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2b417121-49e4-46d7-9fff-98b69a6b64d9 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormone. This condition also is called underactive thyroid. Hypothyroidism may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. Over time, hypothyroidism that isn't treated can lead to other health problems, such as high cholesterol and heart problems. Blood tests are used to diagnose hypothyroidism. Treatment with thyroid hormone medicine usually is simple, safe and effective once you and your health care provider find the right dosage for you. Symptoms Thyroid gland Thyroid gland Thyroid gland The thyroid gland sits at the base of the neck. The symptoms of hypothyroidism depend on the severity of the condition. Problems tend to develop slowly, often over several years. At first, you may barely notice the symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue and weight gain. Or you may think they are just part of getting older. But as your metabolism continues to slow, you may develop more-obvious problems. Hypothyroidism symptoms may include: Tiredness. More sensitivity to cold. Constipation. Dry skin. Weight gain. Puffy face. Hoarse voice. Coarse hair and skin. Muscle weakness. Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness. Menstrual cycles that are heavier than usual or irregular. Thinning hair. Slowed heart rate, also called bradycardia. Depression. Memory problems. Hypothyroidism in infants Anyone can get hypothyroidism, including infants. Most babies born without a thyroid gland or with a gland that doesn't work correctly don't have symptoms right away. But if hypothyroidism isn't diagnosed and treated, symptoms start to appear. They may include: Feeding problems. Poor growth. Poor weight gain. Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, a condition called jaundice. Poor muscle tone. Hoarse crying. Enlarged tongue. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
f1edfc1f-a426-4f7f-80b3-1619c2df0bbf | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Most babies born without a thyroid gland or with a gland that doesn't work correctly don't have symptoms right away. But if hypothyroidism isn't diagnosed and treated, symptoms start to appear. They may include: Feeding problems. Poor growth. Poor weight gain. Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, a condition called jaundice. Poor muscle tone. Hoarse crying. Enlarged tongue. A soft swelling or bulge near the belly button, a condition called umbilical hernia. When hypothyroidism in infants isn't treated, even mild cases can lead to severe physical and mental development problems. Hypothyroidism in children and teens In general, children and teens with hypothyroidism have symptoms similar to those in adults. But they also may have: Poor growth that leads to short stature. Delayed development of permanent teeth. Delayed puberty. Poor mental development. When to see a doctor See your health care provider if you're feeling tired for no reason or if you have other symptoms of hypothyroidism. If you're taking thyroid hormone medicine for hypothyroidism, follow your health care provider's advice on how often you need medical appointments. At first, you may need regular appointments to make sure you're receiving the right dose of medicine. Over time, you may need checkups so that your health care provider can monitor your condition and medicine. Causes The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid gland makes two main hormones: thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). These hormones affect every cell in the body. They support the rate at which the body uses fats and carbohydrates. They help control body temperature. They have an effect on heart rate. And they help control how much protein the body makes. | 2025-05-14 | 385 |
ccbe7453-5b1b-42a1-b424-198285f715f8 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Causes The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid gland makes two main hormones: thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). These hormones affect every cell in the body. They support the rate at which the body uses fats and carbohydrates. They help control body temperature. They have an effect on heart rate. And they help control how much protein the body makes. Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough hormones. Conditions or problems that can lead to hypothyroidism include: Autoimmune disease. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto's disease. Autoimmune diseases happen when the immune system makes antibodies that attack healthy tissues. Sometimes that process involves the thyroid gland and affects its ability to make hormones. Thyroid surgery. Surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid gland can lower the gland's ability to make thyroid hormones or stop it completely. Radiation therapy. Radiation used to treat cancers of the head and neck can affect the thyroid gland and lead to hypothyroidism. Thyroiditis happens when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. This may be due to an infection. Or it can result from an autoimmune disorder or another medical condition affecting the thyroid. Thyroiditis can trigger the thyroid to release all of its stored thyroid hormone at once. That causes a spike in thyroid activity, a condition called hyperthyroidism. Afterward, the thyroid becomes underactive. Medicine. A number of medicines may lead to hypothyroidism. One such medicine is lithium, which is used to treat some psychiatric disorders. If you're taking medicine, ask your heath care provider about its effect on the thyroid gland. Less often, hypothyroidism may be caused by: Problems present at birth. | 2025-05-14 | 381 |
c98b9122-55e2-4900-ae74-8a1ca904b5fc | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | symptoms-causes | mayo | That causes a spike in thyroid activity, a condition called hyperthyroidism. Afterward, the thyroid becomes underactive. Medicine. A number of medicines may lead to hypothyroidism. One such medicine is lithium, which is used to treat some psychiatric disorders. If you're taking medicine, ask your heath care provider about its effect on the thyroid gland. Less often, hypothyroidism may be caused by: Problems present at birth. Some babies are born with a thyroid gland that doesn't work correctly. Others are born with no thyroid gland. In most cases, the reason the thyroid gland didn't develop properly is not clear. But some children have an inherited form of a thyroid disorder. Often, infants born with hypothyroidism don't have noticeable symptoms at first. That's one reason why most states require newborn thyroid screening. Pituitary disorder. A relatively rare cause of hypothyroidism is the failure of the pituitary gland to make enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This is usually because of a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland. Pregnancy. Some people develop hypothyroidism during or after pregnancy. If hypothyroidism happens during pregnancy and isn't treated, it raises the risk of pregnancy loss, premature delivery and preeclampsia. Preeclampsia causes a significant rise in blood pressure during the last three months of pregnancy. Hypothyroidism also can seriously affect the developing fetus. Not enough iodine. The thyroid gland needs the mineral iodine to make thyroid hormones. Iodine is found mainly in seafood, seaweed, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and iodized salt. Too little iodine can lead to hypothyroidism. Too much iodine can make hypothyroidism worse in people who already have the condition. In some parts of the world, it's common for people not to get enough iodine in their diets. | 2025-05-14 | 395 |
1dd4625a-f362-4409-ac92-603739077f56 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Not enough iodine. The thyroid gland needs the mineral iodine to make thyroid hormones. Iodine is found mainly in seafood, seaweed, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and iodized salt. Too little iodine can lead to hypothyroidism. Too much iodine can make hypothyroidism worse in people who already have the condition. In some parts of the world, it's common for people not to get enough iodine in their diets. The addition of iodine to table salt has almost eliminated this problem in the United States. Risk factors Although anyone can develop hypothyroidism, you're at an increased risk if you: Are a woman. Have a family history of thyroid disease. Have an autoimmune disease, such as type 1 diabetes or celiac disease. Have received treatment for hyperthyroidism. Received radiation to your neck or upper chest. Have had thyroid surgery. Complications Hypothyroidism that isn't treated can lead to other health problems, including: Goiter. Hypothyroidism may cause the thyroid gland to become larger. This condition is called a goiter. A large goiter may cause problems with swallowing or breathing. Heart problems. Hypothyroidism can lead to a higher risk of heart disease and heart failure. That's mainly because people with an underactive thyroid tend to develop high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol — the "bad" cholesterol. Peripheral neuropathy. Hypothyroidism that goes without treatment for a long time can damage the peripheral nerves. These are the nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. Peripheral neuropathy may cause pain, numbness and tingling in the arms and legs. Infertility. Low levels of thyroid hormone can interfere with ovulation, which can limit fertility. Some of the causes of hypothyroidism, such as autoimmune disorders, also can harm fertility. Birth defects. | 2025-05-14 | 394 |
1cff20a5-194e-424d-b62d-205a67ce241e | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Hypothyroidism that goes without treatment for a long time can damage the peripheral nerves. These are the nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. Peripheral neuropathy may cause pain, numbness and tingling in the arms and legs. Infertility. Low levels of thyroid hormone can interfere with ovulation, which can limit fertility. Some of the causes of hypothyroidism, such as autoimmune disorders, also can harm fertility. Birth defects. Babies born to people with untreated thyroid disease may have a higher risk of birth defects compared with babies born to mothers who do not have thyroid disease. Infants with hypothyroidism present at birth that goes untreated are at risk of serious physical and mental development problems. But if the condition is diagnosed within the first few months of life, the chances of typical development are excellent. Myxedema coma. This rare, life-threatening condition can happen when hypothyroidism goes without treatment for a long time. A myxedema coma may be triggered by sedatives, infection or other stress on the body. Its symptoms include intense cold intolerance and drowsiness, followed by an extreme lack of energy and then unconsciousness. Myxedema coma requires emergency medical treatment. Dec. 10, 2022 | 2025-05-14 | 260 |
10fd6a74-d721-4a2a-9c24-100bac135098 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682 | Hypothermia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Hypothermia is a condition that occurs when core body temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). It is a medical emergency. In hypothermia (hi-poe-THUR-me-uh), the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Regular body temperature is around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). When body temperature drops, the heart, nervous system and other organs can't work as well as they usually do. Left untreated, hypothermia can cause the heart and respiratory system to fail and eventually can lead to death. Common causes of hypothermia include exposure to cold weather or immersion in cold water. Treatment for hypothermia includes methods to warm the body back to a regular temperature. Symptoms When the temperature starts to drop, the body can start to shiver. Shivering is the body's attempt to warm itself. It is an automatic defense against cold temperature. Symptoms of hypothermia include: Shivering. Slurred speech or mumbling. Slow, shallow breathing. Weak pulse. Clumsiness or lack of coordination. Drowsiness or very low energy. Confusion or memory loss. Loss of consciousness. In infants, bright red, cold skin. People with hypothermia usually aren't aware of their condition. The symptoms often begin gradually. Also, the confused thinking associated with hypothermia prevents self-awareness. The confused thinking also can lead to risk-taking behavior. When to see a doctor Call 911 or your local emergency number if you suspect someone has hypothermia. While waiting for emergency help to arrive, gently move the person inside if possible. Jarring movements can trigger dangerous irregular heartbeats. Carefully remove any wet clothing and replace it with warm, dry coats or blankets. Causes Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it produces it. | 2025-05-14 | 381 |
7d461ce2-a573-498c-adc9-1573db81ae8d | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682 | Hypothermia | symptoms-causes | mayo | The confused thinking also can lead to risk-taking behavior. When to see a doctor Call 911 or your local emergency number if you suspect someone has hypothermia. While waiting for emergency help to arrive, gently move the person inside if possible. Jarring movements can trigger dangerous irregular heartbeats. Carefully remove any wet clothing and replace it with warm, dry coats or blankets. Causes Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it produces it. The most common causes of hypothermia are exposure to cold-weather conditions or cold water. But prolonged exposure to any environment colder than the body can lead to hypothermia if a person isn't dressed properly or can't control the conditions. Specific conditions leading to hypothermia include: Wearing clothes that aren't warm enough for weather conditions. Staying out in the cold too long. Being unable to get out of wet clothes or move to a warm, dry location. Falling into the water, such as in a boating accident. Living in a house that's too cold, either from poor heating or too much air conditioning. How your body loses heat The mechanisms of heat loss from the body include: Radiated heat. Most heat loss is due to heat radiated from unprotected surfaces of the body. Direct contact with something very cold takes heat away from the body. Examples include contact with cold water or the cold ground. Because water is very good at transferring heat from the body, body heat is lost much faster in cold water than in cold air. Similarly, heat loss from the body is much faster if clothes are wet, as from being caught out in the rain. Wind removes body heat by carrying away the thin layer of warm air at the surface of the skin. A wind chill factor is important in causing heat loss. Risk factors Risk factors for hypothermia include: Exhaustion. Fatigue reduces a person's ability to tolerate cold. Older age. | 2025-05-14 | 388 |
bbe93cff-58a3-4fad-9c29-02c3bc968872 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682 | Hypothermia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Similarly, heat loss from the body is much faster if clothes are wet, as from being caught out in the rain. Wind removes body heat by carrying away the thin layer of warm air at the surface of the skin. A wind chill factor is important in causing heat loss. Risk factors Risk factors for hypothermia include: Exhaustion. Fatigue reduces a person's ability to tolerate cold. Older age. The body's ability to regulate temperature and to sense cold may lessen with age. And some older adults may not be able to tell someone when they are cold or to move to a warm location if they do feel cold. Very young age. Children lose heat faster than adults do. Children also may ignore the cold because they're having too much fun to think about it. They may not have the judgment to dress properly in cold weather or to get out of the cold when they should. Mental conditions. People with a mental illness, dementia or other conditions that interfere with judgment may not dress properly for the weather or understand the risk of cold weather. People with dementia may wander from home or get lost easily, making them more likely to be stranded outside in cold or wet weather. Alcohol and drug use. Alcohol may make the body feel warm inside, but it causes blood vessels to expand. As a result, the surface of the skin loses heat more rapidly. Alcohol also reduces the body's natural shivering response. In addition, the use of alcohol or recreational drugs can affect judgment about the need to get inside or wear warm clothes in cold-weather conditions. A person who is intoxicated and passes out in cold weather is likely to develop hypothermia. Certain medical conditions. Some health disorders affect the body's ability to regulate body temperature. Examples include an underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism; poor nutrition or anorexia nervosa; diabetes; stroke; severe arthritis; Parkinson's disease; trauma; and spinal cord injuries. Medicines. | 2025-05-14 | 393 |
a2b53018-36dd-4a64-b394-e69606b3d8e3 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682 | Hypothermia | symptoms-causes | mayo | A person who is intoxicated and passes out in cold weather is likely to develop hypothermia. Certain medical conditions. Some health disorders affect the body's ability to regulate body temperature. Examples include an underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism; poor nutrition or anorexia nervosa; diabetes; stroke; severe arthritis; Parkinson's disease; trauma; and spinal cord injuries. Medicines. Some drugs can change the body's ability to regulate its temperature. Examples include certain antidepressants, antipsychotics, narcotic pain medicines and sedatives. Mayo Clinic Minute: Why the risk of frostbite is greater than you think Show transcript for video Mayo Clinic Minute: Why the risk of frostbite is greater than you think Ian Roth: As winter drags on and temperatures drop way down, your risk of cold-related injury like frostbite can go way up. Sanj Kakar, M.D., Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic: Literally think of it as freezing of the tissues. Ian Roth: Dr. Sanj Kakar, a Mayo Clinic Orthopedic hand and wrist surgeon, says frostbite is more common than many people think. Dr. Kakar: We tend to see frostbite, for example, when the temperature is 5 degrees Fahrenheit with minimal windchill. Ian Roth: If the windchill drops below negative 15 degrees Fahrenheit, not unheard of in the northern half of the U.S., frostbite can set in within half an hour. The most vulnerable areas of frostbite are your nose, ears, fingers and toes. Kakar: Initially [with] the milder forms, you can get some pain and some numbness of the tips, but the skin can change its color. It can be red. It can be white. Or it can be blue. And you can get these blisters on your hands. And it can be a very serious injury. | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
14d636fc-bda3-4036-b693-d38e48c83253 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682 | Hypothermia | symptoms-causes | mayo | The most vulnerable areas of frostbite are your nose, ears, fingers and toes. Kakar: Initially [with] the milder forms, you can get some pain and some numbness of the tips, but the skin can change its color. It can be red. It can be white. Or it can be blue. And you can get these blisters on your hands. And it can be a very serious injury. Ian Roth: The worst cases, the tissue can die, and you may need surgery to remove it. So who's most at risk? Kakar: [Those most at risk are] certain patients with diabetes, patients who have previous history of frostbite are prone to it, the elderly or your very young children, and also, for example, if you're dehydrated. Ian Roth: For the Mayo Clinic News Network, I'm Ian Roth. Complications People who develop hypothermia because of exposure to cold weather or cold water are also vulnerable to other cold-related injuries, including: Frostbite, which is when skin and underlying tissues become frozen. Gangrene, which is when body tissue decays and dies because blood flow is blocked. Prevention Stay warm in cold weather To stay warm in cold weather, remember the acronym COLD — cover, overexertion, layers, dry: Cover. Wear a hat or other protective covering to prevent body heat from escaping from your head, face and neck. Cover your hands with mittens instead of gloves. Overexertion. Avoid activities that cause a lot of sweat. The combination of wet clothing and cold weather can cause the body to lose heat more quickly. Layers. Wear loosefitting, layered, lightweight clothing. Outer clothing made of tightly woven, water-repellent material is best for wind protection. Wool, silk or polypropylene inner layers hold body heat better than cotton does. Dry. Stay as dry as possible. | 2025-05-14 | 387 |
