultures. One of the most important monuments in the sacred Boyne valley, its history stretches back four th ... [more]
Dun Aengus means "the Fort of Aenghus", and remains one of the most impressive ancient monuments in Ireland, Europe or the world. Perched on the edge of a high and jagged cliff with the grey-green waters of the Atlantic battering below, it gained its name from its original builders, who were called the Fir Bolg, some of the first to arriv ... [more]
Crannogs, the name meaning "young trees" for reasons which aren't too clear, were dwelling places for people in Ireland from the time of the Tuatha de Dannan right up to the seventeenth century. They were built on shallow lakes or pools on top of tree trunks stuck into the lake bottom, piles of rocks, mud and other debris or on natura ... [more]
Croagh Patrick or Patrick's Stack is an important place of pilgrimage for Christians throughout Ireland and the world today, some even walking the ascent in their bare feet as penance for their sins. However it was considered a holy place long before St Patrick came to visit, even though it is said he banished the snakes from Ireland while stan ... [more]
Rising from the ocean a short distance off the coast of county Kerry in southern Ireland, Skellig Michael and its smaller brother rear up out of the Atlantic ocean like jagged grey teeth. Famous poet George Bernard Shaw who visited the place in 1910, called it an "incredible, impossible, mad place" and "part of our dream world". ... [more]
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| 0.973024 | 2,024 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Can the Big Bang be Merged with Genesis 1?
Vincent: Not sure how anything in the Big Bang contradicts Scripture.
R. Sungenis: Scripture says the earth came first, not light or the stars, and hence, not the Big Bang. The Big Bang has been thoroughly discredited by the ultra high-red shift of quasars that are connected to the low red shift of parent galaxies, and thus Hubble's law has been overturned.
The Big Bang was originally invented when Hubble saw all the universe's galaxies surrounding a central earth (The Observational View of Cosmology, 1936). In order to escape a central earth, Hubble invented an expanding universe so that the universe would look the same from wherever one viewed it, and thus not allow the earth to be in a unique central position (as Scripture said it was in Genesis 1:2, Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Isaiah). But the most amount of time he could pack into his expanding universe was 4 billion years. So Lemaitre invented the stop-and-go expansion, that is, the universe would stop expanding long enough for the required years for stellar and biological evolution to have some semblance of workability (about 15 to 20 billion years), and then start again. But regardless of the time to expand, to begin an expanding universe, you had to have the expansion start at one specific point, hence, the Big Bang "singularity" was invented as the beginning. Only problem was that the “singularity” was not matter, and thus an undefined state of being.
In essence, modern cosmology has been one effort after another to get away from the Scriptural evidence, not support it.
Vincent: I think it’s a big problem for Evolutionists as it limits how much time was available compared to the Steady-State universe model with infinite time in the past and future.
Big Bang says there was a beginning and will be an End ... Hmmmmm science confirming in the 1960's what Moses and the Prophets said thousands of years ago.
R. Sungenis: Everyone knows there has to be a beginning and an end to the universe. The Big Bang adds nothing to that fact.
Vincent: Big Bang theory confirms General Relativity!
R. Sungenis: Not really. General Relativity was invented to make up for the failure of Special Relativity to answer the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment which showed the earth was in the center of the universe, motionless in space (just as Genesis 1:1-2, Chronicles, Psalms, says it is). Unfortunately for Einstein, in General Relativity he had to go back to the very ether he had rejected in Special Relativity, so he ended up contradicting himself. Moreover, General Relativity is not an answer to reality. It is merely a set of mathematical equations that were formulated by working backward into Newton's laws, and then tweaking them a bit more.
Vincent: General Relativity predicts Time Dilation (Clocks run slower in strong gravitational fields). So how much slower did clocks run at the BB moment of Creation of the Universe? Clocks run slower on the surface of the sun compared to the earth.
R. Sungenis: There is no scientific proof that clocks run slower in higher gravitational environments because of "General Relativity" principles. As many other scientists hold, clocks may run slower merely because there is more gravitational ether in higher gravitational environments against which the clock's mechanisms must interact. The greater the friction, the slower the clock will tick. Common sense.
Vincent: And slower on GPS satellites and we have to correct this in order to navigate on GPS.
R. Sungenis: Yes, but the correction is not proven to be from General Relativity's principles. GR is but one explanation among many. As physicist Clifford Will says: “General Relativity has passed every solar-system test with flying colors. Yet so have alternative theories.”
Incidentally, the "correction" that had to be built into the GPS is the "Sagnac correction." Sagnac was the scientist who in 1913 showed the existence of ether and absolute motion, the total antithesis of Einstein's Special and General Relativity which denied ether and absolute motion. Ironically, the only way General Relativity can "work" with the GPS is if the GPS computers are programmed with an anti-General Relativity correction -- the Sagnac correction.
Vincent: Answer: When you tune a radio between broadcast stations, or a TV between stations ... you get noise. What is that noise. That noise has been shown to be the Cosmic Background Radiation *(CBR*) residual from the BB when matter first formed from the Energy present at the BB. When matter formed there should have been Photons released. The heat of this energy should have measured 3 Trillion degrees K >>> BUT we measure this today at a very cold 3 degrees K. The Universe has cooled by* a factor of ONE TRILLION*.
R. Sungenis: There is no proof that the CMB is from a Big Bang. That is merely a convenient and self-serving interpretation. The CMB could merely be the residual temperature of the stellar energy in space, or any number of things. Ironically, it is the isotropy of the CMB which discredits the Big Bang, since the same energy existing in all directions means, once again, that the Earth is in the center of it all.
Vincent: Why is this important? We don't only measure Energy by temperature. We measure Energy by the Frequency of the Light (Electromagnetic wave) emitted. If the temperature of the *CBR* cooled by a factor of one trillion. That means the Frequency of the electromagnetic wave also slowed by one trillion. THE ATOMIC CLOCK RAN ONE TRILLION TIMES SLOWER AT THE CREATION THAN IT DOES NOW!
R. Sungenis: All self-serving speculation without an ounce of proof.
Vincent: It is an annoying coincidence to Genesis critics that 15 Billion years divided by One Trillion = *5.5 days*.
R. Sungenis: Genesis doesn't need our unproven speculations about how fast or slow atomic clocks ran or run. Again, trying to fit modern Big Bang cosmology into Genesis is totally futile, since Genesis insists that the Earth came first and everything else was built around it.
Vincent: If you read Genesis carefully, I think you will notice that a distinct difference in the pace of the narrative that occurs after God rests. The story proceeds from a human perspective ... its like we switched Clocks from God's Time to human time.
R. Sungenis: No, the same length of days are used before the seventh day as after. That is why Exodus 20:11 uses the same time factor for both periods.
Vincent: General Relativity. It’s in the Bible long before Einstein invented it in 1905. The more we learn ... The Bible is getting smarter all the time.
R. Sungenis: General Relativity is not in the Bible. It was invented by Einstein to escape the truths of the Bible, not support them. Those who see GR in the Bible are using eisegesis, not exegesis. Einstein was an atheist who hated the Catholic Church. I have many quotes to that effect in my book.
Vincent: It makes no difference to me whether the scientific community has all or part of their theory of the universe correct or wrong. The theories are always adjusted or sometimes completely discarded when new evidence surfaces.
But does scripture say the Earth was created before light? I am not sure. Genesis 1: The Beginning: 1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
Vincent: The Fabric of space and matter earth, water, air, and fire, which was thought to be the constituent matter of the heavenly bodies and latent in all things.
R. Sungenis: No, the fabric of space wasn't created until the second day, when God created the firmament. The firmament is also called the "heavens" (Genesis 1:8: "And God called the firmament heaven"), and the place where the birds fly (vr. 20).
Genesis 1:1 ("In beginning God created the heavens and the earth") is merely an introductory title for the rest of the creation days. It is like the chapter heading of a book. The earth is the first entity of matter that Genesis records. The second is the water surrounding the earth.
Vincent: 2 Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. The matter (earth) that the planet earth is composed of had not yet formed the planet
R. Sungenis: The Hebrew simply means that the earth was indistinguishable ("formless") from the water that surrounded it, and no vegetation or anything else had yet been created on it ("empty").
Vincent: 3 And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. 4 God saw that the light was good, and He separated the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light "day," and the darkness he called "night." And there was evening, and there was morning—the first day.
Light was emitted AFTER matter (Earth, the element) formed -- (That’s what the BB theory says ... The CBR is the result of the formation of matter). But before the planet Earth was formed.
R. Sungenis: No, the Big Bang theory says that the earth came about 8 billion years after the "light" of the Big Bang. Moreover, Genesis doesn't use the Hebrew word ERETS ("earth") for "matter." To translate ERETS as "matter" is an imposition on the text that is not supported by the context. The context speaks of an ERETS as having water surrounding it (vr. 1), which water was then divided from the land and the land was also called ERETS (vr. 10). The ERETS then had plants put on it the third day (vr. 11). In other words, ERETS always refers to the earth, not raw matter.
Vincent: All that was on the first day. It doesn't look like the Planet earth was finished until the second or third day.
R. Sungenis: Unless you can show how "matter" was surrounded by "water" before the "light" came, then the BB simply cannot fit into the chronology of Genesis 1.
Vincent: Two issues: 1. Did Augustine, Origen, and Aquinas believe Moses?
"What person of intelligence, I ask, will consider as a reasonable statement that the first and the second and the third day, in which there are said to be both morning and evening, existed without sun and moon and stars, while the first day was even without a heaven? […] I do not think anyone will doubt that these are figurative expressions which indicate certain mysteries through a semblance of history."
R. Sungenis: It doesn’t take any more intelligence to figure out that the light of Genesis 1:3 on Day 1 was composed of the same substance as the light which the sun and stars produced on Day 4, that is, fire. It also is reasonable to assume that the earth existed as a tiny sphere surrounded by millions of miles of ice (water), and that a hemispherical mass of fire revolved around the earth for the first three days, creating a day and night sequence, which eventually liquified the ice so that life could then be sustained by Day 3. When the firmament expanded (as Day 2 specifies in vrs. 6-9) it took the fire with it to the recesses of its created space, perhaps then being used to constitute the stars and the other light-bearing bodies in space, while a residual was left in the proximity of Earth and was formed into the sun.
Vincent: Origen, On First Principles: "Perhaps Sacred Scripture in its customary style is speaking with the limitations of human language in addressing men of limited understanding. … The narrative of the inspired writer brings the matter down to the capacity of children."
R. Sungenis: Origen was known for allegorizing almost the entire Scripture, even parts that were commonly accepted by everyone else as quite literal, so his allegorizing of Genesis 1 really doesn’t mean much. So his opinion here is not really decisive, especially when every other Father took Genesis 1-3 very literally.
Vincent: St. Augustine, The Literal Meaning of Genesis : "On the day on which God created the heaven and the earth, He created also every plant of the field, not, indeed, actually, but "before it sprung up in the earth," that is, potentially. … All things were not distinguished and adorned together, not from a want of power on God's part, as requiring time in which to work, but that due order might be observed in the instituting of the world. Hence it was fitting that different days should be assigned to the different states of the world, as each succeeding work added to the world a fresh state of perfection."
R. Sungenis: That was only one of Augustine’s ideas for interpreting Genesis 1. Augustine, by his own admission, struggled with Genesis 1 because he didn’t know how to fit in the angels, which then led him to think that the Days may be for the contemplation of the angels. He also got confused by his misconstruing of Sirach 18:1 (“He that liveth for ever created all things together”) which he believed taught that all things were created at once. Augustine didn’t know either Hebrew or Greek in order to figure out that Sirach 18:1 wasn’t making a chronological commentary on Genesis 1, he only knew the Latin (which misconstrued the LXX Greek word KOINE (“in common”) for the Latin SIMUL (“altogether”). Moreover, Augustine never abandoned his original interpretation that the Days of Genesis 1 were sequential. He merely said he preferred the “at once” interpretation due to the issue about the angels, and he also said (in the Literal Interpretation of Genesis) that he was open to have his mind changed on the issue if someone could come up with a better explanation.
Vincent: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica: "In matters that are so obscure and far beyond our vision, we find in Holy Scripture passages which can be interpreted in very different ways without prejudice to the faith we have received. In such cases, we should not rush in headlong and so firmly take our stand on one side that, if further progress in the search of truth justly undermines this position, we too fall with it. That would be to battle not for the teaching of Holy Scripture but for our own, wishing its teaching to conform to ours, whereas we ought to wish ours to conform to that of Sacred Scripture."
R. Sungenis: Well, all the Fathers, even Origen, DID take a strong stand on Genesis 1. No one was without an interpretation he didn’t feel was correct. Aquinas is talking about Scripture in general, not necessarily about Genesis 1.
Vincent: And I copied this from John Wesley's Genesis 1 Wesley's Notes on the Bible
2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
1:2 Where we have an account of the first matter, and the first Mover.
1. A chaos was the first matter. 'Tis here called the earth, (tho' the earth, properly taken, was not made 'till the third day, Ge 1:10) because it did most resemble that which was afterwards called earth, a heavy unwieldy mass. 'Tis also called the deep, both for its vastness, and because the waters which were afterwards separated from the earth were now mixed with it. This mighty bulk of matter was it, out of which all bodies were afterwards produced. The Creator could have made his work perfect at first, but by this gradual proceeding he would shew what is ordinarily the method of his providence, and grace. This chaos, was without form and void. Tohu and Bohu, confusion and emptiness, so those words are rendered, Isa 34:11. 'Twas shapeless, 'twas useless, 'twas without inhabitants, without ornaments; the shadow or rough draught of things to come. To those who have their hearts in heaven, this lower world, in comparison of the upper, still appears to be confusion and emptiness. And darkness was upon the face of the deep - God did not create this darkness, (as he is said to create the darkness of affliction, Isa 45:7.) for it was only the want of light.
R. Sungenis: Mr. Wesley is not exegeting Scripture here. He is just asserting his opinion. Furthermore, his opinion does not agree with the text. Genesis 1 says nothing about the Earth being created on the “third day.” I don’t know anyone who holds that view. As I said in my last email, the Hebrew word ERETS does not refer to anything but the Earth as we know it today. Raw matter cannot be encompassed by water, only the Earth as a spherical object could be encompassed by water, and then have that same water divided vertically and horizontally on Day 2, since water assumes the shape of its container.
Vincent: 2. It is claimed the Earth was created before Light. That would certainly be a Miracle... and I believe in miracles ... but you cannot expect the scientists to explain the universe by invoking Miracles.
R. Sungenis: The Big Bang IS a miracle. Anyone who believes that something (matter) came from nothing (a singularity composed of no matter) believes in miracles. Modern science merely prefers its own miracles to the miracles in the Bible.
Vincent: As far as I know, in Physics (not miracles), light is the child of matter. If matter exists at any temperature above 0 Kelvin ... Photons will be emitted. So God when he created the Earth would have had to first or simultaneously created the matter the Earth is composed of... when He did this ... he also created Light at the same time.
R. Sungenis: They are still struggling to figure out whether light is a wave or a particle, much less whether there are packets called photons. I don’t think anyone is prepared to say, definitively, what light is. We might agree that anything above 0 Kelvin emits energy, but whether it is visible light that could create a day/night sequence is another story altogether. Obviously, the matter which composed the Earth and the water surrounding the Earth on Day 1 was composed of atomic particles, including electrons, and thus there was a form of energy. But the Light God created on Day 1 is in the visible spectrum, and enough to accomplish its task of illuminating the Earth.
Vincent: Now which came first, the chicken or the egg? As a believer in Creation ... THE CHICKEN! Likewise, Light is the daughter of matter. But I suppose if HE wanted to, God could have created the Earth and matter at precisely the same moment, and the matter could have been at Absolute Zero Kelvin temperature.
R. Sungenis: Yes, the Earth and the ice could have been at 0 Kelvin. The Light could have made the temperature of the firmament 2.73 Kelvin, as it is today. As for the chicken and the egg, is fire (which is light) from matter? Many scientists consider fire the fourth state of matter, which they call plasma. It is not pure energy and not pure matter, but seems to be something in between the two.
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Mechanisms Underlying Changes in Encoding of Neuronal Information by Backward Travelling Action Potentials
Neurons encode stimuli by generating action potentials at the axon origin and propagating them along the axon trunk. However, axons can also possess secondary (ectopic) action potentials initiation sites, far from the stimulus encoding site, the axon origin. Action potentials initiated at ectopic sites travel both forward and backward along the axon. We have previously shown that when action potentials travel backward they change how stimuli are encoded in neurons using an experimentally advantageous neuron in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab, Cancer borealis. Specifically, increases in the frequency of ectopic action potentials delay the start time of encoding, reduce the number of action potentials produced, and decrease the burst duration of the encoded stimuli. While backward travelling action potentials clearly affect encoding, the mechanism underlying their actions remains unclear. Our current computational modelling indicates that these changes to encoding require a slow hyperpolarizing current to be present at the site of encoding. However, what this current changes at the site of initiation to promote changes in encoding remains unclear. Preliminary results indicate that as this current accumulates with increasing ectopic action potential frequencies, the total membrane conductance increases and the membrane potential hyperpolarizes. Consequently, other voltage-gated ionic conductances at the site of encoding are also affected, i.e. their open probabilities and activation states change. We hypothesize that the changes in membrane potential alone are necessary and sufficient to elicit the observed ectopic action potential frequency dependent modulation of sensory encoding. We are currently testing this hypothesis using models, which allow us to alter the membrane potential at the site of encoding independent of ectopic action potential frequency. This will provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanism facilitating the effects backward travelling action potentials on encoding observed physiologically.
DeMaegd, Margaret, "Mechanisms Underlying Changes in Encoding of Neuronal Information by Backward Travelling Action Potentials" (2018). University Research Symposium. 38.
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MADISON, Wis. -- Gardeners tend to look at earthworms as good helpers that break down fallen leaves and other organic matter into nutrients plants can use.
But not all earthworms do the same work in the soil. New research from the University of Wisconsin-Madison shows that Asian jumping worms, an invasive species first found in Wisconsin in 2013, may do their work too well, speeding up the exit of nutrients from the soil before plants can process them.
"Earthworms are the kind of organisms we call ecosystem engineers. They change the physical and chemical properties of the ecosystem as they dig and feed," says Monica Turner, a UW-Madison professor of zoology. "But nobody really understood if these Asian worms would have the same effect as the European worms we have had here for many years."
Jiangxiao Qiu, a former graduate student in Turner's laboratory and now a postdoctoral researcher with The Nature Conservancy, studied the impact the Asian worms -- of the species Amynthas agrestis and Amynthas tokioensis -- from July through October of 2014 in the forest at the UW Arboretum, and conducted an experiment on soil samples taken from around southern Wisconsin. Qiu's work was published this week in the journal Biological Invasions.
Unlike deep-dwelling European earthworms, the Asian jumping worms -- named for the way they flop and wriggle when held or disturbed -- prefer to live and eat within a few centimeters of the soil surface.
"What most interested me was how these earthworms would change the forest floor, especially the litter layer on top of the soil -- dead leaves and twigs and other materials," says Qiu. "And we could see the difference they made in the physical structure of the soil and the amount of leaf litter."
Leaf litter declined by 95 percent in forested study areas, and the Asian worms left behind residue that was almost pebbly in consistency -- grainy little balls of dirt that may make it hard for the seeds of native plants to germinate.
"Some plants need that leaf litter layer to get established at all," Turner says. "If the litter layer is gone, and the soil is bare and clumpy, the earthworms may help weedy plants come in along with other invasive plants that we don't want."
Through their flexible diets and high numbers, the Asian invaders make quick work of whatever food they find.
"These earthworms live in much higher density than European earthworms, and that leads to a much faster transformation from litter to available nutrients," Qiu says. "This increases the nutrients -- such as carbon, nitrogen and available phosphorus-- in the top soil."
Concentrations in the soil of some minerals released from the leaf litter as the worms eat increased down to a depth of 25 centimeters, and spiked later in the growing season when the worms are largest and most active.
"The fact that they take nutrients that are not available to plants -- because they're tied up in the dead leaves -- and make them available to plants is something you might like to have happen in your garden," Turner says. "But from our numbers, these worms make that natural process happen roughly twice as fast. It's like a fast-release fertilizer instead of slow-release, and that changes where the nutrients end up."
They may end up washing away before they can benefit many plants that count on a slower release, and then turn up where they're not wanted.
"Nitrate dissolves readily in water, and it moves with water. It's disappearing with the rain," says Turner. "And nitrate is a groundwater contaminant in many wells in Wisconsin, so it's not just the plants that benefit if the nitrate does not infiltrate deeper and deeper into the ground."
While Qiu noted the biggest changes in forest soils, samples from prairie soils showed changes, too. And grasslands are the choice habitat for the worms in their native ranges in East Asia.
"This suggests the prairie ecosystems might also be susceptible to future invasions," says Qiu, whose research was supported by the National Science Foundation.
Turner and other UW-Madison researchers are working on new studies exploring the invasive worms' range, how plants may deal with the changing soil chemistry, and the interaction between the Asian jumping worms and invasive plants like buckthorn.
"It's the balance between a lot of competing plant, animal and microbial processes that will determine the long-term effect of these earthworms," Turner says.
DOWNLOAD PHOTOS: https:/
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The map below shows the average number of inhabitants per household (“household size”) for each of Mexico’s states.
The national average household size is 3.9 persons. The middle band on the map shows those states with household size between 3.7 and 4.0 inclusive. The darkest shade shows states with a household size of 4.1 or greater; the lightest shade shows those with a household size of 3.6 or smaller.
- Compare this map with the maps of:
- Discuss the possible reasons for any connections you note between household size, potable water, GDP/person and infant mortality.
- What other factors might also affect household sizes?
- What are the drawbacks to using any of these measures (household size, potable water, GDP/person, infant mortality) on their own as a development indicator?
Development indices of various kinds are discussed in chapters 29 and 30 of Geo-Mexico: the geography and dynamics of modern Mexico. Ask your local library to purchase a copy today!
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A world-renowned geologist has published a study suggesting carbon dioxide may not have a huge effect on climate change. The implications of Jan Veizer's work has sent shockwaves through the climate research community.
It has long been theorised that carbon dioxide is the driving force behind the greenhouse effect and global warming. But Veizer's research identified long periods in the Earth's geological past when elevated levels of carbon dioxide were actually associated with a drop in average temperature.
He says he doesn't want to jeopardize the environmental agenda, but he thought it better to be honest than to conceal the results.
Veizer, who works at the University of Ottawa and at Ruhr University in Germany, examined fossils from a primitive clam that has existed for almost 500 million years. When these organisms were alive, the composition of the atmosphere left its traces in their shells and skeletons. Using this data, the researchers were able to reconstruct the Earth's climate over time.
- Related story: Canada, U.S. sign clean air deal
Levels of carbon dioxide taken from this picture were then fed into a computer climate model. The computer then generated the expected temperatures for those time periods.
During two periods, the actual and expected temperatures didn't match. Veizer does admit the computer model could be wrong, but if it's not, he says the numbers point to a diminished role for carbon dioxide in global warming.
He says he thinks carbon dixide and other greenhouse gases may not drive climate change, but simply amplify change set off by some other factor. He thinks that factor may be the sun and solar radiation.
His critics say Veizer's readings may be accurate, but that other factors need to be considered before carbon dioxide can be discounted as a cause of global warming.
Andrew Weaver, one of Canada's leading climate modelers says the Earth of 400 million years ago was significantly different and can't be compared fairly to our situation today.
Weaver points out that during the ice ages Veizer's numbers point to, all the land was concentrated arount the South Pole, and radiation from the sun was lower than it is today.
Others say the fact that carbon dioxide levels have increased at an unprecedented rate during the past few decades cannot be properly addressed by Veizer's study.
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A recent surge of measles cases in the United States has seen outbreaks in 23 states and the declaration of a public health emergency in New York City. While measles was declared eliminated in the US in 2000, this latest upswing is part of an almost 300% rise in global measles cases this year.
Australia was declared free of measles in 2014. While the virus more commonly occurs in low and middle income countries, recent outbreaks in the US, Europe and Israel indicate a deeply concerning resurgence in the developed world. Following a spate of cases across Australia over the summer, an important question must now be asked: can Australians do more to prevent a serious outbreak at home?
A growing problem
Measles is a highly contagious and serious disease characterised by fever, cough, coryzal symptoms and rash; up to 90% of susceptible people with close contact to a measles patient will become infected. In serious cases, swelling and inflammation in the brain can result in brain damage or death, with more than 100,000 deaths recorded globally in 2017.
Outbreaks in the US commonly occur in communities with lower vaccination rates, including the Amish and Ultra-Orthodox Jewish populations. The recent outbreak among Orthodox Jewish communities in New York City originated with an unvaccinated child who had visited Israel, which battled 4000 cases in 2018, up from 30 the year before.
While the rise of anti-vaxxers has contributed to this global increase in measles transmission, the movement does not appear to have had much of an impact in Australia. Measles vaccination rates are nearly 93.5% in Australian children, keeping the country in the 90-95% target range required to achieve herd immunity against the disease. At this level of vaccination, it is extremely difficult for the virus to spread in a community, providing protection for children who are not vaccinated due to medical illness, conscientious objection or being too young.
Are Australians at risk?
Australia’s relatively high national and state vaccination rates can obscure areas where the percentage of fully immunised children drops below 85%. Decreasing immunity in people born between 1966 and 1994 is also of concern; while Australia’s current two-dose measles vaccine schedule provides lifelong immunity in more than 96% of people, a one-dose schedule was relied upon until the early 1990s, leaving those aged in their 20s to 50s at increased risk.
Growing rates of travel to at-risk locations further increases the likelihood of the virus crossing borders.
Growing rates of travel to at-risk locations further increases the likelihood of the virus crossing borders. Australia is currently experiencing a national measles spike, with nearly 100 confirmed cases this year, most likely due to tourists and travellers returning from overseas.
In 2012, a man returning to Australia from Thailand became the first case in an eight-month outbreak that ultimately affected 167 people across southwest Sydney. While most of the affected local government areas had vaccination coverage rates similar to the state average, these high-level geographic statistics lack the sensitivity to detect pockets of low immunity.
A post-outbreak review found that approximately 20% of cases were reported in people from the Pacific islands, particularly Samoa. While Australia does not collect immunisation data by ethnicity, staff working in school-based measles clinics during the outbreak reported that many students from the Pacific islands missed routine childhood vaccinations including the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, both before and after their arrival in Australia.
Raise the index of suspicion for measles
An expert panel convened in Sydney after the 2012 outbreak recommended strategies to address poor vaccine coverage in migrant communities, such as the inclusion of measles vaccination status in travellers’ health records – a strategy already used to control the spread of yellow fever in endemic countries. Other experts have called for more research into the drivers of low rates of vaccination in some communities, including the possible role of anti-vaccination sentiment.
Ensuring up to date policy for the rapid diagnosis and triage of suspected measles cases is also critical. Alarmingly, 16 infections in the 2012 Sydney outbreak occurred within healthcare facilities, including general practice waiting rooms, emergency departments and hospital wards. Many patients made multiple presentations to health services before the disease was identified, and some patients presenting with fever and a rash were not effectively isolated. These issues had been identified after a smaller outbreak in Sydney in 2011, but had not been addressed in time for the next outbreak.
Some of these gaps can be explained by the fact that many young clinicians have little or no experience with measles. In the most recent outbreak among a community of Orthodox Jews in Michigan, a physician initially missed the signs of measles in the index patient, only to make the correct diagnosis when the patient presented again the next day. The doctor was congratulated by health authorities after making the diagnosis despite never having seen the disease. Many other healthcare workers miss the chance to stop an outbreak in its tracks.
