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189Im Ibare y'abakuze Imbonerahamwe yerekana isano iri hagati y'ingero z'ikoreshwa mu buhinzi km2 hm2dam2m2dm2cm2mm2 ha a Ca 1 0 0 dam2 1= a1; dam2 1= ca100 m2 1= ca1 hm2 1= a100 = ca10 000 2. 4. Imyitozo ntsindagirabumenyi 1. Hindura ingero zikurikira ukoresheje imbonerahamwe y'ingero: ha 16= a.......... a8 = ca.......... dam2 3400= ha.......... a 1200= hm2.......... 3. ISUZUMA Hindura ingero zikurikira ukoresheje imbonerahamwe y'ingero: ha 20=a.......... =ca..... a6 = ca..... dam2 1200= ha..... a 1400= hm2..... Petero afite ishyamba rya ha 10. Ubwo rifite dam2 zingahe? 4. UMUKORO dam2 8= ca........... dam2 200= ha........... Mariya afite isambu ifite ha 50. ubwo ni ari(a) zingahe? | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
190Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha IKIGWA CYA 72 : GUKORESHA AMATEGEKO ANE Y'IBARA MU NGERO Z'UBUSO N'INGERO ZIKORESHWA MU BUHINZI INTEGO Y' IKIGWA Nyuma y'iki kigwa umwigishwa araba ashobora g ukoresha amategeko ane y'ibara mu ngero z'ubuso, no mungero zikoreshwa mu buhinzi IMFASHANYIGISHO Igitabo cy'umwarimu, ikibaho, ingwa n'amakaramu. UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA 1. INTANGIRIRO Umwigisha aributsa ingero z'ubuso, izikoreshwa mu buhinzi n'uko zirutanwa: Ingero z'ubuso n'uko zirutanwa: km2;hm2;dam2;m2;dm2;cm2; mm2 km2 1 = hm2 100 hm2 1 = dam2 100 dam21 = m2 100 m2 1 = dm2 100 dm2 1 = cm2 100 cm2 1= mm2 100 Ingero zikoreshwa mu buhinzi n'uko zirutanwa :ha ( hegitari) ;a(ari);ca(santiyari) ha 1 = a 100 a1 = ca 100 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1 Gutahura Nk'uko byakozwe ku ngero z'uburebure, umwigisha atanga imyitozo ku kigwa gishya kandi akerekana uko ikosorwa: 1) km 2 3 + hm2 3 = m2... 2) m2 21- dm2120 = dm2... 3) ha 12 + a 17 = ca... 4) ha 13-a 20 = a... | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
191Im Ibare y'abakuze 2. 2. Gusesengura Umwigisha atanga indi myitozo maze akayikosorana n'abigishwa bifashishije imbonerahamwe yerekana uko ziriya ngero zigenda zirutanwa 2. 3. Ikomatanya Iyo bakoresha amategeko ane y'ibara ari yo guteranya, gukuramo,gukuba no kugabanya ingero z'ubuso n'ingero zikoreshwa mu buhinzi, babanza guhindura ingero zose mu rugero rumwe rutangwamo igisubizo hanyuma bagakoresha itegeko risabwa. 2. 4. Imyitozo ntsindagirabumenyi: Kora iyi myitozo: 1) dam 2 1 +a 13 = ca... 2) hm2 5-m2231 = m2... 3) m2456 + dm2 3214 = cm2... 4) ( m2 1256 ) : 4 = dm2... 3. ISUZUMA Kora imyitozo ikurikira dam2 8= ca... dam2 200= ha... ha2 + dam2 3= a... a8 263-ha3 = a... 4. UMUKORO 1. Umuhinzi yahinze ubutaka bwe mo ibihingwa bitandukanye ku buryo bukurikira: hegitari 7 z'ibigori; hegitari 5 z'urutoki ; na ari 35 z'ibishyimbo. Shaka ubuso bwose bw'iyo mirima muri ari. 2. Majyambere arashaka gutinda umusarani ahantu hafite m 2 kuri m 2 akoresheje sima. Niba akoresha kg 30 za sima kuri m 2 1, shaka kg za sima azakoresha. 3. Umubyeyi yari afite isambu ya ha 6 ayigabanya abana be batanu ku buryo bungana. Erekana umugabane wa buri mwana niba yarasigaranye ari 100. 4. Andika igisubizo ha2 + dam 2 3= a........... a8 263-ha3 = a........... | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
192Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha IKIGWA CYA 73 : GUPIMA, GUSOMA NO KWANDIKA INGERO Z'UBUNINI N'INGERO Z'IBIRUNDO INTEGO Y' IKIGWA Nyuma y'iki kigwa umwigishwa araba ashobora: Gusoma no kwandika ingero z'ifatizo z'ubunini Guhindura ingero z'ifatizo z'ubunini Gukora imyitozo irimo ingero z'ifatizo z'ubunini. IMFASHANYIGISHO: Igitabo cy'umwigisha, imetero, uduti 4 twa metero 1 kamwe. UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA Iki kigwa gishobora gutangwa mu bice bitatu bitandukanye aribyo : 1. INTANGIRIRO Umwigisha abaza abigishwa ingero bakoresha iyo bapima ibigega cyangwa ibyobo by'amazi ababaze n'uko izo ngero zirutana. Umwigisha yifashishije agakarito karimo ubusa gafite impande zingana kandi buri ruhande rufite uburebure bwa cm 100, asaba abigishwa kwitegereza no kuvuga umubare w'impande ako gakarito gafite ( impande 6). Na none, umwigisha asaba abigishwa kwerekana ubuso bw'indiba y'agakarito, uburebure, ubuso bw'umubyimba n'ubunini bw'agakarito. 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1. Gutahura Umwigisha asobanurira abigishwa ko urugero rw'ifatizo rw'ubunini ari meterokare (m 2 = m xm), nyuma akabasaba kuvuga urugero rw'ifatizo rw'ubunini (urugero rw'ifatizo rw'ubunini ni meterocube : m3 = m x m x m) Mu gusobanura ingero z'ubunini n'ingero z'ibirundo, umwigisha ahera kuri kibe ya m3 1 bubatse maze agasobanura ko iyo bashyize mo inkwi baba bafite isiteri imwe. Umwigisha asobanura ko urugero fatizo rw' ubunini ari meterokibe (m3) kandi agasobanura ko ubunini bwa meterokibe 1 ari ubunini bw'ahantu cyangwa ikintu gifite uburebure bwa metero, ubugari bwa metero 1 n'ubuhagarike bwa metero 1. Umwigisha yerekana uko bandika meterokibe imwe: m 3 1 = m1 x m1 x m1 Umwigisha yerekana ko ingero z'ubunini zirutana inshuro 1000, ahereye ku zikunze gukoreshwa. Meterokibe : m3 m3l=dm3 1000 Desimeterokibe: dm3 dm3 1= cm3 1000 | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
193Im Ibare y'abakuze Santimeterokibe : cm3 cm3 1 = mm31000 Milimeterokibe : mm3 Umwigisha asobanura ko mu guteranya cyangwa gukuramo ingero z'ubunini babanza kuzihindura mu rugero rumwe rukenewe. 2. 3. Ikomatanya Ingero z'ubunini zikurikirana zigenda zirutanwaho inshuro 1000. Isano iri hagati y'ubunini n'ibirundo: m3 1= st 1 Isano iri hagati y'ingero z'ibisukika n'ingero z'ubunini : dm 3 1= l 1 Ingero z'ibirundo ni dast 1(dekasiteri) na st (siteri) kandi dast1=st10 2. 4. Imyitozo ntsindagirabumenyi Uzurisha ahari utudomo igisubizo gikwiye 1. m35 +dm32=dm 3... 2. m3 4cm 3200=cm3.... 3. cm320mm157=mm 3.... 4. dm317cm3158=cm3=..... 5. dast3=dm3.... 6. m3= l.... 7. dm33cm3400=dl... 3. ISUZUMA Uzurisha ahari utudomo igisubizo gikwiye 1) cm312mm3164=mm3.... 2) l 45307=m3..... mm3....... 3) dast7=m3..... 4. UMUKORO Kora iyi myitozo 1) m33mm 3200=l... 2) dm315 =dl... 3) dast12=m3... 4) dm32 mm 3400=ml.... 5) l 30000=m3........ | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
194Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha IKIGWA CYA 74 : GUHINDURA M3 NA DM3 MURI LITIRO, GUHINDURA M3 MURI SITERI INTEGO Y' IKIGWA Nyuma y'iki kigwa umwigishwa araba ashobora g utanga isano iri hagati y'ingero z'ubunini n'ingero z'ibitembabuzi IMFASHANYIGISHO Igitabo cy'umwigisha, imetero, uduti 4 twa metero 1 kamwe UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA 1. INTANGIRIRO Umwigisha atanga imyitozo yo guhindura ingero z'ubunini 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1. Gutahura Umwigisha asobanura ko iyo bapima ibirundo ntibakoresha meterokibe ahubwo bakoresha urundi rugero fatizo rungana na yo rwitwa siteri (st). Umwigisha abwira abigishwa izindi ngero z' ibirundo zitari siteri kandi akerekana uko zandikwa :Urugero runini kuri siteri ni dekasiteri (dast), uruto ni desisiteri (dst). Izo ngero zirutana incuro 10. dast 1 = st 10 = dst 100. 2. 2. Gusesengura Umwigisha abaza abigishwa isano ryaba riri hagati y'ingero z'ibirundo n'ingero z'ubunini Abasaba kubyerekana ku gishushanyo, ndetse akabasaba no kugereranya ingero z'ibisukika n'iz'uburemere. Umwigisha atanga urugero rwo guhindura m3 muri st bifashishije imbonerahamwe Imbonerahamwe y'ingero z'ibirundo Dast St m3dst 1 0 1 0 0 1 m31=st 1 2. 3. Ikomatanya Umwigisha yerekana kandi agasobanura imbonerahamwe igaragaza isano iri hagati y'ingero z'ubunini, ingero z'uburemere n'ingero z'ibisukika akibutsa n'isano riri hagati ya m3 na st | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
195Im Ibare y'abakuze Imbonerahamwe igaragaza isano iri hagati y'ingero z'ubunini, ingero z'uburemere n'ingero z'ibi sukika Ingero z'ubunini m3dm3cm3 Ingero z'uburemere T Q-kg hg dag G Ingero z' ibisukika kl hl Dal l dl cl ml 2. 4. Imyitozo ntsindagirabumenyi 1. Muyombano yakodesheje ikamyo yo kumutwarira inkwi. Karisori y'ikamyo ifite m 4 z'uburebure kuri m 2 z'ubugari na m 2 z'ubuhagarike. Izuzuzwa n'amasiteri angahe y'inkwi ? 2. Ntakirutimana arashaka gucukuza umusarani ufite ubuso bwa m 2 1 n'ubuhagarike bwa metero 5. Shaka ubunini bw' uwo musarani muri desimeterokibe? 3. ISUZUMA Nyabyenda yavomye ingunguru ebyiri z'amazi, imwe ijyamo l 220. Shaka dm3 z'amazi yavomye ? Ayo mazi apima ibiro bingahe( kg ) ? m3 160 = cm3 160 000 = st............ = dast st 138 = m3....... 4. UMUKORO 1) m 365-cm3 6 000 = dm3............. = l....... 2) dast 12 + dst 180 = st.............. = m3............ 3) dm3 59 000 = l....... 4) st 160 =............ 5) m3 23-cm35000=dm3......=l IKIGWA CYA 75 : IMYITOZO KU NGERO Z'UBUNINI Kora iyi myitozo 1) m360-dm3 6 000 = dm3............. = l....... 2) dast 10 + dst 18 = st.............. = cm3............ 3) m327+dm330-cm3120=cm3............ 1) m3 160 = cm3 160 000 = st............ = 2) dast m375-cm3 6 000 = dm3............. = l....... 3) st 12 + da st 180 = st.............. = m3............ 4) m3 160 = cm3 = st............ = dast | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
196Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha IKIGWA CYA 76 : ITEGEKO RY'ITATU RYOROSHYE N' AMAHURIZO KU ITEGEKO RY'ITATU RYOROSHYE INTEGO Y'IKIGWA Umwigishwa urangije iki kigwa agomba kuba ashobora gukoresha itegeko ry'itatu mu mahurizo y'imibare. IMFASHANYIGISHO Igitabo cy'umwigisha,... UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA 1. INTANGIRIRO Umwigisha atanga imyitozo yoroshye yo gukuba vuba Andukura iyi mbonerahamwe kandi uyuzuze Icupa rimwe ritwara cl 75, Amacupa 2 atwara cl 75 x 2 = cl 150Amacupa 3 atwara cl 75 x 3 = cl 225Amacupa 4 atwara cl 75 x 4 = cl 300Amacupa 5 atwara cl 75 x 5 = cl 375 Andukura iyi mbonerahamwe kandi uyuzuze Metero 1 y'umwenda igura amafaranga angahe? Metero 2 z'umwenda zigura amafaranga 2 000, metero 1 y'umwenda igura 2 000:2 = 1 000. Metero 5 z'umwenda zigura amafaranga angahe? Metero 9 z'umwenda zigura amafaranga 9 000, metero 1 y'umwenda igura 9 000:9 = 1 000. Iyo igiciro cya metero 1 y'umwenda kitazwi, ukoresha itegeko ry'itatu kugirango ukimenye. | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
197Im Ibare y'abakuze 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1. Gutahura Umwigisha yifashishije urugero, asobanurira abigishwa itegeko ry'itatu n'uko rikoreshwa (akamaro k'itegeko ry'itatu mugushaka ibisubizo by'ibibazo) 2. 2. Gusesengura Umwigisha atanga umwitozo w'itegeko ry'itatu agasaba abigishwa kugerageza gushaka igisubizo Umwigisha areba uko bagikoze maze akabafasha kugera ku gisubizo nyakuri. Urugero 1: Mu ishuri ryigamo abigishwa 40 haje 32 gusa bahabwa ibitabo 64 by'imibare n'ibyo gusoma. Umunsi baje bose ari 40 bazakenera ibitabo bingahe ? Igisubizo :Kubaza abigishwa umubare w' ibitabo bizakenerwa na buri mwigishwa. Gusobanura ko niba abigishwa 32 barahawe ibitabo 64, umwigishwa umwe azahabwa ibitabo bike (ibitabo 64 : 32 = ibitabo 2) Gusobanura ko abigishwa 40 nibaza bose bazahabwa ibitabo bihwanye n'incuro 40 iby'umuntu umwe (64x40_________ 32= 80, buri mwigishwa azahabwa ibitabo 2) Abigishwa 40 bazahabwa ibitabo 64x40_________ 32= 80 ibitabo. 2. 3. Ikomatanya Umwigisha agaragaza ko kugira ngo haboneke igisubizo bahereye ku mubare w'abigishwa bose, umubare w'abigishwa baje n'umubare w'ibitabo bahabwa. Umwigisha asobanura ko uko guhera ku bintu bitatu hashakwa igisubizo k'ikibazo cyatanzwe bituma ubwo buryo bukoreshwa babwita itegeko ry'itatu. Urugero : Ishyirahamwe ry ' abavomyi 12 bubakiye ivomo mu minsi 28. Ubwo abavomyi 16 baryubaka mu minsi ingahe ?Igisubizo:Abavomyi 12 bakoze iminsi 28. Umuvomyi 1 yakora igihe kirekire gihwanye n'iminsi 28 x 12 = 336 Abavomyi 16 bakora isaha 1 bakora iminsi mike ho incuro 16 bihwanye n'iminsi 28x12_________ 16= 21 Abavomyi 16 bakora iminsi mike ho incuro 16 bihwanye n'iminsi 28x12_________ 16= 21 2. 4. Umwitozo wo gutsindagira ubumenyi Umwigisha atanga umwitozo urimo gukoresha itegeko ry'itatu ryoroshye: Abagabo 5 baguriye hamwe ibilo 150 by ' ibishyimbo ku mafaranga 60 000. Bageze mu rugo, bahayeho mugenzi wabo ibiro 20 ku kiguzi batanze. Ubwo uwo mugenzi wabo azishyura amafaranga angahe ? | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
198Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha Igisubizo: Ibiro 150 bigura amafaranga 60 000 Ikiro 1 kigura amafaranga 1 x 60 000400150= Ibiro 20 bizagura amafaranga 1 x 60 000 x 208 000150= 3. ISUZUMA 1. Niba abafundi 4 bubaka inzu mu minsi 30, abafundi 10 bayubaka mu minsi ingahe ? Igisubizo: Abafundi 4 bakoresha iminsi 30; Umufundi umwe yakoresha iminsi myinshi (iminsi 30 x 4 = iminsi 120). Abafundi 10 bazakoresha iminsi 30 x 41210= 2. Shyaka ni umworozi w'inkoko zitera amagi, yoroye inkoko 40 kandi azigaburira ibiryo bingana na garama 4 000 ku munsi, kugira ngo zigire umusaruro. Amaze kubona ko inkoko ze zimusaba ubushobozi bwinshi, Shyaka yahisemo korora inkoko 30, ubwo inkoko 30 zakenera ibiryo bingana iki ku munsi? Igisubizo: Inkoko 40 zirya amagarama 4 000 ku munsi ; Inkoko imwe ku munsi irya amagarama 400010040= ; Inkoko 30 zirya buri munsi amagarama : 4000 x 30300040= 4. UMUKORO 1. Metero 33 z'umwenda zigura amafaranga 9. 240, metero 18 z'uwo mwenda zigura angahe ? 2. Kilogarama 3 z'umunyu zigura amafaranga 600, kilogarama 8 zizagura amafaranga angahe ? 3. Umuryango w ' abantu 4 barya ibiro 20 by ' ibishyimbo mu kwezi, mu gihe k'ibiruhuko, abana baratashye babaye abantu 6 bazarya ibiro bingahe by'ibishyimbo mu kwezi? | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
199Im Ibare y'abakuze IKIGWA CYA 77 : IJANISHA RY'AMAFARANGA INTEGO Y'IKIGWA Nyuma y'iki kigwa umwigishwa araba ashobora g ushaka ijanisha ry'amafaranga IMFASHANYIGISHO Igitabo cy'umwigisha,ingwa, amakaye na makaramu... UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA 1. INTANGIRIRO Umwigisha ategura imyitozo ku itegeko ry'itatu irebana n'amafaranga Urugero 1: Abantu 7 bakoze ishyirahamwe ryo gutabarana mu gihe habaye ikibazo, bateranya amafaranga 4 9000 ku kwezi, nibiyongeraho abanyamuryango 5 bakaba 12 bazagira amafaranga angahe mu isanduku yabo ? Igisubizo : Abanyamuryango 7bateranya amafaranga 49 000 buri kwezi ; Umunyamuryango 1 atanga amafaranga 49 0007 0007= Abanyamuryango 12 batanga 49 000 x 1284 0007= 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1. Gutahura Umwigisha yifashishije urugero, asobanurira abigishwa ijanisha ry'ibintu n'uko rikoreshwa (akamaro k'ijanisha mu kugaragaza ingano y'ibintu) 2. 2. Isesengura Umwigisha atanga urugero agasaba abigishwa gushaka igisubizo Umwigisha areba uko abigishwa babikoze akabafasha kugera ku gisubizo nyakuri Urugero : Umucuruzi w'imyaka witwa Semana yaguze ibiro 200 ( kg 200) by'ibishyimbo asanga harimo ibiro 6 (kg 6) byaboze. Igisubizo : Kubaza abigishwa ingano y'ibiro by'ibishyimbo Semana yahombye kuri kg 100. Gusobanura ko kuri kg 200 z'ibishyimbo Semana yasanze mo ibiro 6 (kg 6 ) byaboze. Kumenya ibishyimbo byaboze kuri kg 100 dukoresha itegeko ry'itatu. Kuri kg 200 haboze ibiro 6 (kg 6). Kuri kg 1 haboze ibiro: 6 200 Kuri kg 100 haboze ibiro: 6 x 1003200= | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
200Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha Ku biro 100 by'ibishyimbo, Semana ahomba ibiro 3 byaboze. Bavuga ko haboze ibishyimbo bingana na bitatu by'ijana. (Byandikwa3 100 Cyangwa 3% ni byo bita ijanisha) 2. 3. Ikomatanya Umwigisha asobanurira abigishwa ko ijanisha rikoreshwa mu bintu byinshi :-Kubara inyungu y'amafaranga abikijwe muri banki;-Kubara igihombo cyangwa inyungu y'ibyo dukora; Kubara ubwasisi bw'abanyamuryango b'ishyirahamwe. 2. 4. Umwitozo ntsindagirabumenyi Umucuruzi uguze amasaka kuri koperative y'abahinzi ku mafaranga 105 000, abanyamurango ba Koperative bamugabanyirizaho amafaranga 5 250. Ubwo Koperative igabanyirizaho abaguzi amafaranga angahe ku ijana ? Igisubizo: Ku mafaranga 105 000 aguzwe amasaka, koperative igabanyaho amafaranga 5 250 Ku ifaranga 1 riguzwe amasaka, koperative igabanyaho amafaranga5 250 105 000 Ku mafaranga 100 aguzwe amasaka, koperative igabanyaho amafaranga5 250 x 1005105 000= Ku mafaranga 100 aguzwe amasaka, koperative igabanyaho amafaranga 5 (Koperative igabanya ibiciro by'amasaka ho 5%) 3. ISUZUMA 1. Kubera umunsi mukuru wa Noheli, uruganda rw ' imyenda rwagabanyije ibiciro. Ku mwenda waguraga amafaranga 2 700 Marita bamugabanyirijeho amafaranga 270. Ubwo urwo ruganda rwagabanyirije Marita amafaranga angahe ku ijana (% )? 2. Koperative Dufatanye yagurishije ibiro 4 000 by'ikawa ku mafaranga 450 ikiro kimwe. Basanze harimo ll% by'ikawa z'ibihuhwe. Ubwo Koperative izabona amafaranga angahe ? 4. UMUKORO 1. Ruberwa yagiye kurangura ibiringiti kimwe kigura amafaranga 1800, bamubwira ko aramutse aguze ibiringiti birenze 10 bamukuriraho 12%. Niba yaraguze ibiringiti 20; shaka amafaranga yatanze. | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
