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bdf650b0-7d8e-44f4-9ed0-91aa78cc25fd | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353300 | Nail fungus | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Oral antifungal drugs may cause side effects such as rash and liver damage. Or they may interfere with other prescription drugs. You may need occasional blood tests to check on how you're doing with these types of drugs. Health care providers may not recommend oral antifungal drugs for people with liver disease or congestive heart failure or those taking certain medications. Medicated nail polish. Your health care provider may prescribe an antifungal nail polish called ciclopirox (Penlac). You paint it on your infected nails and surrounding skin once a day. After seven days, you wipe the piled-on layers clean with alcohol and begin fresh applications. You may need to use this type of nail polish daily for almost a year. Medicated nail cream. Your health care provider may prescribe an antifungal cream, such as efinaconazole (Jublia) and tavaborole (Kerydin). You rub this product into your infected nails after soaking. These creams may work better if you first thin the nails. This helps the medication get through the hard nail surface to the underlying fungus. To thin nails, you apply a nonprescription lotion containing urea. Or your health care provider may thin the surface of the nail (debride) with a file or other tool. Antifungal nail creams may cause side effects such as rash. Surgery Your health care provider might suggest temporary removal of the nail so that the antifungal drug can be applied directly to the infection under the nail. The most effective but least used option is surgery to permanently remove the nail and its root. Lifestyle and home remedies Often, you can take care of a fungal nail infection at home: Try nonprescription antifungal nail creams and ointments. Several products are available, such as terbinafine (Lamisil). | 2025-05-14 | 369 |
aa6592e5-c807-46d8-b378-0961abcbb876 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353300 | Nail fungus | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Surgery Your health care provider might suggest temporary removal of the nail so that the antifungal drug can be applied directly to the infection under the nail. The most effective but least used option is surgery to permanently remove the nail and its root. Lifestyle and home remedies Often, you can take care of a fungal nail infection at home: Try nonprescription antifungal nail creams and ointments. Several products are available, such as terbinafine (Lamisil). If you notice white markings on the surfaces of the nails, file them off, soak your nails in water, dry them, and apply the medicated cream or lotion. Even if this clears up your symptoms, it's common for the infection to come back. Trim and thin the nails. This helps reduce pain by reducing pressure on the nails. Also, if you do this before applying an antifungal, the drug can reach deeper layers of the nail. Before trimming or using a nail file to thin thick nails, soften them with urea-containing creams. See a health care provider for foot care if you have a condition that causes poor blood flow to your feet. Alternative medicine Some research suggests that the nutritional supplement biotin might help strengthen weak or brittle fingernails. Talk with your health care provider if you have any questions or concerns about whether this is right for you. Also, some research shows that tea tree oil has anti-fungal effects. It is often used to treat nail fungus. Preparing for your appointment You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to either a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist) or one who specializes in foot conditions (podiatrist). Here are some steps you can take to prepare for your appointment: List your symptoms, including any that may seem unrelated to nail fungus. List key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes. | 2025-05-14 | 400 |
5cd877d4-0822-4d62-9646-558f5dbf2da3 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353300 | Nail fungus | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Preparing for your appointment You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to either a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist) or one who specializes in foot conditions (podiatrist). Here are some steps you can take to prepare for your appointment: List your symptoms, including any that may seem unrelated to nail fungus. List key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes. List all the medications, vitamins and supplements you're taking. List questions to ask your health care provider. For nail fungus, your questions might include: What is likely causing my symptoms or condition? What are other possible causes for my symptoms or condition? What tests do I need? What is the best course of action? What are the alternatives to the primary approach you're suggesting? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Is a generic alternative available for the medicine you're prescribing? Do you have any brochures or other printed material that I can take home? Do you recommend any websites on nail fungus? | 2025-05-14 | 228 |
6e0e4ed6-93e8-4344-931c-7cf6ed413d6c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715 | Functional dyspepsia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis Upper endoscopy Upper endoscopy Upper endoscopy During an upper endoscopy, a healthcare professional inserts a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera down the throat and into the esophagus. The tiny camera provides a view of the esophagus, stomach and the beginning of the small intestine, called the duodenum. A healthcare professional most likely will review symptoms and do a physical exam. Several tests can help find the cause of the discomfort and rule out other disorders. These may include: Blood tests. Blood tests may help rule out other diseases that can cause symptoms like those of functional dyspepsia. Tests for a bacterium. A bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). H. pylori can cause stomach problems. pylori testing may involve a stool sample, the breath or tissue samples of the stomach taken during endoscopy. Endoscopy. An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube to visually examine the upper digestive system. This allows a medical professional to collect tissue samples to look for infection or inflammation. In some cases, other tests may be done to see how well the stomach empties its contents. Treatment Functional dyspepsia that can't be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. Medicines Some medicines may help manage symptoms of functional dyspepsia. They include: Gas remedies that are available without a prescription. An ingredient called simethicone may provide some relief by reducing intestinal gas. Examples of gas-relieving remedies include Mylanta and Gas-X. Medicines to reduce acid production. These medicines are called H-2-receptor blockers and are available without a prescription. They include cimetidine (Tagamet HB), famotidine (Pepcid AC) and nizatidine (Axid AR). | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
8e70e35d-239b-4931-bc86-b69ac1747823 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715 | Functional dyspepsia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | They include: Gas remedies that are available without a prescription. An ingredient called simethicone may provide some relief by reducing intestinal gas. Examples of gas-relieving remedies include Mylanta and Gas-X. Medicines to reduce acid production. These medicines are called H-2-receptor blockers and are available without a prescription. They include cimetidine (Tagamet HB), famotidine (Pepcid AC) and nizatidine (Axid AR). Stronger versions of these medicines also are available by prescription. Medicines that block acid "pumps." Medicines called proton pump inhibitors shut down the acid "pumps" within acid-secreting stomach cells. Proton pump inhibitors available without a prescription include lansoprazole (Prevacid 24HR), omeprazole (Prilosec OTC) and esomeprazole (Nexium 24HR). Proton pump inhibitors also are available by prescription. Antibiotics. If tests find H. pylori in the stomach, antibiotics may be prescribed along with acid-suppressing medicine. Low-dose antidepressants. Low doses of tricyclic antidepressants and antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be recommended. These medicines may block the activity of neurons that control intestinal pain. Prokinetics. These medicines help the stomach empty faster and tighten the valve between the stomach and esophagus. This helps to reduce upper belly pain. Medicines to relieve nausea. These medicines are called anti-emetics. If you feel like throwing up after eating, anti-emetics may help. These include promethazine, prochlorperazine and meclizine. Behavior therapy Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren't helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. | 2025-05-14 | 388 |
9031f012-dec8-46e6-8c65-757ab4ac269d | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715 | Functional dyspepsia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Medicines to relieve nausea. These medicines are called anti-emetics. If you feel like throwing up after eating, anti-emetics may help. These include promethazine, prochlorperazine and meclizine. Behavior therapy Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren't helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. Make changes to your diet Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. Try to: Eat smaller, more-frequent meals. Having an empty stomach sometimes contributes to functional dyspepsia. Nothing but acid in your stomach may make you feel sick. Try eating a small snack such as a cracker or a piece of fruit. Try not to skip meals. Avoid large meals and overeating. Eat smaller meals more often. Stay away from trigger foods. Some foods may trigger functional dyspepsia. These may include fatty and spicy foods, carbonated beverages, caffeine, and alcohol. Chew your food slowly and completely. Allow time to enjoy your meals. Reduce stress in your daily life Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy. Alternative medicine People with functional dyspepsia often turn to complementary and alternative medicines to help them cope. Further studies are needed before complementary and alternative medicines can be recommended. But they may provide some symptom relief when used with other approaches suggested by a healthcare professional. If you're interested in complementary and alternative treatments, talk to your healthcare team about: Herbal supplements. | 2025-05-14 | 384 |
906d8582-00a5-45b8-b7df-aac574797f7e | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715 | Functional dyspepsia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy. Alternative medicine People with functional dyspepsia often turn to complementary and alternative medicines to help them cope. Further studies are needed before complementary and alternative medicines can be recommended. But they may provide some symptom relief when used with other approaches suggested by a healthcare professional. If you're interested in complementary and alternative treatments, talk to your healthcare team about: Herbal supplements. A combination of peppermint and caraway oils may offer some benefit for functional dyspepsia. Together, they relieved pain symptoms in a one-week trial. Iberogast contains extracts of nine herbs. It may relieve gastrointestinal spasms and improve the intestine's ability to move food. A Japanese herbal remedy called rikkunshito also may be helpful. Researchers found it improved belly pain, heartburn and bloating better than placebo. A placebo is a treatment with no therapeutic effect that looks the same as, and is given the same way as, the medicine or treatment being tested in a study. Artichoke leaf extract may ease symptoms of functional dyspepsia. Relaxation techniques. Relaxing activities may help you cope with symptoms. Meditation, exercise or other activities may help manage your stress. Preparing for your appointment You may start by seeing someone on your primary healthcare team. Or you may be referred right away to a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines, called a gastroenterologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as fasting before having a specific test. Make a list of: Your symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to the reason for your appointment. Key personal information, including major stresses, recent life changes and family medical history. All medicines, vitamins or supplements you take, including the doses. | 2025-05-14 | 391 |
0018098f-ea83-4c05-9ea0-3dfa02af5ae6 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715 | Functional dyspepsia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as fasting before having a specific test. Make a list of: Your symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to the reason for your appointment. Key personal information, including major stresses, recent life changes and family medical history. All medicines, vitamins or supplements you take, including the doses. Questions to ask during your appointment. Take a family member or friend along, if possible, to help you remember the information you're given. For functional dyspepsia, some basic questions to ask include: What's likely causing my symptoms? Other than the most likely cause, what are other possible causes for my symptoms? What tests do I need? Is my condition likely temporary or chronic? What's the best course of action? What are the alternatives to the primary approach you're suggesting? I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there restrictions that I need to follow? Should I see a specialist? Are there brochures or other printed material I can have? What websites do you recommend? Don't hesitate to ask other questions. What to expect from your doctor You'll likely be asked a few questions, such as: When did your symptoms begin? Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional? How severe are your symptoms? What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms? What you can do in the meantime Avoid doing anything that seems to worsen your symptoms. Jan. 04, 2025 | 2025-05-14 | 336 |
e515fc3c-3ac0-4ae9-b3ff-8ce4280480bf | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frostbite/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372661 | Frostbite | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Ian Roth: As winter drags on and temperatures drop way down, your risk of cold-related injury like frostbite can go way up. Sanj Kakar, M.D., Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic: Literally think of it as freezing of the tissues. Ian Roth: Dr. Sanj Kakar, a Mayo Clinic Orthopedic hand and wrist surgeon, says frostbite is more common than many people think. Dr. Kakar: We tend to see frostbite, for example, when the temperature is 5 degrees Fahrenheit with minimal windchill. Ian Roth: If the windchill drops below negative 15 degrees Fahrenheit, not unheard of in the northern half of the U.S., frostbite can set in within half an hour. The most vulnerable areas of frostbite are your nose, ears, fingers and toes. Kakar: Initially [with] the milder forms, you can get some pain and some numbness of the tips, but the skin can change its color. It can be red. It can be white. Or it can be blue. And you can get these blisters on your hands. And it can be a very serious injury. Ian Roth: The worst cases, the tissue can die, and you may need surgery to remove it. So who's most at risk? Kakar: [Those most at risk are] certain patients with diabetes, patients who have previous history of frostbite are prone to it, the elderly or your very young children, and also, for example, if you're dehydrated. Ian Roth: For the Mayo Clinic News Network, I'm Ian Roth. | 2025-05-14 | 332 |
1eb18f5c-4b48-4fba-952d-be46be7dded3 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354063 | Stress fractures | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Treatment aims to lessen the bone's weight-bearing load until it heals. You might need to wear a walking boot or brace or use crutches. Sometimes, surgery is needed to help a stress fracture heal completely. You may be more likely to need surgery for stress fractures that happen in areas with a poor blood supply. Surgery also might be a treatment choice to help healing in elite athletes who want to return to their sport sooner. It may be an option for laborers whose work involves using the affected body part. Let your doctor know if you have pain. You may be told to take small amounts of acetaminophen for relief. You'll likely be told to stay away from pain relievers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). NSAIDs can slow bone healing. | 2025-05-14 | 182 |
90cb696f-6113-4870-8ee4-8be5f8e46e3b | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353491 | Patent foramen ovale | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | If you know you have a patent foramen ovale, but don't have symptoms, you probably won't have any restrictions on your activities. If you'll be traveling long distances, it's important to follow recommendations for preventing blood clots. If you're traveling by car, take breaks and go for short walks. On an airplane, be sure to drink plenty of fluids and walk around whenever it's safe to do so. | 2025-05-14 | 86 |
91f44bee-a536-49f4-925a-65ee29b7f0d9 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356236 | Food poisoning | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis A diagnosis is based on a physical exam and a review of things that may be causing vomiting, diarrhea or other symptoms. Questions from your health care provider will cover: Your symptoms. Food or drinks you've had recently. Symptoms in people who ate with you. Recent changes in the drugs you take. Recent travel. Your health care provider will examine you to rule out other causes of illness and check for signs of dehydration. Your provider may order tests including: Stool sample tests to name the bacteria, viruses, parasites or toxins. Blood tests to name a cause of illness, rule out other conditions or identify complications. When one person or a family gets food poisoning, it's hard to know what food was contaminated. The time from eating the contaminated food to the time of sickness can be hours or days. During that time, you may have had one or several more meals. This makes it difficult to say what food made you sick. In a large outbreak, public health officials may be able to find the common food all of the people shared. Treatment Treatment for food poisoning depends on how severe your symptoms are and what caused the illness. In most cases, drug treatment isn't necessary. Treatment may include the following: Fluid replacement. Fluids and electrolytes, maintain the balance of fluids in your body. Electrolytes include minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium. After vomiting or diarrhea, it's important to replace fluids to prevent dehydration. Severe dehydration may require going to the hospital. You may need fluids and electrolytes delivered directly into the bloodstream. Antibiotics. If the illness is caused by bacteria, you may be prescribed an antibiotic. Antibiotics are generally for people with severe disease or with a higher risk of complications. Antiparasitics. Drugs that target parasites, called antiparasitics, are usually prescribed for parasitic infections. Probiotics. Your care provider may recommend probiotics. | 2025-05-14 | 385 |
4a6fd13d-7e02-4bd9-a481-6424d5e9d6a7 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356236 | Food poisoning | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Severe dehydration may require going to the hospital. You may need fluids and electrolytes delivered directly into the bloodstream. Antibiotics. If the illness is caused by bacteria, you may be prescribed an antibiotic. Antibiotics are generally for people with severe disease or with a higher risk of complications. Antiparasitics. Drugs that target parasites, called antiparasitics, are usually prescribed for parasitic infections. Probiotics. Your care provider may recommend probiotics. These are treatments that replace healthy bacteria in the digestive system. Drugs for diarrhea or upset stomach Adults who have diarrhea that isn't bloody and who have no fever may take loperamide (Imodium A-D) to treat diarrhea. They also may take bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate, others) to treat an upset stomach. These nonprescription drugs are not recommended for children. Ask your doctor about these options. Lifestyle and home remedies For most people, symptoms improve without treatment within 48 hours. To help keep yourself more comfortable and prevent dehydration while you recover, try the following: Let your stomach settle. Eat after your stomach is settled and you are hungry again. Replace fluids with water, sports drinks, juice with added water or broths. Children or people at risk for serious illness should drink rehydration fluids (Pedialyte, Enfalyte, others). Talk to your doctor before giving rehydration fluids to infants. Ease back into eating. Gradually begin to eat bland, low-fat, easy-to-digest foods, such as soda crackers, toast, gelatin, bananas and rice. Stop eating if you feel sick to your stomach again. Avoid certain foods and substances until you're feeling better. These include dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and fatty or highly seasoned foods. Rest to recover from illness and dehydration. Preparing for your appointment You'll likely see your primary health care provider. | 2025-05-14 | 391 |
7e432175-84d9-4a2e-993d-c1e374938a20 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356236 | Food poisoning | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Ease back into eating. Gradually begin to eat bland, low-fat, easy-to-digest foods, such as soda crackers, toast, gelatin, bananas and rice. Stop eating if you feel sick to your stomach again. Avoid certain foods and substances until you're feeling better. These include dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and fatty or highly seasoned foods. Rest to recover from illness and dehydration. Preparing for your appointment You'll likely see your primary health care provider. In some cases, you may need to see a specialist in infectious diseases. Be prepared to answer the following questions. When did your symptoms begin? Have the symptoms been continuous, or do they come and go? Have you had bloody diarrhea or stools? Have you had black or tarry stools? Have you had a fever? What have you recently eaten? Did anyone who ate the same food have symptoms? Have you recently traveled? Where? What drugs, dietary supplements or herbal remedies do you take? Had you taken antibiotics in the days or weeks before your symptoms started? Have you recently changed medications? Feb. 23, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 226 |