This case is a stark reminder of the importance of keeping university curricula up to date. Accurate and timely diagnosis is critical in limiting viral outbreaks, and it is essential that future healthcare workers first think about measles in the classroom, rather than on the job.
A new normal: where to now?
Global elimination of measles remains an aspirational target. With the virus set to make a slow comeback in countries once hoped to be free of the disease, Australian health authorities can expect to see more outbreaks sparked by returning travellers, spreading predominantly in communities with low immunity.
Increased visibility of measles elimination, funding for greater research on existing knowledge gaps and efforts to improve access for those with logistical or language barriers will all be critical strategies in countering this threat. Ongoing vigilance will give Australians the best chance of limiting future outbreaks and safeguarding national wellbeing.
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Vaccine for malaria now in development
The WHO recommended the use of the RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine for children in sub-Saharan Africa and other areas with high malaria transmission in a press release on Oct. 6. This vaccine is a ground-breaking new preventative measure for malaria that is showing promising results in clinical trials.
According to the World Health Organization, the malaria parasite is one of the leading causes of childhood illness and death in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite, carried by mosquitos and transmitted to humans, leads to millions of deaths every year. There are insecticides that can be used to kill the mosquito hosts, and nets can be draped over beds to prevent people from being bitten, but these preventive measures are not always effective.
“I think that it’s a good idea (to distribute this vaccine) as Protozoal infections are hard to fight because we share similar characteristics in our cellular makeup,” said David McKenna, sophomore nursing student.
The WHO press release noted that there has not been significant research or scientific progress in stopping this disease in the last several years.
However, this vaccination program could save millions of lives if it continues to be effective.
“This is a historic moment,” said Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO director-general, in the press release. “The long-awaited malaria vaccine for children is a breakthrough for science, child health and malaria control. Using this vaccine on top of existing tools to prevent malaria could save tens of thousands of young lives each year.”
The pilot programs for this vaccine have been effective in preventing the disease while also preserving the preventative effects of insecticides and anti-mosquito nets, according to the WHO.
For those who cannot afford insecticides and mosquito nets, however, this vaccine will be immensely helpful in preventing malaria transmission.
“This vaccine will help us, as public health professionals, to eliminate the inequalities and death rates amongst these populations, and amongst those who do not have access to mosquito nets,” said Dr. Ogbochi McKinney, associate professor of public health, director of the master’s in public health program and director of practice experience.
Another benefit of this vaccine, WHO noted, is that it is easy to deliver and readily available to many. They saw that even during the COVID-19 pandemic, patients were able to gain access to the vaccine. Many pediatric patients who did not have access to mosquito nets were also able to access this vaccine and thus receive protection from the parasite for the first time.
“The vaccine, to me, looks promising from what we’ve seen during the clinical trials,” McKinney said. “My only prayer and hope is that some of the challenges that we have seen in the past when it comes to rolling out vaccination programs will be addressed early.”
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University of North Carolina at Greensboro
The University of North Carolina at Greensboro was chartered on 18 Feb. 1891 as the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial School with an initial appropriation of $10,000. It was the work largely of Charles Duncan McIver and Edwin A. Alderman, who had been advocating for years for a state normal school for teachers, particularly women, who comprised most of the public school teachers. Several localities desired the school, but Greensboro won the bidding war, pledging $30,000 in additional funds.
The school became a college in 1897, and baccalaureate degrees followed in 1903. The teacher training curriculum was accompanied from the beginning by training in domestic science and commercial subjects. In time, the liberal arts assumed prominence alongside expanded offerings in education, home economics, and music. In 1919 the institution was renamed the North Carolina College for Women, and in 1931, when it joined the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State College in Raleigh in the new consolidated University of North Carolina System, it became the Woman's College of the University of North Carolina. So it remained until 1963, when it emerged as the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) with coeducation and a broader educational mission.
The initial site in 1891 was a ten-acre tract on what was then the western edge of Greensboro. The campus grew to nearly 200 acres surrounded by urban, residential neighborhoods. The student body numbered 223 by the end of the first year-as many as the campus and neighboring private homes could accommodate. By the early 2000s, the university had more than 13,000 students. The nature of the student body changed vastly over the years. The most obvious changes were racial desegregation, which began with the admission of the first two black students in 1956, and coeducation, which began officially in 1963. Fully as important, UNCG has become a commuter as well as a residential campus, with more than half of the students living in the greater Greensboro area.
Although postgraduate training began early in the institution's history, UNCG granted its first doctorate in 1963. The earliest doctoral programs were in professional areas such as education, home economics, and physical education, areas in which the Woman's College had already established strong graduate programs. Doctoral programs in English and psychology soon followed. The modern university offers master's degrees in 68 fields and doctorates in 14. Its arts programs are nationally known. Weatherspoon Art Museum houses what is considered to be the most outstanding permanent collection of contemporary art in the Southeast. UNCG is also one of only six higher educational institutions in North Carolina approved to have a Phi Beta Kappa chapter.
Elisabeth Ann Bowles, A Good Beginning: The First Four Decades of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (1967).
Allen W. Trelease, Changing Assignments: A Pictorial History of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (1991).
University of North Carolina at Greensboro: http://www.uncg.edu/
History of UNC-G:http://www.uncg.edu/inside-uncg/inside-history.htm
NC Highway Historical Marker J-10: https://www.ncdcr.gov/about/history/division-historical-resources/nc-highway-historical-marker-program/Markers.aspx?sp=Markers&k=Markers&sv=J-10
Brief History of the University, UNC-G Archives: http://library.uncg.edu/info/depts/scua/collections/university_archives/brief_history.aspx
Student life at the Normal and Industrial School, ANCHOR: https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/student-life-normal-and
A women's college, LearnNC: https://web.archive.org/web/20180125085545/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newsouth/5500 (Accessed May 12, 2022).
The First Faculty Photo of the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial School, 1893: http://library.uncg.edu/info/depts/scua/exhibits/timeline/pages/1893_faculty.htm
Public documents of the State of North Carolina : http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll22,120272
Search Results for 'North Carolina College for Women' in North Carolina Digital Collections.
North Carolina College for Women. Image courtesy of UNC Libraries.Available from http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/ref/nchistory/feb2009/index.html (accessed November 19, 2012).
1 January 2006 | Trelease, Allen W.
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On a December evening in 1840, the writer John Howard Payne—known to Americans today, if at all, for his song “Home, Sweet Home”—was invited to a meeting in Park Hill, Oklahoma, about seventy miles southeast of Tulsa. Payne was excited. The meeting was to be held at a cabin owned by John Ross, chief of the Cherokee tribe, and he would have the honor of meeting the tribe’s most distinguished citizen, perhaps the most celebrated Native American in history: the linguist and diplomat, Sequoyah.1
The fifty-year-old dignitary did not disappoint. Wearing a long, dark blue robe and the traditional Cherokee turban, he seated himself by the fire and lit a pipe. “His air was altogether what we picture to ourselves of an old Greek philosopher,” Payne thought.2 Sequoyah was asked to recite some Cherokee legends, and Payne waited, quill in hand, to preserve his words for posterity. But the older man began speaking in his native language—he either did not know, or refused to speak, English—and Ross and a young interpreter present were so enraptured by his words that they failed to translate. “He talked and gesticulated very gracefully,” the author recalled afterward. “His voice alternately swelling,—and then sinking to a whisper,—and his eye firing up and then its wild flashes subsiding.” But Payne understood nothing. The next morning, when he asked Sequoyah to repeat the story so he could write it down, the older man refused—and his words have been forever lost.
The irony is that this anecdote so perfectly illustrates the fleeting nature of oral communication—and the degree to which Sequoyah’s invention, the Cherokee syllabary, revolutionized his tribe’s culture. In the 1820s, he became the only person to invent a form of writing without already knowing another one, or so it is believed.
The skill of language is so precious that philosophers since Aristotle have seen it as the dividing line between humans and animals. But valuable as it is, language evaporates the moment it is uttered—unless it can be preserved in written form. Countless civilizations have risen and fallen with only spoken languages, leaving few clues about their cultures. The Inca deserted Machu Picchu, for example, only a few decades after building it—but due to the lack of written language, no one knows why. The Sinagua peoples of ancient Arizona left behind the ruins of whole towns, but virtually nothing is known of them, or about what archaeologists call The Mississippi Culture, which thrived in an immense territory stretching from the Great Lakes to Florida as recently as the year 1500. Knowledge of these and other societies has been obliterated by time because they left no written record.Philosophers since Aristotle have seen language as the dividing line between humans and animals. But valuable as it is, language evaporates the moment it is uttered—unless it can be preserved in written form. Click To Tweet
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| 0.976901 | 633 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Dictionary between Macedonian Translation
The Macedonian language is a language in the Eastern group of South Slavic languages and is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia (The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia). It is also referred to by several alternative names, many formed with the word Slavic. (From Wikipedia)
The Ancient Macedonian language was the tongue of the Ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in Macedon during the 1st millennium BC. Marginalized from the 5th century BC, it was gradually replaced by the common Greek dialect of the Hellenistic Era. (From Wikipedia)
FREELANG Macedonian-English Dictionary
FREELANG - Macedonian-English and English-Macedonian free dictionary.
Online Macedonian English Dictionary
Online Macedonian English translator - translate texts, documents, sentences, phrases, web pages.
Dictionary Macedonian (PDF Document)
Dictionary of three languages by George Pulevski.
Macedonian Lexicon XVI Century - Un Lexique Macédonien du XVie siécle.
To hear the pronunciation in Macedonian language click either on the speaker icon on the left or the word next to it.
English, German, French, Albanien, Turkish, Serbia and Macedonian Dictionary.
Macedonian Dictionary (PDF Document)
English-Macedonian Dictionary by Jerzy Kazojc (c) copyright 2011.
DIGITAL Dictionary of Macedonian language.
English Macedonian Dictionary Stefov.
Macedonian Reverse Dictionary.
Macedonian Multilingual Dictionary
Online Macedonian Multilingual Dictionary
Other Macedonian Dictionary Translation
Online browsable Dictionary for Greek-Macedonian in HTML
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Every now and again, the Jewish calendar requires us to add an extra “leap” month. The Tosefta on Sanhedrin points out that if we were to add a thirteenth month anywhere else in the Jewish calendar in the process of adding this month, Adar would no longer be the twelfth month. That would contradict this Scriptural verse. Therefore, this verse forces Adar to always be the twelfth month.
- Maamar Mordechai points out that, when the Jews were in Egypt, the ten plagues occurred for one month each. That being the case, the second to last plague, that of darkness, happened one month before Passover, which would mean it fell in Adar. Haman assumed the darkness was a plague that hurt the Jews since so many of them died then (see Rashi to Shemos 10:22 and 13:18). After all, four fifths of the Jews died in Egypt because they did not believe in their upcoming rescue. H-Shem killed these unfortunates during the plague of darkness to avoid the Egyptians seeing this, and assuming the Jews’ G-d is no longer with them.1 The Jews in Persia, by attending Achashverosh’s party, indicated that they, too, lost faith in their redemption, and this is why the lots falling on Adar so pleased Haman.
- Adar is also the month when Moshe died. According to the Talmud (Megillah 13b), Haman knew this because it is so written in the end of Devarim (34:8) and can be calculated from the book of Yehoshua. According to our tradition, the seventh of Adar, his date of death, is also his date of birth. Rabbi Mendel Weinbach writes that Haman did not know this because, as opposed to his date of birth, his date of death is only found in the Oral Torah.
- The Abudraham calculates that Adar 13 would mark the end of the seven-day mourning period (shiva) for Moshe. According to the Maharsha, that seven-day period of mourning continues in some mystical way the merits of the mourned. After that point, the dead only receive merit of others step up to take over their spiritual roles. Interestingly, Rabbi Dovid Feinstein notes that, Moshe having been born on 7 Adar, his bris (circumcision) would have been on 14 Adar, Purim!2
1It bespeaks a certain callousness that the Egyptians seemed not to notice the sudden disappearance of several million people.
2However, since Moshe was born complete and circumcised (Talmud, Sotah 12a), his bris would only require a symbolic pin-prick of blood called “hatafas dam bris” (Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 262:1 and 264:1), and this procedure would not be help on a Shabbos (Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 260:2 and 263:1). Therefore, Moshe’s symbolic bris was held on the following day, Shushan Purim.
- According to the Targum Sheini’s interpretive translation, Haman’s oldest son, Shimshi, cast the pur.
- The Malbim writes that the lot was cast for Haman – it decided when he would die since this plan to kill the Jews led to his execution (see below Esther 7:10).
- The Chassam Sofer and the Me’am Loez write that Haman saw himself on top, and the Jews beneath him. Unfortunately for Haman, he did not interpret this correctly, as it was pointing to his hanging from the tree, and Mordechai beneath him, standing safely on the ground.
- The Maharal says that Haman did not throw the lots himself for two reasons. The first is that he knew he was not a spiritually sensitive person. He therefore asked someone else to interpret the lots. The second reason is that he knew he had a subjective bias in the result. As such, his own subjectivity would subconsciously color his interpretation of the final result of the lots tossed. Perhaps these two answers are really one and the same. One cannot be a spiritually attuned person with biases. The more spiritual one becomes, the more objective one becomes. The entire goal of spirituality is to realize that our own wants should not have significance.
- The Ben Ish Chai points out that the way Jews escape annihilation is through their performance of mitzvos, of which Torah study is the greatest (see Mishnah, Peah 1:1). That being the case, the Ben Ish Chai interprets our verse in a novel manner by writing that the lots cast pointed to the solution to Haman’s challenge being “lifnei Haman” the letters preceding the letters in Haman’s name in the Hebrew alphabet. The letters before hey (dales), mem (lamed), and nun (mem) can form the word “lamed,” (“learn”).
- The Sfas Emes writes that Haman felt he needed to pick the right day of the week, as well as the correct month. Since, the days of the week represent the natural cycle established in the seven days of Creation, and every culture has its own fashion for establishing and measuring months, days represent a variable given Divinely. Months, however, represent a variable provided by people. Haman therefore thought the rabbis, who established the Jewish months (as mentioned above), were prone to error. Hence, Haman felt he could not be successful against H-Shem, Who established the days, but could be successful against the rabbis, who in his view represented imperfect, fallible men.
- Megillas Sesarim writes that the word “pur,” coming from the foreign language of the Persian nation that had dominion over the Jews, has a negative connotation. Had the verse used the word “goral,” it would have had a positive connotation – especially with its allusions to the Yom Kippur service. Since the lot decided when the ideal time to massacre the Jews, the verse uses the Persian word.
- On the other hand, since the lots also helped precipitate Haman’s downfall, the verse uses the Hebrew word, as well. In a deeper answer, the Pachad Yitzchak writes that the Jewish people always had two kinds of adversaries in their history – the four nations in which they were exiled, and the seven Canaanite nations they had to eject upon entry to the Holy Land. Therefore, he writes, “pur” is translated to emphasize the dual nature of Haman, in that he was both (as an Amalekite) from the seven nations in Israel and (as a Persian officer) from the four nations of exile.
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| 0.974004 | 1,462 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Flu Prevention Tips
There are things you can do to help prevent catching the flu and reduce the spread of viruses.
Vaccination is the first step to flu prevention. In general, all healthy people should get vaccinated. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that high-risk groups and all healthy children get a flu vaccination.
Wash your hands regularly.
Cold and flu viruses may spread by indirect contact. Someone could sneeze into their hand and then touch a doorknob, leaving behind the virus for the next person who touches it. Washing hands is the best way to prevent getting sick.
Do the elbow cough.
Viruses cling to your bare hands. You can reduce the spread of viruses by coughing into your elbow instead of your hands.
Disinfect common surfaces.
Viruses that cause colds and flu can survive on common surfaces for up to 48 hours. Don’t forget to use Clorox® disinfecting products on common surfaces such as phone receivers, doorknobs, light switches and remote controls.
Water can help strengthen your immune system and help prevent you from catching the flu. If you do get sick, water rehydrates you and flushes out the toxins in your system.
The World Health Organization recommends the following average water intake guidelines:
- Adults in normal conditions: 1–2.4 liters/day
- Adults in high average temp (32°C): 2.8–3.4 liters/day
- Adults that are moderately active: 3.7 liters/day
- Children 10 years of age: 1 liter/day
For more information on how much water you should drink refer to World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines.
Products You Can Use
Advice From Our Experts
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RL4137 contributes preharvest sprouting resistance to Canadian wheats.
DePauw, R.M., Clarke, F.R., Fofana, B., Knox, R.E., Humphreys, D.G., and Cloutier, S. (2009). "RL4137 contributes preharvest sprouting resistance to Canadian wheats.", Euphytica, 168(3), pp. 347-361. doi : 10.1007/s10681-009-9933-4 Access to full text
Preharvest sprouting (PHS) in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) causes significant economic losses due to a reduction in grain functionality, grain yield and viability of seed for planting. Genetic resistance to PHS reduces these losses. Development of PHS resistant cultivars is complicated by the effects of genotype, environment, kernel diseases and spike morphological factors. RL4137 has consistently exhibited high levels of resistance to PHS over years and environments. The mean PHS scores of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat cultivars with RL4137 in their ancestry are lower than that of CWRS wheat cultivars without. RL4137 has two mechanisms for PHS resistance, one associated with kernel color and the other not associated with kernel color. RL4137 was the source of PHS resistance in white wheats HY361, AC Vista, Snowbird, Kanata, and Snowstar, all of which had significantly lower PHS scores than the white-seeded check, Genesis. Known DNA markers relating to PHS were used to compare haplotypes with and without RL4137 in the ancestry. Coefficients of parentage also demonstrated the relationship. Because cultivars that have RL4137 in their ancestry were grown on about 77% of the spring wheat area for 2003-2007, RL4137 continues to contribute to protecting market grade from preharvest sprouting.
- Date modified:
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- View as map
South of the County Armagh village of Jonesborough lie the ruins of Moyry Castle.
South of the County Armagh village of Jonesborough lie the ruins of Moyry Castle, built in the 17th century to guard the strategic mountain pass known as Moyry Pass or the 'Gap of the North'. It is a familiar landmark from the Belfast/Dublin railway.
The castle was built by Lord Mountjoy on a rocky hillock in 1601 to secure the ancient route between the provinces of Ulster and Leinster. The pass was the widest passage through which an army could pass while under attack, in this mountainous and once boggy and heavily wooded terrain.
The small square tower has unusual rounded corners and numerous gun-loops, from ground-floor level right up to the wall-walk. It is a very basic castle, with no stairs. The living quarters, with fireplaces and windows, must have been reached by ladders. The stone bawn will which once surrounded the castle has mostly gone except for one isolated stretch to the south east.
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| 0.967361 | 223 | 2.84375 | 3 |
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
|Year of Publication:||2011|
Six new species are described, raising the number of North American Acomoptera species to seven and the genus total to ten, and nearly doubling the number of species within the putative clade containing Acomoptera, Drepanocercus, and Paratinia. These novel species forms have implications for the concept of Acomoptera that in turn, may impact our understanding of its generic relationships and the evolution and composition of Gnoristinae and Sciophilinae. The new species, A. crispa, A. digitata, A. echinosa, A. forculata, A. nelsoni, and A. vockerothi, are compared with the type species of the genus, A. plexipus (Garrett), whose diagnostic features are imaged and illustrated for the first time. The European species, A. difficilis (Dziedzicki) is also illustrated and compared. Acomoptera spinistyla (Søli) comb. nov is transferred from Drepanocercus. A key to species is provided. Future work will seek to incorporate this knowledge into a systematic phylogenetic study of relationships between these species and their sister taxa.
Six new species of Acomoptera from North America (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)
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- Children at the beginning of their school life, either going to nursery or attending junior kindergarten, protest against the parents for sending them to school because of sheer insecurity that they feel. They fear that once they are left alone at the school, and the mother gone away, they may not see her again. The feeling of separation from parents and/or members of the family make the kids protest against going to school. They even cry and resort to all sorts of tantrums within their reach.
- Students from grade 2nd to 12th protest against joining a new school because they do not like to leave their present school environment.
- In the early days of schooling, children do protest against going to school if their feelings have got hurt by any teacher or student; or issues which they had encountered, any comments about conduct, language, appearance or even behavior.
- Many times comments made relating to religion, sect, race, caste, name, father or mother gives a feeling of hatred to the child toward school. Thus, he avoids going to the school.
- Even factors like poor academic results, poor show in some performances, failure or even for that matter performance below expectation levels could also become one of the reasons for a child to protest and not go to school.
- Other reason that could make a child to protest against going to school in the beginning not able to make friends in a new school or even for that matter his/her dislike towards the teachers and the system he/she is just introduced to.
- Even a kid’s emotional bonding towards a close relative or grandparents visiting the household may emerge a reason for his/her dislike to go to school.
- In one such instance, a third standard student, Daksh Raval suddenly started protesting against going to school, teachers and attending classes. This boy started threatening to run away, leaving school and even kill himself. But it was later on it was realized that the reason for his all erratic behavior was his grandmother living in a village, who was visiting them and Daksh was not willing to leave In fact he wanted to stay with her only.
The parents must check the above mentioned reasons whenever a child protests against going to school. A child needs to be assured of security to make him/her determination of going to school stronger and need to be prepared mentally in order to get mixed with the surrounding easily.
Schools need to give their teachers a special training to make the newly admitted students feel more comfortable and receive acceptance in the classes.
Following a complaint of class teacher, Aanush, an 11th standard student, was called in principal’s office for talking to girls only in the class. When asked about, it, Aanush replied to me, “Sir, I haven’t got the opportunity to meet the boys and make them friends in the school. Those two girls I am talking to are decent. I know my limits. Teacher made comment about this in the classroom and it has hurt me. Sir, you tell me, what is my fault?”
We need to understand, learn and change to behave with the new generation. We need to change the “spectacles”. Tomorrow it may happen that a class teacher may not wish but boys and girls will be sitting together. This is not a challenge of tomorrow, it is a destination.
– Jaydev Sonagara (Excerpt from his book “Parvarish – Making Children Successful”)
Did you like this article? Let us know, it would be our pleasure if you share your feedback, comments and suggestions with us. Follow the blog or our Facebook Page to receive regular updates of such articles.
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Jaydev Sonagara on Twitter – https://twitter.com/jaydev_sonagara
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Capturing a wolf is not an easy task. For the past 15 winters, however, the Yellowstone Wolf Project staff has captured and fitted numerous wolves with tracking collars.
Dr. Doug Smith, leader of the Yellowstone Wolf Project, has called the collaring program “the life blood” of their field research. Without the collars it would be difficult, if not impossible, to conduct wolf studies in the park’s vast and rugged terrain.
The VHF and GPS collars allow researchers to monitor wolves, including pack movements, predation patterns, and denning, which leads to a better understanding of the role of wolves in the entire ecosystem.
This year the Wolf Project team collared 19 wolves from nine of the ten packs in the park. Part of this effort was documented on film, and illustrates how the team collars wolves in the field:
The annual collaring program is made possible by contributions to the Yellowstone Park Foundation’s Wolf Collar Sponsorship program. Since the restoration of wolves in Yellowstone in 1995, the Yellowstone Park Foundation has contributed more than $4 million - roughly 60% of the Yellowstone Wolf Project's total annual budget. To learn how you can get involved, please click here.
Hiking in Glacier.com
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1. Scotland Goes Ahead With World’s Largest Wave Energy Project. “At 40 megawatts (MW), it will provide energy to nearly 30,000 homes” once the requisite cable is laid, by 2017.
2. Gujarat’s wind power capacity has grown to be the highest in India over the past 4 years. “Installed wind power generation capacities in the state has increased by 36 per cent during 2011-12” to nearly 3 gigawatts. Tamil Nadu comes in second among India’s wind-powered states.
3. Brazil Receives Requests For 392 megawatts Of Solar Power Projects Within One Week. “Brazil… is building several solar-powered football/soccer stadiums for the [World Cup], the first of which just opened up. The stadium hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup final will be capped with over 1,500 solar panels.” Solar in Brazil is now cheaper than grid electricity (i.e. cheaper than coal, gas or petroleum).
4. World’s Largest Solar Powered Hospital Opens In Haiti. It “boasts over 1800 solar panels on its elegant and otherwise, stark, white rooftop.” Haiti suffers from rolling electricity blackouts that interfere with medical care where hospitals are dependent on the conventional grid.
5. Phoenix Solar completes a floating photovoltaic system in Singapore. “The solar island is set at a 10 degree angle with UV resistant floating structures. With the help of marine-grade submersible cables, the tetragonal array provides electricity that goes directly to the land.”
6. Renewable energy is empowering women. Even small solar kits help villagers in India, e.g. “Without power, many women are fearful of going out after sunset, drop out of school because they cannot study after dark, and spend hours every day gathering wood for fuel. . .”
7. 3 Best Things Minnesota Just Did For Solar: A state target for 2020, rebates, and community solar…
8. What do the oligarchs know? Russia’s Renova invests $400 million in African solar energy. Renova subsidiary “Avelar plans to build its first power station in South Africa this year. It has signed its first $ 500,000 contract with the Dawn Group, which owns a network of logistics facilities. ”
9. Xcel could add 550 megawatts of wind power in Colorado in the next 2 years. “Xcel Energy Inc. is asking state regulators to add 550 megawatts worth of wind-generated power to its Colorado grid — boosting its amount of wind power by 25 percent. If state regulators approve the request, Xcel (NYSE: XEL) will have more than 2,700 megawatts of wind power in Colorado, it said Thursday.” Nearly 3 gigawatts! That’s like two small nuclear plants.
10. 110% increase year over year: REC Solar Completes 10,000 Residential Solar Installations. “Since the company’s founding in 1997, REC Solar has installed more than 160 megawatts of residential, commercial, and utility-scale solar throughout the U.S. and its territories, with 50 megawatts coming online in the past year alone.” In other words, nearly a third of the energy being produced as a result of all this installation activity over 15 years has come on line in only the past year, which shows how the pace of solar installations are accelerating. Prices of solar panels have plummeted since 2008.
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- Digital Seminar
- Downloadable/Streaming MP4 Video and MP3 Audio with electronic manual and instructions.
- CHERYL CATRON, LPCC-S, RPT-S
- PESI Inc.
- CE Available:
- No, CE credit is not available
- Product Code:
- Differentiate between developmentally appropriate behavior and that which may be in response to a mental health condition.
- Apply de-escalation strategies with students who are behaving in an oppositional manner.
- Implement school-based strategies to effectively respond to behavioral issues that arise from mental health conditions.
- Develop skills to identify signs of anxiety and/or depression in young students.
- Apply the knowledge gained from the ACEs study to recognize and respond to students who may be experiencing traumatic stress.
- Utilize effective communication skills for discussing risk of suicide with students, staff, and parents.
K-5 Students with Mental Health Issues
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- When you know something’s going on, but you don’t know what it is
- Characteristics of at-risk students
- Why children are not small adults
- How skill deficits from mental health issues create behavioral difficulties
- The difference between “can’t” and “won’t”
- How maladaptive behavior serves as protection for the child
- Common myths and limitations about diagnoses
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- What adults should never say (but usually do)
- How behavior reveals a need
- Are you (unintentionally) rewarding misbehavior?
- Kids who don’t feel bad
- Arguing with a defiant child – who is that about?
- De-escalation strategies that work
- The unique needs of children with ADHD
- More than a behavior problem: the neurobiology of ADHD
- How to increase confidence and leadership skills in kids with ADHD
- Decrease disruptions and impulsive behavior
- Improve transitions, social skills, and self-regulation
- ADHD medications: What do teachers need to know?
