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U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Solar Educational Resources for Entry-Level Job Seekers
The following education and training resources are targeted to college students and other professionals who are seeking entry-level positions in the solar industry.
Renewable Energy Training Catalog
Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) maintains a searchable database and map of renewable energy training courses, including solar, available from institutions and groups nationwide, including installer certification.
National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee (NJATC)
The NJATC is the training arm for the organized electrical construction industry, providing training for the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the National Electrical Contractors Association. They provide training in PV as an extension of training provided for electrical workers.
Training Courses on the National Electric Code
NMSU's Southwest Technology Development Institute provides training courses in the National Electric Code. Visit its Web site for a schedule of upcoming courses.
College and University Courses and Contest
Many U.S. colleges and universities offer courses, associate degrees, and advanced degrees for solar energy and renewable energy technologies. The IREC Directory of University Courses in Renewable Energy provides a listing.
Other resources for finding college and university courses for solar energy technologies include the American Solar Energy Society, the Solar Energy Industries Association, and the American Council on Renewable Energy.
For college and university students, the Solar Decathlon is an international competition sponsored by DOE. The competition joins college and university teams to design, build, and operate the most attractive and energy-efficient solar-powered house. The colleges and universities represented by the Solar Decathlon teams are required to develop a curriculum in solar energy.
The Solar Program funds the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP), which provides a method of measuring the solar-specific knowledge of students and individuals new to the solar industry. After completing coursework offered by a registered NABCEP Photovoltaic (PV) Entry Level Exam Provider, a student is eligible to take the PV Entry Level Exam.
Passing the exam does not provide the student with a license or a certification, nor qualify the student to perform solar installations. However, passing the exam helps demonstrate to employers that applicants possess knowledge of the fundamental principles needed to design and install solar PV Systems.
The Solar Program also funds NABCEP to provide a voluntary, independent, and national certification for experienced professionals in the solar workforce.
Licensure and Certification for Solar Professionals
In addition to courses and training, the Solar Program promotes licensure and certification of solar professionals throughout the United States. Licensing and certification are important but different credentials, so it is important to consider both when becoming a qualified installation contractor. | U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Solar Educational Resources for Entry-Level Job Seekers
The following education and training resources are targeted to college students and other professionals who are seeking entry-level positions in the solar industry.
Renewable Energy Training Catalog
Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) maintains a searchable database and | {
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Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
October 11, 2005
NASA Discovers Life's Building Blocks Are Common In Space
After A team of NASA exobiology researchers revealed today organic chemicals that play a crucial role in the chemistry of life are common in space.
"Our work shows a class of compounds that is critical to biochemistry is prevalent throughout the universe," said Douglas Hudgins, an astronomer at NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. He is principal author of a study detailing the team's findings that appears in the Oct. 10 issue of the Astrophysical Journal.
"NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has shown complex organic molecules called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are found in every nook and cranny of our galaxy. While this is important to astronomers, it has been of little interest to astrobiologists, scientists who search for life beyond Earth. Normal PAHs aren't really important to biology," Hudgins said. "However, our work shows the lion's share of the PAHs in space also carry nitrogen in their structures. That changes everything."
"Much of the chemistry of life, including DNA, requires organic molecules that contain nitrogen," said team member Louis Allamandola, an astrochemist at Ames. "Chlorophyll, the substance that enables photosynthesis in plants, is a good example of this class of compounds, called polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles, or PANHs. Ironically, PANHs are formed in abundance around dying stars. So even in death, the seeds of life are sewn," Allamandola said.
The NASA team studied the infrared "fingerprint" of PANHs in laboratory experiments and with computer simulations to learn more about infrared radiation that astronomers have detected coming from space. They used data from the European Space Agency's Infrared Space Observatory satellite.
High-resolution images pertaining to this research are available on the Web at:
For more information about this research on the Web, visit:
For information about NASA and agency programs on the Web, visit:
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Back to NASA Homepage | Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
October 11, 2005
NASA Discovers Life's Building Blocks Are Common In Space
After A team of NASA exobiology researchers revealed today organic chemicals that play a crucial role in the chemistry of life are common in space.
"Our work shows a class of compounds that is critical to biochemistry is prevalent throughout the universe," said Douglas Hudgins, an | {
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
2901.0 - Census Dictionary, 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/05/2011
|Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product|
Type of Internet Connection (NEDD)
For the 2011 Census, as with 2006, the internet question relates to the dwelling rather than to the person. The question asks, 'Can the Internet be accessed at this dwelling?' In 2006, where a dwelling had more than one type of internet connection, respondents were asked to report the higher type. For 2011, this instruction has changed and respondents are asked to report the most frequently used type. Only one type is recorded.
The question also asks for the type of connection. The options include:
Dial-up internet connections access the internet via a modem and dial-up software utilising the existing telephone network. The access speed for this internet connection is less than 256Kbps. Dial-up connections include: Analog modem and ISDN connections.
Broadband is a connection to the internet which provides much faster access speeds (greater than or equal to 256Kbps) and is always on. Broadband connections include: ADSL; Cable; Wireless; Satellite; Fibre; and Mobile connections.
This page last updated 20 May 2011
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us. | Australian Bureau of Statistics
2901.0 - Census Dictionary, 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/05/2011
|Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product|
Type of Internet Connection (NEDD)
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Iceberg communities may play significant role in removing carbon
“What we’ve done is just borrow that technology,” Smith said. “We got people at Scripps to build us several of these SOLO floats, and we secured inverted cones on them, so they’re like rain gauges. They just collect material as it settles through the water column.
Related story: World of imagination
“The intent of that is to collect the carbon that is being produced by the community,” he added. “This gives us a handle on how much carbon is escaping the upper water system. We’re hopefully looking at how much carbon is being consumed by the enriched community, and how much of that carbon as organic matter is being exported out of the photic zone to the deep sea.”
It’s in the photic zone where photosynthesis occurs, when sunlight penetrates the upper ocean. The high amount of phytoplankton biomass found around the icebergs in 2005 was similar to that found near the edge of seasonal pack ice or during iron enrichment experiments like that proposed by Martin, the scientists reported in the “Science” paper.
Another key tool in the team’s arsenal is a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) tethered to the Palmer. Robison, the pelagic biologist, also from MBARI, is the primary ROV pilot. He said engineers have substantially modified the robot from when the scientists used it three years ago.
They added two thrusters and a tool sled that allows the ROV to carry more instruments. They also upgraded its cameras, and outfitted it with a new, longer tether so the versatile little robot can explore the bottom of icebergs while the ship maintains a safe distance, about 300 meters.
“It’s a little hairy getting too close to these big icebergs, because they calve and thousands of tons of ice can come falling into the ocean unannounced,” Robison said. “For those wanting to work in close, the only way to get in there, to see things and make measurements and collections, is with a remotely operated vehicle.
“We’ve tricked it out with all types of gear,” added Robison, a co-principal investigator on the project. “When we got a peek around the corner [in 2005], so to speak, we couldn’t do any exploring underneath, and that’s something we’re looking forward to this time with the longer tether.”
But thanks to the ROV in 2005, the team made another particularly provocative discovery, despite the robot’s limited range. They found “tufts” of algae adhering to the iceberg where sand-grain-sized volcanic rocks were embedded in the ice. In addition, the surface of the iceberg resembled a uniformly flattened golf ball, with the algae growing around the edges of the dimples, which were about 6 to 8 centimeters wide and about 2 centimeters deep.
“It was a significant discovery. Something no one had seen before,” Robison said. “Krill were feeding on [the tufts of algae] extensively.” Added Smith, “There are huge fields of these things in the light zone.”
The algae, made up mostly of diatoms, resembled that found in benthic communities in shallow subtidal zones. The scientists estimated that these algae might inhabit as much as 25 percent of the submerged portion of an iceberg. That represents a significant source of primary plant production — and another source for sucking CO2 out of the atmosphere — considering the number of icebergs floating along in the Southern Ocean.
In fact, using satellite images, the researchers counted nearly 1,000 icebergs in an 11,000-square-kilometer area of ocean. They calculated that in 40 percent of the Weddell Sea the icebergs are raising biological productivity.
It’s not unreasonable, Robison said, to hypothesize that icebergs are spawning similar productivity in other areas around the Southern Ocean. The idea seems incredible — that there are literally thousands of these floating estuaries sucking CO2 out of the air like a straw — until one considers what the researchers have already discovered.
It all began with a simple observation, according to Robison.
“One thing that you can’t help but notice is that anytime anything floats in the ocean — whether it’s a clump of seaweed or an old bottle or a wooden raft — eventually animal communities build up around it. Barnacles attach, some plankton goes there for shelter, and big fish hang out there to feed on the plankton,” he explained.
“With the icebergs increasing, chances are that would have an effect on these pelagic communities,” Robison added. “These ideas come from lots of experience of looking at the ocean, scratching your head, and trying to figure out what’s going on and how does this work? And what am I missing?”
Perhaps the better question to ask: What are they going to find next?
NSF-funded research in this story: Ken Smith and Bruce Robison, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; and Timothy Shaw, University of South Carolina.
About the Sun | Iceberg communities may play significant role in removing carbon
“What we’ve done is just borrow that technology,” Smith said. “We got people at Scripps to build us several of these SOLO floats, and we secured inverted cones on them, so they’re like rain gauges. They just collect material as it settles through the water column.
Related story: World of imagination
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District Court (Fourth District) Criminal registers of actions
These records are housed in the Utah State Archives' permanent storage room.
An agency history is available.
Scope and Content
This series documents the individual criminal cases tried by the Fourth District Court. Actions taken in each case are recorded on separate documents and then filed together to become the case file. As these documents enter the case file they are recorded in the Criminal Registers of Actions. Criminal cases, and their registers, were separated from civil cases in 1889. The actions recorded are for cases in the Fourth Judicial District as well as its predecessor, the Northern Division of the First Judicial District. The Fourth District Court was created in 1892 from the Northern Division of the First District Court. The far-flung First District Court was divided into two geographic divisions from 1880-1892; the Northern Division included Box Elder, Cache, Morgan, Rich, and Weber counties. Proceedings from throughout the several counties that made up the northern division typically were heard in Ogden, Weber County.
Registers function as a chronological list of the actions taken in each criminal cases. A register of actions can contain the following: attorney for plaintiff and defendant, name of the judge presiding over the case, petitions, complaint, summons, answers to summons, orders from the court, assignment of judges, exhibits, judgment, findings and conclusions, costs, decrees, requests by the attorneys for instructions to the jury, verdict, motions for cross complaints or new trials, amendments to previous answers, and disclaimers.
Numerical by case number, thereunder chronological
Researchers should consult this series to ensure finding all the actions which occurred in a case.
Criminal case files from the District Court (Fourth District), Series 1629, contain the entire case file listed in these registers.
Minute books from the District Court (Fourth District), Series 5062, document the proceedings of each case.
Criminal case indexes from the District Court (Second District : Weber County), Series 17463, facilitate access to this series.
Civil and criminal registers of actions from the District Court (Fourth District), Series 17825, contain a listing of actions taken in criminal cases, as well as civil, prior to the start of this series.
This series is classified as Public.
Cite the Utah State Archives and Records Service, the creating agency name, the series title, and the series number.
Registers of Actions were first scheduled as permanent records in 1983. This series was archivally processed by David Clark in September 2000.
Indexes: Series 17463, Criminal Case Indexes, 1879-1947, facilitates access to this series,.
- Post-conviction remedies—Utah.
- Criminal justice, Administration of—Utah.
- Utah—Actions and defenses—Cases.
- Utah—Criminal courts. | District Court (Fourth District) Criminal registers of actions
These records are housed in the Utah State Archives' permanent storage room.
An agency history is available.
Scope and Content
This series documents the individual criminal cases tried by the Fourth District Court. Actions taken in each case are recorded on separate documents and then filed together to become the case file. As these do | {
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Recommendation 1648 (2004)1
Consequences of European Union enlargement for freedom of movement between Council of Europe member states
1. There is a widespread fear that after May 2004, following the current round of European Union enlargement, Europe will be administratively divided in two as a result of the expansion of the Schengen visa system. Such an eventuality would create an excessive impediment to the free movement of persons between Council of Europe member states, with consequences relevant to a number of distinct issues, including tourist travel, business travel, diplomatic travel, cross-border small traffic in goods, international labour migration and communal and cultural links. These may in turn result in national and international tensions based on nationality and ethnicity.
2. As stated in its Statute, the Council of Europe is based on a common heritage of spiritual and moral values which unite the peoples of its member states and which are the true source of the individual freedom, political liberty and rule of law which underlie European democracy. A closer unity between European states is needed for the maintenance and further realisation of these ideals and in the interests of social and economic progress. Free movement of persons to the greatest possible extent throughout Europe is essential to this project and, indeed, to national and individual adherence to our common principles. International co-operation under the auspices of both the Council of Europe and the European Union has helped to establish bonds of understanding, trust and friendship across the continent.
3. These principles, along with the significance of the uniting mission of the Council of Europe, remain vital and relevant today. In this respect, the Parliamentary Assembly recalls its Recommendations 879 (1979) on the movement of persons between the member states of the Council of Europe, 990 (1984) on clandestine migration in Europe, 1014 (1985) on the entry visas required of Turkish nationals by certain Council of Europe member states, 1373 (1998) on freedom of movement and the issue of visas to the members of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and 1579 (2002) on the enlargement of the European Union and the Kaliningrad region. The Assembly is glad to note the recent agreement between Lithuania, the Russian Federation and the European Union on the Kaliningrad region. It also takes note of recent documents and statements of the European Council, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission which recognise these principles and agree on the importance of avoiding the creation of new dividing lines.
4. The Schengen system is intended to establish free movement of persons within a multinational territory (the Schengen area) without internal borders. The public order and security concerns arising from this are addressed by two sets of measures: the first relating to visa policy and external border control, intended to prevent individuals who represent a threat to public order or security from entering the Schengen area; the second concerning police and security co-operation, designed to enhance national criminal justice systems ability to operate between states within the borderless Schengen area so as to improve their ability to deal with all forms of transnational and international crime.
5. The Assembly notes that the Council of Europe has, since the early years of its existence, also been active in pursuing these same aims. Regarding free movement of persons, it recalls in particular the 1955 European Convention on Establishment (ETS No. 19) and the 1957 European Agreement on Regulations Governing the Movement of Persons between Member States of the Council of Europe (ETS No. 25), along with the European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers (ETS No. 93) and the European Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation between Territorial Communities or Authorities (ETS No. 106). With respect to criminal justice and public order, it recalls in particular the 1957 European Convention on Extradition (ETS No. 24) and its Additional Protocols (ETS Nos. 86 and 98), the 1959 European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (ETS No. 30) and its Additional Protocols (ETS No. 99 and 182), the 1970 European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal Judgments (ETS No. 70), the 1977 European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (ETS No. 90) and its amending Protocol (ETS No. 190) and the 1999 Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS No. 173) and Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS No. 174), along with the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons (ETS No. 112) and the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime (ETS No. 141); it is significant that several of these instruments form the basis of the Schengen systems own mechanisms. The Assembly also takes note of the Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO).
6. Whilst the European Union has achieved a level of integration exceeding that of the Council of Europe, the Assembly nevertheless believes that the combination of the Council of Europes treaties in the fields of free movement of persons and of police and judicial co-operation bears comparison to the Schengen system not only in purpose, but also in potential effectiveness. Wider ratification, along with appropriate co-ordination and, if necessary, amendment of these treaties, could lead to the development of a framework allowing greater freedom of movement throughout greater Europe: less restricted than within the Schengen area, but sufficiently enhanced so as to reflect the unity and cohesive integrity of Council of Europe member states.
7. As the only democratic body representative of citizens from the length and breadth of Europe, the Assembly states its firm opposition to any measures which might act to divide the peoples and states of a continent which has only recently achieved a historic level of political, social, economic and cultural unity and harmony. Accordingly, it asks that every effort be made to avoid this prospect.
8. The Assembly recommends that member states:
i. devote their utmost care to the conduct of a frank, constructive political dialogue between European Union member states and non-member states, as well as at the sub-regional level, ensuring that the appearance of new divisions on the European continent is avoided at all costs and guaranteeing freedom of movement between all members;
ii. in so far as they have not already done so, ratify and implement without delay the conventions, agreements and other treaties listed in paragraph 5 above, and become members of GRECO;
iii. introduce, on the basis of reciprocity, provisions enabling the nationals of Council of Europe member states who hold diplomatic or service passports to make official journeys without a visa;
iv. in relation to those member states which are also members of the European Union (including those which may accede in May 2004), adopt liberal measures with respect to citizens of other Council of Europe member states in those areas of immigration policy not subject to European Union jurisdiction, particularly so as to simplify formalities for obtaining visas and facilitate border-crossing;
v. in relation to those member states which are not members of the European Union, ensure that they take action to facilitate positive developments in areas of reciprocity, such as the adoption of minimal visa fees and the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral readmission agreements;
vi. facilitate the crossing of borders by setting up at border checkpoints special corridors reserved for the nationals of Council of Europe member states;
vii. in respect of those member states whose common borders are already external borders of the European Union, or will be following enlargement of the European Union, actively co-operate to protect and secure their common borders, as well as the external borders of those Council of Europe member states adjoining the European Union, and engage in institutionalised co-operation concerning the exchange of information relating to the illicit trafficking of persons and goods;
viii. make good use of their authority to issue long-term national visas for citizens of Council of Europe member states;
ix. train the border guards, notably with the aim of dispelling the received ideas and stereotypes which they may entertain concerning foreigners and humanising their contacts with nationals of foreign countries travelling for legitimate reasons.
9. The Assembly also recommends that states party to the 1990 Schengen Convention:
i. expand their consular services in other Council of Europe member states so as to ensure that visas are issued quickly, efficiently and conveniently and in keeping with human dignity. In this respect, an administrative procedure for control of the processing of visa applications should be instituted and systematised in all consulates;
ii. introduce a presumption regarding visas whereby anyone who makes an application for a visa should benefit from the presumption that it will be issued. Any refusal should be based on substantiated reasons meeting specific criteria which would withstand a transparency test;
iii. increase the number of, and improve the facilities at, border crossings with non-European Union member neighbouring states, in particular through the use of advanced electronic technology;
iv. take steps to make more widely known to the general public the procedure enabling individuals to acquaint themselves with the information held concerning them in the Schengen Information System (SIS) and, if necessary, to have any inaccurate information rectified.
10. In addition, the Assembly recommends that the European Union:
i. extend, at the earliest opportunity, the list of third countries whose nationals are exempt from the requirement to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Schengen area to include all Council of Europe member states which are not also members of the European Union, and meanwhile:
ii. establish a presumption that citizens of states parties to the Council of Europe treaties mentioned in the 1990 Schengen Convention (ETS Nos. 24, 30 and 112, plus their relevant protocols) do not require visas for entry into or circulation within the Schengen area, that presumption being strengthened in relation to a states also being party to other Council of Europe treaties in the field of public order and security (including ETS Nos. 70, 90, 141, 173 and 174 and their relevant protocols);
iii. for those member states not able to benefit from this presumption, make visa requirements and procedures more rapid and flexible, inter alia by:
a. encouraging the practice of issuing multiple-entry visas of five-year duration, particularly to residents of border regions and those engaged in legitimate small cross-border traffic;
b. maintaining the level of visa fees at the lowest level possible, if possible making them free of charge;
c. requesting documents in support of visa applications and attendance for personal interviews only in cases of absolute necessity;
d. ensuring that examination of documents and the conduct of personal interviews are fully respectful of individual dignity and privacy;
e. allowing visa applications to be made by post or by electronic means, in so far as is allowed by the need to verify documents authenticity or conduct personal interviews;
f. ensuring that refusal of admission at borders of those with valid visas is an exceptional measure taken only when justified by objectively determined reasons;
g. establishing special provisions for political and diplomatic travel by citizens of those Council of Europe member states which are not also parties to the 1990 Schengen Convention, such as by exempting holders of diplomatic passports and those on certified official missions from visa requirements;
h. concluding bilateral readmission agreements with those Council of Europe member states which are not also members of the European Union and in relation to which such agreements do not already exist;
i. providing financial and material assistance to new European Union member states, to ensure that they are able to respond promptly and efficiently to visa applications from citizens of other Council of Europe member states;
j. studying the possibility and feasibility of creating Euro-consulates whose specialty would be to issue Schengen visas and process applications for them;
iv. assist those countries which will be neighbours of the enlarged European Union in reinforcing their efforts to prevent illegal migration, in particular trafficking in persons;
v. consider ratifying the Council of Europes treaties relevant to those areas of freedom of movement, criminal justice and public order for which it has supranational jurisdiction, and join the GRECO; and
vi. within this pan-European legal framework, develop immigration policies which allow the greatest possible degree of freedom of movement of persons throughout Europe and encourage the integration of migrants in the host societies and states.
11. Finally, the Assembly recommends that the Committee of Ministers:
i. undertake a comprehensive study involving the committees established under relevant Council of Europe treaties, representatives of the European Union and the Assembly into how existing Council of Europe treaties concerning free movement of persons, criminal justice and public order may be more widely ratified, implemented, co-ordinated and (if necessary) amended or completed, including through the preparation, signature and implementation of a new European convention, so as to establish a comprehensive legal framework within which the greatest possible degree of freedom of movement of persons may be established throughout Europe;
ii. establish principles for the standardisation of travel documents of Council of Europe member states, so as to provide safeguards against forgery and fraudulent use, and thus facilitate the liberalisation of visa regimes and immigration policies;
iii. begin efforts to harmonise, under the auspices of the Council of Europe, and in accordance with the guidelines laid down in Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1624 (2003) on a common policy on migration and asylum, Council of Europe member states legislation and practice relating to this subject.
1. Assembly debate on 30 January 2004 (8th Sitting) (see
Doc. 9979, report of the
Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, rapporteur: Mr Shybko; and Doc.10025,
opinion of the Political Affairs Committee, rapporteur: Mr Severin).
Text adopted by the Assembly on 30 January 2004 (8th Sitting). | Recommendation 1648 (2004)1
Consequences of European Union enlargement for freedom of movement between Council of Europe member states
1. There is a widespread fear that after May 2004, following the current round of European Union enlargement, Europe will be administratively divided in two as a result of the expansion of the Schengen visa system. Such an eventuality would create an excessive impe | {
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(A) For individuals enrolled in the assisted living waiver, this rule defines how the administrative agency will:
(1) Compute income to determine medicaid eligibility, and
(2) Determine patient liability.
(1) "Assisted living facility" means a facility certified by the Ohio department of aging in accordance with rule 173-39-02 of the Administrative Code.
(2) "Assisted living waiver (ALW)" means the home and community based services waiver approved by the federal centers for medicare and medicaid services (CMS). The waiver provides an alternative to nursing facility placement for persons aged twenty-one and over who require intermediate or skilled care. Services and eligibility criteria for the waiver are found in rules 5101:3-1-06.5 and 5101:3-33-02 to 5101:3-33-07 of the Administrative Code.
(3) "Assisted living waiver maintenance needs allowance (ALMNA)" means the amount equal to the supplemental security income (SSI) federal benefit rate, which is a required deduction in the computation of patient liability for those enrolled in the ALW. This amount is to be used for the needs of an individual enrolled in the ALW. For these individuals, the ALMNA is used in lieu of the special individual maintenance needs allowance found in rule 5101:1-39-24 of the Administrative Code.
(4) "Personal needs allowance" for individuals enrolled in the ALW is a required deduction in the computation of patient liability. It is the total of the ALMNA plus up to sixty-five dollars for those individuals who receive earnings from employment.
(5) "SSI federal benefit rate" means the monthly amount issued by the social security administration to individuals receiving SSI cash payments. It is adjusted each year effective the first of January.
(C) The administrative agency must:
(1) Determine medical assistance eligibility in accordance with the eligibility rules contained in Chapters 5101:1-37 to 5101:1-42 of the Administrative Code, including the individual's eligibility for medicaid buy-in and low-income medicare assistance programs, in accordance with rules 5101:1-38-03 and 5101:1-39-01.1 of the Administrative Code.
(2) Process requests for enrollment into the ALW in accordance with this rule, and rules 5101:1-38-01.6 and 5101:3-33-04 of the Administrative Code.
(3) Determine if the individual meets the income criteria for medicaid eligibility for coverage of services under the ALW program, using the same methodology found in rule 5101:1-39-23 of the Administrative Code.
(4) Determine patient liability in accordance with the methodology found in rule 5101:1-39-24 of the Administrative Code, with the following exceptions:
(a) Calculate the personal needs allowance by using the following methodology:
(i) Determine the current SSI federal benefit rate.
(ii) For individuals who have no earned income, the SSI federal benefit rate amount is the ALMNA.
(iii) For individuals who have earned income as a result of employment, the ALMNA is the total of the following two amounts:
(a) The SSI federal benefit rate, and
(b) Up to a maximum of sixty-five dollars of the gross earnings received as a result of employment.
(iv) The ALMNA is used as the personal needs allowance for ALW eligible individuals in the calculation of patient liability.
(b) The remainder, after subtracting all other applicable exemptions and deductions listed in rule 5101:1-39-24 of the Administrative Code, is the individual's patient liability.
(D) The individual must pay the patient liability amount to the facility in accordance with rule 5101:1-39-24 of the Administrative Code.
(E) The administrative agency must issue proper notice and hearing rights as outlined in division 5101:6 of the Administrative Code.
Replaces: 5101:1-39- 24.1 | (A) For individuals enrolled in the assisted living waiver, this rule defines how the administrative agency will:
(1) Compute income to determine medicaid eligibility, and
(2) Determine patient liability.
(1) "Assisted living facility" means a facility certified by the Ohio department of aging in accordance with rule 173-39-02 of the Administrative Code.
(2) "Assisted living waiver (ALW)" means th | {
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Find out how we will manage the risk of flooding in a catchment over the next 50 to 100 years.
What are Catchment Flood Management Plans?
The main aims of our Catchment Flood Management Plans are to:
- understand the factors that contribute to flood risk within a catchment both now and in the future;
- recommend the best ways of managing the risk of flooding within the catchment over the next 50 to 100 years.
Catchment Flood Management Plans consultations in England have now closed
Following extensive consultation CFMPs in England have now been finalised. We are now considering the most effective way to communicate the outputs from this work. | Find out how we will manage the risk of flooding in a catchment over the next 50 to 100 years.
What are Catchment Flood Management Plans?
The main aims of our Catchment Flood Management Plans are to:
- understand the factors that contribute to flood risk within a catchment both now and in the future;
- recommend the best ways of managing the risk of flooding within the catchment over the next 50 t | {
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Creative Commons Launches CC+ and CC0 Programs
Eric Steuer, December 17th, 2007
In a nutshell, CC+ is a protocol to enable a simple way for users to get rights beyond those granted by a CC license. Meanwhile, CC0 is a protocol that enables people to either assert that a work has no legal restrictions attached to it or waive any rights associated with a work so it has no legal restrictions attached to it. The program also provides an easy way to sign these assertions or waivers.
Please read our press release about the launch of CC+ and CC0 for more information about how they work and who we’re collaborating with. | Creative Commons Launches CC+ and CC0 Programs
Eric Steuer, December 17th, 2007
In a nutshell, CC+ is a protocol to enable a simple way for users to get rights beyond those granted by a CC license. Meanwhile, CC0 is a protocol that enables people to either assert that a work has no legal restrictions attached to it or waive any rights associated with a work so it has no legal restrictions attached | {
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The EU transport system is currently not sustainable, and in many respects moving away from sustainability rather than towards it. The European Environment Agency highlights in particular the sector's growing CO2 emissions that threaten the EU meeting its target under the Kyoto protocol. It also points to additional efforts that are needed to reach existing air quality targets, points to a large proportion of the population that is exposed to annoying or harmful noise levels, and highlights many more environmental impacts from transport in the EU.
For more information on the environmental impacts of transport, look up the Environment Agency's Transport pages, in particular the following Agency's reports of the Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism (TERM) :
The Commission has been working in cooperation with the Council to prepare the ground for making European transport policy sustainable. In doing so, it has used an expert group made up of experts from transport ministries and environment ministries in the Member States. Read more about the work towards a sustainable transport system.
In December 2005 the Commission presented a proposal for a reviewed strategy on sustainable development and platform for further action. The Commission's proposal built on the 2001 strategy and advocated a shift in focus to take account of progress made, tackle shortcomings and take account of new challenges.
The result was a renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy adopted by Heads of State and Governments at the European Council of 15-16 June 2006, where specific objectives, targets and actions are promoted regarding sustainable transport (see page 10 of the renewed strategy). | The EU transport system is currently not sustainable, and in many respects moving away from sustainability rather than towards it. The European Environment Agency highlights in particular the sector's growing CO2 emissions that threaten the EU meeting its target under the Kyoto protocol. It also points to additional efforts that are needed to reach existing air quality targets, points to a large p | {
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"View to the South"
This narrow, vertical view is the overlap region in two successive
frames of Neil's pan. The field-of view has a width of about 15-20
the Moon has no atmosphere and, therefore, no atmospheric haze, judging
distances can be difficult.
Anaglyph by Erwin D'Hoore
(click on the image for a larger version) | "View to the South"
This narrow, vertical view is the overlap region in two successive
frames of Neil's pan. The field-of view has a width of about 15-20
the Moon has no atmosphere and, therefore, no atmospheric haze, judging
distances can be difficult.
Anaglyph by Erwin D'Hoore
(click on the image for a larger version) | {
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Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
1993 -- Congress passes the National Community Service Trust Act, effectively overhauling the nation's community service and volunteer programs, establishing the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS), and strengthening existing programs and establishing new ones.
1994 -- Governor Evan Bayh establishes the Indiana Commission on Community Service (ICCS) and the Governor's Voluntary Action Program.
1997 -- The Governor's Voluntary Action Program is discontinued. The Indiana Commission on Community Service (ICCS) re-organizes and changes its name to the Indiana Commission on Community Service and Volunteerism (ICCSV) to highlight the expanded role of volunteers in effective community service.
1999 -- The FaithWorks initiative is created to assist faith-based and community-based organizations in applying for state and federal grant dollars to support new or existing self-sufficiency programs.
2000 -- Governor Frank O'Bannon contracts with Indiana's Department of Workforce Development to manage the financial and administrative functions of the Indiana Commission on Community Service and Volunteerism (ICCSV), including development of financial policies and procedures.
2001 -- The Bush Administration creates the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives to strengthen and expand the role of faith-based and community organizations in addressing the nation's social problems.
2005 -- Governor Mitch Daniels enacts Executive Order 05-16, which creates the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives (OFBCI), and as a result the OFBCI assumes the responsibilities of the Indiana Commission on Community Service and Volunteerism (ICCSV) and the FaithWorks initiative.
2009 -- President Obama signs the Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act which provides increased opportunities for individuals of all ages to serve, provides resources that encourage innovation and help strengthen the nonprofit and service sectors, and emphasizes accountability of federally funded programs.
2013 -- Governor Mike Pence enacts Executive Order 13-08, which continues the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives. | Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
1993 -- Congress passes the National Community Service Trust Act, effectively overhauling the nation's community service and volunteer programs, establishing the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS), and strengthening existing pro | {
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Congresswoman Sanchez firmly believes that we have an obligation to support our service members, both on and off the battlefield. In this time of war, it is our responsibility to provide soldiers and their families with the services and benefits they need to help facilitate a full transition from active duty back to normal civilian life.
As a result of the appalling conditions that were uncovered at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in February of 2007, Congresswoman Sanchez has made health care for our returning soldiers one of her top priorities. Congresswoman Sanchez supported the Wounded Warriors Assistance Act, much of which became law in the Fiscal Year 2008 National Defense Authorization Act. Soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan with traumatic brain injuries will now be provided with free health care screening and medical services for three years.
In 2008, Congresswoman Sanchez was a proud cosponsor of the Post-9/11 GI Bill. This bill provides a comprehensive education benefits package for veterans who served after September 11, and includes a monthly housing stipend and $1,000 per year for books and supplies.
In the 111th Congress, Congresswoman Sanchez continued to be a strong advocate for military personnel and their families. She helped pass defense appropriations funding that will aid hiring of 2,100 additional veteran's claims processors and increase funding for prosthetics by $250 million. She plans to continue fighting on behalf of America's veterans in the 112th Congress.
Congresswoman Sanchez is happy to announce that the 2011 edition of the VA's Federal Benefits Guide for Veterans, Dependents and Survivors is now available online at: http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/benefits_book.asp or http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/benefits_book/federal_benefits.pdf (pdf version).
This guide serves as an overview of all the benefits that Veterans, their Dependents and Survivors may be eligible for. The 2011 version also contains any changes in these benefits in the past year.
To receive assistance on veterans' employment issues, please see the United States Department of Labor Veterans' Employment Page: http://www.dol.gov/vets/ | Congresswoman Sanchez firmly believes that we have an obligation to support our service members, both on and off the battlefield. In this time of war, it is our responsibility to provide soldiers and their families with the services and benefits they need to help facilitate a full transition from active duty back to normal civilian life.
As a result of the appalling conditions that were uncovered | {
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NCCAM and The Bernard Osher Foundation Announce New Career Development Award
For Immediate Release:
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) today announced a prestigious career development award designed to diminish the barriers that prevent complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) clinicians from exploring a career in research. NCCAM, a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), created this award in partnership with The Bernard Osher Foundation through a grant to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health.
“We are extremely pleased to have this opportunity to join forces with The Osher Foundation in addressing one of NCCAM’s primary goals—creating a cadre of well-trained CAM researchers,” said Dr. Margaret A. Chesney, Acting Director of NCCAM. “This program provides yet another mechanism through which the Center can collaborate with the CAM community to foster the next generation of leaders in this field.”
The Bernard Osher Foundation/NCCAM CAM Practitioner Research Career Development Award will promote the science of complementary and alternative medicine through research training and mentorship. The award is for individual CAM practitioners with clinical CAM doctorates who have had limited opportunities for research training, but who have a strong desire to pursue a career in CAM research.
Awardees will receive up to 5 years of intensive, supervised career development research training in the biomedical, behavioral, or clinical sciences related to CAM. Applicants should hold a health professional doctoral degree from a CAM institution, such as Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.), Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine (N.D.), or Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (D.A.O.M.), as well as Doctors of Osteopathic MedicineDoctors of Osteopathic Medicine (DOs) are fully licensed physicians. They provide a full range of services, from prescribing drugs to performing surgery, and employ a “whole person” approach to health care. DOs focus special attention on the musculoskeletal system, a system of bones and muscles that makes up about two-thirds of the body’s mass. They may use osteopathic manipulative treatment, a system of manual therapy, to treat mechanical strains affecting all aspects of the anatomy, relieve pain, and improve physiologic function. (D.O.) from medical institutions that teach manual manipulation as part of the core curriculum.
The Bernard Osher Foundation, which is based in San Francisco, supports three integrative medicine research centers at the University of California, San Francisco, Harvard University, and the Karolinska Institute in Sweden. “Because of our high regard for Dr. Stephen E. Straus, the founding director of NCCAM, we are particularly pleased to promote the future of integrative medicine research through this new award,” said Bernard Osher, founder and treasurer of the Osher Foundation.
Interested parties should visit nccam.nih.gov/training/ for more information about the award.
Part of the National Institutes of Health, the mission of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) is to define, through rigorous scientific investigation, the usefulness and safety of complementary and alternative medicine interventions and their roles in improving health and health care. For additional information, call NCCAM’s Clearinghouse toll free at 1-888-644-6226, or visit the NCCAM Web site at nccam.nih.gov. Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube.
The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health was established by the United States Congress to support the mission of the National Institutes of Health—improving health through scientific discovery. The Foundation identifies and develops opportunities for innovative public-private partnerships involving industry, academia, and the philanthropic community. A nonprofit, 501(c)(3) corporation, the Foundation raises private-sector funds for a broad portfolio of unique programs that complement and enhance NIH priorities and activities. The Foundation’s web site is www.fnih.org. | NCCAM and The Bernard Osher Foundation Announce New Career Development Award
For Immediate Release:
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) today announced a prestigious career development award designed to diminish the barriers that prevent complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) clinicians from exploring a career in research. NCCAM, a part of the National Inst | {
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(Washington, DC) The Police Complaints Board (PCB) today submitted a report and recommendations to Mayor Anthony A. Williams, the Council of the District of Columbia, and Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) Chief Charles H. Ramsey concerning police interactions with disabled people who use service animals.
A complaint filed by a citizen with the Office of Police Complaints (OPC) highlighted that MPD does not have a written policy or training regarding how officers should respond to people with disabilities who use service animals.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) defines service animals as “any guide dog, signal dog, or other animal individually trained to provide assistance to an individual with a disability.” The act essentially requires police departments to modify their practices and procedures as necessary to ensure that persons with disabilities, including those who rely on service animals, are provided with police services to the same degree as non-disabled people.
“The lack of guidance and training to MPD officers in this area increases the risk of officers responding to a disabled person who uses a service animal in a manner that violates the ADA,” said Philip K. Eure, OPC’s executive director. “We want to encourage the District Government to be more proactive in meeting the needs of people with disabilities.”
To further this goal, PCB recommended that MPD: (1) Issue a general order that provides information to officers on handling requests for service that involve service animals; (2) Include a specific section on service animals in training on disabilities and ADA compliance; and (3) Conduct a roll-call training lesson for all officers on service animals as soon as possible.
PCB issued its report and recommendations pursuant to its statutory obligation to, where appropriate, make recommendations to the Mayor, the Council, and the Chief of Police concerning those elements of management of the MPD affecting the incidence of police misconduct, such as the recruitment, training, evaluation, discipline, and supervision of police officers.
PCB's report and recommendations are available online:
For additional information or questions regarding the report and recommendations, please contact OPC's public affairs specialist, Melanie Deggins, at (202) 727-3838. | (Washington, DC) The Police Complaints Board (PCB) today submitted a report and recommendations to Mayor Anthony A. Williams, the Council of the District of Columbia, and Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) Chief Charles H. Ramsey concerning police interactions with disabled people who use service animals.
A complaint filed by a citizen with the Office of Police Complaints (OPC) highlighted that | {
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Section 2: TrainingAnchor: #i999874
This guide provides general information about pavement design processes and procedures. Information on more comprehensive training courses and materials is available through the district pavement engineer, the Construction Division, Materials & Pavements Section (CST-M&P) and other sources. A partial list of available training courses is as follows:
- National Highway Institute (NHI)/American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Course on Techniques for Pavement Rehabilitation.
- Flexible Pavement System, Version 19 (FPS-19W) and MODULUS Backcalculation Program. Training is presented as a "seminar" by CST-M&P. Contact CST-M&P for schedule (see Contacts section below).
- NHI 6-week Highway Materials Engineering Course (NHI 131023A). Contact NHI.
- TxDOT 5-week and 2-week Highway Materials Engineering
Course. The course is listed in TxDOT’s Human Resources Training
- CON409, 5-week course (for the first 3 weeks)
- CON410, 5-week course (for the last 2 weeks)
- DES114, TxDOT HWY Materials Engineering (2-week course)
- Contact your training coordinator.
- Basic Geotechnical Engineering for Roadways. There is an NHI course entitled, "Geotechnical Aspects of Pavements" (NHI 132040A). Contact NHI.