c1ceefcd-f3f4-4c74-9498-cb11bdf6622a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20562383 | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis For possible focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), your healthcare professional reviews your medical history and orders lab tests to see how well your kidneys work. Testing may include: Urine tests. These include a 24-hour urine collection that measures the amount of protein and other substances in the urine. Blood tests. A blood test called glomerular filtration rate measures how well the kidneys are getting rid of waste from the body. Kidney imaging. These tests are used to show kidney shape and size. They might include ultrasound and CT or MRI scans. Nuclear medicine studies also might be used. Kidney biopsy. A biopsy usually involves placing a needle through the skin to take a tiny sample from the kidney. The results of the biopsy can confirm a diagnosis of FSGS . Treatment Treatment for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) depends on the type and the cause. Medications Depending on symptoms, medicines to treat FSGS might include: An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). These can lower blood pressure and reduce protein in the urine. Medicines to lower cholesterol levels. People with FSGS often have high cholesterol. Medicines to help the body get rid of salt and water, called diuretics. These can improve blood pressure and swelling. Medicines to lower the body's immune response. For primary FSGS , these medicines may stop the immune system from damaging the kidneys. These medicines include corticosteroids. They can have serious side effects, so they're used with caution. FSGS is a disease that may return. Because scarring in the glomeruli might be lifelong, you need to follow up with your healthcare team is to see how well your kidneys work. For people who have kidney failure, treatments include dialysis and kidney transplant. | 2025-05-14 | 382 |
17ace8cc-e1ec-456b-ad11-9b79e398d76c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20562383 | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | For primary FSGS , these medicines may stop the immune system from damaging the kidneys. These medicines include corticosteroids. They can have serious side effects, so they're used with caution. FSGS is a disease that may return. Because scarring in the glomeruli might be lifelong, you need to follow up with your healthcare team is to see how well your kidneys work. For people who have kidney failure, treatments include dialysis and kidney transplant. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies The following lifestyle changes can help keep the kidneys healthier: Don't use medicines that can damage your kidneys. These include some pain relievers such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDS you can get without a prescription include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Eat a healthy diet. To protect your kidneys and lower your blood pressure, limit salt and protein. Don't smoke. If you need help quitting, talk with a member of your healthcare team. Stay at a healthy weight. Lose weight if you're overweight. Be active on most days. Being active is good for your health. Ask your healthcare team what types of exercise and how much exercise you can do. Preparing for your appointment You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred to a specialist in kidney conditions, called a nephrologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do before the appointment, such as not drinking or eating before having certain tests. This is called fasting. Make a list of: Your symptoms , including any that seem unrelated to the reason for your appointment, and when they began. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
75578713-a646-4850-bdd6-cc2014ec5fda | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20562383 | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Or you may be referred to a specialist in kidney conditions, called a nephrologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do before the appointment, such as not drinking or eating before having certain tests. This is called fasting. Make a list of: Your symptoms , including any that seem unrelated to the reason for your appointment, and when they began. Key personal information , including major stresses, recent life changes and family medical history. All medicines, vitamins or other supplements you take, including doses. Questions to ask your healthcare team. Take a family member or friend along, if possible, to help you remember the information you're given. For focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: What's likely causing my symptoms? What are other possible causes for my symptoms? What tests do I need? Is my condition likely to go away or be long-lasting? What are my treatment choices? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there restrictions I need to follow? Should I see a specialist? Are there brochures or other printed material I can have? What websites do you think might be helpful? Be sure to ask all the questions you have. What to expect from your doctor Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you questions, such as: Do your symptoms come and go or do you have them all the time? How severe are your symptoms? What, if anything, seems to make your symptoms better? What, if anything, seems to make your symptoms worse? Jan. 31, 2025 | 2025-05-14 | 348 |
aded5f7c-6609-49a5-9fc4-7b3d82d6986b | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353724 | Pericardial effusion | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | What you can do When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as fasting before a specific test. Make a list of: Your symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to your heart or breathing Key personal information, including major stresses, recent life changes and medical history All medications, vitamins or supplements you take, including doses Questions to ask your health care provider Take a family member or friend along, if possible, to help you remember the information you receive. For pericardial effusion, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: What's likely causing my symptoms? What tests do I need? Should I see a specialist? How severe is my condition? What's the best course of action? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage these conditions together? Are there brochures or other printed material I can have? What websites do you recommend? | 2025-05-14 | 184 |
0f8f4bed-09df-4b7e-a705-b6fbde0468b4 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351725 | Influenza (flu) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis Flu vaccines at Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic offers flu shots in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota. Learn more about how to get your flu shot at Mayo Clinic. To diagnose the flu, also called influenza, your healthcare professional does a physical exam, looks for symptoms of flu and possibly orders a test that detects flu viruses. The viruses that cause flu spread at high levels during certain times of the year in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. These are called flu seasons. During times when flu is widespread, you may not need a flu test. But a test for flu may be suggested to help guide your care or to know if you could spread the virus to others. A flu test may be done by a pharmacy, your healthcare professional's office or in the hospital. For people age 2 and older, a test you can take at home may be available. If you do use an at-home test, let your healthcare professional know the results. You may need to confirm the results, positive or negative, with a test from your healthcare team. Types of flu tests you may have include: Molecular tests. These tests look for genetic material from the flu virus. Polymerase chain reaction tests, shortened to PCR tests, are molecular tests. You also may hear this type of test called an NAAT test, short for nucleic acid amplification test. Antigen tests. These tests look for viral proteins called antigens. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests are one example of antigen tests. It's possible to have a test to diagnose both flu and other respiratory illness, such as COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. You may have both COVID-19 and influenza at the same time. Treatment If you have a severe infection or are at high risk of complications from a flu infection, your healthcare professional may prescribe an antiviral medicine to treat the flu. | 2025-05-14 | 375 |
b3127f80-283b-4022-932f-9298c7d0fefa | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351725 | Influenza (flu) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Rapid influenza diagnostic tests are one example of antigen tests. It's possible to have a test to diagnose both flu and other respiratory illness, such as COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. You may have both COVID-19 and influenza at the same time. Treatment If you have a severe infection or are at high risk of complications from a flu infection, your healthcare professional may prescribe an antiviral medicine to treat the flu. These medicines can include oseltamivir (Tamiflu), baloxavir (Xofluza) and zanamivir (Relenza). You take oseltamivir and baloxavir by mouth. You inhale zanamivir using a device similar to an asthma inhaler. Zanamivir shouldn't be used by anyone with certain chronic respiratory problems, such as asthma and lung disease. People who are in the hospital may be prescribed peramivir (Rapivab), which is given in a vein. These medicines may shorten your illness by a day or so and help prevent serious complications. Antiviral medicine may cause side effects. The side effects often are listed on the prescription information. In general, antiviral medicine side effects may include breathing symptoms, nausea, vomiting or loose stools called diarrhea. Lifestyle and home remedies If you have the flu, these measures may help ease your symptoms: Drink plenty of liquids. Choose water, juice and warm soups to help keep fluids in your body. Rest. Get more sleep to help your immune system fight infection. You may need to change your activity level, depending on your symptoms. Consider pain relievers. Use acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) for fever, headache or achiness associated with influenza. | 2025-05-14 | 376 |
c40b0591-6fe0-4c97-94a1-398290b84d99 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351725 | Influenza (flu) | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Choose water, juice and warm soups to help keep fluids in your body. Rest. Get more sleep to help your immune system fight infection. You may need to change your activity level, depending on your symptoms. Consider pain relievers. Use acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) for fever, headache or achiness associated with influenza. Children and teens recovering from flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal condition. To help control the spread of influenza in your community, stay home and keep sick children home until the fever is gone, without the use of medicine, for 24 hours. Unless you're going to a medical appointment, avoid being around other people until you're feeling better. If you need to leave your home to get medical care, wear a face mask. Wash your hands often. Jan. 28, 2025 | 2025-05-14 | 200 |
1dd11521-60bd-4d37-b3aa-dfdedf76819a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 | Pulmonary fibrosis | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary fibrosis is scarred and thickened tissue around and between the air sacs called alveoli in the lungs, as shown on the right. A healthy lung with healthy alveoli is shown on the left. Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred. This thickened, stiff tissue makes it harder for the lungs to work properly. Pulmonary fibrosis worsens over time. Some people can stay stable for a long time, but the condition gets worse faster in others. As it gets worse, people become more and more short of breath. The scarring that happens in pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by many things. Often, doctors and other healthcare professionals cannot pinpoint what's causing the problem. When a cause cannot be found, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis usually occurs in middle-aged and older adults. Sometimes pulmonary fibrosis is diagnosed in children and infants, but this is not common. The lung damage caused by pulmonary fibrosis cannot be repaired. Medicines and therapies can sometimes help slow down the rate of fibrosis, ease symptoms and improve quality of life. For some people, a lung transplant might be an option. Symptoms Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis may include: Shortness of breath. Dry cough. Extreme tiredness. Weight loss that's not intended. Aching muscles and joints. Widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers or toes, called clubbing. How fast pulmonary fibrosis worsens over time and how severe the symptoms are can vary greatly from person to person. Some people become ill very quickly with severe disease. Others have moderate symptoms that worsen more slowly, over months or years. | 2025-05-14 | 362 |
a31288e8-32cc-4722-8885-6c543b9ab97e | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 | Pulmonary fibrosis | symptoms-causes | mayo | Dry cough. Extreme tiredness. Weight loss that's not intended. Aching muscles and joints. Widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers or toes, called clubbing. How fast pulmonary fibrosis worsens over time and how severe the symptoms are can vary greatly from person to person. Some people become ill very quickly with severe disease. Others have moderate symptoms that worsen more slowly, over months or years. When symptoms suddenly get worse In people with pulmonary fibrosis, especially idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, shortness of breath can suddenly get worse over a few weeks or days. This is called an acute exacerbation. It can be life-threatening. The cause of an acute exacerbation may be another condition or an illness, such as a lung infection. But usually the cause is not known. When to see a doctor If you have symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis, contact your doctor or other healthcare professional as soon as possible. If your symptoms get worse, especially if they get worse fast, contact your healthcare team right away. Causes Pulmonary fibrosis is scarring and thickening of the tissue around and between the air sacs called alveoli in the lungs. These changes make it harder for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream. Damage to the lungs that results in pulmonary fibrosis may be caused by many different things. Examples include long-term exposure to certain toxins, radiation therapy, some medicines and certain medical conditions. In some cases, the cause of pulmonary fibrosis is not known. Your work and surroundings The type of work you do and where you work or live could be the cause or part of the cause for pulmonary fibrosis. Having continuous or repeated contact with toxins or pollutants — substances that harm the quality of water, air or land — can damage your lungs, especially if you do not wear protective gear. Examples include: Silica dust. Asbestos fibers. Hard metal dusts. Wood, coal and grain dusts. Mold. | 2025-05-14 | 393 |
7f38b96f-052e-4708-a00d-02ae3393178c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 | Pulmonary fibrosis | symptoms-causes | mayo | Your work and surroundings The type of work you do and where you work or live could be the cause or part of the cause for pulmonary fibrosis. Having continuous or repeated contact with toxins or pollutants — substances that harm the quality of water, air or land — can damage your lungs, especially if you do not wear protective gear. Examples include: Silica dust. Asbestos fibers. Hard metal dusts. Wood, coal and grain dusts. Mold. Bird and animal droppings. Radiation treatments Some people who receive radiation therapy to the chest, such as for lung or breast cancer, show signs of lung damage months or sometimes years after treatment. How severe the damage is may depend on: How much of the lung was exposed to radiation. The total amount of radiation given. Whether chemotherapy also was used. Whether there is underlying lung disease. Medicines Many medicines can damage the lungs. Some examples include: Chemotherapy. Medicines designed to kill cancer cells, such as methotrexate (Trexall, Otrexup, others), bleomycin and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), can damage lung tissue. Heart medicines. Some medicines used to treat irregular heartbeats, such as amiodarone (Nexterone, Pacerone), may harm lung tissue. Some antibiotics. Antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin) or ethambutol (Myambutol) can cause lung damage. Anti-inflammatory medicines. Certain anti-inflammatory medicines such as rituximab (Rituxan) or sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) can cause lung damage. Medical conditions Lung damage can also result from a number of conditions, including: Dermatomyositis, an inflammatory disease marked by muscle weakness and a skin rash. Lupus, a disease that occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues and organs. | 2025-05-14 | 389 |
1c005170-f54e-47b7-8941-c88b59a1c164 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 | Pulmonary fibrosis | symptoms-causes | mayo | Anti-inflammatory medicines. Certain anti-inflammatory medicines such as rituximab (Rituxan) or sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) can cause lung damage. Medical conditions Lung damage can also result from a number of conditions, including: Dermatomyositis, an inflammatory disease marked by muscle weakness and a skin rash. Lupus, a disease that occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues and organs. Mixed connective tissue disease, which has a mix of symptoms of different disorders, such as lupus, scleroderma and polymyositis. Pneumonia, an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. Polymyositis, an inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness on both sides of the body. Rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory disease that affects joints and other body systems. Sarcoidosis, an inflammatory disease that most often affects the lungs and lymph nodes. Scleroderma, a group of rare diseases that involve hardening and tightening of the skin as well as problems inside the body. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Many substances and conditions can lead to pulmonary fibrosis. Even so, in many people, the cause is never found. But risk factors such as smoking or exposure to air pollution could be related to the condition, even if the cause cannot be confirmed. Pulmonary fibrosis with no known cause is called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Many people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis also may have gastroesophageal reflux disease, also called GERD. This condition occurs when acid from the stomach flows back into the esophagus. GERD may be a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or cause the condition to worsen faster. But more studies are needed. Risk factors Pulmonary fibrosis has been found in children and infants, but this is not common. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is much more likely to affect middle-aged and older adults. | 2025-05-14 | 397 |
aca346e2-a63f-4c34-a31f-b963fcfc76d8 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 | Pulmonary fibrosis | symptoms-causes | mayo | This condition occurs when acid from the stomach flows back into the esophagus. GERD may be a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or cause the condition to worsen faster. But more studies are needed. Risk factors Pulmonary fibrosis has been found in children and infants, but this is not common. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is much more likely to affect middle-aged and older adults. Other types of pulmonary fibrosis, such as that caused by connective tissue disease, can occur in younger people. Factors that can raise your risk of pulmonary fibrosis include: Smoking. If you smoke now or used to smoke, you're at a higher risk of pulmonary fibrosis than people who never smoked. People with emphysema are at higher risk, too. Certain types of work. You have a higher risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis if you work in mining, farming or construction. The risk also is higher if you have continuous or repeated contact with pollutants known to damage the lungs. Cancer treatments. Having radiation treatments to your chest or using certain chemotherapy medicines can raise your risk of pulmonary fibrosis. Genetics. Some types of pulmonary fibrosis run in families, so genes may play a role. Complications Complications of pulmonary fibrosis may include: High blood pressure in the lungs. Called pulmonary hypertension, this type of high blood pressure affects the arteries in the lungs. These are the pulmonary arteries. Stiff and thick arteries may slow down or block blood flow through the lungs. This raises the pressure inside the pulmonary arteries and the lower right heart chamber, called the right ventricle. Right-sided heart failure. This serious condition occurs when your heart's right chamber has to pump harder than usual to move blood through partly blocked pulmonary arteries. Respiratory failure. This is often the last stage of long-term lung disease. It occurs when blood oxygen levels fall dangerously low. Lung cancer. Long-standing pulmonary fibrosis increases your risk of developing lung cancer. | 2025-05-14 | 395 |