Depression & Mood Dysregulation
- What we know about kids who worry too much
- School anxiety – types, characteristics
- What to do about separation anxiety
- The perfectionistic student
- Drawing out the anxious student in a safe way
Trauma and Other Significant Life Events
- How depression shows up in young children
- Helping students overcome helplessness
- When is it more than moodiness?
- Helping depressed kids change their inner self-talk
Suicide, Self-Harm, and Bullying
- What the ACEs study has taught us about trauma
- The fight, flight, or freeze response in the classroom
- How to recognize and respond to traumatic stress
- What if you don’t know the child’s history?
- Incorporating trauma-informed practices into your day
Other School-Based Considerations
- How we talk about suicide is important
- Head banging, hitting, scratching, and other “self-punishment”
- Helping ostracized children feel connected
- Why traditional discipline doesn’t work for bullies
- Making your classroom an emotionally safe space
- Collaborating with student support staff and outside clinicians
- Working with non-cooperative/reluctant parents
- Identifying your own triggers, choosing your battles
- Discipline – IDEA, special education consideration
- Screen time in the classroom – why reward systems don’t work
- Limitations of research and potential risks
CHERYL CATRON, LPCC-S, RPT-S
Cheryl Catron, M.Ed., LPCC-S, RPT-S, is a long-time educator and mental health clinician who has over 19 years serving students with a wide variety of academic and mental health needs. In her most recent role as a school-based mental health clinician, she provided therapy and support services for K-5 students with differing clinical issues including depression, anxiety, social skills, ADHD, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. In addition to this, Ms. Catron also served as a consultant for and collaborator with teachers, paraprofessionals, and other school staff members. Drawing on her experience as a teacher, school counselor, and mental health clinician, Ms. Catron provided insightful guidance to develop and implement effective classroom-based strategies that facilitate improved behavioral and academic performance for students with a variety of needs including giftedness, learning disabilities, and emotional and behavioral disturbances.
Cheryl is licensed as both a Professional Clinical Counselor and Supervisor in the state of Ohio and a Registered Play Therapist and Supervisor through The Association for Play Therapy. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in English and Secondary Education and her Master of Education degree in School Counseling & Professional Counseling from Ohio University.
She and her husband have recently founded a nonprofit organization, Foothold International, that serves indigenous communities in Kenya, East Africa. Ms. Catron is collaborating with the local government to develop community mental health response systems as well as trauma sensitivity to their outreach programs. She provides mental health training to teachers, health workers, and law enforcement personnel.
Financial: Cheryl Catron has an employment relationship with The Counseling Source. She receives a speaking honorarium from PESI, Inc.
Non-financial: Cheryl Catron has a family member who was diagnosed with juvenile bipolar disorder.
Continuing Education Credits
CE Credit is not available for this product.
- K-5 Classroom Teachers
- School Counselors, Social Workers, and Psychologists
- Instructional Specialists and Coaches
- School Occupational Therapists
- School Speech-Language Pathologists
- Special Education Staff
- Behavior Intervention Specialists
- Instructional Assistants/Paraprofessionals
- Administrators Serving Grades K-5
Your satisfaction is our goal and our guarantee. Concerns should be addressed to PESI Kids, P.O. Box 1000, Eau Claire, WI 54702-1000 or call (800) 844-8260.
We would be happy to accommodate your ADA needs; please call our Customer Service Department for more information at (800) 844-8260.
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South African farmers are battling an alien armyworm invasion that has already caused devastation on their crops.
The maize-destroying caterpillars have destroyed eight per cent of this farm.
According to experts chemicals can be used to deal with the pest in its early stages, but after that it becomes much harder, and some populations of the fall armyworm have developed resistance.
The industry is going to struggle because these worms are eating everything that they touch
So, there’s not going to be enough maize for all the people to eat, like we usually do each year.
I think we’re going to have a problem in finding seed again next year,” said farmer Jacques Prinsloo.
The outbreak threatens food security in southern Africa, which is recovering from the crippling El Nino-triggered drought.
“It’s got a huge impact, it’s around about 800,000 bucks (rand), to a million bucks (rand) I’m losing. So, it’s difficult, I don’t know what’s going to happen,” Prinsloo added.
The fall armyworm that is native to the Americas was first reported in West Africa last year and has spread rapidly through the continent.
The outbreak has already caused damage to staple crops in Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Ghana, with reports also suggesting Malawi, Mozambique and Namibia are affected.
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Planning & Zoning Policies & Practices
Accessory Structure Policies
Greenhouses, high tunnels, gardens, tool sheds, and other accessory structures may not ? on their face ? appear to be related to energy efficiency and conservation, but a closer inquiry reveals they are very much a part of the picture. Accessory structures allow yard space to yield maximum return on agricultural products. Increasing the amount of locally grown foods available in the region?s food system increases energy conservation and efficiency.
- Allows non-commercial greenhouses as an accessory use in all residential zoning districts
- Allows gardens
- Greenhouses are subject to the criteria listed in Article 18, Section 6.
- Rain gardens may be used to meet National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) post construction runoff control requirements on development sites greater than one acre
- Green roofs may be used to meet NPDES post construction runoff control requirements
- Requires all accessory structures to have building permits
- If air conditioned, structure must meet energy efficiency standards
- Allows greenhouses, rain gardens and gardens.
- Allows greenhouses if they meet size and setback requirements and have proper architectural elements
- Does not allow temporary structures
- Permits gardens
- Encourages rain gardens because they meet level-of-service requirements
- Residential properties may be retrofitted to include ran gardens
- Does not have any policies against greenhouses, gardens or rain gardens
- Permits one greenhouse on residential lots (41)
- All accessory structures must be equal to or less than 1000 square feet
- If residents have two or more accessory structures, they must apply for a variance
- Greenhouses are allowed through a special permit
- Allows gardens and rain gardens on residential lots
Last updated January 27, 2011
Communities that wish to update their information
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As a psychodramatist, often faced with a group of people in conflict- a couple, a family, a work team - I appreciate the creative tools through which Action Methods help obtain as much of the whole story as possible. The conflicts that present themselves, the ones people are talking about, can have roots in hidden power struggles that are part of the group’s culture from which no one involved can get sufficient distance to fully understand. Recognizing these underlying truths will either transform the couple or group or break it apart; toxic foundations will either give way to progress in a group or organization or stall growth through terminal stagnation. Action Methods help reveal what a group has not wanted to know about itself, but needs to know to have a healthy future.
Issues of race and racism are among the most difficult hidden truths for groups to deal with whether the issues come up in professional settings or personal experiences. Getting the whole story is essential and creating safety in order to get the whole story is key. Over the course of my 30-plus career as a psychodramatist and clinical social worker, I have been both troubled and inspired doing this work. Troubled because of the pain that racism imposes and our cultural denial of how much healing there is still to be done, our first black President notwithstanding. And inspired when people confront their own suppressed or subconscious prejudice, because it can be very uncomfortable to recognize the inhumanity of some of commonly-held assumptions and attitudes.
In November 1992 the news show PrimeTime ran a segment on racism called “True Colors.” The show had sent out two investigators, one white and one black, and used hidden cameras to observe and film how they were treated in a number of different situations. At the employment agency the worker was courteous to the white but lectured the black. At a drycleaning business, the white investigator was told there were job openings moments after the black was told that all jobs in the shop were filled. An auto salesman quoted the black a higher price and stiffer terms than the white on the identical car. Remember, this was 1992, a supposedly somewhat enlightened time, but there was no white outrage when this aired, no memorable self-reflection as a nation on the ingrained nature of racist thinking and behavior expressed in ordinary interactions between people in daily situations that is a constant reality for people of color.
Fast forward to 2009. Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomoyer sparks outrage over a speech in which she explored the impact of a judge’s race, gender and social class on his/her understanding and interpretation of the law. Her nomination itself is historic, the first Latina female to be considered for membership in a very elite group - of the 110 Supreme Court judges that have served over the history of our nation, 106 of them have been white men. Her speech hit a nerve because she challenged a commonly-held illusion, at least by a number of very vocal and prominent media and government figures - that the white male Supreme Court judges have always transcended their race, gender and life experience in their interpretation of the law. She is taking a lot of hits for focusing on what is painfully obvious to anyone with even a superficial knowledge of history.
The Declaration of Independence declares our “inalienable” rights, an adjective for which my Word 2007 Thesaurus provides a number of synonyms: Unchallengeable. Absolute. Immutable. Not able to be forfeited. Unassailable. Incontrovertible. Indisputable. Undeniable. Strong words. And yet we know that over the course of our nation’s history non-whites have had their rights not only challenged and disputed, but outright denied down to their very humanity in the case of slavery. During the reign of Jim Crow in the south, terrorism in the form of lynching and the systematic humiliation and oppression of African-Americans went on with impunity, and the simple accident of being born white entitled a person to the full spectrum of what we call civil rights denied to people of color. It was a 150-year-old, unquestioned, institutionally-supported affirmative action program for white people.
The label of “reverse racist” has been attached to Judge Sotomayor because she dared to call attention to something we have trouble facing about our society, but as citizens we owe it ourselves to understand the points she actually made by reading her entire speech. Read it online at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/us/politics/15judge.text.html?_r=1
I think this sums up the core of her position, and something we might all take to heart as we go about our lives: “I am reminded each day that I render decisions that affect people concretely and that I owe them constant and complete vigilance in checking my assumptions, presumptions and perspectives and ensuring that to the extent that my limited abilities and capabilities permit me, that I re-evaluate them and change as circumstances and cases before me requires.”
Nicholas Wolff, LCSW, BCD, TEP conducts professional training in Action Methods and psychodrama theory and technique at Lifestage, Inc. and at agencies and organizations by invitation.
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Employers are required to adhere to the different payroll laws the government regulates. The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) sets the federal labor laws, while the Internal Revenue Service enforces the federal payroll tax laws. Payroll processing includes performing the chores required for compliance.
DOL and IRS
The DOL’s mission is to protect the rights of wage earners and job seekers. This includes ensuring that they are paid in a fair and timely manner. Employees can report employers that violate labor and wage laws to the DOL. The IRS requires employers to withhold, report and pay payroll taxes in accordance with its regulations. The IRS charges fees and penalties to employers that do not comply with its policies.
Under the DOL’s Fair Labor Standards Act, which went into effect in 2009, the employer cannot pay nonexempt workers less than the hourly minimum wage of $7.25. Nonexempt workers are those not exempt from minimum wage and overtime pay; this accounts for most hourly workers. Under the Youth Minimum Wage Program, the employer can pay workers under 20 at the rate of $4.25 per hour for the first 90 workdays.
Payroll processing usually includes figuring timekeeping data for hourly workers. Some employers believe they must use a particular timekeeping system, such as a time clock, to track the hours. While a time clock is an effective method of monitoring hours worked, it is not mandatory. The DOL notes that any system is fine as long as it maintains correct and complete records. This includes hard copy and computerized time sheets.
The federal government requires the employer to withhold federal income tax, Social Security tax and Medicare tax from employee paychecks. Most states require state income tax withholding. If city or local income tax applies, the employer must withhold them as well. Payroll processing includes ensuring that these taxes are appropriately withheld. The employer must follow the IRS Circular E (Employer's Tax Guide) guidelines for federal payroll tax compliance. It should follow its state taxation agency’s guidelines for state payroll tax compliance.
Salaried workers receive a set amount of pay each pay period. The salary is a predetermined or guaranteed amount of pay that the employee can count on each pay date. The salary amount is usually fixed; therefore, the net pay does not change unless the employee has had a pay adjustment or a deduction change. The employer must pay the salaried worker his entire pay each pay period unless certain exceptions apply, such as overuse of benefits days, the worker is a new hire, termination or unpaid suspension. In these cases, the employer can prorate the salary.
Some states, such as Alaska and California, have their own minimum wage laws, which can conflict with the federal minimum wage. In this case, the employer must use the higher rate of pay. The employer can check with its state labor board for its state’s minimum wage requirements.
- gavel image by Cora Reed from Fotolia.com
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The U.S. Geological Service (USGS) announced the estimate of continuous oil in the Wolfcamp shale in the Midland Basin portion of the Permian Basin is almost three times that of the 2013 USGS Bakken-Three Forks resource assessment. This makes the the Wolfcamp the largest estimated continuous oil accumulation that the USGS has assessed in the United States–ever.
The USGS estimates the Wolfcamp shale contains an estimated mean of 20 billion barrels of oil, 16 trillion cubic feet of associated natural gas, and 1.6 billion barrels of natural gas liquids. Walter Guidroz, program coordinator for the USGS Energy Resources Program, believes changes in technology and improved industry practices have made more oil and gas recoverable. Producers can now extract oil that was impossible to remove before.
Until the recent “shale revolution,” most wells in the Midland Basin Wolfcamp section were vertical wells, but oil and gas companies have recently used horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) to extract oil, allowing a much higher volume of recoverable oil. No matter which well type is used, the Permian basin has always been a very productive oil-producing area.
With this new data, it seems that “energy independence” might be closer than we realized.
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Ionic Propulsion from NASA
NASA's new X3 thruster, which is being developed by researchers at the University of Michigan in collaboration with the agency and the US Air Force, has broken records in recent test. It's hoped that the technology could be used to ferry humans to Mars.
The X3 is a type of Hall thruster, a design that uses a stream of ions to propel a spacecraft. Plasma is expelled to generate thrust, producing far greater speeds than are possible with chemical propulsion rockets, according to NASA.
A chemical rocket tops out at around five kilometers per second (1.86 miles/sec), while a Hall thruster can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometers per second (25 miles/sec). This kind of increase is particularly relevant to long-distance space travel, like a prospective voyage to Mars. In fact, project team leaders project that ion propulsion technology such as this could take humans to the Red Planet within the next 20 years.
Ion engines are also more efficient than their chemical-powered counterparts, requiring much less propellant to transport a similar amount of crew and equipment over large distances. Alec Gallimore, the project lead, stated that ionic propulsion can go around ten times farther using a similar amount of fuel in an interview with Space.com.
There are of course many other forms of deep-space travel on the table. The flaw of chemical-based designs is the need to bring the chemical fuel with them into space, which adds more mass that needs more fuel to lift into space, and so on. A Bussard ramjet, which is a type of fusion rocket, collects diffuse hydrogen in space with a huge scoop, which means, since its fuel is picked up en route, that it could approach light speed.
Sci-fi fans would recognize faster-than-light theoretical forms like the warp drive. General relativity stipulates that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light in the universe. However, if we could compact and expand the fabric of spacetime ahead of and behind us, respectively, we could technically be moving faster than the speed of light. However, the scientific consensus so far is that we're nowhere near this kind of technology.
Red Planet, Green Light
Recent tests demonstrated that the X3 thruster can operate at over 100kW of power, generating 5.4 Newtons of thrust — the highest of any ionic plasma thruster to date. It also broke records for maximum power output and operating current.
The technology is apparently on track to take humans to Mars sometime in the next twenty years. However, it's not without its limitations.
Compared to chemical rockets, the ionic alternative is capable of a very small amount of thrust. This means that it would have to operate for a very long time to reach the same level of acceleration as a chemical system, and as a result it's not currently suitable for the launch process.
However, engineers are attempting to mitigate these issues with the X3 design. Multiple channels of plasma are being used rather than just one, but the current challenge is producing an engine that's sufficiently powerful as well as being relatively compact. While most Hall thrusters can be picked up and carried around a lab with relative ease, the X3 needs to be moved with a crane.
In 2018, the team will continue to put the X3 through its paces with a test that will see it run continuously for 100 hours. A shielding system is also being developed that would prevent plasma from damaging the walls of the thruster, allowing it to operate for even longer, perhaps even several years at a time.
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Welcome to our “Throwback Thursday” series on the Stem Cellar. Over the years, we’ve accumulated an arsenal of exciting stem cell stories about advances towards stem cell-based cures for serious diseases. Today we’re featuring stories about the progress of CIRM-funded research and clinical trials that are aimed at developing stem cell-based treatments for HIV/AIDS.
Tomorrow, December 1st, is World AIDS Day. In honor of the 34 million people worldwide who are currently living with HIV, we’re dedicating our latest #ThrowbackThursday blog to the stem cell research and clinical trials our Agency is funding for HIV/AIDS.
To jog your memory, HIV is a virus that hijacks your immune cells. If left untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS – a condition where your immune system is compromised and cannot defend your body against infection and diseases like cancer. If you want to read more background about HIV/AIDs, check out our disease fact sheet.
Stem Cell Advancements in HIV/AIDS
While patients can now manage HIV/AIDS by taking antiretroviral therapies (called HAART), these treatments only slow the progression of the disease. There is no effective cure for HIV/AIDS, making it a significant unmet medical need in the patient community.
CIRM is funding early stage research and clinical stage research projects that are developing cell based therapies to treat and hopefully one day cure people of HIV. So far, our Agency has awarded 17 grants totalling $72.9 million in funding to HIV/AIDS research. Below is a brief description of four of these exciting projects:
Discovery Stage Research
Dr. David Baltimore at the California Institute of Technology is developing an innovative stem cell-based immunotherapy that would prevent HIV infection in specific patient populations. He recently received a CIRM Quest award, (a funding initiative in our Discovery Stage Research Program) to pursue this research.
CIRM science officer, Dr. Ross Okamura, oversees Baltimore’s CIRM grant. He explained how the Baltimore team is genetically modifying the blood stem cells of patients so that they develop into immune cells (called T cells) that specifically recognize and target the HIV virus.
“The approach Dr. Baltimore is taking in his CIRM Discovery Quest award is to engineer human immune stem cells to suppress HIV infection. He is providing his engineered cells with T cell protein receptors that specifically target HIV and then exploring if he can reduce the viral load of HIV (the amount of virus in a specific volume) in an animal model of the human immune system. If successful, the approach could provide life-long protection from HIV infection.”
While Baltimore’s team is currently testing this strategy in mice, if all goes well, their goal is to translate this strategy into a preventative HIV therapy for people.
CIRM is currently funding three clinical trials focused on HIV/AIDS led by teams at Calimmune, City of Hope/Sangamo Biosciences and UC Davis. Rather than spelling out the details of each trial, I’ll refer you to our new Clinical Trial Dashboard (a screenshot of the dashboard is below) and to our new Blood & Immune Disorders clinical trial infographic we released in October.
As you can see from these projects, CIRM is committed to funding cutting edge research in HIV/AIDS. We hope that in the next few years, some of these projects will bear fruit and help advance stem cell-based therapies to patients suffering from this disease.
I’ll leave you with a few links to other #WorldAIDSDay relevant blogs from our Stem Cellar archive and our videos that are worth checking out.
- Key Steps Along the Way to Finding Treatments for HIV on World AIDS Day (12.1.16)
- HIV/AIDS: Progress and Promise of Stem Cell Research (12.24.15)
- Stem Cells deliver genes to make T cells resistant to HIV (6.2.15)
- CIRM videos about HIV/AIDS research
|
<urn:uuid:6f956040-695d-4b39-8133-7133ef5ce0c3>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://blog.cirm.ca.gov/2017/11/30/throwback-thursday-progress-towards-a-cure-for-hiv-aids/
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|
en
| 0.934576 | 847 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The same type of stuff that protects your new carefully packaged electronics from unfortunate drops could soon protect your brain from potentially fatal aneurysms, thanks to a team of biomedical engineers at Texas A&M University.
Vascular aneurysms are typically treated by clipping them or implanting platinum coils or stents within to reduce pressure on the walls of the vessel and reduce the likelihood of a rupture. However, clipping is invasive and coils have their own set of risks to the patient and aren’t always effective.
The unique material being developed over at College Station is a special type of plastic called polyurethane-based shape memory polymer foam (SMP). SMP is demonstrating to be biocompatible and has the ability to be made into a primary shape and then transformed into another shape with an increase in temperature. The idea is that SMP will be inserted into a blood vessel and guided into the aneurysm in a compact form. Once inside the aneurysm, a laser will cause the SMP to expand and fill the aneurysm, filling with blood and forming a clot that in effect will plug the aneurysm.
So far, in vivo tests have been encouraging. The SMPs were found to successfully fill aneurysms in porcine models, promoted the proliferation of endothelial cells to help plug the aneurysm, and even led to long-term healing.
Here’s a video of Texas A&M biomedical engineering professor Duncan Maitland explaining more about SMPs and their potential medical applications:
News release from Texas A&M University: Texas A&M research using special foams to treat aneurysms…
|
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.medgadget.com/2013/06/special-foams-to-treat-aneurysms.html
|
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|
en
| 0.949216 | 350 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Narrative:The C-46, on a flight to Rio de Janeiro had to divert due to temporary closure of the Santos Dumont Airport. All passengers disembarked there. When the airport was open for traffic again, the crew took off to fly plane (empty) to Dumont Airport. The aircraft landed on runway 02 but overran into the sea.
|Date:||Tuesday 6 January 1959|
|Type:||Curtiss C-46A-45-CU Commando|
|Operator:||Paraense Transportes Aéreos|
|C/n / msn:|| 30350|
|First flight:|| 1944|
|Engines:|| 2 Pratt & Whitney R-2800-51|
|Crew:||Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 5|
|Passengers:||Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 0|
|Total:||Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 5 |
|Airplane damage:|| Written off|
|Airplane fate:|| Written off (damaged beyond repair)|
|Location:||Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont Airport, RJ (SDU) (Brazil)
|Phase:|| Landing (LDG)|
|Destination airport:||Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont Airport, RJ (SDU/SBRJ), Brazil|
PROBABLE CAUSE: "Error on the part of the pilot in estimating distance."
This information is not presented as the Flight Safety Foundation or the Aviation Safety Network’s opinion as to the cause of the accident. It is preliminary and is based on the facts as they are known at this time.
|
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19590106-0
|
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|
en
| 0.84981 | 357 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Math in the News: My, What a Big Prime You Have!
Math made headlines again last week, with the announcement that the Program in Computing, a subset of UCLA's Math department, had discovered a prime number with approximately 13 million digits. Among other places, this announcement could be seen on the front page of Yahoo! News - if you missed it, here's the link. This discovery gives rise to some natural questions, which I will try to address here:
1) How big is a 13 million digit number?
2) Who cares about big primes?
3) Is this what mathematicians do all day?
The first question is the easiest to answer. In short, a 13 million digit number is very, very large. This link displays the beginning and ending string of digits that compose the newly discovered prime, and for those of you with some time on your hands it also has a link to the full text of the prime midway through the page (the page with the full printout of the prime takes up 16.73 megabytes).
To give another sense of perspective, suppose you read the digits in this prime out loud. Assuming you read aloud at a fairly steady pace (say, 2 digits per second) it would take you about 2 1/2 months to read through the entire prime (this is assuming, of course, that you do it all in one go, with no stopping for sleep, food, or other frivolities).
As for the second question, why should anyone care that a group of people found a really big prime number? Of course, it is well known that there are infinitely many prime numbers, so it's not unexpected that there exist really big ones. Given that there are infinitely many, why should we care about finding specific ones? Isn't it a little bit like trying to see how far you can send an astronaut into outer space? What's the application?
Well, there isn't much. The most significant application of prime numbers is to cryptography, more specifically, public key cryptography (those interested can begin to further investigate this connection here). Other than that, though, there really is little in the way of applications for the discovery of large primes. Enthusiasts will say that the search for large primes is akin to the quest to climb Mount Everest, or the desire put people on Mars. Such people, when asked why we should look for large numbers, may appropriate the words of George Mallory and reply, "Because they are there."
However, while the search itself may not have applications, the techniques used to aid in the search often do. It has certainly been the case many times in mathematics that mathematicians will develop a theory with no concern for any practical application, and it may not be until several years or decades later that an application emerges for the theory which has been developed. Perhaps those of you who are not enthusiasts can take solace in this fact.
A summary of other common reasons why people may search for large primes can be found here.
As for the last question, the answer is a resounding "no!" - this is not what mathematicians do all day. There is a FAQ on the discovery of this latest prime, written by Edson Smith, who headed up UCLA's quest. At the beginning of this FAQ, he makes sure to point out that he is a systems administrator and not a mathematician - and indeed, this result may be of more interest to computer scientists than mathematicians, because of the computational methods used to discover this prime. Or maybe not - not being a computer scientist, I can't say.
Whatever the case, mathematicians do not spend their days looking for prime numbers. The field has infinite breadth and infinite depth, with prime numbers taking up a small section, and the search for large prime numbers taking up an even smaller subsection. This is not to downplay the achievement made, but it is important to note that much of what is reported about mathematicians in the news bears little resemblance to what mathematicians actually do.
Prime numbers are something everyone learns about in grade school, and for that reason a result such as this generates excitement because it involves current work, but it can be explained to a non-mathematician very easily. For this reason, it may seem like the general population is getting an insight into the secret work that we do. However, this work bears very little resemblance to the everyday research of most mathematicians.
As an achievement in computing, it is certainly worthy of applause. But for those of you who think you have learned just what it is we mathematicians are doing, I'm afraid this result gives no indication of how far the rabbit hole goes. To get a sense for this, I would encourage you all to take more math classes. It is never too late to learn more math!
Psst ... did you know I have a brand new website full of interactive stories? You can check it out here!comments powered by Disqus
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| 0.962695 | 1,016 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Eating disorders are a serious and persistent disturbance of eating and eating behaviors in Coral Gables. According to The National Association of Anorexia and Associated Disorders (ANAD), an estimated 30 million people in the United States suffer from an eating disorder. It spares no gender, age, SES, religion or race.
Eating disorders also have the highest mortality rate among any mental illness (National Institute of Mental Health). Although the basis of an eating disorder is usually not about food, it manifests as a person’s life feels consumed by behaviors such as calorie counting, monitoring numbers on a scale, body checking, excessive exercise, or planning the next binge/purge episode. Dropping out from important areas of life and becoming isolated from loved ones, may feel reminiscent to an addiction or a toxic relationship, but for many this is also a descriptor of what it may feel like to struggle with an eating disorder.
Due to the complex nature of eating disorders, there is no one defined factor for the development of this illness. Some contributors include Biological factors (i.e. genetics), Social factors (i.e. society pressures), Psychological factors (i.e. anxiety, depression, OCD), and Interpersonal factors (i.e. history of abuse, bullying). Although symptoms manifest in relation to food, usually the disorder stems as a maladaptive way to manage thoughts and emotions that are perceived as uncomfortable or distressing to the individual.
Signs of an Eating Disorder
Individuals struggling with an eating disorder may present some of these behaviors or emotional signs:
- Preoccupied with food
- Consuming very limited variety of foods
- Social withdrawal
- Mood swings
- Fixation on weight
- Eating Alone or avoiding social events involving food
- Poor/distorted self-image
- Food rituals (i.e. cutting food into small pieces, unusual food combinations)
- Self-harm (cutting)
- Going to the bathroom shortly after eating
- Substance abuse
Three of the most common classifications of eating disorders in Coral Gables are Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa.
1. Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia affects both males and females and usually starts in adolescence or early adulthood. It is characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. According to the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders (DSM-5); the three main features of Anorexia Nervosa are:
- Restricting food relative to the nutrition that the individual needs based on age, height and sex. Restriction leads to a significantly low body weight.
- The intense fear of weight gain or persistent behaviors that interfere with weight gain.
- A disturbance with way the individual perceives their weight or shape.
Medical consequences associated with Anorexia may include, hormonal imbalance, GI complications due to malnutrition, stomach aches, bloating, constipation, loss of or weakened heart muscle, heart palpitations, Bradycardia and tachycardia, and edema.
2. Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
The main characteristics of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) are the recurrent episodes of binging that occurs at least once per week for at least 3 months. A binge eating episode can be described as eating an amount of food that would be considered excessive for most people to eat in a similar period under similar circumstances (American Psychiatric Association). In BED there is no purging behaviors after the binge episode. A feeling of lack of control is felt during a binge episode, this may be manifested as the perceived inability to stop eating once a binge episode has started.