- Flexible Pavement Rehabilitation Training CD-ROM. Self-paced training media developed by Texas Transportation Institute (TTI). Contact TxDOT’s Research and Technology Implementation Office (RTI) for more information about obtaining this CD (see Section 3 -- “Contacts”).
- Rigid Pavement Rehabilitation Training CD-ROM. Self-paced training media developed by TTI. Contact TxDOT’s RTI for more information about obtaining this CD (see Section 3 -- “Contacts”).
- Web based training for Modulus 6.0, FPS 19W, Modulus Temperature Correction program, Program for Load Zoning Analysis (PLZA), and Super Heavy Load Analysis Procedures (PALS) available on the TxDOT Pavement Design and Analysis Training web site.
- Web based training for CRCP 10, CRCP 9, JRCP 6, Pavers, Rigid Pavement Life Cycle Cost Analysis (RPLCCA), Texas Pavement Type Selection (TxPTS) available through TxDOT Online Training.
- Web based training for Rational Estimation of Pavement Remaining life (REPP2000), Design Modulus Values from Seismic Data Collection (SMART), and Impacts of Construction Quality Life Cycle of Pavement (RECIPPE) available on CTIS Pavement Design and Analysis Training web site.
Other training and reference material is available from your TxDOT training coordinator. | Section 2: TrainingAnchor: #i999874
This guide provides general information about pavement design processes and procedures. Information on more comprehensive training courses and materials is available through the district pavement engineer, the Construction Division, Materials & Pavements Section (CST-M&P) and other sources. A partial list of available training courses is as follows:
- National H | {
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State Fire Marshal - Juvenile Firesetting Intervention Program
Juvenile Info - Quick Downloads
There are many reasons children may experiment with fire. They are all concerning to those in the fire service. Often Children as well as adults are unable to make proper choices to remain safe around fire. If a child you care about has played with matches, lighters, fireworks, candles, has set a fire or has shown a curiosity of fire that worries you, please contact your local fire department and ask if they participate in the Juvenile Firesetter Intervention Program.
The Juvenile Firesetter Intervention Program provides a simple risk assessment and fire safety education for the child and the caregiver at no charge. Everything is confidential and intended to help you keep your family safe from fire. Both child and caregiver will learn what they can do to make the home a safer place to live. Statistically, children who have set a fire will continue to do so, setting increasingly more dangerous fires. The Juvenile Firesetter Intervention Program we use has been shown to end this behavior in most cases.
Until your appointment, you can make sure you have at least one smoke alarm on each level of the house and outside the sleeping areas. Test each one to make sure they are working. Look through the house and remove or secure all fire starting tools including matches, lighters, and barbecue lighters. The child can help you do these things to keep your family safe.
Most programs work with children 5 – 17 years of age. Younger children may be seen based on the situation. If a child is facing charges, the fire department may wait until the case is settled because r attendance in an Intervention Program is often ordered as part of the deferment, parole or sentencing.
Fire setting can be a symptom of another challenge a child is facing. If the child is at high risk of continuing their risky behavior with fire, you will likely be encouraged to seek the assistance of a mental health professional to address the underlying cause of their behavior. If your insurance does not cover the costs, your local health department can often find assistance.
You can find more information about juvenile firesetting from the top links on the right of the page.[Last Update - Friday, 08-Mar-2013 16:26:31 MST] | State Fire Marshal - Juvenile Firesetting Intervention Program
Juvenile Info - Quick Downloads
There are many reasons children may experiment with fire. They are all concerning to those in the fire service. Often Children as well as adults are unable to make proper choices to remain safe around fire. If a child you care about has played with matches, lighters, fireworks, candles, has set a fire or | {
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Area of Operations: Massachusetts Bay, Massachusetts, United States, North America, North Atlantic
Dates: August 30, 1998 to September 03, 1998
Objectives: Recover moorings in Stellwagen Basin for internal wave experiment. Conduct hydrographic survey.
Type of Activity: Mooring work
Information to be derived: Time series data
Summary: Moorings recovered: 7 (#533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538 and 539 all deployed FA 98031 ARGO MAINE Aug. 3-7, 1998).
USGS Project Number: 7241-32060
Contact: Brad Butman ([email protected])
InfoBank: uses the identifier M-32-98-MY. Visit this site for more information. | Area of Operations: Massachusetts Bay, Massachusetts, United States, North America, North Atlantic
Dates: August 30, 1998 to September 03, 1998
Objectives: Recover moorings in Stellwagen Basin for internal wave experiment. Conduct hydrographic survey.
Type of Activity: Mooring work
Information to be derived: Time series data
Summary: Moorings recovered: 7 (#533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538 and 539 all | {
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May 21, 2013
Tonsil surgery improves some behaviors in children with sleep apnea syndrome
Children with sleep apnea syndrome who have their tonsils and adenoids removed sleep better, are less restless and impulsive, and report a generally better quality of life, finds a new study funded by the National Institutes of Health. However, the study found cognitive abilities did not improve compared with children who did not have surgery, and researchers say the findings don’t mean surgery is an automatic first choice.
May 12, 2013
NIH Media Availability: Researchers take important step in unlocking what causes congenital heart disease
Findings from the first large-scale sequencing analysis of congenital heart disease bring us closer to understanding this most common type of birth defect.
June 12, 2013
: La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
New sickle cell anemia therapy advances to phase II clinical trials
Seeking to improve the lives of sickle cell anemia sufferers around the world, researchers from the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, the Dana-Farber/Children's Hospital Cancer Center in Boston and the BloodCenter of Wisconsin in Milwaukee and others are preparing to launch Phase II of a clinical trial to investigate a potential new therapy for reducing the disorder’s severest symptoms. The trial, funded by a $10.8 million grant from the National Institutes of Health, is testing an already existing drug called Lexiscan™ (regadenoson - Astellas Pharma US, Inc.), which is used for diagnosing heart disease.
June 6, 2013
: Duke Medicine
Surgeons at Duke University Hospital implant bioengineered vein
In a first-of-its-kind operation in the United States, a team of doctors at Duke University Hospital helped create a bioengineered blood vessel and transplanted it into the arm of a patient with end-stage kidney disease. The new vein is an off-the-shelf, human cell-based product with no biological properties that would cause organ rejection.
Sleep Disorders & Insufficient Sleep: Improving Health through Research
National Institutes of Health- (NIH) supported research is shedding light on how sleep and lack of sleep affect the human body. The NIH and its partners will continue to work together to advance sleep research. Read full fact sheet...
July 28, 2013 - July 31, 2013
Population Studies Workshop
Jackson Heart Study – longitudinal study of African Americans in Jackson, MS Strong Heart Study – longitudinal study of American Indians in ND, AZ and OK 6:00 p.m. July 28 – Noon, July 31, 2013 at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Application due: April 1, 2013
September 25, 2013 - September 26, 2013
NHLBI Symposium on Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine
NIH Campus - Building 45: Natcher Conference Center
The symposium will again bring together experts in basic stem cell biology, as well as clinical cardiovascular medicine, to discuss the emerging basic and developmental science, preclinical animal advances and potential clinical applications. The emphasis will be on recent discoveries and trends, and we will discuss the challenges and critical scientific questions as we continue to advance the field and seek opportunities for clinical translation. Topics will include general and cardiovascular stem cells, clinical applications, tissue engineering, developmental biology, and large-scale proteomics/metabolomics as a tool to identify new clinical deliverables. | May 21, 2013
Tonsil surgery improves some behaviors in children with sleep apnea syndrome
Children with sleep apnea syndrome who have their tonsils and adenoids removed sleep better, are less restless and impulsive, and report a generally better quality of life, finds a new study funded by the National Institutes of Health. However, the study found cognitive abilities did not improve compared with | {
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bone marrow transplantation: Procedure in which doctors replace marrow destroyed by treatment with high doses of anticancer drugs or radiation. The replacement marrow may be taken from the patient before treatment or may be donated by another person.
bone scan: Technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the bones, especially in abnormal areas of the bones, and is detected by a scanner.
brachytherapy: Internal radiation therapy using an implant of radioactive material placed directly into or near the tumor.
BRCA1: Gene located on chromosome 17 that normally helps restrain cell growth. Inheriting an altered version of BRCA1 predisposes an individual to breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.
BRCA2: Gene located on chromosome 13 that scientists believe may account for 30 to 40 percent of all inherited breast cancer.
breast reconstruction: Surgery to rebuild a breast's shape after a mastectomy.
Burkitt lymphoma: Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that most often occurs in young people between the ages of 12 and 30. The disease usually causes a rapidly growing tumor in the abdomen.
cancer: Term for a group of more than 100 diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphocytic system to other parts of the body.
carcinogen: Any substance that is known to cause cancer.
carcinogenesis: Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the lining or covering of an organ.
carcinoma in situ: Cancer that involves only the cells in which it began and has not spread to other tissues.
CEA assay: Laboratory test to measure the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood of patients with certain cancers.
cell cycle: Sequence of events by which cells enlarge and divide. Includes stages typically named G1, S, G2, and M.
chemoprevention: Use of natural or laboratory-made substances to prevent cancer.
chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs.
chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Type of blood cancer that involves overproduction of mature lymphocytes.
chronic myelogenous leukemia: Type of blood cancer that involves accumulation of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow and bloodstream.
clinical trial: Research study that involves patients. Each study is designed to find better ways to prevent, detect, diagnose, or treat cancer and to answer scientific questions.
colonoscopy: Procedure that uses a flexible fiber optic endoscope to examine the internal surface of the colon along its entire length.
combination chemotherapy: Treatment in which two or more chemicals are used to obtain more effective results.
computed tomography: X-ray procedure that uses a computer to produce a detailed picture of a cross section of the body; also called CAT or CT scan.
contact inhibition: Inhibition of cell division in normal (noncancerous) cells when they contact a neighboring cell.
CT (or CAT) scan: See computed tomography.
cytotoxic: Poisonous to cells. In chemotherapy, used to describe an agent that is poisonous to cancer cells.
dysplasia: Abnormal cells that are not cancer.
Copyright | Credits | Accessibility | bone marrow transplantation: Procedure in which doctors replace marrow destroyed by treatment with high doses of anticancer drugs or radiation. The replacement marrow may be taken from the patient before treatment or may be donated by another person.
bone scan: Technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected and travels throug | {
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In computing, a scanner is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image. Common examples found in offices are variations of the desktop (or flatbed) scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held scanners, where the device is moved by hand, were briefly popular but are now less common due to the difficulty of obtaining a high-quality image. Mechanically driven scanners that move the document are typically used for large-format documents, where a flatbed design would be impractical.
Modern scanners typically use charge-coupled device (CCD) or Contact Image Sensor (CIS) as the image sensor, whereas older drum scanners use a photomultiplier tube as the image sensor. A rotary scanner, used for high-speed document scanning, is another type of drum scanner, using a CCD array instead of a photomultiplier. Other types of scanners are planetary scanners, which take photographs of books and documents, and 3D scanners, for producing three-dimensional models of objects.
Another category of scanner is digital camera scanners, which are based on the concept of reprographic cameras. Due to increasing resolution and new features such as anti-shake, digital cameras have become an attractive alternative to regular scanners. While still having disadvantages compared to traditional scanners, digital cameras offer advantages in speed and portability.
Historical precedent
Scanners can be considered the successors of early telephotography input devices, consisting of a rotating drum with a single photodetector at a standard speed of 60 or 120 rpm (later models up to 240 rpm). They send a linear analog AM signal through standard telephone voice lines to receptors, which synchronously print the proportional intensity on special paper. This system was in use in press from the 1920s to the mid-1990s. Color photos were sent as three separated RGB filtered images consecutively, but this was used only for special events due to transmission costs.
Drum scanners capture image information with photomultiplier tubes (PMT), rather than the charge-coupled-device (CCD) arrays found in flatbed scanners and inexpensive film scanners. Reflective and transmissive originals are mounted on an acrylic cylinder, the scanner drum, which rotates at high speed while it passes the object being scanned in front of precision optics that deliver image information to the PMTs. Most modern color drum scanners use 3 matched PMTs, which read red, blue, and green light respectively. Light from the original artwork is split into separate red, blue, and green beams in the optical bench of the scanner.
The drum scanner gets its name from the large glass drum on which the original artwork is mounted for scanning: they usually take 11 by 17 inches (28 cm × 43 cm) documents, but maximum size varies by manufacturer. One of the unique features of drum scanners is the ability to control sample area and aperture size independently. The sample size is the area that the scanner encoder reads to create an individual pixel. The aperture is the actual opening that allows light into the optical bench of the scanner. The ability to control aperture and sample size separately is particularly useful for smoothing film grain when scanning black-and white and color negative originals.
While drum scanners are capable of scanning both reflective and transmissive artwork, a good-quality flatbed scanner can produce excellent scans from reflective artwork. As a result, drum scanners are rarely used to scan prints now that high quality inexpensive flatbed scanners are readily available. Film, however, is where drum scanners continue to be the tool of choice for high-end applications. Because film can be wet-mounted to the scanner drum and because of the exceptional sensitivity of the PMTs, drum scanners are capable of capturing very subtle details in film originals.
Only a few companies continue to manufacture drum scanners. While prices of both new and used units have come down over the last decade, they still require a considerable monetary investment when compared to CCD flatbed and film scanners. However, drum scanners remain in demand due to their capacity to produce scans that are superior in resolution, color gradation, and value structure. Also, since drum scanners are capable of resolutions up to 12,000 PPI, their use is generally recommended when a scanned image is going to be enlarged.
In most graphic-arts operations, very-high-quality flatbed scanners have replaced drum scanners, being both less expensive and faster. However, drum scanners continue to be used in high-end applications, such as museum-quality archiving of photographs and print production of high-quality books and magazine advertisements. In addition, due to the greater availability of pre-owned units many fine-art photographers are acquiring drum scanners, which has created a new niche market for the machines.
The first image scanner ever developed was a drum scanner. It was built in 1957 at the US National Bureau of Standards by a team led by Russell Kirsch. The first image ever scanned on this machine was a 5 cm square photograph of Kirsch's then-three-month-old son, Walden. The black and white image had a resolution of 176 pixels on a side.
A flatbed scanner is usually composed of a glass pane (or platen), under which there is a bright light (often xenon or cold cathode fluorescent) which illuminates the pane, and a moving optical array, whether CCD or CIS. Color scanners typically contain three rows (arrays) of sensors with red, green, and blue filters. Images to be scanned are placed face down on the glass, an opaque cover is lowered over it to exclude ambient light, and the sensor array and light source move across the pane, reading the entire area. An image is therefore visible to the charge-coupled device only because of the light it reflects. Transparent images do not work in this way, and require special accessories that illuminate them from the upper side. Many scanners offer this as an option.
"Slide" (positive) or negative film can be scanned in equipment specially manufactured for this purpose. Usually, uncut film strips of up to six frames, or four mounted slides, are inserted in a carrier, which is moved by a stepper motor across a lens and CCD sensor inside the scanner. Some models even have adaptors for APS film cassettes. Dedicated film scanners often offer better resolution than flatbed scanners, partly because they do not need to scan large areas.
Hand scanners are manual devices that are dragged across the surface of the image to be scanned. Scanning documents in this manner requires a steady hand, as an uneven scanning rate would produce distorted images - a little light on the scanner would indicate if the motion was too fast. They typically have a "start" button, which is held by the user for the duration of the scan; some switches to set the optical resolution; and a roller, which generates a clock pulse for synchronisation with the computer. Most hand scanners were monochrome, and produced light from an array of green LEDs to illuminate the image. A typical hand scanner also had a small window through which the document being scanned could be viewed. They were popular during the early 1990s and usually had a proprietary interface module specific to a particular type of computer, usually an Atari ST or Commodore Amiga.
Scanners typically read red-green-blue color (RGB) data from the array. This data is then processed with some proprietary algorithm to correct for different exposure conditions and sent to the computer, via the device's input/output interface (usually SCSI or LPT in machines pre-dating the USB standard). Color depth varies depending on the scanning array characteristics, but is usually at least 24 bits. High quality models have 48 bits or more color depth. The other qualifying parameter for a scanner is its resolution, measured in pixels per inch (ppi), sometimes more accurately referred to as samples per inch (spi). Instead of using the scanner's true optical resolution, the only meaningful parameter, manufacturers like to refer to the interpolated resolution, which is much higher thanks to software interpolation. As of 2004, a good flatbed scanner has an optical resolution of 1600–3200 ppi, high-end flatbed scanners can scan up to 5400 ppi, and a good drum scanner has an optical resolution of 8000–14,000 ppi.
Manufacturers often claim interpolated resolutions as high as 19,200 ppi; but such numbers carry little meaningful value, because the number of possible interpolated pixels is unlimited.
The higher the resolution, the larger the file. In most cases, there is a trade-off between manageable file size and level of detail.
The third important parameter for a scanner is its density range. A high density range means that the scanner is able to reproduce shadow details and brightness details in one scan.
Computer connection
Scanning the document is only one part of the process. For the scanned image to be useful, it must be transferred from the scanner to an application running on the computer. There are two basic issues: (1) how the scanner is physically connected to the computer and (2) how the application retrieves the information from the scanner.
Physical Connection to the Computer
The amount of data generated by a scanner can be very large: a 600 DPI 9 by 11 inches (230 mm × 280 mm) (slightly larger than A4 paper) uncompressed 24-bit image consumes about 100 megabytes of uncompressed data in transfer and storage on the host computer. Recent scanners can generate this volume of data in a matter of seconds, making a fast connection desirable.
There are four common connections used by scanners:
- Parallel - Connecting through a parallel port is the slowest common transfer method. Early scanners had parallel port connections that could not transfer data faster than 70 kilobytes/second. The primary advantage of the parallel port connection was economy — it avoided adding an interface card to the computer.
- Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), which is supported by most computers only via an additional SCSI interface card. Some SCSI scanners are supplied together with a dedicated SCSI card for a PC, although any SCSI controller can be used. During the evolution of the SCSI standard speeds increased, with backwards compatibility; a SCSI connection can transfer data at the highest speed which both the controller and the device support. SCSI has been largely replaced by USB and Firewire, one or both of which are directly supported by most computers, and which are easier to set up than SCSI.
- Universal Serial Bus (USB) scanners can transfer data quickly, and they are easier to use and cheaper than SCSI devices. The early USB 1.1 standard could transfer data at only 1.5 megabytes per second (slower than SCSI), but the later USB 2.0 standard can theoretically transfer up to 60 megabytes per second (although everyday rates are much lower), resulting in faster operation.
- FireWire is an interface that is much faster than USB 1.1 and comparable to USB 2.0. FireWire speeds are 25, 50, and 100 megabytes per second (but a device may not support all speeds). There's also a newer 400 megabyte per second speed.
Applications Programming Interface
An application such as Adobe Photoshop must communicate with the scanner. There are many different scanners, and many of those scanners use different protocols. In order to simplify applications programming, some Applications Programming Interfaces ("API") were developed. The API presents a uniform interface to the scanner. This means that the application does not need to know the specific details of the scanner in order to access it directly. For example, Adobe Photoshop supports the TWAIN standard; consequently, (in an ideal world) Photoshop can acquire an image from any scanner that also supports TWAIN.
In practice, there are often problems with an application communicating with a scanner. Either the application or the scanner manufacturer (or both) may have faults in their implementation of the API.
Typically, the API is implemented as a dynamically linked library. Each scanner manufacturer provides software that translates the API procedure calls into primitive commands that are issued to a hardware controller (such as the SCSI, USB, or FireWire controller). The manufacturer's part of the API is commonly called a device driver, but that designation is not strictly accurate: the API does not run in kernel mode and does not directly access the device.
Some scanner manufacturers will offer more than one API.
Other scanner API's are
ISIS, created by Pixel Translations, which still uses SCSI-II for performance reasons, is used by large, departmental-scale, machines.
SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy) is a free/open source API for accessing scanners. Originally developed for Unix and Linux operating systems, it has been ported to OS/2, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows. Unlike TWAIN, SANE does not handle the user interface. This allows batch scans and transparent network access without any special support from the device driver.
Windows Image Acquisition ("WIA") is an API provided by Microsoft.
Bundled Applications
In addition to the API, many scanners come bundled with other software. Typically, a scanning utility, some type of image-editing application (such as Photoshop), and OCR software. OCR, or optical character recognition, software makes possible the conversion of graphical images of text into standard text that can be edited using common word-processing and text-editing software. OCR utilises an averaging algorithm to determine the character shape, then matches that shape to a corresponding letter or number.
Output data
The scanned result is a non-compressed RGB image, which can be transferred to a computer's memory. Some scanners compress and clean up the image using embedded firmware. Once on the computer, the image can be processed with a raster graphics program (such as Photoshop or the GIMP) and saved on a storage device (such as a hard disk).
In common use, images are stored on a computer's hard disk. Pictures are normally stored in image formats such as JPEG, TIFF, Bitmap, and PNG. Documents are usually stored in TIFF or PDF format. Some scanners can also be used to capture editable text, so long as the text can be read by the computer in a discernable font. This process is called Optical Character Recognition (OCR).
Document processing
The scanning or digitization of paper documents for storage makes different requirements of the scanning equipment used than scanning of pictures for reproduction. While documents can be scanned on general-purpose scanners, it is more efficiently performed on dedicated document scanners manufactured by Atiz Innovation, Böwe Bell & Howell, Canon, Epson, Fujitsu, HP, Kodak and other companies.
When scanning large quantities of documents, speed and paper-handling is very important, but the resolution of the scan will normally be much lower than for good reproduction of pictures.
Document scanners have document feeders, usually larger than those sometimes found on copiers or all-purpose scanners. Scans are made at high speed, perhaps 20 to 150 pages per minute, often in grayscale, although many scanners support color. Many scanners can scan both sides of double-sided originals (duplex operation). Sophisticated document scanners have firmware of software that cleans up scans of text as they are produced, eliminating accidental marks and sharpening type; this would be unacceptable for photographic work, where marks cannot reliably be distinguished from desired fine detail. Files created are compressed as they are made.
The resolution used is usually from 150 to 300 dpi, although the hardware may be capable of somewhat higher resolution; this produces images of text good enough to read and for optical character recognition (OCR), without the higher demands on storage space required by higher-resolution images.
Document scans are often processed using OCR technology to create editable and searchable files. Most scanners use ISIS or Twain device drivers to scan documents into TIFF format so that the scanned pages can be fed into a document management system that will handle the archiving and retrieval of the scanned pages. Lossy JPEG compression, which is very efficient for pictures, is undesirable for text documents, as slanted straight edges take on a jagged appearance, and solid black (or other color) text on a light background compresses well with lossless compression formats.
While paper feeding and scanning can be done automatically and quickly, preparation and indexing are necessary and require much work by humans. Preparation involves manually inspecting the papers to be scanned and making sure that they are in order, unfolded, without staples or anything else that might jam the scanner. Additionally, some industries such as legal and medical may require documents to have Bates Numbering or some other mark giving a document identification number and date/time of the document scan.
Indexing involves associating keywords to files so that they can be retrieved by content. This process can sometimes be automated to some extent, but is likely to involve manual labour. One common practice is the use of barcode-recognition technology: during preparation, barcode sheets with folder names are inserted into the document files, folders, and document groups. Using automatic batch scanning, the documents are saved into the appropriate folders, and an index is created for integration into document-management software systems.
A specialized form of document scanning is book scanning. Technical difficulties arise from the books usually being bound and sometimes fragile and irreplaceable, but some manufacturers have developed specialized machinery to deal with this. For instance, Atiz DIY scanner uses a V-shaped cradle and a V-shaped transparent platen to handle brittle books. Often special robotic mechanisms are used to automate the page turning and scanning process.
Infrared cleaning
Infrared cleaning is a technique used to remove dust and scratches from film, and most modern scanners incorporate this feature. It works by scanning the film with infrared light. From this, it is possible to detect dust and scratches that cut off the infrared light; and they can then be automatically removed, by considering their position, size, shape, and surroundings.
Scanner manufacturers usually have their own name attached to this technique. For example, Epson, Nikon, Microtek, and others use Digital ICE, while Canon uses its own Film Automatic Retouching and Enhancement system.
Scanner Music
Flatbed scanners are capable of synthesising simple musical scores, due to the variable speed (and tone) of their stepper motors. This property can be applied for hardware diagnostics: for example the HP Scanjet 5 plays Ode to Joy if powered on with SCSI ID set to zero. Windows- and Linux-based software is available for several brands and types of flatbad scanners to play MIDI files for fun purposes.
See also
|This page uses content from image scanner. The list of authors can be seen in the . As with Spanking_Art, the text of Wikipedia is available under a copyleft license, the Creative Commons Attribution Sharealike license.. The original article was at| | In computing, a scanner is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image. Common examples found in offices are variations of the desktop (or flatbed) scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held scanners, where the device is moved by hand, were briefly popular but are now less common due to the di | {
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—(1) There shall be deemed to be included in the list of offences in the First Schedule to the Extradition Act (Cap. 103) all hostage-taking offences.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), where no extradition treaty is in force between Singapore and a Convention country, a notification in the Gazette under section 4 of the Extradition Act may be made applying that Act as if there were an extradition treaty between Singapore and that country.
(3) Where the Extradition Act is applied under subsection (2), that Act shall have effect in relation to that country as if the only extradition crimes under that Act were the relevant offences of that country.
(4) Subsection (3) is without prejudice to any other notification made under section 4 of the Extradition Act.
(5) Where —
an extradition treaty is in force between Singapore and a Convention country; and
the treaty does not provide for the extradition of persons accused of or convicted of a relevant offence of that country,
(6) Where a notification referred to in subsection (5) is made, any limitation, condition, exception or qualification specified in any other notification made under section 4 of the Extradition Act, or in any Order in Council referred to in section 3 of that Act, in relation to that country shall, to the extent that it prevents the relevant offence from being considered an extradition crime in relation to that country, be disregarded in the application of that Act in relation to that country.
(7) For the purposes of the Extradition Act —
any act, wherever committed, which is a relevant offence of a Convention country in the case of which that Act has been applied by a notification in the Gazette made under section 4 of that Act, shall be deemed to be an offence within the jurisdiction of that country; and
any such offence shall be deemed not to be an offence of a political character.
(8) In this section, “relevant offence”, in relation to a Convention country, means an offence against the law of, or of part of, that country where the act or omission constituting the offence or the equivalent act or omission would, if it took place in Singapore —
constitute a hostage-taking offence; or
be such an offence if the description concerned contained a reference to any intent or state of mind on the part of the person committing the offence, or to any circumstance of aggravation, necessary to constitute the offence.
[T(SOF)A, s. 33] | —(1) There shall be deemed to be included in the list of offences in the First Schedule to the Extradition Act (Cap. 103) all hostage-taking offences.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), where no extradition treaty is in force between Singapore and a Convention country, a notification in the Gazette under section 4 of the Extradition Act may be made applying that Act as if there were an extradition tre | {
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Statement 6: Expenses and Net Capital Investment
Part I: General government expenses 6-3
Reconciliation of expenses since the 2001-02 Budget 6-4
Expenses by function 6-6
General public services 6-9
Public order and safety 6-16
Social security and welfare 6-28
Housing and community amenities 6-34
Recreation and culture 6-38
Fuel and energy 6-41
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 6-43
Manufacturing and mining 6-47
Transport and communication 6-49
Other economic affairs 6-53
Other purposes 6-57
Part II: General government net capital investment 6-63
Reconciliation of net capital investment since the 2001-02 Budget 6-63
Net capital investment by function 6-65
Appendix A: Expense measures 6-68
Appendix B: Net capital investment measures 6-85
Appendix C: Expenses statistics 6-89
Statement 6 presents estimates of general government expenses and net capital investment on a Government Finance Statistics (GFS) accrual accounting basis. The statement includes information on the allocation of Commonwealth funds to the various functions of government.
Part I of this Statement provides information on trends in expenses estimates whilst Part II presents trends in net capital investment estimates. Expense and net capital investment measures by portfolio are listed in Appendices A and B, with estimates of Commonwealth general government expenses by function and sub-function, and by economic type in Appendix C.
Further information on portfolio and agency expenses, capital movements, major outputs and administered items may be found in the respective Portfolio Budget Statements. | Statement 6: Expenses and Net Capital Investment
Part I: General government expenses 6-3
Reconciliation of expenses since the 2001-02 Budget 6-4
Expenses by function 6-6
General public services 6-9
Public order and safety 6-16
Social security and welfare 6-28
Housing and community amenities 6-34
Recreation and culture 6-38
Fuel and energy 6-41
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 6-43
Manufacturing a | {
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Interstate Compacts Overview
The Connecticut Department of Children and Families, Office of Foster Care and Adoption Services, administers four distinct interstate compacts, which are used to facilitate the placement and movement of children across state lines, either into Connecticut or from Connecticut to another state. The four compacts are described below:
- The Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC): This compact applies to the placement of children into foster care, relative care, adoption, and residential placements into all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and US territories. Connecticut General Statutes (CGS)-17a-175-182.
- The Interstate Compact on Juveniles (ICJ): This Compact applies to the placement or movement of youth who are on probation or on parole in their home state, and to non-delinquent run-aways. All 50 states are members. CGS 46b-151-151g.
- The Interstate Compact on Mental Health (ICMH): This compact applies to children who are transferred from a public psychiatric facility in one state to the same kind of facility in another state. Not all states are members of this compact. CGS 17a-615-618.
- The Interstate Compact on Adoption and Medical Assistance (IACAMA): This compact applies to children receiving adoption assistance who move with their adoptive families, and ensures that they can receive medical benefits in their new state of residence, provided that this state is a member of this compact. (Forty-four states belong to this compact). CGS 17a-116d-116e.
Content Last Modified on 9/17/2012 10:33:44 AM | Interstate Compacts Overview
The Connecticut Department of Children and Families, Office of Foster Care and Adoption Services, administers four distinct interstate compacts, which are used to facilitate the placement and movement of children across state lines, either into Connecticut or from Connecticut to another state. The four compacts are described below:
- The Interstate Compact on the Place | {
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Aboriginal Cultural Heritage
Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in Victoria
Throughout Victoria, even in the most intensively developed regions, the landscape holds the imprint of thousands of generations of Aboriginal people. Each part of Victoria, from the coast to the high country and from the semi arid Mallee to the rain forests of the east, has places where Aboriginal people lived; obtaining sustenance, expressing themselves artistically, passing on creation stories and cultural values, engaging in conflict, establishing alliances and social networks, trading goods, celebrating rites of passage and committing the departed to their final resting places.
With the arrival of Europeans in Victoria, the nature of Aboriginal occupation and use of the land changed dramatically. Different cultural heritage places were created; places where the first contacts between European and Aboriginal people occurred, massacre sites, missions, protectorate stations, properties where Aboriginal pastoral workers played vital roles and, in more recent times, places associated with the Aboriginal rights movement and contemporary places with ongoing uses and associations.
Underpinning these material aspects of Aboriginal cultural heritage are intangible places where there may be no physical evidence of past cultural activities. These include places of spiritual or ceremonial significance, places where traditional plant or mineral resources occur, or trade and travel routes. Information about such places may be passed down from one generation to the next or may survive in nineteenth century documents and records.
The endurance of Aboriginal society across the continent is of global significance and the cultural heritage places and objects associated with that society are a significant part of the heritage of all Australians. They are a fundamental part of Victorian Aboriginal community life and cultural identity.
See the Aboriginal cultural heritage Mini-poster series for descriptions of Aboriginal cultural places and objects. | Aboriginal Cultural Heritage
Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in Victoria
Throughout Victoria, even in the most intensively developed regions, the landscape holds the imprint of thousands of generations of Aboriginal people. Each part of Victoria, from the coast to the high country and from the semi arid Mallee to the rain forests of the east, has places where Aboriginal people lived; obtaining susten | {
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Field of war around Richmond & Petersburg, 1864-5.
Cross, Andrew B.
- Field of war around Richmond & Petersburg, 1864-5.
- Contributor Names
- Cross, Andrew B.
- Created Published
- Balto., Lith by A. Hoen & Co.,
- Subject Headings
- - Virginia--History--Civil War, 1861-1865
- - United States--Virginia.
- - Scale ca. 1:400,000.
- - LC Civil War Maps (2nd ed.), 627
- - Indicates "Union [and] Rebel works," "hospitals & stations of Christian commn.," roads, railroads, towns, county names and boundaries, and rivers.
- - Author copy is in the Abraham Lincoln papers, Manuscript Division, L.C., vol. 184, no. 39735.
- - Description derived from published bibliography.
- - Available also through the Library of Congress web site as raster image.
- 1 Map, 20 X 15 Cm.
- Call Number
- G3880 1864 .C7
- Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 dcu
- Digital Id
- g3880 cw0627000 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3880.cw0627000
- Library of Congress Catalog Number
Rights & Access
The maps in the Map Collections materials were either published prior to 1922, produced by the United States government, or both (see catalogue records that accompany each map for information regarding date of publication and source). The Library of Congress is providing access to these materials for educational and research purposes and is not aware of any U.S. copyright protection (see Title 17 of the United States Code) or any other restrictions in the Map Collection materials.
Note that the written permission of the copyright owners and/or other rights holders (such as publicity and/or privacy rights) is required for distribution, reproduction, or other use of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to use the item.
More about Copyright and other Restrictions
For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. | Field of war around Richmond & Petersburg, 1864-5.
Cross, Andrew B.
- Field of war around Richmond & Petersburg, 1864-5.
- Contributor Names
- Cross, Andrew B.
- Created Published
- Balto., Lith by A. Hoen & Co.,
- Subject Headings
- - Virginia--History--Civil War, 1861-1865
- - United States--Virginia.
- - Scale ca. 1:400,000.
- - LC Civil War Maps (2nd ed.), 627
- - Indicates "Union [and] Rebel | {
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To understand the role and response of the terrestrial carbon cycle, vegetation and ecosystems in future climate change.
The terrestrial carbon cycle and the world's ecosystems are sensitive to climate and, therefore, to future climate change. They are also able to influence climate through numerous biophysical and biogeochemical mechanisms such as carbon storage within ecosystems; land surface albedo, or interactions between vegetation and atmospheric chemistry. The world's land surface is also directly affected by human activity such as deforestation or agriculture and, therefore, acts as a driver of climate change in addition to burning of fossil fuels. The TCC group aims to understand these processes and feedbacks with focus on providing policy-relevant advice for climate mitigation.
Improve modelling of vegetation and ecosystem processes and model constraints through comparison with observations.
Implement vegetation processes in coupled climate and Earth System models, and understand the feedbacks and interactions.
Identify and address missing processes in these models.
(Chris Jones, John Hughes, Spencer Liddicoat)
This work aims to set-up and perform simulations with the Met Office's Earth System model HadGEM2-ES, complying with the CMIP5 experimental design for centennial experiments. The results will be a central focus for analysis for the IPCC Fifth Assessment report (AR5) in 2013. The TCC group's main focus, along with the Ocean Biogeochemistry team, will be on analysing feedbacks between climate and the carbon cycle.
(Spencer Liddicoat, Federica Pacifico, David Pearson)
We are committed to improving the representation of processes within the JULES land surface model, and current work focuses on implementation of land-management processes; Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emissions from vegetation, and constraining parameters in the model using data assimilation techniques and a range of observations.
(Chris Jones, John Hughes)
As part of the EU-funded project, COMBINE, we are implementing improved processes in our coupled climate-carbon cycle models. Particular focus is on the nitrogen cycle, permafrost and land-use change.
(Chris Jones, David Pearson)
As part of the EU-funded project, CARBONES, we will be assessing the best way to make use of existing observational data on vegetation and the carbon cycle to constrain future projections. Work within the forthcoming EU project GreenCycles2 will also contribute to model evaluation and constraint.
(Chris Jones, John Hughes, Spencer Liddicoat, Ben Booth, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Peter Good, Jason Lowe)
Existing model simulations are been investigated in detail to analyse the processes which determine ecosystems response to, and influence on, climate.
In particular we are:
developing frameworks to quantify biogeochemical feedbacks in earth-system models such as from the C4MIP Intercomparison;
looking at committed changes to ecosystems which continue to respond for decades after climate stabilisation, and the climate drivers responsible for them;
developing techniques to analyse large ensembles and constrain results using available observations. | To understand the role and response of the terrestrial carbon cycle, vegetation and ecosystems in future climate change.
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Todays tip -
Know how to handle the heat
As summer heat sets in, it’s important to how to handle the heat. Heat-related illness happens when the body isn’t able to cool itself. Seniors, small children, and people with physical disabilities are the most vulnerable to heat-related illness, but everyone should take steps to stay safe in extreme heat.
Tips for preventing heat-related illness in people:
- Drink more fluids. Drinking fluids helps your body cool itself. Don’t wait until you’re thirsty to drink. Don’t drink liquids with caffeine, alcohol, or large amounts of sugar. They can actually cause your body to lose more fluid.
- Never leave any person or animal in a closed, parked vehicle.
- Wear lightweight, loose-fitted clothing.
- Check on your neighbors who may be at risk. Visit seniors and other vulnerable neighbors at least twice a day and look closely for signs of heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Seek medical advice immediately if you notice nausea, weakness, disorientation, rapid pulse and dry skin.
- Stay indoors if you can. Air conditioning is your best defense against heat-related illness. If you must be outside, try to limit your activity to morning and evening, take frequent breaks in the shade, drink plenty of fluids, and protect yourself from the sun by wearing a wide-brimmed hat and sunscreen.
- Don’t rely on an electric fan. Electric fans may seem to provide comfort, but when the temperature is in the 90s, fans will not prevent heat-related illness. Using wet cloths or a spray of mist on exposed skin will help cool your body temperature.
For more information on heat-related illness and how to prevent it, visit the Minneapolis Department of Health and Family Support website, and click on "extreme heat."
Tips for keeping pets safe in extreme heat:
Minneapolis Animal Care & Control urges pet owners to take special precautions to protect their animals when the heat index is high. Here are a few tips to keep your pets safe and alive:
- Keep your pet inside and out of the direct sun.
- Be sure your pet has enough clean, cool water.
- Never leave your pet unattended in a parked car for any period of time. On a warm day, the temperature in a car can exceed 120 degrees in a matter of minutes — even with the windows partially open. Your pet can quickly suffer brain damage or die from heatstroke or suffocation.
If you see an animal outside or in a car exhibiting signs of heat stress, call Minneapolis Animal Care & Control immediately: In Minneapolis, dial 311 (612-673-3000). If you believe the situation to be life-threatening, please call 911.
July 6, 2011
Published Jul. 6, 2011 | Todays tip -
Know how to handle the heat
As summer heat sets in, it’s important to how to handle the heat. Heat-related illness happens when the body isn’t able to cool itself. Seniors, small children, and people with physical disabilities are the most vulnerable to heat-related illness, but everyone should take steps to stay safe in extreme heat.
Tips for preventing heat-related illness in people | {
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This Month in Exploration - March
Visit "This Month in Exploration" every month to find out how aviation and space exploration have changed throughout the years, improving life for humans on Earth and in space. While reflecting on the events that led to NASA's formation and its rich history of accomplishments, "This Month in Exploration" will reveal where the agency is leading us -- to the moon, Mars and beyond.
100 Years Ago
March 19, 1909: The first International Aero and Motor Boat Exhibition opened in London. Exhibits included a Wright airplane for sale at $7,000.
March 24, 1909: The Wright brothers founded a school in Montgomery, Ala., to train pilots for exhibition flights. The first pupil was their childhood friend Walter Brookins from Dayton, Ohio.