7d32acff-26ea-40ae-8e57-661ba4be45e8 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 | Pulmonary fibrosis | symptoms-causes | mayo | This raises the pressure inside the pulmonary arteries and the lower right heart chamber, called the right ventricle. Right-sided heart failure. This serious condition occurs when your heart's right chamber has to pump harder than usual to move blood through partly blocked pulmonary arteries. Respiratory failure. This is often the last stage of long-term lung disease. It occurs when blood oxygen levels fall dangerously low. Lung cancer. Long-standing pulmonary fibrosis increases your risk of developing lung cancer. Other lung problems. As pulmonary fibrosis gets worse over time, it may lead to serious problems such as blood clots in the lungs, a collapsed lung or lung infections. Feb. 15, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 137 |
7d1a65e3-5eaa-418b-803c-39d5a2ad87ed | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353108 | Interstitial lung disease | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Interstitial (in-tur-STISH-ul) lung disease, also called ILD, describes a large group of conditions. Most of these conditions cause inflammation and progressive scarring of lung tissue. As part of this process, lung tissue thickens and stiffens, making it hard for the lungs to expand and fill with air. At some point, the scarring from interstitial lung disease makes it harder to breathe and get enough oxygen into the bloodstream. Many people with ILD are short of breath with activity and may have a bothersome dry cough. Interstitial lung disease can have many causes, including long-term exposure to hazardous materials such as asbestos. Some types of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, also can cause interstitial lung disease. But the cause isn't known sometimes. ILD can have many causes, so treatment varies. The disease may get worse slowly or rapidly at a pace that often can't be predicted. Once lung scarring occurs, it generally isn't reversible. Treatment focuses on keeping more scarring from occurring, managing symptoms and making quality of life better. Medicines may slow the damage of interstitial lung disease, but many people never fully use their lungs again. Lung transplant is an option for some people who have ILD. Symptoms The main symptoms of interstitial lung disease are: Shortness of breath at rest or shortness of breath that worsens with physical activity. Dry cough. When to see a doctor By the time symptoms appear in certain types of interstitial lung disease, lasting lung damage has already occurred. That's why it's important to see your healthcare professional at the first sign of breathing problems. Many conditions other than ILD can affect your lungs. Getting an early and correct diagnosis is important for proper treatment. | 2025-05-14 | 356 |
846a02e8-8772-4965-8217-e53c694576db | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353108 | Interstitial lung disease | symptoms-causes | mayo | Dry cough. When to see a doctor By the time symptoms appear in certain types of interstitial lung disease, lasting lung damage has already occurred. That's why it's important to see your healthcare professional at the first sign of breathing problems. Many conditions other than ILD can affect your lungs. Getting an early and correct diagnosis is important for proper treatment. Causes Bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs Bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs Bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs In your lungs, the main airways, called bronchi, branch off into smaller and smaller passageways. The smallest airways, called bronchioles, lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli. Interstitial lung disease seems to occur when an injury to your lungs causes a healing response that isn't proper. Ordinarily, your body creates just the right amount of tissue to repair damage. But in ILD, the repair process doesn't work properly. Tissue in and around the lungs' air sacs, called alveoli, becomes inflamed, scarred and thickened. This makes it harder for oxygen to pass into your bloodstream. There are many types of interstitial lung disease. They're generally grouped by known or unknown causes: Your work or the environment. An underlying systemic condition. Certain types of medicines, or radiation. No known cause. Some interstitial lung diseases can be related to smoking. Your work or the environment Long-term exposure to some toxins and pollutants can damage your lungs. For example: Pneumoconiosis. Pneumoconiosis (noo-moe-koh-nee-O-sis) refers to a type of interstitial lung disease caused by breathing in certain kinds of dust from work or another environment over a long time. Diseases in this group can cause lung scarring and injury over time, leading to shortness of breath and poor ability to take in oxygen. These symptoms can't be reversed. | 2025-05-14 | 398 |
8f9ab64e-8249-4ec1-b450-fcfcc4b00c97 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353108 | Interstitial lung disease | symptoms-causes | mayo | For example: Pneumoconiosis. Pneumoconiosis (noo-moe-koh-nee-O-sis) refers to a type of interstitial lung disease caused by breathing in certain kinds of dust from work or another environment over a long time. Diseases in this group can cause lung scarring and injury over time, leading to shortness of breath and poor ability to take in oxygen. These symptoms can't be reversed. The disease is often named after the exposure type or work role itself. They include such diseases as coal miner's lung, caused by breathing in coal dust, and asbestosis, caused by breathing in asbestos particles. These diseases also include silicosis, caused by breathing in silica dust. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. This lung inflammation is caused by breathing in airborne irritants, often involving the proteins of living things. The most common of these airborne irritants are bird protein, mold or bacteria. Conditions of this type also are often named after the type or source of exposure. For example, pigeon-breeder's or bird-lover's disease involves being exposed to bird protein, and farmer's lung involves being exposed to moldy hay. People with this type of lung inflammation can get better by staying away from the irritant. But this type of lung inflammation also can get worse and lead to more-lasting damage if people continue to breathe in the irritant. Underlying systemic condition Certain diseases or conditions may lead to interstitial lung disease. For example: Connective tissue diseases. These include autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma and mixed connective tissue disease. These diseases result in an immune response that isn't proper and may cause tissue inflammation and scarring in the body, including in the lungs. Sarcoidosis. This is a disease that includes the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of your body — most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes. | 2025-05-14 | 395 |
dbcc2bd6-4b46-4ea6-b1cc-5801d5e6256a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353108 | Interstitial lung disease | symptoms-causes | mayo | For example: Connective tissue diseases. These include autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma and mixed connective tissue disease. These diseases result in an immune response that isn't proper and may cause tissue inflammation and scarring in the body, including in the lungs. Sarcoidosis. This is a disease that includes the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of your body — most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes. Other commonly affected organs include the eyes, skin, heart, spleen and liver. Medications, radiation Certain types of medicines can cause interstitial lung disease in some people. This may or may not be reversible based on the type and length of exposure. Medicines more commonly associated with ILD are: Chemotherapy drugs. Drugs designed to kill cancer cells, such as bleomycin, gemcitabine and immune checkpoint inhibitors, can damage lung tissue. Heart medicines. Some drugs used to treat irregular heartbeats, such as amiodarone (Nexterone, Pacerone), may harm lung tissue. Some antibiotics. Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin, others) and daptomycin can cause lung damage. Anti-inflammatory drugs. Certain anti-inflammatory drugs, such as methotrexate (Trexall, Xatmep, others) or sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), can damage the lungs. Radiation directed at the chest during treatments for certain types of cancers — breast and lung cancers, for example — may lead to injury or long-term scarring in some people. How severe the damage is may depend on: How much of the lung was exposed to radiation. The total amount of radiation given. Whether chemotherapy also was used. Whether there is underlying lung disease. No known cause The list of substances and conditions that can lead to interstitial lung disease is long. | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
0e63d2a2-b486-42eb-a5cd-1e020159ff16 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353108 | Interstitial lung disease | symptoms-causes | mayo | Radiation directed at the chest during treatments for certain types of cancers — breast and lung cancers, for example — may lead to injury or long-term scarring in some people. How severe the damage is may depend on: How much of the lung was exposed to radiation. The total amount of radiation given. Whether chemotherapy also was used. Whether there is underlying lung disease. No known cause The list of substances and conditions that can lead to interstitial lung disease is long. Even so, in some people, the cause is never found. Conditions without a known cause are grouped together under the label of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. For example: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, also called IPF. IPF is a typically progressive lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred — what's known as fibrosis. Idiopathic means the cause isn't known. IPF can be seen on imaging and biopsy if a lung biopsy is taken. This thickened, stiff tissue makes it harder for your lungs to work properly. The most common type of ILD, IPF often gets worse and can't be reversed. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, also called COP. COP is a rare lung condition in which the small airways, called bronchioles, and tiny air-exchange sacs, called alveoli, get inflamed. This inflammation makes it hard to breathe. Imaging tests show pneumonia, but COP is not an infection, and the cause is not known. Scarring or fibrosis is rare, but it can happen in some patients if the condition comes back. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. This type of interstitial lung disease causes cells to be inflamed or scar tissue to build up in the spaces between the air sacs in the lungs. It's more likely to happen in people with connective tissue diseases, but it also can be linked to other conditions. | 2025-05-14 | 383 |
9cf9f408-f0e6-4721-9f8a-2ec97a9f00b6 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353108 | Interstitial lung disease | symptoms-causes | mayo | Scarring or fibrosis is rare, but it can happen in some patients if the condition comes back. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. This type of interstitial lung disease causes cells to be inflamed or scar tissue to build up in the spaces between the air sacs in the lungs. It's more likely to happen in people with connective tissue diseases, but it also can be linked to other conditions. Risk factors Factors that may make you more likely to get interstitial lung disease include: Age. ILD is much more likely to affect adults, although babies and children sometimes get the disease. Exposure to toxins at work or in the environment. Working in mining, farming or construction, or for any reason getting exposed to pollutants known to damage lungs, raises your risk of getting ILD. Smoking. Some forms of ILD are more likely to occur in people with a history of smoking. Active smoking may make the condition worse, especially if you also have emphysema. Radiation and chemotherapy. Having radiation treatments to your chest or using certain chemotherapy drugs raises your risk of lung disease. Connective tissue disease. This includes autoimmune diseases that can raise your risk of ILD. Complications Interstitial lung disease can lead to a series of life-threatening complications, including: High blood pressure in your lungs, also known as pulmonary hypertension. Unlike systemic high blood pressure, this condition affects only the arteries in your lungs. Scar tissue or low oxygen levels restrict the smallest blood vessels, limiting blood flow in your lungs. This raises pressure within the pulmonary arteries and can worsen oxygen exchange, lowering oxygen levels in your blood. Pulmonary hypertension is a serious illness that may get worse over time, causing the right side of your heart to fail. Right-sided heart failure, also known as cor pulmonale. This serious condition occurs when your heart's lower right chamber, also known as the right ventricle, must pump harder than usual to move blood through blocked pulmonary arteries. | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
ea014812-7217-4488-85ee-3b2cb340a04d | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353108 | Interstitial lung disease | symptoms-causes | mayo | This raises pressure within the pulmonary arteries and can worsen oxygen exchange, lowering oxygen levels in your blood. Pulmonary hypertension is a serious illness that may get worse over time, causing the right side of your heart to fail. Right-sided heart failure, also known as cor pulmonale. This serious condition occurs when your heart's lower right chamber, also known as the right ventricle, must pump harder than usual to move blood through blocked pulmonary arteries. Eventually, the right ventricle fails from the extra strain. This is often due to pulmonary hypertension. Respiratory failure. In the end stage of chronic ILD, respiratory failure occurs when severely low blood oxygen levels, along with rising pressures in the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle, cause the heart to fail. Prevention To prevent interstitial lung disease, avoid exposure to toxins at work, such as asbestos, coal dust and silica dust. Also, avoid exposure to toxins in the environment, such as bird protein, mold and bacteria. If you must be around these toxins, protect yourself by wearing a respirator. Other ways to prevent ILD include not smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke. If you have an autoimmune disease or are taking medicines that raise your risk of getting ILD, talk with your healthcare professional about steps you can take to prevent ILD. Also, get vaccinated because respiratory infections can make symptoms of ILD worse. Be sure you get the pneumonia vaccine and a flu shot each year. Also, ask your healthcare professional about getting vaccinated for pertussis, COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus, also called RSV. Nov. 23, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 332 |
3ac77b7d-8226-4662-8819-4680a014b617 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354780 | Fibromyalgia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Fibromyalgia is a long-term condition that involves widespread body pain. The pain happens along with fatigue. It also can involve issues with sleep, memory and mood. Researchers think that fibromyalgia affects the way the brain and spinal cord process painful and nonpainful signals. That increases your overall sensitivity to pain. Symptoms often start after a triggering event. Triggers can include injuries, surgery, infections or emotional stress. Or the symptoms can build up over time, with no single event to trigger them. Women are more likely to get fibromyalgia than are men. Many people who have fibromyalgia also have: Headaches. Jaw and facial pain due to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Irritable bowel syndrome. Anxiety. Depression. There's no cure for fibromyalgia. But medicines and other treatments can help control the symptoms. Exercise, talk therapy and techniques that lower stress also may help. | 2025-05-14 | 193 |
90168930-3664-4180-b4af-80fee2bbb066 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352144 | Fibromuscular dysplasia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Fibromuscular dysplasia Fibromuscular dysplasia Fibromuscular dysplasia In fibromuscular dysplasia, the muscle and fiber tissues in the arteries thicken, causing the arteries to narrow. This is called stenosis. Narrowed arteries can reduce blood flow to the organs, causing organ damage. The artery to the kidney is called the renal artery. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery is shown here, with a "string of beads" appearance. Fibromuscular dysplasia is a condition that causes the medium-sized arteries in the body to narrow and grow larger. Narrowed arteries can reduce blood flow and affect how body organs work. Fibromuscular dysplasia is most often seen in the arteries leading to the kidneys and brain. But it also can affect arteries in the legs, heart, belly area and, rarely, the arms. More than one artery can be involved. Treatments are available to control symptoms and help prevent complications, such as stroke. But there is no cure for fibromuscular dysplasia. Symptoms Symptoms of fibromuscular dysplasia depend on which artery or arteries are affected. Some people don't have any symptoms. If the arteries to the kidneys are affected, common symptoms include: High blood pressure. Problems with how the kidneys work. If the arteries affected supply blood to the brain, symptoms might include: Headache. A pulsing feeling or ringing sound in your ears, called tinnitus. Dizziness. Sudden neck pain. Stroke or transient ischemic attack. When to see a doctor If you have fibromuscular dysplasia, get medical help immediately if you have symptoms of a stroke, such as: Sudden changes in vision. Sudden changes in the ability to speak. Sudden or new weakness in the arms or legs. | 2025-05-14 | 379 |
3544db0b-9372-4ed1-a935-405174dfb8fa | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352144 | Fibromuscular dysplasia | symptoms-causes | mayo | A pulsing feeling or ringing sound in your ears, called tinnitus. Dizziness. Sudden neck pain. Stroke or transient ischemic attack. When to see a doctor If you have fibromuscular dysplasia, get medical help immediately if you have symptoms of a stroke, such as: Sudden changes in vision. Sudden changes in the ability to speak. Sudden or new weakness in the arms or legs. If you are concerned about your risk of fibromuscular dysplasia, make an appointment for a health checkup. The condition can rarely run in families. But there's no genetic test for fibromuscular dysplasia. Causes The cause of fibromuscular dysplasia is not known. Changes in genes might cause the condition. Because the condition is more common in women than men, researchers think female hormones also may play a role. But exactly how is unclear. Fibromuscular dysplasia is not linked to women's use of birth control pills. Risk factors Things that increase the risk of fibromuscular dysplasia include: Sex. The condition is more common in women than it is in men. Age. Fibromuscular dysplasia tends to be diagnosed in people in their 50s. But it can affect anyone of any age. Smoking. People who smoke seem to have an increased risk of developing fibromuscular dysplasia. Smoking also can make the disease worse. Complications Possible complications of fibromuscular dysplasia include: High blood pressure. The narrowing of the arteries of the kidneys causes higher pressure on the artery walls. Damage to the arteries may lead to heart disease or heart failure. Tears in the artery walls. Fibromuscular dysplasia and tears in the walls of the arteries often occur together. An artery tear is called a dissection. | 2025-05-14 | 376 |
5408a7c1-e3c7-44d5-868e-69a4d7ccfa1c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352144 | Fibromuscular dysplasia | symptoms-causes | mayo | Smoking also can make the disease worse. Complications Possible complications of fibromuscular dysplasia include: High blood pressure. The narrowing of the arteries of the kidneys causes higher pressure on the artery walls. Damage to the arteries may lead to heart disease or heart failure. Tears in the artery walls. Fibromuscular dysplasia and tears in the walls of the arteries often occur together. An artery tear is called a dissection. When a tear forms in one of the blood vessels in the heart, it's called a spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). A dissection can slow or block blood flow. Emergency medical treatment is needed. Bulge or ballooning of an artery. Also called an aneurysm, this complication can occur if the artery wall is weak or damaged. Fibromuscular dysplasia can weaken the walls of the affected arteries. An aneurysm that breaks open, called a rupture, can be life-threatening. Emergency medical treatment is needed for a ruptured aneurysm. Stroke. An artery tear or aneurysm rupture in the brain can lead to stroke. High blood pressure also can increase the risk of a stroke. | 2025-05-14 | 242 |
c973d23a-f44b-4f1d-8e6d-ff6ceacbfbed | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288 | Uterine fibroids | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Uterine fibroids are common growths of the uterus. They often appear during the years you're usually able to get pregnant and give birth. Uterine fibroids are not cancer, and they almost never turn into cancer. They aren't linked with a higher risk of other types of cancer in the uterus either. They're also called leiomyomas (lie-o-my-O-muhs) or myomas. Fibroids vary in number and size. You can have a single fibroid or more than one. Some of these growths are too small to see with the eyes. Others can grow to the size of a grapefruit or larger. A fibroid that gets very big can distort the inside and the outside of the uterus. In extreme cases, some fibroids grow large enough to fill the pelvis or stomach area. They can make a person look pregnant. Many people have uterine fibroids sometime during their lives. But you might not know you have them, because they often cause no symptoms. Your health care professional may just happen to find fibroids during a pelvic exam or pregnancy ultrasound. Symptoms Fibroid locations Fibroid locations Fibroid locations There are three major types of uterine fibroids. Intramural fibroids grow within the muscular uterine wall. Submucosal fibroids bulge into the uterine cavity. Subserosal fibroids project to the outside of the uterus. Some submucosal or subserosal fibroids may be pedunculated. This means they hang from a stalk inside or outside the uterus. Many people who have uterine fibroids don't have any symptoms. In those who do, symptoms can be influenced by the location, size and number of fibroids. The most common symptoms of uterine fibroids include: Heavy menstrual bleeding or painful periods. Longer or more frequent periods. Pelvic pressure or pain. Frequent urination or trouble urinating. | 2025-05-14 | 395 |
