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joey234

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mmlu-nutrition-verbal-neg-prepend

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[ "Meat", "Confectionary", "Fruits and vegetables", "Potatoes" ]

[ "If the incidence rate of the disease falls.", "If survival time with the disease increases.", "If recovery of the disease is faster.", "If the population in which the disease is measured increases." ]

[ "The flavonoid class comprises flavonoids and isoflavonoids.", "The digestibility and bioavailability of isoflavones in soya food products are not changed by processing.", "ß-Carotene and lycopene can both act as provitamin A.", "Carotenoids and flavonoids both belong to the polyphenol class." ]

[ "Increased energy quantity/density and a more sedentary life-style", "Decreased leisure time activity", "Changes in genetic profiles", "None of the options given is correct" ]

[ "Vitamin A", "Vitamin D", "Vitamin E", "Vitamin K" ]

[ "Reduced secretion of intrinsic factor", "Atrophic gastritis", "Helicobacter pylori infection", "All of the above" ]

[ "Testosterone", "Oestrogen", "Insulin-like growth factor-1", "Thyroxine" ]

[ "Vitamin A", "Vitamin D", "Vitamin E", "Vitamin K" ]

[ "The metabolic demand is supplied only from the diet,", "The metabolic demand is to maintain protein turnover.", "The metabolic demand involves consumption of amino-acids by a number of irreversible pathways and these are either obligatory or adaptive.", "The metabolic demand is a fixed amount" ]

[ "The amino acid requirements determined for adults is assumed to be the requirement pattern for all ages.", "The amino acid requirements determined for adults is assumed to be the requirements for maintenance for all ages.", "The amino acid pattern of breast milk is assumed to be the requirement pattern for all children.", "The amino acid pattern of human tissue protein is assumed to be the requirement patterns for infants and young children." ]

[ "No evidence of human toxicity has been observed over the period of its use", "Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) from its presence in food is less than its ADI", "Its toxic effects are observed only at doses 100x the EDI", "Its benefits outweigh its risks" ]

[ "Childhood stunting before 24 months of age affects short term cognitive performance", "Childhood stunting before 24 months of age affects long term cognitive performance", "Neither of the statements are correct", "Both of the statements are correct" ]

[ "Their main role is preparing meals.", "They play a central role as producers of food, managers of natural resources, income earners and caretakers of household nutrition.", "They weed the fields, but never plough or plant them, as only men are strong enough for those activities.", "Their efforts focus mainly on vegetable gardens and chickens; men are involved with cereal crops and larger livestock." ]

[ "leucine, methionine and threonine", "proline, tyrosine and serine", "valine, glycine and arginine", "leucine, cysteine and glycine" ]

[ "Absorption of fatty acids in the intestine occurs mainly through FABP and FAT/CD36 transport proteins in the enterocytes of the distal duodenum", "After absorption, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) enter the lymphatic system, whereas long chain triglycerides enter the portal blood system.", "The products of partial digestion of triglycerides (triacylglycerols) can form mixed micelles with pancreatic cholesterol and phospholipids and this increases absorption", "Triglycerides (triacylglycerols) must be emulsified and digested before the fatty acids can be transported" ]

[ "Palmitic acid (16:0)", "Long chain (=20 carbons) saturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids", "á-linolenic acid (18:3)", "Stearic acid (18:0)" ]

[ "Always affects the colon", "May lead to intestinal obstruction", "Is best treated surgically", "Requires a gluten free diet" ]

[ "Women over age 80 with osteopenia have above average bone mineral density for their age", "Fewer than 10% of women over age 50 have osteopenia", "Fewer than 50% of women over age 80 have osteopenia or osteoporosis", "Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density lower than 2.5 standard deviations below the average for age-matched controls." ]

[ "China", "Sweden", "Britain", "India" ]

[ "Happy heart syndrome", "Home heart syndrome", "Beach heart syndrome", "Holiday heart syndrome" ]

[ "Because they respond more rapidly to changes in iron levels in the diet.", "Because blood haemoglobin levels can also respond to a variety of other factors and insults, such as lead poisoning, chronic disease, etc.", "Because the specific iron indices can be measured more accurately and easily.", "Because haemoglobin levels vary with subject age, and between the sexes." ]

[ "Deuterium", "Carbon 13", "Nitrogen 15", "Oxygen 18" ]

[ "The role of nutritional factors in causing disease in a population.", "How changes in food intake in the population can promote good health.", "Both of the options given are correct.", "None of the options given is correct." ]