ec11b7b7-80cd-4841-84fd-cba6c76dcfbe | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682 | Hypothermia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Cover your hands with mittens instead of gloves. Overexertion. Avoid activities that cause a lot of sweat. The combination of wet clothing and cold weather can cause the body to lose heat more quickly. Layers. Wear loosefitting, layered, lightweight clothing. Outer clothing made of tightly woven, water-repellent material is best for wind protection. Wool, silk or polypropylene inner layers hold body heat better than cotton does. Dry. Stay as dry as possible. Get out of wet clothing as soon as possible. Be especially careful to keep your hands and feet dry, as it's easy for snow to get into mittens and boots. Keep children safe from the cold To help prevent hypothermia when children are outside in the winter: Dress infants and young children in one more layer than an adult would wear in the same conditions. Bring children indoors if they start shivering — that's the first sign that hypothermia is starting. Have children come inside often to warm themselves when they're playing outside. Don't let babies sleep in a cold room. Winter car safety When traveling during bad weather, be sure someone knows where you're headed and at what time you're expected to arrive. That way, if you get into trouble on your way, emergency responders will know where to look for your car. It's also a good idea to keep emergency supplies in the car in case you get stranded. Supplies may include several blankets, matches, candles, a clean can where you can melt snow into drinking water, a first-aid kit, dry or canned food, a can opener, tow rope, booster cables, a compass, and a bag of sand or kitty litter to spread for traction if the car gets stuck in the snow. If possible, travel with a cellphone. If you're stranded, put everything you need in the car with you, huddle together and stay covered. Run the car for 10 minutes each hour to warm it up. | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
482a9c06-55d0-4199-87a2-81662d159c0e | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682 | Hypothermia | symptoms-causes | mayo | If possible, travel with a cellphone. If you're stranded, put everything you need in the car with you, huddle together and stay covered. Run the car for 10 minutes each hour to warm it up. Make sure a window is slightly open and the exhaust pipe isn't covered with snow while the engine is running. Alcohol To avoid alcohol-related risks of hypothermia, don't drink alcohol: If you're going to be outside in cold weather. If you're boating. Before going to bed on cold nights. Cold-water safety Water doesn't have to be extremely cold to cause hypothermia. Any water that's colder than usual body temperature causes heat loss. The following tips may increase your survival time in cold water if you accidentally fall in: Wear a life jacket. If you plan to ride in a watercraft, wear a life jacket. A life jacket can help you stay alive longer in cold water by enabling you to float without using energy and by providing some insulation. Keep a whistle attached to your life jacket to signal for help. Get out of the water if possible. Get out of the water as much as possible, such as climbing onto a capsized boat or grabbing onto a floating object. Don't attempt to swim unless you're to safety. Unless a boat, another person or a life jacket is by, stay put. Swimming uses up energy and may shorten survival time. Position the body to minimize heat loss. Use a body position known as the heat escape lessening posture (HELP) to reduce heat loss while you wait for help. Hold your knees to your chest to protect the trunk of the body. If your life jacket forces your face down into the water when in this position, straighten your legs and bring them tightly together, hold your arms to your sides, and tilt your head back. Huddle with others. If you've fallen into cold water with other people, keep warm by facing the others in a tight circle. | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
79cf0ce5-bc7a-4cb2-ac03-0464d8fab173 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682 | Hypothermia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Hold your knees to your chest to protect the trunk of the body. If your life jacket forces your face down into the water when in this position, straighten your legs and bring them tightly together, hold your arms to your sides, and tilt your head back. Huddle with others. If you've fallen into cold water with other people, keep warm by facing the others in a tight circle. Don't remove clothing. While you're in the water, don't remove clothing because it helps to insulate you from the water. Buckle, button and zip up your clothes. Cover your head if possible. Remove clothing only after you're safely out of the water and can take measures to get dry and warm. Help for people most at risk Community outreach programs and social support services can be of great help for people most at risk of hypothermia. This includes infants, older adults, people who have mental or physical health conditions, and people who are homeless. If you are at risk or know someone at risk, contact your local public health office for available services, such as the following: Help with paying heating bills. Check-in services to see if you and your home are warm enough during cold weather. Homeless shelters. Community warming centers, safe and warm daytime locations where you can go during cold weather. | 2025-05-14 | 264 |
3e44cec7-cfc9-4f32-9354-ab54f249dd36 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It's also called hypotension. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). In general, low blood pressure is a reading lower than 90/60 mm Hg. What's considered low blood pressure for one person might be OK for someone else though. Low blood pressure might cause no symptoms that you notice. Or it might cause dizziness and fainting. Sometimes, low blood pressure can be life-threatening. The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It's important to find out what's causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed. Types Types of low blood pressure include: Orthostatic hypotension, also called postural hypotension . This is a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up after sitting or lying down. Causes include dehydration, long-term bed rest, pregnancy, certain medical conditions and some medicines. This type of low blood pressure is common in older adults. Postprandial hypotension. This drop in blood pressure occurs 1 to 2 hours after eating. It's most likely to affect older adults, especially those with high blood pressure. The risk also is higher for older adults with Parkinson's disease or other conditions that affect the part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate. This is called the autonomic nervous system. Certain lifestyle changes might help ease symptoms of postprandial hypotension. Eat small, low-carbohydrate meals, drink more water, and stay away from alcohol. Neurally mediated hypotension. This is a blood pressure drop that happens after standing for long amounts of time. This type of low blood pressure mostly affects young adults and children. It might result from communication trouble between the heart and the brain. Multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension. | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
b126069e-6e72-4dc4-90ef-39c709d9cd33 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Certain lifestyle changes might help ease symptoms of postprandial hypotension. Eat small, low-carbohydrate meals, drink more water, and stay away from alcohol. Neurally mediated hypotension. This is a blood pressure drop that happens after standing for long amounts of time. This type of low blood pressure mostly affects young adults and children. It might result from communication trouble between the heart and the brain. Multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension. This rare condition affects the autonomic nervous system. Multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension is linked with having very high blood pressure while lying down. It also used to be called Shy-Drager syndrome. Symptoms Low blood pressure symptoms can include: Blurred or fading vision. Dizzy or lightheaded feelings. Fainting. Fatigue. Trouble concentrating. Upset stomach. For some people, low blood pressure may be a symptom of an underlying health condition. That's especially so when blood pressure drops suddenly or when low blood pressure occurs with symptoms. A sudden fall in blood pressure can be dangerous. A change of just 20 mm Hg can make you feel dizzy or faint. For example, those symptoms could happen after a drop in systolic pressure from 110 mm Hg to 90 mm Hg. And big drops can be life-threatening. These can happen for reasons such as serious bleeding, serious infections or allergic reactions. Extreme low blood pressure can lead to a condition known as shock. Symptoms of shock include: Confusion, especially in older people. Cold, clammy skin. Decrease in skin color, also called pallor. Rapid, shallow breathing. Weak and rapid pulse. When to see a doctor If you have symptoms of extreme low blood pressure or shock, call 911 or your local emergency number. Most healthcare professionals consider blood pressure to be too low only if it causes symptoms. | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
f380d1ff-a107-4e9f-ae7e-d8ddd4b5380c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Extreme low blood pressure can lead to a condition known as shock. Symptoms of shock include: Confusion, especially in older people. Cold, clammy skin. Decrease in skin color, also called pallor. Rapid, shallow breathing. Weak and rapid pulse. When to see a doctor If you have symptoms of extreme low blood pressure or shock, call 911 or your local emergency number. Most healthcare professionals consider blood pressure to be too low only if it causes symptoms. Minor dizzy or lightheaded feelings from time to time can be caused by many things. Causes could include spending too much time in the sun or in a hot tub. It's important to see a healthcare professional to find out the cause of your symptoms. If you often have low blood pressure readings but feel fine, you might not need treatment. Instead, your healthcare professional tracks your health during routine checkups. It can help to keep a record of your symptoms, when they occur and what you're doing at the time. Causes Low blood pressure has various causes. Some health conditions and the use of certain medicines can cause it. Other factors affect blood pressure as well. Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries. A blood pressure reading has two numbers: Top number, called systolic pressure. The top number is the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats. Bottom number, called diastolic pressure. The bottom number is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. The American Heart Association classifies healthy blood pressure as normal. Normal blood pressure usually is lower than 120/80 mm Hg. Blood pressure varies throughout the day. It depends on: Body position. Breathing. Food and drink. Medicines. Physical condition. Stress. Time of day. Blood pressure usually is lowest at night and rises sharply on waking. | 2025-05-14 | 382 |
36d1050e-57d2-445a-b2a1-b826904f08dd | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Bottom number, called diastolic pressure. The bottom number is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. The American Heart Association classifies healthy blood pressure as normal. Normal blood pressure usually is lower than 120/80 mm Hg. Blood pressure varies throughout the day. It depends on: Body position. Breathing. Food and drink. Medicines. Physical condition. Stress. Time of day. Blood pressure usually is lowest at night and rises sharply on waking. Conditions that can cause low blood pressure Medical conditions that can cause low blood pressure include: Pregnancy. Changes during pregnancy cause blood vessels to expand fast. The changes may cause blood pressure to drop. Low blood pressure is common in the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. After a person gives birth, blood pressure usually returns to the level that it was before pregnancy. Heart and heart valve conditions. A heart attack, heart failure, heart valve disease and a slow heart rate called bradycardia can cause low blood pressure. Hormone-related diseases, also called endocrine conditions. Conditions such as Addison's disease that affect certain glands that make key hormones may cause blood pressure to drop. Low blood sugar, also called hypoglycemia, may lower blood pressure too. So might diabetes. Dehydration. When the body doesn't have enough water, the amount of blood in the body declines. This can cause blood pressure to drop. Fever, vomiting, severe diarrhea, overuse of diuretic medicines and strenuous exercise can lead to dehydration. Blood loss. Losing a lot of blood also reduces blood volume, leading to a severe drop in blood pressure. Causes of serious blood loss include injuries and internal bleeding. Severe infection. When an infection in the body enters the bloodstream, it can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure called septic shock. Another name for an infection that happens when germs get into the blood and spread is septicemia. | 2025-05-14 | 392 |
c4e12136-a0c9-4310-a4ca-4023603dd553 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Blood loss. Losing a lot of blood also reduces blood volume, leading to a severe drop in blood pressure. Causes of serious blood loss include injuries and internal bleeding. Severe infection. When an infection in the body enters the bloodstream, it can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure called septic shock. Another name for an infection that happens when germs get into the blood and spread is septicemia. Severe allergic reaction, also called anaphylaxis. Symptoms of a severe allergic reaction include a sudden and large drop in blood pressure. Lack of nutrients in the diet. Low levels of vitamin B-12, folate and iron can keep the body from making enough red blood cells. A lack of healthy red blood cells is called anemia, and it can lead to low blood pressure. Medications that can cause low blood pressure Some medicines can cause low blood pressure, including: All blood pressure medicines. These include diuretics, alpha blockers and beta blockers. Examples of diuretics are furosemide (Lasix, Furoscix) and hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide). Alpha blockers include prazosin (Minipress). Some beta blockers are atenolol (Tenormin) and propranolol (Inderal LA, Innopran XL, others). Medicines for Parkinson's disease, such as pramipexole (Mirapex ER) and medicines that contain levodopa (Dhivy, Duopa, others). Certain types of depression medicine called tricyclic antidepressants, including doxepin (Silenor) and imipramine (Tofranil). Medicines for erectile dysfunction, including sildenafil (Revatio, Viagra) or tadalafil (Adcirca, Alyq, others), especially when taken with the heart medicine nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Dur, others). | 2025-05-14 | 392 |
1026181e-8371-4e7e-8e2f-397603c3b617 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Certain types of depression medicine called tricyclic antidepressants, including doxepin (Silenor) and imipramine (Tofranil). Medicines for erectile dysfunction, including sildenafil (Revatio, Viagra) or tadalafil (Adcirca, Alyq, others), especially when taken with the heart medicine nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Dur, others). Risk factors Anyone can have low blood pressure. Risk factors for hypotension include: Age. Drops in blood pressure when standing up or after eating occur mainly in adults older than 65. Neurally mediated hypotension mainly affects children and younger adults. Medications. Certain medicines have the potential to cause low blood pressure. These include all medicines that treat high blood pressure. Certain diseases. Parkinson's disease, diabetes and some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure. Alcohol or illegal drugs. Either of these may raise the risk of low blood pressure. Complications Complications of low blood pressure can include: Dizzy feeling. Weakness. Injury from falls. Severely low blood pressure can lower the body's oxygen levels, which can lead to heart and brain damage. | 2025-05-14 | 239 |
1d7c2cba-16a5-432a-923d-850df3de367a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148 | Hypospadias | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Hypospadias Hypospadias Hypospadias Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). Hypospadias (hi-poe-SPAY-dee-us) is a condition that happens as the unborn baby, called a fetus, develops in the womb. The opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The urethra is the tube that drains urine from the bladder and out of the body. Hypospadias is common and doesn't cause difficulty in caring for your baby. Surgery usually can create a typical looking penis that works properly. With successful treatment of hypospadias, most men can pass urine properly. And with successful hypospadias treatment, the condition won't block sperm from fertilizing an egg. Symptoms In hypospadias, the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. In most cases, the opening of the urethra is within the head of the penis. Less often, the opening is at the middle or the base of the penis. Rarely, the opening is in or beneath the scrotum. Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. When to see a doctor Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. | 2025-05-14 | 391 |
3bcc6312-20e2-4126-930a-f055e6105a8f | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148 | Hypospadias | symptoms-causes | mayo | Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. When to see a doctor Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there's only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child's penis or if your child has problems passing urine. Causes Hypospadias is a condition that is present at birth. As the penis develops in a male unborn baby, certain hormones stimulate how the urethra and foreskin form. Hypospadias results from a change in the action of these hormones. This keeps the two sides of the urethral folds from joining completely. The location of the urethral opening depends on when the joining stopped. In most cases, the exact cause of hypospadias is not known. Sometimes, hypospadias is caused by gene changes, but environment also may play a role. Risk factors Although the cause of hypospadias is usually not known, these factors may be linked with the condition: Family history. This condition is more common in babies with a family history of hypospadias. Genetics. Some gene changes may play a role in changing the hormones that stimulate how the male genitals develop. Maternal age over 35. Some research suggests that there may be a higher risk of hypospadias in male babies born to women older than 35 years. Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy. | 2025-05-14 | 382 |
a5d88512-b654-4ce1-bb64-ee2c76afa3f7 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148 | Hypospadias | symptoms-causes | mayo | This condition is more common in babies with a family history of hypospadias. Genetics. Some gene changes may play a role in changing the hormones that stimulate how the male genitals develop. Maternal age over 35. Some research suggests that there may be a higher risk of hypospadias in male babies born to women older than 35 years. Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy. A link between hypospadias and a mother's exposure to certain hormones or certain compounds such as pesticides or industrial chemicals is being looked at. But more research is needed to confirm this link. Complications If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation. Sept. 12, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 184 |
04ff7dd3-3677-49cc-9695-2d764cf09bc6 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350599 | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | symptoms-causes | mayo | Todd and Karen Wanek Family Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome — Cause to Cure HLHS. HLHS. Hypo. Plastic. Left heart. Syndrome. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Whoa, that's a lot of words! What is HLHS? HLHS is when you're missing the bottom left of your heart. The left side of the heart, it doesn't pump blood as well as the right side. Kids who have HLHS, they all have like a big scar, because they had to have open heart surgery. I got the surgery when I was a baby. Three open heart surgeries – two when she was just born, and one when she was two. I just found out I was going to have a sister, and she was just born, but then she had to be rushed to get surgery, so it was kind of hard. My brother Henry had three surgeries. I have a scar on my heart. He has scars on his heart. I have stitches on my heart. I needed help. Children with HLHS may require a heart transplant later in life. The power of teamwork What makes a strong team is that people will help you feel better. I have a team. I have doctors. I have nurses. And they try and help me feel better. Everybody's working together to help Sophie stay healthy and feel like a normal girl. There's a lot of teams helping a child with HLHS. What we all really want, I guess, is just a cure for HLHS. What is hope? Hope is when you want something to happen. Hope is when you have confidence in something. HLHS research is like a lightsaber is to a Jedi Knight. The more research that we put into HLHS, the more lives will be saved, and the more ... closer we can get to developing a cure. I hope they all — all the kids with HLHS — be really strong and live a long life. | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
a1c665a8-b314-49f0-99b8-3572dd3199e1 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350599 | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | symptoms-causes | mayo | What is hope? Hope is when you want something to happen. Hope is when you have confidence in something. HLHS research is like a lightsaber is to a Jedi Knight. The more research that we put into HLHS, the more lives will be saved, and the more ... closer we can get to developing a cure. I hope they all — all the kids with HLHS — be really strong and live a long life. I hope that the doctors find the cure for HLHS. We're all part of the team. Join us. hlhsblog.mayoclinic.org | 2025-05-14 | 119 |