759e2011-58b8-4ba6-b9fe-96daa3b4f7d3 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288 | Uterine fibroids | symptoms-causes | mayo | This means they hang from a stalk inside or outside the uterus. Many people who have uterine fibroids don't have any symptoms. In those who do, symptoms can be influenced by the location, size and number of fibroids. The most common symptoms of uterine fibroids include: Heavy menstrual bleeding or painful periods. Longer or more frequent periods. Pelvic pressure or pain. Frequent urination or trouble urinating. Growing stomach area. Constipation. Pain in the stomach area or lower back, or pain during sex. Rarely, a fibroid can cause sudden, serious pain when it outgrows its blood supply and starts to die. Often, fibroids are grouped by their location. Intramural fibroids grow within the muscular wall of the uterus. Subserosal fibroids form on the outside of the uterus. When to see a doctor See your doctor if you have: Pelvic pain that doesn't go away. Heavy or painful periods that limit what you can do. Spotting or bleeding between periods. Trouble emptying your bladder. Ongoing tiredness and weakness, which can be symptoms of anemia, meaning a low level of red blood cells. Get medical care right away if you have severe bleeding from the vagina or sharp pelvic pain that comes on fast. Causes The exact cause of uterine fibroids isn't clear. But these factors may play roles: Gene changes. Many fibroids contain changes in genes that differ from those in typical uterine muscle cells. Hormones. Two hormones called estrogen and progesterone cause the tissue the lines the inside of the uterus to thicken during each menstrual cycle to prepare for pregnancy. These hormones also seem to help fibroids grow. Fibroids contain more cells that estrogen and progesterone bind to than do typical uterine muscle cells. Fibroids tend to shrink after menopause due to a drop in hormone levels. Other growth factors. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
f346aeef-9ff3-4588-9d39-2dde307da3d1 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288 | Uterine fibroids | symptoms-causes | mayo | Hormones. Two hormones called estrogen and progesterone cause the tissue the lines the inside of the uterus to thicken during each menstrual cycle to prepare for pregnancy. These hormones also seem to help fibroids grow. Fibroids contain more cells that estrogen and progesterone bind to than do typical uterine muscle cells. Fibroids tend to shrink after menopause due to a drop in hormone levels. Other growth factors. Substances that help the body maintain tissues, such as insulin-like growth factor, may affect fibroid growth. Extracellular matrix (ECM). This material makes cells stick together, like mortar between bricks. ECM is increased in fibroids and makes them fibrous. ECM also stores growth factors and causes biologic changes in the cells themselves. Doctors believe that uterine fibroids may develop from a stem cell in the smooth muscular tissue of the uterus. A single cell divides over and over. In time it turns into a firm, rubbery mass distinct from nearby tissue. The growth patterns of uterine fibroids vary. They may grow slowly or fast. Or they might stay the same size. Some fibroids go through growth spurts, and some shrink on their own. Fibroids that form during pregnancy can shrink or go away after pregnancy, as the uterus goes back to its usual size. Risk factors There are few known risk factors for uterine fibroids, other than being a person of reproductive age. These include: Race. All people of reproductive age who were born female could develop fibroids. But Black people are more likely to have fibroids than are people of other racial groups. Black people have fibroids at younger ages than do white people. They're also likely to have more or larger fibroids, along with worse symptoms, than do white people. Family history. If your mother or sister had fibroids, you're at higher risk of getting them. Other factors. | 2025-05-14 | 387 |
6e2a545a-97ab-4f69-9619-bf89a8a19b25 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288 | Uterine fibroids | symptoms-causes | mayo | These include: Race. All people of reproductive age who were born female could develop fibroids. But Black people are more likely to have fibroids than are people of other racial groups. Black people have fibroids at younger ages than do white people. They're also likely to have more or larger fibroids, along with worse symptoms, than do white people. Family history. If your mother or sister had fibroids, you're at higher risk of getting them. Other factors. Starting your period before the age of 10; obesity; being low on vitamin D; having a diet higher in red meat and lower in green vegetables, fruit and dairy; and drinking alcohol, including beer, seem to raise your risk of getting fibroids. Complications Uterine fibroids often aren't dangerous. But they can cause pain, and they may lead to complications. These include a drop in red blood cells called anemia. That condition can cause fatigue from heavy blood loss. If you bleed heavily during your period, your doctor may tell you to take an iron supplement to prevent or help manage anemia. Sometimes, a person with anemia needs to receive blood from a donor, called a transfusion, due to blood loss. Pregnancy and fibroids Often, fibroids don't interfere with getting pregnant. But some fibroids — especially the submucosal kind — could cause infertility or pregnancy loss. Fibroids also may raise the risk of certain pregnancy complications. These include: Placental abruption, when the organ that brings oxygen and nutrients to the baby, called the placenta, separates from the inner wall of the uterus. Fetal growth restriction, when an unborn baby doesn't grow as well as expected. Preterm delivery, when a baby is born too early, before the 37th week of pregnancy. Prevention Researchers continue to study the causes of fibroid tumors. More research is needed on how to prevent them, though. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
08492693-27b0-4e3e-9d0e-4ffce1fcd864 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288 | Uterine fibroids | symptoms-causes | mayo | These include: Placental abruption, when the organ that brings oxygen and nutrients to the baby, called the placenta, separates from the inner wall of the uterus. Fetal growth restriction, when an unborn baby doesn't grow as well as expected. Preterm delivery, when a baby is born too early, before the 37th week of pregnancy. Prevention Researchers continue to study the causes of fibroid tumors. More research is needed on how to prevent them, though. It might not be possible to prevent uterine fibroids. But only a small percentage of these tumors need treatment. You might be able to lower your fibroid risk with healthy lifestyle changes. Try to stay at a healthy weight. Get regular exercise. And eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables. Some research suggests that birth control pills or long-acting progestin-only contraceptives may lower the risk of fibroids. But using birth control pills before the age of 16 may be linked with a higher risk. Sept. 15, 2023 | 2025-05-14 | 213 |
1eaa7f34-8d04-4129-b711-7880c872bc5c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibrocystic-breasts/symptoms-causes/syc-20350438 | Fibrocystic breasts | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Fibrocystic breast changes Fibrocystic breast changes Fibrocystic breast changes Fibrocystic breast changes lead to the development of fluid-filled round or oval sacs, called cysts. The cysts can make breasts feel tender, lumpy or ropy. They feel distinct from other breast tissue. Fibrocystic breasts are composed of tissue that feels lumpy or ropelike in texture. Doctors call this nodular or glandular breast tissue. It's not at all uncommon to have fibrocystic breasts or experience fibrocystic breast changes. In fact, medical professionals have stopped using the term "fibrocystic breast disease" and now simply refer to "fibrocystic breasts" or "fibrocystic breast changes" because having fibrocystic breasts isn't a disease. Breast changes that fluctuate with the menstrual cycle and have a ropelike texture are considered normal. Fibrocystic breast changes don't always cause symptoms. Some people experience breast pain, tenderness and lumpiness — especially in the upper, outer area of the breasts. Breast symptoms tend to be most bothersome just before menstruation and get better afterward. Simple self-care measures can usually relieve discomfort associated with fibrocystic breasts. Symptoms Signs and symptoms of fibrocystic breasts may include: Breast lumps or areas of thickening that tend to blend into the surrounding breast tissue Generalized breast pain or tenderness or discomfort that involves the upper outer part of the breast Breast nodules or lumpy tissue change in size with the menstrual cycle Green or dark brown nonbloody nipple discharge that tends to leak without pressure or squeezing Breast changes that are similar in both breasts Monthly increase in breast pain or lumpiness from midcycle (ovulation) to just before your period and then gets better once your period starts Fibrocystic breast changes occur most often between 30 and 50 years of age. | 2025-05-14 | 391 |
08d11482-8102-47a8-ab8c-1ae62dee572a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibrocystic-breasts/symptoms-causes/syc-20350438 | Fibrocystic breasts | symptoms-causes | mayo | These changes happen rarely after menopause unless you're taking hormone replacement medicine such as estrogen or progesterone. When to see a doctor Most fibrocystic breast changes are normal. However, make an appointment with your doctor if: You find a new or persistent breast lump or area of prominent thickening or firmness of the breast tissue You have specific areas of continuous or worsening breast pain Breast changes persist after your period Your doctor evaluated a breast lump but now it seems to be bigger or otherwise changed Causes Breast anatomy Breast anatomy Breast anatomy Each breast contains 15 to 20 lobes of glandular tissue, arranged like the petals of a daisy. The lobes are further divided into smaller lobules that produce milk for breastfeeding. Small tubes, called ducts, conduct the milk to a reservoir that lies just beneath the nipple. The exact cause of fibrocystic breast changes isn't known, but experts suspect that reproductive hormones — especially estrogen — play a role. Fluctuating hormone levels during the menstrual cycle can cause breast discomfort and areas of lumpy breast tissue that feel tender, sore and swollen. Fibrocystic breast changes tend to be more bothersome before your menstrual period and ease up after your period begins. When examined under a microscope, fibrocystic breast tissue includes distinct components such as: Fluid-filled round or oval sacs (cysts) A prominence of scar-like fibrous tissue (fibrosis) Overgrowth of cells (hyperplasia) lining the milk ducts or milk-producing tissues (lobules) of the breast Enlarged breast lobules (adenosis) Complications Having fibrocystic breasts doesn't increase your risk of breast cancer. April 04, 2023 | 2025-05-14 | 347 |
78dc0c4b-e9bd-4a7e-bf81-dfa6cd352a1a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibroadenoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352752 | Fibroadenoma | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview A fibroadenoma (fy-broe-ad-uh-NO-muh) is a solid breast lump. This breast lump is not cancer. A fibroadenoma happens most often between ages 15 and 35. But it can be found at any age in anyone who has periods. A fibroadenoma often causes no pain. It can feel firm, smooth and rubbery. It has a round shape. It might feel like a pea in the breast. Or it may feel flat like a coin. When touched, it moves easily within the breast tissue. Fibroadenomas are common breast lumps. If you have a fibroadenoma, your health care provider may tell you to watch for changes in its size or feel. You may need a biopsy to check the lump or surgery to remove it. Many fibroadenomas need no further treatment. Symptoms A fibroadenoma is a solid breast lump that often causes no pain. It is: Round with distinct, smooth borders Easily moved Firm or rubbery A fibroadenoma often grows slowly. The average size is about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters). A fibroadenoma can get bigger over time. It may be tender or cause soreness a few days before your period. A large fibroadenoma may hurt when you touch it. But most often, this type of breast lump causes no pain. You can have a single fibroadenoma or more than one fibroadenoma. They can occur in one or both breasts. Some fibroadenomas shrink over time. Most fibroadenomas in adolescents shrink over many months to a few years. They then disappear. Fibroadenomas may also change shape over time. Fibroadenomas may get bigger during pregnancy. They might shrink after menopause. When to see a doctor Healthy breast tissue often feels lumpy. | 2025-05-14 | 383 |
0d10bad4-bdf4-40b8-82dc-de5ba31f32c5 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibroadenoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352752 | Fibroadenoma | symptoms-causes | mayo | You can have a single fibroadenoma or more than one fibroadenoma. They can occur in one or both breasts. Some fibroadenomas shrink over time. Most fibroadenomas in adolescents shrink over many months to a few years. They then disappear. Fibroadenomas may also change shape over time. Fibroadenomas may get bigger during pregnancy. They might shrink after menopause. When to see a doctor Healthy breast tissue often feels lumpy. Make an appointment with your health care provider if you: Find a new breast lump Notice other changes in your breasts Find that a breast lump you had checked in the past has grown or changed in any way Causes The cause of fibroadenomas is not known. They might be related to hormones that control your periods. Less common types of fibroadenomas and related breast lumps may not act the same as typical fibroadenomas. These types of breast lumps include: Complex fibroadenomas. These are fibroadenomas that can get bigger over time. They can press on or displace nearby breast tissue. Giant fibroadenomas grow quickly to larger than 2 inches (5 centimeters). They also can press on nearby breast tissue or push it out of place. Phyllodes tumors and fibroadenomas are made of similar tissues. But under a microscope, phyllodes tumors look different from fibroadenomas. Phyllodes tumors typically have features associated with growing faster. Most phyllodes tumors are benign. This means they are not cancer. But some phyllodes tumors may be cancer. Or they could become cancer. Phyllodes tumors often cause no pain. Complications Common fibroadenomas do not affect your risk of breast cancer. But your risk might go up a bit if you have a complex fibroadenoma or a phyllodes tumor. April 30, 2025 | 2025-05-14 | 387 |
f3b3e1e6-53f9-4052-a94d-07068f98c993 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20352759 | Fever | symptoms-causes | mayo | Taking a temperature To take a temperature, you can choose from several types of thermometers, including oral, rectal, ear (tympanic) and forehead (temporal artery) thermometers. Oral and rectal thermometers generally provide the most accurate measurement of core body temperature. Ear or forehead thermometers, although convenient, provide less accurate temperature measurements. In infants, a rectal temperature, if doable, is somewhat more accurate. When reporting a temperature to your health care provider, give both the reading and the type of thermometer used. | 2025-05-14 | 110 |
21ef8ac9-9335-4946-9dc5-6f4750eea430 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372579 | Fetal macrosomia | symptoms-causes | mayo | The term "fetal macrosomia" is used to describe a newborn who's much larger than average. A baby who is diagnosed as having fetal macrosomia weighs more than 8 pounds, 13 ounces (4,000 grams), regardless of his or her gestational age. About 9% of babies worldwide weigh more than 8 pounds, 13 ounces. Risks associated with fetal macrosomia increase greatly when birth weight is more than 9 pounds, 15 ounces (4,500 grams). Fetal macrosomia may complicate vaginal delivery and can put the baby at risk of injury during birth. Fetal macrosomia also puts the baby at increased risk of health problems after birth. | 2025-05-14 | 145 |
ea05e786-4624-49ae-9e93-03c4d5907aee | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 | Pulmonary fibrosis | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis To diagnose pulmonary fibrosis, your doctor or other healthcare professional reviews your medical and family history and does a physical exam. You can talk about your symptoms and review any medicines you take. You also will likely be asked about any continuous or repeated contact with dusts, gases, chemicals or similar substances, especially through work. During the physical exam, your healthcare professional listens carefully to your lungs while you breathe. Pulmonary fibrosis often occurs along with a crackling sound at the base of the lungs. You may have one or more of these tests. Imaging tests Chest X-ray. Images of the chest may show the scar tissue that is usually part of pulmonary fibrosis. Sometimes the chest X-ray may not show any changes. More tests may be needed to find out why you are short of breath. Computerized tomography (CT) scan. A CT scan combines X-ray images taken from many different angles to create images of structures inside the body. A high-resolution CT scan can be helpful in diagnosing pulmonary fibrosis and in finding out how much lung damage has occurred. Some kinds of fibrosis have certain patterns. Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to look at the heart. The test can create pictures of the heart's structures. It also can create videos that show how the heart is working. This test can tell the amount of pressure in the arteries of the lungs and in the right side of the heart. Lung function tests Also called pulmonary function tests, these are done to find out how well your lungs are working: Spirometry. In this test, you breathe out quickly and forcefully through a tube connected to a machine. The machine measures how much air the lungs can hold and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs. Lung volume test. This test measures the amount of air the lungs hold at different times when breathing in and out. Lung diffusion test. | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
99d1bde5-7c77-42b2-92ec-bb0ba053eae5 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 | Pulmonary fibrosis | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Lung function tests Also called pulmonary function tests, these are done to find out how well your lungs are working: Spirometry. In this test, you breathe out quickly and forcefully through a tube connected to a machine. The machine measures how much air the lungs can hold and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs. Lung volume test. This test measures the amount of air the lungs hold at different times when breathing in and out. Lung diffusion test. This test shows how well the body moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood. Pulse oximetry. This simple test uses a small device placed on one of the fingers to measure how much oxygen is in the blood. The percentage of oxygen in the blood is called oxygen saturation. Your healthcare professional may recommend a six-minute walking test with a check of your oxygen saturation. Exercise stress test. An exercise test on a treadmill or stationary bike may be used to monitor heart and lung function during activity. Arterial blood gas test. In this test, a sample of blood, usually taken from an artery in the wrist, is tested. The oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the sample are measured. In addition to showing whether you have pulmonary fibrosis, imaging and lung function tests can be used to check your condition over time and see how treatments are working. Tissue sample If other tests cannot find the cause of your condition, a small amount of lung tissue may need to be removed. This is called a biopsy. The biopsy sample is then examined in a laboratory to diagnose pulmonary fibrosis or rule out other conditions. One of these methods can be used to get a tissue sample: Surgical biopsy. Although a surgical biopsy is invasive and has potential complications, it may be the only way to make the right diagnosis. This procedure may be done as a minimally invasive surgery called video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). | 2025-05-14 | 382 |
274ec058-88e9-40df-8382-8fa171178f1c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 | Pulmonary fibrosis | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | This is called a biopsy. The biopsy sample is then examined in a laboratory to diagnose pulmonary fibrosis or rule out other conditions. One of these methods can be used to get a tissue sample: Surgical biopsy. Although a surgical biopsy is invasive and has potential complications, it may be the only way to make the right diagnosis. This procedure may be done as a minimally invasive surgery called video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The biopsy also may be done as an open surgery called a thoracotomy. During VATS , a surgeon inserts surgical instruments and a small camera through two or three small cuts between the ribs. The surgeon looks at the lungs on a video monitor while removing tissue samples from the lungs. During the surgery, a combination of medicines put you in a sleep-like state called general anesthesia. During a thoracotomy, a surgeon removes a lung tissue sample through a cut that opens the chest between the ribs. This open surgery also is done using general anesthesia. Bronchoscopy. In this procedure, very small tissue samples are removed — usually no larger than the head of a pin. A small, flexible tube called a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lungs to remove the samples. The tissue samples are sometimes too small to make the right diagnosis. But this form of biopsy also may be used to rule out other conditions. Blood tests You may have blood tests to look at your liver and kidney function. Blood tests also can check for and rule out other conditions. Treatment The lung scarring and thickening that occurs in pulmonary fibrosis cannot be repaired. And no current treatment has proved effective in stopping the disease from getting worse over time. Some treatments may improve symptoms for a time or slow how fast the disease worsens. Others may help improve quality of life. Treatment depends on the cause of your pulmonary fibrosis. Doctors and other healthcare professionals evaluate how severe your condition is. Then together you can decide on the best treatment plan. | 2025-05-14 | 398 |