201Im Ibare y'abakuze IKIGWA CYA 78: URWUNGUKO KU MAFARANGA YABIKIJWE MURI BANKI INTEGO Z'IKIGWA Nyuma y'iki kigwa umwigishwa araba ashobora g ushaka ijanisha ry'urwunguko ku mafaranga yabikijwe muri Banki IMFASHANYIGISHO Igitabo cy'umwigisha,... UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA 1. INTANGIRIRO Umwigisha atangira ikigwa asobanurira abigishwa uburyo bwo gukorana na za banki cyangwa n'ibigo by'imari biciriritse: Umuntu ashobora gukorana na banki cyangwa ibigo by'imari biciriritse mu buryo bukurikira:Kubitsa cyangwa kubikuza amafaranga;Kuguza amafaranga igihe ufite umushinga;Umwigisha asobanura ko mu kubitsa amafaranga muri banki umuntu ashobora kubona inyungu runaka mu gihe banki izayamarana (icyo gihe gikunze kubarwa mu myaka) Umwigisha asobanura ko mu kuguza amafaranga muri banki, banki ishobora kubona inyungu runaka mugihe uyagujije azayamarana (icyo gihe gikunze kubarwa mu myaka). 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1. Gutahura Umwigisha ashobora gutanga iki kigwa yibanda ku bice bibiri bitandukanye: (imyitozo irebana n'inyungu ku mafaranga yabikijwe muri Banki; imyitozo irebana n'inyungu ku mafaranga ya gujijwe muri Banki) 2. 2. Isesengura Umwigisha ategura imyitozo itandukanye yo gushaka inyungu Banki izungukira umukiriya wayo igihe abikije amafaranga mu gihe runaka Umwigisha afatanya n'abigishwa bagakora umwitozo umwe, indi isigaye ishobora gukorwa n'abigishwa umwe umwe cyangwa mu matsinda. Urugero Umuhinzi w'imyumbati yagurishije umusaruro we maze abona amafaranga 400 000, nyuma yiyemeza kubika amafaranga 250 000 kuri banki y'abaturage mu gihe cy'umwaka. Banki y'abaturage yiyemeje kumwungukira amafaranga 8 ku ijana (8%) buri mwaka. Ubwo umwaka urangiye Banki yahaye umuhinzi inyungu y'amafaranga angahe? Amafaranga yose hamwe umuhinzi yakuye muri banki ni angahe? | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
202Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha Igisubizo: Umuhinzi yabikije amafaranga 250 000 muri Banki mu gihe cy'umwaka Banki yungukira umuhinzi amafaranga 8 ku ijana (8%) buri mwaka, ni ukuvuga ko ku mafaranga 100 umuhinzi abonaho inyungu y'amafaranga 8, Ku mafaranga 250 000 umuhinzi azabona ho inyungu y'amafaranga: 250000 x 820 000100= ; Mu gihe cy'umwaka umuhinzi azabona amafaranga y'inyungu 20 000, ni ukuvugako amafaranga yose hamwe umuhinzi azakura muri banki ari 270 000. 2. 3. Ikomatanya Iyo ushaka urwunguko ku mafaranga yabikijwe muri banki ku mwaka, ufata umubare w'amafaranga yabikijwe ukayakuba n'umubare w'urwunguko ku mwaka rw'amafanga 100 ukagabanya na 100 2. 4. Umwitozo ntsindagirabumenyi Mugisha yabikije mu murenge SACCO amafaranga 550 000 mu gihe k'imyaka 2 ku nyungu y'amafaranga 12%. Nyuma y'icyo gihe amafaranga ye azaba angana iki? 3. ISUZUMA Karahamuheto yabikije muri Banki F 35 000 ku nyungu y'amafaranga 9 ku ijana (9%). Umwaka nushira azabona inyungu ya F angahe ? Nyuma y'imyaka ibiri azabona inyungu y'amafaranga angahe? Igisubizo: Amafaranga yabikijwe ni 35 000Inyungu mu mwaka ni 9%( amafaranga 9 ku 100) Mu gihe cy'umwaka amafaranga 35 000 azunguka: 35 000 x 93150100= Mu gihe k'imyaka 2, amafaranga 35 000 azunguka 3150 x 2 = 6 300 4. UMUKORO Nabikije amafaranga 50 000 muri banki Ku nyungu y'amafaranga 6%. Umwaka nushira nzabona F angahe y'inyungu. Nyuma y'imyaka 3 nzaba mfite inyungu y'amafaranga angahe? | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
203Im Ibare y'abakuze IKIGWA CYA 79 : URWUNGUKO KU MAFARANGA YAGUJIJWE MURI BANKI INTEGO Y' IKIGWA : Nyuma y'iki kigwa umwigishwa araba ashobora g ushaka ijanisha ry'urwunguko ku mafaranga yaguijwe muri Banki IMFASHANYIGISHO UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA 1. INTANGIRIRO Umwigisha atanga imyitozo yo gushaka ijanisha ry'urwunguko ku mafaranga yabikijwe muri Banki 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1. Gutahura Umwigisha ategura imyitozo itandukanye yo gushaka inyungu umukiriya azungukira Banki igihe agujije amafaranga runaka, ni ukuvuga ko abantu bashobora kuguza amafaranga muri Banki, bakagira amafaranga bazajya bungukira Banki ku ijana mu gihe runaka. Buri mwaka bishyura amafaranga bagujije bongeye ho urwunguko rwayo. 2. 2. Gusesengura Umwigisha afatanya n'abigishwa bagakora umwitozo umwe, indi isigaye ishobora gukorwa n'abigishwa umwe umwe cyangwa mu matsinda. Urugero: Umuhinzi w'imboga yagujije amafaranga 150 000 mu Murenge SACCO, maze bumvikana kuyishyura mu gihe cy'umwaka, ku nyungu y'amafaranga 18 ku ijana (18%). Ubwo umuhinzi azungukira Umurenge SACCO amafaranga angahe? Azishyura amafaranga angahe ku mwaka harimo n'inyungu?Igisubizo: Amafaranga yagujijwe mu Murenge SACCO ni 150 000Amafaranga yagujijwe ku nyungu ya 18% mu gihe cy'umwaka, ni ukuvuga ko ku mafaranga 100 banki itanze, umukiriya ayungukira amafaranga 18 mu gihe cy'umwaka. Inyungu ku mafaranga 150 000 ni : 150 000 x 1827 000100= Umuhinzi azungukira Umurenge SACCO amafaranga 27 000 mu gihe cy'umwaka, ni ukuvuga ko azishyura amafaranga yose hamwe 177 000. | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
204Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha 2. 3. Ikomatanya Kugira ngo umenye umubare w'amafaranga ugomba kwishyura inguzanyo ya banki , ufata umubare w'amafaranga wagujije ukongeraho n'inyungu zayo. Uko inyungu ibarwa: ufata umubare w'amafaranga yagujijwe ugakuba n'inyungu y'amafaranga 100 ku mwaka ugakuba n'umubare w'imyaka inguzanyo izamara hanyuma igikubo kibonetse ukakigabanya n'ijana 2. 4. Umwitozo wo gutsindagira ubumenyi Mariyana afite umushinga wo kworora ihene, yagujije muri banki amafaranga angana na 3 000 000, akazayishyura mu myaka 6 ku nyungu ya 10% buri mwaka. Ubwo azishyura amafaranga angahe muri icyo gihe k'imyaka itandatu harimo n'inyungu? 3. ISUZUMA 1) Umuntu wari ufite umushinga w'ubwubatsi, yagujije amafaranga muri Banki angana na 2 500 000 mu gihe k'imyaka 2 ku nyungu ya 15%. Ubwo azishyura amafaranga angahe mu gihe k'imyaka ibiri harimo n'inyungu? 2) Mu kubaka inzu ye, inkuta, igisenge, imiryango n'amadirishya byamutwaye amafaranga 1 250 000, amarangi yamutwaye amafaranga 425 000 ibijyanye n'amazi n'umuriro bimutwara amafaranga 250 000. Uyu muntu inzu ye yamutwaye amafaranga angahe? Niba umufundi wubatse iyo nzu yarapatanye 14% by'amafaranga yayubatse, ubwo umufundi yishyuwe amafaranga angahe? 4. UMUKORO 1) Amafaranga 31 250 yunguka amafaranga 1250 mu mwaka, yabikijwe kurihe janisha ry'urwunguko? 2) Niba narabikije muri banki amafaranga 80 000, bakanyungukira mu mwaka amafaranga 7 200, ubwo yabikijwe kurihe janisha? | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
205Im Ibare y'abakuze IKIGWA CYA 80: GUKORA IFOTO Y'UMUTUNGO W'URUGO INTEGO Y'IKIGWA Umwigishwa urangije iki kigwa agomba kuba ashobora kugaragaza bimwe mubyo atunze mu rugo yifashishije imbonerahamwe IMFASHANYIGISHO Igitabo cy'umwigisha,... UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA 1. INTANGIRIRO Kuganira n'abigishwa ku bwoko bw'ibintu batunze mu rugo: ibintu batunze bishobora kwinjiza amafaranga, ibintu batunze bibasaba amafaranga, n'ibintu batunze bitinjiza amafaranga Urugero : -Amatungo magufi (inkoko, inkwavu, intama, ihene, ingurube,... ) ; -Amatungo maremare : inka-Ubutaka : Isambu, umurima-Ishyamba, umurima w'imyumbati, umurima w'ibigori, urutoki, ikawa,....-Imyaka : imyumati, ibigori, ibishyimbo,...-Ibikoresho byo murugo : igitanda, matora, intebe, akabati, amasafuriya,...-Imyenda n'inkweto byo kwambara,....-Inzu : inzu yo kubamo, inzu y'amatungo, inzu y'ubucuruzi,... 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1. Gutahura Gusaba abigishwa kwerekana ibyo batunze mu ngo byinjiza amafaranga n'ibiyatwara bimwe ukwabyo ibindi ukwabyo mu mbonerahamwe kandi bakavuga n'uburyo byatwara cyangwa byakwinjiza amafaranga. Urugero : Ibintu byo mu rugo bishobora kwinjiza amafaranga n'uburyo byayinjizamo Ibintu byo mu rugo bishobora gutwara amafaranga n'uburyo byayatwara mo-Amatungo (kugurisha itungo)-Imyaka (kugurisha imyaka)- Ubutaka (Kugurisha isambu, ikiban-za cyangwa umurima) -Inzu ikodeshwa -Ishyamba (kugurisha imbaho, inkwi ,amakara,... )-Amatungo (kuvuza cyangwa kugura imiti y'amatungo) -Imyaka (Guhingisha, gusaruza no kugu-ra imiti y'imyaka)-Inzu (gusana ibyangiritse ku nzu,... )-Ubutaka (kwishyura imisoro ku kiban-za,... ) | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
206Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha 2. 2. Gusesengura Gusaba abigishwa kwerekana ibyo batunze mu ngo no kugaragaza agaciro ka buri kintu mu mafaranga. Umwigisha yifashisha imbonerahamwe , maze agasaba abigishwa gukoresha ibiciro baguze ho ibikoresho batunze cyangwa igiciro bashobora guha ikintu runaka batunze bitewe n'igihe. Urugero : umwigisha yifashisha ifoto y'umutungo ikurikira, akagaragaza agaciro ka buri mutungo n'agaciro k'umutungo wose w'urugo Ubwoko bw'umutungo w'urugo Agiciro ka buri mutungo mu mafaranga Amatungo:1. Inkoko 3 2. Ihene 2 3. Inka 1 4. Inkwavu 6 Imyaka yeze 1. Ibiro 30 by'ibishyimbo 2. Ibiro 50 by'ibigori 3. Amasaka ibiro 100 Ubutaka1. Isambu ya hegitali 2 2. ikibanza cya metero 20 kuri metero 30 Inzu ikodeshwa Ibihingwa 1. Ishyamba ry'inturusu rya hegitari 1 2. Igipimo k'ikawa cya ari 10 3. Umurima w'umuceri wa ari 10 Ibikoresho byo mu nzu:1. Intebe n'ameza 2. Igitanda 3. Matora 2 4. Iradiyo Inzu 1. Inzu zo kubamo 2. Ikiraro k'inka 3. Inzu y'inkwavu 6 00020 000150 0007 200 12 000 200 000300 000 1 000 000 200 000 5 000 000 200 000100 000 50 000 15 00035 0006 000 2 500 000 250 00030 000 Agaciro k'umutungo w'uru rugo ni: 10 081 200 2. 3. Ikomatanya Umwigisha asobanura ko mu gukora ifoto y'umutungo w'urugo hitabwaho cyane imitungo ishobora kwinjiza amafaranga mu rugo cyangwa ishobora gutangwa ho ingwate muri Banki. | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
207Im Ibare y'abakuze 2. 4. Imyitozo ntsindagirabumenyi Niba iyi mbonerahamwe yerekana umutungo wa Karibushi, Shaka umutungo we wose hamwe Ubwoko bw'umutungo w'urugo Agiciro ka buri mutungo mu mafaranga Amatungo: 1. Imbwa 22. Inka 13. Ihene 24. Inkwavu 6 Imyaka yeze 5. Ibiro 20 by'ibishyimbo 6. Ibiro 50 by'ibigori 7. Amasaka ibiro 100 Ubutaka8. Isambu ya hegitali 2 9. ikibanza cya metero 20 kuri metero 10 (Inzu ikodeshwa ) Ibihingwa 11. Ishyamba ry'inturusu rya hegitari 1 Ibikoresho byo mu nzu: 12. Intebe n'ameza 13. Igitanda 14. Matora 2 15. Iradiyo Inzu 16. Inzu zo kubamo 17. Ikiraro k'inka 18. Igikoni 40 000 200 000 30 000 12 000 4 000 200 000 300 000 1 000 000 200 000 5 000 000 100 000 10 000 50 0005 000 250 000 20 000 30 000 Umutungo we wose ni amafaranga ........ | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
208Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha 3. ISUZUMA Umwigisha atanga umwitozo wo gukora ifoto y'umutungo w'urugo, uyu mwitozo ushobora gukorwa na buri mwigishwa cyangwa ugakorerwa mu matsinda. Abigishwa bakoresha ingero z'imitungo yabo bwite. Ibyakozwe mu matsinda bigaragazwa ku kibaho 4. UMUKORO Iyi mbonerahamwe yerekana umutungo w'urugo rwa KEZA, Mutarama 2012 Ubwoko bw'umutungo w'urugo Agiciro ka buri mutungo mu mafaranga Amatungo:1. Inkoko 42. Ihene 33. Inka 14. Inkwavu 6Imyaka yeze 1. Ibiro 40 by'ibishyimbo2. Ibiro 30 by'ibigori3. Amasaka ibiro 200 Ubutaka1. ikibanza cya metero 20 kuri metero 2. Inzu ikodeshwa Ibihingwa 1. Ishyamba ry'inturusu rya hegitari 1 2. Igipimo k'ikawa cya ari 10 Ibikoresho byo mu nzu: 1. Intebe n'ameza 2. Igitanda 3. Iradiyo 8 000 30 000100 0007 200 12 000 100 000200 000 200 000 200 000 80 000 50 000 30 000 20 000 8 000 Agaciro k'umutungo we ni amafaranga | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
209Im Ibare y'abakuze IKIGWA CYA 81 : GUTEGURA INGENGO Y' IMARI Y'URUGO YA BURI CYUMWERU CYANGWA BURI KWEZI INTEGO Y'IKIGWA Nyuma y'iki kigwa umwigishwa araba ashobora g ukora ingengo y'imari y'urugo ya buri cyumweru, buri kwezi. IMFASHANYIGISHO Igitabo cy'umwigisha,ikibaho,amakaye, ingwa, amakaramu... UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA 1. INTANGIRIRO Kuganira n'abigishwa ku bintu bibazanira amafaranga n'ibikunze kuyabatwara. Kugurisha itungo Kugurisha imyaka wejeje Kugurisha isambu, ikibanza cyangwa umurima Gukodesha inzu Kwaka inguzanyo muri Banki Kwibumbira mu bimina Kugurisha imbaho, inkwi,amakara,... Kuganira n'abigishwa ku bintu bitwara amafaranga Guhaha ibyo tudafite: Ibyo kurya, ibyo kwambara,ibikoresho byo murugo,.. Kuriha amashuri y'abigishwa Kwivuza no kugura imiti Kugura imiti y'amatungo n'iyibihingwa Gutwerera no gusura abavandimwe n'incuti,.... 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1. Gutahura Gufatanya n'abigishwa kwerekana mu mbonerahamwe ibyinjiza amafaranga n'ibiyatwara bimwe ukwabyo ibindi ukwabyo. | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
210Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha Ibyinjiza amafaranga mu rugo Ibitwara amafaranga mu rugo Kugurisha amatungo Kugurisha imyaka Kugurisha ishyamba, ikawa,... Ubukorikori, imyuga Kwibumbira mu bimina Umushahara Ubukode bw'amazu Inguzanyo ya Banki,....Guhaha ibyo tudafite Kuriha amashuri y'abigishwa Kwivuza Kugura imiti y'amatungo n'imyaka Gutwerera no gusura abavandimwe n'incu-ti Imisanzu Imisoro,... 2. 2. Gusesengura Umwigisha asobanura ko buri gihe mu rugo haba ibyinjiza amafaranga n'ibiyatwara. Tugomba rero kumenya hakiri kare amafaranga twinjiza mu rugo mu gihe k'icyumweru, ukwezi,... n'amafaranga dutanga ku biyatwara mu rugo kugira ngo duteganye bitazadutungura. Umwigisha abwira abigishwa ko kugira ngo umuntu ashobore guteganya no kuzigamira urugo rwe, agomba kumenya mu bikorwa bye ibyo azakuraho amafaranga n'ibizakenerwa biyatwara kandi akabishyira kuri gahunda. Ibyo ni byo bita Gutegura ingengo y'imari y'urugo cyangwa icungamari mu rugo. Umwigisha afatanya n'abigishwa gukora imbonerahamwe igaragaza ingengo y'imari y'urugo/ icungamari ry'urugo mugihe cy'ukwezi, ahereye ku rugero rwatanzwe Urugero: imbonerahamwe iteganya imicungire y'umutungo w'urugo mu gihe cy'ukwezi Ukwezi /Umwaka Aho azakura amafaranga Umubare w'amafaranga azabona Ibyo azakenera Agaciro k' ibyo azakenera mu mafaranga ....../...... Imifuka 10 y'amakara 40 000 Amasabune 4 Isukari kg 2Umunyu kg 1Ifu y'igikoma 2kg Ibiro 25 bya kawunga Amavuta yo guteka (litiro 3)600 1800 250800 7500 3000 | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
211Im Ibare y'abakuze Ibiro 40 by ' imyumbati Ibitebo 2 by 'ibijumba Ibiro 100 by'ibigori Litiro 30 z'amata5200 2000 15000 4500Amakaye 10 abanyeshuri Amakaramu 4 Imyenda y'abanyeshuri 2000 400 5000 Guhemba abahinzi 2 Ibitunguranye Kuzigama muri Banki24000 5000 15000 Yose hamwe 66 700 65 350 2. 3. Ikomatanya Umwigisha atanga umwitozo wo kugaragaza ibyinjije amafaranga n'ayo byinjije, ibyaguzwe mu rugo n'igiciro cyabyo no kugaragaza asigaye. Ashishikariza kandi abigishwa guteganya buri gihe ibyo bazagura no guteganya aho amafaranga azaturuka. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko hari amafaranga asigara byaba byiza bayizigamiye mu bigo by'imari. 2. 4. Umwitozo wo gutsindagira ubumenyi Mu kwezi kwa Mutarama, Kamana yagurishije ubunyobwa abona amafaranga 35 500. Yari afite ibintu byinshi akeneye mu rugo rwe, ariko ahitamo kugura ibi bikurikira: Ikiringiti cy'abana ku mafaranga 3 000 Amasuka 3 ku mafaranga 6 000 Ingurube yo korora ku mafaranga 10 000 Igitenge cy'umugore ku mafaranga 5 000 Amavuta yo guteka ku mafaranga 1 800 Hashize iminsi mike, umucuruzi w'amata Mariya yishyuye Kamana amafaranga 13 500 kubera ko amugemurira litiro 3 z'amata buri munsi. Kamana abonye ayo mafaranga yishyuye Mituweli ye, iy'umugore, abana babo 2, amafaranga 12 000. Shyira iyi mibare mu mbonerahamwe, ugaragaze amafaranga urugo rwa Kamana rwinjije n'ayo rwasohoye mu kwezi kwa Mutarama. Niba Kamana afite gahunda yo kwizigamira buri kwezi amafaranga 7 000 mu Murenge Sacco,muri uko kwezi kwa Mutarama byaramukundiye? | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
212Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha Ibyakozwe Ayinjiye Ayasohotse Ayasigaye Kugurisha ubunyobwa 35 500 Ikiringiti Amasuka 3 3 000 6 000 Amavuta yo guteka Ingurube Igitenge Inyishyu ya Mariya 13 500 1 800 10 000 5 000 Mituweli 12 000 Yose hamwe 49 000 37 800 11 200 Kubera ko Kamana yasigaranye amafaranga 11200, byarashobotse ko ateganyiriza urugo rwe amafaranga 7000 mu Murenge Sacco. 3. ISUZUMA Mu kwezi kwa Nyakanga, Mukarukundo yagurishije Soya abona amafaranga 50. 500. Yari afite ibintu byinshi akeneye mu rugo rwe, ariko ahitamo kugura ibi bikurikira : Imyenda y'abana ku mafaranga 3 000 Amasuka 3 ku mafaranga 6 000 urukwavu rwo korora ku mafaranga 3 000 Igitenge cy'umugore ku mafaranga 8 000 Inkweto ze za siporo ku mafaranga1 800 Nyuma y'iminsi mike, umucuruzi yishyuye Mukarukundo amafaranga 20 500 kubera ko amugemurira litiro 2 z'umutobe buri munsi. Mukarukundo abonye ayo mafaranga yishyuye Mituweli ye, iy'umugore abana be babo 2 amafaranga 12 000. Yishyura na none amafaranga 5000 by'ubukode bw'inzu. Shyira iyi mibare mu mbonerahamwe, ugaragaze amafarnga Urugo rwa Mukarukundo rwinjije n'ayo rwasohoye mu kwezi kwa Nyakanga. Niba Kamana afite gahunda yo kwizigamira buri kwezi amafaranga 4 000 mu Murenge Sacco,muri uko kwezi kwa byaramukundiye? Kubera iki? 4. UMUKORO Buri mwigisha ashobora gutekereza ibyo ashobora gukenera n'ibishobora kumuzanira amafaranga mu cyumweru cyangwa mu kwezi gutaha, hanyuma abigaragaze yifashishije imbonerahamwe. | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