ce1e48b7-8f24-4667-9543-3d65f0122cac | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/symptoms-causes/syc-20355358 | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection | symptoms-causes | mayo | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus. Once infected, your body retains the virus for life. Most people don't know they have cytomegalovirus (CMV) because it rarely causes problems in healthy people. If you're pregnant or if your immune system is weakened, CMV is cause for concern. Women who develop an active CMV infection during pregnancy can pass the virus to their babies, who might then experience symptoms. For people who have weakened immune systems, especially people who have had an organ, stem cell or bone marrow transplant, CMV infection can be fatal. CMV spreads from person to person through body fluids, such as blood, saliva, urine, semen and breast milk. There is no cure, but there are medications that can help treat the symptoms. | 2025-05-14 | 164 |
c03d160e-0ae8-4be9-ad3b-f3600dbe7de8 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350480 | Dystonia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Dystonia is a movement disorder that causes the muscles to contract. This can cause twisting motions or other movements that happen repeatedly and that aren't under the person's control. When the condition affects one part of the body, it's called focal dystonia. When it affects two or more areas of the body next to each other, it's called segmental dystonia. When dystonia affects all parts of the body, it's known as general dystonia. The muscle spasms can range from mild to more serious. They may be painful, and they can affect the person's ability to complete daily tasks. There's no cure for dystonia, but medicines and therapy can improve symptoms. Surgery is sometimes used to disable or regulate nerves or certain brain regions in people with serious dystonia. Symptoms Dystonia affects different people in different ways. Muscle spasms might: Begin in a single area, such as your leg, neck or arm. Focal dystonia that begins after age 21 usually starts in the neck, arm or face. Although it tends to remain in the single area, it may spread to a neighboring area of the body. Occur during a specific action, such as writing by hand. Worsen with stress, fatigue or anxiety. Become more noticeable over time. Areas of the body that can be affected include: Neck. When the neck muscles are involved, it's called cervical dystonia. Contractions cause the head to twist and turn to one side. Or the head may pull forward or backward. Cervical dystonia sometimes causes pain. Eyelids. When muscles controlling eye blinks are involved, it's called blepharospasm. Rapid blinking or muscle spasms that cause your eyes to make it hard to see. The muscle spasms usually aren't painful. They might increase in bright light or while reading, watching TV or interacting with people. They also might increase under stress. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
b8ff5a66-c1dd-49d6-abf1-f6da65d3534b | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350480 | Dystonia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Or the head may pull forward or backward. Cervical dystonia sometimes causes pain. Eyelids. When muscles controlling eye blinks are involved, it's called blepharospasm. Rapid blinking or muscle spasms that cause your eyes to make it hard to see. The muscle spasms usually aren't painful. They might increase in bright light or while reading, watching TV or interacting with people. They also might increase under stress. The eyes might feel dry, gritty or sensitive to light. Jaw or tongue. When the muscles of the jaw and tongue are affected, it's called oromandibular dystonia. It can cause slurred speech, drooling, and trouble chewing or swallowing. This type of dystonia can be painful. It often occurs with cervical dystonia or blepharospasm. Voice box and vocal cords. When the voice box or vocal cords are affected, it's called laryngeal dystonia. It can cause a strained or whispering voice. Hand and forearm. Some types of dystonia occur only while doing an activity over and over, such as writing or playing a musical instrument. These are known as writer's dystonia and musician's dystonia. Symptoms usually don't happen when the arm is at rest. When to see a doctor Early symptoms of dystonia often are mild, occasional and linked to a specific activity. See a member of your healthcare team if you're having muscle contractions that you can't control. Causes The exact cause of dystonia isn't known. But it might involve changes in communication between nerve cells in several regions of the brain. Some forms of dystonia are passed down in families. Dystonia also can be a symptom of another disease or condition, including: Parkinson's disease. Huntington's disease. Wilson's disease. Traumatic brain injury. Birth injury. Stroke. | 2025-05-14 | 376 |
d1cce1c4-d915-454c-8f71-ec88f8778129 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350480 | Dystonia | symptoms-causes | mayo | See a member of your healthcare team if you're having muscle contractions that you can't control. Causes The exact cause of dystonia isn't known. But it might involve changes in communication between nerve cells in several regions of the brain. Some forms of dystonia are passed down in families. Dystonia also can be a symptom of another disease or condition, including: Parkinson's disease. Huntington's disease. Wilson's disease. Traumatic brain injury. Birth injury. Stroke. Brain tumor or certain conditions that develop in some people with cancer, known as paraneoplastic syndromes. Lack of oxygen or carbon monoxide poisoning. Infections, such as tuberculosis or encephalitis. Reactions to certain medicines or heavy metal poisoning. Risk factors Your risk for dystonia increases if you have a family history of the movement disorder. Women also have a higher risk. They have dystonia twice as often as men do. Another risk factor for dystonia is having a condition that causes dystonia, such as Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease. Complications Depending on the type of dystonia, complications can include: Physical disabilities that affect daily activities or specific tasks. Trouble with vision. Trouble moving the jaw, swallowing or speaking. Pain and fatigue from the constant contraction of your muscles. Depression, anxiety and social withdrawal. Jan. 25, 2025 | 2025-05-14 | 276 |
dc48be68-00a2-4a7d-acc9-716fda7b6f65 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eyestrain/symptoms-causes/syc-20372397 | Eyestrain | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Eyestrain is a common condition that occurs when your eyes get tired from intense use, such as while driving long distances or staring at computer screens and other digital devices. Eyestrain can be annoying. But it usually isn't serious, and it goes away once you rest your eyes or take other steps to reduce your eye discomfort. In some cases, symptoms of eyestrain can indicate an underlying eye condition that needs treatment. Symptoms Eyestrain symptoms include: Sore, tired, burning or itching eyes Watery or dry eyes Blurred or double vision Headache Sore neck, shoulders or back Increased sensitivity to light, called photophobia Difficulty concentrating Feeling that you cannot keep your eyes open When to see a doctor See an eye specialist if self-care steps don't relieve your eyestrain. Causes Common causes of eyestrain include: Looking at digital device screens Reading without pausing to rest your eyes Driving long distances and doing other activities involving focusing for a long time Being exposed to bright light or glare Straining to see in very dim light Having an underlying eye problem, such as dry eyes or uncorrected vision, called refractive error Being stressed or fatigued Being exposed to dry moving air from a fan, a heating system or an air-conditioning system Computer and digital device use Extended use of computers and other digital devices is one of the most common causes of eyestrain. The American Optometric Association calls this computer vision syndrome. It's also called digital eyestrain. People who look at screens two or more hours in a row every day have the greatest risk of this condition. | 2025-05-14 | 323 |
4c07ce0f-3f1e-46a6-b773-d0d864ac5fe5 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eyestrain/symptoms-causes/syc-20372397 | Eyestrain | symptoms-causes | mayo | The American Optometric Association calls this computer vision syndrome. It's also called digital eyestrain. People who look at screens two or more hours in a row every day have the greatest risk of this condition. Computer use strains eyes more than reading print material because people tend to: Blink less while using computers, and blinking is key to moistening the eyes View digital screens at less than ideal distances or angles Use devices that have glare or reflection Use devices with poor contrast between the text and the background In some cases, an underlying eye problem, such as eye muscle imbalance or uncorrected vision, can cause or worsen computer vision syndrome. Some other factors that can make the condition worse include: Glare on the screen Poor posture Setup of a computer workstation Circulating air, such as from air conditioning or a nearby fan Complications Eyestrain doesn't have serious or long-term consequences, but it can be aggravating and unpleasant. It can make you tired and reduce your ability to concentrate. July 02, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 206 |
21bf93ee-9988-4bfc-97b2-0c613ae775a1 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/symptoms-causes/syc-20355483 | Pectus excavatum | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Pectus excavatum Pectus excavatum Pectus excavatum Pectus excavatum is a condition in which the breastbone is sunken into the chest. If the condition is very serious, it can affect how well the heart and lungs work over time. Pectus excavatum is a condition in which the breastbone is sunken into the chest. The sunken breastbone often can be seen shortly after birth. If the breastbone sinks a lot over time, the center of the chest may look like it's been scooped out. This change leaves a deep dent or dip. But many people with the condition just have a slight dip in the breastbone. This condition also is known as funnel chest. But it can affect much more than the look of the chest. It also can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. The symptoms tend to become worse during the teenage growth spurt. The exact cause of pectus excavatum isn't clear. When the condition is serious, it can affect how well the heart and lungs work over time. But even mild pectus excavatum that causes a slight dip in the breastbone can make children feel self-conscious about their bodies. Surgery to repair pectus excavatum can improve symptoms and the appearance of the chest. But surgery isn't right for everyone with the condition. Other treatment choices may include physical therapy and medical devices. Symptoms For many people with pectus excavatum, the only symptom is a slight dip in their chests. In some children, the dip becomes deeper during early puberty. It can keep getting deeper into adulthood. In people with pectus excavatum, the breastbone may compress the lungs and heart. Symptoms can include: A fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. Chest pain. Loss of endurance that becomes worse over time. | 2025-05-14 | 388 |
3109e20b-fb8c-448c-a135-33a0ca642870 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/symptoms-causes/syc-20355483 | Pectus excavatum | symptoms-causes | mayo | Symptoms For many people with pectus excavatum, the only symptom is a slight dip in their chests. In some children, the dip becomes deeper during early puberty. It can keep getting deeper into adulthood. In people with pectus excavatum, the breastbone may compress the lungs and heart. Symptoms can include: A fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. Chest pain. Loss of endurance that becomes worse over time. Shortness of breath or extreme tiredness during physical activity. A high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing that's triggered by exercise. Fainting or dizziness. Frequent infections of the upper airway. Stress and concern about how the chest looks. When to see a doctor See a healthcare professional if you or your child has any symptoms of pectus excavatum. This is key if the symptoms become worse or if the chest keeps becoming more sunken. Causes The exact cause of pectus excavatum isn't known. Some experts think it has to do with connective tissue called cartilage. Cartilage that connects the breastbone to the ribs may develop in an irregular way. Genes may play a role in this process. Risk factors Pectus excavatum risk factors may include the following: Having a family history of pectus excavatum. Living with a connective tissue condition such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or osteogenesis imperfecta. Having a genetic condition such as Noonan syndrome or Turner syndrome. Complications Sometimes, pectus excavatum can lead to serious health issues called complications. The complications can affect the heart, lungs and mental health. Heart and lung trouble If the depth of the dent in the breastbone is serious, the lungs may not have enough room to fully expand. This also can squeeze the heart. The heart may be pushed to the left and may not pump blood as well as it should. | 2025-05-14 | 387 |
8fdbe67d-feec-4829-be1b-867fb2e041ce | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/symptoms-causes/syc-20355483 | Pectus excavatum | symptoms-causes | mayo | Having a genetic condition such as Noonan syndrome or Turner syndrome. Complications Sometimes, pectus excavatum can lead to serious health issues called complications. The complications can affect the heart, lungs and mental health. Heart and lung trouble If the depth of the dent in the breastbone is serious, the lungs may not have enough room to fully expand. This also can squeeze the heart. The heart may be pushed to the left and may not pump blood as well as it should. This can cause symptoms such as being less able to exercise, shortness of breath, fast heart rate, and chest pain or pressure. Self-image concerns Many people who have pectus excavatum also tend to have a hunched-forward posture. Their lower ribs may flare out and their shoulders may be rounded. Many feel stress over how their bodies look. They may stay away from activities where the chest can be seen, such as swimming. They also might wear clothes that hide the dip in the chest. | 2025-05-14 | 198 |
d088f436-efa3-4dbc-bba1-a7aa7148ffc8 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350289 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis The symptoms of hypothyroidism can be different from person to person. And they often look like symptoms of other health problems. Because of that, a diagnosis of hypothyroidism doesn't rely on symptoms alone. It's usually based on the results of blood tests. The first blood test typically done to diagnose hypothyroidism measures the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood. If it's high, the test is done again, along with a blood test for the thyroid hormone T-4 . If the results show that TSH is high and T-4 is low, then the diagnosis is hypothyroidism. In some cases, the thyroid hormone T-3 may be measured as well. If the second test shows high TSH but T-4 and T-3 are in the standard range, then the diagnosis is a condition called subclinical hypothyroidism. It usually doesn't cause any noticeable symptoms. TSH tests also play an important role in managing hypothyroidism over time. They help your health care provider find and maintain the right dosage of medication for you. The results of these blood tests can be affected by some medicines or supplements. This includes biotin, a vitamin taken as a stand-alone supplement or as part of a multivitamin. Before you have blood tests done, tell your health care provider about any medicines or supplements you take. Treatment Treatment for hypothyroidism usually includes taking the thyroid hormone medicine levothyroxine (Levo-T, Synthroid, others) every day. This medicine is taken by mouth. It returns hormone levels to a healthy range, eliminating symptoms of hypothyroidism. You'll likely start to feel better one or two weeks after you begin treatment. Treatment with levothyroxine likely will be lifelong. Because the dosage you need may change, your health care provider may check your TSH level every year. | 2025-05-14 | 394 |
fb9db00a-6629-4d67-a0fb-28bdd0f67d97 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350289 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | This medicine is taken by mouth. It returns hormone levels to a healthy range, eliminating symptoms of hypothyroidism. You'll likely start to feel better one or two weeks after you begin treatment. Treatment with levothyroxine likely will be lifelong. Because the dosage you need may change, your health care provider may check your TSH level every year. Finding the right dosage To find the right dosage of levothyroxine for you, your health care provider checks your level of TSH about 6 to 8 weeks after you start taking the medicine. You may need another blood test to check TSH again six months later. Too much levothyroxine can cause side effects, such as: Tiredness. Increased appetite. Sleep problems. Shakiness. Pounding of the heart, sometimes called heart palpitations. Levothyroxine typically causes no side effects when used in the correct dose. If you change brands of the medicine, tell your health care provider, as the dosage may need to change. If you have coronary artery disease or severe hypothyroidism, your health care provider may start treatment with a smaller amount of medicine and then slowly increase the dosage. This allows your heart to adjust to the rise in your body's metabolism. Taking levothyroxine correctly Levothyroxine is best taken on an empty stomach at the same time every day. Ideally, you take the hormone in the morning, and then wait 30 to 60 minutes before you eat or take other medicine. If you take the medicine at bedtime, wait to take it until at least four hours after your last meal or snack. Don't skip doses or stop taking the medicine because you feel better. If you do, it's likely that the symptoms of hypothyroidism will slowly return. If you miss a dose of levothyroxine, take two pills the next day. | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
9beb1d04-a9e1-43f8-aa3c-1216b68d7970 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350289 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | If you take the medicine at bedtime, wait to take it until at least four hours after your last meal or snack. Don't skip doses or stop taking the medicine because you feel better. If you do, it's likely that the symptoms of hypothyroidism will slowly return. If you miss a dose of levothyroxine, take two pills the next day. Some medicines, supplements and even some foods may affect your body's ability to absorb levothyroxine. Talk to your health care provider if you eat large amounts of soy products, or if you typically eat a high-fiber diet. Also, tell your provider if you take other medicines, especially: Iron supplements or multivitamins that contain iron. Aluminum hydroxide, which is found in some antacids. Calcium supplements. Subclinical hypothyroidism If you are diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism, talk about treatment with your health care provider. For a mild rise in TSH , thyroid hormone medicine may not be useful. If your TSH level is higher, but still in the subclinical range, thyroid hormones may improve some symptoms. Alternative medicine Most health care providers recommend taking the medicine levothyroxine to treat hypothyroidism. But an extract containing thyroid hormone derived from the thyroid glands of pigs is available. It is sometimes called desiccated thyroid extract. However, this treatment is not recommended because the amount of T-4 and T-3 in it may not be consistent from batch to batch. It is not safe for pregnant people to take desiccated thyroid extract because it can harm a fetus's development. Preparing for your appointment You'll likely start by seeing your primary health care provider. Or you may be referred to a specialist in hormone disorders, called an endocrinologist. Infants with hypothyroidism need to see a pediatric endocrinologist right away. Children or teens can start with their primary health care provider. | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
b13f9563-2dd5-499b-957e-016b77871fe9 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350289 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | It is not safe for pregnant people to take desiccated thyroid extract because it can harm a fetus's development. Preparing for your appointment You'll likely start by seeing your primary health care provider. Or you may be referred to a specialist in hormone disorders, called an endocrinologist. Infants with hypothyroidism need to see a pediatric endocrinologist right away. Children or teens can start with their primary health care provider. But they need to see a pediatric endocrinologist if there are any questions about levothyroxine or about the correct dosage of the medicine. Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your health care provider. What you can do Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do before you arrive. Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason you scheduled the appointment. Write down key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes. Make a list of all medicines, vitamins or supplements you're taking. Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who goes with you may remember something that you missed or forgot. Write down questions to ask your health care provider. Having a list of questions helps you make the most of your time with your health care provider. For hypothyroidism, some basic questions to ask include: What's the most likely cause of my symptoms? What tests do I need? Is my condition likely temporary or long lasting? What treatments are available, and which do you recommend? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there restrictions I need to follow? Should I see a specialist? Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing? Are there brochures or other printed material I can take with me? What websites do you recommend? Don't hesitate to ask other questions. | 2025-05-14 | 395 |
