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mmlu-nutrition-verbal-neg-prepend

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[ "Brain growth is faster than at any other stage in life", "Peak bone mass occurs before the growth spurt ends", "Girls physiologically increase their percentage body fat", "Type 2 obesity related diabetes remains a very rare problem" ]

[ "Selenophosphate", "Selenocysteine", "Selenohistidine", "Selenate" ]

[ "Roots and Tubers", "Fruits and vegetables", "Beans and lentils", "Meat and Dairy products" ]

[ "The migrating motor complex is chiefly responsible for peristaltic movement of food after a meal has been consumed", "The release of insulin after eating a meal will slow the emptying of the stomach", "At the start of a meal, the stomach increases its \"tone\" in order to develop pressure which will lead to expulsion of its contents, via the pylorus", "The presence of partially digested fat and starch in the duodenum, slows intestinal motility" ]

[ "gathering information about many different aspects of people's dietary habits.", "collecting data about dietary intake at the onset of a study, before people have experienced symptoms of disease.", "collecting data on all possible confounders.", "making sure that the study sample is representative of the population." ]

[ "If patients feel that their eating habits are chaotic, regardless of meal size.", "The consumption of large quantities of sweets between meals.", "A subjective component of lack of control and an objective component of large consumption of food in a discrete period of time", "The feeling that one cannot choose the type of food eaten even if their quantity is kept under control." ]

[ "Perfectionism traits", "Female gender", "Dieting during adolescence", "Parental anxiety" ]

[ "The absorption of glucose is associated with sodium uptake.", "Fructose is absorbed more rapidly than glucose.", "Galactose and fructose are absorbed by the same transporter at the brush border membrane.", "Most water absorption along the GI tract occurs in the colon." ]

[ "n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids", "Saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids", "Monounsaturated fatty acids", "Both a and c" ]

[ "Lipid-soluble antioxidant in cell membranes", "Fast responses to increase calcium absorption with no change in gene expression", "Regulation of differentiation of adipocytes", "Regulation of bone turnover" ]

[ "23.5 kJ or 5.8 kcal per g", "19.7 kJ or 4.1 kcal per g", "29.7 kJ or 7.1 kcal per g", "36.5 kJ or 8.1 kcal per g" ]

[ "Is present in babies in utero", "Is a cause of eosinopjhilic oesophagitis", "Is easily changed by probiotic supplementation", "May be changed with consumption of oligo-saccharides" ]

[ "Leucine", "Tryptophan", "Histidine", "isoleucine" ]

[ "Carbohydrate loading", "Tapering", "The classic glycogen loading regime", "Exogenous carbohydrate ingestion during exercise" ]

[ "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry", "Isotope dilution", "Skinfold Thickness" ]

[ "High bone mineral density", "High body weight", "High lean mass", "Poor muscle strength" ]

[ "Has been associated with greater bone mineral loss in observational studies", "Has an uncertain relationship with skeletal health because research studies are confounded by associated lifestyle factors such as smoking, exercise and alcohol consumption", "Has consistently resulted in less bone loss in supplementation studies", "Has large effects on bone mineral loss" ]

[ "apoA, apoB, apoC, apoD, and apoE", "apoA, apo(a), apoB, apoC and apoE", "apoA, apoB, apoC, apo E, and apoL", "apoB, apoC, apoD, apoE and apoM" ]

[ "10", "25", "30", "32" ]

[ "When intakes exceed established ULs (Upper Levels)", "At any level greater than a recommended dietary intake", "Only when intakes are less than those required for nutritional benefits", "Under no known conditions of usual intake" ]

[ "Reduced levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and raised triglycerides", "Reduced levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and normal triglycerides", "Raised levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and raised triglycerides", "Reduced levels of HDL, a low proportion of small dense LDL and raised triglycerides" ]

[ "Measurement of daily dietary fibre intake underestimates the amount of fermentable material entering the colon each day", "All of the options given are correct", "Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the chief organic acids produced by anaerobic colic fermentation", "The establishment of an \"acetate buffer\" in the colonic lumen suppresses the growth of some pathogenic bacteria." ]

[ "Glucagon increases the rate of glycolysis", "Glycolysis requires NADP+", "In glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into two three-carbon products", "The end-product of glycolysis in red blood cells is pyruvate" ]

[ "potassium", "sodium", "polyunsaturated fatty acids", "cholesterol" ]

