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D1555982 stringlengths 2 8	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071007114826AAwCFvR stringlengths 14 573	The hot glowing surfaces of stars emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.? stringlengths 1 39.2k ⌀	Science & Mathematics Physics The hot glowing surfaces of stars emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.? It is a good approximation to assume that the emissivity e is equal to 1 for these surfaces. Find the radius of the star Rigel, the bright blue star in the constellation Orion that radiates energy at a rate of 2.7 x 10^32 W and has a surface temperature of 11,000 K. Assume that the star is spherical. Use σ =... show more Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the energy flux by radiation is proportional to the forth power of the temperature: q = ε · σ · T^4 The total energy flux at a spherical surface of Radius R is Q = q·π·R² = ε·σ·T^4·π·R² Hence the radius is R = √ ( Q / (ε·σ·T^4·π) ) = √ ( 2.7x10+32 W / (1 · 5.67x10-8W/m²K^4 · (1100K)^4 · π) ) = 3.22x10+13 m Source (s):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_bolt...schmiso · 1 decade ago0 18 Comment Schmiso, you forgot a 4 in your answer. Your link even says it: L = 4pi (R^2)sigma (T^4). Using L, luminosity, as the energy in this problem, you can find the radius R by doing sqrt (L/ (4pisigma (T^4)). Hope this helps everyone. Caroline · 4 years ago4 1 Comment (Stefan-Boltzmann law) L = 4piR^2sigmaT^4 Solving for R we get: => R = (1/ (2T^2)) sqrt (L/ (pisigma)) Plugging in your values you should get: => R = (1/ (2 (11,000K)^2)) sqrt ( (2.710^32W)/ (pi (5.6710^-8 W/m^2K^4))) R = 1.609 10^11 m? · 3 years ago0 1 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Want to build a free website? Interested in dating sites? Need a Home Security Safe? How to order contacts online? stringlengths 2 1.32M ⌀
D2490780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Your_Girl_(song)	Forever Your Girl (song)	"Forever Your Girl"Single by Paula Abdulfrom the album Forever Your Girl Released February 20, 1989Format7" 12" CD cassette Recorded November 1987 – January 1988 [1]Genre R&B new jack swing dance-pop Length 4: 58Label Virgin Songwriter (s) Oliver Leiber Producer (s) Oliver Leiber Paula Abdul singles chronology" Straight Up " (1988) " Forever Your Girl " (1989) " Cold Hearted " (1989)Forever Your Girl track listing"I Need You" (5) " Forever Your Girl " (6) " Straight Up " (7)" Forever Your Girl " is a song by American recording artist Paula Abdul from her debut studio album, Forever Your Girl (1988). Written and produced by Oliver Leiber, the song was released as the album's fourth single on February 20, 1989. After the unexpected success of " Straight Up ", Virgin Records quickly released another single to satisfy the public's newfound interest in Abdul. It became the second number-one single from the album, which would eventually yield four number-one singles. "Forever Your Girl" spent two weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 in May 1989, reached number 28 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, and number 11 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Internationally, it charted at number 24 in the UK, and peaked at number 17 in Germany. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Music video3 Track listings and formats3.1 US 12" single3.2 UK/European CD single3.3 Official remixes4 Charts4.1 Weekly charts4.2 Year-end charts5 References History [ edit]The song is about loyalty in a relationship. The female vocalist proclaims that, despite rumors that others may be interested in her, none of those matter because she will remain faithful to the man she loves; she will remain "forever his girl." The single version differs slightly from the album version, as it uses more of the background male vocal and denser instrumentation. The song was part of a medley Abdul sang at the 1989 MTV Music Video Awards. Music video [ edit]The video was directed by David Fincher, and featured Abdul acting as a choreographer and director of a children's performance (a 6-year-old Trevor Wright, 8-year-old Elijah Wood and 10-year-old Nikki Cox were among them). The "Forever Your Girl" video spent two weeks at number one on MTV's video rotation and helped establish Abdul as a leading visual entertainer. The video also parodied Robert Palmer videos, having three little girls dressed like the three women who play backup guitars in his videos (black dresses, red lipstick, white makeup, and hair tied in buns). Track listings and formats [ edit]US 12" single [ edit]"Forever Your Girl" (12" version) – 6:33"Forever Your Girl" (Yo! Greg dub version) – 5:45"Forever Your Girl" (Saunderson-Grosse House of Love mix) – 6:33"Straight Up" (Kevin Saunderson Club mix) – 6:52"Next to You" (album track) – 4:28UK/European CD single [ edit]"Forever Your Girl" (Remix) – 4:15"Straight Up" (7" edit)"Next to You" – 4:29"Forever Your Girl" (12" remix) – 6:33Official remixes [ edit]12" remix (Keith Cohen) – 6:33Single version / remix (Keith Cohen) – 4:15House of Love mix (Keith Cohen) – 6:33Yo! Greg Dub version (Keith Cohen) – 5:45Shep's Special mix ( Shep Pettibone) – 6:27Frankie Foncett Club Remix – 6:11Charts [ edit]Weekly charts [ edit]Chart (1989) Peak position Australia ( ARIA) [2] 51Canada Top Singles ( RPM) 1Germany ( Official German Charts) 17UK Singles ( Official Charts Company) [3] 24US Billboard Hot 100 [4] 1US Adult Contemporary [5] 11US Dance Club Songs [6] 28US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs [7] 54Year-end charts [ edit]Chart (1989) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM) [8] 22US Billboard Hot 100 [9] 30References [ edit]^ "Oliver Leiber : Songwriter Interviews".