c75e892c-4c44-4e2d-b6ca-590520640623 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350289 | Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | What tests do I need? Is my condition likely temporary or long lasting? What treatments are available, and which do you recommend? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there restrictions I need to follow? Should I see a specialist? Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing? Are there brochures or other printed material I can take with me? What websites do you recommend? Don't hesitate to ask other questions. What to expect from your doctor Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions, including: When did you begin experiencing symptoms? Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional? How severe are your symptoms? What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? What, if anything, makes your symptoms worse? Do you have a family history of thyroid disease? Dec. 10, 2022 | 2025-05-14 | 177 |
b29256de-bb88-4f35-acbe-230d9babc471 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688 | Hypothermia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis The diagnosis of hypothermia usually is clear based on a person's symptoms. The conditions in which the person with hypothermia became ill or was found also often make the diagnosis clear. Blood tests can help confirm hypothermia and its severity. A diagnosis may not be clear, however, if the symptoms are mild. For example, hypothermia may not be considered when an older person who is indoors has symptoms of confusion, lack of coordination and speech problems. Treatment Seek immediate medical attention for anyone who appears to have hypothermia. Until medical help is available, follow these first-aid guidelines for hypothermia. First-aid tips Be gentle. When helping someone with hypothermia, handle them gently. Only move the person as much as is necessary. Don't massage or rub the person. Vigorous or jarring movements may trigger cardiac arrest. Move the person out of the cold. Move the person to a warm, dry location if possible. If moving is not possible, shield the person from the cold and wind as much as possible. The person should be kept in a flat position if possible. Remove wet clothing. If the person is wearing wet clothing, remove it. Cut away clothing if necessary to avoid too much movement. Cover the person with blankets. Use layers of dry blankets or coats to warm the person. Cover the person's head, leaving only the face exposed. Insulate the person's body from the cold ground. If you're outside, lay the person flat on a blanket or other warm surface. Monitor breathing. A person with severe hypothermia may appear unconscious, with no clear signs of a pulse or breathing. If the person's breathing has stopped or appears dangerously low or shallow, begin CPR right away if you're trained. Supply warm beverages. If the affected person is alert and able to swallow, give the person a warm, sweet, nonalcoholic, noncaffeinated drink. Warm drinks can help warm the body. | 2025-05-14 | 398 |
7e5b4f85-d765-4c3a-95f8-57aa9178bada | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688 | Hypothermia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Monitor breathing. A person with severe hypothermia may appear unconscious, with no clear signs of a pulse or breathing. If the person's breathing has stopped or appears dangerously low or shallow, begin CPR right away if you're trained. Supply warm beverages. If the affected person is alert and able to swallow, give the person a warm, sweet, nonalcoholic, noncaffeinated drink. Warm drinks can help warm the body. Use warm, dry compresses. Use first-aid warm compresses, which are plastic fluid-filled bags that warm up when squeezed. Other options include a makeshift compress of warm water in a plastic bottle or a dryer-warmed towel. Apply the compresses only to the neck, chest wall or groin. Don't apply them to the arms or legs. Heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body temperature to drop. This can be fatal. Don't apply direct heat. Don't use hot water, a heating pad or a heating lamp to warm the person. The extreme heat can damage the skin. It also can trigger irregular heartbeats that cause the heart to stop. Medical treatment Depending on the severity of hypothermia, emergency medical care for hypothermia may include one of the following interventions to raise the body temperature: Passive rewarming. For mild hypothermia, covering the person with heated blankets and offering them warm fluids to drink may be enough. Blood rewarming. Blood may be drawn, warmed and recirculated in the body. A common method of warming blood is the use of a hemodialysis machine, which is usually used to filter blood in people with poor kidney function. Heart bypass machines also may need to be used. Warm intravenous fluids. A warmed solution of salt water may be put into a vein to help warm the blood. Airway rewarming. | 2025-05-14 | 381 |
544f889a-f820-4e9f-a156-41176836b162 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688 | Hypothermia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Blood rewarming. Blood may be drawn, warmed and recirculated in the body. A common method of warming blood is the use of a hemodialysis machine, which is usually used to filter blood in people with poor kidney function. Heart bypass machines also may need to be used. Warm intravenous fluids. A warmed solution of salt water may be put into a vein to help warm the blood. Airway rewarming. The use of humidified oxygen, given through a mask or nasal tube, can warm the airways and help raise the temperature of the body. Irrigation. A warm saltwater solution may be used to warm certain areas of the body, such as the area around the lungs or the abdominal cavity. The warm liquid is delivered to the affected area through small tubes called catheters. April 16, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 169 |
b737796e-1e59-4c4b-ad9c-ae94c3ffe490 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355470 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis To find out if you have low blood pressure, also called hypotension, your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam. You're also asked questions about your medical history. The exam includes checking your blood pressure. You also can measure your blood pressure at home. Checking your blood pressure at home can help your healthcare professional diagnose high blood pressure earlier than usual. Ask a member of your healthcare team to: Help you pick a blood pressure monitor. Tell you how often to check your blood pressure. Explain what blood pressure numbers should prompt you to call the medical office right away. If you get a home blood pressure reading at or just below 90/60 mm Hg, it's not always a cause for concern. Your healthcare professional might tell you that the reading is OK for you, especially if you have no symptoms. Tests Tilt table test Tilt table test Tilt table test Someone having a tilt table test begins by lying flat on a table. Straps hold the person in place. After lying flat for a while, the table is tilted to a position that mimics standing. The healthcare professional watches how the heart and the nervous system that controls it respond to the changes in position. Other tests may be done to find out the cause of low blood pressure. Blood tests can help find symptoms of other conditions that can lower blood pressure. These include low blood sugar, also called hypoglycemia; high blood sugar, also called hyperglycemia or diabetes; and a low red blood cell count, also called anemia. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test measures the electrical activity of the heart. During an ECG, sensors called electrodes are attached to the chest and sometimes to the arms or legs. Wires attached to the sensors connect to a machine that displays or prints out results. An ECG shows how fast or slow the heart is beating. | 2025-05-14 | 388 |
e511aa8c-e95b-4c6c-9a8b-dd758477fa8e | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355470 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test measures the electrical activity of the heart. During an ECG, sensors called electrodes are attached to the chest and sometimes to the arms or legs. Wires attached to the sensors connect to a machine that displays or prints out results. An ECG shows how fast or slow the heart is beating. It can be used to detect a current or previous heart attack. Tilt table test. A tilt table test can study how the body reacts to changes in position. The test involves lying on a table that's tilted to raise the upper part of the body. This mimics the movement from lying down to standing up. Straps hold the body in place. Heart rate and blood pressure are tracked during the test. Treatment Compression stockings Compression stockings Compression stockings Compression stockings, also called support stockings, press on the legs, improving blood flow. A stocking butler may help with putting on the stockings. Low blood pressure without symptoms or with only mild symptoms rarely requires treatment. If low blood pressure causes symptoms, the treatment depends on the cause. For instance, if medicine causes low blood pressure, your healthcare professional may recommend changing or stopping the medicine. Or the dose of medicine might be lowered. Don't change or stop taking your medicine without first talking to your healthcare professional. If the cause of low blood pressure isn't clear or if no treatment exists, the goal is to raise blood pressure and relieve symptoms. Depending on your age, health and the type of low blood pressure you have, there are various ways to do this: Use more salt. Experts usually recommend limiting table salt and foods high in sodium. That's because salt and sodium can raise blood pressure, sometimes by a lot. For people with low blood pressure, though, that can be a good thing. But too much salt or sodium can lead to heart failure, especially in older adults. | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
2ab64e14-b707-4205-b471-f6c8f897bd63 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355470 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Depending on your age, health and the type of low blood pressure you have, there are various ways to do this: Use more salt. Experts usually recommend limiting table salt and foods high in sodium. That's because salt and sodium can raise blood pressure, sometimes by a lot. For people with low blood pressure, though, that can be a good thing. But too much salt or sodium can lead to heart failure, especially in older adults. So it's important to check with a healthcare professional before eating more salt or high-sodium foods. Drink more water. Fluids increase blood volume and help prevent dehydration, both of which are important in treating hypotension. Wear compression stockings. Also called support stockings, these elastic stockings are often used to relieve the pain and swelling of varicose veins. They improve blood flow from the legs to the heart. Some people have an easier time using compression belts around the stomach area than they do using compression stockings. The compression belts are called abdominal binders. Medicines. Various medicines can treat low blood pressure that occurs when standing up, also called orthostatic hypotension. For example, the drug fludrocortisone boosts blood volume. It's often used to treat orthostatic hypotension. If you have long-term orthostatic hypotension, midodrine (Orvaten) may be prescribed to raise standing blood pressure levels. This medicine lessens the ability of the blood vessels to expand, which raises blood pressure. Lifestyle and home remedies Depending on the reason for low blood pressure, the following lifestyle and home remedies might help ease or prevent symptoms: Drink more water, less alcohol. Alcohol is dehydrating and can lower blood pressure, even in moderation. Water boosts the amount of blood in the body and prevents dehydration. Pay attention to body positions. Gently move from lying flat or squatting to a standing position. Don't sit with legs crossed. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
333d6484-9bb8-49b4-a8bc-122cf722b40b | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355470 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Lifestyle and home remedies Depending on the reason for low blood pressure, the following lifestyle and home remedies might help ease or prevent symptoms: Drink more water, less alcohol. Alcohol is dehydrating and can lower blood pressure, even in moderation. Water boosts the amount of blood in the body and prevents dehydration. Pay attention to body positions. Gently move from lying flat or squatting to a standing position. Don't sit with legs crossed. If symptoms of low blood pressure begin while standing, cross the thighs like a pair of scissors and squeeze. Or put one foot on a ledge or chair and lean as far forward as you can. These moves encourage blood flow from the legs to the heart. Eat small, low-carb meals. To help prevent blood pressure from dropping sharply after meals, eat small meals several times a day. Limit high-carbohydrate foods such as potatoes, rice, pasta and bread. A healthcare professional also might recommend drinking one or two strong cups of caffeinated coffee or tea with breakfast. Caffeine can cause dehydration, though, so be sure to drink plenty of water and other fluids without caffeine. Exercise regularly. As a general goal, work up to at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise a week. For example, you could aim to get about 30 minutes of activity most days. Also, aim to do strength-training exercises at least twice a week. But try not to exercise in hot, humid conditions. Preparing for your appointment You don't have to take any special steps to prepare to have your blood pressure checked. Don't stop taking medicines you think might affect your blood pressure without a healthcare professional's advice. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do Make a list of: Symptoms. Include any that do not seem related to low blood pressure, and when they occur. Blood pressure readings. If you track your blood pressure at home, keep a log of your blood pressure readings. | 2025-05-14 | 397 |
1b2ba68d-fbd4-4191-8cce-967a172b9aad | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355470 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Don't stop taking medicines you think might affect your blood pressure without a healthcare professional's advice. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do Make a list of: Symptoms. Include any that do not seem related to low blood pressure, and when they occur. Blood pressure readings. If you track your blood pressure at home, keep a log of your blood pressure readings. Note multiple readings at different times of day. Also note when you have symptoms and whether they happened when your blood pressure was low. Important personal information. Include any family history of low blood pressure and major stresses or recent life changes. All medicines, vitamins or other supplements you use. Include the doses you take. Questions to ask your healthcare professional. For low blood pressure, basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: What is likely causing my symptoms or condition? What are other possible causes? What tests will I need? What's the most appropriate treatment? How often should I be screened for low blood pressure? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there restrictions I need to follow? Should I see a specialist? Are there brochures or other printed materials I can have? What websites do you recommend? Feel free to ask other questions. What to expect from your doctor Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you questions, including: Do you always have symptoms of low blood pressure, or do they come and go? How severe are your symptoms? What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? What, if anything, appears to make your symptoms worse? Do you have a family history of heart disease? | 2025-05-14 | 332 |
16accf81-7ad5-42de-abdf-9b7b6adbbad6 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355153 | Hypospadias | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis Your child's pediatrician can diagnose hypospadias based on a physical exam. You'll likely be referred to a surgeon who specializes in genital and urinary conditions, called a pediatric urologist, for more evaluation. Medical centers with specialty teams can help you look at treatment options and can provide expert treatment. When the opening of the urethra is not at the tip of the penis and the testicles can't be felt on exam, the genitals may be hard to identify as clearly male or female. This is called atypical genitalia. When this happens, more evaluation by a multispecialty team is recommended. Treatment Some forms of hypospadias are very minor and do not need surgery. But treatment usually involves surgery to put the urethral opening at the tip of the penis. If needed, surgery to straighten the shaft of the penis also is done. Surgery usually takes place between the ages of 6 and 12 months. Circumcision likely won't be done if the penis looks different from usual. Instead, the foreskin tissue may be left in place for use during surgery to create a penis that looks and works properly. If hypospadias is found during circumcision, the procedure is usually finished. In either situation, referral to a pediatric urologist is recommended. Surgery For most forms of hypospadias, treatment involves a single surgery that's done on an outpatient basis. Some forms of hypospadias require more than one surgery. When the urethral opening is near the base of the penis, the surgeon may need to use tissue grafts from the foreskin or from the inside of the mouth to reconstruct the urinary channel in the proper position. Results of surgery For most men, surgery is highly successful. Most of the time the penis looks typical after surgery. Most men can pass urine properly. | 2025-05-14 | 382 |
3a1c0ba2-835a-423b-8301-a4bbd7e6c4fc | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355153 | Hypospadias | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Some forms of hypospadias require more than one surgery. When the urethral opening is near the base of the penis, the surgeon may need to use tissue grafts from the foreskin or from the inside of the mouth to reconstruct the urinary channel in the proper position. Results of surgery For most men, surgery is highly successful. Most of the time the penis looks typical after surgery. Most men can pass urine properly. And with successful hypospadias treatment, the condition won't block sperm from fertilizing an egg. Occasionally, a hole called a fistula develops along the underside of the penis where the new urinary channel was created. This results in urine leaking. Rarely, there is a problem with wound healing or scarring. These complications may need another surgery for repair. Follow-up care Your child will need a couple of visits to the surgeon after surgery. After that, regular follow-up with your child's pediatric urologist is recommended after toilet training and at puberty to check for healing and possible complications. Preparing for your appointment Most often, babies with hypospadias are diagnosed while still in the hospital after birth. If your baby has hypospadias, you'll likely be referred to a pediatric urologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do Before the appointment: Ask a family member or friend to go with you — that person can help you remember information and provide support. Make a list of questions to ask your doctor or other healthcare professional. Questions to ask might include: Does my child need to have surgery? When is the best time for surgery? What are the risks with this surgery? What happens if my child doesn't have the surgery? Will this condition affect my child's fertility or sexual function later in life? What is the likelihood of future children having the same condition? Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can have? | 2025-05-14 | 398 |
f70fcdbe-db55-44fe-a19a-0c0063252e20 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355153 | Hypospadias | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Make a list of questions to ask your doctor or other healthcare professional. Questions to ask might include: Does my child need to have surgery? When is the best time for surgery? What are the risks with this surgery? What happens if my child doesn't have the surgery? Will this condition affect my child's fertility or sexual function later in life? What is the likelihood of future children having the same condition? Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you suggest? Feel free to ask other questions during the appointment. What to expect from your doctor Be ready to answer questions from your baby's healthcare professional, such as: Has anyone else in your family been diagnosed with hypospadias? Does your child's penis curve downward during an erection? Have you noticed any unusual spraying when your child passes urine? Sept. 12, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 180 |