Some medical complications that may occur is obesity, increased blood pressure, kidney problems, heart disease, sleep apnea, and type II diabetes.
3. Bulimia Nervosa
Individuals struggling with Bulimia can sometimes go unnoticed by loved ones due to the individual typically being within their normal weight range, they also may be overweight. The symptoms of bulimia are usually secretive and conducted alone. Symptoms of Bulimia consist of:
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating, which is eating large amounts of food that is relatively larger than what most individuals would consume in a discrete amount of time. Individuals associate an episode with a feeling of lack of control, some may describe it as feeling in a “trance”.
- Recurrent purging (i.e. self-induced vomiting, laxative use, edema)
- Negative self-evaluation influenced by body shape and weight. It is common for calories to be restricted between binges. Foods that are considered “fattening” or that may trigger a binge are avoided.
Some medical consequences may include, inflamed throat, swollen salivary glands which may be noticed in unusual swelling of jaw or cheek area, tooth decay, GI reflux disorder, constipation due to laxative abuse, and severe dehydration due to purging.
The chances of recovering from an eating disorder are improved the sooner treatment begins. If you have noticed signs that you or a loved one may be struggling with an eating disorder, it is important to reach out to a therapist to assist with assessment and to collaborate in a plan for recovery.
The therapeutic relationship assists clients in identifying influential factors and learning the tools and skills needed to battle an eating disorders and underlying issues. One of the most common obstacles to getting help in eating disorders is a lack of awareness or denial of a problem due to a distorted perception of body image or symptomology.
Please call 305-936-8000, for more information or to set an appointment to meet with a therapist specialized in treating eating disorders in Coral Gables.
Dr Arvon has trained her staff in many of these methods of treatment including The Arvon Method™.
About Dr. Coral Arvon
Dr. Coral Arvon is a Relationship Expert. Whether a couple, parent/child, business associate or alone seeking meaningful relationships, she will help you connect.
Dr. Arvon is the Owner/Director of Arvon and Associates in Counseling with offices throughout South Florida. She is also the Director of Behavioral Medicine & Wellness at the world renown Pritikin Longevity Center & Spa (via Pritikin.com).
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https://drcoralarvon.com/specialties/eating-disorder/eating-disorder-in-coral-gables/
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| 0.944135 | 1,296 | 3.46875 | 3 |
“The word ‘addiction’ brings to mind alcohol and drugs. Yet, over the past 20 years, a new type of addiction has emerged: addiction to social media. It may not cause physical harms, such as those caused by tobacco and alcohol, but it has the potential to cause long-term damage to our emotions, behaviour and relationships.
“While the older generation – those born in the baby boom period shortly after World War II – had alcohol and drugs as their vice, the younger generation – the so-called millenials – have social media as theirs. The millennials, born between 1984 and 2005, have embraced the digital age, using technology to relax and interact with others. Social media is a big deal for them; it is a lifeline to the outside world.
“Although people of all ages use social media, it is more harmful for younger users than it is for older people.
“Addiction may seem a bit of a strong word to use in the context of social media, but addiction refers to any behaviour that is pleasurable and is the only reason to get through the day.”
|
<urn:uuid:fe82353d-d0ef-4b8a-bfeb-5b58dc35ccc6>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://berkslancasterlebanonlink.org/2017/06/15/social-media-is-as-harmful-as-alcohol-and-drugs-for-millennials-the-conversation/
|
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|
en
| 0.967804 | 234 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This category includes thousands of rich collections of published resources that can add depth to your family history. Published family histories may link to your family lines and can include the names, birth, marriage, and death dates, relationships, as well as stories about that family. Although published family histories can contain errors, the clues they contain can lead you and greatly help your research process.
The biographical sketches and oral histories of other people may give insights into what life was like for your ancestor. You’ll also find a record of events that had a profound impact locally, but don’t merit a mention in other history books. If your ancestor had any interaction with the subject of a biography, you may even find a mention of him in the publication.
In addition to actual family histories in biographies, there are several indexes to genealogical and biographical materials, among which is the Biography & Genealogy Master Index (BGMI). This index can alert you to the existence of published biographical and genealogical materials that may not be available online.
Social and place histories will typically contain descriptions of geographic features, transportation routes, and the economy of the area. They can also include historical information on seats of government, public institutions (e.g., prisons, schools, etc.), churches, and charitable institutions. Migration patterns are often mentioned, particularly in relation to the settlement of the area.
Military histories can give you a unique look into your ancestor’s military service. While they may not mention your ancestor by name, they can include details about military battles and engagements, the daily routine, and conditions (e.g., weather, illness, food, supplies, etc.).
If your ancestor had noble or royal lineage, you may find a published genealogy within this category, as well as heraldry and coats of arms. Some publications include images of armorial bearings as well as descriptions and family history information.
Stories and histories compiled by others researching a person or area can be an amazing source of information about your ancestors.
Not only do they generally contain dates and places of vital events like birth, marriage, and death, but they often relate stories and memories that help you really get to know the character of your ancestors. Histories may also contain details about locations otherwise difficult to come by.
|
<urn:uuid:f9c12114-5acd-4906-aefa-09ce8de30d3f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/category.aspx?cat=33
|
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|
en
| 0.958627 | 470 | 3.375 | 3 |
|Databases:||Wikipedia with DBpedia|
|Papers:||DOAJ Google Scholar PubMed|
|Ontologies:||MeSH NeuroLex Wikidata Wikipedia|
|Other:||Google Twitter WolframAlpha|
Twitter is a social web site with microblogging.
Retweet is a tweet that is copied from another tweet." Retweets may be copied from another messages and prepended with "RT @user", "RT" and "RT:" or postpended with "via @user". "RT please" is used by users wanted to be retweeted. Retweets may also be transmitted by pressing the retweet-button. Button-retweets are not available from the user time line (e.g., twitter.com/statuses/user_timeline/fnielsen2.xml).
Mentions are tweets with "@user" that does not indicate retweets.
Links (i.e. web links) are often shorten with URL shortening services such as bit.ly or goo.gl. Twitter automatically construct links from the "http : / /" pattern.
They have 26K/sec search queries.
Twitter data
Tweet might be obtained, e.g., from the streaming API, from the search API (search.twitter.com/search.json?q=Shell) and from other parts for the API, e.g., individual tweets retrieved by ID (twitter.com/statuses/show/27289337859.json)
Data sets
Due to Twitter's new Terms of service several previously public data sets are no longer available.
- Edinburgh Twitter Corpus
- http://twitter.mpi-sws.org/ 54,981,152 user accounts, 1,963,263,821 follow links, 1,755,925,520 tweets. No longer publicly available.
- Haewoon Kwak's social graph
- an.kaist.ac.kr/traces/WWW2010.html Seem to have been unavailable at times. (twitter_rv.tar.gz). The uncompressed fil is approximately 26 GB. There are 41'652'230 profiles and 1'468'365'182 giving a density on 8.46-07
- Observatory on Social Media https://market.mashape.com/truthy/osome
- Data set for sentiment analysis.
- Data set collected 2009 June to December in the lab of Jure Leskovec. No longer publicly available.
- TREC 2011 dataset ]
- Twitter Sentiment Corpus
- Collection by Niek Sanders consisting of "5513 hand-classified tweets" http://www.sananalytics.com/lab/twitter-sentiment/
Each tweet has several fields [groups.google.com/group/twitter-development-talk/browse_thread/thread/4b08544f2c02d68f?pli=1].
|favorited||Always empty in the streaming data|
|retweet_count||Always empty in the streaming data. This is presently not reflecting the number of retweets [code.google.com/p/twitter-api/issues/detail?id=1889].|
|contributors||Always empty in the streaming data|
|truncated||Whether the message was truncated after retweeting||False|
|text||Actual Twitter text||makan malem KFC tapi gw yg ketiban belinya ... capek tau k mall palem -_-|
|created_at||Date of sending the tweet||Thu Sep 09 10:13:12 +0000 2010|
|retweeted||"represents whether the user you are authenticating as has retweeted this status or not. The field is a boolean and can be true or false."||False|
|coordinates||Usually empty, seems to contain the same as 'geo'|
|entities||User mentions, hashtags|
|place||Usually empty, if set contains a struture with country code, bounding box, city|
|source||Program used to send the tweet, HTML-formatted||a href="http://m.dabr.co.uk" rel="nofollow" Dabr|
|geo||Usually empty, can contain geographical coordinates||[14.45101058, 120.98492687]|
|id||Identifier for the status||23996832400|
In the streaming data the usual fields may not be available. This indicated wiht the "delete" field, as well as the user-id and the status-id
The search interface only have the following fields: "profile_image_url", "created_at", "from_user", "metadata", "to_user_id", "text", "id", "from_user_id", "geo", "iso_language_code", "source". The "id" is not the same as the standard id.
|followers_count||Integer for the number of followers||71|
|statuses_count||Integer for the number of messages written||1650|
|description||Text description (autobiography)||I'm not perfect|
|friends_count||Integer for the number of frinds||65|
|screen_name||Twitter user name||sangguinirachel|
|lang||Should indicate language, but is often left at 'en' (English)||en|
|name||Real name||Sangguini Rachel PLS|
|created_at||Tue Jul 14 14:26:56 +0000 2009|
Third party web services
- http://www.peerindex.net/ Analyzes a users profile with respect to "authority", "activity" and "audience" as well as "realness".
- Pulse of the Tweeters
- pulseofthetweeters.com/ Ranking of users with respect to influence on selected topics. The web service has also sentiment analysis for topics. The service is setup by researcher from Center for Ultra-scale Computing and Information Security at Northwestern University.
- socialmention.com A real-time search Internet search engine for social media with text sentiment analysis, keywords, users hashtag statistics across a number of services: Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, etc.
- The Tweeted Times
- Construction of a personality news cite from tweets. http://tweetedtimes.com
- tweetpsych.com/ creates a "psychological profile" and display how users score on dimensions such as "social", "constructive", "sex", "work", etc. It is made by Dan Zarrella.
- www.trendistic.com/ plots curves of twitter message volume as a function of time and based on a query term.
- e.g., chirp.tribalytic.com/
- http://trusty.indiana.edu
- http://www.tweetfeel.com/ Sentiment analysis
- twinfluence.com/ social network analysis
- twitgraph.appspot.com/ sentiment analysis based on a query. The code is available from code.google.com/p/twitgraph/
- twitrratr.com/ sentiment analysis based on a query.
- Twitter Sentiment
Twitter data providers
- A new ANEW: evaluation of a word list for sentiment analysis in microblogs
- A tweet consumers' look at Twitter trends
- Altmetrics in the wild: Using social media to explore scholarly impact
- Analizying factors to increase the influence of a Twitter user
- Beyond microblogging: conversation and collboration in Twitter
- Bieber no more: first story detection using Twitter and Wikipedia
- Catching fish in the stream: real time analysis of audience behavior in social media
- Characterizing microblogs with topic models
- Crowd sentiment detection during disasters and crises
- Detecting and tracking the spread of astroturf memes in microblog streams
- Sarita Yardi, Daniel Romero, Grant Schoenebeck, Danah Boyd (2010). "Detecting spam in a Twitter network". First Monday 15(1): missing pages. .
- Emerging topic detection on Twitter based on temporal and social terms evaluation
- Everyone's an influencer: quantifying influence on Twitter
- Extracting strong sentiment trends from Twitter
- Good friends, bad news - affect and virality in Twitter
- I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience
- Michael van Meeteren, Ate Poorthuis, Elenna Dugundji. "Mapping communities in large virtual social networks: using Twitter data to find the Indie Mac community".
- Meeyoung Cha, Hamed Haddadi, Fabrício Benevenuto, Krishna P. Gummadi(2010). "Measuring user influence in Twitter: the million follower fallacy".
- Modeling events with cascades of Poisson processes
- Modeling public mood and emotion: Twitter sentiment and socio-economic phenomena
- Networks and language in the 2010 election
- Networked gatekeeping and networked framing on egypt
- Predicting discussions on the social semantic web
- Sitaram Asur, Bernardo A. Huberman. "Predicting the future with social media".
- Mike Thelwall, Kevan Buckley, Georgios Paltoglou (2010). "Sentiment in Twitter events". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology missing volume: missing pages. .
- Bernardo A. Huberman, Daniel M. Romero, Fang Wu (2009). "Social networks that matter: Twitter under the microscope". First Monday 14(1): missing pages. .
- Structural predictors of tie formation in Twitter: transitivity and mutuality
- Temporal patterns of happiness and information in a global social network: hedonometrics and Twitter
- The role of multimedia content in determining the virality of social media information
- Tweet, tweet, retweet: conversational aspects of retweeting on Twitter
- Tweetin' in the rain: exploring societal-scale effects of weather on mood
- Tweeting about TV: sharing television viewing experiences via social media message streams
- Tweeting the meeting: an in-depth analysis of Twitter activity at Kidney Week 2011
- Tweets are forever: a large-scale quantitative analysis of deleted tweets
- Stephen Dann (2010). "Twitter content classification". First Monday 15: missing pages. .
- Twitter mood predicts the stock market
- Bernard J. Jansen, Mimi Zhang, Kate Sobel, Abdur Chowdury (2009). "Twitter power: tweets as electronic word of mouth". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60(11): 2169-2188. doi: 10.1002/asi.21149. .
- Brian P. Blake, Nitin Agarwal, Rolf T. Wigand, Jerry D. Wood(2010). "Twitter quo vadis: is Twitter bitter or are tweets sweet?".
- Twitter rank: finding topic-sensitive influential Twitterers
- Understanding the demographics of Twitter users
- Bongwon Suh, Lichan Hong, Peter Pirolli, Ed H. Chi(2010). "Want to be retweeted? large scale analytics on factors impacting retweet in Twitter network". Second IEEE International Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom).
- Haewoon Kwak, Changhyun Lee, Hosung Park, Sue Moon(2010). "What is Twitter, a social network or a news media?".
- Whisper: tracing the spatiotemporal process of information diffusion in real time
- Who says what to whom on Twitter
- Akshay Java, Tim Finin, Xiaodan Song, Belle Tseng(2007). "Why we twitter: understanding microblogging usage and communities". Joint 9th WEBKDD and 1st SNA-KDD Workshop.
- Wikipedia on Twitter: analyzing tweets about Wikipedia
- ↑ www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/how-peerindex-calculated-the-twitter-100-2215534.html
- ↑ www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/the-twitter-100-2215529.html
- ↑ www.readwriteweb.com/archives/how_recent_changes_to_twitters_terms_of_service_mi.php
- ↑ The Edinburgh Twitter Corpus
- ↑ What is Twitter, a social network or a news media?
- ↑ J. Yang, Jure Leskovec(2011). "Temporal variation in online media". ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM '11).
|
<urn:uuid:16194663-5e8b-4282-9d72-d00bdb3d0982>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://neuro.imm.dtu.dk/wiki/Twitter
|
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(1857) a novel by Thomas Hughes which describes life in a 19th century British public school for upper class boys (=a private school). The main character, Tom Brown, is shown as having high moral values. Another character, Flashman, who is a cruel bully, treats Tom Brown and his friends, who are younger than Flashman, very badly.
Definition from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
Dictionary pictures of the day
Do you know what each of these is called?
Click on any of the pictures above to find out what it is called.
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The Farmer’s Friend
American toads can live almost everywhere, ranging from forests to backyards. They adapt very well to their surroundings, as long as there is a source of water for them to use in the breeding season. American Toads have short legs, stout bodies and thick skins with noticeable warts. These warts can be colored red and yellow. The warty skin contains many glands that produce a poisonous milky fluid, providing these toads with excellent protection from their enemies. American Toads are active mainly at night and when the weather is warm and humid. During the day they hide under rocks or logs, or dig into dead leaves and soil.
American Toads are about four and a half inches long- about as long as a child’s palm. They eat insect as well as snails, beetles slugs and earthworms. Unlike most toads, which wait for prey to come along and pounce on it, American Toads can shoot out their sticky tongues to catch prey. They also may use their front legs in order to eat larger food. They grasp their food and push it into their mouths
American Toads are not endangered. In fact, they are responsible for controlling the populations of many kinds of insects. For this reason, they are widely considered friends to gardeners and farmers. The toxins produced by their skin may also eventually prove useful in medical research. So though the American Toad is not beautiful, it is certainly a very useful creature.
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Students practice the alphabet sequence by filling in the blank with the correct letter. This is done using a fun memory match game.
One set of cards have alphabet sequences with one letter missing. The other set of cards have the letters that fill in the missing letter.
The cards are separated into 3 sets so they can be used as 3 different games or one large game that covers the full alphabet.
 27 Missing Letter Cards and 27 Letter Cards (6 cards per page, extra "W" to make sets even). Directions to create the game and directions to play the game.
Directions to CREATE the Game:
Print out the sheets on regular paper or card stock (stronger paper)and laminate to make them last longer. Cut out the cards. The cards are seperated into 3 sets so that the whole alphabet can be used, but they can be separated to use only the part of the alphabet that is being worked on at that time. The letter "W" is used twice to have an even number of cards for the 3 sets. If playing with the whole alphabet one of these can be taken out.
Directions to PLAY the Game:
Start by facing all cards down in a random order. Students start by flipping two cards over. Trying to match the missing letter on the card with the letter on the other card. If they don't match then they are flipped back over and the process starts again. If a match is made it is removed from the grouping. The student with the most pairs wins!
This game can be played as a single player or multi-player game.
Built for letter size paper for easy printing.
If you like it please give us good feedback. FOLLOW US
for updates on new products.
Also, if you have an questions before or after purchase please contact us at [email protected]
Kim and Joe (her husband)
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Eye Stye (Sty): What Is it? Causes & Treatment
A stye is a red, tender lump that forms around the edge of your eyelid. While sties result from bacterial infections of the oil-secreting glands in the eyelids, you can develop this condition even with optimum eye care.
Anyone can develop a stye, making it a relatively common condition. Typically, they occur on the outer part of the eyelid, but cases of inner eyelid hordeolum are also common. Since the lump usually contains pus, a stye can be quite painful.
You can apply a warm washcloth to your eyelid to relieve any discomfort associated with a stye. However, most of these eye lesions usually resolve themselves in a few days.
What is a Stye?
A stye, medically known as a hordeolum, is an acute bacterial infection of the eyelid glands. Typically, a stye is a red and painful bump affecting either the upper or the lower eyelid. You will develop a stye when one or more oil-producing glands in your eyelid get blocked and subsequently infected by bacteria.
Styes are categorized depending on their location on the eyelid. They are:
- External stye: A hordeolum on the outer part of either the upper or lower eyelid is the most common type, usually resulting from eyelash follicle infection.
- Internal stye: This kind of stye occurs on the inner side of the eyelid, the part in contact with the eyeball. Internal stye formation is usually preceded by blockage of the tiny glands that secrete oil to keep your inner eyelid moist.
How Common is a Stye?
A stye is one of the most distinctive eye conditions that affect all races, genders, and sexes equally. However, hordeolum is more common among adults than children. This is due to the increased viscosity of the adult’s eyelid oil, making the glands more prone to blockage.
The risk of developing a stye increases significantly when you have certain conditions, including dyslipidemia (high levels of bad cholesterol), diabetes, seborrheic dermatitis, blepharitis, and rosacea.
What Causes a Stye?
The eyelid infection results from thickening and inactivity of the secretions from either oil or sweat glands in the eyelid. Under normal circumstances, the oil from these glands helps to keep the eye moist by preventing rapid evaporation of tears. Increased thickness of the oil makes the glands vulnerable to blockage.
Bacteria, commonly Staphylococcus aureus, then invades the blocked glands leading to swelling and formation of pus in the eyelid glands.
Some individuals are more likely to develop styes than others, for example if you:
- Wear contact lenses
- Use old or contaminated eye makeup
- Have an existing eye inflammation such as blepharitis
- Have poorly controlled medical disorders like diabetes and dyslipidemia
Poor hygiene with a previous history of hordeolum infection also increases your likelihood of developing a stye.
Symptoms of Eye Stye
The severity and manifestation of eye styes might vary from one person to another but typically symptoms include:
- Swelling, redness, and pain along the eyelid
- Crusting of the eyelid with or without tearing
- Sensitivity to light
- Feeling that something is in your eye
- Itching with soreness of the eye
Are Styes Contagious?
While a stye is not contagious, it is possible to transmit the bacteria to another person. If you have a stye and rub your eye then touch another person’s eye without washing your hands, there is increased risk of transferring the stye-causing pathogens.
How Long Will a Stye Last?
In most instances, styes clear in three-to-seven days. But some can last up to two weeks. Applying a warm compress multiple times a day can speed up recovery. A compress relieves pain and promotes drainage of the pus, eliminating the need for further treatment. It is rare, but a stye may require surgical drainage to heal.
Though they can be painful, most styes aren’t a cause for concern. Neither you nor your child need to miss school or work while waiting for a stye to heal.
Styes usually go away within one to two weeks without any treatment. Nevertheless, you can relieve the pain and speed up healing by using non-medical techniques such as:
These include self-care remedies such as applying a warm washcloth to the affected eyelid for about 15 minutes, three-to-four times a day, which will encourage drainage.
Another home remedy involves cleaning the eyes. You can use tap water with non-irritating soap or baby shampoo to gently wash away the discharge. Eyelid wipes, available in most drug stores, are also effective.
You should avoid activities that promote the spread or worsening of the infection. For instance, you should not squeeze the sty or rub your eyes. Additionally, avoid using contacts or makeup until the infection heals.
For styes that do not resolve themselves with home remedies after 48 hours, seeking medical attention is necessary. Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics depending on the severity of your symptoms.
Topical antibiotics such as erythromycin eye ointment plus topical steroids help reduce the swelling and relieve pressure on the cornea while lubricating the eye. In severe cases, where the infection has spread to the other structures around the orbit, surgical drainage of the pus with systemic antibiotics is the treatment of choice.
Maintaining good facial hygiene is the best prevention strategy for eye styes. To curb the development of hordeola, you should:
- Wash your hands thoroughly, with soap and running water, before touching your face and eyes.
- Clean your contact lenses with the recommended cleaning solution. Daily disposable contacts and other eyewear should not be used beyond the recommended dates.
- Wash your face before going to bed to remove dirt or eye makeup.
- Renew your makeup regularly, within three to four months. Sharing makeup can also contribute to the spread of infection so avoid sharing.
What Else Could It Be? (Stye or Chalazion)
It is nearly impossible to distinguish a chalazion from an internal stye in the early stages as they both look like inflammation. Later, the chalazion becomes painless and forms a nodule in the middle of the eyelid, unlike a stye that remains painful until recovery.
When to Call Your Doctor
While the majority of styes get better without treatment, you might need to see your doctor when:
- The stye does not improve within a few days even with home remedies like warm compresses
- There is a lot of swelling with or without blisters around the eyes
- Pus or blood drains from the swelling
- The swelling is increasing rapidly with new signs of infection around the eyes, such as redness
- Your vision is affected
How do I get rid of a stye overnight?
When you want to speed the healing of a stye, consider applying warm compresses, cleaning your eyes with mild soap or baby shampoo and water, and performing lid scrubbing to enhance drainage. The use of painkillers and antibiotics also lessens the symptoms.
What causes a stye in your eye?
Bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus, invades a clogged or blocked oil gland in the eyelid and are known causes of styes.
How do styes go away?
The majority of styes drain spontaneously and heal without any medical intervention. Others might require surgical drainage to recover.
Are styes caused by stress?
No direct evidence indicating that stress causes styes exists. But since styes are bacterial infections, anything compromising the immune system, including stress, can lead to the development of the condition. Again, stress can cause a lack of sleep, which increases the likelihood of rubbing your eyes, predisposing you getting a stye.
Hordeolum. (August 2021). National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Stye. (October 2021). Cleveland Clinic.
What Are Styes and Chalazia? (November 2021). American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Hordeolum (Stye). (2021). Johns Hopkins Medicine.
Interventions for acute internal Hordeolum. (2010). The Cochran Collaboration.
Hordeolum (stye). (2021). American Optometric Association.
Styes and Chalazia. (August 2020). University of Michigan Health.
Sty. (July 2020). Mayo Clinic.
Last Updated February 26, 2022
Note: This page should not serve as a substitute for professional medical advice from a doctor or specialist. Please review our about page for more information.
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Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work!
Mirabehn, byname of Madeleine Slade, (born November 22, 1892, Surrey, England—died July 20, 1982, Vienna, Austria), British-born follower of Mohandas K. Gandhi who participated in the movement for India’s independence.
Madeleine Slade was the daughter of an English aristocratic family. Because her father, Sir Edmond Slade, was a rear admiral in the British Royal Navy and was often away, Madeleine and her siblings spent much of their childhood at their grandfather’s country home in Surrey. She developed a strong admiration for the music of Ludwig van Beethoven and eventually became a concert manager.
Her aristocratic existence took a life-changing turn after she read French novelist and essayist Romain Rolland’s 1924 biography of Gandhi. In the book the author had described Gandhi as the greatest personality of the 20th century. Slade became fascinated by the principles of nonviolence and contacted Gandhi himself, asking if she could become his disciple and live in his ashram (ashrama; religious retreat) in the western Indian region of Gujarat. Gandhi, while replying in the affirmative, forewarned her of the difficulties of such a life. Undeterred, Slade reached India in November 1925 and made India her home for the next 34 years. She chose not to return to England for personal visits, even when her father died in 1926.
Upon her arrival at the ashram, Gandhi gave her the nickname Mirabehn (“Sister Mira”), named for Mira (or Meera) Bai, the Hindu mystic and great devotee to the god Krishna. She started wearing a white sari, cut her hair short, and took a vow of celibacy. During the first two years in India, she learned Hindi and spent much time spinning and carding cotton. Subsequently, she started traveling to various parts of the country to work in villages.
Mirabehn often accompanied Gandhi on his tours and looked after his personal needs. She became one of Gandhi’s confidants and an ardent champion internationally for India’s freedom from British rule and was with Gandhi at the London Round Table Conference in 1931. In 1934 she made a brief visit to the United States for lectures and radio talks and met first lady Eleanor Roosevelt for an interview at the White House. Before returning to India, she conducted interviews with a number of British politicians in the United Kingdom—Sir Samuel Hoare, Lord Halifax, Winston Churchill, David Lloyd George, and Clement Attlee—as well as the South African leader Jan Smuts.
A devoted worker, Mirabehn was active in spreading the spirit of nonviolence, and she was considered by the British to be important to India’s independence movement. She was arrested multiple times, including during a period of civil disobedience in 1932–33, when she was detained on the charge of supplying information to Europe and America regarding conditions prevailing in India; and in 1942, when she was imprisoned in the Aga Khan Palace in Pune along with Gandhi and his wife, Kasturba (the latter died there in 1944).
In 1946 Mirabehn was appointed as honorary special adviser to the Uttar Pradesh government to assist in a campaign to expand agricultural production. In 1947 she set up an ashram near Rishikesh. Following Gandhi’s assassination in 1948, Mirabehn decided to stay in India. For the next 11 years, she traveled to various Indian states, took on community projects including one that came to be known as the Gopal Ashram in the Bhilangana valley (now in the state of Uttarakhand), and worked on environmental issues such as those preventing deforestation and implementing flood-control measures. She even experimented with the introduction of Dexter cattle from England for crossbreeding with the yak in Jammu and Kashmir state.
Mirabehn returned to England in 1959 and a year later moved to a house near Vienna, where she spent the remaining years of her life. A year before her death, the Indian government conferred on her the Padma Vibhushan medal, the country’s second highest civilian honour.