^ "Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 2014-01-17". imgur.com. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2015-08-29.^ UK Official Singles Chart^ "Music: Top 100 - Billboard Hot 100 Chart", Billboard^ "Adult Contemporary Chart - Billboard", Billboard^ "Dance Club Songs - Billboard", Billboard^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs - Billboard", Billboard^ "Top Singles - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989". RPM. December 23, 1999. Retrieved November 22, 2017.^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1989". Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-12-27. Preceded by " I'll Be There for You " by Bon Jovi Billboard Hot 100 number-one single May 20, 1989 – May 27, 1989 Succeeded by " Rock On " by Michael Damian [ show]v t e Paula Abdul [ show]v t e Films directed by David Fincher
D3148984	https://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program-flood-hazard-mapping	National Flood Insurance Program: Flood Hazard Mapping	IMMERSED: A VR Experience IMMERSED puts users at the center of a flood crisis, allowing them to assess damage in a community and see the benefits. Previous Image Next Image Slide 1 of 4Through FEMA's flood hazard mapping program, Risk Mapping, Assessment and Planning (MAP), FEMA identifies flood hazards, assesses flood risks and partners with states and communities to provide accurate flood hazard and risk data to guide them to mitigation actions. Flood hazard mapping is an important part of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), as it is the basis of the NFIP regulations and flood insurance requirements. FEMA maintains and updates data through Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) and risk assessments. FIRMs include statistical information such as data for river flow, storm tides, hydrologic/hydraulic analyses and rainfall and topographic surveys. FEMA uses the best available technical data to create the flood hazard maps that outline your community’s flood risk areas. A variety of audiences ranging from homeowners to engineers and mapping professionals can benefit in learning more about flood hazard mapping in the sections below: To keep up with the latest developments in flood hazard mapping, please visit What's New in Flood Hazard Mapping. You can also sign up for e-mail updates using the link below. Flood Hazard Mapping News e-mail updates Expand All Sections Risk Mapping, Assessment and Planning (Risk MAP)How to View and Obtain Flood Maps Change My Flood Zone Designation Special Types of Flood Risk - Coastal and Levee Impacted Areas Cooperating Technical Partners (CTP)Get Assistance Related Links Last Updated: 04/12/2018 - 14:52
D3183227	https://www.texasbarcle.com/cle/PMSearchResults.asp?sKeyword=Pattern%20Jury%20Charges	.	Scholarship Info Privacy Notice Terms & Conditions Disclaimer Copyright Notice Help Search Results Practice Areas: Business, Consumer, Criminal, Employment, Family, Insurance, Litigation: Commercial, Litigation: Personal Injury, Oil, Gas & Energy New Search Business Texas Civil Pattern Jury Charges Set (2016 Editions) (6488, 6701, 6703, 6704, 6705) (hardcopy product)PJC--Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment PJC--Family & Probate PJC--General Negligence, Intentional Personal Torts & Workers' Compensation PJC--Malpractice, Premises & Products PJC--Oil & Gas5 volumes; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 2,528 Pages - $500.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Pattern Jury Charges - Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment (2016 ed.) (6704) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Committee on Pattern Jury Charges. Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all charge language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 654 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Consumer Return to Top Texas Civil Pattern Jury Charges Set (2016 Editions) (6488, 6701, 6703, 6704, 6705) (hardcopy product)PJC--Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment PJC--Family & Probate PJC--General Negligence, Intentional Personal Torts & Workers' Compensation PJC--Malpractice, Premises & Products PJC--Oil & Gas5 volumes; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 2,528 Pages - $500.