[ "Butyrate", "Curcumin", "Genistein", "All of the options given are correct" ]

[ "A reduction in lean body mass", "A reduction in bone density", "An increased appetite", "Impaired immune function" ]

[ "Vitamin A", "Vitamin D", "Vitamin E", "Vitamin K" ]

[ "Liver glycogen", "Muscle glycogen", "Intramuscular lipid", "Adipose tissue" ]

[ "Only non-essential (dispensable) amino acids undergo transamination.", "Transamination is an irreversible reaction in amino acid catabolism.", "Transaminases require a coenzyme derived from vitamin B12.", "Transaminases require a coenzyme derived from vitamin B6." ]

[ "It relates to efforts to prevent terrorists from poisoning food supplies.", "It is about ensuring everyone's access to food.", "Its component elements include availability, utilisation, and stability, as well as access.", "Food security focuses primarily on ending micronutrient malnutrition." ]

[ "The complexity of the mechanisms regulating the absorption of cholesterol and its export in lipoproteins.", "The complexity of the mechanism controlling the clearance of intestinally derived lipoproteins by the liver.", "The multiple intrahepatic responses to increased cellular cholesterol.", "All of the above." ]

[ "The amino acid score is calculated by comparing the amino acid pattern of the protein to that of egg protein.", "The amino acid score is calculated by comparing the amino acid pattern of the protein to that of milk protein.", "A single reference pattern is used to calculate the amino acid score for all ages", "Different amino acid scoring patterns are used for different age groups." ]

[ "Bacterial and yeast overgrowth in the small intestine", "Lack of pancreatic amylase", "Lack of small intestinal lactase", "Lack of small intestinal sucrase-isomaltase" ]

[ "Uric acid", "Ammonia", "Urea", "Creatinine" ]

[ "The frequent use of antiseptic swipes will reduce allergies", "Living on a working farm will help reducing the development of atopic diseases", "Particular care must be taken during breast feeding in high risk infants", "Living on a working farm will increase the development of atopic diseases" ]

[ "Because people who are sick often alter their diets, and may eat less food.", "Because the accuracy of some laboratory assays may be compromised in samples from people who are sick.", "Because some metabolic pathways are altered in sick people, which changes their micronutrient requirements.", "Because an acute phase reaction results in changes in inter-tissue distributions of certain micronutrients." ]

[ "3%", "32%", "66%", "15%" ]

[ "Processed meat", "Fruit and vegetables", "Salt", "Alcohol" ]

[ "There is a requirement for dietary protein, but it is unimportant which protein is consumed.", "The requirement for dietary protein is for individual amino acids, not simply the total amount of protein in the diet.", "All dietary proteins have the same amino acid content and composition.", "For an adult in nitrogen equilibrium there is only a small requirement for an intake of protein since amino acids arising from tissue protein catabolism are available for new protein synthesis." ]

[ "Decreased calcium excretion in the urine", "Increased risk of fracture", "Decreased dietary calcium absorption", "Negative calcium balance and bone mineral loss" ]

[ "Synthesis of TMP (thymidine monophosphate)", "Decarboxylation of amino acids to form amine neurotransmitters", "Synthesis of methionine from homocysteine", "Carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate" ]

[ "in the embryonic period the foetus is vulnerable to external factors in its environment", "the embryonic period often occurs before a woman knows she is pregnant", "interventions in late pregnancy may be too late to be effective", "all of the options given are correct" ]

[ "It forms a stable radical that can be reduced back to active vitamin E by reaction with vitamin C", "It is converted to a stable radical by reaction with vitamin C", "It is lipid soluble and can react with free radicals in the bloodstream resulting from nitric oxide formation by vascular epithelium", "It forms a stable radical that can be reduced back to active vitamin E by reaction with glutathione and glutathione peroxidase" ]

[ "Obesity", "Sugar", "Salt and salt-preserved foods", "Dietary fibre" ]

[ "Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)", "Catalase", "Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2EI), catalase", "cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2EI)" ]

[ "day-to-day basis", "2-3 day basis", "3-4 day basis", "1-2 week basis" ]

[ "The major site of fatty acid ß-oxidation is the peroxisomes, the mitochondria also contain enzymes for this pathway", "Within the liver peroxisomes serve to oxidise very long chain fatty acids to medium chain products", "The rate of b-oxidation is regulated by the availability of fatty acids and the rate of utilisation of b-oxidation products", "Peroxisomes are the site for the degradation of xenobiotics and eicosanoids" ]