Among her writings are New and Old Gleanings, published in 1960 (an updated edition of Gleanings Gathered at Bapu’s Feet, originally published in 1949), and her autobiography, The Spirit’s Pilgrimage, also published in 1960.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Mahatma Gandhi, Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. As such, he came to be considered the father of his country.…
India, country that occupies the greater part of South Asia. It is a constitutional republic consisting of 29 states, each with a substantial degree of control over its own affairs; 6 less fully empowered union territories; and the Delhi national capital territory, which includes New Delhi, India’s capital. With roughly…
Royal Navy, naval military organization of the United Kingdom, charged with the national defense at sea, protection of shipping, and fulfillment of international military agreements. Organized sea power was first used in England by Alfred…
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Solar power installations that float on water
The problem is that most of the solar energy systems on the market today have two major weaknesses. The first is that they require vast land areas in order to be built and the second is the very high costs related to the construction and maintenance of the solar cells.
It is hoped that a new technology that comes in the form of floating solar power plants is about to overcome these challenges.
This project results from a collaboration between Solaris Synergy of Israel and the French EDF Group. It has received support from EUREKA, a European network supporting businesses performing close-to-market research and development. The project has been given the 'EUREKA label' AQUASUN.
At a time when leading energy producers are struggling to find land on which to install solar power plants, the project team identified the almost untouched potential of solar installations on water.
These water basins on which the plants could be built are not natural reserves, tourist resorts or the open sea, but are industrial water basins already in use for other purposes, so there will be no negative impact on natural landscapes.
Having solved the problem of space, the team turned its attention to the problem of cost. Using a system of mirrors to concentrate the energy of the sun, a steady amount of power can be produced with a smaller quantity of solar cells.
Secondly, a creative cooling system was developed using the water on which the panels are floating. This enables cheaper solar cells to be used that would otherwise be prone to overheating.
The initial design phase of this innovative project was completed at the end of March 2010 and work began on the building of the prototype. The team is aiming to launch the implementation phase in September 2011 and tests will take place at Cadarache in South Eastern France. This site was chosen because of its location on the French electric grid and its close proximity to a local hydroelectric facility that will provide the water surface to be used for the installation of the system.
The plan is for the trials to last for nine months, enabling the system's performance and productivity to be tested through a range of seasonal changes and water levels. The research team believe that by June 2012 they will have all the information required to allow the technology to enter the market.
Dr Elyakim Kassel, co-ordinator of the AQUASUN project and development manager of Solaris Synergy, pointed out that this was an environmentally friendly project that had no negative impact on flora and fauna and that even dry countries have industrial waters that are not rain dependent. This fact makes the floating solar power plant a reliable method for them to produce renewable energy.
All in all, he said, it was a win-win situation.
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Music in Video Games
From 8-bit to Symphonies
Published: Friday, October 21, 2011
Updated: Friday, October 21, 2011 21:10
Whether it is at home, in your college dorm room, a friend's house, or on a portable game system, video games are played all over the world. Discussion of video games tends to focus on game play and graphics, but much like movies, the music is a vital part of the experience. The sound track of a game assists a player in emerging him or herself in a game, and can even play a direct role in game play.
In the early days of video games, music was characterized by musical loops on primitive synthesizers, due to lack of technical capabilities of games like "Korobeiniki," better known as the "Tetris song." Earlier innovators like Koji Kondo started composing more complex tracks for Nintendo video games using the simplistic 8-bit sound. Kondo composed some of the most memorable music in video games, composing for both "Super Mario Brothers" and the "Legend of Zelda," including the "Super Mario Brothers" theme song. Kondo still works actively in producing, composing, and supervising music development for Nintendo, working on releases as recent as "The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword," which will be released on November 20.
Early video games like those composed by Koji Kondo influence unique electronic music sub-genres like Chiptune and Bitpop. Chiptune uses synthesized sounds from vintage computer parts to compose music, whereas Bitpop uses sounds generated from components of 8-bit video game systems. Kesha is heavily influenced by the sound of Bitpop and other music in early video games, and is evident in her single "Tik Tok."
Modern video game music ranges from original orchestral symphonies to popular hits. The music used relies heavily on what type of game and the situations within the game. Often in shooters like the "Halo" series, the music portrays different moods. Martin O'Donnell and Michael Salvatori, composers for the "Halo" series, use softer subtle pieces to convey feelings of fear and magnitude, while using genres like heavy metal for fast and intense action. O'Donnell and Salvatori worked together to create the unique "Halo" sound, which incorporates Gregorian chant, percussion, and orchestral strings. The compositions from the "Halo" series were released as an album, the "Halo Original Soundtrack."
Other modern games use music as the main game play element, often referred to as rhythm games. These rhythm games use a mixture of original tracks and well known songs for use in game play. The game series "Just Dance" tracks players' motions as they dance along and give awards based on the accuracy of the dance. The games feature music from Katy Perry, Rihanna, and Vampire Weekend, among others. There is even a spin-off game devoted entirely to the music works of Michael Jackson, "Michael Jackson: The Experience."
Games like "Guitar Hero" and "Rock Band" use controllers shaped like instruments to give the gamer a sensation that they are playing the song. These games have been criticized by the music community for giving the player the feeling that they are playing music without using the instrument. Games like "Power Gig: Rise of the Sixth String" and "Rock Band 3" give the player the option to use a real guitar. Continuing the trend, the recently released game "Rocksmith" was designed to teach guitar.
Early and modern video games use music to give the user specific types of moods, as well as to provide some type of entertainment. While some video games are integrating more recent music, some creators of video games prefer to keep it "old school," with classic 8-bit music. With whatever the creators choose to do, music provides an important role in the interaction of video games.
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The skinny on Hong Kong’s growing waistline
Hong Kong has a childhood obesity problem. The number of overweight kids has increased 30 percent in the last 20 years.
Academics are a priority in Hong Kong, with an emphasis on hitting the books over hitting the streets. But there are some students who realize how important it is to exercise, to be fit and to be healthy.
One example, of a super fit group is Street Workout Hong Kong. They build strength based on body weight by using park equipment. The group attracts people of all ages, all with the same goal of promoting fitness. Still, they remain an anomaly in Hong Kong.
About the Contributors
Senior / Broadcast Journalism
Megan has been an anchor and reporter for the Centre County Report, covering both news and sports. She traveled to Hong Kong to report on fitness and childhood obesity. She has also been a member of ComRadio for four years and started GALaxy, ComRadio’s only show dedicated to all women’s sports. She has interned in London and New York. Follow her on Twitter: @meganflood11.
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Louisville Soil Contamination
Louisville residents who live near a former insecticide plant want to know why it took officials about 25 years to test their soil for contamination.
Tim Hubbard, assistant director of the Kentucky Division of Waste Management, told The Courier-Journal that he doesn't know why the testing wasn't completed sooner.
It was only when the site's owners sought permission to put in housing that the Division took soil samples. Those found high levels of pesticides, including the now-banned DDT, as well as toxic heavy metals such as arsenic and lead.
Last year the state turned the investigation and cleanup over to the EPA's Superfund program, which deals with the nation's most polluted properties. Results of soil test from neighboring properties likely will be made public this month.
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African elephants are typically social animals. They live in family units, which consist of 10 closely related females and their young, while males roam in small, loose herds by themselves. These families sometimes merge with larger groups called “kinships,” which can consist of over 100 individuals. They communicate through body posture, smell, touch, and vocalizations. Their infamous trumpeting is used in excitement while others are so low frequency that you can barely hear them.
Elephants’ large trunks can be used for prying bark off trees, digging roots, or protection. The trunk contains over 100,000 muscles and is used for picking up food, breaking off branches, greeting, caressing, threatening, squirting water on its back to cool off, and throwing dust. It does not, however, function as a straw for drinking. An elephant takes the water into its trunk but then has to spray the water into its mouth to drink.
An adult elephant can consume 300 lbs of food each day
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Getting ready to travel nationally or abroad? Contaminated food and drink are the major sources of stomach or intestinal illness while traveling. Intestinal problems due to poor sanitation are found in far greater numbers outside the United States and other industrialized nations. You should find information below that will help you! If you need more or your topic is not covered, contact us and tell us what you want to see added!
Back to the Table of Contents page for information on many other subjects!
Back to the main Food Safety page
The Blue Sheet
|Summary of Health Information for International Travel|
The Yellow Book
1999-2000 Edition - PDF Format (1.6 MB) This file format contains hypertext links and is viewable only with the Adobe(TM) Acrobat(TM) Reader*
||1999-2000 Edition Purchasing Information|
Primary Series and Booster Information
(See Geographic Recommendations Also)
For persons less than 2 years of age
Australia and the South Pacific
||Caribbean||Central Africa||East Africa||East Asia||Eastern Europe||Indian Region||Mexico and Central America|
UPDATE: Influenza A Infection Among Travelers to Alaska and |
the Yukon Territory, Summer 1999
|Outbreak of PoliomyelitisAngola|
|Update: Outbreak of Nipah VirusMalaysia and Singapore, 1999|
|Kenya and Somalia: Rift Valley Fever|
|New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union: Diphtheria|
Meningococcal Meningitis in Sudan |
|Travel to Turkey Following the Earthquake|
|Preventing Influenza Infection Among Travelers|
|Questions and Answers About Preventing Influenza A Infection Among Travelers|
|Preventing Influenza A Infection Among Travelers|
|Important notice: Diphtheria Vaccine For Children Recalled|
|Conditions in Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala After Hurricane Mitch|
|Hong Kong: Avian Influenza|
|Saudi Arabia Hajj Requirements|
|Cholera Information; description, transmission, prevention|
|Dengue Fever Information|
|Disinsection; Spraying for insects in Aircraft|
|Preventing Foodborne Illness: Escherichia coli O157:H7|
|Hepatitis A Vaccine & Immune Globulin (IG) - Disease and Vaccine Information|
HIV/AIDS Prevention |
HIV Infected Traveler Precautions
|Japanese Encephalitis Information|
|Malaria: General information - description, transmission, treatment|
|Prescription Drugs for Preventing Malaria (Information for the Public)|
|Prescription Drugs for Preventing Malaria (Information for Health Care Providers)|
|Preventing Malaria in the Pregnant Woman (Information for the Public)|
|Preventing Malaria in the Pregnant Woman (Information for Health Care Providers)|
|Preventing Malaria in Infants and Children (Information for the Public)|
|Preventing Malaria in Infants and Children (Information for Health Care Providers)|
|Yellow Fever Disease & Vaccine|
|Preventing Typhoid Fever: A Guide for Travelers|
|Tuberculosis Risk on Aircraft|
Thanks to the Center for Disease Control!
In areas with poor sanitation only the following beverages may be safe to drink: Boiled water, hot beverages, such as coffee or tea, made with boiled water, canned or bottled carbonated beverages, beer, and wine. Ice may be made from unsafe water and should be avoided. It is safer to drink from a can or bottle of beverage than to drink from a container that was not known to be clean and dry. However, water on the surface of a beverage can or bottle may also be contaminated. Therefore, the area of a can or bottle that will touch the mouth should be wiped clean and dry. Where water is contaminated, travelers should not brush their teeth with tap water.
TREATMENT OF WATER
Boiling is the most reliable method to make water safe to drink. Bring water to a vigorous boil, then allow it to cool; do not add ice. At high altitudes allow water to boil vigorously for a few minutes or use chemical disinfectants. Adding a pinch of salt or pouring water from one container to another will improve the taste.
Chemical disinfection can be achieved with either iodine or chlorine, with iodine providing greater disinfection in a wider set of circumstances. For disinfection with iodine use either tincture of iodine or tetraglycine hydroperiodide tablets, such as, Globaline*, Potable-Aqua*, and others. These disinfectants can be found in sporting goods stores and pharmacies. Read and follow the manufacturer's instructions. If the water is cloudy then strain it through a clean cloth, and double the number of disinfectant tablets added. If the water is very cold, either warm it or allow increased time for disinfectant to work.
The CDC has made no recommendation as to the use of any of the portable filters on the market due to lack of independently verified results of their efficacy.
As a last resort, water that is uncomfortably hot to touch may be safe for drinking and brushing teeth after it is allowed to cool. However, many disease-causing organisms can survive the usual temperature reached by the hot water in overseas hotels.
Food should be selected with care. Any raw food could be contaminated, particularly in areas of poor sanitation. Foods of particular concern include: salads, uncooked vegetables and fruit, unpasteurized milk and milk products, raw meat, and shellfish. If you peel fruit yourself, it is generally safe. Food that has been cooked and is still hot is generally safe.
For infants less than 6 months of age, breast feed or give powdered commercial formula prepared with boiled water.
Some fish are not guaranteed to be safe even when cooked because of the presence of toxins in their flesh. Tropical reef fish, red snapper, amber jack, grouper, and sea bass can occasionally be toxic at unpredictable times if they are caught on tropical reefs rather than open ocean. The barracuda and puffer fish are often toxic, and should generally not be eaten. Highest risk areas include the islands of the West Indies, and the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans.
The typical symptoms of traveler's diarrhea (TD) are diarrhea, nausea, bloating, urgency, and malaise. TD usually lasts from 3 to 7 days. It is rarely life threatening. Areas of high risk include the developing countries of Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. The risk of infection varies by type of eating establishment the traveler visits - from low risk in private homes, to high risk for food from street vendors.
TD is slightly more common in young adults than in older people, with no difference between males and females. TD is usually acquired through ingestion of fecal contaminated food and water.
The best way to prevent TD is by paying meticulous attention to choice of food and beverage. CDC does not recommend use of antibiotics to prevent TD because they can cause additional problems themselves.
For treatment, oral fluids should be administered to sufferers of diarrhea. Fruit juices, soft drinks, preferably without caffeine, and salted crackers are advised. For severe dehydration the use of an oral rehydration solution (ORS) is advised (see below). Avoid dairy products, and all beverages that contain water of questionable quality.
Antimicrobial drugs such as doxycycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim , Septra ) may shorten the length of illness. Consult your physician for prescription and dose schedules. Antidiarrheals, such as Lomotil* or Immodium*, can decrease the number of diarrheal stools, but can cause complication for persons with serious infections.
It is important for the traveler to consult a physician about treatment of diarrhea in children and infants, because some of the drugs mentioned are not recommended for them. The greatest risk for children and especially infants is dehydration. Prevention of dehydration through administration of soups, thin porridges, and other safe beverages is advised. Infants with diarrhea who exhibit signs of mild dehydration, such as thirst and restlessness, should be given an oral rehydration solution (ORS) to drink. This is a packet of salt and carbohydrates that should be prepared following the package instructions and using boiled or treated water. It is widely available abroad. If bloody diarrhea, dehydration, fever in excess of 102 F degrees, or persistent vomiting occurs, seek immediate medical help.
Most episodes of TD resolve in a few days. As with all diseases it is best to consult a physician rather than attempt self-medication, especially for pregnant women and children. Travelers should seek medical help if diarrhea is severe, bloody, or does not resolve within a few days, or if it is accompanied by fever and chills, or if the traveler is unable to keep fluids intake up and becomes dehydrated.
Federal Government Web Sites
State and Local Government Web Sites International Government Web Sites
Back to top This page was updated on April 27, 2006
Food and Water Precautions and Travelers' Diarrhea (CDC)
Food Safety While Hiking, Camping, and Boating (FSIS)
Handling Food Safely on the Road (FSIS)
Mail Order Food Safety (FSIS)
Safe Food To Go (FSIS)
Buffet Style Dining (Department of Public Health, Seattle & King County, Washington)
Food Backgrounder (Health Division, Nevada)
Food Safety Precautions Get No Vacation at Barbecues, Picnics (Department of Health, Texas)
Food Safety when You're Traveling (Cooperative Extension Service, Minnesota)
How to Size Up a Restaurant (Department of Health and Environment, Kansas)
Plan on Packing School Lunches with Food Safety in Mind (Department of Health, Texas)
A Guide on Safe Food For Travellers (World Health Organization)
State and Local Government Web Sites
International Government Web Sites
Back to top This page was updated on April 27, 2006
Back to top
This page was updated on April 27, 2006
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In the initial planning stages of transport projects, archaeological investigation concentrates on the identification of known sites and areas of archaeological potential in order to inform the selection of the appropriate route.
Environmental Impact Statement
Following route selection and in tandem with the engineering and architectural design process further desk-based studies and field-walking of the preferred route are carried out as preparatory works for compiling the archaeological component of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). During this process it may also be possible to carry out archaeological investigations using techniques such as geophysical survey, underwater survey and test excavation. The results from these investigations inform the EIS of the archaeological potential of the route and of the measures that need to be put in place in order to improve the effects on archaeology.
Archaeological work during construction phase
Following approval of a scheme and during the construction phase all measures required to improve the effects on archaeology that were set out in the EIS are implemented. This may involve carrying out condition surveys and recording of upstanding archaeological sites and undertaking further archaeological assessments (e.g. geophysical surveys, test excavations) where these were not possible previously. Following completion of fieldwork a report is produced detailing the results of the assessment.
It is rarely possible to carry out testing before the main construction phase in developed urban areas due to the level of disturbance this would cause to traffic and to the public. As a result, archaeological monitoring of ground disturbance works is generally carried out in order to identify and protect archaeology.
Excavation and recording
Any sites identified through investigations and or monitoring which cannot be preserved will be archaeologically excavated and recorded before further construction works take place. Archaeological excavation involves the removal of topsoil or overburden layers, which cover the archaeological remains. Then each archaeological layer is removed and unpeeled in the reverse sequence in which it was deposited. Every stage is recorded on site through written descriptions, photography, sampling and drawings linked to a site survey grid.
Post-excavation documentation and reporting
Following completion of site works the study and analysis of all the records and finds that were retrieved from a site commences.This phase is called post-excavation and is an essential part of the process as it ensures that the site is fully recorded and documented for future generations. A report detailing the preliminary results of the excavation is produced initially.Following this the results of the detailed study and analysis, along with photographs and drawings are compiled into a final illustrated report of the site.
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Our schools follow the local education authority curriculum guidelines. Generally, students are enrolled after completing their earlier years enrolled with a local state school.
In primary school, there is a major focus on using assessment information to establish what students can do. This information is used to plan the next teaching and learning steps. Most programs therefore are differentiated and there is a wide approach to how students learn and are taught.
Our classes are small and of mixed ability therefore the movement in teaching practice from teacher directed to teacher as facilitator/guide fits well with our school structurally and with our goal for developing self-directed learners with the skills, knowledge, attitudes and values for life long learning.
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As we grow older, we have to pay increasingly more attention to our health. We are mostly aware of the basics, which are to maintain a healthy lifestyle through diet and exercise. However, some people learn to deal with these issues later than others. This leads to people not being healthy in their old age. Due to the lack of information on when to start taking extra care of their bodies, sometimes people will have to focus on reversing these effects. There are particular natural ways to revive the unhealthy path people go down.
One of the ways to revive your health are to incorporate natural products in your diet. These products are usually food products that are natural and provide balance into our bodies in different ways. Most natural products are herbs and plants, natural tea supplements, and juices.
The core principles include elimination of foods that cause imbalance in our diets and lifestyle. The next principle is including more foods in your diet that are easy to digest. These foods heal the body and provide sufficient dietary fibers that the body requires on a daily basis. Regulating eating timings is important. Allowing the body to be able to focus when to digest and when to perform other functions is essential. Our bodies are habitual — they are used to our habits and conform accordingly.
One of the ways to boost our immune systems, dietary habits, and lifestyle is by incorporating superfoods into our diets. Some of these foods can be found easy to order at home through sites such as opportuniteas.com. These sites provide superfoods in easy to use form which should be incorporated into our bodies to boost our immunity.
What kind of superfoods should you look to incorporate into your diet?
Ginger is a natural supplement that comes in the form of a root. It is mostly used as a spice for cooking. However, it has a range of benefits that come from consuming it. It provides medicinal properties that are used as alternate medicine. There is a long history of it being used to aid digestion. It helps reduce nausea and ease flu symptoms amongst other properties.
Various forms of ginger is used in drinks or easily added to the food preparation process. It helps lower cholesterol levels, and because it is a natural product and easy to digest, it aids digestion problems. The properties found in ginger have enhanced brain functions, which is something we need to pay attention to as we age.
Turmeric is a spice that has been used constantly for centuries. A highly natural product, this plant is commonly used as a cooking spice. However, it has many hidden properties beyond being a taste enhancer in Asian food. Turmeric is such a highly effective natural food item, that it is used to reduce heartburn, a natural remedy for inflammation, a stress healer, and a source to reduce symptoms of hay fever.
Beetroots provide an ample supply of health benefits, which include being a great source of minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants. Beetroots have been proven to help fight sickle cell anemia, a condition that decreases the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells in the body. They are rich in iron and as we grow older, this natural product helps us maintain good health when it comes to the matter of our blood. They are also good for athletes. As it promotes a healthy heart and the uptake of oxygen by our cells, beetroot can be seen to be taken by athletes around the world.
Lean Meat and Chicken
While controlling meat intake is important as we grow older, lean meats and lean chicken are an important source of weight controlling food, due to its high levels of protein. Eating food which is high in protein, can aid digestion by providing ample exercise to the stomach muscles in a healthy way. Breaking down protein also consumes calories, making it a type of natural product that boosts your lifestyle. Adding lean protein to your diet has also shown to reduce cravings by up to 60%.
Another good source of rich protein is tuna. Tuna is lean fish, which is quite similar in protein structure to lean meat and chicken. It is a great source of protein which can be eaten in place of other macronutrients such as carbohydrates or fats. This allows eating a healthy diet with less cravings. Tuna is consumed by athletes or other individuals who try to maintain a caloric restrictive diet but are looking to feel full after eating. It is a great way to maintain a healthy weight and lifestyle while still feeling full and having enough energy to live life to the fullest.
Coconut milk can be sourced naturally from the fleshy part of a coconut. Coconut milk is linked to maintaining a healthy heart. While coconut oil must be consumed in moderation as with all coconut products, it is believed to aid in the functioning of a healthy immune system.
Coconut milk however, is a high calorie food. While this may be true, it contains rich source of vitamins and minerals and has high nutritional values. It can be used in place of traditional dairy in places such as with coffee, tea, or with cereal. Coconut milk can also be incorporated within diets such as in cooked food, soups, and milkshakes or smoothies.
Wheatgrass took the world by storm in the past few years, being added to diets around the world. As soon as the world heard about the properties it contains, everyone begun to use it. Wheatgrass is usually used in juices or smoothies. It is used as a supplement to improve the liver function and increase the function of the immune system. High in antioxidants, it provides amino acids that are essential to the body. Ingesting wheatgrass regularly, prevents cell damage.
Matcha is a natural source of detox, a great energy booster, and amongst other things, boosts calorie burning functions. Matcha is a source of unmatched antioxidant. The reason antioxidants are so important is because they are a chemical compound that are a natural way for our bodies to defend itself against diseases.
Matcha is usually added to drinks, tea, coffees, and smoothies in powder form. Matcha boosts the body’s metabolic rate and burns calories. It is also a natural healing powder which manages to calm the body down, even mentally. It is a natural way to enhance your mood naturally and comes packed with minerals and nutrients which are important for the body! Matcha can be added to an individual’s diet on a daily basis. However, in adherence with all healthy diets, matcha must be consumed in moderate amounts.
These are just some natural products we have mentioned — there are many more to keep you healthy. With the right amount of intake, they work wonders for your body and make you feel re-energized. Consider adding these food items into your daily diet for a better and healthy life!
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Well, wonders will never cease. Not only is water already one of the strangest,and most interesting fluids/substances around, but clever scientists from the University of Tokyo just added another layer of WTFness.
In essence, they have developed a sort of non-fluid, yet still transparent and flexible, water. A hydrogel. That’s flexible. And transparent. (That was worth repeating). I’ve seen a reference on the web to ‘elastic water’ but thought that was pushing it a bit far.
Published in the Jan 21 edition of Nature, the paper outlines how the researchers were able to create a high-water-content hydrogel using only water, a bit of clay, and a pinch of organic components (details below).
‘But why’, I hear you ask. ‘We already have other plastic materials – they’re called, you know, ‘plastic”, I hear you say. And that’s the problem – they’re all based on petroleum, which is based on oil, which is an increasingly unsustainable thing on which to be based. You know, what with the inevitability of world oil supplies beginning to decrease and stuff.
So scientists feel it’s reasonable to start exploring other means of constructing plastic materials. Plastic in the true sense of the word: flexible and mouldable. Hydrogels – flexible water-based gels – seem an obvious thing to start looking into (and of course we won’t get into the water debate here).
The recipe for this hydrogel goes something like this: take some water. Add about 2-3% by mass of clay. Mix, and add 0.4% by mass of certain organic components*. Shake well, at least metaphorically, for 3 minutes or a bit longer.
And voila! The final product is a transparent hydrogel with some very interesting properties. It’s able to stick together, which means it can easily be built into structures etc. It also keeps its shape, so any structures it’s used for can be free-standing – all due due to its ‘outstanding mechanical strength’.
It’s able to self-heal when damaged, and preserves biologically active proteins for catalysis (great for setting up reactions involving enzymes). In fact, it has some interesting applications for building reaction sequences using blocks containing different enzymatic activities.
Most hydrogels have poor transparency, are brittle and can’t self-heal. In addition, making them is an involved process of multiple iterations of heating and cooling, agitation using sound, and in situ polymerisation or crosslinking reactions. Our little hydrogel, however, is the polar opposite. It’s transparent, flexible, and great for building structures with. It’s easy to make – All one requires is water, the three ingredients, and mixing at room temperature for a few minutes (as few as 3). In addition, it’s able to persist in briny or pH-positive/negative (acid or alkaline, folks) conditions, and can, with the addition of a couple more compounds, even be made using salt water itself.
I mean c’mon – it’s even environmentally friendly! I’d take this hydrogel home to meet the parents, as it were.
In short, this hydrogel is going where no hydrogel has gone before, and kudos goes to Wang et al – great work, guys.
Wang Q, Mynar JL, Yoshida M, Lee E, Lee M, Okuro K, Kinbara K, & Aida T (2010). High-water-content mouldable hydrogels by mixing clay and a dendritic molecular binder. Nature, 463 (7279), 339-43 PMID: 20090750
*In their words: “CNSs, a dendritic macromolecule (Gn-binder; n, generation number) and sodium polyacrylate (ASAP)”
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How many jumbled words can you spell correctly to form a name of a Native American tribe? Tribe names in the jumble include: Abenaki, Chippewa, Algonquin, Cherokee, Choctaw, Sioux, Navajo, Hopi, Pueblo, Iroquois, Mohawk, Klamath, Apache, Comanche, Seneca, Cheyenne, Wampanoag, Blackfoot, Yaqui and Lumbee.