672d723a-6c89-4b7c-8377-148fb4754d7f | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 | Pulmonary fibrosis | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Treatment The lung scarring and thickening that occurs in pulmonary fibrosis cannot be repaired. And no current treatment has proved effective in stopping the disease from getting worse over time. Some treatments may improve symptoms for a time or slow how fast the disease worsens. Others may help improve quality of life. Treatment depends on the cause of your pulmonary fibrosis. Doctors and other healthcare professionals evaluate how severe your condition is. Then together you can decide on the best treatment plan. Medicines If you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, your healthcare professional may recommend the medicine pirfenidone (Esbriet) or nintedanib (Ofev). Both are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib also is approved for other types of pulmonary fibrosis that get worse quickly. These medicines may help slow the worsening of pulmonary fibrosis and may prevent bouts when symptoms suddenly get worse. Nintedanib can cause side effects such as diarrhea and nausea. Side effects of pirfenidone include nausea, loss of appetite and skin rash from sunlight. With either medicine, your healthcare professional uses regular blood tests to check how well the liver is working. New medicines and therapies are being developed or tested in clinical trials but are not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Researchers continue to study medicines to treat pulmonary fibrosis. Doctors may recommend anti-acid medicines if you have symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a digestive condition that commonly occurs in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Oxygen therapy Using extra oxygen, called supplemental oxygen, cannot stop lung damage, but it can: Make breathing and exercise easier. Prevent or lessen complications from low blood oxygen levels. Possibly lessen strain on the right side of the heart. Improve sleep and sense of well-being. You may use oxygen when you sleep or exercise. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
6f7c2995-d499-4ea7-bc9b-41f9f6faa224 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 | Pulmonary fibrosis | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | GERD is a digestive condition that commonly occurs in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Oxygen therapy Using extra oxygen, called supplemental oxygen, cannot stop lung damage, but it can: Make breathing and exercise easier. Prevent or lessen complications from low blood oxygen levels. Possibly lessen strain on the right side of the heart. Improve sleep and sense of well-being. You may use oxygen when you sleep or exercise. But some people need oxygen all the time. Carrying a small tank of oxygen or using a portable oxygen concentrator can help you be more mobile. Pulmonary rehabilitation Pulmonary rehabilitation can help manage your symptoms and improve your ability to do daily tasks. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs focus on: Physical exercise to improve how much you can do. Breathing techniques that may improve how well your lungs use oxygen. Nutritional counseling. Emotional counseling and support. Education about your condition. When symptoms suddenly get worse When symptoms suddenly get worse, called an acute exacerbation, you may need more supplemental oxygen. In some cases, you may need mechanical ventilation in the hospital. In this treatment, a tube is guided into the lungs and attached to a machine that helps with breathing. Your healthcare professional may recommend antibiotics, corticosteroid medicines or other medicines when symptoms suddenly get worse. Lung transplant A lung transplant may be an option for some people with pulmonary fibrosis. Having a lung transplant can improve your quality of life and allow you to live a longer life. But a lung transplant can involve complications such as rejection and infection. After a lung transplant, you take medicines for the rest of your life. You and your healthcare team may discuss a lung transplant if it's thought to be the right treatment option for your condition. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. | 2025-05-14 | 370 |
44d336a1-db19-4858-8994-714ed0aab5e7 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 | Pulmonary fibrosis | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Having a lung transplant can improve your quality of life and allow you to live a longer life. But a lung transplant can involve complications such as rejection and infection. After a lung transplant, you take medicines for the rest of your life. You and your healthcare team may discuss a lung transplant if it's thought to be the right treatment option for your condition. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies Being actively involved in your treatment and staying as healthy as possible are essential to living with pulmonary fibrosis. It's important to: Stop smoking. If you have lung disease, it is important to stop smoking. Talk with your healthcare team about options for quitting, including smoking cessation programs. These use proven techniques to help people quit. Because secondhand smoke can be harmful to your lungs, avoid being around people who are smoking. Avoid other things that can irritate your lungs. Breathing indoor pollutants, such as fumes from heating fuel or chemicals, can irritate your lungs. So can outdoor pollutants, such as dust or car exhaust. Eat well. People with lung disease may lose weight both because eating is not comfortable and because of the extra energy it takes to breathe. A healthy diet that contains enough calories is needed. Try to eat smaller meals more often during the day. A dietitian can give you more information on healthy eating for your condition. Get moving. Regular exercise can help you keep your lung function and manage your stress. Aim to include physical activity, such as walking or biking, into your daily routine. Talk to your healthcare team about what activities may be best for you. If over time you need help getting around, such as using a wheelchair, look for active movements you can do that do not require walking. One example is tai chi. Take time to rest. Make sure to get enough rest. | 2025-05-14 | 387 |
d55d5a94-b57c-4bc4-962b-dd150b245a0f | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 | Pulmonary fibrosis | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Get moving. Regular exercise can help you keep your lung function and manage your stress. Aim to include physical activity, such as walking or biking, into your daily routine. Talk to your healthcare team about what activities may be best for you. If over time you need help getting around, such as using a wheelchair, look for active movements you can do that do not require walking. One example is tai chi. Take time to rest. Make sure to get enough rest. Taking time to rest can help you have more energy and cope with the stress of your condition. If you have problems sleeping, talk with your healthcare team. Get vaccinated. Respiratory infections, such as colds and flu, can worsen symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis. Make sure that you get the pneumonia vaccine, an annual flu shot and COVID-19 vaccines. It's important that your family members also be vaccinated. Try to stay out of crowds when possible. Follow your treatment plan. You usually need ongoing treatment from your healthcare team. Follow the care team's instructions. Take your medicines as prescribed. Adjust your diet and exercise as needed. Attend pulmonary rehabilitation sessions. Go to all of your appointments and contact your care team if symptoms worsen. Coping and support Pulmonary fibrosis is a life-long lung condition that worsens over time. Having pulmonary fibrosis can cause fear, depression and stress. Here are some tips that may help you cope. Learn about your condition. Understanding the condition and treatments can help you and your family cope. Spend time with family and friends. Let them know how they can support and help you. Talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional. Talk about your condition and how you feel. If you're depressed or anxious, your doctor may suggest that you see a mental health professional. Join a support group. Meeting with other people who have pulmonary fibrosis may help. You can talk to people who have had similar symptoms or treatments. You also can learn ways to cope. | 2025-05-14 | 397 |
13bec231-9c64-4430-8686-c03c7fbbcee8 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 | Pulmonary fibrosis | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Spend time with family and friends. Let them know how they can support and help you. Talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional. Talk about your condition and how you feel. If you're depressed or anxious, your doctor may suggest that you see a mental health professional. Join a support group. Meeting with other people who have pulmonary fibrosis may help. You can talk to people who have had similar symptoms or treatments. You also can learn ways to cope. Learn about palliative care services. As your condition gets worse, your care team may suggest palliative care services. These services provide support for severe symptoms, such as providing relief from pain and helping to improve other symptoms. They also help you and your family discuss end-of-life issues and plan advance directives. Preparing for your appointment If your primary care doctor or other healthcare professional suspects a serious lung problem, you are likely to be referred to a pulmonologist. This is a doctor with training and skills in diagnosing and treating lung disorders. Pulmonary fibrosis is a serious and complex disease. Take a friend or family member with you to your appointment. That person can take notes while you talk with your healthcare team, provide emotional support and help remember information that you may forget or miss. What you can do To get ready for your appointment, make a list of: Any symptoms you're having and for how long. Key medical information, including recent hospital stays and any medical conditions. Key personal information, including any type of work that increases your risk or any recent travel. All medicines, vitamins, herbs and other supplements that you take, including the doses. Questions to ask the healthcare professional. Some basic questions to ask include: What is likely causing my symptoms? What kinds of tests do I need? What treatments do you recommend? I have other health conditions. How will pulmonary fibrosis affect them? Are there any things that I should do or not do? Feel free to ask other questions during your appointment. | 2025-05-14 | 398 |
d0c462e3-6171-40eb-a0f7-cc566de1b24e | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 | Pulmonary fibrosis | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | All medicines, vitamins, herbs and other supplements that you take, including the doses. Questions to ask the healthcare professional. Some basic questions to ask include: What is likely causing my symptoms? What kinds of tests do I need? What treatments do you recommend? I have other health conditions. How will pulmonary fibrosis affect them? Are there any things that I should do or not do? Feel free to ask other questions during your appointment. What to expect from your doctor Some questions your healthcare professional is likely to ask include: What are your symptoms and when did they start? Are you getting treatment for any other medical conditions? What medicines and supplements have you taken in the past five years? Do you smoke? If so, how much and for how long? What type of work have you ever done, even if only for a few months? Do any members of your family have long-term lung disease of any kind? Have you ever had chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer? Do you have any other medical conditions? Be ready to answer questions so that you have time to talk about what is most important to you. Feb. 15, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 231 |
9bb8f7d4-6623-48ba-9a90-6698fd8f8d3e | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113 | Interstitial lung disease | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis Finding the cause of interstitial lung disease can be challenging, and sometimes the cause can't be found. Many conditions fall into the category of ILD. In addition, the symptoms of a wide range of medical conditions can appear to be ILD. Healthcare professionals must rule out these conditions before making a diagnosis. Some of the following tests may be necessary. Lab tests Blood tests. Certain bloodwork can detect proteins, antibodies and other markers of autoimmune diseases or inflammatory responses to environmental exposures, such as those caused by molds or bird protein. Imaging tests Computerized tomography, also called a CT scan. This imaging test is key to the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease. It's sometimes the first test in the diagnosis. CT scanners produce 3D images of internal structures. A high-resolution CT scan can be especially helpful in figuring out how much lung damage there is. It can show details of the fibrosis, which can help narrow the diagnosis and guide treatment decisions. Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to visualize the heart. It can create still images of your heart's structures and videos that show how your heart is working. This test can measure the amount of pressure in the right side of your heart. Pulmonary function tests Spirometer Spirometer Spirometer A spirometer is a diagnostic device that measures the amount of air you can breathe in and out and the time it takes you to breathe out completely after you take a deep breath. Spirometry and diffusion capacity. This test requires you to breathe out quickly and forcefully through a tube connected to a machine. The machine measures how much air your lungs can hold and how quickly you can move air out of your lungs. It also measures how easily oxygen can move from your lungs into your bloodstream. Oximetry. A small device is placed on one of your fingers to measure the oxygen level in your blood. | 2025-05-14 | 382 |
cd3a9714-681a-4cc9-a44e-65cf12ada641 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113 | Interstitial lung disease | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Spirometry and diffusion capacity. This test requires you to breathe out quickly and forcefully through a tube connected to a machine. The machine measures how much air your lungs can hold and how quickly you can move air out of your lungs. It also measures how easily oxygen can move from your lungs into your bloodstream. Oximetry. A small device is placed on one of your fingers to measure the oxygen level in your blood. This test may be done at rest or with activity to monitor the course of the lung disease and figure out how serious it is. Lung tissue analysis Sometimes interstitial lung diseases can be diagnosed only by looking at a small amount of lung tissue in a lab — what's known as a biopsy. Your doctor or other healthcare professional may take a tissue sample using one of these methods: Bronchoscopy. In this procedure, your healthcare professional removes very small tissue samples — generally no larger than the head of a pin. This is done by using a small, flexible tube, also known as a bronchoscope, that's passed through your mouth or nose into your lungs. The risks of bronchoscopy are generally minor, namely a sore throat for a limited time and hoarseness from the bronchoscope. But the tissue samples are sometimes too small to make a diagnosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage. In this procedure, your doctor injects about a tablespoon of sterile salt water through a bronchoscope into a section of your lung and then suctions it out right away. The solution that's removed contains cells from your air sacs. Although bronchoalveolar lavage samples a larger area of the lung than other procedures do, it may not give enough information to find out what's causing pulmonary fibrosis. Surgical biopsy. Although this is a more invasive procedure with potential complications, it's often the only way to get a large enough tissue sample to make the correct diagnosis. General anesthesia is used for this test. | 2025-05-14 | 392 |
1013d56d-24d0-45c4-b765-7fb816036c84 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113 | Interstitial lung disease | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | The solution that's removed contains cells from your air sacs. Although bronchoalveolar lavage samples a larger area of the lung than other procedures do, it may not give enough information to find out what's causing pulmonary fibrosis. Surgical biopsy. Although this is a more invasive procedure with potential complications, it's often the only way to get a large enough tissue sample to make the correct diagnosis. General anesthesia is used for this test. Surgical instruments and a small camera are inserted through one or more small incisions between the ribs. The camera allows a surgeon to view the lungs on a video monitor while removing tissue samples from the lungs. Treatment Lung scarring that already has occurred in interstitial lung disease can't be reversed, and treatment won't always stop the disease from getting worse. Some treatments may make symptoms better for a short time or slow the disease. Others help maintain quality of life. Because many of the different types of scarring diseases have no approved or proven therapies, clinical trials may be an option to get an experimental treatment. Medications Intense research to find treatment options for specific types of interstitial lung disease is ongoing. Treatment may vary depending on the cause of ILD and what damage has happened in the lungs. Using on the latest scientific evidence, your healthcare professional may recommend: Corticosteroid medicines. At first, many people diagnosed with ILD are treated with a corticosteroid, namely prednisone (Prednisone Intensol, Rayos). Sometimes people are treated with other drugs that suppress the immune system. Depending on the cause of ILD, these medicines may slow or even keep the disease from getting worse. Medicines that slow the worsening of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pirfenidone (Esbriet) and nintedanib (Ofev) are medicines that may slow the rate at which IPF worsens. | 2025-05-14 | 383 |
6ee90b92-e930-4f5b-ba00-f117fe35207c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113 | Interstitial lung disease | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Sometimes people are treated with other drugs that suppress the immune system. Depending on the cause of ILD, these medicines may slow or even keep the disease from getting worse. Medicines that slow the worsening of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pirfenidone (Esbriet) and nintedanib (Ofev) are medicines that may slow the rate at which IPF worsens. Ofev also has been approved for people with lung fibrosis that's getting worse due to other types of interstitial lung disease. Side effects for both drugs are common. Talk with your healthcare professional about the pros and cons of these medicines. Medicines that reduce stomach acid. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, also known as GERD, affects most people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. GERD is linked to worse lung damage. If you have symptoms of acid reflux, your healthcare professional may prescribe ways to treat GERD that reduce stomach acid. Oxygen therapy Using oxygen can't stop lung damage, but it can: Make it easier to breathe and exercise. Prevent or lessen complications from low blood oxygen levels. Lower blood pressure in the right side of your heart. Make your sleep and sense of well-being better. You're most likely to get oxygen when you sleep or exercise, although some people may use it around the clock. Pulmonary rehabilitation The aim of pulmonary rehabilitation is to make you better able to function and live a full, satisfying life. That's why pulmonary rehabilitation programs focus on: Learning more about your lung disease. Exercise, so you can become more physically active for longer periods of time. Breathing techniques that make your lungs more efficient. Emotional support. Nutritional counseling. Surgery A lung transplant may be an option of last resort for some people with severe interstitial lung disease when other treatment options haven't helped. | 2025-05-14 | 369 |
0c715453-be61-4792-814f-e8534d31e363 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113 | Interstitial lung disease | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | That's why pulmonary rehabilitation programs focus on: Learning more about your lung disease. Exercise, so you can become more physically active for longer periods of time. Breathing techniques that make your lungs more efficient. Emotional support. Nutritional counseling. Surgery A lung transplant may be an option of last resort for some people with severe interstitial lung disease when other treatment options haven't helped. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies You must be actively involved in your own treatment and stay as healthy as possible when you're living with interstitial lung disease. For that reason, it's important to: Learn about your disease. Understanding your condition and how it can be treated can help you decide about your care. Including family members and friends can help them learn your needs. Stop smoking. If you have lung disease, the best thing you can do for yourself is to stop smoking. Talk with your healthcare professional about options for quitting, including programs to help you stop smoking. These programs use various proven techniques to help people quit. And because secondhand smoke also can harm your lungs, don't allow people to smoke around you. Avoid exposure at work or during hobbies. When possible, stay away from substances that can irritate your lungs. Ask your healthcare professional for more information and advice. Eat well. If you have lung disease, you may lose weight because it isn't comfortable to eat and because of the extra energy it takes to breathe. Aim to eat a nutritionally rich diet that contains enough calories. A dietitian can give you more guidelines for healthy eating. Get vaccinated. Respiratory infections can make symptoms of ILD worse. Make sure you get the pneumonia vaccine and a flu shot each year. Coping and support Living with a chronic lung disease is emotionally and physically challenging. | 2025-05-14 | 378 |