6a6218f8-f555-4084-9610-579ee4e7bcfa | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350605 | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis To diagnose hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), a healthcare professional examines the baby and listens to the baby's heart. The healthcare professional may hear a sound called a heart murmur. Rushing blood flow causes this sound. Tests Tests used to find hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) in the baby before or after birth may include: Pregnancy ultrasound. A routine ultrasound exam during the second trimester of pregnancy usually can tell if the baby has HLHS. Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to make pictures of the heart. It shows how blood flows through the heart. It can be used after a baby is born to diagnose hypoplastic left heart syndrome. If a baby has HLHS, the test might find that the lower left heart chamber and heart valves are small. The body's main artery, called the aorta, also may be small. Treatment A baby born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) needs urgent treatment. Treatment can include many surgeries or a heart transplant. Medicines and other therapies are used to manage symptoms before heart surgery. Talk with your child's healthcare professional about treatment options for your child. If hypoplastic left heart syndrome is found before birth, healthcare professionals usually recommend giving birth at a hospital with a cardiac surgery center. Medications The medicine alprostadil (Prostin VR Pediatric) is used to keep the ductus arteriosus open. It typically closes in all babies soon after birth. But in babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the ductus needs to stay open so that blood can go to the rest of the body. Therapies While waiting for surgery or a heart transplant, a baby with hypoplastic left heart syndrome may be given medicine and have these treatments: Breathing help. Babies who have trouble breathing may need help from a breathing machine called a ventilator. Fluids through a vein. | 2025-05-14 | 389 |
65a5e2ec-2d34-48e6-9393-33576398f437 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350605 | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | It typically closes in all babies soon after birth. But in babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the ductus needs to stay open so that blood can go to the rest of the body. Therapies While waiting for surgery or a heart transplant, a baby with hypoplastic left heart syndrome may be given medicine and have these treatments: Breathing help. Babies who have trouble breathing may need help from a breathing machine called a ventilator. Fluids through a vein. A baby might receive fluids through a tube inserted into a vein. These are called intravenous (IV) fluids. Feeding tube. Babies who have trouble feeding or who tire while feeding can be fed through a feeding tube. Surgery or other procedures Most children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome need several surgeries. Atrial septostomy. This treatment uses tubes called catheters and a balloon to make or widen an opening between the heart's upper chambers. It lets more blood flow between the upper two chambers of the heart. This treatment is done if the foramen ovale closes or is too small. Babies born with a hole in the heart, called an atrial septal defect, might not need atrial septostomy. Other surgeries can make separate pathways to get the correct blood flow to the body and lungs. The surgeries are done in three stages. Norwood procedure. This surgery is often done within the first two weeks of life. There are various ways to do this treatment. Surgeons rebuild the aorta and connect it to the heart's lower right chamber. Then they add a tube called a shunt to provide the lungs with blood. The surgeons may use one of two types of tubes. One type of tube connects the body's main artery to the arteries leading to the lungs. Those are the pulmonary arteries. The other type of tube goes from the right lower heart chamber to the pulmonary arteries. | 2025-05-14 | 381 |
ed63c526-aaa0-472b-9b3a-f94bb70cc890 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350605 | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | There are various ways to do this treatment. Surgeons rebuild the aorta and connect it to the heart's lower right chamber. Then they add a tube called a shunt to provide the lungs with blood. The surgeons may use one of two types of tubes. One type of tube connects the body's main artery to the arteries leading to the lungs. Those are the pulmonary arteries. The other type of tube goes from the right lower heart chamber to the pulmonary arteries. This treatment lets the right lower heart chamber pump blood to both the lungs and the body. Sometimes, a mixed, also called hybrid, procedure is done. Heart surgeons place a stent in the ductus arteriosus to maintain the opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Then they place bands around the pulmonary arteries to reduce blood flow to the lungs. They also make an opening between the upper chambers of the heart. After the Norwood procedure, a baby's skin often is still slightly still slightly blue or gray. This is because oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood continue to mix within the heart. The blue or gray color may be easier or harder to see in some babies. Once a baby has this treatment, the odds of survival can go up. Bidirectional Glenn procedure. This tends to be the second surgery. It's usually done when a child is between 4 and 6 months of age. It involves removing the first shunt and connecting the large vein that drains blood from the head and arms to the pulmonary artery. Now the lungs receive blood from the vein instead of the shunt. The large vein is called the superior vena cava. This surgery lessens the work of the right lower heart chamber by letting it pump blood mainly to the aorta. It also lets most of the oxygen-poor blood returning from the body flow directly into the lungs. After this treatment, all the blood returning from the upper body flows to the lungs. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
1d0e6c45-38cf-49eb-a851-cf29745539d4 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350605 | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Now the lungs receive blood from the vein instead of the shunt. The large vein is called the superior vena cava. This surgery lessens the work of the right lower heart chamber by letting it pump blood mainly to the aorta. It also lets most of the oxygen-poor blood returning from the body flow directly into the lungs. After this treatment, all the blood returning from the upper body flows to the lungs. So blood with more oxygen is pumped to the aorta to supply organs and tissues throughout the body. Fontan procedure. This surgery usually is done when a child is between 3 and 4 years of age. The surgeon creates a path for the blood from the lower legs to flow directly into the pulmonary arteries. The vessel involved is called the inferior vena cava. The pulmonary arteries then send the blood into the lungs. The Fontan procedure lets the rest of the oxygen-poor blood returning from the body flow to the lungs. After this surgery, there's little mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the heart. So the skin should no longer look blue or gray. Heart transplant. Many babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome need a heart transplant. ( 8) Children who have heart transplants need to take medicines for life to so that their bodies don't reject the donor heart. Follow-up care After surgery or a transplant, a baby needs lifelong care with a heart doctor trained in congenital heart disease to watch for complications. Your child may need further treatment or other medicines for these complications. Some children may need to take antibiotics before certain dental or other procedures to help prevent infections. Ask your child's healthcare professional if your child needs preventive antibiotics. Some children also may need to limit physical activity. Follow-up care for adults Adults who were born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) need to see a heart doctor trained in congenital heart disease in adults. | 2025-05-14 | 388 |
c601ce1c-9e02-477d-88ae-01fc8571963e | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350605 | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Your child may need further treatment or other medicines for these complications. Some children may need to take antibiotics before certain dental or other procedures to help prevent infections. Ask your child's healthcare professional if your child needs preventive antibiotics. Some children also may need to limit physical activity. Follow-up care for adults Adults who were born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) need to see a heart doctor trained in congenital heart disease in adults. Recent advances in surgical care have helped children with HLHS grow into adulthood. So it's not yet clear what challenges an adult with the heart condition might have. Adults need regular, lifelong follow-up care to watch for changes in the condition. People thinking about becoming pregnant should talk with their healthcare professionals about pregnancy risks and birth control options. Having hypoplastic left heart syndrome raises the risk of: Heart and blood vessel problems during pregnancy. Miscarriage. A baby being born with a congenital heart defect. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Coping and support It can be challenging to live with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) or to care for a baby with the condition. These tips may help: Seek support. Ask family members and friends for help. Caregivers need breaks. Talk with your child's heart doctor, also called cardiologist, about support groups and other types of help. And think about meeting with a counselor or therapist if you often feel anxious, sad or too stressed. If you're a teen or an adult with HLHS, ask your healthcare team if there are support groups for people your age with congenital heart disease. It can be helpful to talk to other people who share your challenges. Keep health records. Write down your or your baby's diagnosis, medicines, surgery and other treatments. Include the dates of treatment and the name and phone number of the doctor or surgeon. | 2025-05-14 | 395 |
8c9092f8-20fb-4551-9a5e-ba950709deae | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350605 | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | If you're a teen or an adult with HLHS, ask your healthcare team if there are support groups for people your age with congenital heart disease. It can be helpful to talk to other people who share your challenges. Keep health records. Write down your or your baby's diagnosis, medicines, surgery and other treatments. Include the dates of treatment and the name and phone number of the doctor or surgeon. Also note emergency contact numbers for healthcare professionals and hospitals. Include a copy of surgery reports in your records. This information helps you keep track of the care received. It is helpful for any new healthcare professionals who don't know your or your child's health history. This information also is helpful when your child moves from pediatric care to adult cardiology care. Talk about your concerns. Talk with your child's healthcare team about which activities are safest for your child. If some are off-limits, encourage your child in other hobbies. If you are an adult with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, ask your healthcare professional about activities you can do Jan. 21, 2025 | 2025-05-14 | 217 |
a9eb17f3-569d-42bf-aa21-a33d982a0c6a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355364 | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | During pregnancy and after delivery If you're pregnant, testing to determine whether you've ever been infected with CMV can be important. Pregnant women who have already developed CMV antibodies have a very small chance of a reactivation infecting their unborn children. If your doctor detects a new CMV infection while you're pregnant, a prenatal test (amniocentesis) can determine whether the fetus has been infected. In this test, your doctor takes and examines a sample of amniotic fluid. Amniocentesis is generally recommended when abnormalities that might be caused by CMV are seen on ultrasound. If your doctor suspects your baby has congenital CMV , it's important to test the baby within the first three weeks of birth. If your baby has CMV , your doctor likely will recommend additional tests to check the health of the baby's organs, such as the liver and kidneys. | 2025-05-14 | 181 |
6586d800-9498-4452-b3fe-2bc43c96e5b5 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350484 | Dystonia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis To diagnose dystonia, your healthcare team starts with a medical history and physical exam. To look for conditions that may be causing your symptoms, you might need: Blood or urine tests. These tests can reveal signs of toxins or of other conditions. MRI or CT scan. These imaging tests look for changes in your brain, such as tumors or evidence of a stroke. Electromyography (EMG). This test measures the electrical activity within muscles. Genetic testing. Some forms of dystonia are associated with certain genes. Knowing if you have these genes can help guide treatment. Treatment To manage dystonia, your healthcare professional might recommend a combination of medicines, therapy or surgery. Medicines Injections of botulinum toxin (Botox, Dysport, others) into specific muscles might reduce or stop your muscle spasms. Injections usually are repeated every 3 to 4 months. Side effects are generally mild and temporary. They can include weakness, dry mouth or voice changes. Other medicines target chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters that affect muscle movement. The options include: Carbidopa-levodopa (Duopa, Rytary, others). This medicine can increase levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Levodopa also may be used as a trial to help diagnose certain types of dystonia. Trihexyphenidyl and benztropine. These two medicines act on neurotransmitters other than dopamine. Side effects can include memory loss, blurred vision, drowsiness, dry mouth and constipation. Tetrabenazine (Xenazine) and deutetrabenazine (Austedo). These medicines block dopamine. Side effects can include sedation, nervousness, depression or insomnia. Diazepam (Valium, Diastat, others), clonazepam (Klonopin) and baclofen (Lioresal, Gablofen, others). | 2025-05-14 | 384 |
47e88fd5-5f97-445e-9b57-c7839311e372 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350484 | Dystonia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Side effects can include memory loss, blurred vision, drowsiness, dry mouth and constipation. Tetrabenazine (Xenazine) and deutetrabenazine (Austedo). These medicines block dopamine. Side effects can include sedation, nervousness, depression or insomnia. Diazepam (Valium, Diastat, others), clonazepam (Klonopin) and baclofen (Lioresal, Gablofen, others). These medicines reduce neurotransmission and might help some forms of dystonia. They may cause side effects, such as drowsiness. Therapy You also might need: Physical therapy or occupational therapy or both to help ease symptoms and improve function. Speech therapy if dystonia affects your voice. Stretching or massage to ease muscle pain. Surgery If your symptoms are serious, surgery might help. There are a few types of surgery to treat dystonia: Deep brain stimulation. Electrodes are surgically implanted into a specific part of your brain and connected to a generator implanted in your chest. The generator sends electrical pulses to your brain that might help control your muscle contractions. The settings on the generator can be adjusted to treat your specific condition. Selective denervation surgery. This procedure involves cutting the nerves that control muscle spasms. It might be an option when other treatments for cervical dystonia haven't worked. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies Dystonia has no cure, but you can do several things to manage symptoms: Sensory tricks to reduce spasms. Touching certain parts of your body may cause spasms to stop temporarily. Heat or cold. Applying heat or cold can help ease muscle pain. Stress management. Learn effective coping skills to manage stress, such as deep breathing, social support and positive self-talk. | 2025-05-14 | 383 |
b00a8431-fcc0-44c8-a66e-9a29804e0551 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350484 | Dystonia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Lifestyle and home remedies Dystonia has no cure, but you can do several things to manage symptoms: Sensory tricks to reduce spasms. Touching certain parts of your body may cause spasms to stop temporarily. Heat or cold. Applying heat or cold can help ease muscle pain. Stress management. Learn effective coping skills to manage stress, such as deep breathing, social support and positive self-talk. Alternative medicine Alternative treatments for dystonia haven't been well studied. Ask your healthcare team about complementary treatments before you start them. Consider: Meditation and deep breathing. Both might ease stress that can worsen spasms. Biofeedback. A therapist uses electronic devices to monitor your body's functions, such as muscle tension, heart rate and blood pressure. You then learn how to control your body responses, which might help reduce muscle tension and stress. Yoga combines physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation or relaxation. Coping and support Living with dystonia can be difficult and frustrating. Your body might not always move as you would like, and you may be uncomfortable in social situations. You and your family might find it helpful to talk to a therapist or join a support group. Preparing for your appointment You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the nervous system, known as a neurologist. What you can do Write down your symptoms, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason why you scheduled the appointment. Make a list of all your medicines, vitamins and supplements. Write down your key medical information, including other conditions. Write down key personal information, including any recent changes or stressors in your life. Ask a relative or friend to accompany you, to help you remember what your healthcare professional says. Write down questions to ask your healthcare professional. Questions to ask your healthcare professional What's the most likely cause of my symptoms? What kinds of tests do I need? Do they require any special preparation? Is my condition likely temporary or chronic? | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
baeb0707-490f-4ea6-933e-caee0f739f5c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350484 | Dystonia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Write down your key medical information, including other conditions. Write down key personal information, including any recent changes or stressors in your life. Ask a relative or friend to accompany you, to help you remember what your healthcare professional says. Write down questions to ask your healthcare professional. Questions to ask your healthcare professional What's the most likely cause of my symptoms? What kinds of tests do I need? Do they require any special preparation? Is my condition likely temporary or chronic? What treatments are available? What side effects can I expect from these treatments? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask, don't hesitate to ask other questions during your appointment. What to expect from your doctor Your healthcare professional may ask you some questions. Being ready to answer them may give you more time to focus on your concerns. You may be asked: When did you first notice your symptoms? Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional? How severe are your symptoms? What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms? Has anyone in your family ever been diagnosed with dystonia? Jan. 25, 2025 | 2025-05-14 | 248 |
cf4a8c14-5c95-44be-a61f-718bb6f383d6 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eyestrain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372403 | Eyestrain | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis Your eye specialist will ask you questions about factors that might be causing your symptoms. You may have an eye exam during your visit, including a vision test. Treatment Generally, treatment for eyestrain consists of making changes in your daily habits or environment. Some people may need treatment for an underlying eye condition. For some people, wearing glasses that are prescribed for specific activities, such as for computer use or for reading, helps reduce eyestrain. Your eye specialist may suggest that you take regular eye breaks to help your eyes focus at different distances. Lifestyle and home remedies Consider these tips to reduce or prevent eyestrain. Adjust the lighting. When watching television, it may be easier on your eyes if you keep the room softly lit. When reading printed materials or doing work, try to position the light source behind you and direct the light onto your page or task. If you're reading at a desk, use a shaded light positioned in front of you. The shade will keep light from shining directly into your eyes. Take breaks. When reading or doing work, take occasional breaks and rest your eyes by looking away from the page, digital screen or task. Limit screen time. This is especially important for children, who may not make the connection between extended viewing, eyestrain and the need to rest their eyes regularly. Use artificial tears. Nonprescription artificial tears can help prevent and relieve dry eyes. Use them even when your eyes feel fine to keep them well lubricated and prevent a recurrence of symptoms. Your eye specialist can suggest which eye drops might be best for you. Avoid eye drops with a redness remover, as these may worsen dry eye symptoms. Eye drops that don't contain preservatives can be used as often as you need. If you use eye drops containing preservatives, you may develop a sensitivity to the preservative if you use the drops more than four times a day. If this occurs, switching to preservative-free eye drops can be helpful. | 2025-05-14 | 398 |