[ "75-95%", "50- 75%", "> 95%", "< 50%" ]

[ "The sequence of amino acids in a protein is its tertiary structure", "Cross-links formed by oxidation of -SH groups of cysteine to form disulphide bridges render the amino acid unavailable to digestion.", "Cross-links between the &epsiv;-amino group of lysine and the carboxyl group of glutamate render the amino acid(s) unavailable for digestion.", "All proteins have the same secondary structure" ]

[ "'Exposure' refers to contact with some factor that may be harmful or beneficial to health.", "An exposed individual has a greater risk of disease.", "Dietary intake is not an 'exposure' because individuals make a choice about what they eat.", "High body mass index is a risk factor for a range of health conditions, therefore, it cannot be treated as a single exposure." ]

[ "Hemoglobin A1c", "Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)", "Fructosamine test", "Fasting plasma glucose concentration" ]

[ "Brain", "Kidney", "Liver", "Skeletal Muscle" ]

[ "No, because they may cause cancer and have other unknown health effects thus making them unacceptable to consumers", "Yes, because they can provide us with a more abundant and economical food supply for the world as well as continued improvement in nutritional quality", "Yes, because they are cheaper than non-GM foods", "No, because GM foods cannot adapt to the rate of climate change" ]

[ "They are all sources of fibre", "They are all derived from plant foods", "They are all vitamins", "They are all nutrients" ]

[ "The plasma concentration of prothrombin", "The plasma concentration of preprothrombin", "The plasma activity of alkaline phosphatase", "The plasma activity of acid phosphatase" ]

[ "A difference in perception of risk", "Higher prices of meat", "Farmers or food producers not trusting the government", "Scientists investigating alternatives for meat" ]

[ "The increase in blood glucose concentration after consuming the food.", "The increase in blood glucose concentration after consuming the food compared with that after consuming an equivalent amount of white bread.", "The increase in blood insulin concentration after consuming the food.", "The increase in blood insulin concentration after consuming the food compared with that after consuming an equivalent amount of white bread." ]

[ "low birthweight (LBW)", "very low birthweight (VLBW)", "birth weight below a population threshold for gestational age", "pre-term birth" ]

[ "The end products of it fermentation is mainly malic, succinic and propionic acids", "Fermentation studies in vitro, with human faeces, have shown that soluble and insoluble forms are fermented completely within 24 hours", "Fibre sources, such as hemicelluloses, pectins and inulin are rapidly fermented to short chain fatty acids, which have trophic effects on the colon", "Stool bulking occurs mainly through the action of insoluble fibres such as cellulose" ]

[ "Low income so decreased ability to purchase nutrient-rich foods", "Decreased mobility and little time spend outdoors in the sunshine", "Decreased intrinsic factor in the stomach", "High nutrient requirements for tissue turnover" ]

[ "20%", "40%", "60%", "80%" ]

[ "Is rapid in the first 10 weeks of foetal life", "Is slow in infancy", "In childhood, adolescence and young adulthood predicts risk of fracture in old age", "Is particularly high after the menopause in women" ]

[ "Depressive symptoms", "Significant Weight Loss", "Body Image Distortion", "Fear of becoming fat" ]

[ "Visual performance", "Motor performance", "Behaviour disorders", "Memory" ]

[ "Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome", "Cushing syndrome", "Fatty liver", "Hypogonadism" ]

[ "Adenosine", "Thymine", "Cytosine", "Guanine" ]

[ "The mechanism by which non-esterified fatty acids are taken up by cells is by diffusion only.", "The mechanism by which non-esterified fatty acids are taken up by cells is by a combination of diffusion and carrier-mediated transport involving fatty acid binding, translocase and transport proteins.", "The mechanism by which non-esterified fatty acids are taken up by cells is by a combination of diffusion and carrier-mediated transport involving fatty acid esterification, synthesis and transport proteins.", "The mechanism by which non-esterified fatty acids are taken up by cells is by carrier-mediated transport only involving fatty acid binding, translocase and transport proteins." ]

[ "The digestibility of plant proteins is generally less good compared to animal proteins.", "The digestibility of meat protein is less good compared with plant proteins.", "Digestibility can only be measured at the terminal ileum", "Digestibility can only be measured as faecal digestibility" ]

[ "is measured in comfortable sitting position", "is unaltered in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism", "Is higher after weight gain because part of the excess weight is fat-free mass.", "is not altered after weight loss." ]