75 Years Ago
March 30, 1934: The first of the famous Pan American Airways Clippers, the Sikorsky S-42 flying boat, flew for the first time. Considered the first American seaplane, it carried up to 32 passengers and could fly as many as 1,200 miles at 190 miles per hour.
50 Years Ago
March 3, 1959: Pioneer 4 became the first American spacecraft to escape Earth's gravitational pull and fly by the moon. It passed within 37,000 miles of the lunar surface, returning data on the radiation in the moon's environment.
40 Years Ago
Mar 3-13, 1969: Apollo 9 blasted off at 11 a.m. EST from Kennedy Space Center, sending astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott and Russell L. Schweickart into Earth orbit. This historic mission marked a long list of firsts. Most notably, it was the first flight of the entire Apollo spacecraft, including the Saturn V rocket, command module, service module and lunar module. It was also the first docking of two manned American spacecraft.
35 Years Ago
March 5, 1974: Pilot John A. Manke flew the first X-24B →
supersonic flight, taking off from the NASA Flight Research Center (now NASA Dryden) in Edwards, Calif. The X-24 was a lifting body aircraft tested by Dryden in a joint program with the U.S. Air Force at Edwards Air Force Base. These wingless research vehicles were designed to return astronauts from space and land like airplanes. The space shuttle orbiter design is based on lifting bodies.
30 Years Ago
March 5, 1979: After 18 months of space travel, NASA's Voyager l →
encountered Jupiter at a distance of 172,750 miles from the planet's atmosphere. Real-time images and live programming through Comsat I continued for about two hours. During this encounter, scientists discovered Jupiter's rings.
25 Years Ago
March 1, 1984: The fifth satellite in the Landsat →
program, Landsat 5, launched from the Western Space and Missile Center at Vandenberg Air Force Base in Calif. The Landsat program consisted of seven satellites designed to take digital photos of Earth's continents and coastal regions so scientists can study changes in the environment. Landsat 5 and 7 are still operating.
20 Years Ago
March 6, 1989: After several delays, the European Space Agency launched the Ariane 4 launch vehicle from the Kourou launch center in French Guiana. The 195-foot Ariane 4 carried Japan's first commercial communications satellite and a European weather station into low Earth orbit. This was the third launch of the Ariane 4, which had one of the most powerful boosters available for commercial satellite launches.
15 Years Ago
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> Read More
March 4, 1994: NASA launched space shuttle Columbia beginning the STS-62 →
mission. The crew included astronauts John H. Casper, Andrew M. Allen, Pierre J. Thuot, Charles D. Gemar and Marsha S. Ivins. The shuttle carried two primary payloads: USMP-2 consisted of materials and crystal growth experiments, and OAST-2 included space technology and spaceflight experiments.
Ten Years Ago
March 21, 1999: Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones completed the first non-stop balloon voyage around the world. They started in Switzerland and landed in Egypt.
March 28, 1999: Sea Launch, a company that launches commercial communication satellites, launched its first demo satellite from a 4,000-ton floating platform on the Pacific Ocean.
Five Years Ago
March 2, 2004: The European Space Agency launched the cometary probe Rosetta on an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou in French Guiana. In 2014, it will orbit around a comet named 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko after releasing a lander named Philae.
March 6, 2009: NASA will launch the Kepler →
spacecraft via the United Launch Alliance Delta II from Canaveral Air Force Station. The Kepler Mission, a NASA Discovery mission, will survey our region of the Milky Way galaxy to study hundreds of Earth-size and smaller planets that orbit sun-like stars in a warm zone where water could exist.
Lee A. Jackson (Analex Corporation)
See Past Issues:
> This Month in Exploration Main | This Month in Exploration - March
Visit "This Month in Exploration" every month to find out how aviation and space exploration have changed throughout the years, improving life for humans on Earth and in space. While reflecting on the events that led to NASA's formation and its rich history of accomplishments, "This Month in Exploration" will reveal where the agency is leading us -- to the moon, M | {
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|Air Quality ● Laboratory Services ● Municipal Facilities ● Waste Management ● Water Quality ● EHS Home|
What is Ionizing Radiation?
Ionizing radiation is radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms. In this document, it will be referred to simply as radiation. One source of radiation is the nuclei of unstable atoms. For these radioactive atoms (also referred to as radionuclides or radioisotopes) to become more stable, the nuclei eject or emit subatomic particles and high-energy photons (gamma rays). This process is called radioactive decay. Unstable isotopes of radium, radon, uranium, and thorium, for example, exist naturally. Others are continually being made naturally or by human activities such as the splitting of atoms in a nuclear reactor. Either way, they release ionizing radiation. The major types of radiation emitted as a result of spontaneous decay are alpha and beta particles, and gamma rays. X rays, another major type of radiation, arise from processes outside of the nucleus.
Alpha particles are energetic, positively charged particles (helium nuclei) that rapidly lose energy when passing through matter. They are commonly emitted in the radioactive decay of the heaviest radioactive elements such as uranium and radium as well as by some manmade elements. Alpha particles lose energy rapidly in matter and do not penetrate very far; however, they can cause damage over their short path through tissue. These particles are usually completely absorbed by the outer dead layer of the human skin and, so, alpha emitting radioisotopes are not a hazard outside the body. However, they can be very harmful if they are ingested or inhaled. Alpha particles can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper.
Beta particles are fast moving, positively or negatively charged electrons emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay. Humans are exposed to beta particles from manmade and natural sources such as tritium, carbon-14, and strontium-90. Beta particles are more penetrating than alpha particles, but are less damaging over equally traveled distances. Some beta particles are capable of penetrating the skin and causing radiation damage; however, as with alpha emitters, beta emitters are generally more hazardous when they are inhaled or ingested. Beta particles travel appreciable distances in air, but can be reduced or stopped by a layer of clothing or by a few millimeters of a substance such as aluminum.
Like visible light and x rays, gamma rays are weightless packets of energy called photons. Gamma rays often accompany the emission of alpha or beta particles from a nucleus. They have neither a charge nor a mass and are very penetrating. One source of gamma rays in the environment is naturally occurring potassium-40. Manmade sources include plutonium-239 and cesium-137. Gamma rays can easily pass completely through the human body or be absorbed by tissue, thus constituting a radiation hazard for the entire body. Several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead may be required to stop the more energetic gamma rays.
X rays are high-energy photons produced by the interaction of charged particles with matter. X rays and gamma rays have essentially the same properties, but differ in origin; i.e., x rays are emitted from processes outside the nucleus, while gamma rays originate inside the nucleus. They are generally lower in energy and therefore less penetrating than gamma rays. Literally thousands of x-ray machines are used daily in medicine and industry for examinations, inspections, and process controls. X rays are also used for cancer therapy to destroy malignant cells. Because of their many uses, x rays are the single largest source of; manmade radiation exposure. A few millimeters of lead can stop medical x rays.
SOURCES OF RADIATION
Humans are primarily exposed to natural radiation from the sun, cosmic rays, and naturally occurring radioactive elements found in the earth's crust. Radon, which emanates from the ground, is another important source of natural radiation. Cosmic rays from space include energetic protons, electrons, gamma rays, and x rays. The primary radioactive elements found in the earth's crust are uranium, thorium, and potassium, and their radioactive derivatives. These elements emit alpha and beta particles, or gamma rays.
Radiation is used on an ever increasing scale in medicine, dentistry, and industry. Main users of manmade radiation include: medical facilities such as hospitals and pharmaceutical facilities; research and teaching institutions; nuclear reactors and their supporting facilities such as uranium mills and fuel preparation plants; and Federal facilities involved in nuclear weapons production as part of their normal operation.
Many of these facilities generate some radioactive waste; and some release a controlled amount of radiation into the environment. Radioactive materials are also used in common consumer products such as digital and luminous-dial wristwatches, ceramic glazes, artificial teeth, and smoke detectors.
Health Effects of Radiation Exposure
Depending on the level of exposure, radiation can pose a health risk.
It can adversely affect individuals directly exposed as well as their descendants.
Radiation can affect cells of the body, increasing the risk of cancer or
harmful genetic mutations that can be passed on to future generations;
or, if the dosage is large enough to cause massive tissue damage, it may
lead to death within a few weeks of exposure. You can read more about the
health effects from exposure to ionizing radiation from the following fact
Copyright � 2005 North Dakota Department of Health | |Air Quality ● Laboratory Services ● Municipal Facilities ● Waste Management ● Water Quality ● EHS Home|
What is Ionizing Radiation?
Ionizing radiation is radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms. In this document, it will be referred to simply as radiation. One source of radiation is the nuclei of unstable atoms. For these radioactive atoms (also referred to as radionuc | {
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History of Medicine
IndexCat -- How to Search
Question: How do I search IndexCat?
For a first search, use Quick Search - Keyword Anywhere (automatic AND) and enter your keyword(s). Searching is not case-sensitive and punctuation is not needed. Quick Search results indicate how many citations may match your search term(s) up to a maximum of 1000 items. You can also search by specific search categories such as subject headings, titles, date, or author names in Quick Search and Advanced Search.
For all Quick Search categories except for Quick Search - Keyword Anywhere (automatic AND) the terms entered are searched as a phrase.
If the 'hits' are too large, you will need to add terms or pick more specific terms. You can also select Advanced Search to combine terms using Boolean AND, OR, NOT. In general, for new topics, search as simply as you can. Many times, this is sufficient to give you sufficient clues for additional searches.
For eTK/eVK2 collection searches, use of the final truncation symbol “?” enables the user to search for a Latin word with multiple possible inflected endings. Also searches that employ word groups will produce the most reliable results.
For Index-Catalogue collection searching because of the differences between series and lack of authority control on names, some trial and error searches may be necessary. If you are searching using modern subject terminology, you may need to think about earlier terminology for the subject or broader terms. For 18th and 19th century concepts, there may be no direct subject heading equivalent. It may also be necessary to search on related disease headings or by symptoms. Spelling of subject headings in Series 1-3 includes 'ae' and 'oe' ligatures: Fœtus; Brain (Fœtal); Gynæcology; Hospitals (Gynæcologic and obstetric). Search these as the letters 'ae' and 'oe'.
See: Quick Search Help: http://indexcat.nlm.nih.gov/logicrouter/help36ui/quick.htm
Advanced Search Help: http://indexcat.nlm.nih.gov/logicrouter/help36ui/advanced.htm
For more search instructions, see IndexCat Help: http://indexcat.nlm.nih.gov/logicrouter/help36ui/icatcontents.htm | History of Medicine
IndexCat -- How to Search
Question: How do I search IndexCat?
For a first search, use Quick Search - Keyword Anywhere (automatic AND) and enter your keyword(s). Searching is not case-sensitive and punctuation is not needed. Quick Search results indicate how many citations may match your search term(s) up to a maximum of 1000 items. You can also search by specific search categor | {
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Invasive Species - Gypsy Moth
The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) was brought to Boston in 1869 during an attempt to initiate a profitable silk industry in the United States. It soon escaped confinement and has been expanding its range ever since. It is now one of the most challenging insect pest species in North America. With hundreds of known plant hosts, many of which are completely defoliated during outbreak years, the gypsy moth has no shortage of food. Defoliation lasting two or more years can cause significant tree mortality, which may increase the possibility of wildfires. Gypsy moth larvae may also outcompete the larvae of native butterflies and moths.
Similar to spiders, the smallest gypsy moth larvae can create a silk thread that is caught by the wind, carrying them to new locations by a process called "ballooning." Typical movements of this sort are short (less than a kilometer), yet during strong, sustained winds this is a likely means of population establishment at Isle Royale. However, egg masses or small larvae may also be accidentally transported by people. Prior to loading gear onto boats or the float plane, please inspect any gear you are brining to the island for both small caterpillars and for quarter-sized fuzzy, brown egg masses that are often tucked into crevices.
Pheromone traps that attract adult male moths have been placed near docks around Isle Royale since 1998. The first moth was trapped in 2000, but there have been dramatic increases in the number of male moths captured since 2007. The females cannot fly, which helps slow the spread of gypsy moth populations, and the male moths were probably blown across the lake on strong winds. So far there are no known reproducing populations on the island, and the island needs your help in keeping these moths out.
Did You Know?
Although the yearly number of visitors to Isle Royale is less than Yellowstone receives in a day, the Island's per acre backcountry use is the highest of all National Parks in the United States. | Invasive Species - Gypsy Moth
The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) was brought to Boston in 1869 during an attempt to initiate a profitable silk industry in the United States. It soon escaped confinement and has been expanding its range ever since. It is now one of the most challenging insect pest species in North America. With hundreds of known plant hosts, many of which are completely defoliated du | {
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Natural Features & Ecosystems
NPS photo by Dallas Larsen
Throughout Wupatki National Monument, broad vistas of desert grasslands, mesas, buttes, and volcanic hills contrast sharply with the San Francisco Peaks, which are visible in the distance. Spectacular views of the landscape within and beyond the monument can include, from a single vantage point: geologic outcrops of red sandstone and white limestone; forested hillsides; the cinder cones and lava flows of the San Francisco Volcanic Field; the Painted Desert, stretching east from Wupatki to Petrified Forest National Park. The color of the ground itself can vary, depending on its origin – some soil types were formed from weathered limestone, others from sandstone, shale, or volcanic bedrock. In places, soil formation is just beginning in young, deep cinder deposits.
Elevation and climate also vary greatly. The Little Colorado River adjacent to Wupatki (4,300’ elevation), gets 6” to 7” precipitation per year, and temperatures can range from -4° to 105° F. On the San Francisco Peaks (above 10,000’), annual precipitation exceeds 40”, and temperatures are much colder.
This remarkable combination of geologic, elevation, and climatic differences within a small geographic area results in a variety of plant and animal communities. Juniper woodlands, grasslands, and desert scrub communities are common at Wupatki. A short distance away, at Sunset Crater Volcano, are pinyon-juniper woodland, ponderosa pine forest, and lava flow and cinder barrens.
A long, long continuum of human activity, coupled with these natural processes, has created the landscape we see today. At the same time, the land with its climate of extremes, scarce water, distinctive landforms, and diverse plants and animals has greatly influenced the lifeways of people who have and continue to live here.
Did You Know?
Flagstaff, Arizona is the world's first designated International Dark Sky City. This helps to ensure dark night skies at 3 national monuments located nearby - Wupatki, Sunset Crater Volcano, and Walnut Canyon. | Natural Features & Ecosystems
NPS photo by Dallas Larsen
Throughout Wupatki National Monument, broad vistas of desert grasslands, mesas, buttes, and volcanic hills contrast sharply with the San Francisco Peaks, which are visible in the distance. Spectacular views of the landscape within and beyond the monument can include, from a single vantage point: geologic outcrops of red sandstone and white l | {
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HISTORY OF FLIGHT Use your browsers 'back' function to return to synopsisReturn to Query Page
On March 14, 2003, about 1250 eastern standard time, a Cessna 177, N3275T, registered to and operated by the private pilot, collided into mountainous terrain in Old Fort, North Carolina. The personal flight was operated under the provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 91 with no flight plan filed. Instrument meteorological conditions prevailed. The pilot and two passengers received fatal injuries, and the airplane was destroyed. The flight departed Asheville Regional Airport, Asheville, North Carolina, at 1233 on March 14, 2003.
The flight was en route to Rowan County Airport, Salisbury, North Carolina. A review of audio air traffic control records revealed the pilot contacted an Asheville ground controller about 1224 and stated he intended to fly at 4,500 feet [mean sea level] and he received Alpha, the current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) report. The pilot told the ground controller his approximate on-course heading would be due east, "but I want to be sure that I don't get into the clouds going over the mountains." The controller stated, "if you need to deviate around weather or something, just let me or departure know." The pilot acknowledged, and the controller stated, "[ATIS] Alpha is showing that the cloud layer is two-thousand-five-hundred overcast now. It's been lowering a little bit all day." The pilot replied, "Yeah, I was aware of that." At 1233, the flight was cleared for takeoff.
Once airborne, the pilot contacted the radar east controller, and the flight was cleared to turn left on course. The pilot stated, "if the clouds come down a bit, I may want to do some scud-running ... I may want to go up along the expressway to Asheville and over by interstate forty." The controller cleared the flight to maneuver as necessary, and the pilot replied, "I'm gonna try and climb out and see what it's like up here."
About 1241, the controller advised the pilot, "you're eight miles northeast of the Asheville airport, radar contact is lost. You can squawk VFR, frequency change approved." The pilot stated, "thank you very much. We're following interstate forty ... ." The controller provided the frequency for Atlanta Center, and no further radio or radar contact was made with the flight. After the airplane was reported overdue, an air and ground search was initiated. On March 15, 2003, about 0800, an air search party located the wreckage in a heavily wooded area near the top of Kitsuma Peak in the Pisgah National Forest, 18 nautical miles east of Asheville Regional Airport.
The pilot held a private certificate for airplane single-engine land issued on December 29, 2000. He held a third class medical certificate dated February 18, 2002, with the restriction, "must wear lenses for distant - possess glasses for near vision." A review of the pilot's logbook revealed he completed a biennial flight review on January 25, 2003. The pilot logged 534 hours total time with 294 hours in the Cessna 177. The pilot logged 2.7 hours actual instrument time during one flight with an instructor on October 4, 2002, and he logged a total of 44.3 hours simulated instrument time.
The Cessna 177 was manufactured in 1967 and was powered by a Lycoming O-360-A1A, 180 hp engine. The airplane's maintenance logbooks were not recovered for examination. A review of records on file at a maintenance facility revealed an annual inspection was completed on March 15, 2002, at an airframe total time of 3111.4 hours, an engine total time of 460.9 hours, and a tachometer time of 88.9. A maintenance record for a wing skin repair dated February 11, 2003, recorded a tachometer time of 246.16.
The airplane was fueled with 14.7 gallons avgas 100LL on March 13, 2003.
At 1154, the Asheville Regional Airport Automated Surface Observation System, reported winds from 130 degrees at 7 knots, visibility 10 statute miles, ceilings overcast 2,500 feet above ground level, temperature 11 degrees centigrade, dew point 7 degrees centigrade, altimeter setting 30.21 inches. At 1245, the station reported winds from 110 degrees at 5 knots, visibility 10 statute miles, ceilings overcast 1,700 feet above ground level, temperature 11 degrees centigrade, dew point 7 degrees centigrade, altimeter setting 30.20 inches.
A local firefighter who was traveling on Interstate 40 near the accident site about the time of the accident reported the mountain tops were obscured by low clouds.
WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION
The wreckage was found at an elevation of 2,860 feet. It was located 850 feet north of Interstate 40, which had an elevation of approximately 2,600 feet. Wreckage debris was scattered approximately 50 feet along a 340 degree magnetic heading. The fuselage was found on the north side of a fresh ground crater approximately 12 feet long, eight feet wide, and three feet deep.
Examination of the airframe revealed the forward fuselage displayed crush deformation, and the cabin and empennage were buckled near the aft window. The outboard portion of the left wing was separated and crushed aft. The outboard four feet of the right wing and aileron were found separated and lodged in a tree 25 feet above the ground. The stabilator, vertical stabilizer, and rudder were attached. Examination revealed no evidence of airframe malfunction.
Examination of the engine revealed the engine mounts and firewall displayed crush deformation, and the engine was partially separated. The No. 2 cylinder was separated, and the No. 4 cylinder was partially separated from the case. The carburetor was separated, and the intake air box was crushed. The left magneto was damaged and separated, and the right magneto was damaged. Both magnetos produced ignition sparks from all leads at the cap when the drive coupling was rotated by hand. Examination revealed no evidence of engine or component malfunction.
The propeller was found separated with the engine crankshaft flange separated and attached to the propeller hub. Both propeller blades displayed twist deformation and chordwise scratches. The propeller blade tips were separated. A tree approximately 10 inches in diameter displayed a fresh diagonal slash approximately four inches deep. The tree was severed and broken completely at the slash area.
Examination of the vacuum pump revealed scoring around the circumference of the vanes. The attitude indicator and the directional gyro were crush damaged, and disassembly revealed scoring around the circumference of the rotor of each instrument. The altimeter was found damaged with the glass broken, and the Kollsman window was set to 30.20 inches.
MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION
An autopsy was performed on the pilot by the Department of Pathology, North Carolina Baptist Hospital, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The report listed the cause of death as, "blunt force injuries."
Forensic toxicology was performed on specimens from the pilot by the Federal Aviation Administration, Toxicology and Accident Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The report stated no carbon monoxide nor cyanide were detected in the blood, no drugs were detected in the liver, and no ethanol was detected in the heart. According to the report, 21 (mg/dL, mg/hg) ethanol was detected in the muscle, and "the ethanol found in this case is from postmortem ethanol formation and not from the ingestion of ethanol."
According to a certified flight instructor who facilitated a Cessna Cardinal ground and flight training program at Rowan County Airport, the pilot was scheduled to participate in a program at 1300 on the day of the accident. The flight instructor stated he received a voice mail message from the pilot around 1200 in which the pilot stated he was running late, and, at 1222, the flight instructor received a voice mail message from the pilot stating he was on the taxiway [at Asheville Regional Airport] preparing to depart.
One passenger was the pilot's daughter, an author, whom the pilot had been flying to the locations on a book tour to promote her new novel. On March 13, 2003, the passenger made a scheduled appearance at 1900 in Asheville, North Carolina. According to a published tour schedule, the next scheduled appearance was for March 15, 2003, at 1100 in Pittsboro, North Carolina.
The weight of the baggage recovered from the airplane was 268 pounds. The weight of the pilot was reported by the medical examiner as 216 pounds, and the weights of the two passengers was not determined. The fueling of the airplane on March 13, 2003, was a top-off. The weight and balance record for the airplane was not recovered for examination.
The wreckage was released to Atlanta Air Recovery, Griffin, Georgia, on March 1, 2004. | HISTORY OF FLIGHT Use your browsers 'back' function to return to synopsisReturn to Query Page
On March 14, 2003, about 1250 eastern standard time, a Cessna 177, N3275T, registered to and operated by the private pilot, collided into mountainous terrain in Old Fort, North Carolina. The personal flight was operated under the provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 91 with no flight plan filed. Instrument met | {
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Propulsion System Performance and Health Monitor
Agency / Branch:
DOD / USAF
The innovation proposed is a flight-worthy optical sensor that will monitor propulsion system performance and health characteristics, including identifying the onset of combustion instability, in air-breathing engines such as turbojets and ramjets. It is an innovation for three reasons: 1) the sensing is performed in the hot exhaust flow at the back of the engine instead of at the flame-front in the combustor, so no undesired penetrations into the high-pressure, high-temperature combustor are required; 2) in addition to detecting incipient combustion instability the sensor will provide a means to monitor and diagnose the operational health of the engine; and 3) key components of the sensor include a novel optic and passive measurement method. The innovation is directly relevant and important to meeting the technology need described in the topic since it will be measuring new parameters in real-time that will provide propulsion system performance characteristics and contribute to safely expanding the flight envelope of aerospace vehicles. The technology will be attractive to the military aerospace industry since it will provide low-risk technology transfer, advanced aircraft superiority, lower maintenance costs, increased performance, and increased affordability.
Small Business Information at Submission:
James R. Markham
Chief Executive Officer
ADVANCED FUEL RESEARCH, INC.
87 Church Street East Hartford, CT 06108
Number of Employees: | Propulsion System Performance and Health Monitor
Agency / Branch:
DOD / USAF
The innovation proposed is a flight-worthy optical sensor that will monitor propulsion system performance and health characteristics, including identifying the onset of combustion instability, in air-breathing engines such as turbojets and ramjets. It is an innovation for three reasons: 1) the sensing is performed in the | {
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Prepared by the U.S. Department of State
REPORT ON TREATY COMPLIANCE
This Report on Compliance (hereinafter referred to as the “Report”) with the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) of November 19, 1990 (hereinafter referred to as the “Treaty”) is submitted pursuant to Condition (5)(C) of the Senate Resolution of Advice and Consent to Ratification of the May 31, 1996, Document Agreed Among the States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of November 19, 1990 (“the CFE Flank Document”) and covers December 1, 2009, through November 30, 2010.
Condition (5)(C) requires the President to certify, inter alia, annually those countries that are determined to be in compliance with the CFE Treaty. For those countries not certified, it requires an identification and assessment of all compliance issues arising with regard to the adherence of each country to its Treaty obligations, a description of steps the United States has taken with regard to these compliance issues, and each country’s response. Finally, Condition (5)(C) requires a determination of the military significance and broader security risks arising from compliance issues in the cases of countries not certified.
A. STATES PARTIES CERTIFIED TO BE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE TREATY
The States Parties certified to be in compliance with the Treaty and its associated documents for 2010 are: Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
B. COMPLIANCE ISSUES AND STEPS TAKEN WITH REGARD TO STATES PARTIES NOT CERTIFIED
The States Parties not certified as being in compliance with the Treaty and its associated documents for 2010 are: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. This Report reviews in detail new developments and information during 2010. For previously reported and ongoing compliance issues, refer to earlier Condition (5)(C) Reports.
There are significant differences in the range of compliance issues identified for each State Party not certified. Certification has not been withheld from any State Party due to minor technical implementation problems or concerns, although some such problems or concerns are also identified and assessed. This Report also includes issues that do not conclusively indicate noncompliance, but bear continued attention in the course of Treaty implementation. It should be noted that some compliance issues that have resulted in a failure to be certified are rooted in political circumstances unrelated to the Treaty. Information on Treaty compliance issues may also be found in earlier reports on Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control, Nonproliferation and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments (hereafter referred to as the “Compliance Report”).
Although Armenian officials have expressed their full support for the Treaty, Armenia has failed to comply with a number of its Treaty obligations. Compliance issues, all previously reported, include: (1) declared reduction liabilities that are not in accord with Treaty requirements, with consequent failure to complete necessary reductions; (2) apparent failure to report Treaty-limited equipment (TLE) received from Russia; (3) reported stationing of forces on the territory of Azerbaijan without Azerbaijani consent, (4) apparent failure to declare all MT-LBu variant armored personnel carrier (APC) look-alikes; and (5) possible unreported holdings of conventional armaments and equipment subject to the Treaty (CAEST). These compliance issues are not discussed in this 2010 report, but are detailed in earlier Condition (5)(C) Reports. It is unclear whether progress can be made on the first three issues outside the context of a political settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh (N-K) conflict, which is the focus of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Minsk Group’s mediation efforts (co-chaired by the United States, Russia, and France).
Armenia’s failure either to notify or to complete its required Treaty reduction obligations affects the collective obligations of the eight USSR successor states. See the Collective Obligations section and earlier Compliance Reports for discussion of this issue.
Compliance Issues With New Information in 2010
While no new compliance issues for Armenia have been identified in 2010, the issues identified above remain unresolved.
Steps the United States Has Taken and Armenian Response in 2010
In 2010 (through November 30), the United States conducted no inspections of Armenian forces. NATO Allies conducted five inspections, of which three included a U.S. inspector. As appropriate, the United States and NATO Allies have continued to raise the continuing compliance issues outlined above in bilateral discussions, but Armenia has not changed any of its positions. This 2010 Report does not address inspections and responses in previous years; they are addressed in earlier Condition (5)(C) Reports.
The N-K conflict appears to be the underlying cause of most of Armenia’s Treaty compliance issues, as well as a large portion of the issue of uncontrolled and unaccounted for equipment limited by the Treaty (UTLE). At the OSCE Summit in Astana, Kazakhstan on December 1, 2010, the Heads of Delegation of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair countries (the President of the Russian Federation, the Prime Minister of France, and the Secretary of State of the United States), the President of Azerbaijan, and the President of Armenia agreed that the time had come for more decisive efforts to resolve the N-K conflict. In this context, they recalled the joint statements of the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia, with the President of the Russian Federation, most recently on October 27, 2010, in Astrakhan, Russia, as well as the statements of Presidents Medvedev, Sarkozy, and Obama, at L’Aquila, Italy, on July 10, 2009, and at Muskoka, Canada, on June 26, 2010.
Although Azerbaijan has expressed its full support for the Treaty, Azerbaijan has not fulfilled some of its Treaty obligations and has stated that security issues continue to affect Azerbaijan’s implementation. Azerbaijan continues to maintain that it could not carry out some Treaty obligations so long as the N-K conflict is unresolved and part of Azerbaijan’s territory is under foreign occupation. Compliance issues, all previously reported, include: (1) exceeding its TLE limits when they went into effect in November 1995 through January 1, 2000, and from January 1, 2007, to the present; (2) unilateral suspension of certain Treaty notifications and failure to report correctly certain objects of verification (OOV), and (3) failure to notify and complete a reduction obligation. The first compliance issue is discussed in this 2010 Report, the others are detailed in earlier Condition (5)(C) Reports.
Azerbaijan’s failure either to notify or to complete its required reductions affects the collective obligations of the eight USSR successor states. See the Collective Obligations section and earlier Compliance Reports for discussion of this issue.
Compliance Issues With New Information in 2010
1. Compliance with Limits. Previously declared equipment totals that exceeded Azerbaijan’s overall limits of TLE – a contravention of Treaty limits – continued through 2010. In its data as of January 1, 2010, Azerbaijan declared equipment totals that exceeded its overall limits by over 300 pieces of TLE (over 160 tanks and about 140 artillery pieces in excess of Azerbaijan’s limits – an increase of over 20 artillery pieces over the excess declared the previous year). In December 2010, Azerbaijan reported it had received an additional 11 Mi-24 attack helicopters and five Su-25 combat aircraft during 2009, and included the new equipment (less one Su-25 which was reported to have crashed) in its CFE data as of January 1, 2011.
Steps the United States Has Taken and Azerbaijani Response in 2010
In 2010 (through November 30), the United States conducted one inspection in Azerbaijan. NATO Allies conducted three inspections, of which one included a U.S. inspector. This 2010 Report does not address inspections and responses in previous years; they are addressed in earlier Condition (5)(C) Reports.
Over the years, the United States and NATO Allies have continued to raise previous compliance issues in plenary and working group sessions of the Treaty’s Joint Consultative Group (JCG) as well as in bilateral discussions. In the Forum for Security Cooperation (FSC) on October 13, 2010, Belgium, on behalf of the European Union, delivered a statement of concern over the export of arms and ammunition to Azerbaijan, and Armenia noted that this had resulted in Azerbaijan exceeding its CFE holdings. Azerbaijan said its import practices were within its rights to prepare for its own national defense. Azerbaijan has taken some actions apparently to eliminate overages and to carry out some reductions, but has continued to insist that security concerns limit its ability to implement Treaty provisions, including Azerbaijan’s unilateral suspension of certain CFE notifications, until the N-K conflict is resolved. Azerbaijan has not further drawn down these excess items during the period covered by this Report, and the overages have increased. At the OSCE Summit in Astana, Kazakhstan on December 1, 2010, the Heads of Delegation of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair countries (the President of the Russian Federation, the Prime Minister of France, and the Secretary of State of the United States), the President of Azerbaijan, and the President of Armenia agreed that the time had come for more decisive efforts to resolve the N-K conflict. In this context, they recalled the joint statements of the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia, with the President of the Russian Federation, most recently on October 27, 2010, in Astrakhan, Russia, as well as the statements of Presidents Medvedev, Sarkozy, and Obama at L’Aquila, Italy, on July 10, 2009, and at Muskoka, Canada, on June 26, 2010.
Although Belarus has stated its full support for the Treaty, there continue to be longstanding concerns about Belarus’ fulfillment of some Treaty obligations. The primary compliance issue, previously reported, has been recurrent problems with site access and site diagrams. This compliance issue is not discussed in this 2010 Report, but is detailed in earlier Condition (5)(C) Reports.
In addition, see the Collective Obligations section and earlier Compliance Reports for discussion of the collective shortfall issue.
Compliance Issues With New Information in 2010
While no new compliance issues for Belarus have been identified in 2010, the issue identified above remains unresolved.
Steps the United States Has Taken and Belarusian Response in 2010
In 2010 (through November 30), the United States conducted no inspections of Belarusian forces. NATO Allies conducted five quota inspections, of which three included a U.S. inspector, and five above quota, paid inspections, of which two included a U.S. inspector. The United States and NATO Allies have continued to raise compliance issues in plenary and working group sessions of the JCG as well as in bilateral discussions. At the 2006 CFE Review Conference, the Belarusian representatives disagreed with the U.S. interpretation of the definition of a declared site and stated that the boundaries of a declared site were determined by the host state and were not determined by the outermost man-made or natural boundaries of the site. The United States has pursued this issue subsequently with Belarus without effect.
Although Russia is a State Party to the Treaty and had previously emphasized its support for the Treaty, Russia’s continued “suspension” of implementation of the Treaty as of December 12, 2007, casts serious doubt on Russia’s commitment to the current Treaty, although Russia has stated it does not anticipate increases above CFE limits. These concerns were compounded in August 2008 by Russia’s actions during the conflict in Georgia. Since December 12, 2007, Russia has failed to comply with its reporting obligations under the Treaty and related commitments. Russia has provided no annual data, semiannual flank data, annual notifications, quarterly notifications regarding equipment holdings at the Kushchevskaya armor maintenance facility, periodic Treaty notifications of permanent changes in the organizational structure of Russia’s conventional armed forces, or periodic notifications of changes of 10 percent or more in TLE assigned to units. Additionally, Russia has declined all inspections of Russian forces or on Russian territory.
Russia’s “suspension” of implementation of Treaty provisions since 2007 has resulted in non-compliance with Treaty obligations. Compliance issues, all previously reported, are: (1) Russian “suspension” of its implementation of the Treaty; (2) stationing forces without the consent of the host state; (3) exceeding flank limits; (4) the apparent shipment of TLE into Armenia between 1994 and 1996 without proper notifications; (5) improper designation of ACVs as “ambulances;” (6) failure to declare look-alikes that are accountable under the Treaty’s Protocol on Existing Types of Conventional Armaments and Equipment (POET); (7) exceeding overall limits for holdings in active units; and (8) improperly reporting some armored infantry fighting vehicles (AIFVs) as AIFV look-alikes and subsequently failing to report them at all. In addition, these previously reported compliance issues were related to inspections: (9) denial of full access during inspections prior to 2001 and improper site diagrams; (10) refusal in 2006 to allow a U.S. inspection to proceed as a supplementary rather than as a quota inspection; and (11) denial in 2007 of a U.K. supplementary inspection on improper grounds. The first three compliance issues are discussed below, the remaining issues are discussed in earlier Condition (5)(C) Reports.
In addition, Russia shares the collective obligation of the eight USSR successor states that remains unfulfilled. See the Collective Obligations section and earlier Compliance Reports for discussion of this issue.
Compliance Issues With New Information in 2010
While no new compliance issues for Russia have been identified in 2010, the issues identified above remain unresolved.
1. Russian “Suspension” of Its Implementation of the Treaty. On July 14, 2007, Russia transmitted to the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Treaty Depositary, a notification of Russia’s intent to suspend its observance of its Treaty obligations to be effective in 150 days. Since December 12, 2007, and continuing into late 2010, against its Treaty obligations, Russia rejected all inspections and failed to provide Treaty-required annual data and all other Treaty-required information. While the United States and NATO Allies, as well as all other States Parties, have continued to observe their Treaty obligations, Russia’s failure to do so is eroding the viability and effectiveness of the Treaty regime and putting its future in doubt.
The United States has concluded that “suspension,” while an option under certain circumstances under international law, is not provided for in the Treaty and that the Russian “suspension” is not justified under customary international law by the circumstances cited by Russia. The “suspension” issue has been complicated by Russia’s military action in Georgia and its related Treaty consequences.
The United States made clear its legal position that the stated concerns raised by Russia about the Treaty did not provide a sufficient justification for Russia to “suspend” its implementation of the Treaty. All NATO Allies have made clear that Russia’s “suspension” was a unilateral measure not provided for under the terms of the Treaty.
2. Stationing Forces without Consent of the Host State. The presence of Russian forces in Moldova and Georgia without host state consent has raised important concerns for several years.
Russia’s decision in August 2008 to introduce additional military forces into Georgia, a large part of which have since remained -- and Russia’s subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states -- was inconsistent with the acknowledged obligation of the States Parties recalled in the Preamble of the Treaty, “to refrain in their mutual relations, . . . from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.” In addition, Russia’s military action temporarily increased the amount by which Russia already exceeded the original and revised flank limits under the Treaty, but not significantly. Russian military presence at facilities in South Ossetia and Abkhazia continues. In October 2010, Russia withdrew from the Georgian village of Perevi, which was a step toward Russian withdrawal to its pre-August 2008 positions, but this obligation remains unfulfilled. Furthermore, military and security officials in Russia’s Southern Military District were quoted in the Russian press as saying that Russian 300-mm 9A52 “Smerch” multiple rocket launch systems, SS-21 “Tochka-U” short-range ballistic missile systems, and possibly 220-mm 9P140 “Uragan” multiple rocket launch systems had been moved to South Ossetia, which if accurate suggests that this issue will not be resolved in the near future. Since the United States, NATO Allies, Georgia, and all CFE States Parties except Russia consider the regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia to be part of the internationally recognized territory of Georgia, this stationing of forces on Georgian territory without Georgia’s consent would be a continuing violation of Article IV, paragraph 5, of the Treaty.
Russia completed the withdrawal or destruction of all its declared TLE in Moldova by the December 31, 2001, deadline set at the 1999 OSCE Summit in Istanbul.
Since 2005 the Moldovan government has repeatedly made clear that it wants Russian military forces to be withdrawn and replaced with an international (OSCE) peacekeeping force, or an unarmed multinational civilian monitoring presence. In an October 2009 JCG meeting, the Moldovan Ambassador reiterated that the withdrawal and disposal process should cover not only the Russian contingent of the peacekeeping presence, but the Operational Group of Russian Forces, its ammunition stockpiles, and the Treaty-limited equipment transferred to the Transnistrian regime. He called for dialogue regarding the replacement of the military forces in the security zone with a multinational civilian mission under an international mandate.
Several OSCE states, including the United States, have indicated their intention to support the OSCE effort to assist with the costs of the withdrawal via a voluntary fund. Russian authorities in the past have told the OSCE Mission that this assistance is vital to the costly process of removing and disposing of munitions.
Previously reported was an overage of combat aircraft above the number that a bilateral agreement with Ukraine permits Russia to hold in its naval forces in Ukraine. The apparent overage of combat aircraft in the Russian Vienna Document 1999 (VD99) data as of January 1, 2009, was not carried over into the Russian VD99 data as of January 1, 2010. Accordingly, there is no current declared overage in Russian combat aircraft above the cited bilateral limit.
3. Exceeding Flank Limits. According to Russia’s annual data as of January 1, 2007, its flank data as of July 1, 2007, and Russian notifications up to December 12, 2007, Russia continued to exceed most of the current legally binding limits for both the original and revised flank zones, but was within the future limits for the flank zone under the Agreement on Adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (referred to as the “Adapted Treaty”). Reporting from the Russian press during 2008 indicated that most of the TLE in the holdings of two units in Russia’s Adapted Treaty flank zone were transferred to locations in the Abkhazia and South Ossetia regions of Georgia. Russia’s data as of January 1, 2010, that was provided under the Global Exchange of Military Information indicated the presence of a considerable amount of TLE -- almost certainly originating from these two units -- in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. If this information is accurate, then most of the holdings of TLE of these two units would no longer be located in Russia’s Adapted Treaty flank zone. Thus, it is likely that Russia’s holdings in the Adapted Treaty flank zone are below its Adapted Treaty limits. The information available does not indicate that there were any Russian overages above Adapted Treaty flank limits on Russian territory.