213Im Ibare y'abakuze IKIGWA CYA 82 : KUGARAGAZA INYUNGU CYANGWA IGIHOMBO KU GIKORWA RUNAKA CYAKOZWE CYANGWA GITEGURWA INTEGO Y'IKIGWA Nyuma y'iki kigwa umwigishwa araba ashobora k werekana inyungu cyangwa igihombo ku gikorwa cyarangiye cyangwa gitegurwa IMFASHANYIGISHO Igitabo cy'umwigisha,... UKO IKIGWA GITANGWA Umwigisha ashobora gutanga iki kigwa yifashishije ingero zitandukanye, akagaragaza inyungu cyangwa igihombo umuntu yagira ahereye ku mirimo ikorwa kugira ngo umusaruro runaka uboneke. Ingero z'ibikorwa umwigisha ashobora kwifashisha mu gutanga ikigwa : Igikorwa cy'ubuhinzi; Igikorwa cy'ubworozi; Ubucuruzi buciriritse;... 1. INTANGIRIRO Kuganira n'abigishwa uburyo butandukanye bakoramo umurimo w'ubuhinzi Kugaragaza ibikenerwa mu buhinzi bw'igihingwa runaka: Imbuto Abahinzi Imiti y'ibihingwa Imifuka yo guhunikamo,... Gutanga urugero rw'igihingwa runaka, abigishwa bakagaragaza ibyo bazakenera kugira ngo umusaruro uboneke Urugero : mu buhinzi bw'amashu hazakenerwa: Umurama Abahinzi(gutunganya umurima no kubagara) Kuvomera(amazi, ibikoresho byo kuvomera) Imiti y'amashu Ifumbire,... | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
214Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha 2. IKIGWA GISHYA 2. 1. Gutahura Umwigisha yifashishije urugero, agaragaza ibitangwa mu buhinzi bw'igihingwa runaka n'inyungu cyangwa igihombo biboneka mo. Urugero : Umuhinzi yakoresheje iminsi 15 atunganya umurima wo guhinga mo ubunyobwa, akoresha iminsi 5 abagara n'iminsi 10 yo gusarura kwanika no gutonora ubunyobwa. Yateye ibiro 50 by'imbuto yari yaguze amafaranga 900 ku kiro kimwe, akoresha ifumbire ihagaze amafaranga10 000. Asarura ibiro 300, icyo gihe ikiro 1 cy'ubunyobwa cyaguraga amafaranga 900. Shaka inyungu ku musaruro we niba umuhinzi yaribariye amafaranga 800 ku munsi kandi akaba yarakoranye n'abandi babahinzi 2 igihe cyo gutunganya umurima. 2. 2. Gusesengura Umwigisha afatanya n'abigishwa kwerekana uko haboneka inyungu ku musaruro w'uyu muhinzi kandi agasobanura ko inyungu ku musaruro w'uyu muhinzi ingana n'ikinyuranyo hagati y'agaciro k'umusaruro wose n'agaciro k'ibyatanzwe kugira ngo umusaruro uboneke: Agaciro k'imirimo y'umuhinzi(nyirumurima) : 800 x 30 = 24 000 Amafaranga y'abahinzi 2 mu gihe cyo gutunganya umurima :800 x 2 x 15=24 000 Agaciro k' imbuto : 900 x 50 = 45 000 Agaciro k'ifumbire: 10 000 Agaciro k'ibyatanzwe byose : 24 000 +24 000+ 45 000 +10 000 = 103 000 Agaciro k'umusaruro:300 x 900 = 270 000 Inyungu ku musaruro w'uriya muhinzi : 270 000-103 000= 167 000 2. 3. Ikomatanya Umwigisha asobanura ko akenshi abahinzi-borozi badaha agaciro ingufu n'igihe batanga ku mirimo bikoreye, bavuga ngo ubwo babyikoreye nta cyo bahombye, bityo ugasanga batigenera umushahara ku bikorwa byabo bya buri munsi. Umwigisha agamba gushishikariza abigishwa kugena agaciro ka buri gikorwa kugirango bamenye niba bunguka cyangwa bahomba, bityo bigatuma barushaho kwiteza imbere. 2. 4. Umwitozo wo gutsindagira ubumenyi Abigishwa bakora umwitozo ubafasha kumva neza ibyo bize. Karinganire yatishije umurima ku mafaranga 15 000, akoresha abahinzi 4 mu minsi 7 bahembwa buri wese amafaranga 800 ku munsi; agura ibiro 5 by'imbuto ya soya ku mafaranga 450 ku kiro 1, ababagaye n'abasaruye yabahembye amafaranga 12 400. Yasaruye ibiro 175 icyo gihe ikiro 1 cya soya cyaguraga amafaranga 400. Niba iwe mu rugo barariye ibiro 5 bya soya kandi akabika ibiro 5 by'imbuto, soya zisigaye, ibiro 165, akazigurisha, shaka inyungu y'amafaranga Karinganire yasigaranye. Igisubizo | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
215Im Ibare y'abakuze Agaciro k'imirimo yakozwe n'ibyatanzwe : Amafaranga y'icyatamurima ni 15 000Abahinzi 4 mu minsi 7 bahembwe : 800 x 4x7 = 22 400kg 5 z'imbuto zaguzwe :450 x 5 = 2250Ababagaye n'abasaruye bahembwe :12 400Byose byatwaye :15 000 + 22 400 + 2 250 + 12 400 = 52 050Agaciro k'ibyasaruwe : 400 x 175 = 70 000 Inyungu yabonye : 70 000-52 050 = 17 950 Agaciro k'ibyo mu rugo bariye : 400 x 5 = 2 000 Agaciro k'imbuto yasigaye: 5 x 400= 2 000 Amafaranga Karinganire yasigaranye :17 950-4 000 = 13 950 3. ISUZUMA Mushumba yakodesheje umurima ku mafaranga 30 000, akoresha abahinzi 8 mu minsi 14 bahembwa buri wese amafaranga 1600 ku munsi; agura ibiro 10 by'imbuto ya soya ku mafaranga 400 ku kiro 1,abahinze, ababagaye n'abasaruye bahembye amafaranga 12 400. Yasaruye ibiro 350 icyo gihe ikiro 1 cya soya cyaguraga amafaranga 500. Niba iwe mu rugo barariye ibiro 3 bya soya kandi akabika ibiro 5 by'imbuto, nyuma hagasigara ibiro 165 bya soya akabigurisha, shaka inyungu y'amafaranga Mushumba yagize? 4. UMUKORO Mugambira yahinze ubunyobwa kuri ari 10, asarura ibiro 120. Yakoresheje iminsi 27 mu mirimo yose ijyanye no guhinga gutera, kubagara no gusarura kandi umuhinzi akorera amafaranga 800 ku munsi. Naho imbuto yayiguze amafaranga 5 600. Igihe k'isarura kg 1 y'ubunyobwa yaguraga 900. Niba ubunyobwa yasaruye yarabuhunitse bwose, abitse inyungu ingana iki mu mafaranga? | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
216Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha IKIGWA CYA 83 : ISUZUMA RUSANGE RY'IMIBARE I. IMIBARE ISHYITSE Tanga ibisubizo by'iyi myitozo 1) 275+3054= 2) 6054+1567= 3) 7598+5643= 4) 18754-9999= 5) 17204-8887= 6) 360 051-71 996= 7) 3611:23 8) 26 928:17= 9) 478+. =954 10) 998-. =160 11. Mu rwego rwo kurwanya isuri no kubungabunga ubutaka hatewe ibiti ku rwego rw'umurenge. Buri kagari kashatse aho gatera ibiti maze batera ibiti kuburyo bukurikira: Akagari Umubare w'ibiti Abantu bateye ibiti A 3125 125 B 1560 65 C 3632 227 D 4305 205 E 8888 202 F....... 52 Shaka igiteranyo k'ibiti byatewe mu tugari A na B Ese ari akagari D n'akagari E ni akahe kagari kateye ibiti byinshi? Shaka ikinyuranyo k'ibiti byatewe mu tugari D na E. Niba mu kagari A haraje abantu 125 bagatera ibiti 3125 kandi buri wese agatera ibiti bingana n'ibyundi. Ubwo buri muntu yateye ibiti bingahe? Niba mu kagari F haraje abantu 52 kandi buri muntu agatera ibiti 15, ubwo muri ako Kagari bateye ibiti bingahe? Mu murenge wose bateye ibiti bingahe? Garagaza akamaro ko gutera ibiti mu kurwanya isuri no kubungabunga ubutaka II. IMIGABANE 1) 41 cya 64 =... :....=... | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
217Im Ibare y'abakuze 2) 31 cya 27 =... :....=... 3) 21 cya 36=... :..... =... 4) ...... cya 46 = (46x1): 2 =... 5) 51 cya 60= (60x1):5=... 6) ... 1 cya 24 = (24x1):.... = 6 7) 51 cya 750=... 8) 21 cya ... = 210 9) Umuhinzi yajyanye ku isoko ibinyomoro 750 maze abona umuguzi watwaye 51 cyabyo. a. Shaka umubare w'ibinyomoro uwo muguzi yatwaye. b. Hasigaye ibinyomoro bingahe? c. Niba buri kinyomoro kigura amafaranga 50, uwo muguzi yishyuye amafaranga angahe? d. Shaka amafaranga yose hamwe umuhinzi azakura mu binyomoro 750. 10) Ganza yagujije mugenzi we Mahoro amafaranga 100 000. Amaze kwishyuraho 70 100 byayo. Ubwo Ganza amaze kwishyura amafaranga angahe? Asigaje kwishyura amafaranga angahe? III. INGERO 1. ml 3427-dl 32= 2. dal 28-l 16= l... 3. km3hm2= dam... 4. g1435=kg....hg... g... 5. kg6hg4+dag10g8=g... 6. Ku gahanda ko mu rusisiro iwacu turimo guteraho ibiti bifata ubutaka. Ako gahanda kareshya na km 6. Mu bihe bitandukanye by'umuganda twateye ibiti ku ntera ireshya na km 2 n'igice ni ukuvuga m 2500. Ubwo dusigaje gutera ahantu hareshya na m zingahe? Shaka uburebure bw'intera isigaye guterwaho ibiti muri hm. 7. Mu gihe cyo kubaka inzu y'umudugudu wacu abakozi bavomye amazi basuka mu ngunguru. Mu ngunguru irimo ubusa basutsemo l 138 z' amazi, bukeye barongera basukamo l 26. Ubwo basutsemo l zingahe z'amazi? Habuzeho l zingahe ngo | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
218Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha zuzure l 200? 8. Umuturanyi wanjye afite butike icuruza imyaka. Yacuruje kg 35 z'ibirayi ku munsi wa mbere, ku munsi wa kabiri acuruza kg 76 z'ibirayi. Ubwo acu yacuruje kg zingahe z'ibirayi mu minsi 2? Niba kg 1 y'ibirayi ayigurisha F200, ubwo yacuruje amafaranga angahe ku munsi wa 1? Yacuruje angahe ku munsi wa kabiri? Yacuruje amafaranga angahe yose hamwe? 9. Ishyirahamwe ry'abahinzi ba soya bejeje kg 2548, bakuramo kg 64 za soya, bazigabanya ku buryo bungana abaturanyi babo 8 bakenye kurusha abandi maze kg za soya zisigaye barazigurisha. Shaka kg za soya buri mutu yabonye. Ishyiraahamwe ryagurishije kg zingahe? Niba kg 1 ya soya barayigurishije ku F 300, ubwo ishyirahamwe ryabonye amafaranga angahe muri soya zose bagurishije? 1/2 cy'amafaranga bakuye muri soya bayabikije mu kigo k'imari andi barayagabana. Shaka umubare w'amafaranga ishyirahamwe ryabikije mu kigo k'imari? 10. Kabanda yaturutse imuhira ajya ku Karere agerayo saa mbiri n'iminota 45. Yakoresheje igihe kingana n'isaha imwe n'iminota 45. Ubwo yari yavuye mu rugo ryari? IV. Itegeko ry'itatu, ijanisha n'icungamutungo 1. Amafaranga 31250 yunguka amafaranga 1250 mu mwaka yabikijwe kurihe janisha ry'urwunguko? 2. Ishyirahamwe ry'abavomyi 12 biyubakiye ivomo mu minsi 20. Ubwo abavomyi 16 baryubaka mu minsi ingahe? 3. Gasore afite umushahara w'amafaranga 140000 ku kwezi. Aba mu nzu akodesha, afite abana 2 biga mu mashuri abanza. Kora imbonerahamwe iteganya imicungire y'umushahara niba agomba kuzigama 25% by'uyu mushahara Gasore agomba guteganya ibi bikurikira: Ibiribwa kwivuza amafaranga y'ishuri umutekano itumanaho imyambaro Gukodesha inzu | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
219Im Ibare y'abakuze IKIGWA CYA 84 : GUKOSORA ISUZUMA RUSANGE RY'IMIBARE I. imibare ishyitse 1) 275+3054= 3329 2) 6054+1567= 7621 3) 7598+5643= 13241 4) 18754-9999= 8755 5) 17204-8887= 8317 6) 360 051-71 996= 288 055 7) 3611:23=157 8) 26 928:17= 1584 9) 478+476 =954 10) 998-838=160 11) Ibiti byatewe mu tugari A na B ni : 3125 + 1560 = 4685 Akagari D kateye ibiti 4305, Akagari E kateye ibiti 8888. Akagari E kateye ibiti byinshi kurusha Akagari D kuko : 8888-4305 = 4583 Buri muntu witabiriye umuganda mu kagari A yateye ibiti 3125: 125 = 25 ( buri muntu yateye ibiti 25) Abantu 52 bo mu Kagari F bateye ibiti 52 x 15 = 780 ( mu kagari F bateye ibiti 780) Ibiti byose byatewe mu Murenge ni 3125 + 1560 + 3632 + 4305 + 8888 + 780 = 22290 ( Ibiti byose byatewe mu murenge ku munsi w'umuganda ni 22290). II. Imigabane 1) 1__ 4cya 64 = 1x1__ 4=16 2) 1__ 3cya 27 = 1x27__ 3= 96 3) 1__ 2cya 36 = 1__ 2x 36 =18 4) 1__ 2cya 46 = (46x1):2= 23 5) 1__ 5cya 60 = (60x1):5= 12 6) 1__ 4cya 24 = (24x1):4= 6 | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
220Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha 7) 1__ 5cya 750 = 750x1______ 5= 150 8) 1__ 2 cya420x1______ 2 = 210 9)-Ibinyomoro byose ni 750- 1 5 cya 750 ni 1x750 1505= ( ibinyomoro umuguzi yatwaye)-750-150 = 600 (ibinyomoro byasigaye, umuguzi atatwaye )-150 x 50 = 7500 ( Amafaranga umuguzi yatanze ku binyomoro 150 ni F 7500)-750 x 50 = 37500 ( Amafaranga umuhinzi azakura mu binyomoro byose ni F 37500) 10) 70 100 by'amafaranga 100 000 ni 100 000 x 7070 000100= ( Ganza amaze kwishyura amafaranga 70 000) Ganza asigaje kwishyura F 100 000-F 70 000 = F 30 000 III. INGERO 1) ml 3427-dl 32= 224ml 2) dal 28-l 16= l 164 3) km3hm2= dam 320 4) g1435= kg14 hg 140 dag1400 5) kg6hg4+dag10g8= g 6418 6) Km 6 = m 6 000 m 6 000-m 2 500 = m 3 500 m 3 500 = hm 35 Intera isigaye guterwaho ibiti ni m 3 500 = hm 35 7) l 138 + l 26 = l 164 ( litiro basutse mu kigega ni l 164 z'amazi) l 200-l 164= l 36 Mu kigega haraburaho l36 ngo zuzure l 200 z'amazi. 8) kg 35 + kg 76 = kg 111 kg 1 igura F 200 kg 35 zigura F 200 x 35 = F 7 000 ( ku munsi wa mbere umucuruzi yacuruje kg 35 z'ibirayi abona amafaranga 7 000) kg 76 zigura F 200 x 76 = F 15 200 ( ku munsi wa kabiri umucuruzi yacuruje kg 76 | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
221Im Ibare y'abakuze z'ibirayi abona amafaranga 15 200) amafaranga yose hamwe yacuruje ni F 7 000 + F 15 200 = F 22 200 9) kg 2548-kg 64 = kg 2484 kg 64 : 8 = kg 8 Buri muntu mu bantu 8 yabonye kg 8 za soya. Ishyirahamwe ryagurishije kg 2484 za soya Kg 1 igura F 300 Kg 2484 zigura amafaranga : 2484 x 300 = 745 200 ( kg 2484 zagurishijwe F 745 200) Amafaranga babikije mu kigo k'imari ni F 745 200 : 2 = F 372 600 ) 10) Kabanda yahagurutse imuhira agera ku Karere saa 8 na 45 Kabanda yakoresheje isaha 1 n'iminota 45 Kabanda yahagurutse mu rugo saa Moya zuzuye. ITEGEKO RY'ITATU 1) -Amafaranga 31 250 yunguka amafaranga 1250 mu mwaka Ifaranga 1 ryunguka amafaranga make ku mwaka : 1250 31250 Amafaranga 100 yunguka ku mwaka : 1250 x 100431250= Amafaranga 31250 yabikijwe ku ijanisha rya 4% 2) -Abantu 12 bakoresha iminsi 20-Umuntu 1 akoresha iminsi myinsi : 12 x 20 Abantu 16 bazakoresha iminsi mike : 12 x 201516= Abantu 16 bazakoresha iminsi 15 3) Buri mwigishwa akora ku giti ke imbonerahamwe igaragaza imicungire y'umutungo we. (Ibisubizo byose bishobora gutandukana) | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
222Ig Itabo cy'umw Ig Isha IBITABO BYIFASHISHIJWE MU KWANDIKA IKI GITABO 1. Imibare 1, Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri, Minisiteri y' Amashuri Abanza n' Ayisumbuye, Mata 1984 2. Imibare 2, Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri, Minisiteri y' Amashuri Abanza n' Ayisumbuye, Mata 1984 3. Imibare 3, Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri, Minisiteri y' Amashuri Abanza n' Ayisumbuye, Mata 1984 4. Imibare 4, Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri, Minisiteri y' Amashuri Abanza n' Ayisumbuye, Mata 1984 5. Imibare 5, Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri, Minisiteri y' Amashuri Abanza n' Ayisumbuye, Mata 1984 6. Imibare 6, Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri, Minisiteri y' Amashuri Abanza n' Ayisumbuye, Mata 1984 7. Imibare 7, tome 1 BPEPERAI / MINEPRISEC, Mata 1984 8. Imibare 7, tome 2 BPEPERAI / MINEPRISEC, Mata 1984 9. Imibare 8, tome 1 BPEPERAI / MINEPRISEC, Mata 1984 10. Imibare 8, tome 2 BPEPERAI / MINEPRISEC, Mata 1984 11. Arithmetique de la vie pratique, Collection cc livres - outils; V. Herbiet, R., J., E Hebette,7e edution 1959Element d'Arithmetique - Schons. 12. Integanyanyigisho igenewe abakuze, Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB), 2014. | REB_igitabo_abakuze_imibare.pdf |
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IKINYARWANDA Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye Umwaka wa kane Ishami ry'indimi Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB) | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
© 2020 Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB) Iki gitabo ni umutungo wa Leta y'u Rwanda Uburenganzira bw'umuhanzi w'ibikubiye muri iki gitabo bufitwe n'Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB). | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
iii IBIMENYETSO N'IMPINE BYAKORESHEJWE UR University of Rwanda REB Rwanda Education Board nt Inteko GR Ingombajwi y'indagi D Indomo I Inyajwi C Igicumbi Co Igicumbi kirimo inyajwi O Ce Igicumbi kirimo inyajwi e RT Indanganteko RS Indangasano RKZN Indangakinyazina Z Umuzi Zo Umuzi urimo inyajwi O Ze Umuzi urimo inyajwi e + Ukwiyunga kw'inyajwi cyangwa ingombajwi Ihinduka, bibyara Iburizwamo / izimira ry'ijwi / ibura ry'akaremajambo gateganyijwe muri uwo mwanya ONAPO Office National de la Population FAO Food and Agriculture Organization UNESCO | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
iv IJAMBO RY'IBANZE Banyeshuri, Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda kinejejwe no kubagezaho igitabo k'Ikinyarwanda cy'umunyeshuri, umwaka wa kane, kigenewe amashami yiga Indimi. Iki gitabo kizabafasha mu myigire n'imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi mu kunoza imyigire y'ibiteganijwe. Intego u Rwanda rufite mu burezi ni ugukora ku buryo mugera ku rwego rushimishije rujyanye n'ikiciro murimo. Ibyo bigamije kubategurira gukoresha neza amahirwe y'akazi aboneka mu muryango nyarwanda. Mu rwego rwo kuzamura ireme ry'uburezi, Guverinoma y'u Rwanda ishyira imbaraga mu gutegura imfashanyigisho zijyanye n'integanyanyigisho kugira ngo bibafashe mu myigire yanyu. Hari impamvu nyinshi zituma mwiga, ibyo mwize bikabaha ubushobozi bwo gukora. Muri zo twavuga ibyigwa biteguye neza, abarimu beza, uburyo bw'imyigishirize, uburyo isuzuma rikorwa ndetse n'imfashanyigisho zateguwe. Muri iki gitabo, twitaye cyane ku myitozo ibafasha mu myigire yanyu. Iyo myitozo muyubakiraho mutanga ibitekerezo ndetse munivumburira udushya, binyuze mu bikorwa bifatika bikorwa na buri wese ku giti ke cyangwa mu matsinda mato. Iyo myitozo ibafasha kandi kwimakaza indangagaciro zizatuma haboneka ubudasa kuri mwebwe ubwanyu ndetse no ku Gihugu muri rusange. Mufashijwe n'abarimu bafite inshingano zo kubayobora, turizera ko muzunguka ubushobozi bushya muzifashisha mu buzima bwanyu buri imbere. Mu nteganyanyigisho ishingiye ku bushobozi, imyigire yubakiye ku munyeshuri, aho ategurirwa ibikorwa bimwinjiza mu isomo, bikamufasha kwiyungura ubumenyi, kongera ubushobozi ndetse no kwimakaza indangagaciro zikwiye. Ibi bitandukanye n'imyigire ya | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