d2f39bdb-203f-4a93-a7a5-b059a2481f11 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113 | Interstitial lung disease | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | If you have lung disease, you may lose weight because it isn't comfortable to eat and because of the extra energy it takes to breathe. Aim to eat a nutritionally rich diet that contains enough calories. A dietitian can give you more guidelines for healthy eating. Get vaccinated. Respiratory infections can make symptoms of ILD worse. Make sure you get the pneumonia vaccine and a flu shot each year. Coping and support Living with a chronic lung disease is emotionally and physically challenging. You may need to change your daily routines and activities — sometimes a lot — as breathing problems worsen or health care needs become more important. Feelings of fear, anger and sadness are typical as you grieve for the loss of your old lifestyle and worry about what's next for you and your family. Share your feelings with your loved ones and your healthcare professional. Talking openly may help you and your loved ones cope with the emotional challenges of your disease. Also, clear communication can help you and your family plan for your needs if your disease gets worse. Think about joining a support group, where you can talk with people who are facing challenges like yours. Group members may share coping strategies, exchange information about new treatments or simply listen as you express your feelings. If a group isn't for you, you may want to talk with a counselor in a one-on-one setting. Preparing for your appointment You'll probably first see your family healthcare professional about your symptoms. Your family healthcare professional may refer you to a pulmonologist, who is a doctor who specializes in lung diseases. What you can do Before your appointment, you might want to prepare answers to these questions: What are your symptoms and when did they start? Are you being treated for other medical conditions? What medicines and supplements have you taken in the past five years, including medicines available without a prescription and street drugs? What are all the occupations you've had, even if only for a few months? | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
b70ab256-7781-4a98-9905-7c71c78fff7c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113 | Interstitial lung disease | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Your family healthcare professional may refer you to a pulmonologist, who is a doctor who specializes in lung diseases. What you can do Before your appointment, you might want to prepare answers to these questions: What are your symptoms and when did they start? Are you being treated for other medical conditions? What medicines and supplements have you taken in the past five years, including medicines available without a prescription and street drugs? What are all the occupations you've had, even if only for a few months? Do any members of your family have a lasting lung disease of any kind? Have you ever had chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer? Let your pulmonologist know if you've had any chest X-rays, CT scans or other tests so the healthcare professional can request the results before your visit. The images are more important than the report alone. The pulmonologist can make a diagnosis by comparing an old imaging test with those of a current test. What to expect from your doctor Your doctor or other healthcare professional may ask some of these questions: Do your symptoms occur all of the time or do they seem to go away and then come back? Have you recently had contact with air conditioners, humidifiers, pools, hot tubs, or water-damaged walls or carpet? Do you own any pet birds or feather-containing items such as down pillows or comforters? Are you exposed to mold or construction dust in your home or other places where you spend a lot of time? Have any relatives, friends or co-workers been diagnosed with a lung condition? Do you have any family history of lung disease? Does your work history include regularly working with or being around toxins and pollutants, such as asbestos, silica dust or grain dust? Do you or did you smoke? If so, how much and for how long? If not, have you spent a lot of time around others who smoke? Have you been diagnosed or treated for any other medical conditions, particularly arthritis or rheumatic diseases? | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
3d9aa41a-a47c-44b3-b54d-d88b7e7c1ee0 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113 | Interstitial lung disease | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Do you have any family history of lung disease? Does your work history include regularly working with or being around toxins and pollutants, such as asbestos, silica dust or grain dust? Do you or did you smoke? If so, how much and for how long? If not, have you spent a lot of time around others who smoke? Have you been diagnosed or treated for any other medical conditions, particularly arthritis or rheumatic diseases? Do you have symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, also known as GERD, such as heartburn? Nov. 23, 2024 | 2025-05-14 | 117 |
2e0928e0-91fd-4c86-9980-f7f750a3d253 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354785 | Fibromyalgia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Complementary and alternative treatments to help manage pain and stress aren't new. Some, such as meditation and yoga, have been practiced for thousands of years. Their use has become more popular, especially with people who have chronic illnesses such as fibromyalgia. Some of these treatments do appear to safely relieve stress and reduce pain. Talk with a member of your healthcare team before you try a new complementary or alternative treatment. Acupuncture is a Chinese technique. A trained practitioner places very fine needles through the skin to various depths. According to Western theories of acupuncture, the needles cause changes in blood flow and levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. Some studies suggest that acupuncture helps relieve fibromyalgia symptoms. Massage therapy. This is one of the oldest methods of healthcare still in practice. It involves the use of different techniques to move the body's muscles and soft tissues. Massage can reduce heart rate, relax muscles and improve the range of motion in joints. It also can boost the amount of natural pain-relieving chemicals the body makes. It often helps relieve stress and anxiety too. Yoga and tai chi. These practices combine meditation, slow movements, deep breathing and relaxation. Both have been found to be helpful in controlling fibromyalgia symptoms. | 2025-05-14 | 249 |
ac67a9bb-3607-4f62-8c92-ed223cfb1e3c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352150 | Fibromuscular dysplasia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis A member of your health care team examines you and asks questions about your family and medical history. A device called a stethoscope is used to listen to blood flow through the arteries in the neck and belly area. If you have fibromuscular dysplasia, the provider might hear an irregular sound due to narrowed arteries. If someone in your family has or had fibromuscular dysplasia, you may need tests to check for it even if you don't have symptoms. Tests Tests to diagnose fibromuscular dysplasia could include: Blood tests. Blood tests may be done to check for signs of other conditions that can narrow arteries. You may have your blood sugar and cholesterol levels checked. Duplex ultrasound. This imaging test can show if an artery is narrowed. It uses sound waves to create pictures of blood flow and the shape of blood vessels. During the test, a wand-like device is pressed to the skin over the affected area. Angiogram. This is a commonly used test for fibromuscular dysplasia. A doctor inserts a thin tube called a catheter into an artery. The tube is moved until it reaches the area being examined. Dye is given into a vein. Then, X-rays are used to create pictures of the arteries. The dye helps the arteries show up more clearly on the X-ray images. CT angiogram. This test is done using a computerized tomography (CT) machine. It provides cross-sectional images of the body. It can show narrowing in the arteries, aneurysms and dissections. You lie on a narrow table, which slides through a doughnut-shaped scanner. Before the test starts, dye called contrast is given into a vein. The dye helps blood vessels show up more clearly on the images. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiogram. This test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create images of the body. | 2025-05-14 | 387 |
1e49d0f8-b57c-4194-8bb0-43457c4f93e3 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352150 | Fibromuscular dysplasia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | It provides cross-sectional images of the body. It can show narrowing in the arteries, aneurysms and dissections. You lie on a narrow table, which slides through a doughnut-shaped scanner. Before the test starts, dye called contrast is given into a vein. The dye helps blood vessels show up more clearly on the images. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiogram. This test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create images of the body. It can see if you have an aneurysm or artery tear. During the test, you lie on a narrow table that slides into a tubelike machine that's open on both ends. Before the test starts, you might be given dye into a vein. The dye, called contrast, helps blood vessels show up more clearly on the test images. The most common form of fibromuscular dysplasia looks like a "string of beads" on imaging tests. Other forms of fibromuscular dysplasia may look smooth. Treatment Treatment for fibromuscular dysplasia depends on: The area of the narrowed artery. Your symptoms. Any other health conditions you have, such as high blood pressure. Some people only need regular health checkups. Other treatments may include medicines and procedures to open or repair an artery. If your symptoms change or if you have an aneurysm, you may need repeated imaging tests to check your arteries. Medications If you have fibromuscular dysplasia and high blood pressure, medicines are usually given to control blood pressure. Types of medicines that may be used include: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as benazepril (Lotensin), enalapril (Vasotec) or lisinopril (Zestril), help relax blood vessels. Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers. These medicines also help relax blood vessels. | 2025-05-14 | 385 |
d38b1dd9-294c-4f03-9bd9-b3beb2ea998a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352150 | Fibromuscular dysplasia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Medications If you have fibromuscular dysplasia and high blood pressure, medicines are usually given to control blood pressure. Types of medicines that may be used include: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as benazepril (Lotensin), enalapril (Vasotec) or lisinopril (Zestril), help relax blood vessels. Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers. These medicines also help relax blood vessels. Examples include candesartan (Atacand), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar) and valsartan (Diovan). Diuretics. Sometimes called water pills, these medicines help remove excess fluid from the body. A diuretic is sometimes used with other blood pressure medicines. Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide) is an example of this type of medicine. Calcium channel blockers, such as amlodipine (Norvasc), nifedipine (Procardia XL) and others, help relax blood vessels. Beta blockers, such as metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), atenolol (Tenormin) and others, slow the heartbeat. Some medicines used to treat high blood pressure can affect the way the kidneys work. You may need regular blood and urine tests to make sure your kidneys are working as they should. Your doctor also might tell you take a daily aspirin to reduce your risk of stroke. But don't start taking an aspirin without talking to your health care team first. Surgery or other procedures Treatments may be needed to repair a narrowed or damaged artery. These may include: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). This treatment uses a thin flexible tube called a catheter and a tiny balloon to widen a narrowed artery. It helps improve blood flow to the affected area. | 2025-05-14 | 392 |
bbb4064b-bc43-408a-83b0-d918137ae897 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352150 | Fibromuscular dysplasia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | But don't start taking an aspirin without talking to your health care team first. Surgery or other procedures Treatments may be needed to repair a narrowed or damaged artery. These may include: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). This treatment uses a thin flexible tube called a catheter and a tiny balloon to widen a narrowed artery. It helps improve blood flow to the affected area. A metal mesh tube called a stent may be placed inside the weakened part of the artery to keep it open. Surgery to repair or replace the damaged artery. Also called surgical revascularization, this treatment is rarely recommended. But it may be suggested if you have severe narrowing of the arteries and angioplasty isn't an option. The type of surgery done depends on the location of the narrowed artery and the amount of damage. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Preparing for your appointment Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do in advance. For example, you might be told not to eat or drink for several hours before some tests. Make a list of: Your symptoms and when they began. Important personal information, including any family history of fibromuscular dysplasia, aneurysms, heart disease, stroke or high blood pressure. All medications, vitamins or other supplements you take, including doses. Questions to ask your doctor. For fibromuscular dysplasia, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: What's the most likely cause of my symptoms? What tests will I need? What treatments are available? What do you recommend for me? What's an appropriate level of physical activity? How often should I have health checkups if I have fibromuscular dysplasia? I have other health conditions. | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
e865c628-0671-4d8b-a3b6-1126698fe439 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352150 | Fibromuscular dysplasia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | All medications, vitamins or other supplements you take, including doses. Questions to ask your doctor. For fibromuscular dysplasia, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: What's the most likely cause of my symptoms? What tests will I need? What treatments are available? What do you recommend for me? What's an appropriate level of physical activity? How often should I have health checkups if I have fibromuscular dysplasia? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage these conditions together? Should I see a specialist? Are there brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you recommend? Don't hesitate to ask other questions. What to expect from your doctor Your doctor is likely to ask you questions, such as: Do you always have symptoms, or do they come and go? How severe are your symptoms? Does anything seem to improve your symptoms? What, if anything, appears to make your symptoms worse? | 2025-05-14 | 199 |
8020ce2d-77b5-447d-9e31-7a608d6357d6 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis Pelvic exam Pelvic exam Pelvic exam During a pelvic exam, a doctor inserts one or two gloved fingers inside the vagina. Pressing down on the abdomen at the same time, the doctor can check the uterus, ovaries and other organs. Uterine fibroids often are found by chance during a routine pelvic exam. Your doctor may feel irregular changes in the shape of your uterus, suggesting the presence of fibroids. If you have symptoms of uterine fibroids, you may need these tests: Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to get a picture of your uterus. It can confirm that you have fibroids, and map and measure them. A doctor or technician moves the ultrasound device, called a transducer, over your stomach area. This is called a transabdominal ultrasound. Or the device is placed inside your vagina to get images of your uterus. This is called a transvaginal ultrasound. Lab tests. If you have irregular menstrual bleeding, you may need blood tests to look for possible causes of it. These might include a complete blood count to check for anemia due to ongoing blood loss. Other blood tests can search for bleeding disorders or thyroid problems. Other imaging tests Hysterosonography Hysterosonography Hysterosonography During hysterosonography (his-tur-o-suh-NOG-ruh-fee), you have a thin, flexible tube called a catheter placed in the uterus. Salt water, also called saline, is injected through the flexible tube into the hollow part of the uterus. An ultrasound probe transmits images of the inside of the uterus to a nearby monitor. Hysterosalpingography Hysterosalpingography Hysterosalpingography A doctor or technician places a slender catheter inside your cervix. It releases a liquid contrast material that flows into your uterus. | 2025-05-14 | 382 |
99dcbaac-ca4a-46f1-9bf5-787a37cac6c1 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Salt water, also called saline, is injected through the flexible tube into the hollow part of the uterus. An ultrasound probe transmits images of the inside of the uterus to a nearby monitor. Hysterosalpingography Hysterosalpingography Hysterosalpingography A doctor or technician places a slender catheter inside your cervix. It releases a liquid contrast material that flows into your uterus. The dye traces the shape of your uterine cavity and fallopian tubes and makes them visible on X-ray images. Hysteroscopy Hysteroscopy Hysteroscopy During hysteroscopy (his-tur-OS-kuh-pee), a thin, lighted instrument provides a view of the inside of the uterus. This instrument also is called a hysteroscope. If an ultrasound doesn't provide enough information, you may need other imaging studies, such as: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This test can show in more detail the size and location of fibroids. It also can identify different types of tumors and help determine treatment options. Most often, an MRI is used in people with a larger uterus or in those who are nearing menopause, also called perimenopause. Hysterosonography (his-tur-o-suh-NOG-ruh-fee) uses sterile salt water called saline to expand the space inside the uterus, called the uterine cavity. This makes it easier to get images of submucosal fibroids and the lining of the uterus if you're trying to get pregnant or if you have heavy menstrual bleeding. Another name for hysterosonography is a saline infusion sonogram. Hysterosalpingography (his-tur-o-sal-ping-GOG-ruh-fee) uses a dye to highlight the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes on X-ray images. Your doctor may recommend it if infertility is a concern. | 2025-05-14 | 391 |
368a4c5a-c7d5-4a51-b33f-6815cc25ce3c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Another name for hysterosonography is a saline infusion sonogram. Hysterosalpingography (his-tur-o-sal-ping-GOG-ruh-fee) uses a dye to highlight the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes on X-ray images. Your doctor may recommend it if infertility is a concern. This test can help find out if your fallopian tubes are open or are blocked, and it can show some submucosal fibroids. Hysteroscopy. For this exam, your doctor inserts a small, lighted telescope called a hysteroscope through your cervix into your uterus. Then saline is injected into your uterus. This expands the uterine cavity and lets your doctor check the walls of your uterus and the openings of your fallopian tubes. Treatment There's no single best treatment for uterine fibroids. Many treatment choices exist. If you have symptoms, talk with your care team about ways to get relief. Watchful waiting Many people with uterine fibroids have no symptoms. Or they have mildly annoying symptoms that they can live with. If that's the case for you, watchful waiting could be the best option. Fibroids aren't cancer. They rarely interfere with pregnancy. They often grow slowly — or not at all — and tend to shrink after menopause, when levels of reproductive hormones drop. Medicines Medicines for uterine fibroids target hormones that control the menstrual cycle. They treat symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pressure. They don't get rid of fibroids, but they may shrink them. Medicines include: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. These treat fibroids by blocking the body from making the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This puts you into a temporary menopause-like state. As a result, menstrual periods stop, fibroids shrink and anemia often gets better. | 2025-05-14 | 394 |
7ee12e4f-1ced-49ea-8d35-d5dc3de421d0 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | They treat symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pressure. They don't get rid of fibroids, but they may shrink them. Medicines include: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. These treat fibroids by blocking the body from making the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This puts you into a temporary menopause-like state. As a result, menstrual periods stop, fibroids shrink and anemia often gets better. GnRH agonists include leuprolide (Lupron Depot, Eligard, others), goserelin (Zoladex) and triptorelin (Trelstar, Triptodur Kit). Many people have hot flashes while using GnRH agonists. Often, these medicines are used for no more than six months. That's because symptoms return when the medicine is stopped, and long-term use can cause loss of bone. Sometimes, GnRH agonists are taken with low-dose estrogen or progestin. You might hear this called add-back therapy. It can ease side effects, and it might allow you to take GnRH agonists up to 12 months. Your doctor may prescribe a GnRH agonist to shrink the size of your fibroids before a planned surgery. Or you might be prescribed this medicine to help transition you into menopause. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists. These medicines can treat heavy menstrual bleeding in people with uterine fibroids who haven't gone through menopause. But they don't shrink fibroids. GnRH antagonists can be used for up to two years. Taking them along with add-back therapy can lessen side effects such as hot flashes and bone loss. Sometimes, low-dose estrogen or progestin are already included in these medicines. GnRH antagonists include elagolix (Oriahnn) and relugolix (Myfembree). | 2025-05-14 | 394 |