[ "BMI", "DXA", "Four-compartment model", "MRI" ]

[ "Cholesterol mainly occurs in the cell walls of bacterial cells", "Cholesterol mainly occurs in the cell walls of mammalian cells", "Cholesterol mainly occurs in the cell walls of yeast cells", "Cholesterol mainly occurs in plant cell walls." ]

[ "Obesity occurs because gut hormone secretion becomes deranged and PYY secretion fails to give a satiety signal.", "The gut/brain signalling pathway controls energy intake to within 2% of requirements, even in people who are morbidly obese", "The problem is one of greed and gluttony, whereby people override strong satiety signals on a regular basis", "Flavour signals from tasty, processed food will override satiety signals even after a large meal" ]

[ "Insulin-like growth factor-1", "Dietary fat", "Alcohol", "Salt" ]

[ "Synthesis of the blood clotting proteins", "Activation of vitamin D receptors", "Activation of thyroid hormone receptors", "Regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation" ]

[ "fasting blood glucose ? 140 mg/dl", "random glucose > 160 mg/dl", "2 hour post prandial glucose ≥ to 126 mg/dl", "fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl" ]

[ "the muscle fibre", "the sarcomere", "the myofibril", "the sarcoplasmic reticulum" ]

[ "although early life may appear to be important, observed links to risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes can be largely explained by adult lifestyle", "the observed links between early experience and later health have only been seen in UK studies", "the epidemiological evidence shows programmed differences in physiology are only linked to events before birth", "the epidemiological evidence shows programmed differences in physiology are linked to events before birth and in early postnatal life" ]

[ "No, technological and institutional innovations have permitted food supplies to more than keep pace with population growth.", "Yes, it is only because of widespread famines that population has not overwhelmed food supplies altogether.", "No, but it is only because of the introduction of genetically modified food that supplies have kept pace with population growth.", "No, but supplies are not likely to keep pace with population growth over the next 10 years." ]

[ "Lipids", "Carbohydrates", "Nucleotides", "Proteins" ]

[ "The rat protein efficiency ratio assay, (PER), is a good method of assessing protein quality for human nutrition.", "The rat net protein-utilisation assay, (NPU), is the best method of assessing protein quality for human nutrition.", "Animal growth assays underestimate the quality of dietary proteins for human nutrition", "The growing rat is a good model for assessing protein quality in human nutrition." ]

[ "fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE)", "acetate", "acetaldehyde", "alcohol" ]

[ "3 units of BMI", "0.5 units of BMI", "1 unit of BMI", "2 units of BMI" ]

[ "Reports suggest that older people consume less than the recommended contribution of fat to energy intake.", "Multiple micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in older people in high-income countries.", "Older people generally have a lower energy intake than younger adults.", "There is little variation in the dietary intake between older people." ]

[ "Chylomicrons and HDL", "Chylomicrons and VLDL", "HDL and LDL", "VLDL and HDL" ]

[ "Folate", "Riboflavin", "Thiamin", "Vitamin C" ]

[ "Reduction of triglycerides", "Hypoglycaemia", "increase of insulin sensitivity", "help controlling hypertension" ]

[ "Glutamic acid", "Aspartic acid", "Palmitic acid", "Galactose" ]

[ "Calcium", "Potassium", "Zinc", "Iron" ]

[ "Increased glucose production by the liver", "Impaired insulin secretion", "Decreased glucose uptake from the skeletal muscle", "All of the options given are correct" ]

[ "avocado", "mango", "peach", "figs" ]

[ "A 7-day food diary", "The MUST tool", "Serum albumin concentration", "Demi-span" ]

[ "Superoxide dismutase", "Alkaline phosphatase", "Glutathione peroxidase", "DNA polymerase" ]

[ "The protein requirement is equal to the demand multiplied by the efficiency of utilization.", "The protein requirement is equal to the demand divided by the efficiency of utilization.", "The protein requirement can be less than the demand.", "The protein requirement is always the same as the demand." ]

[ "The Western diet", "The Mediterranean diet", "Neither", "Both" ]

[ "DNMT1", "DNMT3a", "DNMT3b", "DNMT3L" ]

[ "11%", "13%", "15%", "39%" ]

[ "Is always the cause of milk intolerance", "Cannot be digested in the human gut", "Intolerance is present in up to 20% of the population", "Is excluded on a low FODMAP diet" ]