Steps the United States Has Taken and Russian Response in 2010
In 2010 (through November 30), the United States issued 12 and NATO Allies issued 19 notifications of intent to inspect Russian forces in the Russian Federation or stationed elsewhere in the area of application (AoA). In each case, Russia responded with a notification “denying” the inspection on the basis of Russia’s “suspension” of implementation of the Treaty. All Russian refusals of inspections by members of NATO were regularly raised in the JCG in statements objecting to the refusal and calling on Russia to reverse its decision to “suspend” its implementation of the Treaty. Since Russia “suspended” its implementation of the Treaty through November 30, 2010, Russia has rejected 90 inspection notifications by the United States and NATO Allies.
Through late 2010, Russian officials have made clear that Russia will only consider entry into force of an Adapted Treaty, not a return to implementation of the existing Treaty, which they indicated they regard as no longer in Russia’s security interest. However, Russian President Medvedev stated on December 1, 2010, at the OSCE Astana Summit that, “We hope too to finally break the deadlock on the issue of the conventional arms control regime. This is not just our hope but is something we will work on actively, helping to find solutions to these issues.”
The United States and NATO Allies have responded to Russia’s decision to “suspend” implementation of the Treaty with diplomatic engagement at the most senior levels. Even before Russia implemented its “suspension” in 2007, the United States, supported by NATO Allies and other concerned States Parties including Georgia and Moldova, developed and presented to Russia a package of steps addressing a range of issues and calling for parallel actions by NATO on ratification of the Adapted Treaty and by Russia on fulfillment of remaining Istanbul commitments. NATO Allies affirmed their support for the package in every high-level NATO meeting through 2009. While U.S.-Russia discussions of the package were professional and comprehensive, Russian authorities did not offer flexibility in response.
NATO Allies have regularly registered in public statements their concern about Russia’s “suspension,” including at NATO’s Bucharest Summit in April 2008 and the related summit meeting of the NATO-Russia Council, and the April 2009 NATO Strasbourg/Kehl Summit.
In 2010, diplomatic engagement on Russia’s CFE obligations continued and intensified. On February 2, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton announced the appointment of Ambassador Victoria Nuland as Special Envoy for Conventional Armed Forces in Europe with the task of developing ideas to modernize conventional arms control structures in Europe and to consult closely with our NATO Allies and European partners, including Russia. In June 2010, NATO Allies, led by the United States, presented Russia and the other seven CFE Treaty States Parties with a proposal to develop a framework agreement that would serve as the basis for negotiations in 2011 to strengthen and modernize the conventional arms control regime in Europe. Between June and December of 2010, the United States and Russia held seven bilateral meetings to discuss a possible framework agreement and follow-on negotiations to modernize the CFE Treaty, and all CFE States Parties and the six NATO Allies not party to the Treaty met “at 36” in Vienna on six occasions. While no agreement was reached by the end of November 2010 on a framework, Russia showed new flexibility on key issues and all participants agreed to continue work in 2011. However, the issue of Russia’s continuing “suspension” of CFE Treaty obligations remains unresolved.
The November 2010 NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration welcomed progress and encouraged the 36 participating nations to redouble efforts to conclude a principles-based framework to guide negotiations in 2011. The Declaration stated that, “The results of our work in the coming weeks and months will guide our future decisions on continued implementation of CFE obligations, given that, as we said at the Strasbourg/Kehl Summit, the current situation, where NATO CFE Allies implement the Treaty while Russia does not, cannot continue indefinitely.”
The European Union (EU), its member states, and many other states protested the 2008 Russian military action in Georgia and the subsequent Russian recognition of the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Reports in the Russian press quoting Russian military and security officials confirming the transfer of additional weapons systems to the separatist regions, suggest that this issue will not be resolved in the near future.
Over the years, the United States and NATO Allies have continued to raise longstanding compliance issues bilaterally and in a variety of multilateral fora, including: plenary and working group sessions of the JCG (including in detail at the second CFE Review Conference in spring 2001 and the third CFE Review Conference in spring 2006); OSCE and NATO/NATO-Russia Ministerial meetings; and NATO High-Level Task Force (HLTF) meetings with Russia; and in the NATO-Russia Council. Russian responses to questions on compliance have varied, but they generally have tried to deflect U.S. concerns. Often they have resurrected unsubstantiated allegations about U.S. and NATO non-compliance. From 2007 through 2010, other longstanding issues were not pursued as discussion focused on those related to Russia’s “suspension.”
Ukraine has stated its full support for the Treaty and has substantially complied with the Treaty. Compliance issues, all previously reported, include: (1) exceeding some of its limits on holdings of equipment in active units; and (2) an unfulfilled obligation for Naval Infantry/Coastal Defense (NI/CD)-related reductions. The first compliance issue is described below. These compliance issues affect the collective obligations of the eight USSR successor states. See the Collective Obligations section and earlier Compliance Reports for discussion of this issue.
Compliance Issues With New Information in 2010
1. Limits on Equipment in Active Units. From 1996 through 2003 Ukraine exceeded several of its notified limits for holdings of TLE in active units both in the revised flank and the revised non-flank areas, according to its data declarations. In the revised non-flank area, Ukraine’s data declaration as of January 1, 2004, showed Ukraine within its notified limits for holdings of TLE in active units for the first time. According to its data as of January 1, 2008, Ukraine showed an excess of 33 pieces in its reported holdings of artillery in active units in the revised non-flank area. Ukraine decreased this excess as of January 1, 2009, to nine pieces of artillery--and as of January 1, 2010, to one piece of artillery. In the revised flank area, Ukraine’s data as of January 1, 2010, showed Ukraine within its notified limits for holdings of TLE in active units.
Steps the United States Has Taken and Ukrainian Response in 2010
In 2010 (through November 30), the United States conducted one quota inspection, one supplementary inspection, and four paid above-quota inspections of Ukrainian forces. NATO Allies conducted 11 quota inspections in Ukraine, of which five involved participation by U.S. inspectors. NATO Allies also conducted four paid, above-quota inspections in Ukraine, of which two involved participation by U.S. inspectors. NATO Allies also conducted an additional five inspections of Ukrainian forces under bilateral agreements but using CFE procedures, of which two involved U.S. inspectors. The United States and NATO Allies have continued to raise compliance issues in plenary and working group sessions of the JCG as well as in bilateral discussions.
The collective obligation of the eight USSR successor states that became CFE States Parties has not yet been fulfilled, as agreed to in the 1992 Tashkent Agreement and reaffirmed at the Extraordinary Conference in Oslo in 1992, to declare reduction liabilities and to complete reductions that will, in the aggregate, be no less than what the USSR would have had to declare and to complete. In addition, Russia and Ukraine have a shared NI/CD reduction. This shared obligation remains unfulfilled on the part of Ukraine. See earlier Compliance Reports for further discussion of collective obligations.
C. MILITARY SIGNIFICANCE AND BROADER SECURITY RISKS OF COMPLIANCE CONCERNS
None of the compliance concerns identified and discussed in this Report are militarily significant to the United States or to NATO as a whole. However, the seriousness of the current compliance situation with regard to Russia’s “suspension” of implementation cannot be overstated. Russia’s “suspension” has eroded the implementation regime of the Treaty and undermined the cooperative approach to security that has been a core of the NATO-Russia relationship and European security for nearly two decades. The questions of Armenian unreported equipment holdings, unreported shipments of TLE into Armenia, and Azerbaijani overages may be militarily significant to those two states, especially in the context of the N-K conflict. At a minimum, any Russian force stationed without the consent of the host State Party has political and military significance to the state in which that force is stationed. While not a direct military threat to the United States or NATO, the Russian military action in Georgia and Russia’s subsequent recognition of the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia undermine conventional arms control Treaties and agreements, which were already weakened by Russia’s “suspension” of Treaty obligations, and erode the security situation generally within the AoA. Notwithstanding military significance, it is the policy of the United States that all violations of arms control agreements should be challenged and corrected, lest governments subject to such obligations conclude that they may be disregarded at will.
Belarus allows other States Parties to conduct CFE inspections above the number it is required to accept, as long as the inspecting country pays the entire cost of inspection.
The remaining text in this Report refers to Russia’s action as a suspension of implementation of the Treaty, as a decision to suspend observation of Russia’s Treaty obligations, or as a “suspension” in quotation marks, since the Russian action is not viewed as justified under the circumstances based on customary international law or by the terms of the Treaty.
Information required but not provided includes Russia’s annual CFE data as of January 1, 2008, 2009, and 2010 and associated annual notifications - its flank data as of July 1, 2008, 2009, and 2010; quarterly notifications regarding equipment holdings at the Kushchevskaya armor maintenance facility, and periodic notifications of permanent changes in the organizational structure of Russia’s conventional armed forces, or of changes of 10 percent or more in TLE assigned to units.
While the Treaty establishes numerical limits on TLE and not on military personnel, the Article IV, paragraph 5 prohibition on stationing without host state consent applies to “conventional armed forces” in general.
The Treaty does not exempt peacekeeping forces from its prohibitions, restrictions, or limits.
The “Adapted Treaty” is not yet in force and its provisions do not apply to the States Parties. Reference is made in parts of this Report to Adapted Treaty flank numerical limits due to political requirements that Russian forces adhere to those future, but not yet legally applicable, limits.
Active-unit overages were significantly increased in 1999 due to the conflict in Chechnya and because the new Russian data declared all flank TLE to be in active units, the limits for which are lower now than under the future limits of the Adapted Treaty. In this and other matters, Russia appears to have acted as if the Agreement on Adaptation (the “Adapted Treaty”) had already entered into force and modified (“adapted”) the Treaty, but it has not. There is no authority to apply the Agreement provisionally in whole or in part; no State Party may unilaterally apply provisions not yet in force.
These overage figures do not take into account Russian notifications of temporary deployments in Armenia, Ukraine, and on Russian territory in the original flank (totaling over 225 tanks, almost 600 ACVs, and close to 250 artillery pieces).
Under the Treaty’s Protocol on Inspection, no State Party has the right to refuse a declared site inspection (unless it would result in too many inspections on the territory of one State Party at the same time), and declared site inspections can only be delayed in cases of force majeure. | Prepared by the U.S. Department of State
REPORT ON TREATY COMPLIANCE
This Report on Compliance (hereinafter referred to as the “Report”) with the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) of November 19, 1990 (hereinafter referred to as the “Treaty”) is submitted pursuant to Condition (5)(C) of the Senate Resolution of Advice and Consent to Ratification of the May 31, 1996, Document Agre | {
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Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (SFRA)
A Strategic Flood Risk Assessment has been produced for West Berkshire, in consultation with the Environment Agency, to inform the preparation of the Local Development Framework. The primary purpose of the SFRA is to determine the variation in flood risk across the District.
The main report and appendices can be viewed and downloaded below.
For the Level 2 SFRAs please use the related page link on the right hand side of this page.
▼ Related Pages: | ► View More Services
Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (SFRA)
A Strategic Flood Risk Assessment has been produced for West Berkshire, in consultation with the Environment Agency, to inform the preparation of the Local Development Framework. The primary purpose of the SFRA is to determine the variation in flood risk across the District.
The main report and appendices can be viewed and downloaded belo | {
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Dengue/Severe dengue frequently asked questions
What is the treatment for dengue?
There is no vaccine or specific medication for dengue fever.
Patients should seek medical advice, rest and drink plenty of fluids. Paracetamol can be taken to bring down fever and reduce joint pains. However, aspirin or ibuprofen should not be taken since they can increase the risk of bleeding.
Patients who are already infected with the dengue virus can transmit the infection via Aedes mosquitoes after the first symptoms appear (during 4-5 days; maximum 12). As a precautionary approach, patients can adopt measures to reduce transmission by sleeping under a treated net especially during the period of illness with fever.
Infection with one strain will provide life-time protection only against that particular strain. However, it is still possible to become infected by other strains and develop into severe dengue.
When warning signs of severe dengue are present (listed above), it is imperative to consult a doctor and seek hospitalization to manage the disease.
With proper medical care and early recognition, case-fatality rates are below 1%. However, the overall experience remains very discomforting and unpleasant. | Dengue/Severe dengue frequently asked questions
What is the treatment for dengue?
There is no vaccine or specific medication for dengue fever.
Patients should seek medical advice, rest and drink plenty of fluids. Paracetamol can be taken to bring down fever and reduce joint pains. However, aspirin or ibuprofen should not be taken since they can increase the risk of bleeding.
Patients who are alrea | {
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Inauguration of the Global Patient Safety Challenge "Clean Care is Safer Care"
The Global Patient Safety Challenge 2005-2006 was inaugurated in Bamako on 18 January, 2007 and the Honourable Minister for Sport and Youth formally committed Mali’s support to implement actions to reduce health care-associated infection. More that 300 participants including ministry officials, development partners, professional associations, academics, hospital directors and staff, witnessed the signing ceremony . A technical session on patient safety and infection control in health care followed the inauguration event.
The event saw celebrations of a national "Clean Care is Safer Care" Day to raise awareness on the importance of tackling health care-associated infection. Special materials such as posters, promotional brochures, T- shirts and caps were prepared for this event. These materials were locally adapted from the "Clean Care is Safer Care" WHO documents. | Inauguration of the Global Patient Safety Challenge "Clean Care is Safer Care"
The Global Patient Safety Challenge 2005-2006 was inaugurated in Bamako on 18 January, 2007 and the Honourable Minister for Sport and Youth formally committed Mali’s support to implement actions to reduce health care-associated infection. More that 300 participants including ministry officials, development partners, pro | {
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NIOSH 2007 Apr; :1-75
On June 11, 2006, CDHS-OHB and Cal/OSHA made a joint request for NIOSH technical assistance with industrial hygiene assessment and medical screening for occupational lung disease risk at the Carmi Flavor and Fragrance Company plant in Commerce, California. At the time of this request, Cal/OSHA was conducting a compliance investigation at this facility due to the identification in April 2006 of a former worker (and possibly a second worker) with bronchiolitis obliterans. NIOSH investigators were aware of similarly affected workers at five other flavoring plants, and had previously investigated similar lung disease in microwave popcorn workers, identifying inhalation exposure to butter flavoring chemicals as the cause. In July 2006, NIOSH staff conducted a medical survey at the plant consisting of an interviewer-administered questionnaire and lung function testing with spirometry. In August 2006, NIOSH staff conducted industrial hygiene air sampling in all areas of the plant. NIOSH staff conducted follow-up spirometry tests on production and laboratory workers at the plant in November 2006. NIOSH staff conducted spirometry tests on 34 of 36 current workers and administered the questionnaire to 31 of 36 current workers at the plant. One former laboratory worker had the questionnaire and spirometry administered at the plant and two former production workers had the questionnaire and spirometry administered at an off-site location. Workers in all areas of the plant commonly reported symptoms of eye and nasal irritation. Respiratory symptoms were reported more often by production workers who made powdered flavorings and by laboratory workers. Respiratory illness was reported mostly by production workers who ever worked in powdered flavoring production. Respiratory illness was reported infrequently by other workers. Of the16 current workers and two former workers who had a history of working in the production room, four were found to have abnormal spirometry: one had mild restriction and the other three had severe fixed obstruction (FEV1 ranged from 21 to 32 percent of predicted). All three production workers with severe obstruction had made powdered flavorings. The highest area TWA total VOC concentrations were seen in the production room, with concentrations ranging from 10.3 mg/m3 to a high of 38.5 mg/m3. The highest real-time area total VOC concentrations (greater than 100,000 ppb units) were identified in the powdered flavoring production area during production of a butter-flavored baking powder which contained diacetyl, specifically when the production worker was filling boxes with the finished product. Some of the highest peak real-time VOC concentrations observed in the liquid flavoring production area may have resulted from migration of contaminants from the powdered flavoring production area. Full-shift personal and area mean TWA diacetyl air concentrations in the liquid flavoring production area were 0.030 ppm and 0.025 ppm respectively, and in the powdered flavoring production area were 0.223 ppm and 0.249 ppm respectively. Partial-shift personal and area mean TWA diacetyl air concentrations in the powdered flavoring production area during the production of butter-flavored and vanilla-flavored powders were 7.76 ppm and 21.2 ppm respectively. Real-time FTIR sampling in the workers’ breathing zones during the production of these butter- and vanilla-flavored powders showed peak diacetyl air concentrations as high as 204 ppm during the packaging of the finished product.
Region-9; Pulmonary-function-tests; Pulmonary-system-disorders; Volatiles; Organic-chemicals; Respirable-dust; Respiratory-irritants; Respiratory-system-disorders; Ketones; Chronic-inflammation; Medical-screening; Employee-exposure; Bronchial-asthma; Lung-disease; Food-additives; Food-processing; Food-processing-industry; Food-processing-workers; Airway-obstruction; Skin-irritants; Smoking; Fatigue
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505
431-03-8; 75-07-0; 100-52-7; 513-86-0
Field Studies; Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health | NIOSH 2007 Apr; :1-75
On June 11, 2006, CDHS-OHB and Cal/OSHA made a joint request for NIOSH technical assistance with industrial hygiene assessment and medical screening for occupational lung disease risk at the Carmi Flavor and Fragrance Company plant in Commerce, California. At the time of this request, Cal/OSHA was conducting a compliance investigation at this facility due to the identificatio | {
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June 8, 2007
Mr. Dennis Cannon
Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board
1331 F Street NW, Suite 1000
Washington, DC 20004-1111
Dear Mr. Cannon:
On behalf of the National Federation of the Blind (NFB), I write to offer comments to the Draft Revisions to the ADA Guidelines for Buses and Vans published on April 11, 2007. The NFB largely supports the provisions suggested in this draft; however, we believe the addition of modest changes would significantly enhance a final rule.
The NFB is this nation’s largest organization of blind people composed of over 50 thousand members in affiliates in the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico with 700 local chapters in metropolitan areas throughout the nation. Most of our members are blind as are all of our nationally elected leaders making us in fact the Voice of the Nation’s Blind.
The majority of proposed provisions pertain to physical access, which generally does not concern those whose only disability is blindness. There are relevant provisions, however, proposed in Sections 1192.27, 35, 37, and 39, for which I offer comments.
Section 1192.27(a) is proposed to read in part, “Each vehicle shall contain sign(s) which indicate that seats in the front of the vehicle are priority seats for persons with disabilities, and that other passengers should make such seats available to those who wish to use them.” Blindness is not a disability that impacts stamina or an individual’s ability to stand for the duration of a trip. However, when a blind passenger boards, seated passengers are routinely ordered to vacate those seats whether or not the blind passenger expresses a need for them.
Blind passengers often are embarrassed and stigmatized by the experience of individuals being removed from their seats. This embarrassment would be addressed if section 27 put the burden to seek the available disability seats on the individual with a disability. This would permit individuals with disabilities to choose seats further back or even to stand, when that is the only option, rather than use the designated seats for disabled passengers. Under present practice, passengers who actually lack the ability to walk easily or stand for long periods are forced to do so in order for a blind person to have a seat.
Proposed Section 1192.35(a) states, “Vehicles in excess of 22 feet in length, used in multiple-stop, fixed-route service, shall be equipped with an automated stop announcement system.” Though the quoted text marks a positive advance in the ability of blind passengers to know when they reach the stop they seek, there are reports that operators intentionally disable automated stop announcement systems to avoid their noise. Therefore, language should be added stating that making an automated stop announcement system inoperable violates these guidelines.
Section 1192.37(a) refers to stop request capability and further requires, “Such a system shall provide auditory and visual indications that the request has been made.” Though stop request systems historically have provided auditory confirmation by a chime or bell, newer technologies have provided this information by spoken words “stop requested.” Blind persons need auditory confirmation of stop requests to provide confidence that a request was properly made. However, we believe that overly verbose auditory stop requests may contribute to the desire of bus operators to render the automated stop announcement systems inoperable. Therefore, we support the language proposed which requires no more than a bell, chime, or other brief auditory indication of a stop request.
Section 1192.39(a) states that when root and destination information are displayed on a vehicle, the signs should be illuminated. The NFB believes that this section should be amended to add a requirement that comparable information to include root designation and destination should be verbally provided. The capacity to provide this information has been available for well over a decade, but without a requirement, many public transit agencies will elect not to do so. Operator representatives regularly seek to limit the demands on operators, which is often a stated reason that stops are not called for the benefit of blind passengers. Therefore, we should allow technology to augment operator duties whenever feasible.
The National Federation of the Blind appreciates this opportunity to comment. We look forward to participating in the revision of these guidelines. If there is additional information I can provide, I would be most pleased to do so.
James D. McCarthy
Government Programs Specialist
NATIONAL FEDERATION OF THE BLIND | June 8, 2007
Mr. Dennis Cannon
Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board
1331 F Street NW, Suite 1000
Washington, DC 20004-1111
Dear Mr. Cannon:
On behalf of the National Federation of the Blind (NFB), I write to offer comments to the Draft Revisions to the ADA Guidelines for Buses and Vans published on April 11, 2007. The NFB largely supports the provisions suggested in this draf | {
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This is an excerpt from EERE Network News, a weekly electronic newsletter.
AWEA Expects Record Wind Growth in 2005 after Slow 2004
The growth of wind power in the United States is expected to accelerate this year, according to the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). AWEA currently projects more than 2,000 megawatts of new wind power capacity in 2005, as wind developers rush to complete their projects before the Production Tax Credit expires again at year end. That growth rate will easily beat the records set in 2001 and 2003, when just under 1,700 megawatts of wind power were installed. It will also be a significant improvement over 2004, when only 389 megawatts of wind power were installed. See the AWEA press release.
Wind power may grow even more rapidly in the future, thanks to a new rule proposed in late January by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). The proposed FERC rules for connecting wind plants to the grid aims to remove barriers to wind-generated electricity while helping to ensure continued reliability of the power grid. To ease concerns about the effect of wind plants on the grid, FERC proposes to require wind plants to demonstrate the ability to continue operating when the grid experiences a low-voltage condition. Wind facilities would also be required to have supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) capability to ensure real-time communication with the operators of the transmission grid. See the FERC press release and the proposed rule (PDF 75 KB). Download Acrobat Reader.
While a number of projects are currently underway, utilities are increasingly seeking to add wind power to their energy supply portfolios. For instance, Idaho Power issued a Request for Proposals (RFP) in mid-January for up to 200 megawatts of wind power. A notice of intent to bid must be submitted to the utility by February 10th. Alliant Energy also issued an RFP for up to 100 megawatts of wind power for its customers in Iowa and Minnesota; proposals are due on February 4th. Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company (OG&E) issued an RFP for 80 megawatts of wind power in late December; bids were in late January. And lest you think utilities fail to follow through on these RFPs, Xcel Energy announced on January 26th that it has begun negotiations with three wind power developers to add 400 megawatts of wind power in Colorado. The utility hopes to complete negotiations by March and begin buying power from the new facilities by year's end. See the press release and RFP from Idaho Power; the press release and RFP (PDF 97 KB) from Alliant Energy; the press release and RFP from OG&E; and the Xcel Energy press release. | This is an excerpt from EERE Network News, a weekly electronic newsletter.
AWEA Expects Record Wind Growth in 2005 after Slow 2004
The growth of wind power in the United States is expected to accelerate this year, according to the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). AWEA currently projects more than 2,000 megawatts of new wind power capacity in 2005, as wind developers rush to complete their | {
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The State Records Commission consists of the Auditor of State, Attorney General, Secretary of State, Director of the Department of Administrative Services, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the Director of the Ohio Historical Society, or their designated representatives. The members of the Commission shall designate the name of their authorized representative in writing to the Secretary. Each authorized representative may designate an alternate in writing who will act in the absence of the authorized representative. The alternate will be considered the official representative for purposes of voting or a quorum.
The Archivist of the Ohio Historical Society shall be the Secretary of the Commission and shall advise the Commission on the archival value of state records.
The Commission will elect a Chairman from its members for a biennial term at the convening of the first meeting in February of each odd-numbered year.
The Commission will meet the second Wednesday of each month, except the months of July, August, and December, and when called by the Secretary and will be conducted in accordance with an agenda prepared and distributed by him. The meetings will be open to the public. The meeting place will be specified in the call for the meeting.
A quorum shall consist of a majority of members or authorized representatives which in no instance shall be less than four.
Decisions of the Commission shall be rendered by a vote of those members or authorized representatives in attendance as follows:
(1) Decisions pertaining to Applications for One-Time Records Disposals or Transfer, Schedules of Record Retention and Destruction, or other applications pertaining to disposition of records shall be rendered by a unanimous vote.
(2) Decisions pertaining to matters other than those listed in paragraph (F)(1) shall be rendered by a majority vote.
Resolutions considered by the Commission shall be adopted by a majority vote of those members or authorized representatives in attendance.
The Commission shall review all applications for records disposal or transfer and all schedules of record retention and shall approve, reject, or modify the applications and schedules based on the administrative, legal, fiscal, and historical values of the records.
(I) Minutes of Meetings
The minutes of Commission meetings shall include the following documentation pertaining to decisions on applications for one-time record disposals and schedules of record retention and destruction:
(1) Name of the state agency, office, or institution submitting the application or schedule;
(2) Name of the division, bureau, or section;
(3) Date of the application or schedule;
(4) Inclusive schedule or item numbers shown on the application or schedule;
(5) Decision rendered by the Commission.
For all decisions, the minutes will show the vote of the Commission members. | The State Records Commission consists of the Auditor of State, Attorney General, Secretary of State, Director of the Department of Administrative Services, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the Director of the Ohio Historical Society, or their designated representatives. The members of the Commission shall designate the name of their authorized representative in writing to the Secretary. E | {
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Tufted Club-rush - Trichophorum cespitosum
Scirpus cespitosus, Trichophorum caespitosum
State Rank Reason (see State Rank above)
Rare in Montana, where it is currently documented from over a dozen fens and wet meadows in the mountainous portion of western Montana.
- Details on Status Ranking and Review
Tufted Club-rush (Trichophorum cespitosum) Conservation Status Review
Review Date = 10/25/2012
Score1 - Moderate: Generally 10,000-100,000 individuals.
Score1 - Peripheral, Disjunct or Sporadic Distribution in MT: Widespread species that is peripheral, disjunct or sporadically distributed within MT such that it occurs in <5% of the state (<7,500 sq. miles or the combined area of Beaverhead and Ravalli Counties) or is restricted to 4-5 sub-basins.
Area of Occupancy
Score1 - Moderate: Generally occurring in 11-25 Subwatersheds (6th Code HUC’s).
Score0-1 - Stable to Minor Declines:
CommentTrends unknown, though populations are likely stable or experiencing only minor declines.
Score0-1 - Low to Medium.
Score0-1 - Low to Moderate Vulnerability.
Score2 - High: Species is restricted to a highly specialized and limited habitat and is typically dependent upon unaltered, high-quality habitat (C Values of 8-10).
Raw Conservation Status Score
5 to 8 total points scored out of a possible 19.
Plants forming large hemispheric tussocks. Stems terete, 10–40 cm, densely clustered. Leaf blades reduced to scales at the base, often with 1 short blade on the lower stem, 1 mm or less wide. Spikelet 3–6 mm long with 2 to 4 flowers; awn of lowest bract barely longer than the spikelet. Scales 3–4 mm long, glabrous, brown, apiculate. Flowers: bristles 6, brown, barely exceeding the scale awn. Achene ca. 1.5 mm long (Lesica 2012. Manual of Montana Vascular Plants. BRIT Press. Fort Worth, TX)
Mature fruit in July-August.
Trichophorum cespitosum could easily be mistaken for a species of Eleocharis; however, the former has spikelets subtended by a short-awned scale, whereas the latter do not. It resembles T. alpinum except for its smooth, round stems, and resembles T. pumilum except that it forms large, distinctive tussocks and has perianth bristles.
Circumboreal south to OR, ID, UT and MT (Lesica 2012. Manual of Montana Vascular Plants. BRIT Press. Fort Worth, TX).
Summary of Observations Submitted for Montana
Number of Observations:
Number of Occurrences:
(Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version)
Map Help and Descriptions
(Records associated with a range of dates are excluded from time charts)
Wet meadows and sphagnum-dominated fens in the montane to alpine zones.
Ecological Systems Associated with this Species
- Additional ReferencesLegend: View WorldCat Record View Online Publication
Do you know of a citation we're missing?
- Lesica, P. 2012. Manual of Montana Vascular Plants. BRIT Press. Fort Worth, TX.
- LESICA, P. 1991. THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF PINE BUTTE SWAMP PRESERVE. UNPUBLISHED REPORT TO THE NATURE CONSERVANCY. 15 PP.
- Lesica, P. 1992. Monitoring the SCIRPUS CESPITOSIS - SCIRPUS ACUTUS ecotone at Pine Butte Swamp Preserve. The Nature Conservancy, Montana Field Office, Helena, Montana. 9 pp. | Tufted Club-rush - Trichophorum cespitosum
Scirpus cespitosus, Trichophorum caespitosum
State Rank Reason (see State Rank above)
Rare in Montana, where it is currently documented from over a dozen fens and wet meadows in the mountainous portion of western Montana.
- Details on Status Ranking and Review
Tufted Club-rush (Trichophorum cespitosum) Conservation Status Review
Review Date = 10/25/2012
S | {
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[Location: Location_Category='GEOGRAPHIC REGION', Location_Type='WESTERN HEMISPHERE']
L. Interim Lists of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status and Name, CanadaEntry ID: Canada_SC_InterimListsMunBound
Abstract: The Interim List is a report that provides a summary of changes to municipal
boundaries, status and names. The list is produced on an annual basis for
changes that occurred during the previous year.
The Geography Division of Statistics Canada processes the municipal changes
that are based on information received through provincial/territorial gazettes,
letters ... patent, and orders-in-council. The interim list may or may not include
all those changes that have occurred within the given time period.
Catalogue number for printed documents is: 92F0009XPB
...for additional information visit our organization's web site.The Interim
List is a report that provides a summary of changes to municipal boundaries,
status and names.
(Click for Interactive Map)
Data Set Citation
Dataset Originator/Creator: Government of Canada, Industry Canada, Statistics Canada, Geography Division
Dataset Title: L. Interim Lists of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status and Name, Canada
Dataset Release Date: 20030331
Dataset Release Place: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Dataset Publisher: Statistics CanadaOnline Resource: http://www.statcan.ca:8096/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=92F0009X
ISO Topic Category
Access Constraints None.
Use Constraints Crown copyright.
Data Set Progress
Role: TECHNICAL CONTACT
Phone: +1-800-263-1136 ( Toll-free general enquiries line)
Email: infostats at statcan.ca
R.H. Coats Lobby Holland Avenue
Province or State: Ontario
Postal Code: K1A 0T6
Creation and Review Dates
DIF Creation Date: 2002-11-26
Last DIF Revision Date: 2009-10-15
Future DIF Review Date: 2006-06-07 | [Location: Location_Category='GEOGRAPHIC REGION', Location_Type='WESTERN HEMISPHERE']
L. Interim Lists of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status and Name, CanadaEntry ID: Canada_SC_InterimListsMunBound
Abstract: The Interim List is a report that provides a summary of changes to municipal
boundaries, status and names. The list is produced on an annual basis for
changes that occurred during the pre | {
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The following information (Health Effects, Handling/Disposal, and Ingredients) is taken from the product label and/or the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prepared by the manufacturer. The National Library of Medicine does not test products nor does it evaluate information from the product label or the MSDS. (What is an MSDS?)
Warning: Keep out of reach of children. Precautionary statements - Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals CAUTION Harmful if swallowed. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, or clothing. Avoid breathing dust. Wash thoroughly after handling. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. May cause skin sensitization in certain individuals.
Acute Health Effects:
From MSDS PRECAUTIONS: Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. May be absorbed through skin.
Chronic Health Effects:
From MSDS None given.
From MSDS None given
IF SWALLOWED: Call a physician or poison control center. IF ON SKIN: Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin with soap and water. IF IN EYES: Flush with plenty of water. Get medical attention. NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Atropine is antidotal if symptoms of cholinesterase inhibition occur.
0 = Minimal; 1 = Slight; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Serious; 4 = Severe; N = No information provided by manufacturer; * = Chronic Health Hazard
MSDS Verified Date:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, or clothing. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental Hazards This pesticide is extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water. Runoff and drift from treated areas may be haza
CONTAINER DISPOSAL: Wrap container and place in trash. | The following information (Health Effects, Handling/Disposal, and Ingredients) is taken from the product label and/or the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prepared by the manufacturer. The National Library of Medicine does not test products nor does it evaluate information from the product label or the MSDS. (What is an MSDS?)
Warning: Keep out of reach of children. Precautionary statements - Haz | {
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Statutes Governing the Introduction of Exotic Species
Lacey Act(injurious wildlife)
1969 AFS Conference on Use of Exotic Fishes and Related Problems
Federal Noxious Weed Act
Presidential Order No. 11987 which restricted federal support
1980 National Aquaculture Act - Gainesville laboratory to
researchbeneficial use of exotic species
Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Control and Prevention Act
National Invasive Species Act of 1996
Executive Order on Invasive Species
The problem started
hundreds of years ago when introductions occurred with the earliest European
settlers. But, the earliest documentation of introductions began in the
1800s, many of which were intentional such as the Asian common carp and the
European brown trout that were introduced by government agencies.
So it began In 1900,
the Lacy Act was the first legislation aimed at controlling unwanted
In 1969, the first
American Fisheries Society meeting on exotics was held headed by R.H. Stroud.
This was about the time when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service started
taking notice of problems caused by invasive species and potential problems
that may cause.
In 1974, the Federal
Noxious Weed Act was legislated.
In 1977 President
Carters Order restricted all federal agencies from actively supporting
projects that would increase the spread of exotics.
In 1980, (A
shameless plug for my office), the National Aquaculture Act stimulated the
USFWS to establish the laboratory in Gainesville, Florida to oversee
development of a research program that will support the use of exotics for
beneficial purposes while protecting the environment. That Center is no
longer functioning that way, instead is attempting to determine impacts and
distributions of all nonindigenous aquatic species.
In 1990, the arrival
of the zebra mussel prompted Congress to pass the Nonindigenous Aquatic
Nuisance Control and Prevention Act.
This Act was later
reauthorized in 1996 as The Invasive Species Act which focused heavily on
ballast water and is up for reauthorization in 2001. Finally in 1999 there
was another Executive Order to stimulate more research.Okay, enough. | Statutes Governing the Introduction of Exotic Species
Lacey Act(injurious wildlife)
1969 AFS Conference on Use of Exotic Fishes and Related Problems
Federal Noxious Weed Act
Presidential Order No. 11987 which restricted federal support
1980 National Aquaculture Act - Gainesville laboratory to
researchbeneficial use of exotic species
Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Control and Prevention Act
Nationa | {
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by Debie Cox, August 2010
It was reported in the Republican Banner that a State Fair was held in Davidson County at the Walnut Race Course in North Nashville in October of 1855. In 1856 the Tennessee Legislature passed a private act to appoint a committee to purchase property for a Tennessee State Fair Grounds for the Tennessee Agriculture Bureau. Thirty-five acres were selected near the present location of the Trevecca Nazarene University. An 1860 map of Nashville shows what appears to be a race track on the fairground property. Horse racing was very popular in that day.
In 1869 the state ordered the sale of the fairgrounds property. That same year, the Tennessee Fair Association purchased about eighty acres between the Charlotte and Harding Pikes just past the Elliston farm and established a new state fairgrounds. Several buildings were constructed, including an amphitheater with seating for 10,000 people, a Floral and Textile Fabric Hall and a Mechanics Hall for the display of machinery. Barns and stables were built to accommodate livestock. It was reported that 30,000 people attended the first fair held on the grounds in October of 1869. The interest in a state fair was short lived and within a few years the expected annual event fell by the wayside. In 1884, the fairgrounds were converted into a race track and named West Side Park. West Side Park was selected as the site of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition which was held in the summer of 1897. Soon after the Centennial, the Tennessee Fair Association sold the fairgrounds and today the property belongs to Metro Nashville Parks and is known as Centennial Park.
About 1900 the Nashville Retail Merchants Association members became interested in a resurrection of the state fair and in 1905 the Tennessee State Fair Association was chartered by a group of local businessmen. Joseph Frank, H. M. Brenneke, John Coode, Houston Dudley Jr., John Early and others declared the capitol stock of the corporation to be 100,000 dollars divided into 10,000 shares of ten dollars each. The association was created for the purpose of encouragement and support of art, agriculture, horticulture and mechanical arts. The group purchased, for $120,000, the Cumberland Park property on Nolensville Pike consisting of 125 acres. The grounds and buildings were readied for the fair to take place in 1906. The first fair was held in October but in subsequent years the fair was held in September.
Opening day was Monday, October 8, 1906 and the fair closed on Saturday. An extensive display of hundreds of electric lights, illuminated the grounds reminiscent of the lighting at the Tennessee Centennial Exposition. General admission was 50 cents with an additional 25 cents to enter the Grand Stand. A post office and an information bureau were located on the grounds. An area was provided for picnicking in a shady grove on the grounds and fair goers were welcome to bring in their own food. Restaurant food was also available.
Transportation by steam locomotive was available with depots established near both the south and main entrances to the grounds. A hitch yard was provided for those arriving by carriage or buggy and a parking yard for automobiles was available. The Eighth Avenue and Glendale Street Railway line ran directly to the main entrance of the grounds.
The Agricultural and Horticultural Building was the only new structure erected for the inaugural fair. The two-story building, 18,00 square foot, building was constructed at a cost of $10,000. It stood adjacent to the Grand Stand. A big attraction in the Agricultural Building was the display of tobacco, which was a leading cash crop in Tennessee, with samples of each type of tobacco grown in the state. First prize for the largest and best arranged tobacco display in 1906 went to Joseph E. Washington of Robertson County. Also on view in the Agricultural Building were hundreds of plants and flowers including roses, carnations, geraniums and attractive designs in hanging baskets. T. S. Joy and Sons, Florists, were awarded many of the honors given is this area. Counties from around the state displayed examples of the best produce that could be found. Merchandise and food was display in beautifully decorated booths on the first floor. Artistic displays made from fresh fruits and vegetables competed for prizes. At the end of the fair, much of the produce was donated to area day homes for children and orphanages.
Large tents covered much of the infield of the race track. Inside was every kind of farm tool and machinery, displayed by leading manufacturers, many of whom were headquartered in Nashville. Carriages, buggies and wagons were on display in tents. A separate poultry building, cattle barns, horse barns and sheds were also on the grounds. Daily exhibitions of live stock included a nightly horse show featuring championship horses from Tennessee and Kentucky stables. Exhibited in the stock barns were dairy cattle, herd cattle, beef cattle, swine, sheep, mules and Shetland ponies. The Grand Live Stock Parade was a significant event of the fair.
The beautiful Cumberland Park Club House was adapted for use as the Woman's Building. Three stories high and surrounded on three sides by wide-columned porches, the building housed women's exhibits. Quilts, embroidered goods, crocheted items, lace work and sewn items were among the beautiful handwork displayed. Canned goods, preserves, jellies and jams of every kind could be found. Apple, tomato and watermelon preserves, tomato catsup and chili sauce, all of fine quality could be purchased. Pies, cakes, cookies, baked goods of every description were available. Demonstrations of household and kitchen appliances were held in booths located throughout the building. Creative arts from students in local schools were on exhibit.