b503e1ff-5fe6-4fec-9fbe-ea8009c3143f | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | But they don't shrink fibroids. GnRH antagonists can be used for up to two years. Taking them along with add-back therapy can lessen side effects such as hot flashes and bone loss. Sometimes, low-dose estrogen or progestin are already included in these medicines. GnRH antagonists include elagolix (Oriahnn) and relugolix (Myfembree). Progestin-releasing intrauterine device (IUD). A progestin-releasing IUD can relieve heavy bleeding caused by fibroids. It only relieves symptoms, though. It doesn't shrink fibroids or make them go away. It also prevents pregnancy. Tranexamic acid (Lysteda, Cyklokapron). This nonhormonal medicine can ease heavy menstrual periods. You take it only on heavy bleeding days. Other medicines. Your doctor might recommend other medicines. For example, low-dose birth control pills can help control menstrual bleeding. But they don't reduce fibroid size. Medicines called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may help relieve pain tied to fibroids, but they don't reduce bleeding caused by fibroids. NSAIDs aren't hormonal medicines. Examples include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Your doctor also may suggest that you take vitamins and iron if you have heavy menstrual bleeding and anemia. Noninvasive procedure Focused ultrasound surgery Focused ultrasound surgery Focused ultrasound surgery During focused ultrasound surgery, high-frequency, high-energy sound waves are used to target and destroy uterine fibroids. The procedure is performed while you're inside an MRI scanner. The equipment allows your doctor to visualize your uterus, locate any fibroids and destroy the fibroid tissue without making any incisions. A noninvasive treatment doesn't involve surgical cuts called incisions. | 2025-05-14 | 386 |
9a3810e8-4854-4f6a-b4bb-7f4d2c212bfd | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Noninvasive procedure Focused ultrasound surgery Focused ultrasound surgery Focused ultrasound surgery During focused ultrasound surgery, high-frequency, high-energy sound waves are used to target and destroy uterine fibroids. The procedure is performed while you're inside an MRI scanner. The equipment allows your doctor to visualize your uterus, locate any fibroids and destroy the fibroid tissue without making any incisions. A noninvasive treatment doesn't involve surgical cuts called incisions. It also doesn't involve tools being placed in the body. With uterine fibroids, a procedure called MRI -guided focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) is: A noninvasive treatment option that preserves the uterus. It's done on an outpatient basis, meaning you don't have to spend the night at the hospital afterward. Done while you're inside an MRI scanner equipped with a high-energy ultrasound device for treatment. The images give your doctor the precise location of the uterine fibroids. When the location of the fibroid is targeted, the ultrasound device focuses sound waves into the fibroid to heat and destroy small areas of fibroid tissue. Newer technology, so researchers are learning more about the long-term safety and effectiveness. But so far data collected show that FUS for uterine fibroids is safe and works well. Still, it might not improve symptoms as much as a slightly more invasive procedure called uterine artery embolization could. Minimally invasive procedures Uterine artery embolization Uterine artery embolization Uterine artery embolization Small particles called embolic agents are injected into the uterine artery through a small catheter. The embolic agents then flow to the fibroids and lodge in the arteries that feed them. This cuts off blood flow to starve the tumors. | 2025-05-14 | 363 |
38b8155c-c98b-48fc-b0ea-4c55c7ca9734 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Minimally invasive procedures Uterine artery embolization Uterine artery embolization Uterine artery embolization Small particles called embolic agents are injected into the uterine artery through a small catheter. The embolic agents then flow to the fibroids and lodge in the arteries that feed them. This cuts off blood flow to starve the tumors. Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation During laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation, the doctor sees inside the abdomen using two special instruments. One is a laparoscopic camera positioned above the uterus. The other is a laparoscopic ultrasound wand that sits directly on the uterus. Using both instruments provides the doctor with two views of a uterine fibroid. This allows for more-thorough treatment than would be possible with just one view. After locating a uterine fibroid, the doctor uses another thin device to send several small needles into the fibroid. The small needles heat up, destroying fibroid tissue. These procedures use no cuts or small cuts. They're linked with faster recovery times and fewer complications compared with traditional open surgery. Minimally invasive treatments for uterine fibroids include: Uterine artery embolization. Small particles called embolic agents are injected into the arteries that supply the uterus with blood. The particles cut off blood flow to fibroids, causing them to shrink and die. This technique can help shrink fibroids and relieve the symptoms they cause. Complications may happen if the blood supply to your ovaries or other organs is reduced. But research shows that complications are similar to surgical fibroid treatments. And the risk of needing a blood transfusion is lower. Radiofrequency ablation. In this procedure, heat from radiofrequency energy destroys uterine fibroids and shrinks the blood vessels that feed them. | 2025-05-14 | 382 |
884811b8-03a4-4ec8-b884-54862111aea6 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | This technique can help shrink fibroids and relieve the symptoms they cause. Complications may happen if the blood supply to your ovaries or other organs is reduced. But research shows that complications are similar to surgical fibroid treatments. And the risk of needing a blood transfusion is lower. Radiofrequency ablation. In this procedure, heat from radiofrequency energy destroys uterine fibroids and shrinks the blood vessels that feed them. This can be done through small cuts in the stomach area, a type of surgery called laparoscopy. It also can be done through the vagina, called a transvaginal procedure, or through the cervix, called a transcervical procedure. With laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation, your doctor makes two small cuts in the abdomen. A slim viewing tool with a camera at the tip, called a laparoscope, is placed through the cuts. Using the camera and an ultrasound tool, your doctor finds fibroids to be treated. After finding a fibroid, your doctor uses a device to send small needles into the fibroid. The needles heat up the fibroid tissue and destroy it. The destroyed fibroid changes right away. For instance, it goes from being hard like a golf ball to being soft like a marshmallow. During the next 3 to 12 months, the fibroid continues to shrink, and symptoms get better. Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation is also known as the Acessa procedure or Lap-RFA. Because there's no cutting of uterine tissue, doctors consider Lap-RFA a less invasive treatment than surgeries such as a hysterectomy and a myomectomy. Most people who have the procedure get back to regular activities within a few days. The transcervical — or through the cervix — approach to radiofrequency ablation is called Sonata. It also uses ultrasound guidance to locate fibroids. Laparoscopic or robotic myomectomy. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
2db900c7-3849-4228-8470-937aab377ae0 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Because there's no cutting of uterine tissue, doctors consider Lap-RFA a less invasive treatment than surgeries such as a hysterectomy and a myomectomy. Most people who have the procedure get back to regular activities within a few days. The transcervical — or through the cervix — approach to radiofrequency ablation is called Sonata. It also uses ultrasound guidance to locate fibroids. Laparoscopic or robotic myomectomy. In a myomectomy, your surgeon removes the fibroids and leaves the uterus in place. If the fibroids are few in number, you and your doctor may opt for a laparoscopic procedure. This uses slender instruments placed through small cuts in the abdomen to remove the fibroids from the uterus. Sometimes, a robotic system is used for the laparoscopic procedure. Your doctor views your stomach area on a monitor using a small camera attached to one of the instruments. Robotic myomectomy gives your surgeon a magnified, 3D view of your uterus. This can make the procedure more precise than is possible using some other techniques. Larger fibroids can be removed through smaller cuts by breaking them into pieces with a device that cuts tissue. This is called morcellation. It can be done inside a surgical bag to lower the risk of spreading any cancer cells that doctors hadn't expected to find. Or it can be done by extending one incision to remove the fibroids without morcellation. Hysteroscopic myomectomy. This procedure may be an option if the fibroids are inside the uterus, also called submucosal fibroids. The fibroids are removed using tools placed through the vagina and cervix into the uterus. Endometrial ablation. This procedure can reduce heavy menstrual flow. A device that's inserted into the uterus gives off heat, microwave energy, hot water, cold temperature or an electric current. This destroys the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus. | 2025-05-14 | 394 |
209fe1f5-ffbd-4ee7-9610-17f328869703 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | This procedure may be an option if the fibroids are inside the uterus, also called submucosal fibroids. The fibroids are removed using tools placed through the vagina and cervix into the uterus. Endometrial ablation. This procedure can reduce heavy menstrual flow. A device that's inserted into the uterus gives off heat, microwave energy, hot water, cold temperature or an electric current. This destroys the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus. You aren't likely to get pregnant after endometrial ablation. But it's a good idea to take birth control to prevent a fertilized egg from forming in a fallopian tube, called an ectopic pregnancy. Without treatment, the growing tissue might cause life-threatening bleeding. With any procedure that doesn't remove the uterus, there's a risk that new fibroids could grow and cause symptoms. Traditional surgical procedures Options for traditional open surgeries that use a larger incision include: Abdominal myomectomy. This type of surgery removes fibroids through a larger cut in the stomach area, also called the abdomen. Your doctor may recommend it if you have more than one fibroid, very large fibroids or very deep fibroids. Many people who are told that hysterectomy is their only option can have an abdominal myomectomy instead. Scarring after surgery can lower the chances of being able to get pregnant in the future, though. Hysterectomy. This surgery removes the uterus. It remains the only proven permanent solution for uterine fibroids. Hysterectomy ends your ability to bear children. If you also decide to have your ovaries removed, the surgery brings on menopause. You'll then choose whether to take hormone replacement therapy, which is medicine that can ease menopause side effects such as hot flashes. Most people with uterine fibroids may be able to choose to keep their ovaries. | 2025-05-14 | 380 |
67d71dc7-121e-4b2a-b6bf-919d77a29e62 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Hysterectomy. This surgery removes the uterus. It remains the only proven permanent solution for uterine fibroids. Hysterectomy ends your ability to bear children. If you also decide to have your ovaries removed, the surgery brings on menopause. You'll then choose whether to take hormone replacement therapy, which is medicine that can ease menopause side effects such as hot flashes. Most people with uterine fibroids may be able to choose to keep their ovaries. Morcellation during fibroid removal Morcellation is a process of breaking fibroids into smaller pieces. It can raise the risk of spreading cancer if a cancerous tumor that hadn't been found earlier gets broken up with morcellation during a myomectomy procedure. The risk can be lowered if: The surgical team looks into a person's risk factors before surgery. The fibroid is broken up in a surgical bag during morcellation. The incision is expanded to remove a large fibroid without morcellation. All myomectomies carry the risk of cutting into cancer that hasn't been found. But younger people who haven't reached menopause by and large have a lower risk of undiagnosed cancer than do people over the age of 50. Also, complications during open surgery are more common than the chance of spreading an unsuspected cancer in a fibroid during a minimally invasive procedure. If your doctor is planning to use morcellation, ask the doctor to explain your risks before treatment. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises against the use of a morcellator device for most people who have fibroids removed through myomectomy or hysterectomy. The FDA recommends that people who are nearing menopause or who have reached menopause stay away from power morcellation. Older people who are in or entering menopause may have a higher cancer risk. And people who no longer want to get pregnant have other treatment options for fibroids. | 2025-05-14 | 399 |
5adbcf98-420f-4523-ab19-69e50f98035d | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises against the use of a morcellator device for most people who have fibroids removed through myomectomy or hysterectomy. The FDA recommends that people who are nearing menopause or who have reached menopause stay away from power morcellation. Older people who are in or entering menopause may have a higher cancer risk. And people who no longer want to get pregnant have other treatment options for fibroids. If you're trying to get pregnant or might want to have children With hysterectomy or endometrial ablation, you won't be able to get pregnant in the future. Also, uterine artery embolization and radiofrequency ablation may not be the best options if you want to keep as much of your fertility as possible. Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of these procedures if you want to keep the ability to become pregnant. And if you're actively trying to get pregnant, get a complete fertility evaluation before you decide on a treatment plan for fibroids. If fibroid treatment is needed — and you want to preserve your fertility — myomectomy is often the treatment of choice. But all treatments have risks and benefits. Talk about these with your doctor. Risk of new fibroids For all procedures except hysterectomy, seedlings — tiny tumors that your doctor doesn't detect during surgery — could one day grow and cause symptoms that need treatment. Often, this is called the recurrence rate. New fibroids also can form, and these may need treatment. Also, some procedures may only treat some of the fibroids present at the time of treatment. These include laparoscopic or robotic myomectomy, radiofrequency ablation, and MRI -guided focused ultrasound surgery (FUS). Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. | 2025-05-14 | 385 |
866e6382-52bd-4de9-85c4-b653c285768f | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Often, this is called the recurrence rate. New fibroids also can form, and these may need treatment. Also, some procedures may only treat some of the fibroids present at the time of treatment. These include laparoscopic or robotic myomectomy, radiofrequency ablation, and MRI -guided focused ultrasound surgery (FUS). Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Alternative medicine Some websites and health books promote alternative treatments for uterine fibroids. These include specific diet recommendations, magnet therapy, black cohosh, herbal preparations or homeopathy. So far, there's no scientific evidence to show that any of these techniques help. Small studies suggest that acupuncture may help when used along with your main treatment for uterine fibroids. With this technique, a practitioner places very thin needles into certain points on the body. Preparing for your appointment Your first appointment likely will be with either your primary care doctor or a gynecologist. Appointments can be brief, so it's a good idea to prepare for your visit. What you can do Make a list of any symptoms you have. Include all of your symptoms, even if you don't think they're related to the reason for your appointment. List any medicines, herbs and vitamin supplements you take. Include the amounts you take, called the doses, and how often you take them. Have a family member or friend join you, if possible. You may be given a lot of information during your visit, and it can be tough to remember everything. Take a notebook or electronic device with you. Use it to note key information during your visit. Prepare a list of questions to ask. List your most important questions first, to be sure that you cover those points. For uterine fibroids, some basic questions to ask include: How many fibroids do I have? How big are they and where are they located? | 2025-05-14 | 398 |
a2dde304-f35f-4457-bc49-bb1c5406c1ed | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294 | Uterine fibroids | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | You may be given a lot of information during your visit, and it can be tough to remember everything. Take a notebook or electronic device with you. Use it to note key information during your visit. Prepare a list of questions to ask. List your most important questions first, to be sure that you cover those points. For uterine fibroids, some basic questions to ask include: How many fibroids do I have? How big are they and where are they located? What medicines are available to treat uterine fibroids or my symptoms? What side effects can I expect from medicine use? Under what circumstances do you recommend surgery? Will I need to take medicine before or after surgery? Will my uterine fibroids affect my ability to become pregnant? Can treatment of uterine fibroids improve my fertility? Make sure that you understand everything your doctor tells you. Don't hesitate to have your doctor repeat information or to ask follow-up questions. What to expect from your doctor Some questions your doctor might ask include: How often do you have these symptoms? How long have you had them? How painful are your symptoms? Do your symptoms seem to be related to your menstrual cycle? Does anything make your symptoms better? Does anything make your symptoms worse? Do you have a family history of uterine fibroids? Sept. 15, 2023 | 2025-05-14 | 275 |
4306f6bc-749e-4d31-a132-1dba5668958f | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibrocystic-breasts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350442 | Fibrocystic breasts | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis Fine-needle aspiration Fine-needle aspiration Fine-needle aspiration During fine-needle aspiration, a special needle is inserted into a breast lump, and any fluid is removed (aspirated). Ultrasound — a procedure that uses sound waves to create images of your breast on a monitor — might be used to help place the needle. Tests to evaluate your condition may include: Clinical breast exam. Your doctor feels (palpates) your breasts and the lymph nodes located in your lower neck and underarm area checking for unusual breast tissue. If the breast exam — along with your medical history — suggests you have normal breast changes, you may not need additional tests. But if your doctor finds a new lump or suspicious breast tissue, you may need to come back a few weeks later, after your period, for another clinical breast exam. If the changes persist or the breast exam is concerning, you may need additional tests, such as a diagnostic mammogram or ultrasound. Mammogram. If your doctor detects a breast lump or prominent thickening in your breast tissue, you need a diagnostic mammogram — an X-ray exam that focuses on a specific area of concern in your breast. The radiologist closely examines the area of concern when interpreting the mammogram. Ultrasound. An ultrasound uses sound waves to produce images of your breasts and is often performed along with a mammogram. If you're younger than age 30, you might have an ultrasound instead of a mammogram. Ultrasound is better for evaluating a younger woman's dense breast tissue — tissue tightly packed with lobules, ducts and connective tissue (stroma). Ultrasound can also help your doctor distinguish between fluid-filled cysts and solid masses. Fine-needle aspiration. For a breast lump that feels a lot like a cyst, your doctor may try fine-needle aspiration to see if fluid can be withdrawn from the lump. This helpful procedure can be done in the office. | 2025-05-14 | 390 |