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Pattern Jury Charges - Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment (2016 ed.) (6704) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Committee on Pattern Jury Charges. Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all charge language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 654 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Criminal Return to Top Texas Criminal Pattern Jury Charges Four-Volume Set (6493, 6494, 6495, 6497) (hardcopy product)CPJC—Crimes against Persons & Property CPJC—Criminal Defenses CPJC—General, Evidentiary & Ancillary Instructions CPJC—Intoxication, Controlled Substance & Public Order Offenses4 volumes; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 1,768 Pages - $400.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Criminal Pattern Jury Charges--Crimes against Persons & Property (6497) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Pattern Jury Charges Committee--Criminal. Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all instruction language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 534 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Criminal Pattern Jury Charges--Criminal Defenses (2015 ed.) (6494) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Pattern Jury Charges Committee--Criminal. Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all instruction language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2015, 320 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Criminal Pattern Jury Charges--General, Evidentiary & Ancillary Instructions (6493) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Pattern Jury Charges Committee--Criminal. Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all instruction language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2015, 444 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Criminal Pattern Jury Charges--Intoxication, Controlled Substance & Public Order Offenses (2016 ed.) (6495) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Pattern Jury Charges Committee--Criminal. Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all instruction language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 470 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Employment Return to Top Texas Civil Pattern Jury Charges Set (2016 Editions) (6488, 6701, 6703, 6704, 6705) (hardcopy product)PJC--Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment PJC--Family & Probate PJC--General Negligence, Intentional Personal Torts & Workers' Compensation PJC--Malpractice, Premises & Products PJC--Oil & Gas5 volumes; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 2,528 Pages - $500.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Pattern Jury Charges - Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment (2016 ed.) (6704) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Committee on Pattern Jury Charges. 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Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all charge language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 448 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Insurance Return to Top Texas Civil Pattern Jury Charges Set (2016 Editions) (6488, 6701, 6703, 6704, 6705) (hardcopy product)PJC--Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment PJC--Family & Probate PJC--General Negligence, Intentional Personal Torts & Workers' Compensation PJC--Malpractice, Premises & Products PJC--Oil & Gas5 volumes; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 2,528 Pages - $500.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Pattern Jury Charges - Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment (2016 ed.) (6704) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Committee on Pattern Jury Charges. Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all charge language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 654 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Litigation: Commercial Return to Top Texas Civil Pattern Jury Charges Set (2016 Editions) (6488, 6701, 6703, 6704, 6705) (hardcopy product)PJC--Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment PJC--Family & Probate PJC--General Negligence, Intentional Personal Torts & Workers' Compensation PJC--Malpractice, Premises & Products PJC--Oil & Gas5 volumes; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 2,528 Pages - $500.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Pattern Jury Charges - Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment (2016 ed.) (6704) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Committee on Pattern Jury Charges. Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all charge language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 654 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Litigation: Personal Injury Return to Top Texas Civil Pattern Jury Charges Set (2016 Editions) (6488, 6701, 6703, 6704, 6705) (hardcopy product)PJC--Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment PJC--Family & Probate PJC--General Negligence, Intentional Personal Torts & Workers' Compensation PJC--Malpractice, Premises & Products PJC--Oil & Gas5 volumes; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 2,528 Pages - $500.