[ "10", "5", "2", "4" ]

[ "Synthesis of TMP (thymidine monophosphate)", "Decarboxylation of amino acids to form amine neurotransmitters", "Synthesis of methionine from homocysteine", "Carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate" ]

[ "vitamin E and niacin", "vitamin D and vitamin E", "riboflavin and vitamin C", "vitamin C and thiamin" ]

[ "Animals are generally much less sensitive than people", "Such tests can detect only very large risks because of the fact that only small numbers of animals can be used", "It is difficult in such studies to determine whether the observed toxic effects were caused by the substance", "It is the only way to ensure results are applicable to people" ]

[ "Banning of the contaminant from food", "Allowing levels of contamination based on what manufacturers believe is achievable", "Banning any food found to contain detectable amounts of the contaminants", "Prohibiting the introduction into commerce food containing contaminants at levels greater than a specified level (a risk-based MRL or tolerance)" ]

[ "The role of iron in myelination", "The role of iron in neurochemistry", "The role of iron in dopamine production", "None of the above" ]

[ "Reduced lipolysis", "Increased ketogenesis", "Reduced gluconeogenesis", "Reduced proteolysis" ]

[ "Folate", "Niacin", "Riboflavin", "Vitamin B6" ]

[ "647 kJ and 318 kJ", "9279-318 kJ and 9279-647 kJ", "9279+318 kJ and 9279+647 kJ", "9279-647 kJ and 9279-(647+318) kJ" ]

[ "The estimated strength of the association between an exposure and the outcome.", "Evidence that the exposure of interest has appeared before the outcome.", "Evidence showing that reductions in the exposure level will reverse the risk of the outcome.", "All of the options given." ]

[ "No effect.", "Methylation of IGF2 is increased.", "Methylation of IGF2 is decreased.", "The effect depends on whether the child is male or female." ]

[ "Recurrent severe infections", "Family history of unexplained death in infancy", "Generalised spread of the Tuberculosis strain BCG after vaccination", "All of the options given are correct" ]

[ "May be helpful in diverticular disease", "Are always easily fermented by colonic bacteria", "Are usually derived from soluble fibre sources", "Should be avoided in constipation" ]

[ "Smoking habit", "Social class/position", "Physical activity", "Age" ]

[ "Altered composition of intestinal bacteria", "Low intake of antioxidant nutrients", "Sudden weaning from the breast", "Iron deficiency" ]

[ "mRNA", "tRNA", "rRNA", "miRNA" ]

[ "Cardiovascular disease", "Breast cancer", "Type 2 diabetes (maturity onset)", "all of the options given are correct" ]

[ "Consumption of a meal leads to suppression of lipase activity within adipose tissue leading to a decrease in plasma NEFA concentrations", "Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase is activated by insulin and therefore is most active following meal consumption", "During the postprandial period the VLDL synthesis pathway is suppressed in favour of hydrolysis of chylomicrons", "All options given are correct" ]

[ "No significant difference; low-income urban and rural people face similar constraints in accessing food and consume similar diets in developing countries.", "It will reduce poverty and hunger because these are almost entirely concentrated in rural areas.", "Urban dwellers depend more than rural people on purchases to acquire food, have little opportunity to grow their own food, and so are much more vulnerable to food price increases.", "Poor city folk eat mainly sorghum, millet, maize and root crops, so a lot more of those foods will need to be produced as the world urbanises." ]

[ "C20 and C22 saturated fatty acids", "C18 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids", "C20 and C22 monounsaturated fatty acids", "C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids" ]

[ "Glutamate", "Alanine", "Aspartate", "Glycine" ]

[ "underwater weighing", "Skinfold test", "Body mass index", "weight" ]

[ "Low protein and low GI", "High protein and high GI", "Low protein and high GI", "High protein and low GI" ]

[ "Have been significantly decreasing", "Have been unchanged", "Have been increasing", "Are unknown" ]

[ "To achieve a better estimate of the dietary intake of the micronutrient.", "To overcome interference, eg by acute phase-linked effects.", "To correct for nutrient losses, e.g. through urinary excretion.", "To provide an additional status estimate that can probe critical tissue adequacy, and hence the risk of consequent clinical disease or physiological malfunction." ]

[ "Apple", "Slice of bread", "Cheese burger", "Broccoli" ]