46e54394-4f1c-4cd9-b8ea-9d8e34cdb274 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibrocystic-breasts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350442 | Fibrocystic breasts | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Ultrasound is better for evaluating a younger woman's dense breast tissue — tissue tightly packed with lobules, ducts and connective tissue (stroma). Ultrasound can also help your doctor distinguish between fluid-filled cysts and solid masses. Fine-needle aspiration. For a breast lump that feels a lot like a cyst, your doctor may try fine-needle aspiration to see if fluid can be withdrawn from the lump. This helpful procedure can be done in the office. A fine-needle aspiration may collapse the cyst and resolve discomfort. Breast biopsy. If a diagnostic mammogram and ultrasound are normal, but your doctor still has concerns about a breast lump, you may be referred to a breast surgeon to determine whether you need a surgical breast biopsy. A breast biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of breast tissue for microscopic analysis. If a suspicious area is detected during an imaging exam, your radiologist may recommend an ultrasound-guided breast biopsy or a sterotactic biopsy, which uses mammography to pinpoint the exact location for the biopsy. It's important to report any new or persistent breast changes to your doctor, even if you've had a normal mammogram within the last year. You may need a diagnostic mammogram or ultrasound to evaluate the changes. Treatment If you don't experience symptoms, or your symptoms are mild, no treatment is needed for fibrocystic breasts. Severe pain or large, painful cysts associated with fibrocystic breasts may warrant treatment. Treatment options for breast cysts include: Fine-needle aspiration. Your doctor uses a hair-thin needle to drain the fluid from the cyst. Removing fluid confirms that the lump is a breast cyst and, in effect, collapses it, relieving associated discomfort. Surgical excision. Rarely, surgery may be needed to remove a persistent cyst-like lump that doesn't resolve after repeated aspiration and careful monitoring or has features that concern your doctor during a clinical exam. | 2025-05-14 | 389 |
f512f570-dda7-489a-a7e2-962db8072d5c | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibrocystic-breasts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350442 | Fibrocystic breasts | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Treatment options for breast cysts include: Fine-needle aspiration. Your doctor uses a hair-thin needle to drain the fluid from the cyst. Removing fluid confirms that the lump is a breast cyst and, in effect, collapses it, relieving associated discomfort. Surgical excision. Rarely, surgery may be needed to remove a persistent cyst-like lump that doesn't resolve after repeated aspiration and careful monitoring or has features that concern your doctor during a clinical exam. Examples of treatment options for breast pain include: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or prescription medication Oral contraceptives, which lower the levels of cycle-related hormones linked to fibrocystic breast changes Lifestyle and home remedies You might find relief from symptoms of fibrocystic breasts through one of these home remedies: Wear a firm support bra, fitted by a professional, if possible. Wear a sports bra during exercise and while sleeping, especially when your breasts are extra sensitive. Limit or avoid caffeine, a dietary change many people report as helpful, although medical studies of caffeine's effect on breast pain and other premenstrual symptoms have been inconclusive. Eat less fat , which may decrease breast pain or discomfort associated with fibrocystic breasts. Reduce or stop taking hormone therapy if you're postmenopausal — but be sure to talk to your doctor before making any change in your prescription medications. Use a heating pad or warm water bottle to relieve your discomfort. Alternative medicine Vitamins and dietary supplements may lessen breast pain symptoms and severity for some people. Ask your doctor if one of these might help you — and ask about doses and any possible side effects: Evening primrose oil. This supplement may change the balance of fatty acids in your cells, which may reduce breast pain. | 2025-05-14 | 389 |
9a0f116b-8472-48b7-84d2-85d6b636948b | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibrocystic-breasts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350442 | Fibrocystic breasts | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Use a heating pad or warm water bottle to relieve your discomfort. Alternative medicine Vitamins and dietary supplements may lessen breast pain symptoms and severity for some people. Ask your doctor if one of these might help you — and ask about doses and any possible side effects: Evening primrose oil. This supplement may change the balance of fatty acids in your cells, which may reduce breast pain. Vitamin E. Early studies showed a possible beneficial effect of vitamin E on breast pain in people who experience breast pain that fluctuates during the menstrual cycle. In one study, 200 international units (IU) of vitamin E taken twice daily for two months improved symptoms. There was no additional benefit after four months. For people older than 18 years, pregnant and breastfeeding, the maximum dose of vitamin E is 1,000 milligrams daily (or 1,500 IU ). If you try a supplement for breast pain, stop taking it if you don't notice any improvement in your breast pain after a few months. Try just one supplement at a time so that you can clearly determine which one helps alleviate the pain — or not. Preparing for your appointment You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor, nurse practitioner or physician assistant. In some cases, based on a clinical breast exam or findings on an imaging test, you may be referred to a breast-health specialist. The initial evaluation focuses on your medical history. Your health care provider will want to discuss your symptoms, their relation to your menstrual cycle and any other relevant information. What you can do To prepare for your appointment, make a list of: All your symptoms, even if they seem unrelated to the reason for your appointment Key personal information, including the dates and results of any prior mammograms All medications, vitamins, herbs and supplements that you take Questions to ask your doctor, listing them from most important to least important in case time runs out Basic questions to ask your doctor include: What's causing my symptoms? | 2025-05-14 | 392 |
b29fe59c-cc63-490b-bb7f-eeeb1b5175ed | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibrocystic-breasts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350442 | Fibrocystic breasts | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | What you can do To prepare for your appointment, make a list of: All your symptoms, even if they seem unrelated to the reason for your appointment Key personal information, including the dates and results of any prior mammograms All medications, vitamins, herbs and supplements that you take Questions to ask your doctor, listing them from most important to least important in case time runs out Basic questions to ask your doctor include: What's causing my symptoms? Does my condition increase my risk of breast cancer? What kinds of tests will I need? What treatment is likely to work best? What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting? Are there any restrictions I'll need to follow? Are there any printed materials that I can have? What websites do you recommend? Don't hesitate to ask questions anytime you don't understand something. What to expect from your doctor Your doctor may ask you questions, such as: What are your symptoms and how long have you had them? Do you experience any breast pain? If so, what is the severity of your pain? Do your symptoms occur in one or both breasts? When did you have your last mammogram? Have you ever had breast cancer or precancerous breast lesions? Do you have a family history of cancer? | 2025-05-14 | 253 |
dad8af83-b03f-4080-95e4-5481b551d4e4 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibroadenoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352756 | Fibroadenoma | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Diagnosis You might first notice a fibroadenoma when you bathe or shower. Or you may notice it while you do a breast self-exam. Fibroadenomas also may be found during a regular medical exam, a screening mammogram or a breast ultrasound. If you have a breast lump that can be felt, you might need certain tests or procedures. Which tests you need depends on your age and the features of the breast lump. Imaging tests Imaging tests give details about the size, shape and other features of a breast lump: Breast ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of the inside of the breast. If you're younger than 30, your provider likely will use breast ultrasound to check a breast lump. Ultrasound clearly shows the size and shape of a fibroadenoma. This test also can show the difference between a solid breast lump and a fluid-filled cyst. An ultrasound causes no pain. Nothing needs to go inside your body for this test. Mammography uses X-rays to make an image of breast tissue. This image is called a mammogram. It detects the borders of a fibroadenoma and sets it apart from other tissues. But mammography might not be the best imaging test to use for fibroadenomas in younger people, who can have dense breast tissue. Dense tissue makes it harder to see the difference between typical breast tissue and what might be a fibroadenoma. Also, due to the risk of radiation from mammograms, they are generally not used to check breast lumps in people under age 30. Biopsy Core needle biopsy Core needle biopsy Core needle biopsy A core needle biopsy uses a long, hollow tube to obtain a sample of tissue. Here, a biopsy of a suspicious breast lump is being done. The sample is sent to a lab for testing by doctors called pathologists. They specialize in examining blood and body tissue. | 2025-05-14 | 380 |
ad585cf8-64c9-412c-855b-7052d473293a | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibroadenoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352756 | Fibroadenoma | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Also, due to the risk of radiation from mammograms, they are generally not used to check breast lumps in people under age 30. Biopsy Core needle biopsy Core needle biopsy Core needle biopsy A core needle biopsy uses a long, hollow tube to obtain a sample of tissue. Here, a biopsy of a suspicious breast lump is being done. The sample is sent to a lab for testing by doctors called pathologists. They specialize in examining blood and body tissue. If there's any question about the type or nature of the breast lump, you may need a test called a biopsy to check a sample of the tissue. A common biopsy method for a fibroadenoma is a core needle biopsy. A doctor called a radiologist usually performs a core needle biopsy. An ultrasound device helps the doctor guide the needle to the right spot. A special, hollow needle collects a tiny sample of breast tissue. A lab exam of the sample can reveal what kind of lump is present. A doctor called a pathologist reviews the sample to see if it is a fibroadenoma or phyllodes tumor. If the breast lump is growing quickly, or causing pain or other problems, you may need to have the entire lump removed. This might also happen if the biopsy results are not clear. A surgeon will talk with you about your options. Treatment Often, fibroadenomas need no treatment. But, in some cases, you may need surgery to remove a fast-growing fibroadenoma. When no treatment is needed If results of an imaging test and biopsy show that your breast lump is a fibroadenoma, you may not need surgery to remove it. When deciding about surgery, keep these things in mind: Surgery can change the appearance of your breast. Fibroadenomas sometimes shrink or go away on their own. Fibroadenomas may remain as they are with no change. | 2025-05-14 | 379 |
fe7cb7e1-c30e-457d-8ce8-cc841c315781 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibroadenoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352756 | Fibroadenoma | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | When no treatment is needed If results of an imaging test and biopsy show that your breast lump is a fibroadenoma, you may not need surgery to remove it. When deciding about surgery, keep these things in mind: Surgery can change the appearance of your breast. Fibroadenomas sometimes shrink or go away on their own. Fibroadenomas may remain as they are with no change. If you decide not to have surgery, your provider may advise follow-up visits to watch the fibroadenoma. At these visits, you may have an ultrasound to check for changes in the shape or size of the breast lump. In between visits, let your provider know if you notice any changes in your breasts. When you may need surgery If results from an imaging test or biopsy are concerning to your provider, you may need surgery. You may also need surgery if the fibroadenoma is large, grows quickly or causes symptoms. Surgery is the standard treatment for giant fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors. Procedures to remove a fibroadenoma include: Cutting it out. In this procedure, a surgeon uses a knife to remove the entire fibroadenoma. This is called surgical excision. Freezing it. In this procedure, a thin device shaped like a wand is inserted through the skin of the breast to the fibroadenoma. The device gets very cold and freezes the tissue. This destroys the fibroadenoma. This technique is not available at all medical centers. After treatment, other fibroadenomas can form. If you find a new breast lump, tell your health care provider. You may need testing with ultrasound, mammography or biopsy to see whether the new breast lump is a fibroadenoma or another breast condition. Preparing for your appointment You may first see your usual health care provider for concerns about a breast lump. Or you may go to a doctor who specializes in conditions that affect the female reproductive system. | 2025-05-14 | 394 |
7f8c67aa-1ea8-4023-a60a-d0a2d7e0bf69 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibroadenoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352756 | Fibroadenoma | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | After treatment, other fibroadenomas can form. If you find a new breast lump, tell your health care provider. You may need testing with ultrasound, mammography or biopsy to see whether the new breast lump is a fibroadenoma or another breast condition. Preparing for your appointment You may first see your usual health care provider for concerns about a breast lump. Or you may go to a doctor who specializes in conditions that affect the female reproductive system. This doctor is a gynecologist. Here's what you need to know to get ready for your appointment. What you can do When you make the appointment, ask whether you need to do anything before you arrive. For example, should you stop taking any medications in case you need a biopsy. Make a list of: Your symptoms, including even those that don't seem to be related to your breast changes. Note when they began. Key personal information, including your medical history and whether you have a history of breast cancer in your family. All medications, vitamins or other supplements you take, including doses. Questions to ask your health care provider. For a fibroadenoma, ask basic questions such as: What might this lump be? What tests do I need? Do I need to do anything special to prepare for them? Will I need treatment? Do you have brochures or other written materials about this topic? What websites do you suggest I use for more information? Be sure to ask other questions as you think of them. If you can, bring a family member or friend along to your appointment. That person may help you remember the information you're given. What to expect from your provider Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: When did you first notice the breast lump? Has its size changed? Are there changes in the breast lump before or after your period? Have you or other family members had breast problems? What date did your last period begin? | 2025-05-14 | 396 |
ca13cd3c-894c-45d8-b284-1def393399d3 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibroadenoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352756 | Fibroadenoma | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | If you can, bring a family member or friend along to your appointment. That person may help you remember the information you're given. What to expect from your provider Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: When did you first notice the breast lump? Has its size changed? Are there changes in the breast lump before or after your period? Have you or other family members had breast problems? What date did your last period begin? Is the breast lump tender or painful? Do you have fluid leaking from your nipple? Have you ever had a mammogram? If so, when? | 2025-05-14 | 125 |
afba4802-e76b-4cd5-92f7-0b4757b4a847 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352764 | Fever | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | Over-the-counter medications In the case of a high fever or a fever that causes discomfort, your care provider may recommend nonprescription medication, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). Use these medications according to the label instructions or as recommended by your health care provider. Be careful not to take too much. High doses or long-term use of acetaminophen or ibuprofen may cause liver or kidney damage, and acute overdoses can be fatal. Don't give aspirin to children, because it may trigger a rare, but potentially fatal, disorder known as Reye's syndrome. These medications will usually lower your temperature, but you may still have a mild fever. It may take 1 to 2 hours for the medication to work. Call your care provider if your fever doesn't improve, even after taking medication. | 2025-05-14 | 185 |
4ed4ca1a-2d3b-4e92-aaa8-9ce563b06c43 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372584 | Fetal macrosomia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | When it's time for your baby to be born, a vaginal delivery won't necessarily be out of the question. Your health care provider will discuss options as well as risks and benefits. He or she will monitor your labor closely for possible signs of a complicated vaginal delivery. Inducing labor — stimulating uterine contractions before labor begins on its own — isn't generally recommended. Research suggests that labor induction doesn't reduce the risk of complications related to fetal macrosomia and might increase the need for a C-section. Your health care provider might recommend a C-section if: You have diabetes. If you had diabetes before pregnancy or you develop gestational diabetes and your health care provider estimates that your baby weighs 9 pounds, 15 ounces (4,500 grams) or more, a C-section might be the safest way to deliver your baby. Your baby weighs 11 pounds or more and you don't have a history of maternal diabetes. If you don't have pre-gestational or gestational diabetes and your health care provider estimates that your baby weighs 11 pounds (5,000 grams) or more, a C-section might be recommended. You delivered a baby whose shoulder got stuck behind your pelvic bone (shoulder dystocia). If you've delivered one baby with shoulder dystocia, you're at increased risk of the problem occurring again. A C-section might be recommended to avoid the risks associated with shoulder dystocia, such as a fractured collarbone. If your health care provider recommends an elective C-section, be sure to discuss the risks and benefits. After your baby is born, he or she will likely be examined for signs of birth injuries, abnormally low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and a blood disorder that affects the red blood cell count (polycythemia). He or she might need special care in the hospital's neonatal intensive care unit. | 2025-05-14 | 382 |
5e682500-0889-4081-b28a-f5c1bb13fe11 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372584 | Fetal macrosomia | diagnosis-treatment | mayo | If your health care provider recommends an elective C-section, be sure to discuss the risks and benefits. After your baby is born, he or she will likely be examined for signs of birth injuries, abnormally low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and a blood disorder that affects the red blood cell count (polycythemia). He or she might need special care in the hospital's neonatal intensive care unit. Keep in mind that your baby might be at risk of childhood obesity and insulin resistance and should be monitored for these conditions during future checkups. Also, if you haven't previously been diagnosed with diabetes and your health care provider is concerned about the possibility of diabetes, you may be tested for the condition. During future pregnancies, you'll be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of gestational diabetes — a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. | 2025-05-14 | 172 |
24eb3585-ab08-4d7a-ac05-b77789c3d3fa | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901 | Fetal alcohol syndrome | symptoms-causes | mayo | Overview Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause the child to have disabilities related to behavior, learning and thinking, and physical development. The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome vary from child to child but are lifelong. Fetal alcohol syndrome is on the severe end of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FASD is a range of conditions in the child caused by the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy. There is no amount of alcohol that's known to be safe to drink during pregnancy. If you drink during pregnancy, you place your baby at risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. If you suspect your child has fetal alcohol syndrome, talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment may help lessen some issues. Symptoms The severity of fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms varies. Some children have far greater problems than others do. Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome may include any mix of issues with how the body develops; thinking, learning and behavior; and functioning and coping in daily life. Physical development issues How the body develops may include: Facial features that are typical of fetal alcohol syndrome. These may include small eyes, a very thin upper lip, a flat nose bridge, and a smooth skin surface between the nose and upper lip. Slow physical growth before and after birth. Delayed development, including taking longer to reach milestones, such as sitting, talking and walking. Vision or hearing problems. Smaller than average head and brain size. Changes with how the heart, kidneys and bones develop. Poor coordination or balance. Being jittery or hyperactive. Learning and thinking issues Learning and thinking may include: Intellectual disability and learning disorders, including trouble with memory, learning new things, focusing and thinking. Not understanding the results of choices made. Poor judgment skills, such as having a hard time thinking through issues, problem-solving, reasoning and making decisions that affect everyday life. | 2025-05-14 | 393 |
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