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Pattern Jury Charges - General Negligence, Intentional Personal Torts & Workers' Compensation (2016 ed.) (6701) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Committee on Pattern Jury Charges. Includes a download of the text of the entire book in PDF plus all charge language as Word files.1 volume; softbound Click here for more information.© 2016, 542 Pages - $125.00 hard copy Purchase this item Texas Pattern Jury Charges - Malpractice, Premises & Products (2016 ed.) (6703) (hardcopy product)By the State Bar Committee on Pattern Jury Charges. 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D1829042	http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-57381/adult-low-dose-aspirin-oral/details	Adult Low Dose Aspirin EC	Drugs & Medications Adult Low Dose Aspirin ECGENERIC NAME (S): Aspirin Read Reviews (5)Uses Uses Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches. It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis. Aspirin is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce pain and swelling. Consult your doctor before treating a child younger than 12 years. Your doctor may direct you to take a low dose of aspirin to prevent blood clots. This effect reduces the risk of stroke and heart attack. If you have recently had surgery on clogged arteries (such as bypass surgery, carotid endarterectomy, coronary stent ), your doctor may direct you to use aspirin in low doses as a " blood thinner " to prevent blood clots. How to use Adult Low Dose Aspirin ECIf you are taking this medication for self-treatment, follow all directions on the product package. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist. If your doctor has directed you to take this medication, take it exactly as prescribed. Take this medication by mouth. Drink a full glass of water (8 ounces/240 milliliters) with it unless your doctor tells you otherwise. Do not lie down for at least 10 minutes after you have taken this drug. If stomach upset occurs while you are taking this medication, you may take it with food or milk. Swallow enteric -coated tablets whole. Do not crush or chew enteric-coated tablets. Doing so can increase stomach upset. Do not crush or chew extended-release tablets or capsules. Doing so can release all of the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, do not split extended-release tablets unless they have a score line and your doctor or pharmacist tells you to do so. Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewing. The dosage and length of treatment are based on your medical condition and response to treatment. Read the product label to find recommendations on how many tablets you can take in a 24-hour period and how long you may self-treat before seeking medical advice. Do not take more medication or take it for longer than recommended unless directed by your doctor. Use the smallest effective dose. Consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions. If you are taking this medication for self-treatment of headache, seek immediate medical attention if you also have slurred speech, weakness on one side of the body, or sudden vision changes. Before using this drug, consult a doctor or pharmacist if you have headaches caused by head injury, coughing, or bending, or if you have a headache with persistent/severe vomiting, fever, and stiff neck. If you are taking this medication as needed (not on a regular schedule), remember that pain medications work best if they are used as the first signs of pain occur. If you wait until the pain has worsened, the medicine may not work as well. Aspirin with a special coating (enteric coating) or slow release may take longer to stop pain because it is absorbed more slowly. Ask your doctor or pharmacist to help select the best type of aspirin for you. You should not take this medication for self-treatment of pain for longer than 10 days. You should not use this drug to self-treat a fever that lasts longer than 3 days. In these cases, consult a doctor because you may have a more serious condition. Tell your doctor promptly if you develop ringing in the ears or difficulty hearing. If your condition persists or worsens (such as new or unusual symptoms, redness/swelling of the painful area, pain/fever that does not go away or gets worse) or if you think you may have a serious medical problem, tell your doctor promptly. Related Links What conditions does Adult Low Dose Aspirin EC treat? Side Effects Precautions Interactions Overdose Images More Resources for Adult Low Dose Aspirin oral Check Interactions Read Reviews (5)