vkera yari ishingiye ku bumwenyi gusa, aho umwarimu yafatwaga nk'uzi byose bityo agahabwa uruhare runini mu myigishirize. Ikindi kandi, ubu buryo buzabafasha mu gukora ibikorwa bitandukanye, mutekereza ku byo mukora kandi munakoresha ubumenyi musanganwe muri iyo myigire. Ni muri urwo rwego, mu mikoreshereze y'iki gitabo, mukwiye kwita kuri ibi bikurikira:-Kuzamura ubumenyi n'ubushobozi mukora imyitozo yateganyijwe kuri buri kigwa;-Gukorana na bagenzi banyu mukorera mu matsinda, mujya impaka ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka, muganira hagati yanyu, mumurika ibyo mwakoze mu matsinda ndetse mukora ubushakashatsi mwifashishije amasomero, murandasi cyangwa ubundi buryo;-Kugira uruhare mu myigire yanyu; -Gukora umwanzuro unoze ujyanye n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Twizeye ko iki gitabo kizagufasha kwiga neza Ikinyarwanda, kigukundisha ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda, umuco kibumbatiye, umuco wo gusoma no guhanga wigana ubuvanganzo wize, kugira ngo ukurane inyota yo kugira ubushobozi bwo gusabana n'abandi mu Kinyarwanda. Dr. NDAYAMBAJE Irénée Umuyobozi Mukuru w'Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda/REB | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
vi GUSHIMIRA Ndashimira abarimu bigisha mu mashuri yisumbuye bitanze kugira ngo iki gitabo gishobore gukosorwa. Ndashimira kandi abakozi b'Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda, cyanecyane abo mu Ishami ry'Integanyanyigisho n'Imfashanyigisho bagize uruhare rukomeye muri uyu mushinga wo gukosora iki gitabo. Habaye hari ubundi bwunganizi ku byanozwa muri iki gitabo twabwakira kugira ngo buzifashishwe mu ivugururwa ryacyo. MURUNGI Joan Umuyobozi w'Ishami ry'Integanyanyigisho n'Imfashanyigisho / CTLRD | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
vii Ishakiro Iriburiro ............................................................................. ix 1. Umuco nyarwanda ................................................... 1 1. 1. Akamaro k'ineza .......................................................... 1 1. 2. Gusesengura umugani muremure n'uturango twawo ..... 4 1. 3. Ingeri z'ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda ... 6 1. 4. Baciye urwa mbehe .................................................... 7 1. 5. Insigamigani .............................................................. 10 1. 6. Butati na Nzabuheraheza ......................................... 12 1. 7. Gusesengura ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda ............. 15 1. 8. Irya mukuru... ........................................................... 17 1. 9. Imigani y'imigenurano ............................................... 20 1. 10. Sakwe Sakwe... ! Soma! ......................................... 24 1. 11. Ibisakuzo ................................................................. 25 1. 12. Imfizi ikwiye Kigeli ................................................... 28 1. 13. Gusesengura igisingizo ........................................... 32 1. 14. Twivuge bahu! ......................................................... 34 1. 15. Ibyivugo by'amahomvu ........................................... 35 1. 16. Kwita izina mu muco nyarwanda ............................ 37 1. 17. Imbata y'umwandiko ntekerezo .............................. 40 1. 18. Izina mbonera gakondo .......................................... 42 2. Umuco w'amahoro ................................................. 51 2. 1. Umwana wahohotewe ............................................... 51 2. 2. Ntera ......................................................................... 56 2. 3. Rubundakumazi ........................................................ 63 2. 4. Igisantera .................................................................. 66 3. Uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye ............................... 75 3. 1. Uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye mu mirimo yo mu rugo 75 3. 2. Ibiganiro mpaka ........................................................ 81 3. 3. Imyandikire yemewe y'Ikinyarwanda ....................... 86 4. Kubungabunga ubuzima ..................................... 115 4. 1. Amagara aramirwa ntamerwa ................................. 115 4. 2. Mpogazi na Magaramake ....................................... 119 4. 3. Ubutinde n'imiterere y'amasaku mu nteruro ........... 121 5. Kubungabunga Ibidukikije .................................. 129 5. 1. Kubungabunga amashyamba ................................. 129 5. 2. Ikomorazina mvazina .............................................. 134 | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
viii5. 3. Kubungabunga amazi n'ibishanga .......................... 140 5. 4. Amoko y'imyandiko ................................................. 143 5. 5. Akamaro ko gusoma ibitabo .................................... 144 5. 6. Umwandiko ntekerezo ............................................ 148 5. 7. Amatwi arimo urupfu ntiyumva ................................ 153 5. 8. Umwandiko mbarankuru ......................................... 158 5. 9. Akagera, ubwiza bw'u Rwanda ............................... 163 5. 10. Gusesengura umwandiko mvugamiterere ............ 168 5. 11. Igitekerezo k'Ibigina ............................................. 169 5. 12. Umwandiko mvugamateka .................................... 175 5. 13. Isi: Umubumbe utuwe n'ibiremwa bifite ubuzima! ... 176 6. Iterambere ............................................................ 185 6. 1. Umurunga w'iminsi .................................................. 185 6. 2. Indirimbo ................................................................. 188 6. 3. Tunoze umurimo ..................................................... 190 6. 4. Umuvugo ................................................................. 195 6. 5. Ubukorikori bwa Nzitunga ...................................... 201 6. 6. Ikomorazina mvanshinga ........................................ 205 7. Imiturire ................................................................. 213 7. 1. Gukumira imiturire y'akajagari ............................... 213 7. 2. Ibihe bikuru by'inshinga .......................................... 216 7. 3. Ingaruka z'ubwiyongere bw'abaturage .................. 220 7. 4. Uburyo bw'inshinga itondaguye .............................. 223 8. Ikoranabuhanga ................................................. 231 8. 1. Akamaro k'ikoranabuhanga mu mashuri ................. 231 8. 2. Amagambo adahinduka .......................................... 235 8. 3. Ibitangaza by'ikoranabuhanga ntibisiba kwiyongera ....252 8. 4. Inkuru y'ikinyamakuru ............................................. 256 9. Ububi bw'ibiyobyabwenge .................................. 265 9. 1. Inkuru ishushanyije: Ihene mbi ntawuyizirikaho iye 265 9. 2. Inkuru ishushanyije ................................................. 272 9. 3. Iyiganteruro: Ibice by'interuro .................................. 274 10. Uburezi n'uburere ................................................ 283 10. 1. Uko ingimbi yarererwaga mu itorero ...................... 283 10. 2. Isanisha ................................................................ 289 2. Imimaro y'amagambo mu nteruro yoroheje ....................... 297 3. Interuro yoroheje ................................................................. 301 1. Imyandiko y'inyongera............................................... 309 2. Ibisobanuro by'amagambo ......................................... 318 Inyandiko n'ibitabo byifashishijwe ................................. 331 | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
ix Iriburiro Munyeshuri dukunda, Iki gitabo k'Ikinyarwanda cy'umwaka wa kane w'amashuri yisumbuye ni wowe kigenewe. Kwiga ururimi kavukire ukamenya Ikinyarwanda ku buryo buhamye, ukagikunda kandi ukagisobanukirwa koko ni umugambi Leta y'u Rwanda ikomeyeho. Ni igitabo cyanditswe gihereye ku nteganyanyigisho y'Ikinyarwanda yateguwe n'Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2015. Integanyanyigisho ivuguruye ijyanye n'intego ndetse n'ibyifuzo by'Igihugu cyane cyane mu byerekeranye no gushimangira ubunyarwanda. Iki gitabo kiragufasha kumenya ibyo Ikinyarwanda kibumbatiye, imiterere yacyo, ubugeni gihetse, umuco n'imyumvire y'Abanyarwanda. Iki gitabo k'Ikinyarwanda kirimo imyandiko ijyanye n'ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo na nyandiko ndetse n'ikibonezamvugo. Mu kiciro rusange cy'amashuri yisumbuye, agaciro k'Ikinyarwanda karasobanuwe bihagije. Hagaragajwe ko kwiga Ikinyarwanda bifite uruhare rukomeye mu guhamya Umunyarwanda udafite isoni n'ubwoba bw'umuco we kandi utisuzugura. Kwiga Ikinyarwanda kandi bifasha mu kurera Umunyarwanda bimutoza kubaha abandi, kutabahutaza, kubana na bo mu mahoro, kugira urugwiro, ubusabane, ubworoherane, kuvugisha ukuri, kugaragaraho isuku yo mu bwenge n'iyo ku mubiri n'ibindi. Izo ntego zirakomeza no mu kiciro cya kabiri binyujijwe mu myandiko myiza yatoranyijwe. Iki gitabo gikubiyemo imyandiko y'ingeri nyinshi: inkuru ngufi, imigani migufi, indirimbo, imivugo ibyivugo by'amahomvu n'iby'iningwa. Hakubiyemo kandi n'indi myandiko inyuranye ijyanye n'umuco n'amateka, gukunda Igihugu, uburinganire, kwimakaza umuco w'amahoro, kubungabunga ibidukikije, gukunda umurimo, kwirinda indwara z'ibyorezo | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
x Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4zizahaza abaturage,... Iyo myandiko isesenguye ku buryo bigufasha kunguka ubumenyi bunyuranye, guhanga wendeye ku by'abandi no kuvuga utajijinganya mu ruhame kandi wubahiriza inyurabwenge ndetse no kumenya gutanga ibitekerezo kandi wubahiriza n'iby'abandi mu mpaka. Imyandiko iri muri iki gitabo izagufasha kwiyungura ubumenyi mu rurimi rw'abakurambere bacu. Kumenya ururimi kavukire si ukumenya kuruvuga gusa ni no kumenya umuco, kurutekerezamo, kurwandikamo ushyikiriza abandi ibitekerezo byawe. Kurumenya kandi ni ugucengera ubuvanganzo bwarwo ugashyikirana n'abahimbyi, nawe ukazabigana, ukaba wavukamo umuhanzi. Ngicyo icyo twatekerezaga tugutegurira iyi myandiko. Muri iki gitabo kandi urasangamo ikibonezamvugo. Hakubiyemo isesengura ry'amazina mbonera gakondo, ikomorazina, ntera, izina ntera n'igisantera, imikoreshereze y'ubwoko bw'amagambo adahinduka nk'imigereka n'indangahantu. Urasangamo kandi iyigamajwi, iyigamvugo n'iyiganteruro. Ni igitabo kirimo imyitozo inyuranye izagufasha kumva neza imyandiko ikubiyemo, umuco nyarwanda n'amateka y'u Rwanda ndetse n'imisesengurire y'imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda bizagufasha gusobanukirwa no gusobanura uko Ikinyarwanda giteye. Amashusho ari muri iki gitabo, afasha kumva no gusobanukirwa ibikubiye mu myandiko kandi akagura n'ubumenyi bwawe cyane ko ashingiye ku muco nyarwanda. Munyeshuri rero, uzasangamo imyitozo rusange izagufasha gukora isuzuma no gukora ihuzabumenyi ry'ibyo umaze kwiga nyuma y'igihe runaka. Mu mpera z'igitabo hari ibisobanuro by'amagambo akubiye mu myandiko atondetse yubahirije itonde ry'Ikinyarwanda. Igihe uhuye n'ijambo rikugoye mu kuribonera igisobanuro, wareba niba utarisangamo. Igihe ubonye ritarimo ushobora kwitabaza inkoranyamagambo. Hari imyandiko kandi y'inyongera yatoranyijwe, yagufasha uyisoma cyangwa se wisuzuma kugira ngo urebe urwego ugezeho mu isesengura ry'imyandiko y'ubuvanganzo nyarwanda. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
xi Iriburiro Ntidushidikanya ko iki gitabo kizakubera inzira itaziguye izagufasha kumenya ubukungu bw'umuco nyarwanda binyuze mu buvanganzo ndetse no gusesengura imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda bityo ukarushaho kugikungahaza. Impinduka mu myigire yawe Iki gitabo cyanditswe hakurikijwe impinduka mu myigire no mu myigishirize isabwa n'integanyanyigisho ishingiye ku bushobozi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu Rwanda. Giteguwe ku buryo ibyo wiga bizakugirira akamaro mu buzima bwawe bwo hanze y'ishuri. Imyigishirize yari isanzwe yibandaga cyane ku kuguha ubumenyi mu byo wiga binyuranye. Ariko ubu ikigamijwe si ubumenyi gusa ahubwo ni ukugira ngo ubwo bumenyi buguhe ubushobozi bwo gutekereza kugira ngo ushobore kugira ibyo wikorera ubwawe, utange ibitekerezo byawe bwite, atari ugusubiramo gusa ibyo umwarimu yaguhaye cyangwa ibiri mu gitabo. Imyitozo inyuranye usabwa gukora Muri iki gitabo wateguriwe urunyuranyurane rw'imyitozo igufasha gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo wize utekereza byimbitse. Usanzwe ufite ubumenyi buhagije bushingiye ku byo wize cyangwa ku buzima busanzwe ubamo. Imwe mu myitozo usabwa gukora igusaba gutekereza ku byo usanzwe uzi cyangwa ubona. Mu mikoreshereze y'iki gitabo rero, urasabwa gukora iyo myitozo yose ikubiyemo. Ntacyo uzamenya neza udakoze iyo my itozo. Ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi biri muri iki gitabo. Imwe muri iyo myitozo izagufasha kumenya uko wakwikura mu mbogamizi uhuye na zo mu buzima bwo hanze. Nubwo bigoye gutekereza ku buryo bwawe kurusha uko mwarimu yabikwereka ariko nugerageza kwitekerereza ku giti cyawe bizakuremamo umuntu nyawe uzashobora kwitwara neza mu buzima bwawe bwa nyuma yo kwiga. Gukorera mu matsinda. Umunyeshuri kandi ashobora kwiga neza afashijwe na mugenzi we. Niba hari ikibazo gisaba kubonerwa igisubizo, ushobora kucyunguranaho ibitekerezo cyangwa kukijyaho impaka na bagenzi bawe mu matsinda. Imyinshi | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
xii Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4mu myitozo ikubiye muri iki gitabo isaba kungurana ibitekerezo no kujya impaka. Umwarimu azabafasha mu mikorere yanyu mu matsinda, abereka uburyo bwiza bwo kwicara murebana iyo mwungurana ibitekerezo kuko burya ntiwajya impaka n'uwo mutarebana amaso ku maso. Ubushakashatsi usabwa gukora. Nk'uko twabikomojeho mu ijambo ry'ibanze, gukora ubushakashatsi ni kimwe mu bigamijwe mu myigire mishya yawe isabwa n'integanyanyigisho ishingiye ku bushobozi. Uzasabwa gukora ubushakashatsi ujya mu isomero, uzasabwa kwitabaza ibinyamakuru, n'izindi nyandiko zinyuranye. Ibi bishatse kuvuga ko usabwa guhora wiga wiyungura ubumenyi n'ubumenyi ngiro n'igihe utari ku ishuri. Niba ishuri wigaho ritagira isomero cyangwa aho wabona interineti ku buryo bworoshye, umwarimu azabigufashamo akurangira ibitabo cyangwa ubundi buryo wakoresha. Imyitozo n'ibimenyetso bikoreshwa. Imyitozo inyuranye ifite ibimenyetso bigenda biyikugaragariza muri iki gitabo. Bimwe muri ibyo bimenyetso ni ibi bikurikira: Ikimenyetso cy'umwitozo wo gutekereza ku buryo bwimbitse. Iki kimenyetso kigaragaza imyitozo yo gutekereza, ku buryo bwimbitse, ku giti cyawe cyangwa uri mu matsinda ugakoresha ibyo uzi cyangwa ubuzima ubamo ugasubiza ibyo wabajijwe. Ikimenyetso cy'umwitozo w'ubumenyi ngiro. Ikiganza kigaragaza umwitozo w'ubumenyi ngiro nko gukina, inkuru, kujya impaka no kungurana ibitekerezo. Iyi myitozo izagusigira ubumenyi ngiro wazanakoresha mu buzima bwo hanze igihe uzaba warangije amasomo yawe. Ikimenyetso cy'umwitozo wo kwandika. Indi myitozo uzakora izaba igusaba kwandika. Iki ni ikimenyetso kiyikwereka mu gitabo cyawe. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
xiii Iriburiro Ikimenyetso cy'umwitozo wo gukorera mu matsinda. Ni umwitozo wo kwishyira hamwe na bagenzi bawe mwigishanya, mwitoza gukorera hamwe mu gusubiza no gukemura ibibazo. Ikimenyetso cy'umwitozo wo kujya impaka. Imwe mu myitozo ikubiyemo isaba kujya impaka na mugenzi wawe cyangwa mu matsinda. Uyu mwitozo uteye nk'uwo gukorera mu matsinda ariko wo ntusaba buri gihe ko hagira umwanzuro wandikwa nubwo hatabura kugira icyandikwa gituma ugira icyo wibuka ku byagiweho impaka. Ikimenyetso cy'umwitozo kuri mudasobwa cyangwa interineti. Hari n'imyitozo isaba gukoresha mudasobwa cyangwa gukora ubushakashatsi kuri interineti. Icyo ni ikimenyetso kiyigaragaza. Ikimenyetso cy'umwitozo wo gukora babiri babiri. Aha bivugako umwitozo ukorwa mu matsinda ya babiribabiri mwungurana ibitekerezo. Ikimenyetso cy'umwitozo wo kumva. Umwitozo wo kumva usaba umunyeshuri gutega amatwi yitonze akumva umwarimu cyangwa mugenzi we asoma nk'umwandiko, umuvugo,.. noneho akaza gusubiza ibibazo ku byo yumvise. o Ikimenyetso cy'umwitozo w'isuzuma rusange. Iki kimenyetso kigaragaza umwitozo w'isuzuma rusange risoza umutwe. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
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1 Umutwe wa mbere Umuco nyarwanda 1. 1. Akamaro k'ineza Habayeho umugabo abyara umwana w'umukobwa amwita Nyiragahinda. Akaba Nyiragahinda koko, izina ni ryo muntu. Uwo mukobwa aza kumererwa nabi. Ndetse se na nyina baza gupfa. Noneho ashaka aho ajya kwihakirwa ariko akaba yari arwaye ibisebe. Ajya guhakwa iruhande aho ngaho ibwami. Bari aborozi bafite inka nyinshi cyane. Ubwo inka zataha akicara mu muryango inka zikamurigata. Zajya kwanduruka zikabanza zikamurigata zikabona kwanduruka. Ndetse babonye zimukunze cyane, zajya no gushoka bakamujyana ku iriba na none zikamurigata zikabona kunywa zikamererwa neza. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