aa97acc9-accf-4bc9-97ce-011842605257 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eyestrain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372403 | Eyestrain | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Your eye specialist can suggest which eye drops might be best for you. Avoid eye drops with a redness remover, as these may worsen dry eye symptoms. Eye drops that don't contain preservatives can be used as often as you need. If you use eye drops containing preservatives, you may develop a sensitivity to the preservative if you use the drops more than four times a day. If this occurs, switching to preservative-free eye drops can be helpful. However, don't use them more than four times a day. Improve the air quality of your space. Some changes that may help prevent dry eyes include using a humidifier, adjusting the thermostat to reduce blowing air and avoiding smoke. If you smoke, consider quitting. Moving your chair to a different area may help reduce the amount of dry moving air on your eyes and face. Choose the right eyewear for you. If you need glasses or contacts and work at a computer, consider investing in glasses or contact lenses designed specifically for computer work. Ask your optometrist about lens coatings and tints that might help too. Tips for computer work Computer use is a common cause of eyestrain. If you work at a desk and use a computer, these self-care steps can help take some of the strain off your eyes. Blink often to refresh your eyes. Many people blink less than usual when working at a computer, which can contribute to dry eyes. Blinking produces tears that moisten and refresh your eyes. Try to make it a habit to blink more often when looking at a monitor. Take eye breaks. Throughout the day, give your eyes a break by looking away from your monitor. Try the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds. Check the lighting and reduce glare. Bright lighting and too much glare can strain your eyes and make it difficult to see objects on your monitor. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
70172796-ee71-4464-813a-eac81d6f1513 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eyestrain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372403 | Eyestrain | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Try to make it a habit to blink more often when looking at a monitor. Take eye breaks. Throughout the day, give your eyes a break by looking away from your monitor. Try the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds. Check the lighting and reduce glare. Bright lighting and too much glare can strain your eyes and make it difficult to see objects on your monitor. The worst problems are generally from sources above or behind you, including fluorescent lighting and sunlight. Consider turning off some or all of the overhead lights. If you need light for writing or reading, use an adjustable desk lamp. blinds or shades, and avoid placing your monitor directly in front of a window or white wall. Place an anti-glare cover over the screen. Adjust your monitor. Position your monitor directly in front of you about an arm's length away so that the top of the screen is at or just below eye level. It also helps to have a chair you can adjust. Use a document holder. If you need to refer to print material while you work on your computer, place it on a document holder. Some holders are designed to be placed between the keyboard and the monitor; others are placed to the side. Find one that works for you. The goal is to reduce how much your eyes need to readjust and how often you turn your neck and head. Adjust your screen settings. Enlarge the type for easier reading. And adjust the contrast and brightness to a level that's comfortable for you. Alternative medicine Some eyestrain symptoms may be relieved by natural products, such as the omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil, but further study is needed. Talk with your eye specialist if you're considering supplements to help relieve your symptoms. Preparing for your appointment If you have eye discomfort, headache or vision changes that don't improve with self-care, make an appointment with an eye specialist. | 2025-05-14 | 395 |
a90da7b3-e744-4e65-bced-be5260a6b01a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eyestrain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372403 | Eyestrain | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Enlarge the type for easier reading. And adjust the contrast and brightness to a level that's comfortable for you. Alternative medicine Some eyestrain symptoms may be relieved by natural products, such as the omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil, but further study is needed. Talk with your eye specialist if you're considering supplements to help relieve your symptoms. Preparing for your appointment If you have eye discomfort, headache or vision changes that don't improve with self-care, make an appointment with an eye specialist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do List any symptoms you've been having and for how long. List your key medical information, including any other medical conditions and any medications, vitamins and supplements you're taking. Keep a daily log of the time you spend on activities that strain your eyes, such as looking at digital devices, reading and being exposed to glare. List questions to ask during your appointment. Creating a list of questions can help you make the most of your time. For eyestrain, some basic questions to ask include: What is likely causing my symptoms? What are other possible causes? Do I need any tests to confirm the diagnosis? What treatment approach do you recommend? What changes could I make to my work or home environment, including my computer desk, to help reduce symptoms? What other self-care measures might help me? Do I need to return for a follow-up appointment? What to expect from your doctor Your eye specialist may ask a number of questions, such as: What are your symptoms? When did you first notice these symptoms? Have your symptoms changed over time? How severe is your discomfort? Do you use a computer? If so, how is it set up? Do you work in an air-conditioned environment, or does a fan or vent blow air around your face? How much time do you spend on digital devices each day? Does anything in particular seem to trigger your symptoms? Does anything help relieve your symptoms? | 2025-05-14 | 400 |
7402eea9-90bf-408a-b46d-22f9bafc4856 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eyestrain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372403 | Eyestrain | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | When did you first notice these symptoms? Have your symptoms changed over time? How severe is your discomfort? Do you use a computer? If so, how is it set up? Do you work in an air-conditioned environment, or does a fan or vent blow air around your face? How much time do you spend on digital devices each day? Does anything in particular seem to trigger your symptoms? Does anything help relieve your symptoms? When was your last vision exam? July 02, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 101 |
d30c31c6-c5c2-4f80-beb7-fd1ce42b76e6 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355488 | Pectus excavatum | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital birth defect. One out of 400 babies is born with a chest wall that doesn't form properly and becomes concave. Kids with pectus routinely have surgery. Adults have either had to live with it or face major more complicated operations. Now, doctors at Mayo Clinic are performing the same surgery for kids on adults and improving the lives of many people. We're doing a repair of a deformity of the chest wall, called a pectus excavatum. Dr. Dawn Jaroszewski is a thoracic surgeon, who specializes in pectus repair. It was once thought that these deformities were all cosmetic and it didn't affect the patient at all. And now, we're finding out that people can have very severe heart and lung problems. A couple of years ago, I developed a little bit of a wheezey cough. Michelle Kroeger had a mild case of pectus that got worse over time. When I'd be running, it'd be harder and harder. I'd get more short of breath. And then I was getting more palpitations in my heart, chest pain. You can see here this very narrow space between her spine here and her chest. The concave chest was compressing Michelle's lung, and it shifted her heart to the left. Traditional surgery for adults means major surgery, opening the chest, and remodeling the chest wall. But Dr. Jaroszewski uses a much less invasive technique that was once only used for children. First, Dr. Jaroszewski makes small incisions on either side of the patient. Then, guided by a small camera, she inserts bars that lift the chest wall into a more normal position. This is an x-ray, which shows an adult two bars and a nice repair. The bars are sort of like braces. Michelle will keep them for about two years. When they come out her chest will retain its new shape. | 2025-05-14 | 398 |
771fdfdb-9146-4793-a774-70f30194f2eb | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355488 | Pectus excavatum | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | First, Dr. Jaroszewski makes small incisions on either side of the patient. Then, guided by a small camera, she inserts bars that lift the chest wall into a more normal position. This is an x-ray, which shows an adult two bars and a nice repair. The bars are sort of like braces. Michelle will keep them for about two years. When they come out her chest will retain its new shape. Now, she can continue her busy life symptom free. Michelle says she got relief from symptoms almost immediately after surgery. The only drawback to having the bars in her chest, Michelle says, she sets off the metal detectors in airports, which to her is a small price to pay for a better quality of life. Mayo Clinic is one of only a handful of medical centers in the US performing this operation for adults. For Medical Edge, I'm Vivien Williams. | 2025-05-14 | 179 |
06a19c5f-aa8d-424f-8c0d-4d7da5e3ffc3 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353294 | Nail fungus | symptoms-causes | mayo | Vivien Williams: There's nothing like getting pampered with a pedicure. But before you dip your toes in the water, check to be sure the spa is licensed properly. Rachel Miest, M.D., Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic: Oftentimes, those licenses come with the appropriate education, and following the appropriate protocols for how to keep you safe and how to prevent infection. Ms. Williams: Dr. Rachel Miest says bacterial and fungal are the two most common infections. To avoid them, she says, don't be afraid to ask to make sure the spa cleans all equipment between customers. Dr. Miest: Even if all of the appropriate precautions are taken from a cleaning standpoint, bacteria, viruses, fungi ─ these things are everywhere. Williams: To reduce your risk, Dr. Miest says don't shave 24 hours beforehand and don't have your cuticles cut. Miest: Ask that they only either leave your cuticles alone or gently push them back but not to aggressively push them back or clip them because that cuticle is a very, very important seal. Williams: For the Mayo Clinic News Network, I'm Vivien Williams. | 2025-05-14 | 240 |
d55f2ca0-136e-4e40-8617-c4f11764d996 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20375709 | Functional dyspepsia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Functional dyspepsia is a term used to describe a lingering upset stomach that has no obvious cause. Functional dyspepsia (dis-PEP-see-uh) also is called nonulcer dyspepsia. Functional dyspepsia is common. It is a constant condition, but symptoms don't happen all the time. Symptoms are like those of an ulcer. They include pain or discomfort in the upper belly, bloating, belching and nausea. Symptoms Symptoms of functional dyspepsia may include: Pain or burning in the stomach, bloating, excessive belching or nausea after eating. An early feeling of fullness when eating. The feeling of fullness also is called satiety. Stomach pain that happens unrelated to meals or goes away when eating. When to see a doctor Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you experience constant symptoms that worry you. Seek medical attention right away if you experience: Bloody vomit. Dark, tarry stools. Shortness of breath. Pain in your jaw, neck or arm. Unexplained weight loss. Causes No one knows what causes functional dyspepsia. Medical professionals consider it a functional disorder. That means it can't be explained by a medical condition, so routine testing may not show any problems or causes. As a result, the diagnosis is based on symptoms. Risk factors Some factors can increase the risk of functional dyspepsia. They include: Being female. Using certain pain relievers that are available without a prescription. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), which can cause stomach problems. Smoking. Anxiety or depression. History of childhood physical or sexual abuse. Helicobacter pylori infection. Jan. 04, 2025 | 2025-05-14 | 362 |
a1bbf7b5-156a-4681-ab7b-3365e38e03c0 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frostbite/symptoms-causes/syc-20372656 | Frostbite | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Frostbite Frostbite Frostbite Illustration of frostbite on different skin colors. The tip of the finger shows how freezing can cause tissue to die. Frostbite is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. The early stage of frostbite is called frostnip. It causes a cold feeling followed by numbness. As frostbite gets worse, the affected skin may change color and become hard or waxy-looking. Exposed skin is at risk of frostbite in conditions that are freezing cold and windy or wet. Frostbite also can occur on skin covered by gloves or other clothing. Mild frostbite gets better with rewarming. Seek medical attention for anything more serious than mild frostbite because the condition can cause permanent damage to skin, muscle, bone and other tissue. Symptoms Symptoms of frostbite include: Numbness. Tingling. Patches of skin in shades of red, white, blue, gray, purple or brown. The color of affected skin depends on how serious the frostbite is and the usual skin color. Cold, hard, waxy-looking skin. Clumsiness due to joint stiffness. Pain. Blistering after rewarming. Frostbite is most common on the fingers, toes, ears, cheeks, penis, chin and tip of the nose. Because of numbness, you may not notice you have frostbite until someone points it out. Changes in the color of the affected area might be difficult to see on brown and Black skin. Frostbite occurs in several stages: Frostnip. Frostnip is the early stage of frostbite. Symptoms are pain, tingling and numbness. Frostnip doesn't cause permanent damage to the skin. Mild to moderate frostbite. Frostbite causes slight changes in skin color. The skin may begin to feel warm. This is a sign of serious skin involvement. | 2025-05-14 | 371 |
19a64f8f-5c94-456f-bd60-514669f23e39 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frostbite/symptoms-causes/syc-20372656 | Frostbite | symptoms-causes | mayo | Changes in the color of the affected area might be difficult to see on brown and Black skin. Frostbite occurs in several stages: Frostnip. Frostnip is the early stage of frostbite. Symptoms are pain, tingling and numbness. Frostnip doesn't cause permanent damage to the skin. Mild to moderate frostbite. Frostbite causes slight changes in skin color. The skin may begin to feel warm. This is a sign of serious skin involvement. If you treat frostbite with rewarming at this stage, the surface of the skin may look patchy. The affected area may sting, burn and swell. A fluid-filled blister may form 12 to 36 hours after rewarming. This stage also is called superficial frostbite. Deep frostbite. As frostbite progresses, it affects all layers of the skin and the tissues below. The affected skin turns white or blue-gray. Large blood blisters may appear 24 to 48 hours after rewarming. Weeks after the injury, tissue may turn black and hard as it dies. When to see a doctor Other than frostnip, frostbite injuries need to be checked by a healthcare professional to find out how serious they are. Seek emergency care for: Intense pain even after taking a pain reliever and rewarming. Intense shivering. Slurred speech. Drowsiness. Trouble walking. People with frostbite also might have hypothermia. Shivering, slurred speech, and being sleepy or clumsy are symptoms of hypothermia. In babies, symptoms are cold skin, a change in skin color and very low energy. Hypothermia is a serious condition in which the body loses heat faster than it can be produced. What you can do in the meantime While you wait for emergency medical help or an appointment with a healthcare professional, take these steps as needed: Get out of the cold and remove wet clothing. | 2025-05-14 | 380 |
dffb480f-074c-4d04-9a96-5503517042af | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frostbite/symptoms-causes/syc-20372656 | Frostbite | symptoms-causes | mayo | Shivering, slurred speech, and being sleepy or clumsy are symptoms of hypothermia. In babies, symptoms are cold skin, a change in skin color and very low energy. Hypothermia is a serious condition in which the body loses heat faster than it can be produced. What you can do in the meantime While you wait for emergency medical help or an appointment with a healthcare professional, take these steps as needed: Get out of the cold and remove wet clothing. If you suspect hypothermia, wrap up in a warm blanket until help arrives. Protect the injured area from further damage. Don't walk on frostbitten feet or toes if possible. Take a pain reliever if needed. Drink a warm, nonalcoholic beverage if possible. Causes The most common cause of frostbite is exposure to freezing cold. The risk rises if the weather also is wet and windy. Frostbite also can be caused by direct contact with ice, freezing metals or very cold liquids. Risk factors Risk factors for frostbite include: Being in freezing conditions without protective clothing. Having certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, exhaustion, poor blood flow or congestive heart failure. Regularly smoking tobacco. Having impaired judgment while in very cold conditions. Having had frostbite or another cold injury in the past. Being an infant or older adult in cold conditions. People in these age groups have a harder time producing and retaining body heat. Being in cold conditions at high altitude. Complications Complications of frostbite include: Hypothermia. Increased sensitivity to cold and a higher risk of frostbite in the future. Long-term numbness in the affected area. Excessive sweating, also called hyperhidrosis. Changes in or loss of nails. Growth problems in children if frostbite damages a bone's growth plate. Infection. Tetanus. Gangrene, which can result in having the affected area removed. This procedure is called amputation. | 2025-05-14 | 387 |
9c51dcd8-65aa-4756-ab70-6ebe465cc102 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frostbite/symptoms-causes/syc-20372656 | Frostbite | symptoms-causes | mayo | Complications Complications of frostbite include: Hypothermia. Increased sensitivity to cold and a higher risk of frostbite in the future. Long-term numbness in the affected area. Excessive sweating, also called hyperhidrosis. Changes in or loss of nails. Growth problems in children if frostbite damages a bone's growth plate. Infection. Tetanus. Gangrene, which can result in having the affected area removed. This procedure is called amputation. Prevention Frostbite can be prevented. Here are tips to help you stay safe and warm. Limit time outdoors when it's freezing cold and wet or windy. Pay attention to weather forecasts and wind chill readings. The risk of frostbite increases the longer you're in freezing conditions. And frostbite can happen in an instant if bare skin touches something cold, such as freezing metal. Dress in loose layers. Air trapped between the layers helps insulate you from the cold. Choose undergarments that wick moisture away from the skin. Next put on something made of fleece or wool. For the outer layer, wear something windproof and waterproof. Change out of wet gloves, hats and socks as soon as possible. Wear a hat or headband made for cold weather. Make sure it covers your ears. Wear mittens. Mittens provide better protection than do gloves. Under a pair of heavy mittens, also wear glove liners, which wick moisture away from the skin. Wear socks and sock liners. Make sure they fit well, wick moisture and provide insulation. Watch for symptoms of frostbite. Early signs of frostbite are slight changes in skin color, prickling and numbness. Seek warm shelter if you notice symptoms of frostbite. Plan to protect yourself. When traveling in cold weather, carry emergency supplies and warm clothing in case you become stranded. If you'll be in remote territory, tell others your route and expected return date. | 2025-05-14 | 384 |