[ "45%-50%", "70%-75 %", "10%-15%", "30%-35%" ]

[ "Biotin", "Niacin", "Riboflavin", "Thiamin" ]

[ "Eating a very low carbohydrate diet", "Consuming a diet high in monounsaturated fats", "Losing 5-7% of body weight through a hypocaloric low fat diet and 30 minutes of daily activity", "Initiating metformin 850 mg BID and practicing daily vigorous exercise" ]

[ "Is primarily a psychological problem", "Is a contra-indication to colonoscopy", "May be associated with constipation", "always resolves with a gluten free diet." ]

[ "choline", "betaine", "Trimethylamine", "All of the above" ]

[ "Sulfur dioxide is not used in foods containing thiamin because it causes destruction of the vitamin", "Sulfur dioxide is not used in foods containing niacin because it causes destruction of the vitamin", "Sulfur dioxide is not used in foods containing vitamin E because it causes destruction of the vitamin", "Sulfur dioxide is not used in foods containing vitamin C because it causes destruction of the vitamin" ]

[ "Leads to oesophageal diverticular", "May cause oesopgageal obstruction", "Is not due to allergy", "Benefits from antacid therapy" ]

[ "Niacin", "Riboflavin", "Thiamin", "Vitamin C" ]

[ "Follow a different diet to the rest of the family", "Eat the same and take more exercise", "Reduce their total energy intake, increase their activity level and reduce their screen time", "Eat more fruit and vegetables" ]

[ "Cognitive Behavioural Therapy", "Antidepressants (Fluoxetine, Sertraline)", "Antiobesity agents (Orlistat, Sibutramine)", "Benzodizepines (Diazepam, Alprazolam)" ]

[ "Decarboxylation of amino acids to form amine neurotransmitters", "Synthesis of methionine from homocysteine", "Carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate", "Synthesis of methylene tetrahydrofolate" ]

[ "As simple Fe2+ in the serum", "Bound to albumin", "Bound to ferritin", "Bound to transferrin" ]

[ "Pesticide chemicals", "Substances migrating from food packaging", "Colour additives", "All of the above" ]

[ "The absorptive area is equivalent to that of a tennis court", "All of the options given are correct", "Changes in motility increase the contact time between nutrients and absorptive surface", "The presence of folds, villi and microvilli on the surface of enterocytes magnifies the absorptive area" ]

[ "severe atopic dermatitis", "enterocolitis", "diarrhoea", "all of the above" ]

[ "High glycaemic index carbohydrates", "A high n-6:n-3 fat ratio", "Long chain saturated fats", "All of the above" ]

[ "Suppresses milk production", "Alters the composition of breast milk", "Increases the risk of early cessation of breastfeeding", "all of the options given are correct" ]

[ "It is predicted that by 2040 over 25% of the world's population will be 65yr or older.", "The rate of increase in the median age of populations is greater in developing countries than wealthy countries.", "In older age groups men outnumber women.", "Men have a lower mortality rate than women, over the life course." ]

[ "Increased bone mass", "Increased muscle mass", "Increased body fat", "All of the above" ]

[ "Fish and fish products", "Pulses", "Meat and meat products", "Milk and milk products" ]

[ "Deficiency of leptin caused by a mutation in the leptin gene", "Lack of leptin release from the adipose tissue", "High concentrations of leptin without reduction in energy intake", "Low concentrations of leptin with increased energy intake" ]

[ "Salmonella and Campylobacter", "Listeria and Salmonella", "Shigella and Staphlococcus", "E. coli STECs and non-STEC subtypes" ]

[ "80-90%", "No reduction in the incidence", "Approximately 50 %", "None of the options given is correct" ]

[ "It uses a sophisticated analytical technique", "It provides a marker for energy intake only", "Mis-reporting of low energy content foods would not be identified", "All of the options given are correct" ]

[ "ALDH1", "ALDH2", "ALDH3", "ALDH4" ]

[ "Cows' milk", "Natural unsweetened orange juice", "Honey", "Agave nectar" ]

[ "Acrodermatitis enteropathica", "Wilson's disease", "Menkes disease", "Haemochromatosis" ]

[ "Carries a risk of colonic cancer", "Can be treated with a LOFFLEX diet", "Can be caused by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth", "Can be caused by milk intolerance" ]

[ "Low oxidative capacity", "High fatigue resistance", "High motor unit strength", "Fast contractile speed" ]