2 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4Umunsi umwe, nyirabuja aza kumureba nabi aravuga ati: “Hari umunsi uriya mukobwa witwa Nyiragahinda azatumaraho inka kandi azimarishije ineza ye”. Yarazihanaguraga mu mpanga, akazihanagura ku mazuru, nuko akazibwira neza kuko na zo zamukundaga. Nyirabuja aza kumufata nuko acukura icyobo amurohamo. Inka zitashye zigeze ku irembo zumva Nyiragahinda ntazihumurira, zihera ko zabira cyane zimushaka. Uwo munsi ntizasinzira, ndetse zanga no gukamwa. Barekura inyana zazo inka zikazitera imigeri. Nuko haza kuboneka akanyamanza gahagarara ku gikingi k'irembo gatangira karirimba kati:“Inka zanze kunywa zabuze Nyiragahinda, inka zanze gukamwa zabuze Nyiragahinda, inka zanze izazo zabuze Nyiragahinda. ” Nuko akanyamanza bakagatera ibuye kakigendera. Bwacya bajya kumva bikaba uko. Noneho inka havamo eshanu zirapfa zizize kutarya no kutanywa, zizize kudakamwa, zizize kutonsa izazo, kuko zabuze Nyiragahinda. Rero baza kubaza aho yagiye, ndetse umwami nyiri urugo aza gutongana ati: “Nyiragahinda wange yagiye hehe ko amatungo yange agiye kunshiraho”? Umugore abirebye aherako azana Nyiragahinda ati: “Ngiri ishyano ryanyu ryaje aha ngaha ni ryo ryaje kuzansimbura”! Amushyize ahagaragara Nyiragahinda na we yanga kunywa, yanga kurya, yanga gukora ibyiza, bitewe n'uko yari yarababaye. Ati: “Kereka munyihereye amata”. Nyiragahinda ntiyabashaga guhaguruka kuko yari amaze guhinamirana, noneho baramuterura bamuterera mu gicuba cyarimo amata. Nuko amata amurekaho noneho bamuteruramo. Bagiye kumukuramo basanga yabaye mugari, baherako baterura cya gicuba, bagitura hasi kugira ngo kibe cyaribora avemo. Bagituye hasi avamo abaye muzima bya bisebe byose byarakize. Nuko inka ziherako zirarisha, ziranywa, ziranezerwa, ziraganga, kuko zari zimaze kubona inshuti yazo Nyiragahinda. Ubwo noneho umwami aravuga ati: “Uyu mukobwa Nyiragahinda ni we nkesha gutunga. None ubwo mukesha gutunga nkwiye no kumurongora”. Umwami arongora Nyiragahinda aba umugore we. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
3 Umuco nyarwanda Nyiragahinda yagiye ajya guhakwa nuko birangira ahindutse umugore w'umwami kubera kugira neza. Ku bw'izo mpamvu rero ineza iruta byose kandi ineza yiturwa indi. Iyo ataza kugirira neza za nka ntabwo yazaga kurongorwa n'umwami. Iyo aza kuzicyaha ntabwo ziba zaramukunze kugeza ubwo nyirabuja amugirira ishyari. Si ge wahera hahera umugani. Tanga ibisobanuro by'aya magambo ukurikije umwandiko Guhakwa, ishyari, kwanduruka, ishyano, guhinamirana, igicuba, kuba mugari, kuganga. Umwitozo w'inyunguramagambo 1. Koresha interuro amagambo akurikira: ishyari, guhinamirana, igicuba, kuba mugari. Ukoresheje utwambi huza amagambo yavuye mu mwandiko n'ibisobanuro byayo Kuba mugari Ingeso mbi igaragazwa n'akababaro umuntu aterwa n'uko mugenzi we ameze neza, atunze, akunzwe... Kuba munini cyane. Ishyari Kutabasha kurambura ingingo. Guhinamirana Igitutsi utuka umuntu kubera kumushima ko ari igihangange. Ishyano Igitutsi bakoresha kuri bagenzi babo batishimiye bagereranya n'umugizi wa nabi. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
4 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4 Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko 1. Ni iki cyatumye Nyiragahinda aza ibwami? 2. Ni izihe nyamaswa zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko? 3. Kuki umugore w'umwami yanze Nyiragahinda? 4. Kuki umwami yafashe ikemezo cyo kumurongora? 5. Izina ni ryo muntu. Iyi mvugo ihuriye he n'ibivugwa mu mwandiko? 6. Ni izihe ngaruka zo kugira ishyari zigaragara mu mwandiko? 7. Wagira nama ki umuntu ugirira ishyari mugenzi we? 8. Ese ni byiza ko ababyeyi bita amazina nka Nyiragahinda? 9. Wagira iyihe nama umuntu uhohotera abandi nk'uko uyu mugore w'umwami yahohoteye Nyiragahinda? Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko 1. Tahura ingingo ndangamuco ziri mu mwandiko. 2. Garagaza ingingo z'ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko. 3. Hina umwandiko “Akamaro k'ineza” mu bika bitatu uhereye ku ngingo z'ingenzi wakuye mu mwandiko. 1. 2. Gusesengura umugani muremure n'uturango twawo Umaze gusoma umwandiko “Akamaro k'ineza” usanga utangira ute? Usoza ute? Ese imyandiko yose ni ko itangira? Uratekereza ko ari ukubera iki uriya mwandiko wo utangira utyo? Usibye uburyo utangiye n'uko usozwa, hari ikindi usanga cyaba gitandukanya uyu mwandiko n'indi wize cyangwa wasomye? Sobanura. a) Inshoza y'umugani muremure Tugendeye ku bivugwa mu mugani, dusanga umugani muremure ari igihangano giteye nk'inkuru yiganjemo | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
5 Umuco nyarwandaamakabyankuru. Umugani ufatira ku bifatika n'ibidafatika: Abantu, ibintu, ibikoko, imyururu, Imana, urupfu, umuyaga, ubunyerere n'ibindi. Umugani “Akamaro k'ineza” urimo abantu: Nyiragahinda, umwami,... amatungo : inka, inyoni (akanyamanza). Akenshi umugani ubara ibidashoboka mu buzima busanzwe, nko kuvugisha ibitavuga. Nko muri uyu mugani akanyamanza karavuga, inka zanga kurisha, gukamwa... kubera ko zabuze ukunda kuzigirira neza, ziritwara nk'izizi ubwenge. Umugani nubwo uhera ku nkuru zitabayeho, uba ugamije kwigisha gukora igikwiye cyangwa gukosora amakosa y'imyitwaririre y'abagize umuryango uyu n'uyu. Ni yo mpamvu bavuga ngo: “Umugani ugana akariho”. Umugani “Akamaro k'ineza”, urigisha kugira neza, “ugira neza ineza ukayisanga imbere”, ukanenga kugira nabi no kugira ishyari. Umwadiko “Akamaro k'ineza” ni umugani muremure. b) Uturango tw'umugani muremure Iyo tugendeye ku miterere, tubona ko umugani muremure utangirwa na kera habayeho cyangwa umunsi umwe, ugasozwa na si ge wahera. Ubusanzwe hari amagambo yo gushitura abantu ngo bagutege amatwi, utangire umugani nta n'umwe urangaye. Bene aya magambo abimburira umugani nyiri izina ari ubwoko bwinshi, turafata urugero rumwe aho batangira bagira bati: “Mbacire umugani, mbabambuze umugani, n'uzava i Kantarange azasange ubukombe bw'umugani bumanitse ku muganda w'inzu. Ubusa bwaritse ku manga, umuyaga urabwarurira, agaca karacuranga, uruvu ruravugiriza, nyiramusambi isabagirira inanga. Akabuye kibiritse kajya epfo, nibirika njya ruguru, imbwa iti: “Mbwee”! Nti: “Gapfe”. Inka iti: “Mbaa”! Nti: “Kura dukurane mwana w'Imana”. Harabaye ntihakabe, harapfuye ntihagapfe, hapfuye imbwa n'imbeba, hasigaye inka n'ingoma. ” Kubera ko imigani bayicaga nijoro, hari igihe abantu bageraga aho bagashaka gusinzira. Mu rwego rwo | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
6 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4kubakangura, imigani imwe bayihagikamo uduka turirimbwa. Mu mugani “Akamaro k'ineza” akanyamanza karirimba kagira kati: “ Inka zanze kunywa zabuze Nyiragahinda, inka zanze gukamwa zabuze Nyiragahinda, inka zanze izazo zabuze Nyiragahinda ”. Kubwira cyangwa kubarira abandi umugani babyita “guca umugani”. Umuntu uca umugani bamwita “gacamigani”. Umukoro Niba nta mugani wundi uzi, wegere ababyeyi cyangwa abo mubana bagucire umugani muremure nawe uzacira bagenzi bawe mu ishuri. 1. 3. Ingeri z'ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda Umaze gusoma umugani “Akamaro k'ineza” urasanga umugani muremure uri mu buhe bwoko bw'ubuvanganzo? Kubera iki? a) Inshoza y'ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda Inganzo ni ahantu ubundi bakura ibumba bakoresha mu kubumba inkono n'ibindi bikoresho bikoze mu ibumba. Kera umuhanzi yajyaga mu mwiherero akavayo azanye igihangano, akaba ari byo bita ko avuye mu nganzo. Bityo ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda ni ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bukubiyemo ubuhanzi bwamamaye muri rubanda, ubuhanzi bworoshye umunyarwanda abasha kumva no gusobanukirwa. Imvugo yabwo ntihanitse, buri wese yabashaga kuyumva. b) Ingeri z'ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda Mu ngeri z'ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda twavugamo: imigani miremire, insigamigani, imigani migufi cyangwa imigenurano, indahiro, ibitekerezo bya rubanda, ibisakuzo, ibyivugo by'amahomvu, amahamba, amahigi, amasare (indirimbo z'abasare), amagorane, ibitongero (mu kuragura, guterekera, kuvura, kugombora... ), indirimbo z'imandwa, imbyino, ibihozo (iby'abana n'iby'abageni), ibyidogo by'abahinzi b'ubudehe cyangwa abandi bantu bitabiriye umurimo wa rusange... | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
7 Umuco nyarwanda Turagerageza kuvuga kuri zimwe muri izi ngeri nk'imigani miremire, insigamigani, ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda, imigani migufi, ibisakuzo, ibisingizo n'ibyivugo by'amahomvu. 1. 4. Baciye urwa mbehe Uyu mugani bawuca bakurikije urubanza babonye ko ruciwe nabi ni bwo bavuga ngo “Baciye urwa Mbehe”! Wakomotse kuri Mbehe wo ku Ijwi muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo; ahagana mu mwaka wa 1900. Mbehe yari umushi agatura ku Ijwi, ku ngoma ya Rwabugiri. Rimwe rero Abanyarwanda batera Ijwi ritegekwa na Kabego ka Mwendo. Baterayo inshuro ebyiri abaca mu myanya y'intoki, ku ya gatatu arafatwa baramwica. Abanyejwi barimo Nkundiye ya Kabego barayoboka. Rwabugiri abonye ko bamuyobotse Nkundiye akazana amaturo, aramurokora, amurekera uruhande rw'icyo gihugu cya se, urundi arugabira Nyiragisasirintore nyina wa Murinzi w'ingangurarugo, ari we bitaga “Incyahababisha ya Rwuhirandekwe”. Nuko Nkundiye atona kuri Rwabugiri cyane; yari afite umutware witwa Mbehe akamutwarira igice k'Ijwi yasigaranye; ni we wazanaga amakoro kwa Rwabugiri, bituma amenyekana ibwami. Umunsi umwe Rwabugiri araza inkera y'imihigo. Ingabo Nkundiye yatwariraga Rwabugiri zitwaga “Inkeramihigo” zirahiga, na Nkundiye arahiga avuga ko na we ari umugabo. Muri icyo gitaramo hakabamo umwega witwa Giharamagara cya Rwakagara. Yumvise imihigo ya Nkundiye aramubwira ati : “Wabaye umugabo wahakanywe n'ibishahu bya so”? Nkundiye biramurakaza abyuka asubira iwabo ku Ijwi ijoro ryose; arongora n'ingabo ze. Ni yo nkomoko y'umugani ugicibwa n'ubu, ngo “Incyuro mbi yashubije Nkundiye iwabo”! Nkundiye rero amaze kugera iwabo agandisha Ijwi ariyimika. Abatasi bohereza umwe muri bo kubibwira Rwabugiri. Umutasi amena ishyamba yahuranya i Nduga yose n'u Bwanacyambwe asanga Rwabugiri i Rwamagana; asanga ibwami bari mu mihango yo gukura Gicurasi. Rwabugiri amubonye aramumenya amubariza kure ati: “Ko wuhanya aho ku nkiko ni amahoro”? Undi ati: “Nta mahoro Nkundiye yimye Ijwi”! Rwabugiri akaba afite | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
8 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4inkoni mu ntoki ayesa hasi icikamo kabiri; arahaguruka aboneza irembo ryose atabaye; atabara nta nama, nta mana, nta mugaba, nta kugisha (kuraguza by'ibwami). Ni yo mpamvu abasizi bamwise Katabyagira; kuko aticaraga hamwe, cyangwa ngo agende agishije inama abo bari kumwe. Ubwo rubanda rumuhombokaho. Nkundiye amenye ko Rwabugiri amuteye ashyira ingabo ku cyambu yimiriza Abanyarwanda ngo babure uko bambuka. Wa mugabo Mbehe w'umutware wa Nkundiye, we agira ubwoba; yigira inama yo kwambuka ngo asanganire Rwabugiri amuyoboke. Arambuka aramusanganira, yerekana inzira bambukiramo. Abanyarwanda batoranya abantu b'intwari mu mitwe yose; babagira magana abiri. Barambuka, bageze hakurya barema urugamba. Abanyejwi barabasanganira bararwana. Abanyarwanda basigaye hakuno baboneraho inkunga yo kwambuka, Ijwi barariyogoza; ariko Nkundiye ntiyaboneka. Yaje gupfa ku gitero cya kabiri. Bamaze kuhavogera bafata abantu, Rwabugiri ategeka Mbehe gucira urubanza ukwiye gupfa n'ukwiye gukira. Babateranyiriza hamwe bati: “Ngaho Mbehe tangira”! Uwo akubise amaso wese agasanga ari umuvandimwe we. Mbehe arashoberwa aragingimiranya. Ubwo yaribwiraga ati, “Kubicisha ni bibi; kubireka kandi na bwo ni ukwikorera ishyano”! Igihe akigingimiranya bati : “Cyo Mbehe ca urubanza”! Akareba umwe ati: “Uyu akwiye gupfa cyangwa gukizwa”. Uwo bamweretse wese akavuga atyo. Abahungu babibonye batyo barabiseka, ariko babisekana impuhwe; bamuhakirwa kuri Rwabugiri bati: “Nyagasani buriya yabuze uko agira kandi n'undi wese ni ko yagira: ntawabona abavandimwe be bapfa”! Rwabugiri aragororoka abarokora bose. Kuva ubwo rero, icyo gikorwa cya Mbehe cyamamara mu Rwanda gihinduka iciro ry'umugani; noneho babona urubanza ruciwe nabi (bififitse), ndetse wenda rimwe na rimwe abacamanza babuze uko babikika, bati baciye urwa Mbehe!” Guca urwa Mbehe (urubanza): gukirakiranya imberabyombi. Byafatiwe kuri Murihano Benedigito, Ibirari by'insigamigani | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
9 Umuco nyarwanda Tanga ibisobanuro by'aya magambo akurikira Guca mu myanya y'intoki, gutona, amakoro, umwega, agandisha, amena ishyamba, imihango yo gukura gicurasi, ibishahu, kuhanya, ku nkiko, atabara nta nama, nta mana, nta mugaba, aragingimiranya, aragororoka, guca urubanza mu mafufu. Umwitozo w'inyunguramagambo 1. Tanga ibisobanuro by'imvugo zikurikira, unazikoreshe mu nteruro ziboneye: -Guca mu myanya y'intoki. -Gutabara nta nama, nta mana, nta mugaba. -Guca urubanza nabi. 2. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo avuye mu mwandiko: -Bamubajije impamvu yamuteye gukererwa............ -Umuntu wese.................. abandi arabihanirwa. -Yanze gutanga............y'umwami arabihanirwa. -Yahembwe amafaranga menshi........................ Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko 1. Ni ba nde bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko? 2. Kabego ka Mwendo yafashwe ryari? 3. Kubera iki Mbehe yamenyekanye kwa Rwabugiri? 4. “Wabaye umugabo wahakanywe n'ibishahu bya so”? Bishatse kuvuga iki? 5. Uburakari bwa Nkundiye bwagize iyihe ngaruka ku Rwanda? 6. Mbehe yaciye urubanza ate? Urabitekerezaho iki? 7. Ari wowe wari guca ruriya rubanza ute? 8. Ni irihe zina rivugwa mu mwandiko abasizi bitaga Rwabugiri? Barimwitaga kubera iki? | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
10 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4Gusesengura umwandiko Mutahure ingingo ndangamuco na ndangamateka ziri mu mwandiko. 1. 5. Insigamigani Gereranya umwandiko umaze gusoma n'umugani muremure mwize maze werekane ikibitandukanya, utsindagira cyane umwihariko w'uyu mwandiko. Uravuga iki? Ukivuga ute? a) Inshoza y'insigamigani Insigamigani ni imwe mu ngeri z'ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwa rubanda, zikaba zaragaragariraga cyane, mu mivugire, mu migendere, mu myumvire, mu mikorere no mu mibereho y'ubuzima bw'Abanyarwanda bwa buri munsi. Insigamigani ni ahantu cyangwa se abantu babaye abagenuzi b'imigani ubwabo cyangwa se inkomoko yayo. Kimwe n'ibindi rubanda bagenuriyeho, bakabigira iciro ry'imigani, nk'inyamaswa, inyoni, imyururu n'ibindi. Aha ni ho hava izina “IBIRARI BY'INSIGAMIGANI”. Bikaba bishaka kuvuga, inkora y'aho ikintu cyanyuze kigana aha n'aha, bikaba kandi bivuga amayira abakomotseho amagambo yabaye umugani banyuzemo igihe iki n'iki, ku buryo ubu n'ubu, byagenze bitya na bitya. b) Ingeri z'insigamigani Insigamigani zigabanyijemo ingeri ebyiri: Hariho insigamigani nyirizina : Ni iz'abantu bazwi neza amavu n'amajyo, ku buryo rubanda bemeye kwigana imigirire yabo no mu mvugo isanzwe igakoreshwa, bigahinduka inyigisho y'ihame. Dore nka Mbehe abura uko acira abavandimwe be urubanza akaruca nabi agira ati: “Uyu akwiye gupfa cyangwa gukizwa”, maze babona umuntu uciye urubanza mu mafuti bakavuga ngo “yaciye urwa mbehe”. Nka Nyiramataza muka Rukari ati: ”Ngiye kwa Ngara”. Kuri Bajeyi ba Sharangabo bati: “Yarezwe Bajeyi”. Rugaju rwa Mutimbo ati: ”Nguye mu Matsa”!... | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
11 Umuco nyarwanda Mbehe, Ngara na Bajeyi babaye imvano y'imigani, na ho Nyiramataza na Rugaju rwa Mutimbo babaye abagenuzi b'imigani. Hakabaho n'insigamigani nyitiriro : Ni izo ibindi rubanda bagenuriyeho bikaba iciro ry'imigani, mbese nk'impyisi mu nyamaswa iti: ”Harya ko kuvuga ari ugutaruka, nk'iriya Musheru ipfana iki na Mutamu”? Nk'inyombya mu nyoni yahagaze mu itongo rya Rugaju iti: “Mbatere akari aha” ! Nk'igikeri mu myururu, bati: “Gikeri utahe n'intashya”, kiti: “Mfana iki n'ibiguruka”? Burya ibyo byose uko ari bitatu, babitwerereye amagambo y'abantu bahishiriye kubera umwanya bafite mu Gihugu cyangwa se mu muryango wubashywe. Si byo ubwabyo byivugiye ayo magambo. c) Imirangururire y'insigamigani Barangurura ibirari by'insigamigani, bagaragaza inkora naka yanyuzemo ubwe, cyangwa iyo Gacamigani we yahimbiye kunyuzamo ikindi yitiriye amageza yavuyemo umugani bati: “Umugani uyu n'uyu wakomotse kuri naka na kanaka cyangwa se na nyiranaka”. d) Itandukaniro hagati y'umugani muremure n'insigamugani Umugani uvuga ibintu bitabayeho ugamije kwigisha kandi ugakoresha amakabyankuru. Ngo umugani ugana akariho. Batangira umugani bavuga ngo kera habayeho, bagasoza bavuga ngo si ge wahera. Mu gihe insigamugani yo itangira ivuga igihe runaka kizwi, abavugwa akaba ari abantu bazwi cyangwa se imyitwarire batsindira ibindi biremwa ariko bashaka kuvuga ibibaho mu mibanire y'abantu. Umwitozo 1. Tanga inshoza y'insigamigani. 2. Imirangururire y'insigamigani ni iki? 3. Tanga urugero rw'indi nsigamugani uzi, uvuge n'ingeri z'insigamigani ibarizwamo. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