I look little....but I PRINT
Click the worksheet printer icon that says "Full Page Print" for a high quality
printable worksheet. All word jumbles are interactive. You can type in the answer online or print them out to solve offline.
|Interactive Printable Word Jumbles - Native American Tribes Word Jumble Worksheet
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Can we look at contemporary biology and couple this with chemical insight to propose some plausible mechanisms for the origin of life on the planet? In what follows, we examine some promising chemical reactions by which the building blocks for nucleic acids might have been created about a billion years after the Earth formed. This could have led to self-assembling systems that were based on an all-RNA metabolism, where RNA is both catalytic and informational. We consider the breadth of RNA enzymes presently existing in biology, and to what extent these might have covered a wider range of chemistry in the RNA world. Ultimately, the RNA world would probably have given way to protein-based life quite quickly, and the origins of peptidyl transferase activity are discussed below.
|Number of pages||4|
|Journal||Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B - Biological Sciences|
|Publication status||Published - 27 Oct 2011|
- prebiotic chemistry
- self-assembling systems
- RNA world
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Undergraduate nursing students' learning needs and attitudes about trauma and trauma-informed care
Mangus, Katalyn Kelsey
MetadataShow full item record
Trauma is a very prominent and pervasive problem that causes numerous and harmful effects on the physical and mental health of those affected. Trauma-informed care (TIC) is a care framework that encourages healthcare workers to acknowledge trauma and care for patients in a way that takes past traumas into account. The practice of trauma-informed care leads to better healthcare experiences, better health outcomes, better trauma recovery, and more health compliance in trauma survivors. Unfortunately, many healthcare workers, including nurses, recognize the significance of trauma but feel unprepared to provide trauma-informed care to patients. The doctor of nursing practice project presented here sought to assess the current level of TIC education for undergraduate maternal-child nursing students at Montana State University College of Nursing. A secondary aim of this project was to provide guidance and recommendations to maternal-child nursing faculty for revisions to current curriculum. In order to achieve this aim, nursing students were recruited to participate in a survey that evaluated participants' attitudes about trauma, trauma-informed care, and which aspects of trauma-informed care they felt most strong and most weak in. The data were analyzed to evaluate undergraduate nursing students' current preparedness for providing trauma-informed care in their future nursing practice. The findings indicated that participants did feel somewhat confident in their understanding that trauma is impactful on women and that trauma-informed care can be beneficial. The participants also understood that working with trauma-affected patients can emotionally impact or re-traumatize a healthcare worker. Participants reported a lack of confidence in their ability to recognize trauma, recognize trauma-affected patients, and provide appropriate TIC to these patients. These data were used to guide the creation of a trauma-informed care education resource for nursing educators to utilize for teaching future nursing students about trauma-informed care. Ideally, this resource will encourage and facilitate the implementation of basic TIC education for nursing students, which will help future Montana State University nursing cohorts become more knowledgeable and confident in trauma-informed care as they prepare to join the nursing workforce.
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What is it about?
This paper illustrates a case in which decision-makers appear to misunderstand public attitudes regarding natural resource use. It compares two studies: one revealing beliefs regarding public perceptions of a novel method of aquaculture; and a second revealing the perceptions actually held by the public. A gap exists between what decision-makers believe the public perceives and what the public actually perceives.
Photo by Suad Kamardeen on Unsplash
Why is it important?
This may mean natural-resource use decisions and policies are not representative of the public at large - but rather of a vocal minority.
Read the Original
This page is a summary of: Public attitudes and decision making in environmental resource planning — a perception gap, Environmental Science & Policy, February 2018, Elsevier, DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.012.
You can read the full text:
The following have contributed to this page
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Writing an essay, you get an opportunity to reach a particular audience, share your ideas and demonstrate how good you are at researching, making the flow of thoughts logical and convincing, and inspiring others. Learn what makes a good leader essay and use that knowledge for your own benefit. First of all, do not forget that only profound study and quality research construct a foundation for your knowledge and your well-written text. It is essential to get sufficient evidence as valid support for the ideas and convince the readers that all your claims deserve their attention. The topic of leadership is broad, giving the writers plenty of ideas to explore and discuss. It is natural to start the paper with an introductory section as the readers have to be aware what they will read about.
One of the requirements that essays on leadership have is making the writers reflect on their personal experience and cases which helped them demonstrate their leadership abilities and traits. It is wrong to start writing without getting a clear idea of what ideas will be presented in the text. It is not a must to focus on some business leadership or special activities done at work or any organizations. It is also appropriate to discuss how you have revealed your leadership qualities at the level of your family, circle of acquaintances, or volunteering activities. You can start reflecting about the experience of leadership after you have identified which focus area will be chosen for this particular essay. Learn all the standards of academic writing and get to know what makes a good leader essay prior to actual writing. The best approach is to develop an essay outline first.
Body paragraph 1
Body paragraph 2
Body paragraph 3
An essay should include an introduction to let readers get acquainted with the paper and understand which arguments you are going to present. This first section is supposed to be a chance for you to make the readers excited about reading further. You can create a ‘wow’ effect by making the introduction perfectly written; thus, you will ensure that the readers will receive the whole paper much better than if they were not ready for your ideas on the topic.
An introduction will look professional if it gives the topic for discussion with the use of descriptive vocabulary to grasp the attention of the readers from the first sentences. It is much better if the examples in the essay are taken from your own personal experience related to demonstrating leadership. As an alternative, it is possible to refer to the experience of an outstanding person who is a leader and a source of inspiration for others. The first section will introduce the topic and contain approximately three-four sentences and a thesis statement presented in a single sentence to give a clear idea of leadership.
Working on a leadership essay, try to take into account the following guidelines:
A thesis statement will be good if all the research findings are collected to identify the main point for discussion. It is recommendable to comprise all the main ideas in one sentence or no more than two sentences. Your thesis statement is supposed to be accurate and concise to make a summary of the overall essay argument.
An essay body has three paragraphs included. Each of the paragraphs is devoted to the elaboration of a certain idea or topic. It is important to get to know what makes a good leader essay and provide sufficient evidence and examples for the justification of every new aspect to be revealed. Each new point for discussion should be presented in a new paragraph. Starting to read a new paragraph, it is essential for the readers to see transitions and clear relation with the previous paragraphs.
Mind that there should be a topic sentence in every body paragraph for linking the arguments with the essay main theme. Body sections with examples and strong arguments should be not shorter than five sentences to give a particular argument about leadership.
You can find it helpful to use some personal anecdotes for boosting the essay arguments. Focusing on the traits of perfect leaders in the thesis sentence, you should present the examples of great leaders and their characteristics in the essay paragraphs. Apply all the details gathered in the course of your research to prove that the qualities of a good leader are presented in a proper way. Besides, there should be clear connections between the ideas and transitions between the sentences of the body paragraphs; otherwise, the text will not sound as coherent.
A final part of an essay is a concluding one with the last opportunity for the author to influence the readers. A conclusion is viewed as a good one if it not only refers to the thesis, but also gives a summary of the key points of the essay with its formulated claim. The whole paper is summarized and tied up with a concluding paragraph with the reinforced statement of the thesis. Mind that no new ideas or arguments should be added. The purpose of the author is to convince the audience that the paper deserves their attention; thus, the language should be persuasive and readers should be left with some ideas to reflect on after they are done with reading.
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In the roller coaster domain, motion of a block over the roller coaster can be described in the same terms as the sliding problem presented in the last chapter. The shape of the roller coaster, including discontinuities, can be represented as an extended polygon boundary. Relative slope of segments of the roller coaster can also be described. State can be represented, as in de Kleer's system, as a combination of qualitative position on a particular segment of the roller coaster, and direction of motion. The only further information required to predict future motion is a representation of the external force acting on the system - gravity. In de Kleer's system, gravity is implicit in the representation, but a reasoning system acting on the PDO/EPB representation could explicitly include gravity as an influence that encourages closer proximity to the ground.
In the bouncing ball domain, it would also be necessary to include an explicit description of gravity - Forbus' representation includes gravity as an implicit direction. The PDO/EPB representation can describe a moving object with real size and shape (whereas the bouncing ball in FROB is just a point mass), and it can describe flying, sliding, and collision, just as Forbus' system does (motions like these are all discussed in the last chapter as ways of avoiding obstacles). The main advantage of this representation over the one used by Forbus is that it can describe change of qualitative state in the position of the ball without dividing space into problem-specific discrete regions. State change could be expressed in terms of changing relative proximity rather than absolute position, and this enables facilities such as describing the relative state of two bouncing balls, rather than just a single ball in a static world.
In the ``mechanism world'', other qualitative analysis systems can describe only the motion of objects which are in contact. The PDO/EPB representation can be used to describe both motion in free space, and motion of objects in contact. The advantages of describing relative position globally are again apparent here, where the state of a mechanism may be a function of many individual parts in relative motion. This representation could therefore provide a basis for more general qualitative analysis of mechanisms, but it would have to be extended to include the influence of moving objects on other objects which they are in contact with. Such an extension could involve a qualitative version of the mechanics of pushing as analysed by Mason [Mas86]. The PDO/EPB representation does not provide the process description of energy transfer which is the central part of most mechanism analysis systems.
The facilities provided by the PDO/EPB representation can be used to carry out the spatial reasoning tasks associated with other qualitative reasoning systems that operate in these various spatial domains. The PDO/EPB methods do not require the use of a numeric preprocessing stage to carry out geometric analysis of possible motion and constraint, and the representation retains much of the spatial content of the scene - the scene geometry is not reduced to a discrete network.
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| 0.934452 | 600 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Drug Myths vs. Reality
While you are looking to give your son/daughter facts about drugs, your child is getting lots of misinformation and mythology from peers. Be aware, and be ready to address the half-truths and misinformation that children hear and believe.
Myth: Marijuana is not harmful because it is "all natural" and comes from a plant.
Truth: Marijuana smoke contains some of the same cancer-causing compounds as tobacco, sometimes in higher concentrations.
Myth: It's okay to use marijuana as long as you're not a chronic user or "stoner."
Truth: Occasional use can lead to frequent use.
Myth: Because sniffing powdered heroin doesn't require needles, it isn't very risky (40% of the high school seniors polled do not believe there is a great risk in trying heroin).
Truth: Heroin is dangerous no matter how it's ingested. Once addicted to heroin, users may eventually switch to injecting the drug because it's cheaper.
Myth: Drugs are not that dangerous and I can handle it.
Truth: Drug use is extremely unpredictable and affects people differently. Anyone can become addicted to drugs.
Information from the U. S. Department of Education Office for Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program
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| 0.944589 | 258 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Using Latex Mattresses to Prevent Dust Mites
Dust mites aren't just gross; they're also one of the leading household causes of bronchial asthma and other chronic respiratory irritations. Technically, though, it isn't the dust mite itself that triggers these conditions, it's actually their feces and the partially-digested dust particles they leave in their wake. Dust mites themselves are relatively simple organisms that lack a traditional stomach and digestive tract. Consequently, they pre-digest the organic skin cells they feed on by excreting a combination of enzymes and fungi to break down their food. It is these enzymes and fungi that trigger asthma and bronchial ailments.
Unfortunately, getting rid of dust mites entirely is impossible. Dust mites are drawn to the warm, moist atmospheres of most households, and the skin cells we constantly shed look like an all-you-can-eat buffet to these tiny creatures. When they aren't feasting on the dust and organic waste around our houses, they're burrowing down in our furniture where they can safely evade threats like vacuums or direct sunlight.
Mattresses are one of the dust mites' favorite hangouts for a number of reasons. Dust mites prefer environments with at least 50% humidity, and mattresses retain this moisture from all the sweating and breathing you do at night. Because mattresses are typically covered with sheets and comforters when not in use, the moisture has no way to escape, creating the perfect safe haven for dust mites. In addition, the skin cells we shed during the night ensure that the dust mites never have to leave the shelter of the mattress in search of food.
Now while it isn't true that your mattress will double in weight over time due to the addition of dust mites and their feces, according to the old wives tale, it is possible that as many as 10 million dust mites have taken up residence in your bed. Getting rid of them is impossible, as they're able to burrow deep enough to evade even the strongest of vacuum cleaners. However, you can reduce the number of mites living in your mattress by frequently washing all of your bedding in order to remove any skin cells you shed during the night. Allowing the mattress to air out occasionally will also make the atmosphere less hospitable to dust mite inhabitants.
However, if these methods alone aren't enough to alleviate any respiratory symptoms you're experiencing, you may want to consider purchasing a latex mattress. Latex mattresses are naturally hypo-allergenic and resistant to microbes, mold and fungus. These mattresses are gaining in popularity, as are memory foam mattresses, which also provide some relief from dust mite allergens. In most cases, these two types of mattresses are available for similar prices as box spring mattresses. However, they do tend to sleep differently than traditional mattresses, so it's a good idea to try one out in person before you make the commitment to purchasing one. In addition, the quality of foam and latex mattresses varies, so be sure to order from a reputable company that guarantees their products and materials.
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On Sept. 10, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DoT) released a report authored by its John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, on the vulnerability of the U.S. transportation infrastructure in relying on the Global Positioning System (GPS). It was slow in coming. The vulnerability assessment saw the light of day more than three years after a presidential directive in May 1998 had assigned the task to DoT. Government security concerns delayed publication for many months, but public demand, coupled with secretarial-level interest, finally secured the study’s release and gave it high visibility.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and other department entities are to review the report, "consider the adequacy of backup systems for each area of operation in which GPS is being used for critical transportation applications," and report back within 60 days, says DoT. Since the 2001 Federal Radionavigation Plan (FRP) was well advanced before the Sept. 11 tragedy in New York City and at the Pentagon, the results of current reviews will be better reflected in the FRP for 2003. (However, the 2001 edition of the biennial plan will synopsize the Volpe Center’s recommendations and reflect DoT’s request for reviews and responses.) Because of the time lapse between the study’s completion and publication and the evolving vulnerability picture, much of the information in the report is now somewhat stale. The idea is being raised of regular updates, similar to those of the FRP.
Not Alarming, But…
While not alarmist, the Volpe study torpedoes the conclusion of an earlier, FAA-funded (and rapidly disseminated) Johns Hopkins University study which supported GPS for sole means navigation. "The implications of sudden loss of GPS over major population areas, possible long-term and widespread GPS outages, numerous reports of large undetected position errors due to jamming, and the potential for a counterfeit signal to induce position errors are just too serious, both for safety and continuity of operations" to endorse GPS as the only navigation system for operations in the National Airspace System (NAS), the Volpe experts say.
The Volpe report calls, among other things, for thorough cost/benefit analyses:
Defining the risks to critical applications,
Deciding the levels of acceptable risk,
Determining the costs of lowering the risks to acceptable levels, and
Resolving the means of funding those costs.
It discusses various unintentional and intentional disruptions to service and outlines mitigations. The "bottom line [is that] … awareness and planning can mitigate the worst vulnerabilities," said Jim Carroll, a Volpe senior project engineer and a co-author of the study.
The report addresses the vulnerabilities of all the transportation modes and notes the use of GPS as a timing reference for the national power grids and telecommunications systems. The study devotes particular attention to aviation, which will become more reliant on GPS, as augmentation systems are phased in and the number of ground-based navaids is reduced. It notes, for example, GPS dependencies in future communications (Nexcom) and surveillance systems (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast).
The Volpe report identifies vulnerabilities in the GPS system: it employs extremely low-power signals, only one of which is available for civil aviation use. The ongoing GPS modernization plan will add another, stronger civil signal in the protected band and will make unintentional interference less likely. But full operational capability for the new signal is not expected until 2014.
The Volpe study discusses unintentional GPS disruption, such as ionospheric interference and radio frequency (RF) interference from the likes of broadcast television, VHF transmitters, personal electronic devices, Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) communications systems, and ultra-wideband (UWB) radar and com systems. It also discusses intentional disruptions, from "shutdown" through attacks on the satellites or the ground control segment to jamming, spoofing (fooling receivers with false signals) and meaconing (the reception, delay and rebroadcast of signals to confuse a nav system).
Jamming is the most common mode of intentional disruption. Russian handheld 4-watt jammers are said to disrupt the signal over an area 100 nautical miles in radius. Jamming devices are available and can be easily built, Carroll said. One-watt jammers, the size of a Coke can, can easily be moved around and deployed. "There is a fairly large GPS disruption industry," he said.
The report recommends continuing the GPS modernization program and spectrum protection efforts, as well as assessing military anti-jam technology for civil use. It also advocates coordinating with the U.S. Defense Department on the availability of anti-spoofing technologies and threat information, an ambitious agenda.
Re-evaluating Ground Navaids
Concerning aviation, the Volpe study recommends a "comprehensive analysis of GPS backup navigation and precise timing options, including VOR/DME, instrument landing systems, Loran-C, inertial navigation systems, and operating procedures." FAA is evaluating the current navaid phase-down schedule, commented Kelly Markin, program manager for navigation with FAA consultant Mitre Corp. "The originally planned decommissioning is being delayed," he said, "and will occur some number of years later than 2008," the date mentioned in the current FRP.
Markin said that, although there has been some discussion in the past about reducing en-route primary radar capabilities, "they are back in the picture because of the 9/11 event and the use of the radars as part of the Homeland Defense capability, a new office designated by President Bush."
Former FAA Administrator Langhorne Bond contends that the eventual, residual aviation backup network should be able to carry the same capacity as the GPS-anchored system. "If there is a long-term outage, we must keep the air traffic control system going with the same level of sophistication and service as before," he said. "It’s not enough just to get the airplanes on the ground." Nevertheless he agreed that much of the ground-based network could be removed when GPS satellite navigation is in place.
Is Loran the Answer?
The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center report on GPS vulnerability recommends the continuation of the FAA/U.S. Coast Guard Loran-C modernization program. With its higher-power signal and precise timing features, Loran may be an appropriate backup.
FAA has demonstrated the use of Loran to broadcast Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) differential correction messages. The agency is evaluating whether Loran can meet the availability, accuracy, integrity and continuity requirements to support lateral navigation (LNAV) during approach, including missed approach guidance.
Said Kelly Markin, program manager for navigation with Mitre Corp.: "Loran-C could be made to work for nonprecision approach. It has been considered as a possible supplement to the BBN [basic backup network]…for low-altitude, en-route coverage, but the added cost for users to equip has been an issue."
The U.S. government is continuing Loran in the short term, pending a decision on its long-term usefulness. Thanks to congressional mandates, the system is being recapitalized, but "its new life will be short-lived" if none of the transportation modes selects it and "activates industry participation," said Jim Carroll, a Volpe senior project engineer and study co-author. FAA designates Loran as a supplemental nav system.
The Volpe report talks about the impact of GPS outages during en-route and terminal navigation segments of flight on the air traffic control (ATC) system. "Serious" outages (minutes or hours) will require an alternate procedure or possibly a backup system, the report says. "Controller vectoring could probably maintain safety, but this assumption needs to be thoroughly validated." The report cites FAA plans to simulate GPS outages (see article, page 31).
No Shortage of Viewpoints
At the public meeting held by the U.S. Department of Transportation to gather user input regarding the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center study of GPS vulnerability, and in separate interviews, some strong opinions were aired. Here are several examples:
International Loran Association
"The nail is finally in the coffin of … GPS as sole means. It’s not safe. It’s almost criminal."
Former FAA Administrator
Bond described a potentially dangerous reliance on a single system: "GPS positioning and/or timing [has] crept into all three elements of the NAS [National Airspace System]–communications, navigation and surveillance. Now we have a common failure mode that could bring down the entire ATC [air traffic control] system." Bond stressed the potential of Loran to provide a backup, jam-resistant timing source and offer nonprecision approach capability.
Regional Manager-Airport Systems
"There are a lot of ways to mitigate various threats … Somebody has to decide what is the risk, what are the consequences, what is the acceptable level that we go and design against, build against. [But] what’s the process to keep this from being dragged out through years and years of debate? … The traditional methodologies [to reach] consensus … have really slowed down getting on with putting equipment out that can help, from our perspective, users of the NAS system." (Honeywell is a participant in the Local Area Augmentation System [LAAS] program.)
Business Development Manager-FAA Programs
"The report did a good job on the vulnerabilities of GPS. But there was no discussion of the vulnerabilities of other systems. It’s a fact of physics that any [electromagnetic] system is vulnerable. It’s a question of the balance of the report."
Jackson said: "Even when Loran-C is functioning properly, it has a tendency to jam itself," through a phenomenon known as cross-rate interference. "You can be in a position in which you’re receiving signals from two chains and, depending on how the receiver processes those, they interfere with each other." (Raytheon is the developer the Wide Area Augmentation System [WAAS].)
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| 0.930665 | 2,120 | 2.625 | 3 |
Os means God, non specified, though this stanza might be talking about a specific one. There are other specific gods in the Rune Poem. Tiw is here. So is Ing. We don’t know much about Ing. We don’t know much about any of the Gods the rune carvers were listening to. We do know the Nordic ones thanks largely to the thirteenth century Icelandic poet Snorri Sturluson, who compiled folk traditions into stories for a Norse king who liked his entertainment. Britain also being a North Sea culture, there was plenty of overlap. There’s not much written about the deities in Old English, though. Most everybody doing the writing was Christian, so. They had an agenda. These Christians preferred a reduction of the Gods down to a singularity, a point encompassing all other points, so the extra Gods they’d encounter tended to disappear.
The word Os was disappearing too, by the time somebody wrote down the Rune Poem, but it is also the Latin word for mouth so it hung on in that capacity by the skin of its teeth. People sometimes translate this rune as mouth instead of God. For a long time I called it God Mouth, because Os byþ ordfruma ælcre spræce, Os is the source of all speech. Ordfruma also means author or creator, like a deity, so if this is a God this is one who presides over wisdom as well as speech. Eloquence and wisdom. Who does that sound like, besides so many of them? To the Roman historian Tacitus who traveled in Germania and reported back, this god sounded like Mercury. That’s what he called him, Mercury. But what specific North Sea coast poet deity who presided over language does this also sound like? Odin. It sounds like Odin, with the letter O, which is the letter for this rune. Throw in an ash tree, and we’ve got Odin sacrificing himself to himself on the great ash Yggdrasil so he could learn rune casting. Oh wait! We’ve got an ash tree right here.
But that story, Odin hanging from his own spear in the great world ash tree was written down many centuries later than this deity’s time. What is this God’s story? We don’t know. Is this the same God? Who knows. We know he wasn’t called Odin in Britain, he was Woden. I see what you’re thinking, I know that look on your face. Odin Woden, Odin with a W. Close enough. But is it? Maybe, but we have no way of knowing. They were likely related, but even a set of identical twins can have vastly different personalities. We know Woden was the big God of his pantheon, like Odin, but all we have written down in Old English is his name at the start of a bunch of genealogies. Everybody liked tracing themselves back to Woden. He was all their daddies.
As the likely Os of this stanza, Woden might have been a bit temperamental. Look at the word wrauþu. With the U on the end it is a poetic word for support and help, but with a flavor of being the point of origin of something helpful, the instigator. Without the U it’s wrath. Or wroth. It’s a pun either way, Old English loves a pun, so Woden might be supportive and helpful to his people, but don’t piss him off. Just don’t.
Not to worry, though, in this stanza he’s the bringer of eadnys and tohiht. Hiht. Height. Tohiht, toward the heights. This means hope, Woden brings hope and prosperity. Ead means prosperity, but with a flavor of how it feels when prosperity is brought by fate. Eadnys. The state of ead-ness. It’s the word you want when you mean gentleness, inner peace. Beatitude. Woden brings ease and hope. No wonder everybody wants to be his relative.
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Dietitians prime parents on nutrition before start of school
Picks of the Week
Our database contains recipes printed in The Dispatch since 2006.
As the lazy days of summer wind down, families gear up for school.
Parents arm their children with new clothes, lunchboxes and school supplies — so why not a refresher course on nutrition, too?
“Families are busy. Take the time to plan,” said registered dietitian Jan Ritter, coordinator of Ohio Action for Healthy Kids, which is part of a national nonprofit that fights childhood obesity, undernourishment and physical inactivity by helping schools become healthier places.
She also recommends that parents look beyond a single meal to ensure that youngsters are given healthful choices all day.
“Don’t worry if the child doesn’t eat (at one meal),” she said. “As long as they have a healthy snack later on, they’ll be OK.”
Most parents know the basics of a nutritious diet: whole grains, lean meat, low-fat dairy and — of course — plenty of fruits and vegetables.
To start the school year right, The Dispatch asked a couple of dietitians for other tips to keep in mind.
Tips for smarter eating
DON’T skip breakfast — any breakfast.
“The most important thing is that kids actually eat breakfast,” said Kristi King, a registered dietitian at Texas Children’s Hospital in Houston and spokeswoman for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. “Kids need to eat something to get their bodies going.”
DO limit the consumption of fruit juices to 4 to 6 ounces a day for children younger than 8 and 8 to 12 ounces for those older than 8.
“We don’t want to be consuming juice all day,” King said.
For the young, milk and water should rank as the primary beverages.
DON’T forget protein.
“Protein is important in their diet,” said Ritter, of Ohio Action for Healthy Kids. “ It’s a building block as they’re growing. And it curbs their appetite.”
She recommends hard-boiled eggs, string cheese and low-fat yogurt as sources of protein.
DO offer choices.
“That helps them in the decision-making process,” said Ritter, who suggests a “ snack spot” in the refrigerator filled with portioned healthful snacks such as chopped fruits and vegetables, yogurt and cubed low-fat cheese.
DON’T resist what a child chooses for a packed lunch.
“As long as it has protein, a fruit and vegetable, and they have money to buy milk at school,” King said, “the important ingredients are there.”
DO take children to the supermarket with you.
“Parents are going to buy what they think their kids like,” King said. “Help kids pick healthy foods.”
DON’T miss the opportunity to discuss school lunches.
“Parents can look at the menu,” King said, “and pick what might be the good options.”
DO try to serve whole foods.
“Get back to serving foods that are fresh rather than processed,” Ritter said. “ Be aware of things that are higher in fat and salt.”
DON’T forget family dinners.
“Studies show children in families that have dinner together are less likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors,” said King, who also advises letting youngsters help prepare the food — or even just set the table.
DO set a good example.
“They see what we’re eating,” Ritter said. “If they see us eating more healthy items, they will, too.”
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Join ESA on the Venus observation campaign
If you are an advanced amateur astronomer and want to contribute to the Venus Express mission, prepare your telescope and look at the sky for the Morning Star.
Your images and data taken from the ground will complement the spacecraft's observations from Venusian orbit.
The Venus Amateur Observing Project (VAOP) is aimed at obtaining high-quality images of Venus before, during and after the Venus Express operations, which started in May 2006.
The ground observations campaign includes obtaining routine images of Venus during each appearance and co-ordinated observations during specific moments of the mission to provide simultaneous or data complementary to the spacecraft observations.
For more information:
You can see more at ESA's VAOP page on the Science & Technology web site.
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| 0.918878 | 156 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A crash course in C# for beginners
For the uninitiated, C# is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. It was designed by Microsoft and is used in developing many of their desktop apps. Another major use is for making games in Unity. While there are numerous resources that promise to teach C# for Unity, it is better to learn a language not tied to a game-engine. This has numerous benefits such as having a greater focus on coding rather than spending time in the Unity interface. Furthermore, Unity does certain things behind the scenes and so by learning C# you will have a better understanding. For this review, I will be looking at C# Basics for Beginners: Learn C# Fundamentals by Coding. Here are my thoughts.
About the Author
Mosh Hamedani began his programming journey on the Commodore 64 at age 7. He is the author of numerous top programming courses. His most popular class being a C# series of which this is the first installment. Hamedani has a strong academic background, with a MSc in Network Systems and a BSc in Software Engineering.
- C# and .NET Framework fundamentals
- Primitive types and expressions
- Non-primitive types (classes, structs, arrays and enums)
- Value types and reference types
- Conditional statements
- Arrays and lists
- Files and directories
- Date and time
Workflow for the Course
- Learn a ton of theory
- Go over all of the theory by coding live
- Check your knowledge with a quiz
- Write your own program during an exercise
Who is the Course For?
This course is targeted at “newbies or students looking for a refresher on the basics of C# and .Net”. I feel a more adequate description would be that only someone truly motivated should take this course. While everything a beginner needs to know is covered, there is such an aggressive pace to the course that someone expecting hand-holding will get frustrated by the difficulty. If you do have experience coding, however, then you should feel very comfortable with the course.