A contest was held prior to opening to name the midway and Laughing Lane was the winning entry. The amusements along Laughing Way were provided by Parker Amusement Enterprises Company. Musical concerts and other forms of entertainment were available every afternoon and night at a platform erected in front of the grandstand. A favorite attraction was the airship piloted by Roy Knabenshue which flew from the fairgrounds to the State Capitol each day. Just two years earlier Knabenshue had become one of the first to fly a steerable balloon or dirigible.
In 1907 the Tennessee Legislature appropriated $5000 to the Tennessee State Fair Association to be used as premiums. Half of the money was to be awarded in the Tennessee Livestock competitions and half in the Tennessee agricultural products competitions. In 1909 the legislature authorized Davidson County to issue bonds for the purpose of raising money to purchase a permanent site for a state fairground and created a 13 member fair board to be headed by the Tennessee Commissioner of Agriculture. Davidson County purchased the Cumberland Park property from the Tennessee Fair Association in 1911 for $150,000. Buildings, furniture and equipment were included in the sale. [see inventory ] In 1923 the state relinquished control of the fair to Davidson County and a county fair board was created. The county judge was a member along with six additional members elected by the Quarterly Court to serve six year terms. Under the 1963 Metropolitan Nashville Charter the board became the Metropolitan Board of Fair Commission comprised of five members, appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the Metro Council.
The Tennessee State Fair has been held every year since 1906, except for a four year suspension during WWII. The fair has weathered many storms including the Great Depression, a 1965 fire that destroyed most of the buildings at the fair grounds and a 1970 fire which destroyed the coliseum. The midway carnival rides provided the most excitement a Tennessee kid had all year. Cotton candy, corn dogs and snow cones were favorite fair foods. Special days, Senior Day, Children's Day etc. were designated on weekdays to draw people in. School children were given a day off from school and free admission. Entertainment was a big draw for fair goers and included the most popular performers of the time. Even as late as the 1970's some of the biggest acts in the country, such as Sonny and Cher, Captain and Tenille, Z Z Top, Dr. Hook, Marilyn McCoo, and comedian Bob Hope played the Tennessee State Fair.
In October 2009, Metro Nashville Mayor Karl Dean announced that there would be no more fairs held at the old state fairgrounds. It was reported that the property would be developed and/or sold. A reprieve has been granted for both the fairgrounds and the fair. Just as it was at the 1906 beginning, this year the fair will be managed by a private group, chartered as the Tennessee State Fair Association. On September 10th, the fair will open at the fairgrounds on Nolensville Pike. This may be the last fair on the historic site. Don't miss your chance for one last visit to the Tennessee State Fair, September 10th through September 19th.
This essay "History of the Tennessee State Fair" was researched, written and published on the Friends of Metro Nashville Archives website by Debie Cox.
History of the Tennessee State Fair by Debie Oeser Cox is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. | by Debie Cox, August 2010
It was reported in the Republican Banner that a State Fair was held in Davidson County at the Walnut Race Course in North Nashville in October of 1855. In 1856 the Tennessee Legislature passed a private act to appoint a committee to purchase property for a Tennessee State Fair Grounds for the Tennessee Agriculture Bureau. Thirty-five acres were selected near the present l | {
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How quickly your company can get back to business after a terrorist attack, a tornado, a fire, or a flood often depends on emergency planning done today. While the Department of Homeland Security is working hard to prevent terrorist attacks, the lessons of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks demonstrate the importance of being prepared.
When you also consider that the number of declared major disasters nearly doubled in the 1990's compared to the previous decade, preparedness becomes an even more critical issue. Though each situation is unique, any organization can be better prepared if it plans carefully, puts emergency procedures in place, and practices for emergencies of all kinds.
America's businesses form the backbone of the nation's economy; small businesses alone account for more than 99% of all companies with employees, employ 50% of all private sector workers and provide nearly 45% of the nation's payroll. If businesses are READY to survive and recover, the nation and our economy are more secure. A commitment to planning today will help support employees, customers, the community, the local economy and even the country. It also protects your business investment and gives your company a better chance for survival.
Ready Business outlines commonsense measures business owners and managers can take to start getting ready. It provides practical steps and easy-to-use templates to help you plan for your company's future. These recommendations reflect the Emergency Preparedness and Business Continuity Standard, developed by the National Fire Protection Association and endorsed by the American National Standards Institute and the Department of Homeland Security. It also provides useful links to resources providing more detailed business continuity and disaster preparedness information.
Business continuity and crisis management can be complex issues depending on the particular industry, size and scope of your business. However, putting a plan in motion will improve the likelihood that your company will survive and recover. The following information is a good start for small- to mid-sized businesses. Companies that already have their emergency plans in place can continue to help create a more robust sustainable community by mentoring businesses in their own supply chain and others needing advice. | How quickly your company can get back to business after a terrorist attack, a tornado, a fire, or a flood often depends on emergency planning done today. While the Department of Homeland Security is working hard to prevent terrorist attacks, the lessons of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks demonstrate the importance of | {
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The BLM Fort Ord National Monument provides an excellent outdoor classroom for environmental education and scientific research. Each year hundreds of school students from around the Monterey Peninsula visit BLM lands for science projects or for special field trips focusing on soil erosion, wetland ecology, or habitat restoration.
BLM Ranger and a student investigate pond habitat
The Return of the Natives (RON) program of the Watershed Institute (WI) at California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB), is currently working on native plant restoration and erosion control projects. Other projects underway on BLM lands include rare species monitoring, exotic weed removal, and site restoration with our BLM Take It Outside! Partner Toro Park Elementary School. Be sure to visit the Partnerships page for more information.
Students learning about nature and ecosystems
In the picture above, the BLM employee helping students learn about nature and ecosystems is Fort Ord's own Ranger Tammy! Be sure to visit her web page for her latest safety tips and educational information about the Fort Ord backcountry. | The BLM Fort Ord National Monument provides an excellent outdoor classroom for environmental education and scientific research. Each year hundreds of school students from around the Monterey Peninsula visit BLM lands for science projects or for special field trips focusing on soil erosion, wetland ecology, or habitat restoration.
BLM Ranger and a student investigate pond habitat
The Return of the | {
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The City of Carlsbad’s Art in Public Places program, which began in 1985, was the first public art program established in San Diego County. The program is designed to expand residents’ appreciation of art, reflect the city’s aspiration to improve the quality of life, and to enhance and identify Carlsbad as a unique community. Tied to the city’s capital projects budget and plan, the program is administered by the city’s Cultural Arts Office, which follows a set of policies and procedures that guides the entire process, from artist selection through to final installation of the work. A key component of Carlsbad’s program is an emphasis on public participation during the process, ensuring that the artworks are integrated into the physical and social environment of the city and reflect the broad range and interests of the community.
The first public artwork in Carlsbad, 'Crown Lair' created by artist Lloyd Hamrol, was installed at Stagecoach Community Park in 1989. Over the years, the public art program has become an integral part of Carlsbad’s vibrancy and sense of place; as of 2009, there are 29 works of art in the city’s public art collection. | The City of Carlsbad’s Art in Public Places program, which began in 1985, was the first public art program established in San Diego County. The program is designed to expand residents’ appreciation of art, reflect the city’s aspiration to improve the quality of life, and to enhance and identify Carlsbad as a unique community. Tied to the city’s capital projects budget and plan, the program is admi | {
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The SPA of Mynydd Cilan, Trwyn y Wylfa ac
Ynysoedd Sant Tudwal is located on the southern coast of the Lleyn
Peninsula in North Wales. The SPA is a 10 km stretch of seacliffs
from the western end of Porth Neigwl in the east to Penrhyn Du and
the Tudwal islands in the west. Cliff-top habitats including
unimproved pasture, maritime grassland, semi-improved grassland,
arable farmland, and coastal and maritime heath are incorporated
into the SPA because they provide vital foraging habitat for the
resident population of chough nesting along the rocky coast.
‘Cloddiau’ or field banks and dung from grazing stock provide
perfect conditions for the insects that chough feed upon. Insects
of the shore’s strandline are also an important food source.
Summary Map of the site showing the legal
Large Scale Designation Maps showing the legal boundary
of European Sites Entry
The RES entry lists the species
for which the site is considered to qualify under the criteria in
the 2009 Wild Birds Directive.
Special Protection Areas in Wales and the Natura 2000
Official Maps docs and Citations
CCWs interactive map of
The conservation objectives are provided as part of a Core
Management Plan which also includes the results of monitoring and
advice on any action required.
Summary map showing locations of large-scale
management unit maps, which makes it easier for everyone to
understand what management is needed in different parts of the
Large Scale Management Unit Maps
Map 1 of
Units 1-6, 9-15, 20-25, 27-30, 32, 40, 41, 44, 45
Map 2 of
Units 23-34, 36-38, 43, 45
Map 3 of
Units 6, 7, 9-32, 40, 43, 45
Many designated sites are on private land: the
listing of a site in these pages does not imply any right of public
access. For more information about access please refer to our
interactive access maps.
This is a link to the official CCW interactive access map | The SPA of Mynydd Cilan, Trwyn y Wylfa ac
Ynysoedd Sant Tudwal is located on the southern coast of the Lleyn
Peninsula in North Wales. The SPA is a 10 km stretch of seacliffs
from the western end of Porth Neigwl in the east to Penrhyn Du and
the Tudwal islands in the west. Cliff-top habitats including
unimproved pasture, maritime grassland, semi-improved grassland,
arable farmland, and coastal and | {
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Erythropoietin Effects After Traumatic Brain Injury
Recruitment status was Active, not recruiting
To determine if the early administration of erythropoietin to patients sustaining traumatic brain injury will reduce secondary brain injury.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Drug: Erythropoietin administration
|Study Design:||Allocation: Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:||Phase II Study of the Effects of Erythropoietin on Neuronal Cell Death in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients|
- neuronal cell death marker levels of NSE and S100B
- mortality, Glascow Outcome Score at 3 and 6 months, number of ICP lowering interventions
|Study Start Date:||July 2003|
|Estimated Study Completion Date:||December 2006|
Traumatic brain injury occurs with alarming frequency in the United States and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality and economic as well as emotional consequences. Since the initial traumatic event produces irreparable primary brain injury, the goal in care of the head injured patient focuses upon the prevention of secondary brain injury. Currently, the only clinical strategies available to prevent secondary brain injury relate to the maintenance of adequate cerebral blood flow and regulation of intracranial pressures.
Now, there is substantial laboratory evidence indicating that secondary neuronal cell death is reduced by the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) in a time-dependent fashion. These data suggest that strategies utilizing EPO during the resuscitative phase of head injured patients could improve neurologic outcome.
This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single-center trial. All blunt trauma patients 18 years of age with an admission GCS between 9 and 13 and evidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on CT will be eligible. After obtaining informed consent, patients will be randomized to receive EPO (40,000 Units IV) or placebo to be administered within 6 hours of injury.
Patients will have baseline (day of injury) and daily serum S-100B and NSE levels measured until 5 days after injury. Demographic and clinical data to be obtained will include age, gender, head AIS, ISS, admission and ICU GCS, daily mean ICP and CPP (when ICP is monitored), number and nature of ICP lowering interventions and daily mean PaCO2. The primary outcome measures are S-100B and NSE levels in patients receiving EPO compared to those receiving placebo. Secondary outcome measures will include ICU LOS, GCS at ICU discharge, 3-month and 6-month Glascow Outcome Score and in-hospital mortality.
|United States, Wisconsin|
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, 53226|
|Principal Investigator:||Ram Nirula, MD, MPH||Medical College of Wisconsin| | Erythropoietin Effects After Traumatic Brain Injury
Recruitment status was Active, not recruiting
To determine if the early administration of erythropoietin to patients sustaining traumatic brain injury will reduce secondary brain injury.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Drug: Erythropoietin administration
|Study Design:||Allocation: Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Sin | {
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Posted: Mon, 10/10/2011 - 10:52am Updated: Fri, 02/22/2013 - 2:56pm
The Indiana Department of Education (IDOE) has a regional consultant in the area of economic education. The primary goal of the consultant is to help schools improve economics instruction in the K-12 curriculum. The consultant’s responsibilities include:
- Serving as field resource personnel;
- Providing workshops and in-service programs;
- Providing individual teacher consultation;
- Administering the Economic Education Grant Program; and
- Serving as a liaison for schools with economic education organizations and other community resources.
The consultant may provide information and technical assistance to schools participating in the IDOE Economic Education Grant Program and may also provide information about the educational programs of other economic education organizations such as the Indiana Council for Economic Education and Junior Achievement.
If you have inquiries concerning economic education resources, please contact:
615 W. State St., AGAD 221
West Lafayette, IN 47907
Links of Interest
- FRB: Federal Reserve Banks
- Federal Reserve Education
- Foundation for Teaching Economics Programs in Economics
- Indiana Council for Economic Education Site
- KidsEcon Posters© - Children's Literature Site
- Purdue University CIBERWeb
- U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics
- Welcome to Econopolis!
- What's New! | Posted: Mon, 10/10/2011 - 10:52am Updated: Fri, 02/22/2013 - 2:56pm
The Indiana Department of Education (IDOE) has a regional consultant in the area of economic education. The primary goal of the consultant is to help schools improve economics instruction in the K-12 curriculum. The consultant’s responsibilities include:
- Serving as field resource personnel;
- Providing workshops and in-service p | {
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Management and inspection
Management traditionally focuses on planning, organising, staffing and controlling. According to some researchers, management is concerned with creating order and stability, whereas leadership is about adapting and changing. The overlap between leadership and management is centred on how both influence a group of individuals in goal attainment.
Principles of inspection and review 2011
Each year, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education (HMIE) inspects and reports on the quality of education in pre-school centres, primary schools, secondary schools, special schools, community learning and development services, colleges and residential educational provision. It also inspects the education functions of local authorities and carries out joint inspections of services for children.
Follow through reports are required within two years of an initial inspection. For further information on specific reports, please follow the link.
Educational & Social Services | Management and inspection
Management traditionally focuses on planning, organising, staffing and controlling. According to some researchers, management is concerned with creating order and stability, whereas leadership is about adapting and changing. The overlap between leadership and management is centred on how both influence a group of individuals in goal attainment.
Principles of inspection an | {
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EPA offers trainings that you can download and view from anywhere that will jump start your energy management program and achieve successful results. The following self-guided trainings are available for download at your convenience.
This interactive session focuses on using operating budgets as a potential "source of revenue" to pay for energy efficiency projects. The Cash Flow Opportunity (CFO) Calculator is an interactive calculator that helps quantify the cost of delaying investment in upgrades by addressing three critical questions: How much new energy efficiency equipment can be purchased from the anticipated savings; should this equipment purchase be financed now, or is it better to wait and use cash from a future budget; and is money being lost by waiting for a lower interest rate? The CFO Calculator is designed so that managers who are not financial specialists can use it to make informed decisions, yet it is sophisticated enough to satisfy financial decision-makers. Learn how this tool helps model financing alternatives through sensitivity analysis.
Who should participate? Financial decision-makers and facility managers in the public and private sectors, lending institutions, energy service providers, energy engineers, and manufacturers and vendors of energy efficiency equipment.
View self-guided presentation (4.64MB)
In today's tight economy, operating and capital budgets are being reduced despite increasing infrastructure needs. This session focuses on using operating budgets as a potential source of "revenue" to pay for energy efficiency projects. Private and Public sector financing options are compared. Tax-exempt lease purchase agreements and energy service performance contracts are reviewed. In addition, the Cash Flow Opportunity Calculator (CFO Calculator), a model that calculates the costs of delaying energy efficiency improvements is introduced.
Who should participate? Financial decision makers and facility managers in state and local governments, K-12 schools, and colleges and universities, federal government and public hospital administrators, energy service providers and energy engineers, and manufacturers and vendors of energy efficiency equipment who sell to these markets.
View self-guided presentation (3.07MB)
Learn about what ENERGY STAR can do for your industrial organizations, including energy-efficient solutions that not only save money, but also protect the environment for future generations.
Who should participate? Facility managers, energy managers, engineers, and organizational leaders in the industrial sector that wish to learn more about ENERGY STAR.
View self-guided presentation (456KB) | EPA offers trainings that you can download and view from anywhere that will jump start your energy management program and achieve successful results. The following self-guided trainings are available for download at your convenience.
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About Site Map Contact Us
|A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine®|
On this page:
Reviewed February 2012
What is Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a disorder of the bone marrow. The major function of bone marrow is to produce new blood cells. In Diamond-Blackfan anemia, the bone marrow malfunctions and fails to make enough red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body's tissues. The resulting shortage of red blood cells (anemia) usually becomes apparent during the first year of life. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, and an abnormally pale appearance (pallor).
People with Diamond-Blackfan anemia have an increased risk of several serious complications related to their malfunctioning bone marrow. Specifically, they have a higher-than-average chance of developing myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), which is a disorder in which immature blood cells fail to develop normally. Affected individuals also have an increased risk of developing certain cancers, including a cancer of blood-forming tissue known as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a type of bone cancer called osteosarcoma.
Approximately half of individuals with Diamond-Blackfan anemia have physical abnormalities. They may have an unusually small head size (microcephaly) and a low frontal hairline, along with distinctive facial features such as wide-set eyes (hypertelorism); droopy eyelids (ptosis); a broad, flat bridge of the nose; small, low-set ears; and a small lower jaw (micrognathia). Affected individuals may also have an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate) with or without a split in the upper lip (cleft lip). They may have a short, webbed neck; shoulder blades which are smaller and higher than usual; and abnormalities of their hands, most commonly malformed or absent thumbs. About one-third of affected individuals have slow growth leading to short stature.
Other features of Diamond-Blackfan anemia may include eye problems such as clouding of the lens of the eyes (cataracts), increased pressure in the eyes (glaucoma), or eyes that do not look in the same direction (strabismus). Affected individuals may also have kidney abnormalities; structural defects of the heart; and, in males, the opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis (hypospadias).
The severity of Diamond-Blackfan anemia may vary, even within the same family. Increasingly, individuals with "non-classical" Diamond-Blackfan anemia have been identified. This form of the disorder typically has less severe symptoms that may include mild anemia beginning in adulthood.
How common is Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
Diamond-Blackfan anemia affects approximately 5 to 7 per million liveborn infants worldwide.
What genes are related to Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
Diamond-Blackfan anemia can be caused by mutations in the RPL5, RPL11, RPL35A, RPS7, RPS10, RPS17, RPS19, RPS24, and RPS26 genes. These genes provide instructions for making several of the approximately 80 different ribosomal proteins, which are components of cellular structures called ribosomes. Ribosomes process the cell's genetic instructions to create proteins.
Each ribosome is made up of two parts (subunits) called the large and small subunits. The RPL5, RPL11, and RPL35A genes provide instructions for making ribosomal proteins that are among those found in the large subunit. The ribosomal proteins produced from the RPS7, RPS10, RPS17, RPS19, RPS24, and RPS26 genes are among those found in the small subunit.
The specific functions of each ribosomal protein within these subunits are unclear. Some ribosomal proteins are involved in the assembly or stability of ribosomes. Others help carry out the ribosome's main function of building new proteins. Studies suggest that some ribosomal proteins may have other functions, such as participating in chemical signaling pathways within the cell, regulating cell division, and controlling the self-destruction of cells (apoptosis).
Mutations in any of the genes listed above are believed to affect the stability or function of the ribosomal proteins. Studies indicate that a shortage of functioning ribosomal proteins may increase the self-destruction of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, resulting in anemia. Abnormal regulation of cell division or inappropriate triggering of apoptosis may contribute to the other health problems that affect some people with Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
Approximately 25 percent of individuals with Diamond-Blackfan anemia have identified mutations in the RPS19 gene. About another 25 to 35 percent of individuals with this disorder have identified mutations in the RPL5, RPL11, RPL35A, RPS7, RPS10, RPS17, RPS24, or RPS26 genes. In the remaining 40 to 50 percent of cases, the cause of the condition is unknown. Researchers suspect that other genes may also be associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
How do people inherit Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
In approximately 45 percent of cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. The remaining cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
Where can I find information about diagnosis or management of Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
These resources address the diagnosis or management of Diamond-Blackfan anemia and may include treatment providers.
General information about the diagnosis and management of genetic conditions is available in the Handbook. Read more about genetic testing, particularly the difference between clinical tests and research tests.
To locate a healthcare provider, see How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.
Where can I find additional information about Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
You may find the following resources about Diamond-Blackfan anemia helpful. These materials are written for the general public.
You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for healthcare professionals and researchers.
What other names do people use for Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
What if I still have specific questions about Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
Where can I find general information about genetic conditions?
The Handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language.
These links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful.
What glossary definitions help with understanding Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
acute ; acute myeloid leukemia ; AML ; anemia ; apoptosis ; autosomal ; autosomal dominant ; bone marrow ; cancer ; cell ; cell division ; chronic ; cleft palate ; congenital ; erythrogenesis ; erythropoiesis ; gene ; glaucoma ; hypertelorism ; hypospadias ; kidney ; leukemia ; microcephaly ; micrognathia ; mutation ; myelodysplastic syndrome ; myeloid ; osteosarcoma ; oxygen ; palate ; pallor ; protein ; ptosis ; ribosomes ; short stature ; stature ; strabismus ; subunit ; syndrome ; tissue
You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference Glossary.
See also Understanding Medical Terminology.
References (13 links)
The resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. See How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook. | About Site Map Contact Us
|A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine®|
On this page:
Reviewed February 2012
What is Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a disorder of the bone marrow. The major function of bone marrow is to produce new blood cells. In Diamond-Blackfan anemia, the bone marrow malfunctions and fails to make enough red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the bo | {
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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASECIV
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 24, 2000(202) 514-2007
WWW.USDOJ.GOVTDD (202) 514-1888
JUSTICE DEPARTMENT RECOVERS OVER $3 BILLION IN WHISTLEBLOWERS
FALSE CLAIMS ACT AWARDS AND SETTLEMENTS
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- More than $3 billion has been recovered in civil fraud cases brought under the whistleblower provisions of the False Claims Act, since the law was amended in 1986, the Justice Department announced today. Almost half of the recoveries have come in the last two and a half years. "It took us 12 years -- to the end of fiscal year 1998 -- to recover $2 billion in civil fraud cases brought under the whistleblower provisions," said Acting Assistant Attorney General David W. Ogden for the Civil Division. "We have reached the $3 billion mark just 16 months later." Ogden stressed that besides providing monetary recovery, the whistleblower suits have also had a deterrent effect among recipients of federal funds. The False Claims statute allows private persons, known as "relators," to file suit on behalf of the United States alleging that false or fraudulent claims have been submitted to the government. Persons who file qui tam suits may recover from 15 to 25 percent of the settlement or judgment if the federal government intervenes in the case, or up to 30 percent if they pursue it on their own. More than 3000 such suits have been filed since 1986. The number of qui tam suits filed has risen from 33 per year in the year after 1986 to 483 in the last fiscal year. The whistleblower provisions have yielded recoveries of more than $3.5 billion to date: $3.3 billion in cases that the Department of Justice pursued and $211 million in cases litigated by whistleblowers after the Department of Justice declined to pursue the case. The Department of Justice has paid whistleblowers more than $550 million as their statutory shares, with additional awards pending. "The False Claims Act's qui tam provisions have provided a remarkable return for the taxpayers of this country," said Ogden. "The Department of Justice's recovery of more than $3.3 billion through whistleblower suits demonstrates that the public-private partnership encouraged by the statute works and is an effective tool in our continuing fight against the fraudulent use of public funds." Among the most recent recoveries are:
- National Medical Care, now also known as Fresenius Medical Care, North America, the largest provider of dialysis services in the United States, agreed to pay $375 million to resolve qui tam allegations that the company submitted false claims for laboratory tests and conspired to pay illegal kickbacks. This is the largest civil recovery in a health care fraud case.
- Beverly Enterprises Inc., the nation's largest operator of nursing homes, agreed to pay $170 million to settle allegations that it defrauded Medicare by fabricating records to make it appear that nurses were devoting much more time to Medicare patients than they actually were.
- Olsten Corporation paid $40.9 million to settle allegations that Olsten and Columbia/HCA had disguised unallowable acquisition costs as allowable management fees when Columbia/HCA acquired home health agencies in several states. Olsten and its subsidiaries had provided management and staffing services for the home health agencies.
While almost half of the qui tam filings, and more than half of the qui tam recoveries, involve health care fraud, whistleblower suits have alleged fraud against a wide range of federal government agencies. For example:
- Chevron Corporation agreed to pay the U.S. $86.2 million to resolve whistleblower claims under the False Claims Act that the corporation and affiliated companies underpaid royalties due for oil produced on federal and Indian leases since 1988.
- Mobil Oil Corporation agreed to pay the U.S. $45 million, and Oxy-USA, Inc. paid $7.3 million, to resolve similar claims of underpayment of royalties.
Ogden praised the work of Senator Charles Grassley of Iowa and Representative Howard L. Berman of California, who sponsored the 1986 amendments that made it easier for such cases to be filed. He also stressed that the recoveries could not have been achieved without the outstanding and tireless efforts of the attorneys in the Civil Division and the United States Attorneys' offices throughout the country working in cooperation with agency investigators. | FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASECIV
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 24, 2000(202) 514-2007
WWW.USDOJ.GOVTDD (202) 514-1888
JUSTICE DEPARTMENT RECOVERS OVER $3 BILLION IN WHISTLEBLOWERS
FALSE CLAIMS ACT AWARDS AND SETTLEMENTS
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- More than $3 billion has been recovered in civil fraud cases brought under the whistleblower provisions of the False Claims Act, since the law was amended in 1986, the Justice Dep | {
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Sec. 35.1-2. Legislative intent.
(a) It is the intention of the city to guide its future growth and development in accordance with a comprehensive plan of land use and population density that represents the most beneficial and convenient relationships among the residential, non-residential and public areas within the city.
(b) To provide adequate light, air and privacy; to preserve and protect lives and property from fire, floods and other dangers; and to prevent overcrowding of the land and undue congestion of population.
(c) To protect the character and the social and economic stability of all parts of the city; to encourage the orderly and beneficial development of all parts of the city; and to protect and conserve the value of land and buildings appropriate to the various districts established by this comprehensive zoning ordinance.
(d) To bring about the gradual conformity with the current Comprehensive Plan of Lynchburg of the uses of land and buildings throughout the city through the comprehensive zoning ordinance set forth herein, and to minimize conflicts among the uses of land and buildings.
(e) To promote the most beneficial relationship between the uses of land and buildings, and the street system which serves these uses, having particular regard to the potential amount and intensity of such land and building uses in relationship to the traffic capacity of the street system, so as to avoid congestion in the streets, and to promote safe and convenient vehicular and pedestrian traffic movements appropriate to the various uses of land and buildings throughout the city.
(f) To provide a guide for public action in the orderly and efficient provision of public facilities and services, and for private enterprise in building development, investment and other economic activity relating to uses of land and buildings throughout the city.
(g) Interpretation, purpose or conflict—In their interpretation and application, the provisions of this ordinance shall be held to the minimum requirements adopted for the promotion of health, safety, morals or the general welfare of the community. (Ord. No. O-78-352, 12-12-78)
Last updated date: 10/23/2006 4:15:21 PM | Sec. 35.1-2. Legislative intent.
(a) It is the intention of the city to guide its future growth and development in accordance with a comprehensive plan of land use and population density that represents the most beneficial and convenient relationships among the residential, non-residential and public areas within the city.
(b) To provide adequate light, air and privacy; to preserve and protect liv | {
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RESOLUTION REQUIRING THE BARANGAY COUNCILS TO INCLUDE TREE PLANTING AS ONE OF THEIR YEARLY ACTIVITIES.
Introduced by: Hon. Ma. Nenita R. Chiu
WHEREAS, it is a program of the National Government to preserve our forests and to plant more trees;
WHEREAS, this program aims to give protection to the earth where every individual lives;
WHEREAS, as Filipino citizens who endeavor to survive, it is our utmost responsibility to preserve the earth;
WHEREAS, supporting this said program of the government is a necessity;
WHEREAS, Barangay Constituents be encouraged and be initiated by Barangay Officials to plant trees;
WHEREAS, to fully persuade all Barangay Constituents to plant trees, including tree planting as one of the Barangay Yearly activities, is a medium;
WHEREAS, to closely monitor the compliance of such activity, Barangay constituents be divided into groups, each led by a Barangay Kagawad;
RESOLVED, as it is hereby resolved to request the Barangay Councils of Maribojoc, Bohol that this resolution be adopted and implemented upon approval;
RESOLVED FURTHER, that copies of this resolution be furnished to all Barangay Captains of Maribojoc, Bohol and DILG for information and guidance.
PHILIP R. MEDEQUISO Vice Mayor Presiding Officer
ALBERTO E. ARANGOSO | RESOLUTION REQUIRING THE BARANGAY COUNCILS TO INCLUDE TREE PLANTING AS ONE OF THEIR YEARLY ACTIVITIES.
Introduced by: Hon. Ma. Nenita R. Chiu
WHEREAS, it is a program of the National Government to preserve our forests and to plant more trees;
WHEREAS, this program aims to give protection to the earth where every individual lives;
WHEREAS, as Filipino citizens who endeavor to survive, it is our utm | {
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International Symposium on Animal Genomics for Animal Health
Parts of a report on the International Animal Genomics for Animal Health Symposium, held October 23-25, 2007 in Paris, France, are now available. The event's purpose was to identify needs and opportunities to advance the use of animal genomics to solve animal health problems.
NIFA supported the event through its National Research Initiative (NRI) competitive grants program.
Parts of the report, published in the journal Developments in Biologicals, are available online.
Back to Animal Well-being Home Page | International Symposium on Animal Genomics for Animal Health
Parts of a report on the International Animal Genomics for Animal Health Symposium, held October 23-25, 2007 in Paris, France, are now available. The event's purpose was to identify needs and opportunities to advance the use of animal genomics to solve animal health problems.
NIFA supported the event through its National Research Initiat | {
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In Motion: The African American Migration Experience
To celebrate African American History Month, 2007, the National Library of Medicine has 28 full-color panels for public viewing from the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. The panels are on display the month of February in the lobby of the Library's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (Building 38A on the National Institutes of Health campus).
African Americans, perhaps more than any other populations in the Americas, have been shaped by migration. Their culture and history are the products of black peoples' various movements, coerced and voluntary, that started in the Western Hemisphere 500 years ago. This full color, 28-panel exhibition and a companion Web site, "In Motion: The African American Migration Experience," examine how African Americans, constantly in motion, have formed and transformed themselves and their landscape through migration. To view the Schomburg's online version of the "In Motion" exhibit go here: http://www.inmotionaame.org/ .
The images presented on these panels have been selected from the archives of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. This is the seventh year that the National Library of Medicine has featured pictorial materials from the Schomburg collection.
Visitors to the National Library of Medicine (on the campus of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland) are reminded that heightened security measures are in effect. Information about these is at http://www.nih.gov/about/visitorsecurity.htm.
Note to teachers and administrators:
To arrange for a tour of the exhibition, please call Mr. David Nash, National Library of Medicine, 301-496-1046. | In Motion: The African American Migration Experience
To celebrate African American History Month, 2007, the National Library of Medicine has 28 full-color panels for public viewing from the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. The panels are on display the month of February in the lobby of the Library's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (Building 38A on the Natio | {
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995 Miles of Wire
By 1880 Mormon settlements from Idaho to Arizona could communicate easily with their neighbors and the Church leadership via the Deseret Telegraph system.
From 1871 to 1888 at least seven women operated the telegraph instruments here at Pipe Spring.
During the summer of 1876, Sarah Alydia Terry was telegrapher at Pipe Spring. At this time the tithing ranch was in transition from the management of Anson Perry Winsor to that of Charles Pulsipher. Miss Terry learned telegraphy in 1872 when Daniel M. Tyler came down from Beaver to the town of Hebron (near present-day Enterprise, Utah) to run the telegraph office there. That year she took over the duties at the Hebron office. The wire from there extended out to the mining camps of Pioche and Ely in Nevada, so she handled much of the business of the miners along that line. After several months at Hebron she went to Panaca, Nevada to staff the telegraph office there. While living at Hebron, Sarah taught telegraphy to her aunt Ann Beers Pulsipher, who replaced Sarah at that station while she attended a school in St. George.
While at Pipe Spring, Miss Terry became acquainted with Anson Perry Winsor II, and they were married the following March. Sarah also formed a friendship with Ella Stewart in their conversations over the wires of the telegraph. She and A.P. Winsor II rode on horseback to attend a Pioneer Day celebration in Kanab with Miss Stewart. Ann Beers Pulsipher had arrived at Pipe Spring by the fall of 1876 to live during her husband’s stay there. She took over the telegraph duties there and her niece left for St. George to attend school again. Ann Beers Pulsipher left the ranch in 1880.
On October 18, 1866 a wagon train of sixty-five wagons arrived in Salt Lake City with 84 tons of wire, insulators, batteries and other equipment to be used in the construction of the lines. During the winter of 1865-66 men living in different parts of Utah cut the telegraph poles and hauled them to points along the line while others surveyed the proposed route.
Did You Know?
Pipe Spring National Monument is home to the the first telegraph office in Arizona. This office was on the Deseret Telegraph Line. More... | 995 Miles of Wire
By 1880 Mormon settlements from Idaho to Arizona could communicate easily with their neighbors and the Church leadership via the Deseret Telegraph system.
From 1871 to 1888 at least seven women operated the telegraph instruments here at Pipe Spring.
During the summer of 1876, Sarah Alydia Terry was telegrapher at Pipe Spring. At this time the tithing ranch was in transition from | {
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The Institute for Freedom Studies serves to promote interdisciplinary research, teaching, and community outreach grounded in the scholarly study of American cultural history with a specific focus on the legacy of the enslavement experience and the Underground Railroad. Institute faculty members offer Underground Railroad courses each semester, which explore and critique the themes of freedom, slavery, and resistance.
Visitor Information: Currently open to public.
Location: Landrum 330, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, 41099
National Park Unit: No
Ownership: Prince Brown
Location Type: Program | The Institute for Freedom Studies serves to promote interdisciplinary research, teaching, and community outreach grounded in the scholarly study of American cultural history with a specific focus on the legacy of the enslavement experience and the Underground Railroad. Institute faculty members offer Underground Railroad courses each semester, which explore and critique the themes of freedom, slav | {
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Bison Management Set to Move into New Phase
Contact: Al Nash, 307-344-2015
National Park Service
Yellowstone National Park
Bison Management Set To Move Into New Phase
A plan envisioned a decade ago for increased tolerance for bison outside the northern boundary of Yellowstone National Park is about to become a reality.
Since 2000, Yellowstone has cooperated with its state, federal, and tribal partners under the Interagency Bison Management Plan (IBMP) to conserve a viable, wild bison population while protecting Montana’s brucellosis-free status.
Step 2 of the IBMP allows an increasing number of seronegative bison on land between the northern boundary of Yellowstone National Park and Yankee Jim Canyon, at the northern end of the Gardiner Basin.
In the spring of 2008, an agreement was reached between the State of Montana and the Church Universal and Triumphant which removed cattle from the Royal Teton Ranch (RTR) for a period of 30 years, clearing the way for bison to move onto and across RTR property and onto national forest lands covered under Step 2 of the IBMP.
Early Tuesday afternoon, a group of 23 mixed bison was hazed into a fenced pasture at the Stephens Creek capture facility northwest of Gardiner, Montana, inside the park boundary. Once a large enough group of bison is collected, they will be tested for exposure to brucellosis. A mixed group of 25 bison will be selected from those that test seronegative for exposure to brucellosis. The animals will be marked and fitted with monitoring devices, and then released and moved to Gallatin National Forest land where they will be allowed to remain until spring. The bison remaining at Stephens Creek will be released back into the park.
The Record of Decision negotiated by the IBMP partners directs the agencies to evaluate the most effective means to enforce the State of Montana restrictions regarding bison distribution. Once the agencies have determined they have gained significant experience with this small group, in subsequent years they will allow first up to 50 and ultimately as many as 100 untested bison on the same landscape. The agencies may adjust these numbers based on this intermediate phase of the management plan.
For safety reasons, the area around the Stephens Creek facility is closed to the public when capturing, holding, and releasing bison. A map and information on the closure is available for public review during normal business hours at the Chief Ranger’s Office and the Albright Visitor Center.
This is the eleventh winter the IBMP has been used to guide brucellosis risk management actions.
The cooperating agencies operating under the IBMP are the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, the Montana Department of Livestock, the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, the InterTribal Buffalo Council, the Confederated Salish Kootenai Tribes, and the Nez Perce Tribe. More information on the IBMP can be found at http://ibmp.info/.
- www.nps.gov/yell -
Did You Know?
There were no wolves in Yellowstone in 1994. The wolves that were reintroduced in 1995 and 1996 thrived and there are now over 300 of their descendents living in the Greater Yellowstone Area. | Bison Management Set to Move into New Phase
Contact: Al Nash, 307-344-2015
National Park Service
Yellowstone National Park
Bison Management Set To Move Into New Phase
A plan envisioned a decade ago for increased tolerance for bison outside the northern boundary of Yellowstone National Park is about to become a reality.
Since 2000, Yellowstone has cooperated with its state, federal, and tribal part | {
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News From the Field
West Nile Virus Transmission Linked to Land-use Patterns and 'Super-spreaders'
October 20, 2011
After its initial appearance in New York in 1999, West Nile virus spread across the United States in just a few years and is now well established throughout North and South America. Researchers have found that in most places, only a few key species of bird "hosts" and mosquito "vectors" are important in transmission of the virus.
University of California, Santa Cruz
See also: NSF News Release
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2012, its budget was $7.0 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives about 50,000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11,500 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $593 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
Get News Updates by Email
Useful NSF Web Sites:
NSF Home Page: http://www.nsf.gov
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For the News Media: http://www.nsf.gov/news/newsroom.jsp
Science and Engineering Statistics: http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/
Awards Searches: http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/ | News From the Field
West Nile Virus Transmission Linked to Land-use Patterns and 'Super-spreaders'
October 20, 2011
After its initial appearance in New York in 1999, West Nile virus spread across the United States in just a few years and is now well established throughout North and South America. Researchers have found that in most places, only a few key species of bird "hosts" and mosquito "vecto | {
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Testimony of Acting Assistant Secretary Gallagher on Steps that NTIA Has Taken to Implement the Dot Kids Act
Testimony of Michael D. Gallagher
Acting Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce
House Energy and Commerce Committee
Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet
May 6, 2004
Chairman Upton, I would like to thank you and the members of the Subcommittee for inviting me to testify here today. This committee was the impetus behind the effort to create safe spaces on the Internet for children. I appreciate the opportunity to review with you the steps that the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) has taken to implement the Dot Kids Act. I also want to acquaint you with our plans to develop the full potential of the kids.us domain.
The Dot Kids Act reflects the significant role the Internet now plays in the lives of our children. According to NTIA’s 2002 report A Nation Online, almost 60 percent of American children between the ages of 5 and 17 use the Internet. Ninety-nine percent of public schools in the United States had access to the Internet according to the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics as of fall 2002.