12 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 41. 6. Butati na Nzabuheraheza Habayeho abagabo babiri, umwe akitwa Butati undi na we akitwa Nzabuheraheza. Butati yari atuye i Nduga, Nzabuheraheza atuye i Buganza; bombi bari abanyabwenge. Umunsi umwe, Butati ati: “Nzajya guhahira amasaka i Buganza”. Baramubwira ngo keretse najyanayo inyama, naho ibindi ntibakibikunda. Butati ati: “Ngicyo ikitabuze”. Areba ikimasa agikubita intorezo arakigusha, barakibaga, barakirya, bacira abo bari basanzwe basangira na bo, hasigara ibigufa, Butati arabihambira aragenda ajya guhaha. Nzabuheraheza w'i Buganza na we ati: “Ngiye guhaha i Nduga”. Ni ko kubwira umugore ati: “Jya guhura amasaka maze nzigire i Nduga. Nzajya kwihahirayo numvise ko hahahika”. Umugore arayahura arayagosora arayatereka. Umugabo aramubwira ati: “Ndundarundira n'uriya murama, ni wo nzajyana guhahisha”. Umugore arawuyora barawuhambira. Mu gitondo Nzabuheraheza yikorera uruboho rwa wa murama, aragenda no kuri Nyabarongo, ahahurira na Butati na we ajya guhaha. Bararamukanya, baricara baraganira, basangira impamba bari bafite, bavuga n'uko bazinduwe no kujya guhaha. Butati ati: “Ge mfite inyama, none ngiye i Buganza gushaka akabuto k'udusaka”. Nzabuheraheza na we ati: “Ge mfite amasaka, none ndimo ndajya i Nduga guhaha inyama. ” Bombi bati: “Ni twe tugira Imana, dusanze umwe afite | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
13 Umuco nyarwandaicyo undi yifuzaga tutarinze gukomeza urugendo”! Nuko baragurana bombi barikorera, umwe asubira iwe undi iwe. Mu nzira bataha, bibutse ibyo umwe yahaye undi bati: “Ndamuhenze nagende”! Butati aragenda ngo agere iwe, ahamagara umugore we ngo nazane urutaro rwo gusukaho amasaka. Umugore araruzana; basutseho basanga ari umurama! Butati aratangara cyane ati: “Ni ge wari uzi ko nzi ubwenge, none mbonye undi tubuhwanyije”. Nzabuheraheza na we aragenda ageze iwe ahamagara umugore we ngo azane imbehe nini, yishyirireho inyama. Bahambuye basanga ari amagufa masa. Nzabuheraheza arumirwa ati: “Mbonye umugabo duhwanyije ubwenge, nimara kuruhuka nzamushyira inyana yo kwigorora, ariko nkazamushuka akayoberwa dore ko yibwira ko azi ubwenge”! Nuko Nzabuheraheza ashorera inyana y'ishashi, ayishyira Butati. Ageze kwa Butati, aramubwira ati: “Yewe ga Butati, rya haho ryamfiriye ubusa”. Arakomeza ati: “Kuva ubu tubaye inshuti, ndetse ngiyo n'inyana yange uzayindagirire; nzaba nza kuyijyana imaze kubyara”. Butati aribwira ati: “Ntuzayibona ye”! Inyana iba aho, irima, bukeye irabyara, biratinda Nzabuheraheza agaruka aje kujyana inka ye. Bumvise ko Nzabuheraheza azaza kujyana inka ye. Butati ati: “Nimumpambe, mumubeshye ko napfuye, mumwime inka ye muti: 'Urayibaze uwo wayiragije. ” Nzabuheraheza araza ati: “Nje kujyana inka yange”. Abandi bati: “Ese ko Butati yapfuye atatubwiye iby'iyo nka twayiguha dute, tutazi amasezerano yanyu”? Bati: “Ntuteze kuyibona”. Nzabuheraheza arataha; ageze iwe, abwira ab'iwe ati: “Nimumpambire nk'uwapfuye, maze munjyane kumpamba hamwe na Butati; kandi murebe ihembe mushyiremo ikiremve kimaze iminsi mukinshyire iruhande. ” Nzabuheraheza baramuhambira n'ikiremve kimaze iminsi kinuka, baramuzana baza kumuhamba hamwe na Butati. Ageze mu mva afata rya hembe ririmo ikiremve kinuka nabi aryerekeza kuri Butati, umunuko w'ikiremve uba wose, Butati ngo awumve ati: “Uno mupfu bamuzanye yaraboze yo kanyagwa”. Nzabuheraheza ati: “Ni wowe waboze wowe umaze iminsi myinshi”. Nuko bombi mu mva umwe ashima undi bati: “Ni koko twembi | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
14 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4turi abagabo, duhwanyije ubwenge, kuva ubu tubaye inshuti, tuge duhana inka n'abageni, kandi ntituzongere kujya dushukana”. Bahana inka n'abageni barabana. Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko Intorezo, uruboho, impamba, imbehe, kwigorora, inyana y'ishashi. Umwitozo w'inyunguramagambo 1. Hari magambo menshi akoreshwa mu kuvuga “intorezo. ” Tanga ayo magambo. Intorezo 2. Tanga imbusane z'amagambo akurikira -Guhana abageni -Umugabo -Kuruhuka -Gushuka -Nimumpambirire Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko 1. Aba bagabo bombi bafite uwuhe mugambi? 2. Uwagiye guhahira i Nduga yajyanye iki? 3. Ari Butati ari na Nzabuheraheza uwahenze undi ni nde? 4. Ni irihe zina rindi wakwita aba bagabo ritari “abanyabwenge”? 5. Ni iyihe nyigisho y'ingenzi ukuye muri uyu mwandiko? | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
15 Umuco nyarwanda Gusesengura umwandiko Garagaza ingingo ndangamuco zigaragara mu mwandiko. 1. 7. Gusesengura ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda Ugereranyije umugani muremure n'insigamugani, erekana ikibitandukanya n'uyu mwandiko umaze gusoma. Ese urasanga waba ari ubuhe bwoko bw'umwandiko? Kubera iki? a) Inshoza y'ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda Ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda ni imwe mu ngeri z'ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda. Ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda ntibitangizwa na kera habayeho ngo birangizwe na si nge wahera, kuko iyo bigenze gutyo kiba gihindutse umugani. Bishingira ku mazina y'abantu babayeho, cyangwa bagaragara nk'ababayeho mu mateka kuko usanga ari abantu bagenda bavugwaho ku buryo butandukanye. Ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda bigaragaramo amakabyankuru n'ibitangaza kandi ntibitanga amacishirizo agaragara neza y'igihe ibintu byabereye. Mu bitekerezo bya rubanda dusangamo kenshi ahantu hazwi ibivugwa byabereye, aho igihangange kivugwa cyari gituye, imisozi izwi iriho na n'ubu, ndetse n'ibintu bifatika bigaragara nk'ibimenyetso byasizwe n'igihangange kivugwa mu gitekerezo cya rubanda. Aha twatanga nk'ingero z'udusozi twitwa amabimba ya Ngunda, aho Cacana yarwaniye n'urupfu ku gasozi ka Zoko hari imbuga ishije neza,... | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
16 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4b) Itandukaniro hagati y'igitekerezo cya rubanda, insigamugani n'umugani muremure Imbonerahamwe yerekana itandukaniro hagati y'umugani muremure, insigamugani n'igitekerezo cya rubanda. Uturango Ingeri y'ubuvanganzo Umugani muremure Igitekerezo cya rubanda Insigamigani Ingingo z'amateka yabayeho Amakabyankuru n'ibintu bitabayeho Amakabyankuru agira umuntu usanzwe igihangange yaba yarabayeho cyangwa atarabayeho Amakuru y'ibintu byabayeho cyangwa bitabayeho Imyitozo 1. Tanga itandukaniro riri hagati y'igitekerezo cya rubanda n'umugani muremure ndetse n'igitekerezo cya rubanda n'insigamugani. 2. Tanga urugero rw'ikindi gitekerezo cya rubanda uzi unakibwire bagenzi bawe mu ishuri. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
17 Umuco nyarwanda1. 8. Irya mukuru... Ku musozi wa Nkoma hogeye iyi mvugo ngo “Irya mukuru urishima uribonye” cyangwa ngo “Irya mukuru riratinda ntirihera”. Bitewe n'uko utazi ubwenge ashima ubwe, benshi mu rubyiruko bo kuri uwo musozi iyo biyumvamo imbaraga z'ubugimbi, biyongerera ku mazina yabo akabyiniriro ka Ryamukuru. Baba bashaka kwemeza bangenzi babo bangana cyangwa se baruta, ko babarusha ibitekerezo, ibigango cyangwa igihagararo, bityo ko ari bo bagomba kuyobora amatsinda y'imikino, imyidagaduro, kuvuga rikijyana, kuba ba nyambere mu gufata ibyemezo n'ibindi. Nyamara burya ngo “Utaganiriye na se ntamenya icyo sekuru yasize avuze”. Kandi abakuru bagira bati:“Ubuto bubeshya umuntu agaseka” na ndetse bati: “Amagambo atagira mukuru arumba ari indaro”. Urwo rubyiruko ntiruzi aho imvugo ijimije ibatera ubwiraririzi yaturutse, kandi koko “nta kabura imvano”. Hariho umukecuru wari usheshe akanguhe witwaga Nyiramajoro wari utuye kuri wo musozi wa Nkoma, bukeye arembejwe n'izabukuru, kandi ntawumwitayeho, dore ko uburiza bwe, Rindiro, yari yaragiye guhaha mu Mayaga, umukecuru ahamagara abakobwa be babiri, abuzukuru be n'abakwe be, ariko ubuheta bwe, ari we Tereraho Mutimamuke, ntiyari ahari. Nuko arababwira ati: “Bana bange dore ndashaje, ndumva urupfu rungera amajanja... ariko se mwibagiwe ko indinde iri kabiri, ndinda dawe na ndinda mwana wange! Dore ubu narahorose inda yafatanye n'umugongo”. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
18 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4Umukwe we witwaga Bwenge wari utuye hafi aho aba yaritaye mu gutwi, kuko n'ubundi ngo izina ni ryo muntu. Ahuta agana iwe, yenda amata mu cyansi, araza ahereza umugore, arakira, na we asomesha umubyeyi wamwibarutse. Ati: “ Akira mawe, akira mubyeyi amata niyuzure amatama, wongere utambagire, utakwe mu mataba ya Nkoma na Nkomane. Izihirwe kuko watubyaye. Watureze ugira uti: ' Agato karakura'. Waraturuhanye, urateseka ubura kivurira, ni ko biri “Uwambaye injamba ntagira ijambo”. Umukecuru amaze guhembuka ni ko kubabwira ati: “Cyono ejo muzagaruke ku gasusuruko mbarage ntarasanga abakurambere. Dore so yaratabarutse nange ndasodoka musanga”. Yongeraho ati: “Mbe minsi waba umutindi! Ntiwanyambuye Nyirabwinturo nkiri urucanda, data agashaka Nyirabugare, akangaragura, akangira umwangavu, ntaraba umwangavu. Iryo nararibonye, iyo inkoko ivuye mu magi arabora kandi agahinda gashira akandi ari ibagara... nange ngo ndashatse ansigira inshuke izi, enye”. Amaso ye y'ibirorirori yasaga n'ayagiye, asigaye arondogora. Yifata mu nda arashinyiriza ati: “Ororororo! Ayiii! Ngiki kiranguguna kimpekenya... muzanshyingure hepfo y'inzuzi, mukebere Pahulo inkurarwobo i Karugina ... Ahuuu!... Inzu yo ni iy'abakobwa. ” Tereraho akaba akubutse mu runywero aza yivuga ari na ko atembagarana inshyimbo iriho urugina rw'amaraso. Nyina umubyara yumva ijwi rye, dore ko yari atakirora, aramubwira ati: “Tereraho mwana wange ko nduzi wahembutse, kandi ko ubizi, urukwavu rukuze rwonka abana, wanshakiye umukuzo ukansomya ku musa ko inyota imbaga”! Umuhungu muzima ni ko gusubiza ati: ”Ceceka wa gakecuru we k'inda nini, k'indashima y'indondogozi! Wahuhutse ugapfa, ukareka kudupfira nabi wanduranya! Uvuga uti: ”Iyo urukwavu rukuze bararwica, bakarurya”. Abangura ya nshyimbo ngo ayihonde nyina, abari aho baramufata, baramutwama ariko arushaho gusakabaka ati: “Tugabanye amasambu ubundi urapfe upfuye”. Umukecuru ni ko kumubwira ati: “Tereraho, Tereriyo, Mutimamuke! Ntugapfe, ntugakire”. Afata ku ibere ati: “Iri ryarakonkeje ntukabone umurambo wange, ntukabone | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
19 Umuco nyarwandaimva yange, nubiba ntugasarure, nuhinga ntukeze, ndi nyoko”! Akimara kuvuga aya magambo yuje agahinda n'uburakari, hinjira abaporisi babiri. Umwe muri bo ati: “Ni nde Tereraho muri mwe”? Na we abadukana ya nshyimbo kuyibakubita, ariko yiyamira ati: “Ushaka ko na we mwica anyegere... namwishe ndakaba amacinya! Namwishe wa mwana w'imbwa! Inshyimbo yange, Rutajoma, nayimuhuye mu gihumbi ntiyasamba. Ba baporisi ntibazuyaza, aho tuvugiye aha baramutwara, bamuterera mu munyururu, Tereraho, Gasuzuguro, Nkoramaraso, Mutimamuke! Bukeye umukecuru arapfa, bamuhamba aho yabategetse, Rindiro na we yari ahari. Pahulo ahabwa inkurarwobo nyirakuru yamugeneye, abakobwa bahabwa ingarigari, abasigaye bagabagabana iminani. Nguko uko Tereraho atatinze kugerwaho n'umuvumo wa nyina yubahutse, akamutukira hagati mu bakwe. Inkuru ikwira hose bati: “Umukuru aba ari mukuru”. Utumviye se na nyina yumvura ijeri, kandi irya mukuru urishima uribonye. Tanga ibisobanuro by'amagambo akurikira: Ubugimbi, ibigango, imyavu, inshyimbo. Umwitozo w'inyunguramagambo 1. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo yo mu mwandiko. -Iyo umuntu ashaje yitwaza...................... -Abana bageze mu myaka ya........ barya cyane. 2. Andika imbusane z'amagambo aciyeho umurongo mu nteruro zikurikira: -Umuhungu ugeze mu gihe cy' ubugimbi ahindura imyifatire. -Ubwenge bwa benshi butera ubukire. -Umwana w' uburiza akora imirimo myinshi. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
20 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko 1. Erekana ko igisobanuro urubyiruko rwahaga uyu mugani ngo,” Irya mukuru urishima uribonye” kitari cyo. 2. Amagambo akurikira bayita ngo iki? -“Tereraho, Terera iyo, Mutimamuke! Ntugapfe, ntugakire. ” Afata ku ibere ati: “iri ryarakonkeje ntukabone umurambo wange, ntukabone imva yange, nubiba ntugasarure, nuhinga ntukeze, ndi nyoko!” -“Namwishe ndakaba amacinya!” 3. Hitamo igisubizo cy'ukuri. Icyatumye Tereraho afungwa ni ukubera ko: -Yatutse nyina abakwe bumva. -Yimye nyina inzoga. -Yari yasinze bikabije. -Yishe umuntu. 1. 9. Imigani y'imigenurano Musesengure imvugo zikurikira mugaragaze imiterere yazo ku byerekeye interuro n'amagambo azigize ndetse no ku bisobanuro zifite: -Irya mukuru urishima uribonye -Irya mukuru riratinda ntirihera. -Utazi ubwenge ashima ubwe. -Utaganiriye na se ntamenya icyo sekuru yasize avuze. -Ubuto bubeshya umuntu agaseka -Amagambo atagira mukuru arumba ari indaro. a) Inshoza y' imigani y'imigenurano Imigani y'imigenurano bakunze kuyita imigani migufi bitewe n'uko igizwe n'amabango magufi ariko akubiyemo ingingo nyinshi. Akenshi iba igizwe n'interuro imwe irimo ibice bibiri kandi amagambo ayigize yumvikana ku buryo busanze. Urugero: Utazi ubwenge/ashima ubwe. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
21 Umuco nyarwanda Imigani y'imigenurano yaciwe n'abakurambere, ariko ntidushobora kumenya izina ry'uwaciye umugani uyu n'uyu. Imigani y'imigenurano yatugezeho binyuze mu ruhererekane mvugo. Ni yo mpamvu iyo bajya guca umugani bagira bati: “Bakunda kuvuga ngo....”, Burya koko babivuze ukuri ngo....” b) Kuki iyo migani bayita imigenurano? Kugenura ni ukuvuga ikintu ariko ushaka kuvuga ikindi, utabizi akibwira ko ari aho ugarukiye, naho ubizi agafindura icyo washakaga kuvuga mu buryo buteruye. Kugenura ni nko guca amarenga. Hari abantu bafite amazina y'amagenurano. Ayo mazina aba afite icyo yerekeyeho. Ikerekana ko imigani igenura, nuko buri umugani wumvikana mu buryo bubiri. Uburyo bwa mbere ni ubwa kamere yawo mu mvugo iboneye, itagoronzoye; naho uburyo bwa kabiri n'ubwo mu mvugo y'amarenga ishushanya icyo bawuciriye. Mu buryo bwa mbere umugani wumvikanamo, ari bwo mvugo iboneye, kumva umugani ntibigoye. Dufashe nk'urugero, uvuze ngo “arimo gishigisha ntavura,” birumvikana ko amata atavura ugenda uyakozamo umutozo uyavuruga buri kanya (gushigisha ni ugukaraga umwuko mu gikoma kiri ku ziko ngo ifu yivange n'amazi itaza gufata mu ndiba bigashirira), iryo ni ihame. Urumva koko ari byo, nta kindi gisobanuro ugomba kugira ngo wumve uwo mugani. Uburyo bwa kabiri ni uburyo bw'amarenga, uwumvise agomba gutekereza agashishoza kugira ngo amenye icyo uwo mugani bawugenuriraho, mbese ingingo ishushanya. Uyu mugani urerekana ingorane umuntu aterwa n'abamusesereza mu bikorwa bye bagira ngo berekane ko ibye bidashobora gutungana kandi bifite kidobya. Uko kumutobera urogoya imigambi ye, ni byo bagereranya no “gushigisha amata” kuko amata ubusanzwe aba ikivuguto ari uko wayateretse ukayarekera hamwe agatuza, akabona gufatana, ari byo bita. “kuvura”. Imigani y'imigenurano ikubiyemo uturango twinshi tw'umuco wacu nk'uburezi n'uburere, imibanire, uko twu-mva isi n'ibiyiriho cyangwa ibitubaho n'ibindi. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
22 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4c) Ingero z'isesengura ry'imigani migufi Iyo inkoko ivuye mu magi arabora : Urumva ko ari byo koko, ni na ko bigenda nta gisobanuro bigomba kugira ngo wumve iyo nteruro. Inkoko iraririye amagi, iyo iyavuyemo ni byo arabora. Nyamara mu buryo bwa kabiri ari bwo bw'amarenga ugomba gutekereza ugashishoza kugira ngo umenye icyo cyangwa uwo bawuciraho. Uyu mugani ushushanya umubyeyi utaye abana bato kandi batagira kivurira. Abo bana bararuha kandi bakababara. Ni cyo kubora kw'amagi bishushanya. Iyo mvugo y'ingenurano rimwe na rimwe kuyifindura ntibyoroshye. Ndetse hariho imigani imwe itumvikana mu buryo bwombi, haba mu mvugo isanzwe, imwe twise imvugo iboneye, haba no mu mvugo y'amarenga igenura. Igitera umugani kutumvikana neza ni uko haba harimo ijambo ritumvikana kuko ryashaje ritagikoreshwa mu mvugo y'ubu cyangwa se uwo mugani ukaba ukomoka ku gitekerezo cya kera cyangwa ku mugani muremure utazwi neza. Amagambo atagira mukuru arumba ari indaro : Utazi ijambo “indaro” icyo rivuga ntushobora kumva uwo mugani. Nturyite indâaro imwe y'abazimu cyangwa se inzu nto cyane. Indaro bavuga muri uyu mugani ni ikintu kinini kisanzuye. Umurima w'indaro ni umurima munini cyane. Kurumbya umurima w'indaro ntusarure n'irya kirazira ni ukugusha ishyano. Ikigereranyo cy'uyu mugani: inama igiwe n'abantu bato batagira umuntu wo kubagimbura, noneho inama yabo yajya kuzura bakabitaba kubera kudashobora kubitunganya ni yo magambo atagira mukuru arumba ari indaro kuko aba ahari ariko agasubira kuba ubusa. Amatwi yuje amata ntiyumva : Hari abantu bakira bikabatera imico mibi. Bamwe biga kurengwa bagasuzugura abo bahoranye mu bukene. Amatwi yuje amata ni umukire warenzwe. Kutumva ni ugusuzugura biterwa no kwibagirwa ko iby'isi ari intizo. Uwo mugani ucibwa iyo umuntu abonye umuntu uhindura indoro n'ingendo, akitwara uko atitwaraga, agasuzugura bitewe n'uko yateye imbere, cyangwa hari icyo yungutse mu buzima. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