84568019-7efc-4ae1-bb23-8e960bd62f83 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frostbite/symptoms-causes/syc-20372656 | Frostbite | symptoms-causes | mayo | Wear socks and sock liners. Make sure they fit well, wick moisture and provide insulation. Watch for symptoms of frostbite. Early signs of frostbite are slight changes in skin color, prickling and numbness. Seek warm shelter if you notice symptoms of frostbite. Plan to protect yourself. When traveling in cold weather, carry emergency supplies and warm clothing in case you become stranded. If you'll be in remote territory, tell others your route and expected return date. Don't drink alcohol if you plan to be outdoors in cold weather. Alcoholic beverages cause the body to lose heat faster and can impair judgment. Eat well-balanced meals and stay hydrated. Doing this even before you go out in the cold helps you stay warm. Keep moving. Exercise can get your blood flowing and help you stay warm, but don't do it to the point of exhaustion. Aug. 22, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 183 |
9595347a-7dbf-440a-9617-6c71bcae0387 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20354057 | Stress fractures | symptoms-causes | mayo | Stress fractures often happen when you increase the amount or intensity of an activity too fast. Bone can adapt to greater amounts of stress, but it needs time to do so. During a lifelong process called remodeling, old bone tissue is destroyed and then rebuilt. This process speeds up when the weight-bearing load on the bone increases. The risk of a stress fracture rises when a bone bears an unusual amount of force without enough time to recover. Bone tissue is destroyed faster than the body can replace it. | 2025-05-14 | 99 |
fc42be66-80d1-4866-9924-513351b3bde2 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/symptoms-causes/syc-20353487 | Patent foramen ovale | symptoms-causes | mayo | The heart before birth Because a baby in the womb isn't breathing, the lungs aren't working yet. That means there's no need to pump blood to the lungs. At this stage, blood goes around the baby's lungs. It uses the placenta and umbilical cord to move oxygen-rich blood from the mother to the baby's body. In the baby's body, blood vessels connect to the umbilical cord. Oxygen-rich blood gets to the heart through the vein that drains blood from the body to the right upper heart chamber. This vein is called the inferior vena cava. The blood then goes across the foramen ovale and into the left upper heart chamber. Finally, the blood enters the left lower heart chamber, which pumps it throughout the body. | 2025-05-14 | 156 |
17f367a0-4fe1-47b2-8b0c-0e29e476831f | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Food poisoning, a type of foodborne illness, is a sickness people get from something they ate or drank. The causes are germs or other harmful things in the food or beverage. Symptoms of food poisoning often include upset stomach, diarrhea and vomiting. Symptoms usually start within hours or several days of eating the food. Most people have mild illness and get better without treatment. Sometimes food poisoning causes severe illness or complications. Symptoms Symptoms vary depending on what is causing the illness. They may begin within a few hours or a few weeks depending on the cause. Common symptoms are: Upset stomach. Vomiting. Diarrhea with bloody stools. Stomach pain and cramps. Fever. Headache. Less often food poisoning affects the nervous system and can cause severe disease. Symptoms may include: Blurred or double vision. Loss of movement in limbs. Problems with swallowing. Tingling or numbness of skin. Weakness. Changes in sound of the voice. When to see a doctor Infants and children Vomiting and diarrhea can quickly cause low levels of body fluids, also called dehydration, in infants and children. This can cause serious illness in infants. Call your child's health care provider if your child's symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea and any of the following: Unusual changes in behavior or thinking. Excessive thirst. Little or no urination. Dizziness. Diarrhea that lasts more than a day. Vomiting often. Stools that have blood or pus. Stools that are black or tarry. Severe pain in the stomach or rectum. Any fever in children under 2 years of age. Fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit (38.9 degrees Celsius) or higher in older children. History of other medical problems. | 2025-05-14 | 356 |
00153f27-d1af-4dfd-afe2-94f0c3826a9e | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | Excessive thirst. Little or no urination. Dizziness. Diarrhea that lasts more than a day. Vomiting often. Stools that have blood or pus. Stools that are black or tarry. Severe pain in the stomach or rectum. Any fever in children under 2 years of age. Fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit (38.9 degrees Celsius) or higher in older children. History of other medical problems. Adults Adults should see a health care provider or get emergency care if the following occur: Nervous system symptoms, such as blurry vision, muscle weakness and tingling of skin. Changes in thinking or behavior. Fever of 103 degrees Fahrenheit (39.4 degrees Celsius). Diarrhea that lasts more than three days. Symptoms of dehydration — excessive thirst, dry mouth, little or no urination, severe weakness, dizziness, or lightheadedness. Causes Many germs or harmful things, called contaminants, can cause foodborne illnesses. Food or drink that carries a contaminant is called "contaminated." Food can be contaminated with any of the following: Bacteria. Viruses. Parasites that can live in the intestines. Poisons, also called toxins. Bacteria that carry or make toxins. Molds that make toxins. Understanding terms The term "food poisoning" is commonly used to describe all foodborne illnesses. A health care provider might use these terms to be more specific: "Foodborne illnesses" means all illnesses from any contaminated food or beverage. " Food poisoning" means illness specifically from a toxin in food. Food poisoning is a type of foodborne illness. How food becomes contaminated Food can be contaminated at any point from the farm or fishery to the table. The problem can begin during growing, harvesting or catching, processing, storing, shipping, or preparing. | 2025-05-14 | 374 |
9967e9c3-d326-4a58-88b0-cdff5d0ae325 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | A health care provider might use these terms to be more specific: "Foodborne illnesses" means all illnesses from any contaminated food or beverage. " Food poisoning" means illness specifically from a toxin in food. Food poisoning is a type of foodborne illness. How food becomes contaminated Food can be contaminated at any point from the farm or fishery to the table. The problem can begin during growing, harvesting or catching, processing, storing, shipping, or preparing. Food can be contaminated any place it's handled, including the home, because of: Poor handwashing. Feces that remains on the hands after using the toilet can contaminate food. Other contaminants can be transferred from hands during food preparation or food serving. Not disinfecting cooking or eating areas. Unwashed knives, cutting boards or other kitchen tools can spread contaminants. Improper storage. Food left out for too long at room temperature can become contaminated. Food stored in the refrigerator for too long can spoil. Also, food stored in a refrigerator or freezer that is too warm can spoil. Common causes The following table shows common causes of foodborne illnesses, the time from exposure to the beginning of symptoms and common sources of contamination. Disease cause Timing of symptoms Common sources Bacillus cereus (bacterium) 30 minutes to 15 hours. Foods such as rice, leftovers, sauces, soups, meats and others that have sat out at room temperature too long. Campylobacter (bacterium) 2 to 5 days. Raw or undercooked poultry, shellfish, unpasteurized milk, and contaminated water. Clostridium botulinum (bacterium) 18 to 36 hours. Infants: 3 to 30 days. For infants, honey or pacifiers dipped in honey. Home-preserved foods including canned foods, fermented fish, fermented beans and alcohol. Commercial canned foods and oils infused with herbs. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
ffbc7cb8-8f81-448b-8be0-0051a1b89174 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | Campylobacter (bacterium) 2 to 5 days. Raw or undercooked poultry, shellfish, unpasteurized milk, and contaminated water. Clostridium botulinum (bacterium) 18 to 36 hours. Infants: 3 to 30 days. For infants, honey or pacifiers dipped in honey. Home-preserved foods including canned foods, fermented fish, fermented beans and alcohol. Commercial canned foods and oils infused with herbs. Clostridium perfringens (bacterium) 6 to 24 hours. Meats, poultry, stews and gravies. Commonly, food that is not kept hot enough when served to a large group. Food left out at room temperature too long. Escherichia coli, commonly called E. coli (bacterium) Usually, 3 to 4 days. Possibly, 1 to 10 days. Raw or undercooked meat, unpasteurized milk or juice, soft cheeses from unpasteurized milk, and fresh fruits and vegetables. Contaminated water. Feces of people with E. coli. Giardia lamblia (parasite) 1 to 2 weeks. Food and water contaminated with feces that carry the parasite. Food handlers who are carriers of the parasite. Hepatitis A (virus) 15 to 50 days. Raw and undercooked shellfish, fresh fruits and vegetables, and other uncooked food. Food and water contaminated with human feces. Food handlers who have hepatitis A. Listeria (bacterium) 9 to 48 hours for digestive disease. 1 to 4 weeks for body-wide disease. Hot dogs, luncheon meats, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses from unpasteurized milk, refrigerated smoked fish, refrigerated pates or meat spreads, and fresh fruits and vegetables. | 2025-05-14 | 392 |
cd7895a0-07e2-46a3-9ffd-704cb4e834c5 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | Food and water contaminated with human feces. Food handlers who have hepatitis A. Listeria (bacterium) 9 to 48 hours for digestive disease. 1 to 4 weeks for body-wide disease. Hot dogs, luncheon meats, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses from unpasteurized milk, refrigerated smoked fish, refrigerated pates or meat spreads, and fresh fruits and vegetables. Norovirus (virus) 12 to 48 hours. Shellfish and fresh fruits and vegetables. Ready-to-eat foods, such as salads and sandwiches, touched by food handlers with the virus. Food or water contaminated with vomit or feces of a person with the virus. Rotavirus (virus) 18 to 36 hours. Food, water or objects, such as faucet handles or utensils, contaminated with the virus. Salmonella (bacterium) 6 hours to 6 days. Most often poultry, eggs and dairy products. Other foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, meat, poultry, nuts, nut products, and spices. Shellfish poisoning (toxin) Usually 30 to 60 minutes, up to 24 hours. Shellfish, including cooked shellfish, from coastal seawater contaminated with toxins. Shigella (bacterium) Usually, 1 to 2 days. Up to 7 days. Contact with a person who is sick. Food or water contaminated with human feces. Often ready-to-eat food handled by a food worker with shigella. Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium) 30 minutes to 8 hours. Meat, egg salad, potato salad or cream-filled pastries that have been left out too long or not refrigerated. Foods handled by a person with the bacteria, which is often found on skin. Vibrio (bacterium) 2 to 48 hours. | 2025-05-14 | 389 |
a91c428d-b05b-4294-bb1e-1e8032c2f7d5 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | Often ready-to-eat food handled by a food worker with shigella. Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium) 30 minutes to 8 hours. Meat, egg salad, potato salad or cream-filled pastries that have been left out too long or not refrigerated. Foods handled by a person with the bacteria, which is often found on skin. Vibrio (bacterium) 2 to 48 hours. Raw or undercooked fish or shellfish, especially oysters. Water contaminated with sewage. Rice, millet, fresh fruits and vegetables. Other sources Bacteria that cause foodborne illnesses can also be found in swimming pools, lakes, ponds, rivers and seawater. Also, some bacteria, such as E. coli, may be spread by exposure to animals carrying the disease. Risk factors Anyone can get food poisoning. Some people are more likely to get sick or have more-serious disease or complications. These people include: Infants and children. Pregnant people. Older adults. People with weakened immune systems due to another disease or treatments. Complications In most healthy adults, complications are uncommon. They can include the following. Dehydration The most common complication is dehydration. This a severe loss of water and salts and minerals. Both vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration. Most healthy adults can drink enough fluids to prevent dehydration. Children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems or other illnesses may not be able to replace the fluids they've lost. They are more likely to become dehydrated. People who become dehydrated may need to get fluids directly into the bloodstream at the hospital. Severe dehydration can cause organ damage, other severe disease and death if not treated. Complications of systemic disease Some contaminants can cause more widespread disease in the body, also called systemic disease or infection. This is more common in people who are older, have weakened immune systems or other medical conditions. | 2025-05-14 | 389 |
4f4c172e-1e24-4cf3-ad08-2b73a1f2c69c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | They are more likely to become dehydrated. People who become dehydrated may need to get fluids directly into the bloodstream at the hospital. Severe dehydration can cause organ damage, other severe disease and death if not treated. Complications of systemic disease Some contaminants can cause more widespread disease in the body, also called systemic disease or infection. This is more common in people who are older, have weakened immune systems or other medical conditions. Systemic infections from foodborne bacteria may cause: Blood clots in the kidneys. E. coli can result in blood clots that block the kidneys' filtering system. This condition, called hemolytic uremic syndrome, results in the sudden failure of the kidneys to filter waste from the blood. Less often, other bacteria or viruses may cause this condition. Bacteria in the bloodstream. Bacteria in the blood can cause disease in the blood itself or spread disease to other parts of the body. Meningitis is inflammation that may damage the membranes and fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Sepsis is an overreaction of the immune system to systemic disease that damages the body's own tissues. Pregnancy complications Illness from the listeria bacteria during pregnancy can result in: Miscarriage or stillbirth. Sepsis in the newborn. Meningitis in the newborn. Rare complications Rare complications include conditions that may develop after food poisoning, including: Arthritis. Arthritis is swelling, tenderness or pain in joints. Irritable bowel syndrome is a lifelong condition of the intestines that causes pain, cramping and irregular bowel movements. Guillain-Barre syndrome is an immune system attack on nerves that can result in tingling, numbness and loss of muscle control. Breathing difficulties. Rarely, botulism can damage nerves that control the muscles involved in breathing. Prevention To prevent food poisoning at home: Handwashing. Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. | 2025-05-14 | 391 |
6cb90d84-00d1-4aef-b110-d2d47fbf1065 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | Irritable bowel syndrome is a lifelong condition of the intestines that causes pain, cramping and irregular bowel movements. Guillain-Barre syndrome is an immune system attack on nerves that can result in tingling, numbness and loss of muscle control. Breathing difficulties. Rarely, botulism can damage nerves that control the muscles involved in breathing. Prevention To prevent food poisoning at home: Handwashing. Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Do this after using the toilet, before eating, and before and after handling food. Wash fruits and vegetables. Rinse fruits and vegetables under running water before eating, peeling or preparing. Wash kitchen utensils thoroughly. Wash cutting boards, knives and other utensils with soapy water after contact with raw meats or unwashed fruits and vegetables. Don't eat raw or undercooked meat or fish. Use a meat thermometer to make sure meat is cooked enough. Cook whole meats and fish to at least 145 F (63 C) and let rest for at least three minutes. Cook ground meat to at least 160 F (71 C). Cook whole and ground poultry to at least 165 F (74 C). Refrigerate or freeze leftovers. Put leftovers in covered containers in the refrigerator right after your meal. Leftovers can be kept for 3 to 4 days in the refrigerator. If you don't think you'll eat them within four days, freeze them right away. Cook leftovers safely. You can safely thaw frozen food three ways. You can microwave it. You can move it to the refrigerator to thaw overnight. Or you can put the frozen food in a leakproof container and put it in cold water on the counter. Reheat leftovers until the internal temperature reaches 165 degrees Fahrenheit (74 degrees Celsius). Throw it out when in doubt. If you aren't sure if a food has been prepared, served or stored safely, discard it. | 2025-05-14 | 389 |
63c24e25-293c-4322-8684-9bce4c05833f | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | Cook leftovers safely. You can safely thaw frozen food three ways. You can microwave it. You can move it to the refrigerator to thaw overnight. Or you can put the frozen food in a leakproof container and put it in cold water on the counter. Reheat leftovers until the internal temperature reaches 165 degrees Fahrenheit (74 degrees Celsius). Throw it out when in doubt. If you aren't sure if a food has been prepared, served or stored safely, discard it. Even if it looks and smells fine, it may not be safe to eat. Throw out moldy food. Throw out any baked foods with mold. Throw out moldy soft fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, berries or peaches. And throw away any nuts or nut products with mold. You can trim away mold from firm foods with low moisture, such as carrots, bell peppers and hard cheeses. Cut away at least 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) around the moldy part of the food. Clean your refrigerator. Clean the inside of the refrigerator every few months. Make a cleaning solution of 1 tablespoon (15 milliliters) of baking soda and 1 quart (0.9 liters) of water. Clean visible mold in the refrigerator or on the door seals. Use a solution of 1 tablespoon (15 milliliters) of bleach in 1 quart (0.9 liters) of water. Safety for at-risk people Food poisoning is especially serious during pregnancies and for young children, older adults and people with weakened immune systems. These illnesses may be life-threatening. These individuals should avoid the following foods: Raw or undercooked meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish. Raw or undercooked eggs or foods that may contain them, such as cookie dough and homemade ice cream. Raw sprouts, such as alfalfa, bean, clover and radish sprouts. Unpasteurized juices and ciders. Unpasteurized milk and milk products. | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
09777346-68bd-4782-97a6-cdf3e06bc4c5 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 | Food poisoning | symptoms-causes | mayo | These illnesses may be life-threatening. These individuals should avoid the following foods: Raw or undercooked meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish. Raw or undercooked eggs or foods that may contain them, such as cookie dough and homemade ice cream. Raw sprouts, such as alfalfa, bean, clover and radish sprouts. Unpasteurized juices and ciders. Unpasteurized milk and milk products. Soft cheeses, such as feta, brie and Camembert; blue-veined cheese; and unpasteurized cheese. Refrigerated pates and meat spreads. Uncooked hot dogs, luncheon meats and deli meats. Feb. 23, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 144 |
c5f8e990-423f-4ab8-856e-6e339b6fc302 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/symptoms-causes/syc-20354693 | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Typical and scarred glomeruli Typical and scarred glomeruli Typical and scarred glomeruli Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) results from scar tissue that develops in the glomeruli. Glomeruli are tiny structures within the kidney that filter waste products from the blood to create urine. A healthy glomerulus is shown on the left. When scar tissue develops in a glomerulus, kidney function gets worse (shown right). Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a disease in which scar tissue develops on the glomeruli, the small parts of the kidneys that filter waste from the blood. FSGS can be caused by a variety of conditions. FSGS is a serious condition that can lead to kidney failure, which can only be treated with dialysis or kidney transplant. Treatment options for FSGS depend on the type you have. Types of FSGS include: Primary FSGS . Many people diagnosed with FSGS have no known cause for their condition. This is called primary (idiopathic) FSGS . Secondary FSGS . Several factors, such as infection, drug toxicity, diseases including diabetes or sickle cell disease, obesity, and even other kidney diseases can cause secondary FSGS . Controlling or treating the underlying cause often slows ongoing kidney damage and might lead to improved kidney function over time. Genetic FSGS . This is a rare form of FSGS caused by genetic changes. It also is called familial FSGS . It's suspected when several members of a family show signs of FSGS . Familial FSGS can also occur when neither parent has the disease but each one carries a copy of an altered gene that can be passed on to the next generation. Unknown FSGS . In some cases, the underlying cause of FSGS cannot be determined despite the evaluation of clinical symptoms and extensive testing. | 2025-05-14 | 393 |