The course has this sort of flow: the author front-loads a bunch of theory and then shows that in practice by coding live. This process is repeated a few times and then students have a chance to check their knowledge through quizzes. Finally, students will write their own programs during numerous exercises, which should provide ample opportunity to learn more through iteration and research if required.
Where the course really excels is in the application of theory through live coding. The author codes live on video, highlighting areas a beginner might struggle on by creating errors himself, explaining them, and showing how to fix them. This preventative coding style helps ease the burden of debugging for absolute beginners and is my preferred learning approach.
On the surface, some sections seem linear such as working with time and dates; however, after finishing this section I saw how well the author ties review into examples. Rather than simply showing you how to do something, Hamedani explains everything in as much depth as required. This method is further improved by showcasing multiple ways to do the same thing, explaining the differences at each step. (e.g., static vs instance, overloading, etc.). One thing I did find annoying was the Resharper-first attitude of the author. Resharper is basically a paid tool that gives you access to convenient shortcuts for Visual Studio. Many times, the author teaches the instructions for Resharper before moving on to the normal way. It would make more sense to teach the normal way first as beginners likely don’t want to buy something like that before even knowing how to code.
After bombarding students with theory, the author does such a great job of showing how it all works by building programs from scratch. All coding is shown live rather than copy-pasting, which allowed me to follow the author’s thought-process. Where the author could easily copy-paste sections of code to make his workload easier, he goes the extra mile. This doubles the educational benefit as beginners will be re-exposed to concepts covered earlier. Furthermore, the author highlights everything important every step of the process.
“Where the course really excels is in the application of theory through live coding.”
While initially I found the theory coverage too wide and spattered, the author quickly narrows the scope. Lectures get more and more focused, which is exactly where you want to be as a beginner. Fewer examples and fewer concepts are covered, and the coverage has more depth and focus. Overall, this focus on the core fundamentals of programming works well. I did find that the theory itself was not done terribly well at times. There is a very rough start to the course and the visual presentation of theory is very luke-warm. Thankfully, anything that was covered vaguely is fixed in the aforementioned application side of the course.
C# for Beginners: Learn C# Fundamentals by Coding fulfils what it promises: to teach those new to C# the basics. With a slightly rocky start, each subsequent chapter gets stronger than the last. By the end, I felt that my expectations were surpassed as to what can be learned from such a brief course. I look forward to taking the advanced parts of the series to see how well they establish a complete knowledge of C#.
- Adequate theory coverage
- Great practical coverage
- Great section on debugging
- Informed author
- Active community help each other in forums
- Very detail-oriented (doesn’t skip over anything important)
- Strong usage of “gotchas” (areas a beginner might struggle on)
- Author fosters independence (shows how to research)
- Tons of exercises provide extra practice
- Adequate visual highlighting
- Author’s ability to break down scary terms into something easy-to-understand
- Quizzes inspire review
- Aggressive pacing will have motivated individuals learning faster
- Works well on mobile
- Ample resources provided
- Complete beginners may feel intimidated by aggressive pace and lack of hand-holding
- Occasional omission of content (e.g., installing templates for Visual Studio)
- Author inactive in community
- Resharper testimonial
Get the Course – Course Link
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en
| 0.954563 | 1,314 | 2.53125 | 3 |
- Whooping cough is an infectious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria.
- It is highly contagious and can result in serious illness.
- Vaccination will successfully decrease the incidence of this disease.
- The main symptom is severe bouts of spasmodic coughing with a characteristic “whoop” at the end of the coughing bouts.
- Worldwide whooping cough causes 300 000 deaths per year with unimmunised children being at the greatest risk of this illness.
The medical name for whooping cough is ‘pertussis’ (per-TUS-is). Whooping cough is a highly infectious form of bronchitis and it is characterised by spasms of coughing usually ending in a high-pitched crowing sound in called the "whoop" which occurs when breathing in at the end of the intense spasms of coughing. In some children whooping cough can cause serious illness.
Children and adultswho have whooping cough spread the illness by coughing and sneezing contaminated droplets which are highly infectious. These infected droplets are breathed in by those people who may be in close contact. Once inside the airways the pertussis bacteria produce chemical toxins that interfere with the respiratory tract’s normal ability to eliminate bacteria. These bacteria also produce chemicals, causing inflammation, which damage the lining of the airways of the lungs.
Pertussis was once considered to be an old-fashioned illness, only dangerous to children. Now, however, it seems to be making a comeback, not only in young children, but also in older children and adults who had been vaccinated previously, which was thought to last a lifetime. It appears that the vaccination starts to lose its effectiveness between the ages of 5 and 10, leaving older children and adults susceptible to the illness.
Pertussis often goes undiagnosed or misdiagnosed in both children and adults, and the cough may be misdiagnosed as bronchitis or asthma. Before the pertussis vaccine was developed in the 1940s, whooping cough killed close to 10 000 people in the United States each year. Today, the annual number of fatalities in the US has dropped to around 20, with more than half of those being babies less than one year old.
During the late 1970’s and in the 1980’s there were many severe epidemics of whooping cough when fewer babies were immunized against pertussis as their parents chose not to vaccinate their children. Also the level of protection offered by the vaccine declines steadily during childhood and booster vaccinations are required to offer continued protection against this illness.
Although whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria, similar bacteria known as Bordetella parapertussis, cause ‘’parapertussis’. This is usually a milder and less often fatal form of whooping cough, although the symptoms are very similar to pertussis itself.
Who has the greatest risk of getting infected?
Pertussis was one of the most common childhood diseases and a major cause of death in children before the availability of the pertussis vaccine. Pertussis is endemic throughout the world. Epidemics of whooping cough tend to occur every 4 years in most countries. Worldwide it still causes an estimated 300 000 deaths per year, and in non-vaccinated populations it remains a major health risk for children. Natural immunity does not persist for life after a person has had whooping cough, but repeat illnesses are uncommon, are usually mild and often go undiagnosed.
Most infants are now routinely immunized against pertussis, but this immunity usually fades in early adult life. If anyone in a household contracts pertussis, there is a 90% likelihood of non-immune family members contracting it too. Infected teenagers and adults, who may not be diagnosed as having the disease at first, are regarded as the major source for spreading pertussis to infants and children.
Pertussis cases mainly occur in unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated infants. Many cases, however, are adolescents and adults who were previously vaccinated, but where protection from the pertussis vaccine has decreased over time.
Symptoms and signs
Whooping cough may last from 10 to 12 weeks. There are three distinct stages of this illness:
- Catarrhal stage:This stage which resembles a cold usually lasts for 2 to 3 days, starting off with sneezing, tearing of the eyes, a runny nose and red watery eyes. Loss of appetite, listlessness and a dry cough, first at night then also during the day are early symptoms. There is usually no fever. This stage is the most contagious part of the illness.
- Paroxysmal stage:The cough becomes paroxysmal after 3 to 4 days with bouts of distressing coughing spasms, followed by the characteristic whoop at the end of the coughing spell. The bouts of coughing are often worse at night and may result in vomiting. During these coughing bouts the child may go red or blue in the face and stringy white mucus often flows from the nose and mouth. Nose bleeds and small bleeds in the whites of the eye may occur due to the severity of the coughing spells. In infants it is more common to have choking spells than whooping. Severe coughing spells may make it hard for the child to eat or drink, which is aggravated by vomiting. Again there is no fever.
- Convalescent stage:This usually begins at any time between 6 and 12 weeks after the onset of the typical cough, and symptoms start to decrease in severity. There are less frequent and severe coughing spells, especially during the day, also less vomiting, and the child starts to look more healthy. Although the symptoms gradually become progressively less severe, coughing at night may continue for up to 6 months in some children.
When to call your doctor
It is important to see your doctor immediately if you suspect your child has pertussis. Also, call your doctor if your child has been exposed to someone with pertussis, even if your child has already received all of the scheduled immunizations.
The doctor can confirm the diagnosis of pertussis by taking special swabs from your child’s nose and sending them to a laboratory where Bordetella pertussis bacteria are identified. Blood tests are also helpful in confirming the diagnosis, especially if a considerably increased white blood cell count is found.
Older children who have whooping cough do not necessarily need bed rest if their symptoms are mild. Because the child may have many vomiting spells, it is essential to see that he or she remains hydrated. Giving frequent small meals helps reduce the chance of vomiting and will keep nutrients in the child’s body. Water, fruit juices and clear soups help prevent dehydration. Steam inhalation can also prove beneficial for clearing the airways and facilitating breathing.
Antibiotics such as Erythromycin and newer forms of this type of antibiotic, azithromycin and clarithromycin, will eradicate the Bordetella pertussis bacteria that cause whooping cough. Antibiotic treatment also reduces the spread of the disease to the rest of the family. Oddly enough, this antibiotic treatment does not reduce the duration of the illness, but shortens the contagious period.
Some doctors recommend giving prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics to help stop the spread of the pertussis bacteria within the household, and also giving vaccine boosters to family members.
Infants with whooping cough usually require hospitalisation. Expert care is important during the critical stages of the disease, and almost all infants who are less than six months old will need hospital treatment for their illness. About 40% of older babies with pertussis will also be hospitalized. Many of these children may develop pneumonia associated with this infection. While in hospital, an infant or child with pertussis will need suctioning of the thick respiratory mucus, and additional oxygen is often required.
Previously reviewed by Dr John D. Burgess, Red Cross Children's Hospital
Reviewed by Prof Eugene Weinberg, Paediatrician, February 2011
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| 0.963661 | 1,679 | 3.765625 | 4 |
WV Local Technical Assistance Program
Tailgate Safety Talks
Heavy Equipment Hazards
This Tailgate Talk is part of the NLTAPA collection.
Heavy equipment is designed to handle very large volumes or heavy loads. Therefore, these are powerful machines that are dangerous to everyone around them if they are not operated correctly. It is important to remember the proper methods used to move them from one site to another and how to work around their operation.
Guide for Discussion
General Rules When Heavy Equipment Is Nearby
Always remain alert to the equipment moving around you.
Do not get near moving equipment unless necessary.
Never ride on equipment unless it has been designed to carry you. This means it must have a seat and a seat belt.
Do not walk along beside equipment. If it is necessary to travel with a piece of equipment, walk in front or behind it.
Try to stay in view of the operator. You must remain in view of the operator when working in an excavation or trenching if you are the “top man.”
Rules for Transporting Heavy Equipment
Inspect all transporting equipment and make sure it is all in good working condition.
Always provide for the protection of the general public.
Wear safety shoes.
Estimate the center of gravity for the equipment to be loaded.
Always load equipment slowly onto its carrier.
If equipment is to be driven off-site, make sure the steering, braking, and light systems are in good operating condition.
Tightly secure the piece of equipment to its carrier.
Be sure that the boom or any other extensions of the equipment are tightly secured. If working with others, be sure to work as a team.
Keep your hands dry and as free of grease and oil as possible.
Always keep the loading area free of debris and unnecessary tools.
Additional Discussion Notes
What does your department do to further protect the general public? For example, use a flagger or barricade the work area.
Remember: A little mistake with heavy equipment can easily become a major accident that causes severe injury or even death.
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https://www.wvltap.org/tailgate/Heavy-Equipment-Hazards
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en
| 0.955037 | 431 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Every year, U.S. supermarkets lose roughly 10 percent of their fruits and vegetables to spoilage, according to the Department of Agriculture. To help combat those losses, MIT chemistry professor Timothy Swager and his students have built a new sensor that could help grocers and food distributors better monitor their produce.
The new sensors, described in the journal Angewandte Chemie, can detect tiny amounts of ethylene, a gas that promotes ripening in plants. Swager envisions the inexpensive sensors attached to cardboard boxes of produce and scanned with a handheld device that would reveal the contents’ ripeness. That way, grocers would know when to put certain items on sale to move them before they get too ripe.
“If we can create equipment that will help grocery stores manage things more precisely, and maybe lower their losses by 30 percent, that would be huge,” says Swager, the John D. MacArthur Professor of Chemistry.
Detecting gases to monitor the food supply is a new area of interest for Swager, whose previous research has focused on sensors to detect explosives or chemical and biological warfare agents.
“Food is something that is really important to create sensors around, and we’re going after food in a broad sense,” Swager says. He is also pursuing monitors that could detect when food becomes moldy or develops bacterial growth, but as his first target, he chose ethylene, a plant hormone that controls ripening.
Plants secrete varying amounts of ethylene throughout their maturation process. For example, bananas will stay green until they release enough ethylene to start the ripening process. Once ripening begins, more ethylene is produced, and the ripening accelerates. If that perfect yellow banana is not eaten at peak ripeness, ethylene will turn it brown and mushy.
Fruit distributors try to slow this process by keeping ethylene levels very low in their warehouses. Such warehouses employ monitors that use gas chromatography or mass spectroscopy, which can separate gases and analyze their composition. Those systems cost around $1,200 each.
“Right now, the only time people monitor ethylene is in these huge facilities, because the equipment’s very expensive,” Swager says.
Funded by the U.S. Army Office of Research through MIT’s Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, the MIT team built a sensor consisting of an array of tens of thousands of carbon nanotubes: sheets of carbon atoms rolled into cylinders that act as “superhighways” for electron flow.
To modify the tubes to detect ethylene gas, the researchers added copper atoms, which serve as “speed bumps” to slow the flowing electrons. “Anytime you put something on these nanotubes, you’re making speed bumps, because you’re taking this perfect, pristine system and you’re putting something on it,” Swager says.
Copper atoms slow the electrons a little bit, but when ethylene is present, it binds to the copper atoms and slows the electrons even more. By measuring how much the electrons slow down — a property also known as resistance — the researchers can determine how much ethylene is present.
To make the device even more sensitive, the researchers added tiny beads of polystyrene, which absorbs ethylene and concentrates it near the carbon nanotubes. With their latest version, the researchers can detect concentrations of ethylene as low as 0.5 parts per million. The concentration required for fruit ripening is usually between 0.1 and one part per million.
The researchers tested their sensors on several types of fruit — banana, avocado, apple, pear and orange — and were able to accurately measure their ripeness by detecting how much ethylene the fruits secreted.
Lead author of the paper describing the sensors is Birgit Esser, a postdoc in Swager’s lab. Grad student Jan Schnorr is also an author of the paper.
John Saffell, the technical director at Alphasense, a company that develops sensors, describes the MIT team’s approach as rigorous and focused. “This sensor, if designed and implemented correctly, could significantly reduce the level of fruit spoilage during shipping,” he says.
“At any given time, there are thousands of cargo containers on the seas, transporting fruit and hoping that they arrive at their destination with the correct degree of ripeness,” adds Saffell, who was not involved in this research. “Expensive analytical systems can monitor ethylene generation, but in the cost-sensitive shipping business, they are not economically viable for most of shipped fruit.”
Swager has filed for a patent on the technology and hopes to start a company to commercialize the sensors. In future work, he plans to add a radio-frequency identification (RFID) chip to the sensor so it can communicate wirelessly with a handheld device that would display ethylene levels. The system would be extremely cheap — about 25 cents for the carbon nanotube sensor plus another 75 cents for the RFID chip, Swager estimates.
“This could be done with absolutely dirt-cheap electronics, with almost no power,” he says.
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http://news.mit.edu/2012/fruit-spoilage-sensor-0430
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| 0.951952 | 1,090 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Model studies of the middle atmosphere of Venus
Newman, Matthew, 1961-
MetadataShow full item record
Zonal winds reach in excess of 100 m/s in the middle atmosphere of Venus; the cloud-level atmosphere takes little more than 4 days to complete one rotation, while the solid planet below has a 243-day rotation period. This phenomenon, known as superrotation, is the central problem of the Venus atmosphere. The question we address is how the superrotation maintains itself against friction in the middle atmosphere, and in particular, what are the eddy processes that maintain equatorial superrotation. Also of interest in the cloud-top atmosphere is a feature known as the polar dipole, a pair of hot spots that orbit the pole with a period of about 3 days. Previous linear analyses have suggested that the dipole could be due to barotropic instability.In the first part of the thesis, we examine the interaction of barotropically unstable polar Rossby wave with the mean cloud-top zonal circulation. Linear, quasi-linear, and nonlinear regimes are investigated in order to isolate the factors that control the properties of these waves. We find that the observed properties of the dipole at high latitudes on Venus may not be explained by barotropic instability theory. In the second part of the thesis we employ a zonally-truncated three-dimensional model of the Venus middle atmosphere. We find that the interaction of the diurnal and semidiurnal thermal tides with the zonal mean flow can maintain the observed cloud top superrotation. The model system tends toward a zonal wind pattern similar to that observed, despite model initializations that were either faster or slower than the final winds. Moreover, our model suggests that the origin of the observed midlatitude '5-day wave' is baroclinic instability within the lower cloud. Finally, the diurnal tidal winds have large amplitude at the cloud tops. This may distort the interpretation of cloud-tracked winds, which use dayside observations only.
- Atmospheric sciences
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<urn:uuid:6b3c3b14-0b9e-4d09-9e87-3c4f47074da6>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/10060
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en
| 0.906864 | 419 | 2.78125 | 3 |
FOUCAULT's understanding of power changes
between his early work on institutions (Madness and Civilization,
The Birth of the Clinic, Discipline and Punish) and
his later work on sexuality and governmentality. In the early work,
Foucault sometimes gives a sense that power somehow inheres in institutions
themselves rather than in the individuals that make those institutions
function. Of course, what Foucault explores in those books is how the
creation of modern disciplines, with their principles of order and control,
tends to "disindividualize" power, making it seem as if power
inheres in the prison, the school, the factory, and so on. The Panopticon
(see previous module)
becomes Foucault's model for the way other institutions function: the
Panopticon "is an important mechanism, for it automatizes and disindividualizes
power. Power has its principle not so much in a person as in a certain
concerted distribution of bodies, surfaces, lights, gazes; in an arrangement
whose internal mechanisms produce the relation in which individuals
are caught up" (Discipline
202). Indeed, Bentham's goal was to create an architectural idea
that, ultimately, could function on its own: it did not matter who exactly
operated the machine: "Any individual, taken almost at random,
can operate the machine: in the absence of the director, his family,
his friends, his visitors, even his servants" (Discipline
202). The idea of discipline itself similarly functions as an abstraction
of the idea of power from any individual: "'Discipline' may be
identified neither with an institution nor with an apparatus; it is
a type of power, a modality for its exercise, comprising a whole set
of instruments, techniques, procedures, levels of application, targets;
it is a physics' or an 'anatomy' of power, a technology" (Discipline
215). Bureaucracies, like disciplines, contribute to the process
of disindividuation since they promote the facelessness of the bureaucrat
("I'm just doing my job"; "I'm just a cog in the machine")
and tend to continue functioning even after major revolutions. (After
the fall of Nazi Germany, for example, the general bureaucratic structure,
and most of its workers, remained in place.)
The effect of this tendency to disindividualize
power is the perception that power resides in the machine itself (the
"panoptic machine"; the "technology" of power) rather
than in its operator. For this reason, one can finish reading Foucault's
Discipline and Punish with the paranoid feeling that we are
powerless before such an effective and diffuse form of social control.
Foucault makes clear in his later work, however, that power ultimately
does inhere in individuals, including those that are surveilled or punished.
It is true that contemporary forms of disciplinary organization allow
ever larger number of people to be controlled by ever smaller numbers
of "specialists"; however, as Foucault explains in "The
Subject and Power," "something called Power, with or without
a capital letter, which is assumed to exist universally in a concentrated
or diffused form, does not exist. Power exists only when it is put into
Foucault therefore makes clear that, in itself, power "is not a
renunciation of freedom, a transference of rights, the power of each
and all delegated to a few" (220).
Indeed, power is not the same as violence because the opposite
pole of violence "can only be passivity" (220).
By contrast, "a power relationship can only be articulated on the
basis of two elements which are each indispensable if it is really to
be a power relationship: that 'the other' (the one over whom power is
exercised) be thoroughly recognized and maintained to the very end as
a person who acts; and that, faced with a relationship of power, a whole
field of responses, reactions, results, and possible inventions may
open up" (220).
Power always entails a set of actions performed upon another persons
actions and reactions. Although violence may be a part of some power
relationships, "In itself the exercise of power is not violence"
it is "always a way of acting upon an acting subject or acting
subjects by virtue of their acting or being capable of action"
Foucault therefore turns in his later work
to the concept of "government" in order to explain how power
Basically power is less a confrontation between two adversaries or
the linking of one to the other than a question of government. This
word must be allowed the very broad meaning which it had in the sixteenth
century. "Government" did not refer only to political structures
or to the management of states; rather it designated the way in which
the conduct of individuals or of groups might be directed: the government
of children, of souls, of communities, of families, of the sick. It
did not only cover the legitimately constituted forms of political
or economic subjection, but also modes of action, more or less considered
and calculated, which were destined to act upon the possibilities
of action of other people. To govern, in this sense, is to structure
the possible field of action of others. The relationship proper to
power would not therefore be sought on the side of violence or of
struggle, nor on that of voluntary linking (all of which can, at best,
only be the instruments of power), but rather in the area of the singular
mode of action, neither warlike nor juridical, which is government.
The turn to this concept of "government" allowed Foucault
to include a new element to his understanding of power: freedom. "Power
is exercised only over free subjects, and only insofar as they are free"
Foucault explains. Conversely, "slavery is not a power relationship
when man is in chains. (In this case it is a question of a physical
relationship of constraint.)" (221).
Indeed, recalcitrance thus becomes an integral part of the power relationship:
"At the very heart of the power relationship, and constantly provoking
it, are the recalcitrance of the will and the intransigence of freedom"
Foucault thus provides us with a powerful model for thinking about how
to fight oppression when one sees it: "the analysis, elaboration,
and bringing into question of power relations and the 'agonism' between
power relations and the intransitivity of freedom is a permanent political
task inherent in all social existence" (223).
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<urn:uuid:50f234ae-12fa-47ec-a321-a3866d85c7fd>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/3210/resources/foucaultpowermainframe.html
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| 0.943711 | 1,420 | 2.75 | 3 |
Trever G. Bivona, M.D., Ph.D. (standing) tells the Wall Street Journal how precision medicine is leading to gene breakthroughs and a revolution in the treatment of lung cancer, the goal - pairing a drug with the specific mutation fueling a patient’s disease. (Also pictured Bivona Lab research specialist Elton Chan).
In the two largest ever clinical studies on the molecular genetics of lung cancer, an international team, led by thoracic surgeons David M. Jablons, M.D. (left), Michael Mann, M.D., and Johannes Kratz, M.D., a former surgical resident, showed a molecular test better predicted death from early-stage lung cancer than conventional staging.
A molecular test developed by physician-scientists at UCSF may better predict post-operative mortality in early-stage lung cancer patients. Building on earlier work, the group identified a group of post-operative patients with the earliest stage of lung cancer who had a high likelihood of recurrence.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the Thoracic Oncology Program is poised to conquer it. UCSF provides state-of-the-art care to patients with lung cancer, mesothelioma, esophageal cancer, sarcoma and cancer that has metastasized to the chest. The program is led by David M. Jablons, M.D., Chief of the Section of General Thoracic Surgery and Program Leader of the Thoracic Oncology Program. Patients receive treatment from a dedicated multidisciplinary team of specialists. At UCSF, one of the world's leading biomedical research centers, patients also have access to clinical trials for promising new drugs.
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<urn:uuid:5fadfcb0-7e45-4034-95d0-9f7c44da0458>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://top.ucsf.edu/
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en
| 0.918838 | 360 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Canada and the Battle of Hong Kong
Hong Kong was the first place Canadians fought a land battle in the Second World War. From 8 to 25 December 1941, almost 2,000 troops from Winnipeg and Québec City — sent to Hong Kong expecting little more than guard duty — fought bravely against the overwhelming power of an invading Japanese force. When the British colony surrendered on Christmas Day, 290 Canadians had been killed in the fighting. Another 264 would die over the next four years, amid the inhumane conditions of Japanese prisoner-of-war camps.
Why Canadian Troops Went to Hong Kong
Canada entered the Second World War against Germany in 1939, but the Canadian Army saw little action in the early years of the conflict. For one thing, Canada’s military was small and unprepared for war. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was also cautious about committing the country to battle. After the heavy bloodletting and the domestic divisions of the First World War, King was wary of sending large numbers of soldiers to fight overseas — something that might require conscription and re-ignite conflict between French- and English-speaking Canadians. Instead, King sought other ways for Canada to help the war effort, such as making armaments, growing food and training air crews under the new British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. (See Mackenzie King and the War Effort.)
The Royal Canadian Navy had been involved in the Battle of the Atlantic since 1939, and Canadian airmen had made a small contribution to the Battle of Britain, but the Army was not actively engaged in the war — despite growing pressure among English Canadians for a greater role. So in 1941, when Britain made a request for Canadian troops to help bolster its remote Asian colony of Hong Kong, the King government agreed to send two battalions overseas, for what it assumed would merely be garrison duty.
Hong Kong in November 1941
Japan had been waging war in China since 1937, but it had avoided open hostilities against the West. By 1940, the British were fighting for survival against Germany. They realized that defending Hong Kong would be virtually impossible if the colony, and other Asian possessions, were attacked by Japan. Even so, Britain decided that a show of force might deter any possible Japanese aggression, and it sought troops to reinforce the British and Indian units already garrisoned in Hong Kong.
The King government agreed to dispatch two battalions. Harry Crerar, chief of the general staff, assigned the task to the Winnipeg Grenadiers and the Royal Rifles of Canada (from Québec City). Both units had some experience serving on garrison duty; however, neither was at full strength in 1941, or adequately trained for the modern warfare of the time. Neither regiment had even participated in battalion-level training exercises. No matter — a Japanese attack against British territories in the Pacific seemed unlikely. Even if one came, the prevailing racial attitudes of the time convinced many Canadian and British military leaders that superior White troops would teach the Japanese a lesson.
The two undermanned Canadian battalions were quickly filled out with additions of new, inexperienced troops and shipped across the Pacific, under the command of Brigadier J.K. Lawson. The force included 1,973 officers and men plus two nursing sisters. It arrived in Hong Kong on 16 November, joining a military garrison that now totalled about 14,000.
The garrison’s task was to defend a small, hill-capped colony of 1.6 million residents spread across a section of the mainland including the New Territories and Kowloon, as well as Hong Kong island itself. The defenders had only a few naval vessels at their disposal and no air force to speak of. To make matters worse, the Canadian contingent’s vehicles, sent across the Pacific on a separate ship from the troops, arrived not in Hong Kong but in Manila, where they had been diverted for use by American forces.
On 7 December — three weeks after the Canadians arrived in Hong Kong and had begun to settle into the quiet routines of garrison life — Japan stunned the world by attacking the United States’ naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Suddenly, the whole Pacific theatre, once an afterthought in the early years of the Second World War, was now at the very forefront of the conflict.
Invasion and Defence of Hong Kong
Six hours after the bombing at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese 38th Division — made up of well-trained, battle-hardened troops — attacked Hong Kong. The invaders bombed the colony’s airfield and other military installations and quickly overran the troops defending the mainland portion of the territory. The defenders here included the men of “D” company of the Winnipeg Grenadiers, who on 11 December 1941 became the first Canadian Army troops to engage in combat in the Second World War.
After five days of fighting, Kowloon and the mainland fell to the Japanese. Major-General C.M. Maltby, Hong Kong’s military commander, refused Japanese demands for surrender despite there being no hope of relief from outside the colony. Instead, Maltby relied on his remaining, untested soldiers (including the bulk of the Canadian battalions) to defend Hong Kong island, where most of the civilian population lived.