23 Umuco nyarwanda Indinde iri kabiri, ndinda dawe na ndinda mwana wange : Baca uyu umugani berekeje ku kamaro abana bagirira ababyeyi babo, babitura akamaro babagiriye bakiri bato. Umwana muto aba afite intege nke se cyangwa nyina akamuterura, umusaza cyangwa umukecuru na we aba afite intege nke umwana akamusindagiza. Izina ni ryo muntu : Umugani ucibwa iyo abantu babonye umuntu ukora ibikorwa cyangwa ufite imyitwarire ihuje n'izina rye. Inshamake Mfashe ko: Imigani migufi bita kandi imigani y'imigenurano ari imvugo ngufi zivugira mu marenga igitekerezo umuntu adashaka kwerura mu mvugo ihishuye. Ubu nshobora: Kunoza imvugo yange nsha imigani migufi mu biganiro bisanzwe, nandika cyangwa se mu biganiro mpaka kugira ngo nshyigikire igitekerezo cyangwa ingingo ku buryo bugufi kandi bunoze. Umwitozo 1. Tanga imigani itanu y'imigenurano ifatiye ku nka. 2. Shaka mu mwandiko imigani yerekana ko: -Kutumvira ababyeyi bizana ingaruka. -Abana bakwiye kwita ku babyeyi babo no kubafasha bageze mu zabukuru. -Umwana ubuze nyina akiri muto ababara, akagira ubuzima bubi. -Ibyago bisimburana n'ibindi byago, ibibazo bikurwa n'ibindi bibazo. -Umuntu w'umukene naho yavuga ijambo ryiza nta wuriha agaciro. 3. Sobanura iyi migani ikurikira: -Aho ibyago byaje ibihaha bica umuhoro. -Amacumu y'inda ntashira igorora. -Amirariro atera aminaro. -Icyansi k'impumyi cyoga itashye. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
24 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 41. 10. Sakwe Sakwe... ! Soma! Ica/findura ibisakuzo bikurikira: -Mpiritse indobo ikwira ingo zose. -Kinigirije umugara kijya kubaza umugambi wo gutabara. -Ngesa bumera. -Sakuza n'uwo muri kumwe. -Nyirabugenge n'ubugenge bwayo. -Nkubise urushyi rurumira. -Aho nagendaniye nawe wambwiye iki? -Mpuye n'umuzimu atambana imbazo. -Kakwica kakwigarika akambari ka Matene. -Mama nararushye. -Terera Rubona ubone ishyano. -Ni ge muzindutsi wa cyane nasanze umuzimu yicanye ku kaguru. -Nubatse urugo hejuru y'urupfu. -Idagadure naraguharuriye. Tanga ibisobanuro by'aya magambo akurikira: Amazimwe, ururembo, kunigiriza, kugesa, ubugenge, umuzimu, akambari. Umwitozo w'inyunguramagambo Uzuza izi nteruro ukoresheje amwe muri aya magambo: kuringaniza, umuzimu, amazimwe, amahane, gutema, kugesa. 1. Uburo bwe bureze azajya..........ejo. 2. Ni ngombwa..........urubyaro kugira ngo uzashobore kubaho neza. 3. Uyu mugore agira..........kubera ko akunda kuvuga ibyo atahagazeho neza. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
25 Umuco nyarwanda1. 11. Ibisakuzo -Mugendeye ku bisakuzo mwabonye, mubona ibisakuzo ari iki? -Ese umuntu yasakuza ari umwe? -Bifite akahe kamaro? -Ni ba nde basakuza? -Mukurikije ibisakuzo mwabonye n'ibindi muzi, mu bisakuzo hashobora kubonekamo ingingo z'umuco cyangwa iz'amateka? Mutange ingero mubyerekana. a) Inshoza y'ibisakuzo Ibisakuzo ni umukino wo mu magambo, ugendanye n'ibibazo n'ibisubizo byabyo, bihimbaza abakuru n'abato, kandi birimo ubuhanga kuko byigisha gutekereza. Ibisakuzo ni umukino nyurabwenge. Igisakuzo gisakuzwa mu magambo yacyo kikicwa mu magambo yacyo. Ibisakuzo byagiraga abahimbyi b'inzobere muri byo, bahoraga bacukumbura kugira ngo barusheho kunoza no gukungahaza uwo mukino. Umuntu asakuza n'uwo bangana cyangwa aruta. Mu muco nyarwanda kirazira gusakuza na Sobukwe cyangwa Nyokobukwe. Usakuza abwira mugenzi we ati: “Sakwe sakwe”! Undi na we akiriza ati: “Soma”. Akamubwira igisakuzo, akakica cyangwa kikamunanira. Ugusakuza iyo abonye ko igisakuzo kikunaniye arakubwira ati: “Kimpe”. Nawe cyananiye uti: “Ngicyo”! Ubwo akakiyicira, ukaba uratsinzwe. Ibisakuzo bimwe na bimwe bigaragaza igihe byahimbiwe ndetse bikerekana amateka. Ibyo bahimbye mu gihe imodoka, ifaranga, iradiyo, abazungu, byari bimaze kugera mu R wanda. Ingero Igisakuzo Igisubizo Nyamwitera agashyarara mu ishyamba. Imodoka Rambagira bugondo. Imodoka mu muhanda. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
26 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4Ihirike naraguharuriye. Imodoka mu muhanda Abazungu bazanye byinshi n'ibizatuzura. Ifaranga Nagutera icyatumye umugabo ataryama. Ifaranga Ni nde watanze umuzungu kwicara ku ifoteye. Ivunja Nkandagiye itafari rimena itegura risakaza inkuru i Burayi. Iradiyo Mu bisakuzo habonekamo ingingo z'umuco. Ingero Igisakuzo Igisubizo Mama arusha nyoko amabuno manini Igisabo Mama nshuti Ikirago Abana bange barara bahagaze bwacya bakaryama Imyugariro b) Akamaro k'ibisakuzo Ibisakuzo bifasha abana ndetse n'abakuru gukora imyitozo mfuturamvugo igamije kubamenyereza gutekereza, kuvuga badategwa no kumenya gufindura imvugo zidanangiye kandi bikabatoza umuco ndetse bikanabamenyesha amateka. Mfashe ko: Ibisakuzo ari umukino nyurabwenge wo mu magambo, ugendanye n'ibibazo n'ibisubizo byabyo, bihimbaza abakuru n'abato, kandi birimo ubuhanga kuko byigisha gutekereza. Ubu nshobora: Kunoza imvugo nsakuza na bagenzi bange, tugakina kandi twiyungura ubumenyi. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
27 Umuco nyarwanda Umwitozo 1. Tanga ingero z'ibisakuzo bitanu uzi maze unabisubize. 2. Ukoresheje ikaramu y'ibara garagaza muri iki kinyatuzu ibisubizo by'ibi bisakuzo: Urugero Mama arusha nyoko amabuno manini: Igisabo -Mama nshuti. -Abana bange barara bahagaze bwacya bakaryama. -Nyamwitera agashyarara mu ishyamba. -Abazungu bazanye byinshi n'ibizatuzura. -Ni nde watanze umuzungu kwicara ku ifoteye. -Nkandagiye itafari rimena itegura risakaza inkuru i Burayi. -Ngeze mu is hyamba rirahubangana. I S E K URU IKIRAGO GC A W BYAMHM BABM S A H DCVG YCOC IG I B M K Y IAOUBDPGBG OC V G IN YGNOEIII I F A R ANGAUKW SR S IC V A UBARKAMAN A IN IH AM A IVUNJA B W G FM SCM RRLPLLO S I R A D IYOBATNK R IN Z A RAYUMUSOR E | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
28 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 41. 12. Imfizi ikwiye Kigeli Imfizi ikwiye Kigeli Ya Rutigimbwa Ndi ubukombe si ndi ingimbi; Aho nabaye ingenzi Ni ubwo nambutse ingeri ndende. Indege yangurukanye bidatinze, Sinakurwa umutima N'uko ngiye iyo batanzi; Nari ntamirije igisingo, Nsesekaje ikamba ku mubiri, Ngenda ndi rubibi rw'igikaka; Nkataje imbere y'abasore! Ngisesekara i Buruseli, Sinagira umususu nk'abanyamusozi: Nsanze abasirikari bampagarariye, Urebe ko ndi igihangange, Sindagahindagara. Abazungu bamparira urwo rubuga, Ngo abatanzi banyitegereze, Batanshyikirije amaso, Bashinga urwego rwo guhagararaho. Ngo kundeba ni uguharamba inzovu. Izuba rirenga bakindangamiye; Banshimye ko ndi indatwa Iturutse i Nduga,Nkubitanya n'ikamba. Kayihura ati: “Dore inyamibwa Ngo iraturuka kwa Ndahiro, Abandi bami ababereye indongozi”. Gashugi ati: “bamuroye inshinguro, Babonye ko agendera ishema, Atari igishagasha, Ni ho yakuye iryo shimwe! Nimwishongore uruhehemure”! I Burayi baririmba uruhebuza Bamperekeje, Mpita iy'i Burundi Kubaratira iyo mpeta, Ndayikatarana ndinda ngera i Butare, N'abatware baje kuntega, Bati: “Nkubito y'imanzi Uracyagendana imbaraga? Twagize ngo imbeho y'i Burayi, Uzaza yarakugize imbumburi”! Nti: “Burya ihimbira ku mpomba; Yasanze ndi umugabo w'impambi, Nyibera impangare ntiya-tobora! Ahubwo wasangaga ntu-tubikana icyuya”! Bati “Ni uko icyubahiro | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
29 Umuco nyarwanda Indirimbo bayihanikira rimwe Ngo ndi umwami ndaboneye, Si amogezo ya rubanda! Bati “Rubazanganizi na Ngoga Uyu mugabe ko ari urugangazi, I Rwanda mumunganya nde”? Bati “ubugabo ni nk'ubwa Ruganzu, Icyo amurengeje ni uru rugendo, Urugero rwabo ni rumwe”. Bati: “Ese ko agendera igikabwe Yakandagira isi ikanyeganyega, Abamukurikiye bagakuka umutima, Ngo bagiye kurigita, Aho ntimwaduteje intamati: ”? Bati: “Izo ni intambwe z'ubukaka, Ubwo bukwerere yarabubyirukanye, Si ibyo yigirira ino; Nguwo ruribagiza rw'ikirenga, Ni rurikanwa rw'imirimba, Ni uwo baririmbana ijabo Ijabiro kwa rugambwa! Ni ingangare ibereye ingabo,Usanzwe ukinganya n'inkuba, Uri inkaka ntibyijyanwa”. Rubabazanganizi aranyo-geza burasohokwa! Ageza mu museke agisobanura ibigwi byange! Mbyuka kare bugicya, Icyuma gicana imodoka ndagikaraga, Ndayikarurukana kuri icyo kibuga, Ndayiburabuza ntibo-ngera kuyibona, Nyicana i Kibungo kuri Buye, Igihe bakibanze amatwi Bumva inkuba ziresa ku iteme! Ntambika umucyamo wa Mbazi, Imbaraga nyongera mu rutugu, Umuhanda waho ndawu-tabagura, Irya mpinga ya Mwurire Nsiga nyirimbuye n'imipira. Ndinda ndenga i Karama ka Save, Abanya Musasu mbasakazamo urwamo rw'ihoni. I Buhimba nyihacana umuhindo w'ivumbi, Bumva ihorera mu kirere! Bakiraranganya amaso, Bumva Nyiringoma ngeze mu Ngorongari. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
30 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4Uwo ni Rugamba rw' i Tanganyika”! Batangira ubwo banyereka ibirori, Birangiye banjyana mu biro, Nkibigera imbere sinajijinganya, Ninjira nkataje; Nkandagiye amatafari araturika Ku isima hasa imitutu: N'ubu nasize batangiye gusubiriza! Sinazarira nzinduka nzenguruka, Iyo ntara bayintambagiza bidatinze Banyereka imidugudu n'ibirorero, Ari ko nsanganizwa n'ibirori. Mbizihiye bacuranga imiziki Imizigo ikerererwa mu modoka, Amaduka barayakinga; Nababereye urukerereza! Impundu bazivanga n'impanda, Banyambika impeta y'ubukuru,Ndambagira njya i Nyanza kumurikirwa inyambo I Nyamagana ya Gitisi, Iyo banshuranga Rutayoberana; Mpitira i Kabare njya mu Rukari, Niyereka Karinga nyibwira akamaro nayigiriye. Nageze aho bantinya, Ndi umutayihana wa Kigeli. Sindigera ngira ubwoba, Ubwiza nabuvanze n'ubugabo. Bati: “Iyi nganji y'Igihugu, Ubwo ahindukiranye umwete, Umwanya w'abami yawugezemo, Nta muhinza uzamuhitana ngo age imbere ye, Yitwa imbangukanabigwi”. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
31 Umuco nyarwanda Shaka ibisobanuro by'amagambo akurikira Rutigimbwa Ubukombe Ingimbi Ingeri ndende Igisingo Umususu Abanyamusozi Sindagahindagara Guharamba inzovu Indatwa Urugangazi Intamati Iribagiza Rurikanwa Imirimba Ijabo Ijabiro Ingangare Ibirorero Urukerereza Impanda Inyamibwa Indongozi Imbumburi Impomba Impambi Inkaka Kubanga amatwi Urwamo Umutayihana Inganji Umuhinza Imbangukirabigwi Umwitozo w'inyunguramagambo Ukoresheje akambi huza ibisobanuro n'imikarago yavuye mu gisingizo ukurikije ruriya rugero Narabashimishije Bwira bakinyitegereza Imitwaro itinda mu kinyabiziga Abera bandekera umwanya Sinatinya Ndi umutayihana wa Kigeli. Nababereye urukerereza. Sinagira umususu. Nageze aho bantinya,Abazungu bamparira urwo rubuga. Ubwiza nabuvanze n'ubugabo. Imizigo ikerererwa mu modoka. Izuba rirenga bakindangamiye. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
32 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4 Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko 1. Ni nde bavuga muri uyu mwandiko 2. Baramuvugaho iki ? 3. Tanga interuro nibura ebyiri zigaragaza ko ari umwandiko urata. 4. Tanga urugero rw'amazina yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko asingiza uvugwa. 5. Ha undi mutwe ukwiye uyu mwandiko. Gusesengura umwandiko Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko arata, cyangwa ataka uvugwa. Garagaza insanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko. Umwitozo wo gufata mu mutwe Fata mu mutwe uyu mwandiko maze uzawuvuge imbere ya bagenzi bawe wubahiriza isesekaza n'iyitsa. 1. 13. Gusesengura igisingizo Tanga itandukaniro hagati y'umwandiko umaze kwiga n'iyindi wize ugendeye ku kivugwa n'uburyo kivugwamo? Uhereye ku buryo bavuga ikivugwa, uyu mwandiko wawita iki? a) Inshoza y'igisingizo Izina igisingizo rikomoka ku nshinga “gusingiza” bisobanura kuvuga umuntu cyangwa ikintu ucyogeza kubera ibyiza bye cyangwa byacyo. Igisingizo rero ni umwandiko wa gisizi; wanditswe ku buryo bw'imikarago, ukubiyemo | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
33 Umuco nyarwandaamagambo yo kurata cyangwa yo kogeza umugiraneza. Ni na yo nkomoko y'imvugo zikurikira : “Kutavuga mu bisingizo uwagukuye mu kaga ni uguhemuka. ”, “Uko yahaye abantu benshi inka na bo ni ko bamuhunda ibisingizo”. Ibisingizo rero si ingeri y'ubuvanganzo nyarwanda yihariye, ahubwo ingeri runaka y'ubuvanganzo ishobora kuba igisingizo bitewe n'uko insanganyamatsiko irimo yubakitse. Umuvugo, ikivugo cyangwa amayingabyivugo bishobora kuba ibisingizo igihe umuhanzi hari ikintu yasingizagamo. b) Uturango tw'igisingizo Uhanga igisingizo akoresha amagambo ataka cyangwa yogeza uwo cyangwa icyo asingiza, akagaragaza impamvu ituma amusingiza, akirinda kuvuga ibibi, akibanda ku byiza gusa. Inshamake Mfashe ko: Igisingizo ari umwandiko wa gisizi; wanditswe ku buryo bw'imikarago, ukubiyemo amagambo yo kurata cyangwa yo kogeza umugiraneza. Uhanga igisingizo akoresha amagambo ataka cyangwa yogeza uwo cyangwa icyo asingiza, akagaragaza impamvu ituma amusingiza, akirinda kuvuga ibibi, akibanda ku byiza gusa. Ubu nshobora: Gusesengura no guhanga igisingizo nubahiriza imiterere n'uturanga twacyo. Umwitozo Hanga igisingizo kuri imwe muri izi nsanganyamatsiko -Ibyiza bya Porisi y'u Rwanda -Inshuti yange nkunda -Ibyiza by'ishuri nigamo | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
34 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 41. 14. Twivuge bahu! 1. Nagiye ku rusenge ibitugu ndabitigisa, imyambi ndayisakiranya, abo twari kumwe ndabacyaha, nitwa Cyaradamaraye. 2. Nivugiye ku rusenge, umwana yivugira mu nda ya nyina ntaho byabonetse. 3. Ndi inkubito idatinya, ndi Nyambo sinkenga, Mucyo wa Rudatinya, ndi umuhungu ntibyijanwa. 4. Ndi umuhungu ndi umuziraguhungu, mirindi y'abasore nanze guhunga iwacu twaraye ubusa. 5. Uri inyundo.... Ndi isata ibasumba ndi intore ya Rugayampunzi. Nakubitiye umubisha mu gikombe, ndamuzamura mukubitira mu gahinga ngo ejo batagira ngo ni inkangu yamumfashije. 6. Nahagaze mu Gasenyi ndasa mu Gasiza, umukobwa wambonye ati:“Uno musore ntarasa neza arakandongora”. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
35 Umuco nyarwanda Sobanura amagambo akurikira Isata, igikombe, inkangu, urusenge, mu gahinga Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko 1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko usanga muri ibi byivugo? 2. Kuvuga ko umuntu ari Cyaradamaraye bishatse kuvuga iki? Birakwiye ko babivugira ku muntu w'umugabo? Kubera iki? 3. Ni ibihe bikorwa by'indengakamere usanga muri ibi byivugo? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe. 1. 15. Ibyivugo by'amahomvu -Muhereye ku byivugo by'amahomvu mwasomye murasanga birangwa n'iki? -Mu byivugo by'amahomvu bavugamo iki? -Ibyivugo by'amahomvu biba bigamije iki? Bimaze iki? a) Inshoza y'ibyivugo by'amahomvu Ni ibyivugo bigufi bisanzwe, abana bivuga. b) Uturango tw'ibyivugo by'amahomvu Akenshi haba harimo amagambo yo kwivuga birata ariko yo gusetsa no kwidagadura. Iyo rero bakitse imirimo baririmba akaririmbo ko guhamagarira buri wese kwivuga bagira bati: “ Uri inyundo, uri inyana ya Rukara rwa Ruyange, uri inyundo. Nawe Kanaka (bavuga izina ry'umuntu umwe mu bari aho) ngwino utubwire icyo wamariye abandi bahungu uri inyundo”. Uwivuga yigereranya n'ibintu, inyamaswa, akaba ari byo ashingiraho ubuhangange bwe. Aho kwirata ubutwari bwo ku rugamba uwivuga mu | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
36 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4mahomvu yirata ubwiza, ubuhangange mu kurya, mu gukundwa n'abagore n'abakobwa,... Mu byivugo by'amahomvu habamo ibigereranyo bisekeje. Nta bikorwa byo ku rugamba bivugwamo ahubwo biba bigamije kwidagadura, kandi biba bisekeje. -Ibikorwa birata si iby'ubutwari uwivuga yagiriye ku rugamba, ahubwo ni iby'ubuzima busanzwe. Uwivuga kandi ashyiramo amakabyankuru. Urugero -Ndi isata ibasumba ndi intore ya Rugayampunzi -Ndi umuhungu ndi umuziraguhungu. Nanze guhunga iwacu twaraye ubusa. Sinkenga -Nagiye ku rusenge ibitugu ndabitigisa. -Nitwa Cyaradamaraye. -Nivugiye ku rusenge, umwana yivugira mu nda ya nyina. -Nanze guhunga iwacu twaraye ubusa. -Umukobwa wambonye ati: “uno musore ntarasa neza arakandongora” Umwitozo 1. Ibyivugo by'amahomvu birangwa n'iki? 2. Himba ikivugo cy'amahomvu ukurikije ibiranga bene ibyo byivugo maze wivuge ikivugo cyawe imbere ya bagenzi bawe. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
37 Umuco nyarwanda1. 16. Kwita izina mu muco nyarwanda Kuki umwana avuka bakamwita izina? Izina rihuriyehe n'umuntu? Izina ry'umuntu ni ryo rimutandukanya n'abandi, ni ryo rimuha umwanya mu muryango, bakamuhamagara, bakamuvuga. Ni ryo rigira umuntu uwo ari we. Izina ni icyubahiro cy'umuntu, uwubashye izina ryawe nawe aba akubashye. Igihe cyo kwita umuntu izina wabaga ari umuhango ukomeye, utumirwamo abana n'abakuru. Ese ni gute umuhango wo kwita izina umwana wagendaga ute mu muco nyarwanda? Mu muco nyarwanda umwana ahabwa izina ku munsi wa munani avutse. Umwana yahabwaga izina mu museke. Se | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