Internet access has benefited children enormously by giving them new research tools and information sources, new avenues of expression, expanded and more collaborative learning opportunities, and connections to other communities. Parents want the Internet to be a place where children can access educational material and enjoy their experience. The kids.us space provides us with an opportunity to create a unique place to do that.
Unfortunately, Internet access also potentially exposes children to unsafe content. While some children have actively sought out inappropriate content, many others unwittingly have been confronted with pornography, indecent materials, hate sites and violent images. Some children, through participation in chat rooms and other interactive forums, have become vulnerable to online stalkers or predators. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) considers online child pornography and child sexual exploitation to be the most significant cyber crime problem confronting the FBI that involves crimes against children. Between fiscal years 1996 and 2002 the number of online child pornography and child sexual exploitation cases opened by the FBI went from 113 to 2,370, representing a 1,997 percent increase in just 6 years.
The Dot Kids Act
Congress responded to these growing concerns by passing the Dot Kids Act, which gives parents and educators an additional tool to help protect children from these dangers. When President Bush signed the Dot Kids Act into law, he hailed it as “a wise and necessary step to safeguard our children while they use computers and discover the great possibilities of the Internet.”
As you know, NTIA awarded NeuStar a contract in October 2001 to manage the .us domain. The Dot Kids Act required NTIA to amend this contract to establish a child-friendly space. NTIA was also required to oversee the development of kids.us in accordance with specific content, enforcement and registration obligations. The law also directed NTIA to publicize the availability of the new domain and educate parents regarding the use of the kids.us domain in combination with blocking and filtering technologies.
Establishing a Safe Kids.us Space
With respect to the management of the .us contract, NeuStar has met our expectations by expanding the .us domain. NeuStar has also worked cooperatively with NTIA to implement the provisions of the Dot Kids Act. Since the Act’s passage in December 2002, NeuStar has met the following contractual obligations.
In February 2003, NTIA modified the existing .us contract with NeuStar to create a kids.us space. In May 2003, NTIA and NeuStar reached an agreement on the procedures, policies, subcontracts and fee schedule to implement kids.us. On September 4, 2003, NeuStar opened the registration of kids.us, three months before the deadline established by the Act. Four days later, the Smithsonian Institute posted the first active web site within kids.us. In November 2003, the Department of Commerce approved NeuStar’s subcontract with KidsNet, a Florida company that is providing content review and monitoring services for kids.us. And finally, on December 4, 2003, NeuStar submitted the first annual report to Congress on the development and implementation of kids.us.
In the eight months since the creation of the kids.us space, over 1,700 domain names have been registered in kids.us, such as Crayola.kids.us, Hasbro.kids.us, Lego Land.kids.us, CuriousGeorge.kids.us, and Yahooligans.kids.us. Currently, kids.us is home to thirteen active websites. These websites showcase information about arts and entertainment, computers and technology, sports and recreation, science and government, and much more. For example, the Smithsonian Institute hosts information about the Apollo 11 mission to the moon and America’s Presidents and First Ladies. The General Services Administration website provides kid-friendly information about the U.S. Government. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website teaches children about the hazards of severe weather such as tornadoes, lightning, hurricanes and winter storms. And, the ABCKids website features games and activities from their most popular Saturday morning cartoon line-up.
Furthermore, parents can use this new domain in conjunction with existing screening and filtering technology. For example, parents or teachers can adjust their web browsers to restrict children’s browsing to the kids.us domain. They can also use existing technologies that are already installed on their computer systems in conjunction with kids.us to protect their children. These added technology protections will help ensure that children have safe experiences when they go online.Publicizing the New Domain
NTIA believes that there is still much work to be done to help generate widespread interest and support for kids.us. At a kick-off event in July 2003, NTIA held a public briefing in conjunction with this Committee here in the Rayburn Office building. As you will recall, this briefing announced the availability of kids.us and encouraged registration of domain names and use of this domain space.
Last October, President Bush declared a “Protection from Pornography Week” and highlighted the availability of the kids.us domain as part of the Administration’s efforts to protect children from harmful online content.
NTIA has also made a concerted effort to reach broadly across government, corporate and non-profit sectors to promote the availability of the kids.us domain. NTIA sent over 70 letters to various U.S. government departments and agencies, encouraging their participation in kids.us. As a result, approximately 80 names have been reserved for future use by these agencies. Additionally, NTIA’s webpage prominently displays a link to the kids.us registry website through the kids.us logo.
Last month, Secretary of Commerce Donald Evans also sent letters to 39 companies and organizations with interesting children’s content on their websites. The Secretary encouraged groups, such as Big Brother Big Sisters, Major League Baseball, the National 4-H Council, Viacom and the Children’s Television Workshop, to register a kids.us name and post child-friendly content on the site. We are hopeful that these stewards of children-friendly content will meet the call.
The Road Ahead
NTIA has additional plans to develop the kids.us domain. We plan to host a forum this summer highlighting the kids.us domain as well as the filtering and blocking technology available to parents and teachers to use in conjunction with the domain. This forum will discuss content development, the use of technology, and how best to reach parents, teachers and others with an interest in kids.us.
NTIA also plans to submit, and hopefully have published, articles promoting the availability of kids.us in child-friendly publications such as the Boy Scout’s “Boys Life” magazine, and within the Department of Justice’s “Parent’s Guide to Internet Safety.” NTIA has been in discussions with these and other groups about publishing kids.us information.
NTIA has maintained an excellent working relationship with NeuStar, which shares the goal of creating an attractive and robust kids.us as a haven for children on the Internet. NeuStar recently shared with NTIA what the company has done to inform potential content providers of the opportunities presented by the kids.us domain. NeuStar provided us with a detailed marketing program that includes plans for multi-media advertising, direct marketing, a registrar incentive program, and a new public relations campaign. NeuStar’s goal is to increase the number of registrations and to encourage registrants to post content for children. We were pleased and encouraged by these plans and look forward to working with NeuStar on implementing these ideas.
The Administration believes that the success of the domain will come with a shared responsibility by all stakeholders. We witnessed widespread bipartisan support for the Dot Kids Act in Congress. I applaud the continued support for the kids.us space by Members of this Committee, especially Representatives Shimkus, Upton and Markey. Your continuous promotion of the site goes a long way toward bringing safe, child-friendly content to the site. We are hopeful that many companies will heed your call to develop additional content for the kids.us space.
The non-profit community deserves special recognition for being among the first to develop interesting content for the kids.us domain. Independent groups, such as Minnesota Kids, the St. Nicholas Center and Tubehead, have committed their limited budgets and staff to the creation and viability of their kids.us sites. We hope many more non-profits, government agencies, and companies will follow this lead.
Creating a safe and useful place on the Internet for our children is a necessary goal that deserves our best efforts. NTIA is prepared to work with the Congress and other stakeholders - - government, corporations, and non-profits - - to protect children as they explore the online world.
Again, thank you for this opportunity to testify. I will be happy to answer any questions you may have. | Testimony of Acting Assistant Secretary Gallagher on Steps that NTIA Has Taken to Implement the Dot Kids Act
Testimony of Michael D. Gallagher
Acting Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce
House Energy and Commerce Committee
Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet
May 6, 2004
Chairman | {
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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Project is largest weather research project ever conducted in Europe
Scientists, a Doppler lidar, and a "hurricane hunter" aircraft from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have joined the largest weather research project ever conducted in Europe to study the effects on weather of wind flow over the Alps. Researchers from 11 nations hope to gain a better understanding of how this wind affects the weather, and to improve weather and river forecast models for mountainous areas, NOAA said today.
The Mesoscale Alpine Project (MAP), to continue through Nov. 15, is divided into "wet-MAP" and "dry-MAP" activities. Put simply, wet-MAP will study how wind flowing over the mountains affects precipitation and flooding. Dry-MAP will study how mountains produce clear-air turbulence and damaging surface winds. Researchers expect the data to improve computer weather and climate models that help predict the timing and effects of these events.
"We expect NOAA to benefit a great deal from the pooled resources and extensive scope of this massive project, which probably will never be duplicated. The Alps form a manageable natural research laboratory for the study of wind flow over mountains, and the knowledge we gain from this study will be directly applicable to our own mountain meteorological research effort in this country," said Jim McFadden, P-3 program manager and chief scientist with NOAA's Aircraft Operations Center in Tampa, Fla. "Gaining a better understanding of the wet' effects will lead us to improved forecasts of deadly flooding events in the coastal mountains of California, Oregon and Washington."
The NOAA P-3, best known for penetrating the eyes of hurricanes, is a flying meteorological station and one of only three research aircraft in the world equipped with Doppler radar. NOAA scientists have used the unique capabilities of the P-3 in previous experiments to study severe convective storms that sometimes produce tornadoes in the central United States as well as land-falling storms and their interaction with steep coastal terrain. The P-3 is being used in the wet phase of MAP to study precipitation convection and storm areas.
Additionally, NOAA scientists, in cooperation with researchers from the University of Oklahoma and Princeton University, are directing the use of a portable "Doppler on Wheels" radar unit, known for its close-up studies of winds within tornadoes, to provide direct measurement of precipitation intensity and winds within several Alpine valleys that are too deep to be well sampled by radar-bearing aircraft flying overhead. The P-3 and Doppler on Wheels data will be used in conjunction with European ground-based radars.
The cooperative nature of the project allows U.S. scientists to gain a greater understanding of an important meteorological problem at a much lower cost than would be required for a project based in the United States.
"While the Alps are half a world away from North America, our involvement in MAP represents a good deal for U.S. taxpayers," said Dave Jorgensen, research meteorologist with the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Boulder, Colo., and MAP co-principal investigator. "Our unique contributions in observation of severe weather systems using Doppler radar-equipped aircraft are being leveraged by a great deal of complementary equipment and expertise offered by our colleagues in Europe."
The wet-MAP phase of the project deals with a study of the rain events that take place over Italy resulting from the lifting and funneling of warm, moist air that moves northward into the Alps and the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. Localized flash floods resulting from such events cause serious property damage and loss of life in the Alps, particularly in Italy, and gaining a better understanding of just how and why these episodes occur will lead to an improvement in their forecasts.
Dry-MAP deals with downslope windstorms (often referred to as "Foehn" events in Europe) - a wind phenomenon that occurs quite frequently in the American Rockies as well as in the Alps - as well as the prediction of clear-air turbulence caused when atmospheric gravity waves, which are formed as air flows across a mountain, break at high altitudes where commercial aircraft are often affected. The experiment will test recent results of weather prediction computer models that are showing promise of predicting such events. The research aircraft will be combined with unique measurements from a Doppler lidar deployed by NOAA's Environmental Technology Laboratory to measure airflow around the mountains in the absence of clouds and precipitation. It is hoped that such measurements will confirm the promising results of computer weather forecasts, and thus aid in developing better forecasts of damaging surface winds and clear-air turbulence.
NOAA's participation in MAP is being led by Jim McFadden of the Aircraft Operations Center in Tampa, Fla., and Dave Jorgensen (Boulder, Colo.) and Brad Smull (Seattle, Wash.) of the National Severe Storms Laboratory, for the wet phase; and Louisa Nance, Mike Hardesty and Martin Ralph of the Environmental Technology Laboratory in Boulder, for the dry phase. Other U.S. participants in the project are Robert Houze Jr. and Dale Durran from the University of Washington. ###
NOTE TO EDITORS: For further information
about MAP, visit: The MAP Programme Office site at http://www.map2.ethz.ch/
and NOAA's National Severe Storm Laboratory site at http://mrd3.mmm.ucar.edu/MAP/wet_MAP.html | FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Project is largest weather research project ever conducted in Europe
Scientists, a Doppler lidar, and a "hurricane hunter" aircraft from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have joined the largest weather research project ever conducted in Europe to study the effects on weather of wind flow over the Alps. Researchers from 11 nations hope to gain a better under | {
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Low Power Electronics and Energy Harvesting for Anti-tamper Applications
Agency / Branch:
DOD / ARMY
The proposed research will couple an energy harvester device with an energy storage device, to provide onboard power for anti-tamper sensors that operate unattended over extended periods of time. The proposed concept consists of arrays of micro-cantilever beams that are fabricated from piezoelectric material. The power produced from a grinding or scanning acoustic microscopy attack, or from environmental vibrational energy, can either power an AT sensor or trigger or be stored for later use. Our team proposes to design these arrays so they can be placed in an environment where they will sense vibration-based interrogation, or scavenge environmental vibrational energy that would otherwise go unused. Associated micro-circuitry will store and use this energy. This concept will provide micro to milliwatts of electrical power to operate AT sensors. There are many sources of acoustic and vibrational energy that can be harvested in order to provide power for chemical/biological sensors to give early warning of a terrorist attack, or they cn be placed in the high acoustic and vibration-rich environment of a propulsion system engine bay to monitor health-monitoring systems. The micro-beams are robust and long-lived, they require no user intervention, and they will provide an easy retrofit capability for legacy systems.
Small Business Information at Submission:
RADIANCE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
350 Wynn Drive Huntsville, AL 35805
Number of Employees: | Low Power Electronics and Energy Harvesting for Anti-tamper Applications
Agency / Branch:
DOD / ARMY
The proposed research will couple an energy harvester device with an energy storage device, to provide onboard power for anti-tamper sensors that operate unattended over extended periods of time. The proposed concept consists of arrays of micro-cantilever beams that are fabricated from piezoelectri | {
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Focus On Partnerships
The Division of Tuberculosis Control and the DHEC regional health offices work closely with all public, private and voluntary health and human services providers to establish and sustain effective treatment, prevention, and control programs appropriate to their needs and requirements. Included in these partnerships are:
- schools of medicine.
- college and university health services.
- private physicians, hospitals, nursing homes, and home health agencies.
- residential care facilities.
- VA facilities.
- local county jails, detention centers and homeless shelters.
- U.S. Military facilities.
- many others.
Additionally, the American Lung Association of the Southeast supports tuberculosis control efforts in South Carolina by:
- providing funding to county health departments for patient incentives and enablers
- monetarily supporting two professional TB educational courses annually (free to all S.C. public and private providers),
- providing patient and lay literature free of charge, and · funding other TB related projects.
Links to other useful TB sites
- S.C. Department of Health and Environmental
Control Bureau of Laboratories
- South Carolina Council on Homelessness
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Division of TB Elimination
- American Lung Association
- American Lung Association of the Southeast
- National Tuberculosis Controller's Association/National TB Nurse Consultant Coalition
- CDC Tuberculosis information in Spanish | Focus On Partnerships
The Division of Tuberculosis Control and the DHEC regional health offices work closely with all public, private and voluntary health and human services providers to establish and sustain effective treatment, prevention, and control programs appropriate to their needs and requirements. Included in these partnerships are:
- schools of medicine.
- college and university health s | {
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Health in Scotland 2001
The Size of the Problem
Smoking is a major contributor to ill health in Scotland especially in women, increasing the risk of many diseases. Thirty-four per cent of men and 32 per cent of women in Scotland are cigarette smokers. It is disappointing that smoking has not reduced to the same extent in women as in men. Smoking rates for women in Scotland are amongst the worst in Europe.
Smoking and Deprivation
There is a strong correlation with deprivation. Forty-nine per cent of men and 43 per cent of women from the most deprived areas of Scotland smoke. Between the 1995 and 1998 Scottish Health Surveys the smoking rates in the least deprived have changed very little. There has been a small increase in the percentage of men from the most deprived areas smoking, and a small decrease in women from the most deprived areas.
The White Paper 'Smoking Kills' was published in 1998 and set out three aims
to reduce smoking in children and young people
to help adults, particularly the disadvantaged, to give up smoking
to help pregnant women give up smoking.
to reduce smoking in Scots adults from an average of 35% to 33% by 2005. This has already been met, although it is too early to say whether it will be sustained. The target to further reduce adult smoking to 31% by 2010 remains
to reduce the proportion of pregnant women smoking to 23% by 2005 and 20% by 2010
to reduce the percentage of schoolchildren aged 12-15 who smoke to 11% by 2010.
In 2001 continuing progress was made to implement the comprehensive and coherent package of action set out in the White Paper which included:
Two significant developments in 2001 are:
There are around 1.4 million smokers in Scotland and surveys suggest that up to 70% of them want to give up. However, unaided quit rates are only about 2% per year while those using NRT and cessation services can achieve a 10-20% quit rate. Smokers, whatever their age, who successfully quit will substantially reduce their risk of future smoking-related diseases.
Smoking and Young People
Important progress is shown in the fact that smoking rates have fallen from 11% to 8% among boys (aged 14-15). However, a disappointing trend is that the number of girls smoking remains unchanged at 13%. The Executive is working with HEBS to reverse this trend in girls through robust health education campaigns building on the successful STINX advertisement.
Aspire to Stop Smoking - pack for use in Primary Care
Aspire to Stop Smoking, a package of materials to help smokers stop and stay stopped, was launched jointly by HEBS and ASH in December 2001. Principally for use in Primary Care the pack provides evidence-based advice for professionals and support materials for patients. The information pack has been complemented and supported by the creation of the Tobacco Unwrapped sub-site on the HEBS web ( www.hebs.com ). The resources can also be accessed on ( www.ashscotland.org.uk).
Following a research review, a series of pilots have been commissioned to try different approaches to smoking cessation for young people. Work was started on extending Smokeline, developing more specific services for:
minority ethnic groups.
An audit of Local Authority Smoking Policies undertaken in partnership by HEBS, ASH Scotland and CoSLA was published at the end of 2001. Plans are underway for this to be followed up by the production in 2002 of good practice guidelines for councils and a repeat audit in 2003.
Tackling Illegal Sales of Tobacco to Children and Young People
The Executive is also keen to improve enforcement of the prevention of illegal sales of tobacco to children and young people and has been working closely with key interests including Scottish Chief Trading Standards Officers and CoSLA. An important development during 2001 was the Lord Advocate's decision, following a review of prosecution policy, to allow a pilot scheme to assess whether test purchasing by children, of age restricted goods would work safely and effectively in Scotland. It is anticipated that these pilots will be established by autumn 2002.
Pilot youth card schemes, in which proof of age is an integral part, in Glasgow, Edinburgh, Argyll and Clyde and Angus, in conjunction with CoSLA and Young Scot also offer ways to cut down on sales to young people.
Forth Valley: Young People and Tobacco
Young people in Forth Valley have actually increased smoking in the past 4 years. Previously it was the middle-aged adult who smoked most. As Figure 1.5 shows, young men and women are now smoking more than any other age group.
Fig. 1.5 Smoking prevalence (by age group and survey year)
The major fall in smoking in Forth Valley has been largely due to fewer people starting to smoke rather than people giving up smoking (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1 Smoking type by year
Given up smoking
The major challenge is supporting young people not to start and to support those who have established addictive habits.
Forth Valley: The Smoke-Free Class Competition
To tackle this issue in secondary schools a successful pilot, "The Smoke-Free Class Competition", has been trialled and is now being rolled out in other secondary schools in the area.
The competition has been run successfully in several European countries for over 10 years with the support of the Europe Against Cancer organisation. It has been shown to decrease smoking amongst the young people involved and to delay the onset of smoking in young people. In Forth Valley the first and only Scottish pilot took place involving all second year pupils at Lornshill Academy, Alloa (8 classes in total).
This initiative involved the Health Promotion Officer for Smoking and Young People delivering sessions within the Personal and Social Education class once a month. These sessions gave factual information about smoking as well as teaching young people the skills needed to remain a non-smoker.
Each month each pupil used a carbon monoxide monitor, the "Smokerlyzer", which determines whether they have been smoking. This information is recorded as classes are only allowed to continue in the competition if they have less than 10% smokers.
The aims of the competition are:
to encourage pupils to remain smoke-free by discouraging experimentation with tobacco
to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking amongst the target group
to clearly show that not smoking is acceptable
to explore the benefits of remaining "smoke-free".
The 6 month Lornshill pilot concluded in March 2001 and results showed that
between 1 and 2 people per class actually stopping smoking. The success of the pilot has been attributed to using peer pressure in a positive way.
Grampian: Smoking Advice Service
The Smoking Advice Service has been developed as part of Grampian's response to the white paper " Smoking Kills". Although centrally co-ordinated the service is provided at a venue convenient to the client across Grampian. It has been able to reach those from disadvantaged areas with 14% of clients from deprivation category 7. Seventy per cent of clients are referred by their GP and client satisfaction with the service is high. The service represents cost effective use of NHS resources with an estimated cost per life year gained between 277 to 623.
Tobacco and Older People
Around a quarter of the 65-74-year-old age group smoke regularly. However, as stated in the Report of the Expert Group on the Healthcare of Older People Adding Life to Years recent evidence endorses the fact that it is never too late to give up. Stopping smoking leads to health gain at any age.
The Size of the Problem
As identified in last year's report " Health in Scotland 2000" the Scottish Health Survey shows that:
since 1995 there has been an increase in alcohol consumption among women aged 16-64; the proportion exceeding 14 units a week has increased from 13% to 15%
among men aged 16-64 alcohol consumption showed little change over this period; the proportion of men exceeding 21 units a week was 33% in both 1995 and 1998.
The year 2000 target was a 20% reduction in adults exceeding weekly limits. This was not met as excess drinking is on the increase especially in women.
The current targets are:
to reduce the incidence of adults exceeding weekly limits from 33% to 31% for men between 1995 and 2005 and to 29% by 2010; and from 13% to 12% for women between 1995 and 2005 and to 11% by 2010
for young people, to reduce the frequency and level of drinking from 20% of 12-15-year- olds to 18% between 1995 and 2005 and to 16% by 2010.
Last year's report referred to the Executive's consultation on a Plan for Action on Alcohol Problems aimed at reducing alcohol-related harm in Scotland. Extensive consultations took place during the first half of 2001. Over 160 responses were received from a wide variety of sources including medical networks, the police, academics, drug and alcohol agencies, health education bodies, the drinks industry and licensed trade, children and young people's and service user groups. In addition, several pieces of work were commissioned to add to the evidence base for the Plan. The Scottish Advisory Committee on Alcohol Misuse, which co-ordinates all key interests: health, local authority, the police, the drinks industry and the licensed trade provided valuable advice.
Plan for Action on Alcohol Problems
The Plan for Action on Alcohol Problems was published in January 2002 and sets out action for a range of bodies and individuals including the Executive, NHS Boards, local authorities, the police, the drinks industry and the licensed trade, businesses and the voluntary sector. The success of the Plan will depend upon partnership working. The aim of the Plan is to reduce alcohol-related harm in Scotland. Key priorities are:
The wide range of action proposed under the Plan gives some indication of the complexity of the issues which need to be addressed in tackling alcohol problems. Action falls into four broad areas:
changing culture surrounding drinking
prevention and education
treatment and support for people with alcohol problems
the protection of individuals and the wider community.
Some of the action proposed under the plan includes:
challenging attitudes to binge drinking through a new national campaign
a framework for treatment and support services to assist those who plan and commission services to assess local needs and improve services
new resources/ways to help parents talk to children about alcohol
promotion of training and responsible practice for those serving and selling alcohol
more support for local alcohol action teams
improved training for staff in services addressing alcohol problems.
The Committee which was set up to review all aspects of liquor licensing met for the first time in August 2001 and is making good progress. The Committee is expected to report by the end of 2002.
HEBS advertising campaigns have thrown the spotlight on the risks of alcohol and drug misuse.
The Think About It integrated campaign was aimed at teenagers and included a focus on the risks and consequences of alcohol and drugs.
The Drinkwise Campaign was supported by HEBS, the Scottish Executive, and other national and local organisations.
Other HEBS research included a study for the Scottish Executive on perception of factors
that promote and protect against alcohol misuse. This was to assist in the development of
the new alcohol misuse strategy and was published on the Scottish Executive website in August 2001.
Grampian Youth Lifestyle Survey
The Grampian Youth Lifestyle Survey 1998 shows that amount and frequency of alcohol consumed has increased in the Grampian youth population. The ADAT (Alcohol and Drug Action Team) action plans include a range of activities to tackle this challenging area, including "Double Vision", a hard-hitting play about family alcohol misuse and its effects. An alcohol advisor attends each performance and the outcomes of the work being done in schools and communities arising from this initiative are very encouraging. This has been a fruitful partnership across three local authorities and three Action Teams involving five Alcohol Drug and HIV Forums and delivering to approximately 2,400 people of all ages in a variety of venues.
Alcohol and Older People
Many older people enjoy sensible social drinking, but excessive drinking increases the risk of:
Older people are more likely to drink alcohol on a regular basis rather than to binge and are more likely to conceal their drinking. Around 6% of men and 1.5% of women in the 65-74 age group are estimated to be problem drinkers.
The Size of the Problem
As identified in last year's report " Health in Scotland 2000" injecting figures have risen, year on year, from 33% in 1995/96 to 39% in 1999/2000. Thirty-nine per cent of new problem drug misusers seen by services and notified to the Scottish Drug Misuse Database (SDMD) reported injecting "in the last month" (SDMD 1999/2000).
It is known that:
37% of new problem drug users in 2000/01 who had injected drugs "in the previous month" reported sharing needles and syringes "in the previous month" (Scottish Drug Misuse Database 2001).
The proportion of injecting drug users who had a named HIV test who were positive for Hepatitis C antibody has fallen from 62% in 1997/98 to 48% in 1999/2000 based on tests from the four main testing centres in Glasgow, Tayside, Edinburgh and Grampian (SCIEH Survey 2000).
Drugs and Deprivation
A report by the Social Inclusion Housing and Voluntary Sector Committee: Inquiry into Drug Misuse and Deprived Communities (2000) concluded that problem drug use is strongly linked to social deprivation. The roll out of the new resources and much other action under the drug strategy are in line with the Committee's main conclusions. In the broader field of Social Justice Strategy, we have now set targets that will impact on poverty, unemployment and disadvantage. They include milestones coinciding with national drugs targets aimed at reducing the incidence of drug misuse in general, and of injecting and sharing needles in particular. This approach will help to save lives and prevent the spread of blood-borne viruses such as Hepatitis C and HIV.
Strategic Direction and Implementation
Tackling drug misuse has been identified by the Executive as a priority crosscutting issue. The Scottish Executive's Annual Report on Drug Misuse, published in November 2001, set out progress in implementing strategy ( Tackling Drugs in Scotland: Action in Partnership: March 1999) and action plan ( Protecting our Future: May 2000) and described future plans. This included information on what the additional resources of 100 million over the 3 years from 2001-2 for tackling drug misuse, would buy. In June 2001, the Executive announced further resources to tackle drug misuse over the same 3 year period, which brought the additional investment package to just under 130 million.
The new resources are funding activity on a range of fronts, in line with the four pillars of the drugs strategy:
Drug Action Teams
Drug action teams are the focal point for local action. They bring together:
They are required to sign off jointly agreed plans to ensure that services on the ground
are delivered in an integrated way and in line with national objectives and locally
To measure progress, in 2001 the Executive published challenging national targets for tackling drug misuse across all four pillars. Examples are:
all schools to provide drug education to every pupil and to have written procedures for managing incidents of drug misuse, in line with national advice, by 2002
to reduce the proportion of young people under 25 who are offered illegal drugs significantly and heroin use by 25%, by 2005
to reverse the upward trend in drug related deaths and reduce the total number by at least 25% by 2005
to increase the number of drug misusers in contact with drug treatment and care services in the community by at least 10% every year until 2005
to increase the number of drug seizures by 25% by 2004.
New expenditure included the provision of some 13 million over the 3 year period to help in achieving the target of increasing the number of people being seen by drug treatment services. In addition, NHS Boards have extra funding for their work on preventing the transmission of blood-borne viruses, including HIV and Hepatitis C. This includes work to reduce injecting and the sharing of needles by drug users.
Considerable work is now underway across the NHS and Scotland's local authorities to improve drug treatment service provision utilising the additional resources. This covers a broad range of service provision including dual diagnosis clinics, services for young people, criminal justice treatment services, outreach and rehabilitation, including those incorporating training and employment opportunities. | Health in Scotland 2001
The Size of the Problem
Smoking is a major contributor to ill health in Scotland especially in women, increasing the risk of many diseases. Thirty-four per cent of men and 32 per cent of women in Scotland are cigarette smokers. It is disappointing that smoking has not reduced to the same extent in women as in men. Smoking rates for women in Scotland are amongst the worst in | {
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Roles and responsibilities of a volunteer coordinator
Volunteering does not just happen. Most organisations need to take time to consider and coordinate how and when they will use volunteers. Depending on your organisation, you might decide to appoint a volunteer coordinator to do this work.
What is a volunteer coordinator?
A volunteer coordinator plays a vital role by driving your volunteer management program and providing ongoing support to volunteers. They also become the main point of contact for your volunteers.
Appointing a volunteer coordinator recognises the importance of volunteers to the organisation, and the importance of planning ongoing volunteer management. It also helps your volunteers feel satisfied that they are making an important contribution.
Appointing a volunteer coordinator
Think about where the role sits within your organisation and who it reports to. Consider how your volunteer coordinator will be involved so that their input can be included in decision making processes, meetings or consultation across the organisation.
Some organisations will also find it useful to include the volunteer coordinator on the management committee or board to have their experience and expertise available at that level.
Depending on your organisation, your volunteer coordinator might also be a volunteer, or it could be a paid position.
What does a volunteer coordinator do?
Every organisation functions differently and has different needs, so the position and role of volunteer coordinator may need to be adapted to suit your particular needs, and may well change as an organisation grows and develops.
A key role for volunteer coordinators is matching the skills, experiences and expectations of volunteers to available positions.
Volunteer coordinators could be responsible for the following activities – but remember, not all organisations need all of these or will manage them in this way:
Recruitment and selection
- Working out how many volunteers are needed and for what roles
- Developing position descriptions for each role
- Planning how and where to recruit volunteers and posting adverts
- Interviewing volunteers
- Completing relevant checks (like a police check or working with children check)
- Planning for volunteer retention and replacement
- Developing policies and procedures.
- Developing an orientation kit, volunteer handbook or introductory programs
- Evaluating the orientation program
- Presenting or managing the orientation for all new starters
- Providing training or demonstrations in use of office equipment or specific tools.
Training and development
- Arranging training and education opportunities
- Conducting performance review or evaluation
- Conducting a skills audit or organisational review.
Rewards and recognition
- Developing ways to recognise and reward volunteer efforts
- Promoting the recognition program
- Managing volunteer communications such as social functions, newsletters or social media.
- Helping volunteers feel welcome and supported
- Developing and managing policies, procedures and standards for volunteers
- Looking after the volunteer database and records
- Planning and goal setting
- Rostering and organising volunteers
- Delegating projects and tasks
- Managing any associated budgets and expenditure
- Communicating with people from diverse backgrounds
- Resolving conflict or managing the grievance process.
- Identifying risks and understanding their impact
- Developing policies and procedures that will eliminate or reduce those risks
- Implementing, promoting and evaluating these policies and procedures
- Maintaining current and appropriate Public Liability and Volunteer Personal Accident insurance policies.
Tools and resources
ClubsOnline (WA) - Club's Guide to Volunteer Management
Produced as a guide for sport and recreation clubs in WA, this booklet has great information on the key roles of a volunteer coordinator and includes ideas, a checklist and a sample action plan.
Volunteering Australia - Best practice
This section of the Volunteering Australia website lists resources and publications for volunteer coordinators, on topics including recruitment and screening processes, working with culturally diverse volunteers and recognising volunteers.
Volunteering Queensland - Resource Central
A collection of useful resources, checklists and templates for volunteer coordinators covering all topics for volunteer program management.
Volunteering Victoria - Training services
A list of Volunteering Victoria's training programs for program managers and volunteer coordinators. Also lists other organisations that provide management training. | Roles and responsibilities of a volunteer coordinator
Volunteering does not just happen. Most organisations need to take time to consider and coordinate how and when they will use volunteers. Depending on your organisation, you might decide to appoint a volunteer coordinator to do this work.
What is a volunteer coordinator?
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Fostering Body and Mind
"Seven years ago, I hired Chris West to be our Physical Education teacher because his vision centered on wellness and physical fitness. We started to develop a larger vision together within the walls of Bauder Elementary School. We began shifting the focus of PE as game play and large team sports to individualized fitness and movement-based health goals. We took the time to educate kids about the WHY behind fitness and life-long health goals. In addition, we involved the staff with this vision and continued to create school community buy-in. To achieve our goals centered on fitness and health, we have dedicated the past few years to increasing quality physical education and movement beyond the gym and into the classroom."
-Brian Carpenter, Principal of Bauder Elementary.
To accomplish this joint vision of a school culture that integrates health into all areas of learning, we implemented a school wellness team with the direction of the Poudre School District’s (PSD) Physical Fitness and Nutrition Advisory Council (PFNAC). During the 2006-2007 school year, as a Bauder Wellness co-leader, I volunteered to work with PFNAC so I could align Bauder’s goals with larger district goals for wellness and start building a partnership within the greater Northern Colorado community. The extra effort to build a new partnership was paying off. The PSD wellness coordinator and co-chair of PFNAC, Nicole Turner-Rivana, supported my efforts in several ways, including sending me to trainings such as the National and State AAHPERD. Her involvement has been instrumental in supporting my vision for a new paradigm shift in education by assisting me in educator trainings centered on bike safety, integration of literacy and science into physical education (PE), action-based learning, active classrooms, and community support systems. As a result, I continued developing the skills necessary to build Bauder’s PE and wellness program and to lead staff development for others in our school and district. “Chris’ passion for getting all kids moving is infectious. He has been a mentor to me and other staff in our district about how to work diligently for continued changes in the right direction. We are lucky to have him in PSD,” commented Nicole.
Beginning with my own PE class, I planted the first seeds by changing the culture of what students believed gym class was and what quality physical education meant. For example, every other year, I turn the gymnasium into a “Magic School Bus Inside the Heart” obstacle course where students travel through a make-believe heart while learning science and literacy. Their bodies are engaged in agility, balance, strength, spatial awareness, and cooperative play. I wanted to do more than just change the PE culture for students; I needed to build a deeper partnership with my staff. So I asked the third grade teachers to begin working with me to change the traditional Valentine treats from candy to a physical activity party while learning more about the heart. All third grade teachers joined in and used their PTO party funds for this new physically-active educational Valentine’s celebration with the PE teacher, in addition to regularly scheduled PE classes. Change takes work and creativity, much like how a roller coaster needs to climb up that first steep hill, but the reward is the thrill of the speed and the wind in your face on the way down.
After planting the seeds with students, we began to focus on the school environment, knowing quite well that changing the classroom culture would require time and patience. We sought out other professionals outside of PE connected with the medical field. We developed relationships with our local hospital Poudre Valley Health System (PVHS), which connected us to two amazing organizations: Healthy Kids Club (HKC) and the Coalition for Activity and Nutrition to Defeat Obesity (CanDo). HKC and CanDo partnered with our wellness team to help develop specific, measureable, attainable, realistic, and timely (SMART) goals. We were familiar with the School Health Index from the CDC, but with help from HKC and CanDo, we were able to prepare the soil before the wellness team started planting the seeds of change in our staff.
I am always trying to make new partnerships for our school and community. I found out from CanDo that a Harvard professor was giving a presentation on exercise and academics. After hearing Dr. John Ratey’s lecture with two of my 4th grade classroom teachers about exercise and the brain during one of the PVHS wellness workshops, we wanted to share this and other research with all school staff. Knowing that our students only receive 45 minutes of physical education per week, educating the classroom teachers on the importance of physical activity throughout the school day was imperative. Hearing Dr. John Ratey refer to exercise as “Miracle-Gro for the Brain,” we knew we needed to spend time fertilizing the soil by encouraging other staff members to get involved. On the heels of this information, we invited the founders of Exercise 4 Learning, Dr. Dan Lawler, Ken Reed, and Beverly Bachman, to conduct a half-day workshop on how exercise is interconnected to academic and behavioral achievement. The E4L team collaborated throughout the 2010-2011 school year, integrating movement with instruction and movement before math with our fourth grade team.
At this point, Principal Brian Carpenter and I built upon Dr, Ratey’s research on neurogenesis and his quote, “exercise grows brain cells,” and we felt it was important to start the day off with physical activity to prime the brain for learning. During the last two school years, we have been including “learning readiness time” into our master schedule. Learning readiness time was based on the Naperville Zero Hour PE class that has received international acclaim because students at Naperville scored 1st in science and 6th in math on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) test. Learning Readiness Time starts our school day off with 10 minutes of physical activity before students go and sit down at their desk to eat a light breakfast. “I love that our students walk in the morning, then sit down and eat breakfast while we read aloud. The kids are calm and ready for school”—Lori Painter, 5th grade teacher.
Dr. John Medina at the University of the Washington School of Medicine states that Brain Rule #1 is “exercise boosts brain power” and yet, according to Dr. Medina, “the classroom is a perfect ‘anti-brain’ environment today.” To initiate change in the classroom learning environment, I developed close partnerships with some classroom teachers. Connie Cooper and Tiffany Miller, 4th grade classroom teachers, changed the climate in their classrooms by replacing all of the students’ chairs with stability balls. These teachers showcased their classrooms to the rest of the staff and shared their success stories on how this intervention improved students’ health and attention in the classroom. One 4th grade student commented, “They’re awesome, they help you focus, they help you keep your structure, and sometimes you get to bounce on them and get the wiggles out.” Our sprouts of change are beginning to bear fruit. We have many classrooms from grades 1-5 that have more than 80% of their chairs replaced with stability balls, and others are beginning with one or two. We have been able to support teachers who want to make the change through grants, PTO funds, fundraisers, and classroom budgets. Our goal is to supply and maintain stability balls for each classroom.
Stability balls are one example of how Bauder is making the necessary changes to support student health and academic outcomes. Changing the way we see and do movement within our school, along with teaching students the WHY when it comes to their health, has been a rewarding journey. The journey has included other interventions such as changing the classroom environment to one more physically active, as suggested by Dr. John Medina.We utilize equipment such as stability balls, mini trampolines, and Railyard Fitness equipment. This enables students to keep their brain engaged with movement before and during the learning process.
We are “having a ball” at Bauder, from staff sitting on stability balls to other classrooms jumping on board and replacing one student chair at a time with stability balls. Not every student has a stability ball or needs one to stay focused in class, but with the support of a wellness grant and matching school funds the school leadership team provided, we are working toward getting every instructional staff member two stability balls for their students. Even though not all seeds (ideas) at Bauder have yet to bearore fruit, we have made a paradigm shift with the students, staff, and community of Bauder Elementary concerning health and fitness.
My most resent new partnership had me traveling 70 miles south of Fort Collins to meet and collaborate with Lee Spieker, the owner and founder of Railyard Fitness. To a child, playing on the Railyard is pure fun; they have no idea how hard they are working. Not only does the Railyard provide a platform for truly functional fitness, it is fun! Railyard is a strong portable bench students can jump and climb on like a giant set of Lincoln Logs.
The students were having so much fun on the Railyard, but I only see students 45 minutes a week for PE class. I needed to find a way to move the Railyard out of the gymnasium and into a classroom. So, I partnered with three grade-level classroom teachers, Cindy Roller, Connie Cooper and Butterscotch Culhane in grades 3-5. The three classroom teachers and I rearranged their classroom to make room for rails. Students can use the Railyard as a piece of furniture, sitting or standing at the Railyard while doing their class work on top of the rails like a table. Once students sit still for 20 minutes, their brains start to lose focus. Unlike a table or a desk, the classroom teacher can have the students use the Railyard to exercise, priming their brain for learning, thus enhance the learning environment.