Maltby split his island forces into two brigades, one encompassing the Royal Rifles of Canada, under the overall command of British Brigadier C. Wallis, the other, including the Winnipeg Grenadiers, under the overall command of Brigadier Lawson from Canada. For the next two weeks the troops of each brigade fought for their lives. Short of water, without adequate transportation — and pounded by the enemy’s superior artillery and command of the skies — the defenders did what they could to stem the Japanese advance following their amphibious landing on the island’s beaches.
Valour and Sacrifice
Despite their inexperience, the Canadians and their Allied comrades fought tenaciously to counter-attack the Japanese assault. There were numerous examples of bravery.
On 19 December, the second day of fighting on the island, the troops of “A” company of the Winnipeg Grenadiers had dug themselves into defensive positions following a retreat from the high ground of Mount Butler. Having surrounded the Winnipeggers, the Japanese began lobbing grenades into the Canadian positions. Company Sergeant-Major John Osborn picked up several live grenades and threw them back at the enemy. When one fell where Osborn could not return it in time, he shouted a warning to his men and then threw himself on the bomb to smother the explosion. He was killed instantly, but he saved the lives of several soldiers, who would soon be taken prisoner when the Japanese rushed the Canadian position.
Osborn was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, the British Empire’s highest award for wartime valour.
The same day, Brigadier Lawson’s headquarters became surrounded by attackers at the Wong Nei Chong gap — a strategic pass where a main road cut through the centre of the island. With Japanese soldiers firing almost point-blank into his bunker, Lawson sent a radio message to Maltby, the colony’s commander, that he was going outside, “to fight it out” with the enemy. Lawson was quickly killed, but the Japanese would later make note of how he died “heroically.”
On Christmas Day, with ammunition in short supply and the defending soldiers in desperate shape, “D” company of the Royal Rifles was ordered to make what appeared to be a suicidal attack to retake lost ground at the south end of the island. According to an account from Sergeant George MacDonnell, the men received the orders in stunned silence. “Not one of them could believe such a preposterous order.” Attacking with bayonets, the Royal Rifles succeeded in taking the position — at a cost of 26 men killed and 75 wounded. Hours later, the exhausted survivors learned that the colony had surrendered. The Battle of Hong Kong was over.
Prisoners of War
The horror for those who remained, however, was only beginning. Although some Japanese units behaved with discipline after the battle, others carried out a campaign of terror — bayonetting wounded Allied soldiers in hospital, killing and raping nurses, and mutilating some prisoners.
The civilian residents of Hong Kong now faced years under harsh Japanese occupation. The captured British, Indian and Canadian soldiers — considered cowards by the Japanese for surrendering — became prisoners of war (POWs), first at camps in Hong Kong and later in Japan, where they endured years of beatings, hard labour and inadequate diets. Hundreds of the Canadian POWs died of illness, or from slow starvation.
In August 1945, almost four years after the fall of Hong Kong, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki forced Japan’s surrender and ended the war in the Pacific. The American military delivered food and medical help to the camps, where POWs were suffering from diseases caused by vitamin deficiency.
Of the 1,975 Canadians sent to Hong Kong, 290 were killed and 493 wounded during the battle and its immediate aftermath — proof, said veterans decades later, that they had resisted fiercely and courageously before surrendering to the enemy. Another 264 Canadians died as prisoners of war, while 1,418 survivors returned to Canada — many of them deeply bitter at the cruelty of their Japanese captors.
At home, political pressure forced the government in Ottawa to appoint a royal commission to investigate the circumstances of Canada’s involvement in Hong Kong. The sole commissioner, Chief Justice Lyman Duff, misinterpreted or ignored evidence and exonerated the Cabinet, the Department of National Defence and senior members of the military’s general staff. In 1948, a confidential analysis by General Charles Foulkes, chief of the general staff, found many errors in Duff’s assessment, but concluded that proper training, staffing and equipment would have made little difference, given the overwhelming odds facing the defenders.
The 554 Canadians who died in Hong Kong and in prisoner camps afterwards are remembered today by a memorial to all of Hong Kong’s defenders at the Sai Wan Bay War Cemetery there. This and the Stanley Military Cemetery in Hong Kong also hold the individual graves of 303 Canadian soldiers, 108 of whom are unidentified. Another 137 Canadians, most of whom died as prisoners of war, are buried at the British Commonwealth War Cemetery in Yokohama, Japan.
See also Canada’s Road to the Second World War.
Terry Meagher, Betrayal: Canadian Soldiers in Hong Kong, 1941 (2014); Brereton Greenhous, “C” Force to Hong Kong: A Canadian Catastrophe, 1941–1945 (1997); Ted Ferguson, Desperate Siege: the Battle of Hong Kong (1980).
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We are well aware that children seem like to test Gravity daily and that some days Gravity wins! This leads to numerous injuries and fractures (ex, Supracondylar, Hand, Finger, Face, Toddler’s). Unfortunately, pediatric trauma involves more than just Gravity (ex, Non-accidental Trauma) and, as we are accustomed to when dealing with children, some significant injuries can be easily missed. Vigilance for signs of more ominous injuries is paramount. Let us review one injury that should make you ponder more than the injury itself – Scapula Fracture:
Scapular Fractures in Children
- Scapular fractures are rare in pediatric patients. [Shannon, 2019; Park, 2017]
- Only 3-5% of all shoulder related fractures.
- Anatomy matters:
- Children, generally, have more compliant bones.
- Scapula has a thick periosteum (especially in children).
- Scapula is surrounded by dense muscles
- Has 17 muscular attachments.
- Only the dorsal aspect of the spine and acromion are not covered by muscle.
- Muscles can act like cushions.
- Takes a lot of energy to fracture a scapula!
- Similar to rib fractures and pelvic fractures in children, scapular fractures are rare and can be indication of a substantial force being applied.
- Like with adults, scapular fractures are associated with high-energy mechanisms.
- Associated with higher Injury Severity Scores [Shannon, 2019]
- Often associated with other concurrent injuries. [Shannon, 2019; Abd el-shafy, 2018; Park, 2017]
- Clavicular fractures.
- Skull Fractures and Intracranial Hemorrhage
- Thoracic Injuries
- Pulmonary Contusion
- Brachial Plexus Injuries
- Rib Fractures
- Vascular Injuries [Abd el-shafy, 2018]
- Not all Scapular Fractures require Car Accidents! [Neral, 2018]
- They can also occur due to sporting “mis-adventures.”
- Scapular body fractures occur from muscle contraction against a resistant force during contact sports.
- Unlike the other mechanisms, these involve LOW-energy and are NOT associated with additionally injuries. [Neral, 2018]
- Some may even be classified as “fatigue fractures.” [Neral, 2018]
- Conservative treatment is very successful.
Scapular Fracture: Management
- Majority of pediatric scapular fractures involve the scapula body. [Shannon, 2019]
- Intra-articular involvement is rare.
- Less likely, compared to adults, to involve the humeral head. [Shannon, 2019]
- Scapular Neck, Glenoid, and Acromion occur less commonly.
- Scapular Neck Fractures are second most common.
- The majority of scapula fractures are treated without surgery. [Neral, 2018; Park, 2017]
- Short term of immobilization with Sling or Sling and Swathe
- Early progressive Range of Motion exercises
- Most fractures heal within 6 weeks.
- Surgical Treatment Considerations [Neral, 2018; Park, 2017]
- Open fractures
- Associated with Neurovascular compromise
- Intra-articular fractures (ex, Glenoid fractures with Humeral Head Instability)
- Acromion fractures that impinge into subacromial space (may impact function of rotator cuff)
- Scapular Neck fractures with severe angulation
- Coracoid fractures with AC separation
- Scapular fractures with concurrent Clavicle fractures
Moral of the Morsel
- It take a lot of force! The Scapula is cushioned and tough to break.
- Scapular Fracture? Think about the Head, Chest, and Extremities! There may be a hiding concurrent injury.
- Sports are not Car Crashes (in general). The scapular fracture may be isolated … but you should still remain mentally vigilant!
Shannon SF1, Hernandez NM, Sems SA, Larson AN, Milbrandt TA. High-energy Pediatric Scapula Fractures and Their Associated Injuries. J Pediatr Orthop. 2019 Aug;39(7):377-381. PMID: 31305382. [PubMed] [Read by QxMD]
Neral M1,2, Knapik DM1, Wetzel RJ1, Salata MJ1, Voos JE1. Scapular Body Fracture in the Athlete: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2018 Oct;14(3):328-332. PMID: 30258341. [PubMed] [Read by QxMD]
Shannon SF1, Hernandez NM, Sems SA, Larson AN, Milbrandt TA. Pediatric Orthopaedic Trauma and Associated Injuries of Snowmobile, ATV, and Dirtbike Accidents: A 19-Year Experience at a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center. J Pediatr Orthop. 2018 Sep;38(8):403-409. PMID: 27442216. [PubMed] [Read by QxMD]
Abd El-Shafy I1, Rosen LM, Prince JM, Letton RW, Rosen NG. Blunt traumatic scapular fractures are associated with great vessel injuries in children. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018 Nov;85(5):932-935. PMID: 29787531. [PubMed] [Read by QxMD]
Park HY1, Jang HJ, Sur YJ. Scapular body fracture and concomitant inferior angle apophyseal separation with intrathoracic displacement: a case report. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2017 Sep;26(5):429-432. PMID: 27846037. [PubMed] [Read by QxMD]
Buckley SL1, Gotschall C, Robertson W Jr, Sturm P, Tosi L, Thomas M, Eichelberger M. The relationships of skeletal injuries with trauma score, injury severity score, length of hospital stay, hospital charges, and mortality in children admitted to a regional pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994 Jul-Aug;14(4):449-53. PMID: 8077425. [PubMed] [Read by QxMD]
Absolutely. You should be vigillant always. Thank you so much for taking the time to share this. You are the best guys!
Comments are closed.
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The third semester of Calculus is concerned with derivatives and integrals in 3 dimensions. Being able to visualize surfaces in 3 dimensions is helpful in understanding tangent planes, normal lines, gradient vectors and local extrema. Being able to visualize regions bounded by intersecting surfaces in 3 dimensions is essential in evaluating triple integrals. Since integrals over regions in 3 dimensions are evaluated by writing the triple integral as an iterated integral, there are six different iterated integrals that could be used. The limits of integration in these iterated integrals are obtained by projecting the region onto one of the coordinate planes. Unless one has an accurate picture of the region in 3 dimensions it is nearly impossible to determine the correct limits of integration.
This Web page presents several examples of regions in 3 dimensions to help the student visualize such regions.
Each section of this Web site contains static images and animations to help the user visualize objects in 3 dimensions. All of the animations are run inside an Animation tool like the one below.
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Description:This Photoshop tutorial will teach you how vignette an image. Vignetting is the process of causing the edges of an image to be darker/lighter than the centre of the image.
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Hypothalamus function disorders can disrupt your everyday life in a negative manner. The hypothalamus is an integral part of the brain that can control several crucial functions in your body. One of the main function is to control your pituitary glands. Subsequently, the pituitary gland is associated with the secretion of important hormones. The hormones are highly significant to maintain the balance in the body. Therefore, hypothalamus function disorders can create problems in the normal functioning of the body. It can result in several health disorders that can cause distress, pain, and other complications in your life. Therefore, you need to know more about the dysfunction of the hypothalamus. Read ahead to get the valuable information that helps you take the adequate measure to overcome the problems.
What Is Hypothalamus?
Before delving deep into the hypothalamus function disorders, you need to understand what hypothalamus is. It will help you understand the gravity of the problem. So, it urges you to take the adequate measure that can bring your life back in track. The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain. It is a vital part that plays a significant role in stimulating the important processes in your body. The hypothalamus is situated between the thalamus and pituitary gland.
The main role of the hypothalamus is to keep your body in a state referred to as homeostasis. It sustains the state as much as possible. Now you may what is homeostasis. So, the balanced state in your body corresponds to good health. Your body always tries to maintain the balance. Confused? Let’s see an example. You feel hunger pangs. Ever wondered the reason behind it? It is the brain’s method of letting you know that your body needs essential nutrients. Hence, the acquiring of the nutrients, your body can maintain the homeostasis.
Essential Functions Of Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is responsible for the major functions in your body. It is achieved by the connection of hypothalamus between the nervous systems and the endocrine systems. Therefore, it plays an important part in the body functions like:
- Maintaining Internal Body Temperature
- Heart Rate
- Weight Control
- Sleep Cycles
- Sex Drive
- Heart Rate
- Blood Pressure
- Digestive Juices Production
- Body Fluids Balancing
The different system in your body sends signals to the brain indicating the lack of balancing factors. So, the hypothalamus gets the alert and acts accordingly. It addresses the unbalanced factors by sending the right hormones. The necessary hormone’s entry into the bloodstream can help with the homeostasis.
What Is Hypothalamus Function Disorders?
Hypothalamus function disorders refer to the dysfunction of the hypothalamus. Some conditions in your body can lead to the inability of the hypothalamus to function properly. So, it affects the hormone production. The result is your body balance is completely shattered. The abnormal release of the hormones from the pituitary glands can affect the important functions like sleep, thirst, sex drive, etc.
The pituitary gland is one of the most important parts of your endocrine system. The hormones secreted from the gland helps regulate your body functions. And it regular not just one, but numerous functions. As the hypothalamus is the one controlling the gland, the dysfunction can cause severe issues in your body. Depending on the missing hormones, your signs or symptoms can vary.
What Causes Hypothalamus Function Disorders?
Several factors contribute to the hypothalamus function disorders. You need to know about each cause in details to understand how it affects your body. Therefore, the major issues that play part in the hypothalamic dysfunction are:
Stress is a negative emotion that has the power to change the brain’s functions. It can affect you physically as well as mentally. With excess stress, your body can lose its normal balance. Therefore, stress can play an important role in causing hypothalamus function disorders.
Some infection can lead to swelling in the brain. It can alter the hypothalamic functions leading to the disorder.
Some people are born with genetic defects that can cause the hypothalamus function disorders.
Tumors are the unwanted growth of mass. The malignant or non-malignant in nature tumors in your brain regions have the capability to alter the brain signals. It can also affect the hypothalamus region in the brain. So, it can cause problems in your body.
Trauma to the head due to accidents or fall can cause problems in your brain. The trauma can result in the changes in the brain region. So, it results in dysfunction.
Malnutrition is caused when your body does not receive the necessary nutrients to keep the balance in the body. The deprivation of necessary nutrients can cause the alteration in brain functions.
The eating disorders like bulimia and anorexia can result in malnutrition leading to hypothalamus function disorders.
Radiation therapy offers relief to cancer patients. Radiation therapy can stop and destroy the cancerous tumor from spreading to other parts of the body. The therapy can alter brain functions. The alteration of brain signals can affect the balance in the body. It is one among the downfalls of radiation therapy.
The surgery in the brain to remove a tumor or clot can lead to hypothalamus function disorder. While performing brain surgery, your doctor may inform you about the adverse effects associated with it.
Missing hormones are responsible for the hypothalamus disorders you may experience. Replacing the hormones can cure the imbalance in the body. So, it aids in fixing the disorder.
Symptoms Of Hypothalamus Function Disorders
Various hypothalamus disorders have symptoms of their own. Depending on the type of disorder, you can experience the symptoms.
The tumor growth in your brain can trigger some symptoms in your body. The tumor-related hypothalamus function disorders include:
With the hypothalamus dysfunction, your brain experiences greater activities. So, it can result in severe headaches.
The hypothalamus has a connection to the eyes through the retinohypothalamic tracts. Hence, the problem in the hypothalamus can cause vision problems.
The hypothalamus dysfunction in your body can cause several issues. The lack of necessary hormones can cause a severe imbalance in your body. Therefore, the main issues associated with it are:
- Growth-related issues due to the deficiency of hormones like excessive growth or growth retardation.
- suffering from the issue can have a late delivery or have premature babies.
The abnormal thyroxine levels in your bloodstream can result in it hypothyroidism. Subsequently, it can trigger several complications in your body like:
- Mood changes (depression)
- Cold Intolerance
- Loss of body muscle
- Male type baldness
- Sudden weight gain
The Other Signs Of Hypothalamus Function Disorders
Apart from the above-mentioned symptoms, you can also experience other signs with the disorder. So, you need to watch out for the following:
- Less Adrenal Activity
- Emotional Problems
- Frequent Urination
- Excessive Thirst
- Inability To Smell
- Feeling Dizzy
The signs are not common. So, the probability to experience such issues are rare compared to the other signs. You need to monitor the signs. Remember it is a serious problem. Therefore, you have to take appropriate action at the right time to avoid other complications.
Complications Of Hypothalamus Function Disorders
Ignoring the issue can result in several complications. The hypothalamus function disorders can become severe depending on the root cause of the problem. So, without proper treatment, you can expect the following complications:
Not seeking medical help for your brain tumors can result in severe complication to your health. Hence, you can suffer irreversible issues like:
- Permanent blindness
- Issues with the controlling of water and salt balance
- Permanent problems in the brain area having the tumor
- Other vision problems
The imbalance in the thyroxine levels can cause issues in your body. Medications can control the hypothyroidism from causing severe issues. But, not taking proper treatment can result in the following:
- High Cholesterol
- Heart Problem
The adrenal insufficiency can make you less proficient to handle stress in your life. It can result in the escalation of other problems like infections. The issue can also drop the blood pressure levels. So, the low pressure can prove fatal.
The imbalance in hormone can cause issues in the regular body functions. It can cause adverse issues in your personal life. So, the problems can result in complications like:
- Erection problems
- Heart Disease
- Problems with giving breast milk to the baby
- Osteoporosis (Thin or brittle bones)
- Short Stature
Diagnosing Hypothalamus Function Disorders
Once you experience the signs or symptoms, it is better to seek medical help. The medical professional can help you understand the actual cause of the hypothalamus function disorders. So, your doctor can suggest the following diagnostic methods to determine the disorder with precision.
The blood test can help measure the hormone levels in the blood. Therefore, the following hormone levels need detection to determine the issue of hypothalamus function disorder.
- Thyroid Levels
- Pituitary Hormones
- Growth Hormone
Brain imaging is necessary to detect the presence of hypothalamus function disorders. So, your doctor can perform the diagnostic to get a clear picture. To get clearer results, your doctor administers hormonal injections. It is followed by imaging tests like brain imaging or MRI.
Visual Field Eye Exam
The diagnostic test can reveal if any tumors cause hypothalamus disorder. The test can offer the measurement of the central as well as peripheral vision. So, with the central and side vision measurement, your doctor can diagnose underlying issues.
Treatment For Hypothalamus Function Disorders
The hypothalamus function disorders vary with the underlying cause. So, depending on the root cause of the problem, the symptoms also differ. Therefore, it is important to diagnose it properly to develop a treatment plan. Seek the assistance of the medical professional to determine the actual cause and associated therapy. With the proper diagnosis, you can ensure the right treatment to overcome the issue. So, the various treatment options available are:
If the presence of a tumor in your brain is causing the issue, then you need appropriate treatment immediately. Therefore, the malignant or non-malignant tumor gets treated with surgery or radiation. You have to get proper care and rest during the treatment. The surgery or radiation takes months to heal. So, to avoid the problem affecting you again, you need periodical check-ups.
The blood tests can reveal the deficiency of the hormone in your body. Therefore, the hypothalamus function disorder due to hormonal imbalance is treated with hormone replacement therapy. Your doctor replaces the missing hormones in the body through medications or injections. So, the treatment can show results within days.
Depending on the actual cause of hypothalamus function disorder, the medical professional develop the treatment plan. So, you get treatment according to the issue. Infection, bleeding, or the other causes gets treatment accordingly.
Prevention Of Hypothalamus Function Disorders
Though no home remedies can clear the issue, you can prevent it. By taking adequate steps, you can avoid irritating health disorder.
Hypothalamus function disorders can cause irreparable brain damage. So, you need to seek the assistance of the medical professional immediately. But, you can prevent the complication by including a healthy diet. The poor diet can cause malnutrition leading to severe complications. So, it is essential to have a diet rich in nutrients. Consuming more fruits and vegetables can enhance your quality of living. But, you need to avoid certain food items that can cause more harm like:
- Processed food
- Canned Food
- Food containing chemicals or preservatives
The food items having artificial elements can reduce your immunity levels. Hence, it can lead to reduced immunity and other complications including hypothalamus dysfunction.
Certain lifestyle can reduce your health. So, following a good lifestyle can increase immunity levels. It can also boost your quality and quantity of life. Hence, adopting an active lifestyle can reduce obesity. Excessive weight gain can result in hypothalamus function disorders. So, including exercise in the daily routine can make you less prone to health complications.
People having eating disorders like bulimia or anorexia have more probability of getting a complication. So, individuals with such issues need to get proper treatment. The conditions need proper management to avoid fatality.
Researched have suggested that hypothalamus function disorders can occur in a stressful environment. If you have a stressful life, then you become more prone to the problem. So, stress is a negative emotion leading to several problems in your life. People living in big cities, working a high-pressure job, less sleep, and no exercise can result in the problem. Therefore, practicing some stress relaxation techniques can enhance your health and boost longevity.
Hormonal deficiencies like thyroxine problems or other hormonal issues can affect your health. Therefore, you need to consult your doctor to get the hormonal supplements. Taking it with your regular diet can prevent the symptoms of hypothalamus function disorders.
Having a good night sleep can help your body relax and heal from any issues. A peaceful sleep can relieve stress and other negativity from your body and keep your mind relaxed. It reduces unnecessary pressure. So, you can avoid unwanted health complications.
Having bad habits like alcohol or tobacco can increase your chances of brain damage. So, using alcohol or tobacco can affect your health adversely. It leads to complications like hypothalamus dysfunction.
Researches on the topic suggest that many causes leading to the hypothalamus function disorder have a good prognosis. Seeking medical treatment at the right time can help prevent complications. So, the precise diagnosis and right treatment can cure the symptoms. Some serious cases like a tumor can lead to hypothalamus dysfunction. In such cases, you need treatment as quickly as possible. It can help avoid fatal complications. Finding the root cause of the problem is essential to develop an ideal treatment plan.
Hypothalamus is one of the significant parts of the brain. The disorder to the region can lead to several imbalances in your body. Therefore, preventing it by opting a healthy lifestyle and a good diet can improve your quality of life. Get medical help to overcome the problem and ensure a good life.View Article Sources
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Potentially impacting future diagnosis and treatment of lupus, an immune illness affecting more than 5 million people worldwide, researchers at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech have likely uncovered where the breakdown in the body's lymphocyte molecular regulatory machinery is occurring.
Rujuan Dai, research scientist, and her colleagues in the veterinary college's Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, have discovered a "common set of dysregulated miRNAs in murine lupus models." The research, which appears in the Dec. 13, 2010, issue of the scientific journal PLoS One, was funded in part by the Lupus Foundation of America.
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease of connective tissue that causes the body's immune system to become hyperactive and attack normal, healthy tissue. This results in symptoms such as inflammation, swelling, and possible damage to joints, skin, kidneys, blood, the heart, or lungs.
In an effort to better understand epigenetic factors in the causes of lupus, researchers at the veterinary college focused on microRNA (miRNA), seeking to determine potential impairments of genetic regulation. These small RNAs control gene expression by directly regulating specific target messenger RNAs via inhibition of their translation or inducing their degradation.
"Micro RNAs perform these duties in an orderly fashion," said S. Ansar Ahmed, professor of immunology and head of the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology at the college. "White blood cells use miRNA to regulate antibodies and other proteins in response to infection or any kind of assault."
The researchers chose three strains of autoimmune-prone mice that have different background genomes and manifest lupus-like disease at different ages. For example, one mouse strain began developing lupus-like disease around 3 months of age, and another mouse strain developed severe lupus much later, at 9 months of age.
Findings show that all three lupus strains manifest a common dysregulated pattern of miRNAs despite differences in their background genes. Importantly, this expression of miRNAs became evident only at an age when the mice manifest lupus.
The identification of these common miRNAs presents a new way of understanding lupus development. The researchers at the veterinary college believe these studies will potentially open a new approach for diagnosis and treatment of the illness by altering lupus-specific miRNAs in lymphocytes.
"In the short term, we want to use our better understanding of the disease to develop a tool in the form of molecular markers for early, reliable diagnosis," said Ahmed. The long-term goal, Ahmed added, is to offer entirely new therapeutic approaches, such as manipulation of lupus-related miRNA, to correct pathological conditions.
Having identified signature miRNA changes in lupus disease, the next step for the researchers is to prove they can really switch off the disease.
"If we can do this in a mouse model and then to cure other animals, hopefully it can one day be done in humans. This is long-range research but modern technology is narrowing the time it takes from mouse to human -- speeding translation," said Ahmed.
Co-authors on the article are Yan Zhang of the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute (VBI) at Virginia Tech; Deena Khan, biomedicine and veterinary science Ph.D. candidate; Bettina Heid, laboratory specialist with the college; David Caudell, assistant professor of biomedical science; and Oswald Crasta of VBI. The articles is on line at http://www.
Ahmed and Dai previously published work in the journal Blood, which led them to look at possible changes in expression of microRNAs in autoimmune lupus. They have also been invited to write a review article for a special issue of Translational Research that is devoted to the topic of microRNAs.
The Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine is a two-state, three-campus professional school operated by the land-grant universities of Virginia Tech in Blacksburg and the University of Maryland at College Park. Its flagship facilities, based at Virginia Tech, include the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, which treats more than 40,000 animals annually. Other campuses include the Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center in Leesburg, Va., and the Avrum Gudelsky Veterinary Center at College Park, home of the Center for Public and Corporate Veterinary Medicine. The college annually enrolls approximately 500 Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and graduate students, is a leading biomedical and clinical research center, and provides professional continuing education services for veterinarians practicing throughout the two states. Virginia Tech, the most comprehensive university in Virginia, is dedicated to quality, innovation, and results to the commonwealth, the nation, and the world.
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Oral thrush occurs when a candidiasis develops on the inside of the mouth area and on your tongue. This condition is also called oral candidiasis, oropharyngeal candidiasis, or, simply, thrush. The Candidiasis (C. albicans) fungus causes oral thrush.
Oral thrush is usually harmless. It’s common in babies and older people with dentures. It could be easily treated with medicines recommended with a GP. Oral thrush is a non-contagious fungal infection of the mouth. Find out about its symptoms and treatments. If you notice a strange white rash inside your mouth, you may have a disorder called thrush. It’s contamination caused by the candida fungus, which is yeast. You can get it in the mouth area and other areas of the body. It could cause diaper rash in infants or vaginal yeast infections in women. Thrush facts. Thrush (oropharyngeal candidiasis) is a condition when a yeast-shaped fungus called Candida albicans overgrows in the mouth and throat. Thrush may be triggered to occur by a variety of factors, including illness, pregnancy, medications, smoking, or dentures.
- Oral thrush is a fungal infection of the mouth.
- Oral thrush is normally the effect of a fungal infection that develops on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
- Oral thrush, an extremely common infection in infants that causes irritation in and around the baby’s mouth, often goes away completely on its own without medical treatment.
- What’s candida (oral thrush)? Candida albicans is a type of yeast (fungus) that is a common infection in the mouth.
How Will You Treat Thrush In The Mouth Area?
Are there home cures for thrush?Brush the teeth with a soft toothbrush.Rinse the mouth with a diluted 3% hydrogen peroxide solution.Rinse the mouth with warm saltwater.Avoid mouthwash as it can alter the normal flora of the mouth.Keep dentures clean and see a dentist if indeed they do unfit correctly.More items
Is Thrush In The Oral Cavity Contagious?
Oral thrush, a fungal infection, is not considered contagious. The causative fungus, Candidiasis, is often already a natural inhabitant of the mouth and neck. When the dental environment changes (usually due to an immature or depressed disease fighting capability), the fungus can multiply and cause symptoms.
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