38 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4yabanzaga guterura uwo mwana w'uruhinja akamusimbiza maze akamubwira ati: “Kura ujya ejuru, nkwise..... (akavuga izina)”. Umugore na we yabaga ashobora kwita izina umwana wabo ariko izina ryahamaga ryari iryiswe na se. Umugore wabyariye mu rugo rutari urw'umugabo we, yarahukanye cyangwa yarazindutse, yamaraga gusohoka agataha akajya kwitisha izina ku mugabo we. Iyo se w'umwana yabaga atariho, umuhagarariye ni we wamuhaga izina mu kimbo cya se. Umwana w'uruhinja wabaga agifite sekuru na nyirakuru, nyina yamaraga kuva ku kiriri akamujyana kwa sebukwe, akaba ari we ubanza kumwita izina. Ku munsi wo kwita izina hatumirwaga abana, abavandimwe, abaturanyi n'inshuti, ngo baze kwita umwana izina ari byo kurya ubunnyano. Babaga batetse, benze inzoga, abana n'abakuru bateranye. Abana babanzaga kujya guhinga. Bahingishaga ibiti by'inkonzo by'umutobotobo. Bagahinga, benda gutura ikivi, umwe mu bakuru akabatera amazi ati: “Nimutahe imvura iraguye”, maze bagataha. Iyo abana babaga bahinguye, bajyaga mu rugo, bagasanga babateguriye ibyo kurya. Byabaga birimo ibishyimbo bacucumyemo imboga kandi bagizemo utubumbe twinshi, buri mwana akagira akabumbe ke. Akabumbe kose kaba kageretseho agasate k'umutsima. Bakazana amata y'inshyushyu n'ay'ikivuguto bagatereka aho, abana bakaza, bakabaha amazi bagakaraba, bakarya, bakazana n'amata bakanywaho uko bangana. Nguko kurya ubunnyano. Iyo abana bamaraga kurya ntibabahaga amazi yo gukaraba; barazaga bagahanaguriza intoke zabo ku mabere ya wa mubyeyi, bagira ngo “Urabyare abana benshi, abahungu n'abakobwa”. Ubwo nyina w'umwana akamukikira, buri mwana agahita, akamwitegereza ati: “Mwise naka”. Abana barangiza hagakurikiraho abakuru. Abana ntibatahaga iwabo imuhira, na nyina w'umwana ntiyahagurukaga aho yicaye, keretse umwana abanje kunnya cyangwa anyaye. Nyina yabaga yamuhaye amata, yamuhaye ibere, agira ngo annye cyangwa anyare vuba. Iyo umwana yatindaga kunnya cyangwa kunyara, bamu | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
39 Umuco nyarwandahaga amazi y'ibibabi by'inkeri yamara kunnya no kunyara bakabona kugenda. Kugenderaho byafatwaga nko gusurira umwana nabi, agapfa. Izina ry'umwana ryamenyekanaga bukeye. Umunsi wo kwita izina babaga bakoshereje umwana ingobyi ebyiri, iy'intama n'iy'inka; bakazimukozaho, kugira ngo imwe nibura bamuheke mu yindi. Iyo babaga batabigenje batyo, bukeye bakamuheka mu yo batamukojejeho, icyo gihe byasuriraga umwana nabi, agapfa. Umwana w'uruhinja iyo yabaga afite mukuru we, ku munsi wo gusohoka baramumuhekeshaga, kugira ngo bazahore barutana, umukuru ntarutwe na murumuna we, bitewe n'uko yazingamye. Umugore yasohokanaga icumu, ingabo, umuheto n'ishinge. Ibyo yabaga yasohokanye, babimanikaga mu ruhamo rw'umuryango, cyaraziraga kubijugunya gusa. Uko rero ni ko umuhango wo kwita izina wagendaga mu muco nyarwanda. Dusigasire umuco nyarwanda twubahiriza umuhango wo kwita izina mu miryango yacu, kuko burya izina ni ryo muntu. Sobanura amagambo akurikira umuseke, Umuse, Ibiti by'inkonzo, Umutobotobo, umusambi, Bamukoshereje ingobyi, Intara, Ingabo, uruhamo rw'umuryango, sekuru, nyirakuru, ishinge Umwitozo w'inyunguramagambo -Ni ayahe magambo ari mu mwandiko avuga kimwe n'aya akurikira: umuce, mu rukerera urutaro, guharura ikivi. -Ntibavuga kugura ingobyi, bavuga.... | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
40 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4 Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko 1. Uyu mwandiko uravuga ku ki? 2. Umwana wavutse yahabwaga izina ryari? 3. Kubera iki umwana bamuhekeshaga mukuru we? 4. Umuhango wo kwita izina witabirwaga na ba nde? 5. Ni nde witaga umwana izina iyo yavukaga se atakiriho? 6. Ukurikije umwandiko, umuhango wo kwita izina wakorwaga ute? 7. Utekereza ko ari ukubera iki umuhango wo kwita izina bawitaga kurya ubunnyano? 8. Gereranya uko umuhango wo kwita izina wakorwaga n'uko ukorwa ubu. Gusesengura umwandiko -Tahura ingingo z'ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko. -Hina umwandiko “Kwita izina” mu magambo yawe bwite. Umwitozo w'ubumenyingiro Kujya impaka Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kamaro k'umuhango wo kwita izina muri iki gihe. Ese mubona uwo muhango ugifite agaciro muri iki gihe? 1. 17. Imbata y'umwandiko ntekerezo 1. Mukurikije ibika by'umwandiko “kwita izina” nimuvuge ibice biwugize (imbata yawo) kandi mugaragaze ibika ibyo bice biherereyemo. 2. Mukurikije ibice by'umwandiko “kwita izina” nimutange imbata y'umwandiko ntekerezo. 3. Nimusobanure ibice by'umwandiko ntekerezo. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
41 Umuco nyarwanda Imbata y'umwandiko ntekerezo Umwandiko ntekerezo utangirwa n'umutwe. Umutwe uba ugizwe n'interuro imwe ifitanye isano n'ibiri buvugwe mu kurambura ingingo, mbese ni inshamake y'umwandiko wose. Kugira ngo utandukane n'ibindi bice biwukurikiye, umutwe bawucaho umurongo cyangwa bagasiga umwanya mbere yo gutangira igice gikurikiyeho, cyangwa se ukaba wanditse mu buryo bwihariye (ugaragara cyane). Usibye uyu mutwe, umwandiko ntekerezo ugira ibice by'ingenzi bitatu, ari byo intangiriro, igihimba n'umusozo. Intangiriro n' umusozo biremwa n'igika kimwe kimwe mu gihe igihimba cyo kiremwa n'ibika byinshi. Tumenye ko umwandiko wuzuye uba ufite nibura ibika bitatu. Iyo bigiye munsi, uwo mwandiko uba ubura igice kimwe cyangwa ibice bibiri mu bigize umwandiko. Umwandiko “kwita izina ” ugizwe n'ibice bine: Umutwe kwita izina Intangiriro igika cya mbere Igihimba kuva ku gika cya kabiri kugera ku gika cyamunani Umusozo igika cya nyuma. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
42 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 41. 18. Izina mbonera gakondo Soma iki gika gikurikira cy'umwandiko ''Kwita izina mu muco nyarwanda'' maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira : Umunsi wo kwita izina babaga bakoshereje umwana ingobyi ebyiri, iy' intama n'iy' inka; bakazimukozaho, kugira ngo imwe nibura bamuheke mu yindi. Iyo batabigenje batyo, bukeye bakamuheka mu yo batamukojejeho, icyo gihe bisurira umwana nabi, agapfa. Umwana w'uruhinja iyo afite mukuru we, ku munsi wo gusohoka baramumuhekesha, kugira ngo bazahore barutana, umukuru ntarutwe na murumuna we, bitewe n'uko yazingamye. Erekana uturemajambo tw'amazina atsindagiye mu gika cya karindwi n'amategeko y'igenamajwi yakoreshejwe. Uhereye ku ntego y'ayo mazina, izina ni iki? Izina gakondo ni iki? Izina mbonera ni iki? Izina mbonera gakondo ni iki? Nimwerekane andi mategeko y'igenamajwi atakoreshejwe mu mazina mwasesenguye. a) Inshoza y'izina mbonera gakondo Izina ni uburyo abantu bemeza kwita ibiriho, ibyo babona ibyo bumva, cyangwa ibyo batekereza. Dukurikije inkomoko y'amazina, amazina karemano mu rurimi rw'Ikimyarwanda, amazina y'umwimerere yitwa amazina gakondo (igiti, umugezi, umurima,... ), mu gihe hari andi mazina y'amatirano nk'ishati, ikoti, ishuri n'ayandi. Dukurikije intego y'izina, amazina y'Ikimyarwanda afite uturemajambo tw'ibanze dutatu (indomo, indanganteko n'igicumbi), yitwa amazina nyakimwe cyangwa amazina mbonera. b) Uturemajambo tw'izina mbonera gakondo Kugira ngo umenye uturemajambo tw'izina, ubanza kurigoragoza (uritubya, uritubura cyangwa ukarishyira mu nteko zinyuranye). Igice kidahinduka ni cyo bita igicumbi (C) kibanzirizwa n'indanganteko (RT) na yo ibanzirizwa n'indomo(D). Igicumbi : Ni akaremajambo k'izina kadahinduka iyo ugoragoje izina | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
43 Umuco nyarwanda Ingero -Inka -Agaka -Uduka -Ibika -Igika... Witegereje urasanga akaremajambo-ka kagaruka iteka iyo ugerageje gushyira ijambo inka mu nteko zinyuranye. Indanganteko : Ni akaremajambo kagaragaza inteko izina ririmo. Indanganteko z'amazina mu Kinyarwanda ni 16. Ikitonderwa Hari amazina atagaragaza indanganteko. Kugira ngo umenye inteko zayo uyashyira mu nteruro maze inteko z'amasano akaba ari zo zigaragaza inteko ayo mazina arimo. Bene ayo mazina akunda kuba mu nteko ya 5, 9 n'iya 10. Mu kugaragaza inteko z'ayo mazina hakoreshwa aka kamenyetso: φ Ingero Nt. ya 5 ibuye rinini riragaragara: i-φ-buye Nt. ya 9 ihene nziza ni musheru: i-φ-hene Nt. ya 10 ihene nziza ni iz'umusheru: i-φ-hene Indomo ni akaremajambo kagizwe n'inyajwi itangira izina. Mu Kinyarwanda inyajwi zishobora kuba indomo ni i, u, na a. Usibye igoragoza kugira ngo umenye indomo ushobora gukoresha impakanyi nta, indangahantu ku/mu, ijambo rihamagara “yewe”/”yemwe” imbere y'izina cyangwa se akajambo “ki” kabaza inyuma yaryo. Inyajwi itakara aba ari indomo. Ingero Nta mugabo mbona. nta φ-mu-gabo Yewe mugabo! Yewe φ-mu-gabo. Ese wagize ngo ni mugabo ki? φ-mu-gabo ki? | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
44 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4c) Amategeko y'igenamajwi akoreshwa mu izina mbonera gakondo Amazina mbonera gakondo yuzuye. Ni ukuvuga afite uturemajambo twose uko ari dutatu. Ingero Umuntu u-mu-ntu Umugabo u-mu-gabo Umusore u-mu-sore Umwana u-mu-ana(uw/-J) Bivuga ngo u ihinduka w iyo iri imbere y'inyajwi. Inzoga i-n-yoga (yz/n-) Induru i-n-ruru (rd/n-) Imbeba i-n-beba (nm/-b) Imfura i-n-pfura (p ø /n-f) n m/-f Imyeyo i-mi-eyo (iy/-J) Amenyo a-ma-inyo (a+ie) Abana a-ba-ana (a ø /-J) Inyoni i-n-nyoni (n ø /-ny) Imana i-n-mana (n ø/-m) / i--mana Inuma i-n-numa (n ø /-n) Igicuma i-ki-cuma (k g/-GR) Uduca u-tu-ca (td/-GR) Ikitonderwa Hari ibicumbi bifata ingombajwi “z” mu nteko ya 10 bitari biyisanganywe. Ingero Urugi => inzugi i-n-zugi Uruzi =>inzuzi i-n-zuzi Urwabya =>inzabya i-n-zabya | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
45 Umuco nyarwanda Ingero Izina Uturemajambo Itegeko 1 Umwiko u-mu-iko u w /-J 2 Abana a-ba-na a ø /-J 3 Akebo a-ka-ibo a + i e 4 Imyuko i-mi-uko n y /-J 5 Imbaga i-n-baga n m /-b 6 Imfwati i-n-fwati n m /-f 7 Impinja i-n-hinja n m /-h; mh mp mu myandikire yemewe y'Ikinyarwanda 8 Icyuma i-ki-uma i y /-J; ky cy mu myandikire yemewe y'Ikinyarwanda 9 Impapuro i-n-papuro n m /-p 10 Imvura i-n-vura n m /-v 11 Induru i-n-ruru r d /n-12 Igihaza i-ki-haza k g /-GR 13 Udushaza u-tu-shaza t d /-GR 14 Inzoga i-n-yoga y z /n-15 Insibo i-n-tsibo t ø /n-s 16 Inshuro i-n-curo c sh /n-17Imfizi i-n-pfizi m m/-p; p ø/m-f 18 Inzuzi i-n-uzi Igicumbi gifata z mu nt 10. Amazina mbonera gakondo atuzuye. Ni ukuvuga atagaragaza kamwe mu turemajambo. Amazina mbonera gakondo atagaragaza kamwe cyangwa tubiri mu turemajambo tw'amazina mbonera, akaremajambo katagaragara gahagararirwa n'iki kimenyetso “ø” Ingero Umushiki ø-mu-shiki Ishyamba i-ø-syamba Izuru i-ø-zuru Data ø-ø-data Se ø-ø-se Mama ø-ø-mama Nyina ø-ø-nyina | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
46 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4 Umwitozo Garagaza uturemajambo tw'amazina mbonera gakondo akurikira n'amategeko y'igenamajwi aho biri ngombwa: Inzoga, inkonzo, icyungo, igicuba Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere Soma umwandiko ukurikira hanyuma usubize ibibazo: Amaraso y'ikinyogote Umunsi umwe intare, umwami w'ishyamba yarwaje umwana. Intare ntisinzire ikajya irara yomongana mu ishyamba iboroga, iririra umwana wayo. Ibaza imiti biba iby'ubusa, umurwayi akomeza kumererwa nabi: bayoberwa iyo ndwara iyo ari yo. Intare igeze aho iribwira iti: “Ingabo zange zimariye iki? Nabajije inyamaswa zose icyankiriza umwana, none aranga akanshika. Reka nzihamagare zose zimbwire abavuzi b'abahanga muri zo, maze nibatamvurira umwana bazabone igihano gikomeye”. Inama y'abaganga ikabamo ingwe, yewe n'amasatura n'impiri nako ubwoko bwose bwari bwohereje umuhanga bwiyizimo. Indwara irayoberana: imiti igeragejwe igasubiza umurwayi iwa ndabaga. Inama y'abavuzi imaze gushoberwa, havamo nyiramuhari ibwira intare iti: “Nyagasani, naje aha mvuye mu rugendo rwa kure, mbajije imiti myinshi. Ndagira ngo mbabwire umuti wakiza umwana”. Intare iyikubita inzara iti: “Maze ugatinda bigeze aha ngaha”! Nyiramuhari iti: “Nibamuhe amaraso y'ikinyogote ashyushye anywe ahage. Nibidushobokera, turaba dusigaranye umurimo wo kondora gusa”. Ikinyogote cyari cyoherejwe kibyumvise kigira ubwoba. Kiraza n'imbere ya ya ntare gikoma mu mashyi, amavi kiyashita ku butaka kirayibwira kiti: “Nyagasani sinakwemera ko mwene databuja apfa nashobora kumukiza; ubuzima bwange ntiburuta ubwe. Icyakora umuti nari nawibagiwe, nange nari nywuzi: nyiramuhari yawibagiweho ikintu cya ngombwa. N'aho twawukuye ndahakubwira; tujya kuza mu nama twagiye kuri umwe muri ba bandi bagenda bahagaze ku tuguru tubiri aratubwira ati: “Ni mwe mwembi umuti uzaturukaho, bazashake ubwonko bwa nyiramuhari babuminjiremo amaraso y'ikinyogote umwana abirye, nadakira muzabwire ntare ko | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
47 Umuco nyarwandamutegereje umutwe wange”. Izindi nyamaswa zikaba zateze amatwi ziti: “Nimugire vuba umwana ataducika. ” Nyiramuhari bayitema agahanga baragasatura bakuramo ubwonko; ikinyogote bagitera agashinge ku kuguru (kuko ahandi hari amahwa menshi) baminjira uturaso mu bwonko, ingwe yiyegereza umwana w'intare bamuha umuti. Inama y'abavuzi irangira ityo, ikinyogote kigenda gicumbagira, n'ubundi ariko cyari kibisanganywe, bari bamaze iminsi bagitereye umujugujugu mu murima w'imyumbati. Umwana w'intare ruranga ruramunjyana. Si nge wahera hahera ubugome bwa nyiramuhari n'abavuzi bo mu ishyamba. I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko 1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki? Sobanura. 2. Ikibazo nyamukuru kivugwa muri uyu mwandiko ni ikihe? 3. Ni izihe nyamaswa zivugwa mu mwandiko? 4. Ese umuti uvugwa mu mwandiko wari wo koko? Usanga icyatumye nyiramuhari ivuga ko umuti ari amaraso y'ikinyogote ari ikihe? 5. Ese ikibazo kivugwa mu mwandiko cyaje gukemuka? Sobanura. II. Ibibazo by'inyunguramagambo 1. Sobanura amagambo n'interuro bikurikira: a) Biba iby'ubusa b) Kugera iwa ndabaga c) Gushoberwa d) Kondora umurwayi e) Amavi kiyashita ku butaka 2. Tanga imbusane z'amagambo akurikira: a) Gutinda b) Kwemera c) Shebuja d) Kwibuka Umwitozo Garagaza uturemajambo tw'amazina mbonera gakondo akurikira n'amategeko y'igenamajwi aho biri ngombwa: Inzoga, inkonzo, icyungo, igicuba Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere Soma umwandiko ukurikira hanyuma usubize ibibazo: Amaraso y'ikinyogote Umunsi umwe intare, umwami w'ishyamba yarwaje umwana. Intare ntisinzire ikajya irara yomongana mu ishyamba iboroga, iririra umwana wayo. Ibaza imiti biba iby'ubusa, umurwayi akomeza kumererwa nabi: bayoberwa iyo ndwara iyo ari yo. Intare igeze aho iribwira iti: “Ingabo zange zimariye iki? Nabajije inyamaswa zose icyankiriza umwana, none aranga akanshika. Reka nzihamagare zose zimbwire abavuzi b'abahanga muri zo, maze nibatamvurira umwana bazabone igihano gikomeye”. Inama y'abaganga ikabamo ingwe, yewe n'amasatura n'impiri nako ubwoko bwose bwari bwohereje umuhanga bwiyizimo. Indwara irayoberana: imiti igeragejwe igasubiza umurwayi iwa ndabaga. Inama y'abavuzi imaze gushoberwa, havamo nyiramuhari ibwira intare iti: “Nyagasani, naje aha mvuye mu rugendo rwa kure, mbajije imiti myinshi. Ndagira ngo mbabwire umuti wakiza umwana”. Intare iyikubita inzara iti: “Maze ugatinda bigeze aha ngaha”! Nyiramuhari iti: “Nibamuhe amaraso y'ikinyogote ashyushye anywe ahage. Nibidushobokera, turaba dusigaranye umurimo wo kondora gusa”. Ikinyogote cyari cyoherejwe kibyumvise kigira ubwoba. Kiraza n'imbere ya ya ntare gikoma mu mashyi, amavi kiyashita ku butaka kirayibwira kiti: “Nyagasani sinakwemera ko mwene databuja apfa nashobora kumukiza; ubuzima bwange ntiburuta ubwe. Icyakora umuti nari nawibagiwe, nange nari nywuzi: nyiramuhari yawibagiweho ikintu cya ngombwa. N'aho twawukuye ndahakubwira; tujya kuza mu nama twagiye kuri umwe muri ba bandi bagenda bahagaze ku tuguru tubiri aratubwira ati: “Ni mwe mwembi umuti uzaturukaho, bazashake ubwonko bwa nyiramuhari babuminjiremo amaraso y'ikinyogote umwana abirye, nadakira muzabwire ntare ko | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
48 Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umunyeshuri Amashuri yisumbuye 4III. Ibibazo ku ihangamwandiko 1. Erekana imbata y'umwandiko “amaraso y'ikinyogote”, werekane aho buri gice gihera n'aho kirangirira. 2. Hina umwandiko amaraso y'ikinyogote mu magambo yawe bwite. IV. Ibibazo ku buvanganzo bwo muri rubanda 1. Mu mbonerahamwe gereranya insigamigani, umugani muremure n'igitekerezo. 2. Sesengura imigani migufi ikurikira uvuge n'aho wayikoresha. a) Umwana utumviye se na nyina yumvira ijeri. b) Kora ndebe iruta vuga numve. c) Inkono ntihira ikibatsi ihira ikibariro. d) Ntawurungira urunguruka. e) Intongo y'inzara irusha iy'inyama kubasha umutsima. f) Umusego mubi upfura amasunzu. g) Uwambaye injamba ntagira ijambo. 3. Findura ibisakuzo bikurikira: Sakwe sakwe..... soma! a) Twavamo umwe ntitwarya. b) Nshinze umwe ndasakara. c) Nagutera icyo utazi utabonye. d) Ngeze mu ishyamba rirahubangana. e) Inka yange nyikama igaramye. V. Ibibazo bijyanye n'umuhango wo kwita izina 1. Umuhango wo kwita izina wakorwaga ute? 2. Kubera iki kwita izina bavuga ko ari ukurya ubunnyano? | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
49 Umuco nyarwanda VI. Ikibonezamvugo Izina mbonera gakondo riba riteye rite? Garagaza uturemajambo tw'amazina mbonera ari mu nteruro zikurikira werekane amategeko y'igenamajwi yakoreshejwe: -Intare iyikubita inzara. -Umwami w'ishyamba yarwaje umwana. -Inama y'abaganga iraterana. -Bashatse ubwonko bwa Nyiramuhari. -Ikinyogote bagiteye umujugujugu mu murima w'imyumbati. VII. Ihimbamwandiko Himba igisingizo cy'umwarimu wakwigishije neza. Himba ikivugo cy'amahomvu. | REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
REB_Ikinyarwanda_core_S4_SB.pdf |
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