Dr. Medina states, “Sitting is not ‘brain friendly,’ we think best when we are moving and that exercise improves ‘executive function,’” Placing the Railyard, stability balls, and other exercise equipment into the classroom is changing the typical environment of the classroom to what I call the “Energizer Room.” In this environment, the students are more engaged and they can practice what I teach—health is academics.
The school environment also includes nutritional goals as well as physical activity goals.
I developed a partnership with a new member of our wellness team, Brooks Yates, a 3rd grade classroom teacher, to expand this student mentoring program called S.W.A.T. (Students With an Amplitude to Teach). Third grade students in Yates’ classroom helped younger students in the school with their academic work. We added exercise or “train” to the SWAT program, calling it SWATT (Student With and Amplitude to Teach or Train). This changed the program for 4th and 5th grade, where the SWATT students would go around to work with a younger student and include energizer brain breaks to prime the brain for learning.
Then, with a grant that Brooks received from Fuel Up to Play 60, he purchased carts, trays, and cups so we could provide healthy snacks to our students. Through PSD’s Rocky Mountain Healthy School’s Colorado grant we received funding to help provide snacks, but we needed some help putting all the snacks together. So I developed a relationship with one of my student’s parents, Jenny Evans, who also works at our school district program for students with special needs called Cooper Home. Cooper Home students prepare healthy snacks for the day. Job Developer Jenny Evans explains, “Students are building skills that will be incredibly useful in future jobs and independent living.”
The following year, I partnered with another parent on our wellness team, Shannon Emslie, a registered dietitian. She works with our principal, cafeteria staff, and district food services to provide free universal breakfast to all of students. Bauder went from serving, on average, 75 breakfasts a day last year in the cafeteria to over 540 light breakfasts a day in the classroom. This program would not be successful without the partnership between Bauder’s Wellness Team, cafeteria staff, PSD food services, the classroom teachers, and teachers and students at the Cooper Home.
In the school year 2005-2006, with the help from CanDo, we started optional BMI testing as a part of our vision and hearing screenings for students in grades 3-5. These types of partnerships with my students, classroom teachers and other staff members are helping people to see that health is academics. I need to connect my partnership with my PTO with other community organizations like Healthy Hearts Club (HHC). We have been collecting BMI for four years, and our Walk-a-thon PTO fundraiser is becoming acculturated into the community. Our community was ready for more, and in fall of 2008, HHC came in to educate students and their families about heart disease and to provide cardiovascular health screenings for 4th grade students. The next step was to have HHC partner with other elementary schools in our middle and high schools feeder system, so when students were screened again in 10th grade, HHC would have larger group to track trends over time. My principal began to work with HHC to educate other elementary principals to also participate in the optional BMI, cholesterol and blood pressure screenings that were being provided to Bauder.
In closing, I would like to share with you one of the highest points of my professional career as a PE teacher. In 2011, from my garden of nurtured soil and seeds, one of my 5th grade students, Kelsey Achziger, went to Denver to represent Bauder on a trip to the state capitol for “Girls with Goals” day. During a mock legislative session, Kelsey wrote a bill to encourage more physical education in schools. “I believe that my bill could make children healthier and better students.” The bill would require children to participate in physical education no less than three times a week. “I think that my bill could help kids behave better, and I also think that it will help kids feel better about themselves.” The best part of this story is that I was unaware that Kelsey had visited the capitol until after this article was posted. Kelsey had no coaching before going to Denver. Consequently, her experience is the highest recognition I have ever received because, when a student sees the need for more PE and advocates for more PE, I know I am doing my job well. Moreover, Kelsey was likely unaware that Colorado remains the last state in the nation without any state requirements for physical education.
Much of creating a wellness school is changing paradigms. Conducting research, taking advantage of community resources, continuing to monitor and adjust, and having the right people on the bus make a huge difference, as do positive attitudes and open-mindedness. We are creating a culture of wellness and helping our school community make wellness a way of life. To change, we must first listen and honor where individuals are with their knowledge and level of wellness. To address those who are hesitant, we simply focus on those who are more encouraged to change. When success is reached, those slower movers jump on board. Our ultimate goal here is for wellness to become a part of our identity, so it will not matter when staff leave and others come onboard. Wellness will sustain.
Receiving this award acknowledges all of the partnerships that have been created and the seeds that have been planted for the past eight years. Although this award was given to me, it validates all of the people who have helped me reach some of my goals, and I am excited that this award will be instrumental in creating new partnerships to increase physical activity for our youth. I also hope this national stage will give me an opportunity to talk about how exercise grows brain cells and how health is academics. The real news is that exercise is not only essential for health, but that it is essential for learning; we exercise for survival and the positive side effects of exercise are the fundamental building blocks to learning. The brain is primed for academic success when exercise is a part of the learning environment. It is a partner in academic achievement.
Chris West has been a physical education instructor at Bauder Elementary School in Fort Collins Colorado for the past 15 years, co-leading the Bauder Wellness program.
White House Blogs
- The White House Blog
- Middle Class Task Force
- Council of Economic Advisers
- Council on Environmental Quality
- Council on Women and Girls
- Office of Intergovernmental Affairs
- Office of Management and Budget
- Office of Public Engagement
- Office of Science & Tech Policy
- Office of Urban Affairs
- Open Government
- Faith and Neighborhood Partnerships
- Social Innovation and Civic Participation
- US Trade Representative
- Office National Drug Control Policy | Fostering Body and Mind
"Seven years ago, I hired Chris West to be our Physical Education teacher because his vision centered on wellness and physical fitness. We started to develop a larger vision together within the walls of Bauder Elementary School. We began shifting the focus of PE as game play and large team sports to individualized fitness and movement-based health goals. We took the time to | {
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Statement from Dr Michael O'Leary, WHO Representative in China, for the launch of the Western Area Health Initiative
BEIJING, 18 JULY 2012 - Today on 18 July 2012, we witnessed the launch of the Western Area Health Initiative, which is a collaboration effort among the Ministry of Health, China, the World Health Organization, and three sub-national level governments, to improve the health of the people living in the Western part of China.
This formal launch, with signing of MOUs among Ministry of Health, high-level representatives from Shaanxi Province, Chongqing Municipality, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and on behalf of WHO, both WHO's Director General and Regional Director, represents a major step in WHO’s work and relationship with China.
It is motivated in large part by the evident disparities that have developed as China has rapidly progressed, in terms of both its economic and health status. The western areas (12 provinces) have in general lagged behind the east, and this is where the remaining health challenges are greatest.
The Western Area Health Initiative provides a means for WHO collaboration at provincial level, to focus on the priority health problems as they are expressed in these most needed areas, in health systems, non-communicable diseases, remaining communicable disease challenges, and other provincially-identified priority areas. While all the top priorities are being identified, within this we seek to identify where WHO can best add value. Planning is comprehensive, but interventions must be phased based on resources.
Another innovation for WHO is increased engagement beyond the health sector, with other Government bodies, universities, and institutions, and potentially with NGOs and even the private sector. This is clear in the signing of these MOUs, which is done at the political level in provinces.
In signing the MOUs, this Initiative has received high political commitment, and we are ready to move ahead. Following this launch, all three parties will undertake programmes and activities to achieve the objectives of this Initiative.
For more information please contact:
Communications Officer, WHO China
Tel: 86 10 65327191 | Statement from Dr Michael O'Leary, WHO Representative in China, for the launch of the Western Area Health Initiative
BEIJING, 18 JULY 2012 - Today on 18 July 2012, we witnessed the launch of the Western Area Health Initiative, which is a collaboration effort among the Ministry of Health, China, the World Health Organization, and three sub-national level governments, to improve the health of the pe | {
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Related Regional Information
National Recycling Information
Recycling is a series of activities that includes collecting recyclable materials that would otherwise be considered waste, sorting and processing recyclables into raw materials such as fibers, and manufacturing raw materials into new products.
Creative recycling project in Alaska wins President's Environmental Youth Award
A group of middle school students in Homer, Alaska, are this year’s first place winners of the EPA Region 10 President’s Environmental Youth Award. The students formed an “EcoLogical” group to reduce local waste when they learned their local landfill would be full by 2013. The group partnered with the Kenai Peninsula Borough School District and the Homer Middle School Site Council to reduce the weekly waste volume generated at Homer Middle School. Read more about the winning project.
National "Our Planet, Our Stuff, Our Choice" video contest winners include entry from Oregon
Congratulations to Tyler Polich of Eugene, Oregon, who won second place in EPA's national video competition to help raise awareness of the connection between the environment and the "stuff" people use, consume, recycle, and throw away.
Don't Kill Bears
Watch the other winning videos | Related Regional Information
National Recycling Information
Recycling is a series of activities that includes collecting recyclable materials that would otherwise be considered waste, sorting and processing recyclables into raw materials such as fibers, and manufacturing raw materials into new products.
Creative recycling project in Alaska wins President's Environmental Youth Award
A group of midd | {
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The Legislative Process: Introduction and Referral of Bills
|1. Overview of the Legislative Process||5:10|
|2. Introduction and Referral of Bills||3:20|
|3. Committee Consideration||3:40|
|4. Calendars and Scheduling||2:36|
|5. House Floor||3:54|
|6. Senate Floor||4:18|
|7. Executive Business in the Senate||1:40|
|8. Resolving Differences||3:30|
|9. Presidential Actions||1:59|
Introduction and Referral of Bills (Transcript)
Legislation may take one of several forms, depending on the intended purpose. Bills and joint resolutions may become law if enacted during the two-year Congress in which they were introduced. Simple resolutions and concurrent resolutions are the other options; these measures cannot make law, but may be used by each chamber, or by both, to publicly express sentiments or accomplish internal administrative or organizational tasks, such as establishing their rules for proceeding.
Only members of each chamber may introduce legislation, though occasionally a member introduces legislation by request of the President. Members and their staff typically consult with nonpartisan attorneys in each chamber’s Legislative Counsel office for assistance in putting policy proposals into legislative language. Members may circulate the bill and ask others in the chamber – often via Dear Colleague letters – to sign on as original co-sponsors of a bill to demonstrate a solid base of support for the idea. In the House, a bill is introduced when it is dropped in the hopper (a wooden box on the House floor). In the Senate, the bill is submitted to clerks on the Senate floor. Upon introduction, the bill will receive a designation based on the chamber of introduction, for example, H.R. or H.J.Res. for House-originated bills or joint resolutions and S. or S.J.Res. for Senate-originated measures. It will also receive a number, which typically is the next number available in sequence during that two-year Congress.
In the House, bills then are referred by the Speaker, on the advice of the nonpartisan parliamentarian, to all committees that have jurisdiction over the provisions in the bill, as determined by the chamber’s standing rules and past referral decisions. Most bills fall under the jurisdiction of one committee. If multiple committees are involved and receive the bill, each committee may work only on the portion of the bill under its jurisdiction. One of those committees will be designated the primary committee of jurisdiction and will likely take the lead on any action that may occur.
In the Senate, bills are typically referred to committee in a similar process, though in almost all cases, the bill is referred to only the committee with jurisdiction over the issue that predominates in the bill. In a limited number of cases, a bill might not be referred to committee, but instead be placed directly on the Senate Calendar of Business through a series of procedural steps on the floor. | The Legislative Process: Introduction and Referral of Bills
|1. Overview of the Legislative Process||5:10|
|2. Introduction and Referral of Bills||3:20|
|3. Committee Consideration||3:40|
|4. Calendars and Scheduling||2:36|
|5. House Floor||3:54|
|6. Senate Floor||4:18|
|7. Executive Business in the Senate||1:40|
|8. Resolving Differences||3:30|
|9. Presidential Actions||1:59|
Introduction and Ref | {
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Do you know that Tennessee ranks 3rd in the United States in fire deaths? Over 3000 people die annually in fires.
A structure fire occurs every 62 seconds in the United States.
The Crossville Fire Department is proud to offer fire education in the local shools and in community businesses. The fire department receives educational materials for distribution in schools from the National Fire Safety Council. We offer fire education in the classroom, fire station tours, free home fire safety inspections and local business fire extinguisher training. Firefighters utilize Sparky the Fire Dog robot for education of young children and provide free literature/coloring books for our children. | Do you know that Tennessee ranks 3rd in the United States in fire deaths? Over 3000 people die annually in fires.
A structure fire occurs every 62 seconds in the United States.
The Crossville Fire Department is proud to offer fire education in the local shools and in community businesses. The fire department receives educational materials for distribution in schools from the National Fire Safety C | {
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eBook Terms for Newbies
With all of the work I do on a daily basis involving ebooks and the devices that read ebooks, it can be easy to forget that there are a lot of people out there that haven’t ever used an ebook. If you’re new to ebooks you might be totally confused and overwhelmed with all of the unfamiliar terms that are used. This list will give you an introduction to what you’re most likely to run into in today’s world of ebooks. Some of these terms reference each other, so just look elsewhere in this list for the explanation of terms in italics.
Adobe Digital Editions – This is a program developed by the company Adobe (the same company that brought you Adobe Reader and Adobe Acrobat, as well as Photoshop and Flash, etc etc). This particular program is made specifically to work with Adobe’s DRM system for ebooks. It also lets you view PDF and ePub files. You can download Adobe Digital Editions here, and read more about it on my Adobe Digital Editions post.
Adobe ID – If you’re going to buy PDF or ePub ebooks from a website, those protected by Adobe’s DRM will require that you authorize your copy of Adobe Digital Editions with an Adobe ID. This is the same Adobe ID that you use if you purchase downloadable software from Adobe. It’s best to only use one Adobe ID so that you don’t mix up multiple accounts (doing that will result in ebook licensing errors). You can create an Adobe ID here.
Aldiko – Aldiko Book Reader is an app for ebook reading on Android smartphones and tablets. Download Aldiko here, and see my post about Aldiko here. Aldiko will read ebooks with Adobe DRM, and also plain PDF and ePub files.
Android – Android is an operating system that runs on mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. See the Android Wikipedia page for more information.
App – “App” is short for application. This has become a standard word to describe small software programs that are used on smartphones and tablets. This includes ebook apps like Aldiko, Bluefire Reader and iBooks.
Authorize – Reading ebooks that are protected by DRM usually requires that you “authorize” your software with a user account. When working with Adobe’s DRM, you must authorize with your Adobe ID account. Authorization is similar to registering your software. It is the way in which the software recognizes that you are the person who purchased the ebook and legally have the right to use it. It allows you to use your ebooks on more than one computer or device.
BeBook – BeBook is a popular brand of eReader and tablet devices. BeBook models include the BeBook Neo, BeBook Club, and BeBook Live tablet.
Bluefire Reader – Bluefire Reader is an app for reading eBooks on iOS. You can download Bluefire Reader here, and read my post with instructions here. Bluefire Reader will read ebooks with Adobe DRM, and also plain PDF and ePub files.
DRM – DRM stands for Digital Rights Management. It is digital security that protects a publisher’s legal copyrights by preventing users from illegally pirating ebooks. Adobe provides DRM that is commonly used by ebook sellers.
eBook – eBook is short for electronic book. eBooks are books in digital format that can be read on your computer or mobile devices.
E-Ink – E-Ink is short for electronic ink. It is the technology used in many eReader devices. These devices use matte screens (non-glossy) that are engineered to display words as if it was ink printed on paper.
ePub - ePub is the current open ebook format that is standardized by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). ePub files come with the .epub file extension and can be read with a variety of different ebook programs and e-reading devices. They are easy to use and create. See my post about the best free ePub readers.
eReader – eReader is short for electronic reader. It usually refers to devices that are used to read ebooks, such as the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook, and many others.
Format – “Format” refers to the type of ebook. The most common ebook formats nowadays are PDF, ePub, and Kindle. Different eReaders can use different formats, but most can use PDF and ePub. The Kindle can generally only use special Kindle ebooks with the .azw extension. Format also can be used to describe books in print, such as “paper back” or “hard back”. It’s also the same way different music media are described, such as the familiar “CD” or “mp3″. All of these terms describe different formats.
iBooks – iBooks is the native eBook reading app on iOS devices. You can purchase eBooks for iBooks through iTunes.
iOS – iOS is the name of the operating system that runs on mobile Apple devices: the iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch.
Kindle – The Kindle is the eReader developed and sold by Amazon. It is the most popular eReader available today, mostly due to Amazon’s excellent marketing of the device, and the ease of purchasing and downloading eBooks for it from Amazon.com.
Kobo – Kobo is the company that sells Kobo eReaders, including the original Kobo eReader, the Kobo eReader touch, and the Kobo Vox Tablet.
Nook – Nook is the name of the eReaders sold by Barnes & Noble, including the Nook 1st Edition, Nook Touch, Nook Color, and Nook Tablet.
PDF – PDF is a popular eBook format. PDF eBook files have the extension .pdf. When not protected by DRM, PDF eBooks can be read in generally any PDF-reader software. If protected by Adobe’s DRM, they must be opened with Adobe Digital Editions.
Sony Reader – Sony has released many eReaders under the Sony brand, most of which have model names that start with “PRS”.
Tablet – A tablet is a flat, slate-like electronic device. They are very similar to smartphones, often evening running the same software, just in a larger physical size. Popular tablet models include the iPad, Samsung Galaxy Tab, Kindle Fire, Motorola Xoom, and many others. These tablets make excellent eBook reading devices with their larger screens and availability of ebook apps.
Tags: adobe digital editions, adobe ID, aldiko, android, app, authorize, bebook, bluefire reader, DRM, e-ink, eBook, ebooks, epub, ereader, Format, iBooks, iOS, kindle, kobo, newbies, nook, pdf, sony reader, tablet, terms
About The eBook ReaderI love reading and I love technology. eBooks are an interesting combination of the two.
Top Posts & Pages
eBook Reader Software Blog by Jared Scott is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. | eBook Terms for Newbies
With all of the work I do on a daily basis involving ebooks and the devices that read ebooks, it can be easy to forget that there are a lot of people out there that haven’t ever used an ebook. If you’re new to ebooks you might be totally confused and overwhelmed with all of the unfamiliar terms that are used. This list will give you an introduction to what you’re most likel | {
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Washington, D.C. – Tomorrow, Thursday, September 29, Arun Majumdar, Director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) at the Department of Energy, will host a conference call to announce newly selected cutting-edge research projects aimed at dramatically improving how the U.S. uses and produces energy.
Washington, DC – On Tuesday, September 27 U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu will announce the findings of the Energy Department’s inaugural Quadrennial Technology Review at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Washington, DC. Secretary Chu will highlight the report’s findings and discuss the Department's plan for building our clean energy future portfolio.
Secretary Chu will be joined by Office of Science and Technology Director John Holdren and DOE Under Secretary for Science Steven Koonin.
WASHINGTON, DC – Collegiate teams featuring over 4,000 students from around the world are putting the finishing touches on their solar-powered houses built on the National Mall’s West Potomac Park for the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon 2011. Before the event opens to the public, members of the media are invited to take a sneak peek at these highly energy efficient houses during media preview day and to attend the opening ceremony.
Washington D.C. - Beginning Sunday, September 18, U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu will lead the American delegation at the International Atomic Energy Agency's 55th General Conference in Vienna, Austria. During his visit, Secretary Chu will deliver a speech outlining U.S. priorities regarding the peaceful use of nuclear energy; strengthening nonproliferation and international safeguards; advancing disarmament; and securing nuclear material abroad.
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Collegiate teams featuring over 4,000 students from around the world are arriving at the National Mall’s West Potomac Park to assemble the highly energy efficienta solar-powered houses they built for the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon 2011. The teams will then compete in 10 contests during 10 days that gauge each house’s performance, livability and affordability.
Washington, DC – On Tuesday, August 22, 2011, U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu will visit South Carolina to participate in a series of events with Congressman James Clyburn highlighting the role of small business in a clean energy economy.
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, Deputy Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change Heather Zichal and Deputy Energy Secretary Daniel Poneman will hold an on-the-record conference call to preview the President’s trip tomorrow to Holland, MI to tour the Johnson Controls Inc. advanced battery facility. While at Johnson Controls, the President will highlight the key role innovative technologies will play in helping automakers achieve the historic fuel economy standards, establishing U.S.
Washington, D.C. – On Wednesday, August 3, 2011, Arun Majumdar, Senior Advisor to the Secretary and Director of Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) at the U.S. Department of Energy, will announce Philips Lighting North America has won the 60-watt replacement bulb category of the Bright Tomorrow Lighting Prize (L Prize) competition at an event hosted by U.S. Senators Jeff Bingaman and Lisa Murkowski in the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy & Natural Resources hearing room. | Washington, D.C. – Tomorrow, Thursday, September 29, Arun Majumdar, Director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) at the Department of Energy, will host a conference call to announce newly selected cutting-edge research projects aimed at dramatically improving how the U.S. uses and produces energy.
Washington, DC – On Tuesday, September 27 U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu wil | {
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The Office of International Nuclear Energy Policy and Cooperation (INEPC) collaborates with international partners to support the safe, secure, and peaceful use of nuclear energy. It works both bilaterally and multilaterally to accomplish this work.
Today, nuclear energy represents the single largest source of, carbon-free baseload energy, accounting for nearly 20% of the electricity generated in the United States and 70% of our low-carbon production, avoiding over 600 million metric tons of carbon emissions. With approximately 440 commercial reactors operating in 30 countries—and 300 more valued at $1.6 trillion projected worldwide over the next 15 years—nuclear power is sure to be a major energy source and economic engine for many decades to come. In addition to providing clean and reliable electricity, nuclear energy will also continue to play a key role in supporting energy security, creating jobs, and providing export opportunities.
These facts remind us that in addition to the significant contributions being made by nuclear energy, there are a number of challenges related to nonproliferation, security, safety, and the environment that the global community of nations must work together to address. The global nature of nuclear energy, both in its benefits and challenges, is why robust international collaboration is crucial—and why the Office of Nuclear Energy incorporates international collaboration as a key element of its overall mission and programmatic activities. | The Office of International Nuclear Energy Policy and Cooperation (INEPC) collaborates with international partners to support the safe, secure, and peaceful use of nuclear energy. It works both bilaterally and multilaterally to accomplish this work.
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|Granville County, North Carolina|
Location in the state of North Carolina
North Carolina's location in the U.S.
537 sq mi (1,391 km²)
531 sq mi (1,375 km²)
5 sq mi (13 km²), 1.02%
91/sq mi (35/km²)
The county was formed in 1746 from Edgecombe County. It was named for John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, who as heir to one of the eight original Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, claimed one eighth of the land granted in the charter of 1665. The claim was established as consisting of approximately the northern half of North Carolina and this territory came to be known as the Granville District, also known as Oxford.
In 1752 parts of Granville County, Bladen County, and Johnston County were combined to form Orange County. In 1764 the eastern part of Granville County became Bute County. Finally, in 1881 parts of Granville County, Franklin County, and Warren County were combined to form Vance County.
During the late 1800's and early 1900's Granville County played a pivotal role as tobacco supplier for the southeast United States. With many farms and contracts tied to major tobacco companies like, American Tobacco Company, Lorillard, Brown & Williamson, and Liggett Group the local farmers became prosperous. With the Great Depression came a plague new to the people of Granville County. The Granville Wilt Disease as it became known as destroyed tobacco crops all across northern North Carolina. Tobacco Researcher James Frederick Webb with help of colleagues found a cure for the famine at the Tobacco Research Center located in Oxford.
The Granville County School System contains 4 high schools with 2 subsidiaries, 4 middle schools, and 9 elementary schools.
- South Granville High School
- J.F. Webb High School
- Granville Central High
- Granville Early College High
- South Granville School of Health and Life Sciences
- J.F. Webb School of Health and Life Sciences
- G.C. Hawley Middle
- Northern Granville Middle
- Butner-Stem Middle
- Mary Potter Middle
- Creedmoor Elementary
- Butner-Stem Elementary
- West Oxford Elementary
- C.G. Credle Elementary
- Joe Toler-Oak Hill Elementary
- Mt. Energy Elementary
- Wilton Elementary
- Stovall-Shaw Elementary
- Tar River Elementary
Law and government Edit
Granville County is a member of the Kerr-Tar Regional Council of Governments. Granville County is governed by a commissioner/manager form of government under the laws of the state of North Carolina. Granville County has seven commissioner electoral districts.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 537 square miles (1,390.8 km2), of which 531 square miles (1,375.3 km2) is land and 5 square miles (12.9 km2) (1.02%) is water.
The county is divided into nine townships: Brassfield, Dutchville, Fishing Creek, Oak Hill, Oxford, Salem, Sassafras Fork, Tally Ho, and Walnut Grove.
- Mecklenburg County, Virginia - north
- Vance County, North Carolina - east
- Franklin County, North Carolina - southeast
- Wake County, North Carolina - south
- Durham County, North Carolina - southwest
- Person County, North Carolina - west
- Halifax County, Virginia - north-northwest
|Halifax County, Virginia||Mecklenburg County, Virginia|
|Person County||Vance County|
Granville County, North Carolina
|Durham County||Wake County||Franklin County|
As of the census of 2005, there were 53,674 people, 16,654 households, and 12,040 families residing in the county. The population density was 91 people per square mile (35/km²). There were 17,896 housing units at an average density of 34 per square mile (13/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 59.3% White, 34.9% Black or African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.43% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. 4.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 16,654 households out of which 33.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.10% were married couples living together, 15.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.70% were non-families. 23.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the county the population was spread out with 23.90% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 33.30% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 110.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.30 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $39,965, and the median income for a family was $46,013. Males had a median income of $30,418 versus $24,840 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,118. About 9.00% of families and 11.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.20% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over.
Cities and towns Edit
- Granville County government official website
- Granville County Chamber of Commerce
- Granville County Historical Society/Museums
- Vance-Granville Community College (located just on the Vance side of the Vance County-Granville County line)
- Northern Granville, Historic Oak Hill, Multi-Cultural Museum and Library
|This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Granville County, North Carolina. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.| | |Granville County, North Carolina|
Location in the state of North Carolina
North Carolina's location in the U.S.
537 sq mi (1,391 km²)
531 sq mi (1,375 km²)
5 sq mi (13 km²), 1.02%
91/sq mi (35/km²)
The county was formed in 1746 from Edgecombe County. It was named for John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, who as heir to one of the eight original Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, claimed | {
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Packers and Stockyards Programs:
Continuing Problems with GIPSA Investigations of Competitive Practices
GAO-06-532T, Mar 9, 2006
- Accessible Text:
GAO discussed before Congress the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) management and oversight of the Packers and Stockyards Act. Within USDA, the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) is responsible for administering the Packers and Stockyards Act and investigating concerns about unfair and anticompetitive practices in the $90 billion livestock market. Prior reports issued by the USDA Office of Inspector General (OIG) and our office have identified weaknesses in GIPSA's investigation and enforcement activities, and recommended actions to address them. A more recent OIG report shows that, in several key areas, GIPSA still has not taken sufficient steps to address those recommendations. This testimony focuses on our prior work and discusses (1) factors that have affected GIPSA's ability to investigate concerns about anticompetitive practices, (2) GIPSA's actions to address our recommendations and areas where their efforts have fallen short, and (3) challenges and other issues we believe GIPSA should consider as it moves to further strengthen its capacity to address competitiveness issues.
In summary, in 2000, we identified two critical factors that detracted from GIPSA's ability to investigate anticompetitive practices in livestock markets, and another area where improvement was needed. First, the agency's investigations were planned and conducted primarily by economists without the formal involvement of attorneys from USDA's Office of General Counsel (OGC). As a result, a legal perspective that focused on assessing potential violations was generally absent when investigations were initiated and conducted. Second, GIPSA's investigative practices were designed for traditional trade practices and financial issues the agency had emphasized for years and were not suited for the more complex competition-related concerns it was addressing. Finally, while not a critical concern, we noted that GIPSA had an important role in keeping the industry and the Congress informed about its monitoring of livestock markets and could have done more to identify market operations or activities that appeared to raise concerns under the Packers and Stockyards Act. USDA concurred with our findings and noted specific actions it planned to take in response to our recommendations, including (1) formalizing consultations between GIPSA and OGC on complex investigations, and integrating OGC attorneys into its investigative teams; (2) developing a tiered process whereby routine investigations would be reviewed and approved by headquarters staff, while complex investigations received an additional OGC review; (3) adopting relevant procedures used by DOJ and FTC for planning, developing, implementing, and reviewing investigations; and (4) reporting publicly on changing business practices and activities that raise fairness and competition concerns. Despite these plans, the January 2006 OIG report identified substantial ongoing weaknesses in GIPSA's investigative processes and noted that GIPSA's actions to respond to the prior OIG and GAO reports had fallen short in key areas. In particular, GIPSA had not yet developed a teamwork approach for investigations whereby GIPSA's economists and USDA's OGC attorneys could work together to identify violations of law, nor had it taken sufficient steps to ensure legal specialists within GIPSA were used most effectively. In addition, GIPSA had not followed through in adopting appropriate investigative guidance similar to those of DOJ and FTC to strengthen its ability to investigate anticompetitive and unfair practices. Given GIPSA's lack of progress in addressing prior report findings and recommendations dating back for almost a decade, continued vigilance and monitoring of its key activities and management initiatives by the OIG and other oversight bodies is essential. In its response to the OIG's 2006 report, GIPSA noted that it intends to reassess and develop a defined process for managing investigations, enhancing communication among staff and managers, appropriately dividing responsibility for its varied types of investigations, and developing an internal review function to monitor and report on corrective actions resulting from the OIG and GAO reviews. Consistent with our prior recommendations, GIPSA also plans to define the role of OGC attorneys and GIPSA legal specialists in investigations and to move forward in identifying and adopting certain techniques used by the DOJ and the FTC. As GIPSA moves ahead in reexamining its processes it should consider assigning lead roles to OGC attorneys for certain investigations involving complex anticompetitive practices. Finally, going forward, GIPSA's efforts to periodically inform the industry and the Congress about competitive conditions could be of further usefulness. GIPSA plans to complete a study on livestock and red meat marketing practices later this year. While potentially informative to the industry and policymakers, it could also help GIPSA identify current and emerging areas of vulnerability and better target its oversight resources. | Packers and Stockyards Programs:
Continuing Problems with GIPSA Investigations of Competitive Practices
GAO-06-532T, Mar 9, 2006
- Accessible Text:
GAO discussed before Congress the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) management and oversight of the Packers and Stockyards Act. Within USDA, the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) is responsible for administering the | {
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Atmospheric Environment: Haagen-Smit Prize
NOTE: Starting in 2004, the name of the Haagen-Smit Award has been changed to the Haagen-Smit Prize.
The "Haagen-Smit Award/Prize", first launched in year 2001, is designed to recognize outstanding papers published in Atmospheric Environment. The prize has been named in honor of Prof. Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, a pioneer in the field of air pollution and one of the first editors of the International Journal of Air Pollution, a predecessor to Atmospheric Environment. The goal of this prize is to showcase the excellent science that has been published in this distinguished journal and to further attract outstanding future research.
The "Haagen-Smit Prize" is given annually to two papers previously published in Atmospheric Environment and covering different science areas. Final selection is made by an international committee of 7-10 people familiar with the subject area. Membership of this committee changes on a rotating basis but every effort is made to cover the wide scope of papers published in Atmospheric Environment.
The selection committee membership for Years 2013-2016 is as follows:
Prof. Anthony Wexler (Chair)
Prof. Roy M. Harrison ([email protected]) (UK)
To be considered for the "Haagen-Smit Prize," a paper must be nominated by someone knowledgeable in the subject area. Self nominations are not acceptable. The nomination should be submitted to the chair of the selection committee (Prof. Anthony Wexler, [email protected]) before August 1 every calendar year, preferably by electronic mail. The entire scope of Atmospheric Environment with papers from local to global scales dealing with both science and policy issues are open to consideration. No limit is set on the publication date. Nominators should fully support the reasons for their selection in a compact memo of less than two pages. The committee is looking for papers that have had a significant impact in their field.
The "Haagen-Smit Prize" honors its recipients in multiple ways. It confers on its winners (all authors) a plaque from Elsevier. A picture of the authors along with a summary of the nominating letter is published in Atmospheric Environment. Elsevier presents both winners the choice of cash or books of up to $1000, or alternatively the Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences with a list price of $1400. | Atmospheric Environment: Haagen-Smit Prize
NOTE: Starting in 2004, the name of the Haagen-Smit Award has been changed to the Haagen-Smit Prize.
The "Haagen-Smit Award/Prize", first launched in year 2001, is designed to recognize outstanding papers published in Atmospheric Environment. The prize has been named in honor of Prof. Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, a pioneer in the field of air pollution and one o | {
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Project Title: Microbially Contaminated Sediments: One if by Air, Two if by Sea
Mendenhall Fellow: Christina A. Kellogg, (727) 803-8747, x. 3128, [email protected]
Duty Station: St. Petersburg, Florida
Start Date: February 5, 2001
Education: Ph.D. (Marine Microbiology), University of South Florida
Research Advisor:Eugene Shinn, (727) 803-8747, x. 3030, [email protected]
- Transatlantic Transport of Viable Microbes by African Dust
Hundreds of millions of tons of dust transported annually from the African Sahara to the Americas and Caribbean may be a significant factor in coral reef decline and may be affecting human health (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/). Classical microbiologic and molecular techniques are being used to identify and characterize the microbial community (bacteria, fungi and viruses) associated with the African dust. Samples taken in Africa, are being compared with samples from the Caribbean during dust events. This may shed light on "source" dust and what survives the week-long journey across the Atlantic Ocean. To date, over 60 bacteria and 20 fungi have been identified from air samples taken in Mali, Africa; an area which has been established by several studies to be one of the dust sources for the Caribbean. The bacterial isolates are primarily genera found in soils or aquatic/marine environments, including Bacillus, Paracoccus, Planococcus, and Staphylococcus xylosis (the causitive agent of septicemia in loggerhead turtles in the Canary Islands). Of the bacteria, 8% are animal pathogens, 7% are plant pathogens, and 12% are opportunistic human pathogens. Five bacteria are very genetically similar to bacteria obtained from African dust storms in the Virgin Islands.
- A Bacterial Indicator Study of Beaches in Pinellas County, Florida
Clean beaches and the recreational activities associated with them form the backbone of the tourist industry in the Tampa Bay region, as well as being very important to the over 1.9 million people who live in this area. Risk to swimmers using polluted beaches is a major issue, and prevention of disease associated with recreational waters depends on appropriate monitoring. Starting in September 2000, monthly water column and sediment samples at 10 beach sites in Pinellas County have been collected. These sites include two recreational parks, a beach on Tampa Bay, a beach on the Intercoastal Waterway, and several highly developed Gulf of Mexico beaches. Parameters being recorded include fecal indicators: fecal coliforms, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and Aeromonas as well as total bacterial direct counts, salinity, pH, temperature, tide, and rainfall.
The objectives of this study are (1) to examine the possible resuspension of microbes from the sediment to the water column during certain weather conditions; (2) to test Aeromonas, which has previously only been used as an indicator in fresh or brackish water, to see if it can be used as an effective indicator of poor water quality for marine waters; and (3) to use source tracking methods to determine the sources of microbial contaminants which impact these beaches.
This data will be overlaid with Lidar mapping data for the same area, to create a "Beach Health" product from the geological perspective of erosion and land-usage, as well as, in reference to microbial contamination and human health risk.
Griffin, D.W., Kellogg, C.A., and Shinn, E.A., 2001, Dust in the wind: Long range transport of dust in the atmosphere and its implications for global public and ecosystem health: Global Change & Human Health, v. 2, no. 1, p. 20-33.
Griffin, D.W., Kellogg, C.A., Peak, K.K., and Shinn, E.A., 2002, A rapid and efficient assay for extracting DNA from fungi: Letters in Applied Microbiology, v. 34, no. 3, p. 210-214.
Griffin, D.W., C.A. Kellogg, V.H. Garrison, and E.A. Shinn, 2002, The Global Transport of Dust: American Scientist, v. 90, p. 2-9.
Previous Profile Project Profiles Next Profile
Direct inquiries to Rama K. Kotra at [email protected]
Page Contact Information: Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship Program Web Team
Last modified: 16:08:29 Thu 13 Dec 2012 | Project Title: Microbially Contaminated Sediments: One if by Air, Two if by Sea
Mendenhall Fellow: Christina A. Kellogg, (727) 803-8747, x. 3128, [email protected]
Duty Station: St. Petersburg, Florida
Start Date: February 5, 2001
Education: Ph.D. (Marine Microbiology), University of South Florida
Research Advisor:Eugene Shinn, (727) 803-8747, x. 3030, [email protected]
- Transatlanti | {
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(Submitted May 16, 1998)
I am curious to know why with the HST we can see the galaxies
in the deep space image that are billions of light years away,
but we can't study or even see the center of our own galaxy?
It's not true that we can't study or even see the center of our galaxy.
This is a very active research topic for astronomers, particularly using
radio, infrared, X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes.
As for seeing the Galactic center: a search in the "Astronomy Picture of
the Day" site has turned up 3 nice pictures:
However, it is true that it's hard to see the Galactic center with visible
light. This is because of the dust in our own Galaxy, which can be seen
in the first of the 3 "APOD" pictures above as dark patches in the Milky
Way. Such dust clouds make stars behind them appear much fainter.
Hope this helps.
for Ask an Astrophysicist | (Submitted May 16, 1998)
I am curious to know why with the HST we can see the galaxies
in the deep space image that are billions of light years away,
but we can't study or even see the center of our own galaxy?
It's not true that we can't study or even see the center of our galaxy.
This is a very active research topic for astronomers, particularly using
radio, infrared, X-ray and gamma-ray telesco | {
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Extent of Mapping
Land Systems Mapping
Land system surveys are broad or reconnaissance surveys. Although they cover extensive areas they do not provide the detail required for activities such as property management on small farms. They provide an initial understanding of large tracts of land often recommending further detailed work take place in particular areas.
Definition of a Land system:an area or group of areas throughout which there is a recurring pattern of topography, vegetation and soils, (Christian and Stewart 1953)
Land Unit Mapping
Land unit mapping target smaller areas intensely, providing detail across a survey area. These surveys originally targeted the agricultural areas of the Greater Darwin Area, Top End Coastal Plains and Daly Basin but now there is an increased emphasis on catchment management for a wide range of clients.
Definition of a Land unit:a reasonably homogenous part of a land surface, distinct from surrounding terrain with consistent properties in landform, soil and vegetation (Laity 1971).
The map displays Land Resource Surveys using a survey code. | Extent of Mapping
Land Systems Mapping
Land system surveys are broad or reconnaissance surveys. Although they cover extensive areas they do not provide the detail required for activities such as property management on small farms. They provide an initial understanding of large tracts of land often recommending further detailed work take place in particular areas.
Definition of a Land system:an are | {
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Fishing With a Paintbrush
to the garage and pilfered around for a while and came back in with a paintbrush. The paintbrush was old and well used. There was no telling how much lead-based paint and turpentine it had spread. The natural bristles had the perfect color and stiffness for the wings of our caddisflies.
One of my grandfather’s most cherished possessions was a ball of yarn pulled from an old wool World War II army sweater. The color was a good match for scuds and native caddis larva found in many of the Ozarks spring-fed trout streams. The wool would soak up water allowing the fly to sink. He called his version of the fly an “army worm.”