640ed546-5fd3-4192-b2ad-090a9a12fa78 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/symptoms-causes/syc-20354693 | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) | symptoms-causes | mayo | It also is called familial FSGS . It's suspected when several members of a family show signs of FSGS . Familial FSGS can also occur when neither parent has the disease but each one carries a copy of an altered gene that can be passed on to the next generation. Unknown FSGS . In some cases, the underlying cause of FSGS cannot be determined despite the evaluation of clinical symptoms and extensive testing. Symptoms Symptoms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) might include: Swelling, called edema, in the legs and ankles, around the eyes and in other body parts. Weight gain from fluid buildup. Foamy urine from protein buildup, called proteinuria. When to see a doctor See a healthcare professional if you have any of the symptoms of FSGS . Causes Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as diabetes, sickle cell disease, other kidney diseases and obesity. Infections and damage from illicit drugs, medicines or toxins also can cause it. Gene changes passed through families, called inherited gene changes, can cause a rare form of FSGS . Sometimes there's no known cause. Risk factors Factors that can raise the risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) include: Medical conditions that can damage the kidneys. Certain diseases and conditions increase the risk of getting FSGS . These include diabetes, lupus, obesity and other kidney diseases. Certain infections. Infections that increase the risk of FSGS include HIV and hepatitis C. Gene changes. Certain genes passed through families can raise the risk of FSGS . Complications Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) may lead to other health concerns, also called complications, including: Nephrotic syndrome. This kidney condition causes the body to pass too much protein in the urine. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
080f54c0-3145-4025-8b18-5b8452786bd8 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/symptoms-causes/syc-20354693 | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) | symptoms-causes | mayo | These include diabetes, lupus, obesity and other kidney diseases. Certain infections. Infections that increase the risk of FSGS include HIV and hepatitis C. Gene changes. Certain genes passed through families can raise the risk of FSGS . Complications Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) may lead to other health concerns, also called complications, including: Nephrotic syndrome. This kidney condition causes the body to pass too much protein in the urine. Nephrotic syndrome raises the risk of other health conditions, such as blood clots and high blood pressure. Kidney failure. Damage to the kidneys that can't be fixed causes the kidneys to stop working. The only treatments for kidney failure are dialysis or kidney transplant. Jan. 31, 2025 Transplants Discussions See more discussions | 2025-05-14 | 168 |
57ff0b49-2eed-4ce2-96bd-b7fcde102316 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/symptoms-causes/syc-20353720 | Pericardial effusion | symptoms-causes | mayo | Pericardial effusion (per-e-KAHR-dee-ul uh-FU-zhun) is the buildup of too much fluid in the double-layered, saclike structure around the heart (pericardium). The space between these layers typically contains a thin layer of fluid. But if the pericardium is diseased or injured, the resulting inflammation can lead to excess fluid. Fluid can also build up around the heart without inflammation, such as from bleeding, related to a cancer or after chest trauma. Pericardial effusion can put pressure on the heart, affecting how the heart works. If untreated, it may lead to heart failure or death in extreme cases. | 2025-05-14 | 142 |
87e931be-fc9c-4dc3-97e1-8104a2e99ec9 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719 | Influenza (flu) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Flu, also called influenza, is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. The flu is caused by a virus. Influenza viruses are different from the "stomach flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting. Most people with the flu get better on their own. But sometimes, influenza and its complications can be deadly. To help protect against seasonal flu, you can get an annual flu shot. Although the vaccine isn't 100% effective, it lowers the chances of having severe complications from the flu. This is especially true for people who are at high risk of flu complications. Aside from the vaccine, you can take other steps to help prevent infection with the flu. You can clean and disinfect surfaces, wash hands, and keep the air around you moving. Symptoms The viruses that cause flu spread at high levels during certain times of the year in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. These are called flu seasons. In North America, flu season usually runs between October and May. Symptoms of the flu such as a sore throat and a runny or stuffy nose are common. You may also get these symptoms with other illness such as a cold. But colds tend to start slowly, and the flu tends to come on quickly, within two or three days after you come in contact with the virus. And while a cold can be miserable, you usually feel much worse with the flu. Other common flu symptoms include: Fever. Cough. Headache. Muscle aches. Feeling very tired. Sweating and chills. In children, these symptoms may show up more generally as being fussy or irritable. Children also are more likely than adults to have ear pain, feel sick to the stomach, vomit or have diarrhea with the flu. In some cases, people have eye pain, watery eyes or find that light hurts their eyes. | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
e207cf76-6d14-44ca-968f-6995f6672ab5 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719 | Influenza (flu) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Other common flu symptoms include: Fever. Cough. Headache. Muscle aches. Feeling very tired. Sweating and chills. In children, these symptoms may show up more generally as being fussy or irritable. Children also are more likely than adults to have ear pain, feel sick to the stomach, vomit or have diarrhea with the flu. In some cases, people have eye pain, watery eyes or find that light hurts their eyes. When to see a doctor Most people who get the flu can manage it at home and often don't need to see a healthcare professional. If you have flu symptoms and are at risk of complications, see your healthcare professional right away. Starting antiviral medicine within two days after your symptoms show up may shorten the length of your illness and help prevent more-serious problems. If you have emergency symptoms of the flu, get medical care right away. For adults, emergency symptoms can include: Trouble breathing or shortness of breath. Chest pain or pressure. Ongoing dizziness. Hard to wake up or confusion. Dehydration. Seizures. Worsening of existing medical conditions. Severe weakness or muscle pain. Emergency symptoms in children include all the symptoms seen in adults, as well as: Fast breathing or ribs that pull in with each breath. Gray or blue lips or nail beds. No tears when crying and a dry mouth, along with not needing to urinate. Symptoms, such as fever or cough, that get better but then come back or get worse. Causes Influenza is caused by viruses. These viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly. Or you can pick up the virus from touching an object, such as a computer keyboard, and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth. | 2025-05-14 | 378 |
b4d7d63f-ba54-4c34-ac8f-4e2dcdfa8f96 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719 | Influenza (flu) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Symptoms, such as fever or cough, that get better but then come back or get worse. Causes Influenza is caused by viruses. These viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly. Or you can pick up the virus from touching an object, such as a computer keyboard, and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth. It's possible to spread the virus to others from about a day before symptoms appear until about 5 to 7 days after they start. This is called being contagious. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be contagious for a slightly longer time. Influenza viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing often. A person's first flu infection gives some long-term protection against similar strains of flu. But the vaccines offered each year are made to match the flu virus strains that are most likely to spread that season. The protection these vaccines offer lasts for months in most people. Risk factors There are a range of factors that may raise your risk of catching a flu virus or having complications from a flu infection. Older and younger age Seasonal influenza tends to have worse outcomes in young children, especially those age 2 years and younger. Adults older than age 65 also tend to have worse outcomes. Living conditions People who live in facilities with many other residents, such as nursing homes, are more likely to get the flu. Weakened immune system An immune system that doesn't quickly clear out flu virus may raise the risk of getting the flu or getting flu complications. People may have a weakened immune system response from birth, due to illness, or due to disease treatment or medicine. Chronic illnesses Chronic conditions may increase the risk of influenza complications. | 2025-05-14 | 360 |
873d8337-93b6-4546-841e-8355e482090a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719 | Influenza (flu) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Living conditions People who live in facilities with many other residents, such as nursing homes, are more likely to get the flu. Weakened immune system An immune system that doesn't quickly clear out flu virus may raise the risk of getting the flu or getting flu complications. People may have a weakened immune system response from birth, due to illness, or due to disease treatment or medicine. Chronic illnesses Chronic conditions may increase the risk of influenza complications. Examples include asthma and other lung diseases, diabetes, heart disease, nervous system diseases, previous history of stroke, metabolic disorders, problems with the airway, and kidney, liver or blood disease. Race or ethnicity In the United States, people who are Native American or Alaska Native, Black, or Latino may have a higher risk of needing care in the hospital for influenza. Aspirin therapy Young people on long-term aspirin therapy are at risk of developing Reye's syndrome if infected with the influenza virus. Pregnancy Pregnant people are more likely to develop influenza complications, particularly in the second and third trimesters. Obesity People with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher have an increased risk of flu complications. Complications If you're young and healthy, the flu usually isn't serious. Although you may feel awful while you have it, the flu usually goes away in a week or two with no lasting effects. But people at high risk may develop other health problems after the flu, called complications. Getting another infection can be a complication of getting the flu. That includes illnesses such as croup and sinus or ear infections. Lung infections are another complication. Infection of the heart muscle or heart lining may happen after getting the flu. And in some cases, people may have infection of the central nervous system. Other complications may be: Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Muscle damage, called rhabdomyolysis, or muscle swelling, called myositis. Toxic shock syndrome. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
2da8a33d-3250-48a4-afa1-62e32a6dc606 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719 | Influenza (flu) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Getting another infection can be a complication of getting the flu. That includes illnesses such as croup and sinus or ear infections. Lung infections are another complication. Infection of the heart muscle or heart lining may happen after getting the flu. And in some cases, people may have infection of the central nervous system. Other complications may be: Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Muscle damage, called rhabdomyolysis, or muscle swelling, called myositis. Toxic shock syndrome. Worsening of a chronic illness, such as asthma or kidney disease. Prevention Flu vaccines at Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic offers flu shots in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota. Learn more about how to get your flu shot at Mayo Clinic. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for people age 6 months and older who do not have a medical reason to avoid the vaccine. Getting a flu vaccine lowers: The risk of getting the flu. If the vaccine is given later in pregnancy, the flu vaccine helps protect a newborn from the flu too. The risk of having serious illness from the flu and needing to stay in the hospital due to the flu. The risk of dying of the flu. The 2024-2025 seasonal flu vaccines each provide protection against three influenza viruses that researchers expect to be the most common this flu season. The vaccine is available as a shot, a jet injector and a nasal spray. For older children and adults, the flu shot is usually given in a muscle in the arm. Younger children may get the flu shot in a thigh muscle. If you are an adult under the age of 65, you can choose to get your vaccine with a jet injector. Instead of a needle, this device uses a high-pressure, narrow stream of fluid to go through the skin. The nasal spray is approved for people between ages 2 and 49 years old. | 2025-05-14 | 383 |
138068dc-0709-4e30-9234-8f367ec737ac | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719 | Influenza (flu) | symptoms-causes | mayo | For older children and adults, the flu shot is usually given in a muscle in the arm. Younger children may get the flu shot in a thigh muscle. If you are an adult under the age of 65, you can choose to get your vaccine with a jet injector. Instead of a needle, this device uses a high-pressure, narrow stream of fluid to go through the skin. The nasal spray is approved for people between ages 2 and 49 years old. It isn't recommended for some groups, such as: People who had a severe allergic reaction to a flu vaccine in the past. Pregnant people. Young people who take aspirin or a salicylate-containing medicine. People with weakened immune systems and people who are caregivers or contacts of people with weakened immune systems. Children between ages 2 and 4 years old diagnosed with asthma or wheezing in the past 12 months. People who recently took antiviral medicine for the flu. People with a cerebrospinal fluid leak or the potential for a leak, as with a cochlear implant. Check with your healthcare team to see if you need to be cautious about getting a nasal spray flu vaccine. If you can take the nasal spray flu vaccine, you may be able to do so, or give it to an eligible child, without seeing a healthcare professional. There also are vaccines offered called high-dose or adjuvanted flu vaccines. These vaccines may help some people avoid the need for care in the hospital due to influenza. People over age 65 can get these vaccines. These vaccines also are recommended for people age 18 and older who have a solid organ transplant and take medicine to weaken their immune response. If you have an egg allergy, you can still get a flu vaccine. The first time children between 6 months and 8 years get a flu vaccine, they may need two doses given at least four weeks apart. | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
ca341361-e2a2-4ba5-8f53-35a6592b52e2 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719 | Influenza (flu) | symptoms-causes | mayo | These vaccines may help some people avoid the need for care in the hospital due to influenza. People over age 65 can get these vaccines. These vaccines also are recommended for people age 18 and older who have a solid organ transplant and take medicine to weaken their immune response. If you have an egg allergy, you can still get a flu vaccine. The first time children between 6 months and 8 years get a flu vaccine, they may need two doses given at least four weeks apart. After that, they can receive single annual doses of the flu vaccine. Check with your child's healthcare professional. Also, check with your healthcare team before receiving a flu vaccine if you had a serious reaction to a previous flu vaccine. People who have had Guillain-Barre syndrome also should check with a healthcare professional before getting the flu vaccine. And if you feel sick when you go to get the shot, check with your healthcare team to see if you should delay getting the vaccine. Controlling the spread of infection The influenza vaccine isn't 100% effective. So it's important to take steps to lower the spread of infection, including: Wash your hands. Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. Make sure friends and family that you're around regularly, especially kids, know the importance of hand-washing. Avoid touching your face. Keeping your hands away from your eyes, nose and mouth helps keep germs away from those places. Cover your coughs and sneezes. Cough or sneeze into a tissue or your elbow. Then wash your hands. Clean surfaces. Regularly clean often-touched surfaces to prevent spread of infection from touching a surface with the virus on it and then your face. Avoid crowds. | 2025-05-14 | 376 |
f519a956-821c-4117-9e77-cd1e2c854060 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719 | Influenza (flu) | symptoms-causes | mayo | Avoid touching your face. Keeping your hands away from your eyes, nose and mouth helps keep germs away from those places. Cover your coughs and sneezes. Cough or sneeze into a tissue or your elbow. Then wash your hands. Clean surfaces. Regularly clean often-touched surfaces to prevent spread of infection from touching a surface with the virus on it and then your face. Avoid crowds. The flu spreads easily wherever people gather — in child care centers, schools, office buildings and auditoriums and on public transportation. By avoiding crowds during peak flu season, you lower your chances of infection. Also avoid anyone who is sick. If you're sick, stay home until you feel better and have had no fever for a full 24 hours, and you haven't taken medicine for fever during that time. If your fever returns or you start to feel worse, stay apart from others until your symptoms improve and you are fever-free without medicine for 24 hours. Doing so will lower your chance of infecting others. Jan. 28, 2025 | 2025-05-14 | 217 |
523af95c-d64a-4ad7-a53d-8865cee6ae76 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353300 | Nail fungus | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis Your health care provider will examine your nails and perhaps take some nail clippings or scrape debris from under your nail. These samples are sent to a lab to identify the cause of your symptoms. Other conditions, such as psoriasis, can mimic a fungal infection of the nail. Microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria also can infect nails. Knowing the cause of your infection helps determine the best treatment. Treatment Treatment for toenail fungus isn't always needed. And sometimes self-care and nonprescription products clear up the infection. Talk with your health care provider if your condition doesn't improve. Treatment depends on the severity of your condition and the type of fungus causing it. It can take months to see results. And even if your nail condition improves, repeat infections are common. Medications Your health care provider may prescribe antifungal drugs that you take by mouth (orally) or apply to the nail. Oral antifungal drugs. These drugs are often the first choice. One option is itraconazole (Sporanox). These drugs help a new nail grow free of infection, slowly replacing the infected part. You typically take this type of drug daily for 6 to 12 weeks. But you won't see the end result of treatment until the nail grows back completely. It may take four months or longer to eliminate an infection. Treatment success rates with these drugs appear to be lower in adults over age 65. Oral antifungal drugs may cause side effects such as rash and liver damage. Or they may interfere with other prescription drugs. You may need occasional blood tests to check on how you're doing with these types of drugs. Health care providers may not recommend oral antifungal drugs for people with liver disease or congestive heart failure or those taking certain medications. Medicated nail polish. Your health care provider may prescribe an antifungal nail polish called ciclopirox (Penlac). | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
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