[ "Vegan diets are likely to be deficient in protein", "Cereals are deficient in lysine", "Legumes are deficient in methionine", "Dairy products are rich source of tryptophan" ]

[ "Always requires parenteral nutritional suport", "May follow colectomy", "Is always permanent", "May benefit from sodium supplementation of >=90mmol/l" ]

[ "Mycotoxins contaminate foods containing bacteria formed during storage under dry conditions", "Mycotoxins contaminate foods containing fungi formed during storage under dry conditions", "Mycotoxins contaminate foods containing bacteria formed during storage under moist conditions", "Mycotoxins contaminate foods containing fungi formed during storage under moist conditions" ]

[ "Typical calcium intake in most adults is between 0.5mg and 2.0mg per day", "Activated Vitamin D decreases absorption of dietary calcium", "There is clear evidence that people who consume more than the average amount of calcium have a lower risk of bone fractures.", "Absorption efficiency is inversely related to calcium intake, so that a higher proportion is absorbed when calcium intake is low" ]

[ "glucose", "Alpha limit dextrins", "Sucrose", "polysaccharides" ]

[ "BMI > 25 kg/m2", "BMI = 25 kg/m2", "BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2", "BMI 25-30 kg/m2" ]

[ "Decrease calcium requirements", "Result in bone mineral loss from the skeleton", "Decrease the rate of dietary calcium absorption", "Affect bone mineral content later in life" ]

[ "It is never possible to know whether observed effects are caused by the contaminant", "Human exposure though food is usually much less than exposures that have been studied", "Controlled animal studies provide more reliable information", "Reliable dose-response data are difficult to acquire and often unavailable" ]

[ "Fluoxetine is considered of benefit", "The first approach is to discuss body image", "It is not useful to discuss weight with patients", "Treatments should target exclusively on purging practices" ]

[ "is defined as the ratio of VO2 divided by VCO2.", "decreases on a high carbohydrate diet.", "increases with fasting.", "goes beyond a value of 1.0 when exogenous carbohydrate is converted to endogenous fat." ]

[ "salmonella", "clostridium", "listeria", "campylobacter" ]

[ "First trimester of pregnancy.", "Second trimester of pregnancy.", "Third trimester of pregnancy.", "Effects were similar at all stages of pregnancy." ]

[ "Basal metabolic rate", "Thermic effect of food", "Adaptive thermogenesis", "Thermal balance" ]

[ "Orlistat", "Phentermine/Topiramate", "Lorcaserin", "Naltrexone/Bupropion" ]

[ "A high energy content diet.", "A high nutrient dense diet.", "A low energy content diet.", "A daily antioxidant supplement." ]

[ "The presence or risk of a clinical deficiency, such as clinical scurvy.", "The overall quality of a person's diet", "The tissue levels, or body status, of that nutrient.", "Overall health and freedom from disease." ]

[ "The products of protein digestion may be absorbed as free amino acids or as di- or tripeptides", "Gastric digestion of all proteins is equally efficient because of the grinding action of the antrum", "Gastric zymogenic (chief) cells produce and secrete chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase A and this initiates the process of protein digestion", "The products of digestion of dietary protein by luminal and brush-border enzymes are only absorbed by one of the 14 different amino acid transporters" ]

[ "0.900 g/cm3", "0.730 g/cm3", "1.100 g/cm3", "None of the above" ]

[ "The proportion of a population that engage in risky behaviours.", "The group of people that may experience the outcome we want to study.", "A group of people participating in a study that may be harmful to them.", "The population group with the highest relative risk of disease." ]

[ "It will have negative impacts in most developing countries because of the increased frequency of droughts, storms and floods.", "The impact will be positive, because drier weather will mean less habitat for malaria mosquitoes, so fewer workers will be sick at harvest time.", "The impact will be positive because there will be more carbon dioxide available for plant photosynthesis.", "There currently is no scientific consensus as to whether climate change is occurring or whether it will over the next 50 years." ]

[ "It is not an accurate measure for average people", "It is more accurate than height-weight tables", "It does not distinguish between fat and fat free mass", "All of the above" ]

[ "Biotin", "Niacin", "Riboflavin", "Vitamin C" ]

[ "lowering intramuscular lipid storage", "Increasing liver glycogen content", "Increasing muscle glycogen use during exercise", "Increasing intramuscular lipid use during exercise" ]

[ "Vitamin B1", "Folate", "Vitamin B12", "Vitamin A" ]

[ "Alanine", "Glucose", "Ketone bodies", "Non-esterified (free) fatty acids" ]