Gramps and I would collect tinsel from the Christmas tree and save it for flies. We reminded Granny to be sure and buy the gold tinsel as well as the silver. Gold is a great color for the trout at Bennett Spring. I discovered that the batting Granny used to make quilts took dye pretty well and made great dubbing for nymphs and dry fly bodies. Dubbing is fur, or a good substitute material, applied to a waxed thread then wrapped around a hook to make a body for many fly patterns.
The first dye I used was a tea made from the green husk of a black walnut. I found that if I added a little cream of tarter to the dye and then soaked the material a second time in some moss green Rit dye, the materials came out a beautiful olive color. Olive is one of the most prevalent colors in aquatic insects. Along with black and brown, it’s one of my staple colors when fishing for trout.
We could get very inventive when it came to tying flies. We used to collect the white fuzzy stuff that came out of a milkweed plant. It made a good dubbing that repelled water fairly well, allowing the fly to float.
We often used pieces of yarn to make fly bodies. You could change the thickness of the body by pulling the individual strands of yarn apart and only using two or three strands instead of a whole piece. A piece of a clear plastic sandwich bag made a good-looking shell-back for a scud or fresh water shrimp imitation.
For ribbing, we used fine copper wire from an old transformer, or a single strand of wire pulled from a multi-strand electrical wire. The wire added weight for flies we wanted to sink.
We had an English setter bird dog that provided an occasional clipping of hair, but the cats around the barn were our best source of dubbing fur. I would take a carding tool and give the cats a good brushing. The barn cats were pretty wild, so I had to wear leather gloves to protect my hands from their claws and teeth.
Before we could use the cat underfur, we had to wash it thoroughly. Otherwise, the fish would have smelled the predator.
I did a lot of squirrel hunting as a boy. We kept the tails and body fur for fly-tying. Squirrel tail is ideal for crayfish claws, wings on streamers, and tails on many flies. Mixed squirrel body hair was perfect for scuds and buggy-looking nymphs.
Rabbits were also a great source for dubbing fur. Rabbit fur is one of the easiest furs to apply to the thread. Blends of squirrel and rabbit make some of the best dubbing available. Many manufacturers sell blends of rabbit and squirrel body hair dyed various colors.
If you live in town, hunting may not be an option for you, but there are many materials available right there in your own home to make a fly. Check out the stuffing in an old stuffed toy, animal or pillow. Pull out some dental floss for fly bodies. There is no limit to what might work for tying flies.
Tying your own flies is more fun and rewarding when you can turn junk from around the house into a fish-catching treasure. You might even catch the fish of a lifetime on one of your flies because your unique creation might pique the interest of a big fish that has seen all the standard flies.
And when someone asks you what you caught him on, you can proudly say, “A fly I tied myself.” | Fishing With a Paintbrush
to the garage and pilfered around for a while and came back in with a paintbrush. The paintbrush was old and well used. There was no telling how much lead-based paint and turpentine it had spread. The natural bristles had the perfect color and stiffness for the wings of our caddisflies.
One of my grandfather’s most cherished possessions was a ball of yarn pulled from an o | {
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On January 31, 2001 (letter dated January 30, 2001), a complaint was filed with the Department of Public Instruction by XXXXX against the Appleton Area School District. This complaint alleges a violation of special education law regarding the implementation of programs for children with disabilities.
Pursuant to 34 CFR 300.660-662 of the regulations implementing the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and 115.762(3)(g) and 115.90(1), Wis. Stats., the Department of Public Instruction investigated this complaint. In investigating a complaint, the department reviews a district's compliance with state and federal requirements. As part of this investigation, department staff reviewed relevant education records of the child, materials submitted by the complainant, and documents submitted by the district in response to the complaint. Department staff spoke with the complainant and the director of student services.
APPLICABLE STATUTES AND RULES:
Section 115.76, Wisconsin Statutes
* * *
(7) "Free appropriate public education" means special education and related services that are provided at public expense and under public supervision and direction, meet the standards of the department, include an appropriate preschool, elementary or secondary school education and are provided in conformity with an individualized education program.
* * *
Section 115.77, Wisconsin Statutes
Local educational agency duties.
* * *
(1m) A local educational agency shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the division that it does all of the following:
* * *
(b) Makes available a free appropriate public education to children with disabilities as required by this subchapter and applicable state and federal law.
* * *
Section 115.78, Wisconsin Statutes
Individualized education program team; timeline.
* * *
(lm) APPOINTMENT OF TEAM. The local educational agency shall appoint an individualized education program team for each child referred to it under 115.777.
* * *
(2) DUTIES OF TEAM. The individualized education program team shall do all of the following:
* * *
(b) Develop an individualized education program for the child under 115.787.
(c) Determine the special education placement for the child under 115.79.
* * *
Section 115.787, Wisconsin Statutes
Individualized education programs.
* * *
(2) REQUIRED COMPONENTS. An individualized education program shall include all of the following:
* * *
(c) A statement of the special education and related services and supplementary aids and services to be provided to the child, or on behalf of the child, and a statement of the program modifications or supports for school personnel that will be provided for the child.
* * *
(f) The projected date for the beginning of the services and modifications described in par. (c)and the anticipated frequency, location and duration of those services and modifications.
* * *
* * *
(e) The local education agency shall give a copy of the child's individualized education program to the child's parents with the notice of placement under 115.792 (2).
(4) REVIEW AND REVISION. (a) The individualized education program team shall do all of the following:
1. Review the child's individualized education program periodically, but at least annually, to determine whether the annual goals for the child are being achieved.
2. Revise the individualized education program as appropriate.
* * *
34 CFR 300.342 When IEPs must be in effect.
* * *
(b) Implementation of IEPs. Each public agency shall ensure that--
(1) An IEP--
* * *
(i) Is in effect before special education and related services are provided to an eligible child under this part.
* * *
FINDINGS OF FACT:
On September 15, 2000, an IEP team determined that the complainant's child was to receive special education and related services from the Wisconsin School for the Visually Handicapped (WSVH) for the first semester of the 2000-2001 school year. The IEP summary page projects the beginning date of IEP services as September 18, 2000, and provides an ending date of September 17, 2001. The IEP provides that the duration of special education, related services, and supplementary services is from September 18, 2000, to January 19, 2001. Both the complainants and the district agree that an IEP review was to take place prior to January 19, 2001, to determine continuing placement at WSVH or to transition the complainant's child back to the district.
On December 19, 2000, the district notified the complainants that their district's vision teacher would be taking a medical leave effective January 2, 2001, through approximately January 31, 2001. Efforts were made by the district to employ a certified substitute vision teacher; however, none were available. An IEP team meeting was held at WSVH on January 9, 2001, and the team discussed having the child remain at WSVH until the district's vision teacher returned. The parents would not agree to this proposal and indicated their desire to have their child return to the district effective January 22, 2001. The IEP team agreed on present levels of educational performance and goals and objectives/benchmarks. The IEP team agreed to meet the week of January 14, 2001, to complete the IEP.
The district hired a full-time certified special education substitute teacher to work with the complainant's child, beginning on January 23, 2001, in consultation with the vision teacher. The student's classroom teacher and the substitute felt they needed more time before an IEP team meeting was held, in order to get to know the student's strengths and needs. The IEP team set for January 14, 2001, was rescheduled to February 15, 2001. In a letter dated January 19, 2001, the district informed the parents that the IEP developed on January 9, 2001, was incomplete but that they were trying to arrange a meeting. The IEP did not include goals and objectives for special physical education, behavioral objectives, and determination of amount, frequency, and location of special education and related services.
The student began attending the district on January 24, 2001, and received services from a certified special education substitute teacher. Braille texts, supplies, and equipment were in place. Daily consultation occurred between the vision teacher and the staff at the child's school. An IEP team meeting was held on February 15, 2001, and the IEP was finalized at a February 20, 2001, IEP meeting. On March 3, 2001, the district provided the parents with a copy of this IEP along with the notice of placement. The district's vision teacher returned to his duties full-time on February 19, 2001.
A local educational agency (LEA) must provide each child with a disability a free appropriate public education (FAPE). An LEA meets its obligation to provide FAPE to a child in part by providing special education, related services, and supplementary aids and services in conformity with a proper IEP.
Here, the child's IEP was written with a starting date of September 18, 2000, and an ending date of September 17, 2001. However, the ending date for special education, related services, and supplementary aids and services was January 19, 2001. An IEP team meeting was held on January 9, 2001, where it was determined that the child would return to the district at the start of the second semester, January 23, 2001. The IEP team agreed to present levels of performance and goals and objectives, except for special physical education. The team did not establish behavioral objectives or determine the amount, frequency, and location of special education and related services.
Between January 24, 2001, and February 20, 2001, special education services, including reading, math, and adaptive physical education, and the related service of occupational therapy, were provided to the child. However, the IEP team had not completed its review and development of the child's IEP. While the district did provide services to the child during the period of January 23, 2001, to February 19, 2001, consistent with agreements reached at the January 9, 2001, IEP team meeting, those services were not pursuant to a proper IEP. The district failed in this regard to correctly implement the law related to Issue #1.
The complainants allege the district did not provide them and another team member with a copy of the child's January 9, 2001, IEP in a timely manner. The district provided the parents and school staff with a copy of the January 9, 2001, uncompleted IEP on January 19, 2001. The district provided a copy of the completed IEP dated February 20, 2001, on March 3, 2001. The district correctly implemented the law related to Issue #2.
Although the district provided services, the district has acknowledged its error in failing to have a proper IEP in place between January 24, 2001, and February 20, 2001. Because the district has taken action to correct this error, the department is not requiring the Appleton Area School District to submit a corrective action plan (CAP).
This concludes our investigation of this complaint #01-009, and we are closing this complaint investigation. This letter is not intended, and should not be construed, to cover any other issues regarding compliance with the IDEA or Chapter 115, Wisconsin Statutes, which may exist and which are not specifically discussed herein. Under the Wisconsin public records law, 19.31-19.39, Wisconsin Statutes, it may be necessary to release this document and related correspondence and records upon request.
Mike J. Thompson, Assistant Superintendent
Division for Learning Support: Equity and Advocacy | On January 31, 2001 (letter dated January 30, 2001), a complaint was filed with the Department of Public Instruction by XXXXX against the Appleton Area School District. This complaint alleges a violation of special education law regarding the implementation of programs for children with disabilities.
Pursuant to 34 CFR 300.660-662 of the regulations implementing the Individuals with Disabilities E | {
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The next three terms to be covered are hypertension, myocardial infarct, and peripheral vascular disease. These, of course, are all associated with illnesses of the heart and circulatory system. These three terms with their definitions are as follows:
|hypertension||another term for high blood pressure|
|myocardial infarct||the formation of an infarct (an area of coagulation necrosis in a tissue) in the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area|
|peripheral vascular disease||any disease of the vessels which carry blood or lymph to or from the peripheral regions of the body|
You should experience no difficulty determining whether or not a patient had one or more of the above conditions. Hypertension and myocardial infarct undoubtedly will be mentioned quite prominently in some portion of the history section. So, assume that a patient has a chief complaint relating to a bone malignancy. Assume also that the patient had a history of hypertension.
Click here for Exercise 7 questions. | The next three terms to be covered are hypertension, myocardial infarct, and peripheral vascular disease. These, of course, are all associated with illnesses of the heart and circulatory system. These three terms with their definitions are as follows:
|hypertension||another term for high blood pressure|
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Ten canoes / Film Finance Corporation Australia presents a Fandango/Vertigo production, in association with South Australian Film Corporation, Adelaide Film Festival and SBS Independent
Film Finance Corporation Australia
Ten canoes tells the story of the people of the Arafura swamp, in their language, and is set a long time before the coming of the Balanda, as white people were known. Dayindi covets one of the wives of his older brother. To teach him the proper way, he is told a story from the mythical past, a story of wrong love, kidnapping, sorcery, bungling mayhem and revenge gone wrong. | Ten canoes / Film Finance Corporation Australia presents a Fandango/Vertigo production, in association with South Australian Film Corporation, Adelaide Film Festival and SBS Independent
Film Finance Corporation Australia
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About this Guide
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People with binge eating disorder often eat an unusually large amount of food and feel out of control during the binges. Unlike bulimia or anorexia, binge eaters do not throw up their food, exercise a lot, or eat only small amounts of only certain foods. Because of this, binge eaters are often overweight or obese. People with binge eating disorder also may:
About 2 percent of all adults in the United States (as many as 4 million Americans) have binge eating disorder. Binge eating disorder affects women slightly more often than men.
Researchers are unsure of the causes and nature of binge eating and other eating disorders. Eating disorders likely involve abnormal activity in several different areas of the brain. Researchers are looking at the following factors that may affect binge eating:
Certain behaviors and emotional problems are more common in people with binge eating disorder. These include abusing alcohol, acting quickly without thinking (impulsive behavior), not feeling in charge of themselves, and not feeling a part of their communities.
People with binge eating disorder are usually very upset by their binge eating and may become depressed. Research has shown that people with binge eating disorder report more health problems, stress, trouble sleeping, and suicidal thoughts than people without an eating disorder. People with binge eating disorder often feel badly about themselves and may miss work, school, or social activities to binge eat.
People with binge eating disorder may gain weight. Weight gain can lead to obesity, and obesity raises the risk for these health problems:
Obese people with binge eating disorder often have other mental health conditions, including:
It may be safe for young people to be treated with antidepressants. However, drug companies who make antidepressants are required to post a "black box" warning label on the medication. A "black box" warning is the most serious type of warning on prescription medicines.
It may be possible that antidepressants make children, adolescents, and young adults more likely to think about suicide or commit suicide.
The FDA offers the latest information, including which drugs are included in this warning and danger signs to look for, on their website at http://www.fda.gov.
Yes. Someone with binge eating disorder can get better.
People with binge eating disorder should get help from a health care professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker. As with bulimia, there are different ways to treat binge eating disorder that may be helpful for some people.
CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do. Therapy for a person with binge eating disorder may be one-on-one with a therapist or group-based.
For more information about binge eating disorder, call womenshealth.gov at 800-994-9662 (TDD: 888-220-5446) or contact the following organizations:
Content last updated July 16, 2012.
Resources last updated June 15, 2009. | Subscribe to Publications email updates.
People with binge eating disorder often eat an unusually large amount of food and feel out of control during the binges. Unlike bulimia or anorexia, binge eaters do not throw up their food, exercise a lot, or eat only small amounts of only certain foods. Because of this, binge eaters are often overweight or obese. People with binge eating disorder also may: | {
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Artist's conception of an IFE powerplantWe further inertial fusion energy as a future power source, primarily through R&D on heavy-ion induction accelerators. Our program is part of a "Virtual National Laboratory," headquartered in AFRD, that joins us with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in close collaboration on inertial fusion driven by beams of heavy ions. The related emergent science of high-energy-density physics (HEDP) has become a major focus.
For further synergy, we have combined forces with the former Ion Beam Technology Program. Their achievements are reported in a separate tab at the top of this page.
Fusion and IBT in the News: The Ion Beam Technology Group, recently shared the R&D 100 award for the "High Output Neutron Generator" by Adelphi Technology, Inc. The neutron production process begins with a plasma ion source whose development was led by Bernhard Ludewigt and Qing Ji of IBT. It is the 13th of these "Oscars of Innovation" that IBT and its predecessor programs in magnetic fusion energy and Bevalac operations have figured into since their first victory in 1985.
The accelerator NDCX-II and its uses are the subjects of "A New Accelerator to Study Steps on the Path to Fusion", a feature article by Berkeley Lab's public information department. It follows up on earlier stories about NDCX-II and about the role of computer simulation in NDCX-II (a key theme in accelerator design today).
André Anders of the Ion Beam Technology group was presented the 2010 Merit Award for "outstanding technical contributions" by the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society. He also led the team that won an R&D 100 last year.
The Why and How of Inertial Fusion Energy
As the world contemplates dwindling fossil-fuel supplies and the environmental costs of energy production, fusion looks ever more appealing. The fuel (hydrogen isotopes called deuterium and tritium) can be readily obtained, and the reactions do not create the large long-lived radioactive waste stream associated with fission. However, controlled fusion on a power-plant scale will require years of further development; typical estimates call for a demonstration power plant to begin operation in two or three decades.
The DOE supports two approaches to controlled fusion. One is based on magnetic confinement, with large "magnetic bottles" such as tokamaks. The other uses inertial confinement, in which a small capsule of fusion fuel is heated and compressed, so that the fusion reaction take place before the fuel flies apart. A large program, supported by the DOE's National Nuclear Security Agency, is studying the basic physics of the inertial approach, using large lasers as "drivers."
LBNL's Fusion Energy program is part of a smaller effort, supported by the DOE's Office of Science, to harness inertial fusion energy for electric power production in an approach known as Heavy Ion Fusion. In this approach, powerful and energetic beams of heavy ions are focused by magnetic lenses outside the target chamber to concentrate them on the target. The goal is for the targets to yield much more energy than was put into them by the beams. This is explained in detail by a tutorial at the Program's own website.
Our program has the long-range goal of developing suitable heavy-ion accelerators that will not only "drive" a fusion target, but also have cost, efficiency, and reliability that make business sense as the basis for a power plant. Since our beginnings in 1982, we have been progressively scaling up induction accelerator systems that transport beams and give them more energy.
We are part of a "Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory," headquartered here in AFRD, that joins us with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in close collaboration. We are now working on a new generation of experiments that also serve the emerging science of high energy density physics (HEDP), as described below.
NDCX-II: The Next Step for Heavy-Ion Fusion and HEDP
With the added support of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, we have built an accelerator called the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment II. NDCX-II and its uses are the subjects of "A New Accelerator to Study Steps on the Path to Fusion", a feature article by Berkeley Lab's public information department. For more information on the uses of NDCX-II, see this article, circa the beginning of the project. Using the new machine's hundredfold increase in energy compared to NDCX-I, we will explore how the range across which the ions deposit their energy can be tailored (via ramped or double pulses) to optimize hydrodynamic coupling in direct-drive targets. Experiments with ramped and double pulses can be accommodated. This work will help explore HEDP and also move us forward on the long-term fusion roadmap.
This R&D is synergistic with planned experiments at the National Ignition Facility, the world's most powerful laser, which was commissioned at LLNL in May 2009. Ignition (efficient fusion) in laser IFE targets, and validation of capsule gain (ratio of fusion energy output to beam energy input) and capsule hydro-coupling efficiency, are expected to increase enthusiasm for the end product of our work. That eventual end product will be heavy-ion accelerators that will drive IFE in a technically and economically attractive power plant, along with targets and other elements required for such a system.
science of high-energy-density physics with laboratory plasmas (HEDP-LP), a topic closely related to IFE target physics, has come to play a large role in our program. Some key aspects of HEDP—dubbed “the X Games of contemporary science” by a National Research Council committee—are a natural match for the
experimental facilities, modeling techniques, and areas of expertise of
the VNL. In 2008 we performed the first target experiment in the Warm Dense Matter regime of HEDP, using beams of K (potassium with a single positive charge) ions from NDCX-I. Experiments continue, and will get a tremendous boost from NDCX-II, which will provide much more energy of order 0.1 to 0.14 joules of lithium (Li
To learn more about our work, including an introduction to heavy-ion-driven inertial fusion energy, visit the HIF-VNL website. | Artist's conception of an IFE powerplantWe further inertial fusion energy as a future power source, primarily through R&D on heavy-ion induction accelerators. Our program is part of a "Virtual National Laboratory," headquartered in AFRD, that joins us with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in close collaboration on inertial fusion driven by beams of | {
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2009 National Potato Late Blight Trials
K.G. Haynes, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705
C.A. Thill and J.M. Bradeen, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
G.A. Secor, North Dakota State Univ. Fargo, ND 58105
M.I. Vales, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331
B.J. Christ and X. Qu, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802
Materials and Methods
In 2009, 50 potato clones (5 varieties, 41 selections, 4 LB differentials) were evaluated in the field for foliar late blight at four U.S. locations: Rosemount, MN; Prosper, ND; Corvallis, OR; and, Rock Springs, PA. Plots were planted in a randomized complete block design with 3-4 replications per location. AF4121-1 was planted in only one location and dropped from subsequent analyses.
All locations except PA inoculated the plots with US-8 isolates of Phytophthora infestans. P. infestans occurred naturally in PA. In addition to US-8, an as yet unidentified isolate was found naturally in ND. Irrigation was applied as needed at all locations to provide conditions favorable for disease expression.
Percent infected foliage was recorded several times following onset of the disease. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated (Shaner and Finney, 1977). At each location, clonal mean AUDPCs were ranked from 1 (lowest mean AUDPC) to 49 (highest mean AUDPC). The rankings of these AUDPCs were analyzed over all locations using nonparametric analysis of mean absolute rank differences and variance of the ranks (Huehn, 1990; Lu, 1995).
Mean AUDPCs for each clone at each location are given in Table 1. Mean AUDPC over locations ranged from a low of 134 in PA to a high of 787 in ND. The three late blight resistant checks (AWN86514-2, B0692-4, B0718-3) were highly resistant (Table 1 and Figure 1). Resistance levels in A97066-42LB, B2431-23 and MSQ176-5 were close to the resistant checks. Five clones were consistently among the most late blight susceptible over all locations: B2152-17, B2492-7, B2634-3, CO98368-2RU and CO99100-1RU. The foliar reaction of all clones was stable across locations. The incidence of tuber blight was less than 10% in all clones except Alpine Russet (20%), B2492-7 (20%), B2634-3 (17.5%), B2501-10 (15%), and A0008-1TE (12.5%).
Box and whisker plot AUDPC
Mean area under the disease progress curve - XLS
Huehn, M. 1990. Euphytica 47:189-194.
Lu, H.Y. 1995. Agronomy J. 87:888-891. Shaner, G. and R.E. Finney. 1977. Phytopathology 67:1051-1056. | 2009 National Potato Late Blight Trials
K.G. Haynes, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705
C.A. Thill and J.M. Bradeen, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
G.A. Secor, North Dakota State Univ. Fargo, ND 58105
M.I. Vales, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331
B.J. Christ and X. Qu, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802
Materials and Methods
In 2009, 50 potato clones (5 varieties, 41 | {
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CPI unchanged in June 2005
July 15, 2005
On a seasonally adjusted basis, the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) was unchanged in June, following a decrease of 0.1 percent in May.
Energy costs declined for the second consecutive month--down 0.5 percent in June. Within energy, the index for petroleum-based energy decreased 0.8 percent and the index for energy services decreased 0.2 percent.
The index for food rose 0.1 percent, as a 0.3-percent increase in the index for food away from home more than offset a 0.3-percent decline in the index for food at home.
The index for all items less food and energy increased 0.1 percent in June, the same as in May. An upturn in shelter costs was offset by declines or smaller increases in most other non-food and non-energy indexes.
Consumer prices increased at a seasonally adjusted annual rate (SAAR) of 1.9 percent in the second quarter after advancing at a 4.3-percent rate in the first three months of 2005. This brings the year-to-date annual rate to 3.1 percent and compares with an increase of 3.3 percent in all of 2004.
For the 12 months ended in June 2005, the CPI-U rose 2.5 percent, as shown in the chart.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Editor's Desk, CPI unchanged in June 2005 on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2005/jul/wk2/art05.htm (visited May 22, 2013).
Spotlight on Statistics: Productivity
This edition of Spotlight on Statistics examines labor productivity trends from 2000 through 2010 for selected industries and sectors within the nonfarm business sector of the U.S. economy. Read more » | CPI unchanged in June 2005
July 15, 2005
On a seasonally adjusted basis, the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) was unchanged in June, following a decrease of 0.1 percent in May.
Energy costs declined for the second consecutive month--down 0.5 percent in June. Within energy, the index for petroleum-based energy decreased 0.8 percent and the index for energy services decreased 0.2 | {
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Laws, Regulations & Annotations
Business Taxes Law Guide – Revision 2013
Sales and Use Tax Annotations
370.0000 MORTICIANS—Regulation 1505
370.0050 Cremation of Casket Is a Use. Where a body is cremated in this state together with the casket and other tangible personal property, the casket and other tangible personal property are consumed or used in this state and do not become the subjects of an exempt interstate shipment even though the entire remains are shipped outside this state by the mortician pursuant to the contract of sale. 1/27/72. | Laws, Regulations & Annotations
Business Taxes Law Guide – Revision 2013
Sales and Use Tax Annotations
370.0000 MORTICIANS—Regulation 1505
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Cleveland Fire Brigade’s Chief Fire Officer has praised the Cleveland community and his own workforce following the release of the Brigade’s annual performance figures.
The Brigade’s 2011/12 Performance & Efficiency Report shows that there were 193 accidental house fires in Cleveland – a 5% drop on the previous year and the lowest per 10,000 population in the country.
Cleveland also performs well when it comes to the number of Home Fire Safety Visits carried out during the last year with firefighters visiting 19,000 homes. This placesClevelandin the top 4 of all fire authorities.
The figure for primary fires (any fire that involves casualties, rescues, property or at least five appliances) has also reduced – down 4% from 835 to 805 during the same period.
Cleveland Fire Brigade was recently hailed for being the first Brigade in the country to fund and install low cost domestic sprinkler systems into domestic properties.
Chief Fire Officer Ian Hayton paid tribute to the great partnership work in driving down the figures.
He said: “It is always encouraging to see the number of fire-related incidents reducing and I put this down to the excellent partnership working throughout the Brigade area.
“Cleveland Fire Brigade has a very dedicated team of professionals who work tirelessly with other key organisations to protect our local communities and to help them stay safe.
“A major part of our work is to reach out to residents and businesses, advising them of the risks they face and what they can do to prevent fires. Our free Home Fire Safety Visit is a major part of this work and to carry out 19,000 visits during the last year is a significant achievement.
“The people of Cleveland are very receptive to the advice that we give and the measures they are taking to protect themselves and their properties has to be applauded.
“We must not rest on our laurels however and by working together I am confident that we can bring down these figures even further.” | Cleveland Fire Brigade’s Chief Fire Officer has praised the Cleveland community and his own workforce following the release of the Brigade’s annual performance figures.
The Brigade’s 2011/12 Performance & Efficiency Report shows that there were 193 accidental house fires in Cleveland – a 5% drop on the previous year and the lowest per 10,000 population in the country.
Cleveland also performs well | {
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The Parent Drug Information Service is a confidential, non-judgemental, 24 hour/seven days a week helpline for families and carers seeking help for alcohol or other drug use.
Professional alcohol and other drug counsellors will listen to your concerns, provide emotional support and help plan the best course of action for you and your family.
The service will provide you with information about all aspects of alcohol and other drug use, treatment services and agencies and where to access ongoing support for your family.
It has also developed an Information and Support Pack for Parents and Families (PDF 166KB)
Take a look at about drugs and about alcohol for related information.
Counsellors will explain the different treatment options available and refer you and your family to an appropriate service, other counselling services and support groups.
Parent to parent support
In addition to professional counsellors, The Parent Drug Information Service has a network of trained volunteer parents you can speak to between 8:00am and 10:00pm each day.
These parents have experienced their own child's substance use and will listen, share coping strategies and discuss options with you.
If you're interested in volunteering with the service, see Volunteer Support Network.
The service's volunteer parents operate support groups at various locations across the metropolitan area. Contact the Parent Drug Information Service to find one that suits you.
Drug Court support
If you have a child or family member going through Perth's drug court system, the Parent Drug Information Service attends the court every Monday morning, and we encourage you to chat with one of the service's volunteer parents.
The volunteers are there to support you, answer any questions you might have and refer you to other services that can help you and your family.
You may also find it helpful to visit the Western Australian Government's Drug Court webpage, which provides information about court processes and has fact sheets you can download. | The Parent Drug Information Service is a confidential, non-judgemental, 24 hour/seven days a week helpline for families and carers seeking help for alcohol or other drug use.
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The service will provide you with information about all | {
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FOREIGN COUNTRIES' POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
Canadian Barley Sector Adjusts to Loss of Export Markets
Canadian 1998/99 total barley exports are forecast down to a 30- year low of 1.4 million tons. The drop in forecast total barley exports comes largely at the expense of feed barley which has found new markets domestically due to substantial new growth in feed use from the expansion of cattle and hog industries. Malting barley exports will fare better, but likely will also be down from last year. Canada is expected to have a reduced role to play in the world feed barley market even as world prices return to more normal levels.
Prevailing low world barley prices can largely be attributed to the actions of the European Union. The European Union has doubled its exports from 3.2 million tons in 1997/98 to a forecast 7.3 million tons this year, thanks to subsidies of up to $85/ton, exceeding the cost of grain to buyers. Equally aggressive, Turkey fought a bidding war against the EU last fall that helped it post record exports, forecast at 1.4 million tons, but at great cost to its TMO (Turkish Grain Agency) budget, with subsidies approaching $95 per ton to sell off large stocks.
The Canadian barley sector is in a strong position to weather the price undercutting practices of the EU and Turkey. In the last decade, Canadas domestic feed use of barley has grown almost 30 percent to over 10 million tons. The feed industry is expected to use 80 percent of the domestic barley crop in 1998/99, up from around 60 percent ten years ago.
In the meantime, Canadian malting barley exports have done relatively well. Canada has created brand name, select grades such as two-row Harrington that cater to preferences for malting barley in Asia and also is able to supply North American maltsters with that markets preferred six row barley. By emphasizing its ability to deliver specific barley types to maltsters, Canada has differentiated its product from others in the market helping to maintain malting barley exports.
Canada also appears to have focused on expanding malt exports and has increased its share of world trade from 9 percent five years ago to an estimated 15 percent in 1997/98. Canadian maltsters usually have ample supplies of quality malting barley available since Canada grows predominantly malting varieties, as well as the added advantage of procuring supplies from the Canadian Wheat Board, the sole seller of malting barley in Canada, at favorable prices. Canadian exports of malt have doubled over the last 10 years and now exceed 600,000 tons annually (grain equivalent basis).
For more information, please contact Eric Wenberg at (202) 720-2231.
Table of Contents
Argentina and Uruguay Look to Expand Rice Export Markets in 1999
Record rice production in South America in 1998/99 is expected to result in lower regional import requirements and increased export competition for the United States. The situation is a dramatic turn-around from 1998, when El Niņo-reduced crops throughout South America caused many regional importers to turn to the United States for supplies. In 1998, over 27 percent of U.S. rice exports went to South American destinations.
However, the South American crop shortfall last year resulted in a tremendous production response in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Argentine rice production has been growing rapidly for several years due to increases in both area and yields, and in 1998/99 is estimated to exceed the previous years level by over 30 percent. A similar situation has developed in Uruguay. In addition, Brazil, which is the primary export destination for Argentine and Uruguayan rice, is forecast to increase its own rice production by an estimated 28 percent.
The situation in Brazil is further complicated by the devaluation of the Real. While devaluation has apparently made rice a better value as compared to other products and consumption is likely to increase somewhat, consumers are left with lower disposable income, thereby constricting their ability to purchase high-quality Argentine rice, at least at pre-crisis prices. According to industry sources, Brazil has canceled or delayed rice shipments from Argentina, or forced prices to be renegotiated from about US$500 per ton to as low as US$360 per ton for milled product. Although prices around the latter figure may prove to be low enough for Brazil to continue purchases, they would scarcely cover costs for Argentine farmers.
As a result, Argentina and Uruguay are expected to aggressively pursue new rice export markets. To that end, Argentine government officials and industry leaders have been traveling to Peru, Costa Rica, Colombia and Mexico to seek out diversified markets for this years rice crop.
Efforts by the Argentine and Uruguayan rice sectors to sell into a wider range of markets is not unprecedented, nor without success. During the last few years, they have increased sales to Latin American markets to dispose of the greatly expanded output of the last decade, and have more recently made in-roads to several European and African destinations.
For further information, please contact Randy Hager, Agricultural Attache, U.S. Embassy, Buenos Aires, Argentina at 011-5411-4777-8054, or Linda Kotschwar, at 202-690-1147.
Table of Contents
Tightening French Grain Storage Could Change EU Market Dynamics
Frances ability to store grain is not keeping up with expanding supplies. Total storage capacity has reportedly not been expanded in 5 years even as crops have grown by 15 million tons which means increasing amounts of grain (especially wheat and barley) cannot find available elevators at harvest time. Instead, the grain is stored in poor facilities that risk deterioration in quality or enters market channels immediately following harvest, depressing prices in either case.
Recent Government attempts to make additional storage appear to be too little too late. While two million tons of new capacity was to be completed by May 1999, tighter safety standards and pre-construction approval procedures lasting 9-18 months have delayed even that modest schedule. The new regulations also make enlargement of existing elevators more expensive than building new ones, further limiting capacity increases. Even with about 1-2 million tons of additional storage available in neighboring Belgium, any new French grain storage facilities are clearly insufficient to handle burgeoning supplies.
Inadequate storage, abundant supplies are causing market distribution problems as grain clogs elevators at port and rail facilities as well as fills interior positions. This has undoubtedly contributed to recent sharp declines in grain prices and has prompted farmers and coops to call for policy changes that better support prices. In particular, pressure has been building on Brussels for over a year to boost exports as a means of removing some of these excess supplies from the market.
For further information, please contact Jay Mitchell at (202) 720-6722.
Table of Contents
Can the United States Get a "Pulse" in the Indian Market?
Pulses are an important component of the Indian diet, providing a major source of protein for a majority of the population, across income lines. However, per capita consumption has been declining as production has fallen short of the growing population. At about 30 pounds per year, Indias per capita consumption still ranks among the highest in the world, although it is just half of what it was in the 1960's. India is the worlds largest importer of pulses, and yet, the worlds largest producer, with production having stagnated at around 12.0 to 14.0 million tons. The success of high yielding wheat and rice varieties coupled with the government support prices they receive have encouraged farmers to switch planted area from pulses to wheat and rice. Consequently, India has consistently relied on the world market to meet large demand for peas, beans and lentils.
Because of its varied agro-climatic conditions and food preferences (varies from region to region, even state to state), India produces and imports over a dozen types of pulses. Primarily, production includes chickpeas/garbanzos (accounting for 35 percent of total pulse production), pigeon peas (accounting for 20 percent of production), and the collective of mung beans, black gram, and moth beans (accounting for 25 percent of production). Regarding imports, chickpeas/garbanzos have consistently been the single most important pulse imported, but in recent years, dried peas have emerged as the major import item. Other imports include mung beans, black gram, lentils, pigeon peas, black-eyed beans, and kidney beans.
In order to improve domestic availability of pulses, since 1979 the government of India (GOI) began to allow import of pulses under Open General License (without licensing or other quantitative restrictions). Although, since 1987 an import duty ranging from 5 to 35 percent was in place, the GOI altogether abolished the import duty on pulses in November 1998, following the steep price hike of pulses and other food items earlier in the year. Over time, in response to price shifts, annual imports of particular pulses have varied by tens of thousands of tons annually, with total pulse imports ranging between 300,000 MT and 800,000 MT annually. In 1996/97 (April/March), imports were 690,000 MT (valued at $250 million) and 660,000 MT (valued at $225 million) in 1997/98, making pulses the fourth largest agricultural import item in India following vegetable oils, wood, and wheat. The pulse import trade is mostly concentrated in Bombay. There are few importers, and they typically share container loads.
India was an important market for U.S. dry green peas with annual imports reaching as high as 40,000 tons back in 1988/89. However, competition from New Zealand, Hungary, and later Canada eroded the U.S. market share. The Indian pulse market is flexible and open to exploring non-traditional pulses and suppliers, if price is attractive and the product can fit into the Indian diet. Price competitiveness is key to determining market share because pulses are predominantly a food of low and low-middle income consumers.
The U.S. may be able to take advantage of the potential for growth in the market for various types of beans, particularly chickpeas, black-eyed beans and kidney beans, provided pricing and quality are competitive. Since India is expected to remain a major importer of pulses for years to come, the U.S. producer may want to consider expanding pulse cultivation in order to improve economy of scale, as Canada and Australia have done. Another suggestion which might improve U.S. competitiveness would be to explore the possibility of shipping in bulk rather than in containers in order to help bring down the delivered price in India.
Two markets in India where U.S. exporters may be able to get a "pulse" is the fledgling supermarket industry and the hotel industry. Upper and middle-income families in Indias metropolitan cities increasingly purchase their food needs at modern supermarkets rather than traditional corner grocery stores. Steady growth in the number of supermarkets is occurring in and around major cities like Delhi, Bombay, Madras, and Bangalore. This has opened up a niche market for various imported food items. This creates a potential for the sale of U.S. canned peas and beans to targeted upscale supermarket consumers. Indias hotel industry, as a key end-user for imported foods, ingredients and beverages, has emerged as an important niche market for high value foods. Though the growth of the hotel industry has slowed in recent years, overall hotel and restaurant demand has remained strong (imports are estimated at $10 million annually). This market offers U.S. pulse exporters the opportunity to supply some of the more highly specialized products that are not locally available in India.
Based on reports from the Office of Agricultural Affairs, American Embassy, New Delhi. For further information, please contact Vickie Hunter at (202) 690-4197.
Table of Contents | FOREIGN COUNTRIES' POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
Canadian Barley Sector Adjusts to Loss of Export Markets
Canadian 1998/99 total barley exports are forecast down to a 30- year low of 1.4 million tons. The drop in forecast total barley exports comes largely at the expense of feed barley which has found new markets domestically due to substantial new growth in feed use from the expansion of cattle and hog i | {
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LINCOLN, Neb. -- The recent severe storms, tornadoes and flooding in Nebraska have underscored the value of a flood insurance policy. Since homeowner's insurance policies do not cover flooding, Congress created the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in 1968 in an effort to lessen the financial losses created by flood damage.
The NFIP, overseen by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), enables homeowners, business owners and renters to purchase federally backed flood insurance. Flood insurance is easy to obtain and is sold by most insurance agents.
Homeowners and business owners are eligible to purchase flood insurance if their community is among the more than 20,000 communities in the United States participating in the NFIP. These communities agree to adopt and enforce floodplain management ordinances to reduce future flood damage. Mortgage lenders may require prospective home buyers to purchase flood insurance if the home is located in a floodplain.
The average premium for a yearly flood insurance policy is around $500. It takes 30 days after purchase for a policy to take effect. The waiting period is waived if the consumer is obtaining, increasing, extending or renewing a loan on the property.
As an example consider two neighbors who bought homes exactly alike. One owner bought flood insurance. The other did not. For the next 10 years the owner with flood insurance paid a total of $5000 in premiums. Both homes were destroyed by flooding. The owner without coverage saved $5000 in premiums but may have to dig deeply into savings or take out a mortgage to rebuild. ?
Should the owners choose to rebuild on the same lot, flood plain regulations may require them to do so on a foundation elevated high enough to place their home's first floor at or above the 100-year floodplain level.
Flood insurance will not erase the pain of losing your home but it does offer peace of mind. To find an insurance agent who handles flood insurance, visit www.floodsmart.gov or call toll-free 1-888-435-6637.
FEMA coordinates the federal government's role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of, responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts of terror. | LINCOLN, Neb. -- The recent severe storms, tornadoes and flooding in Nebraska have underscored the value of a flood insurance policy. Since homeowner's insurance policies do not cover flooding, Congress created the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in 1968 in an effort to lessen the financial losses created by flood damage.
The NFIP, overseen by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) | {
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Subsets and Splits