D3214894	http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a8029/how-much-longer-will-we-talk-to-the-voyagers-11479518/	How Much Longer Will We Talk to the Voyagers?	By Miriam Kramer Aug 8, 2012 125NASASince its 1977 launch, the Voyager 1 probe has passed gas-giant planets, beamed back the famous Pale Blue Dot picture of Earth from afar, and is now passing through the limits of the solar wind's reach. Its sister craft, Voyager 2, took the first pictures of the outer gas giants, Uranus and Neptune. Likewise, it's leaving the solar system. Despite the Voyagers' incredible distance and its 1970s hardware, scientists can still communicate with them. But how much longer will they be able to talk to the first man-made crafts to venture so far? Turns out, nobody is totally sure. "We thought we might not be able to go beyond where we are right now," says Jim Hodder, the operations manager in charge of the arrays of antennae responsible for Voyager communications. "But because we advanced our ground systems over the past few decades, I think right now it's about another 10 years. "Distance isn't such a big problem. Technological advances since the 1977 launch have made our antenna arrays incredibly powerful, Hodder says. For example, the Deep Space Network —a series of three antenna arrays strategically placed in rural locations around the world—can send and receive messages to and from the areas well outside our solar system. Cooling the 70-meter antennas to 18 degrees Kelvin ( minus 427 F) reduces noise, and the radio waves transmit data from probes and satellites loud and clear. The real reason scientists can't communicate with Voyager indefinitely is that the pioneering probes' fuel supply is not infinite. Eventually they will run out of juice and be left to wander the galaxy alone. Suzanne Dodd, the Voyager project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, says the Voyager spacecraft are powered by a couple of nuclear reactors sitting on the back of the probe, but they will soon run out of steam. "The nuclear power sources lose about 4 watts of power a year," she says. At this rate, Dodd says, Voyager should have enough power to communicate with Earth until 2022 or maybe 2025. The fact that Voyager is still sending back data today is a feat in itself. When the Voyager probes were launched in 1977, no one thought they would still be in operation today. The missions were initially set up to get a better idea of the geography of Jupiter and Saturn, but the researchers in control of the mission didn't want to stop there. Dodd and the rest of the team have extended Voyager's life using the few improvised tactics they have available to them. The scientists turned off Voyager 1's cameras in 1990 to conserve energy (but not before they turned Voyager back toward home to take the Pale Blue Dot photo). Last fall, they turned off the heaters on the backup thrusters. This means that the backup fuel lines will eventually freeze. It's a risk the team was willing to take to extend the viability of the primary thrusters. Dodd thinks that in 2016, the team will probably have to turn off the gyros responsible for maneuvering the probe, and its movements will be left to the whims of deep space. Voyager 1 also has a few built-in fail-safe devices to keep it talking to Earth. "If it doesn't hear from us, it will go into a set pattern of activities," Dodd says. "It will still send things to us even if it doesn't get information from home. It assumes its receiver failed. "Still, hearing from the explorers will grow more difficult. Voyager 1 is now 11 billion miles from the sun and getting 330 million miles farther away each year. At it current distance, a round-trip message from Voyager I to Earth and back again takes a little more than 33 hours. And Voyager scientists are allotted only 6 to 8 hours per day on the Deep Space Network, meaning there may not be somebody listening when Voyager is talking. (In fact, when Voyager first ventured into the heliosheath—the last layer between deep space and the sun's wind—another group of researchers was using the array to monitor another mission. The data was saved, and the Voyager team got the exciting news a few hours later. )That doesn't dampen Dodd's enthusiasm. "We want to see it get into interstellar space. We want to see it continue sending data back even if we can't send it to them."
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The Crabstreet Journal Hermit Crab Species - Types of Hermit Crabs Crab Species Hermit Crabs Pet Shop Texas Coast Painted Shells Water Life Betta Fish Sea Creatures Giraffes (link) Hermit Crab Species List: Purple Pincher (PP) Hermit Crab, most commonly sold in Pet Shops ~~~ Excellent info, worth reading ~ for more great PINs w/good links visit ~ have fun!See more Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Hermit Crab Habitat Crabby Patties Pet Health Live Long Mermaid Cribs Driftwood These pets can reach their or higher — if they're treated right. Devoted owners share their tips and tricks on how to give hermit crabs long lives. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Classroom Pets New Toys Beta Fish Climbing Wall Pet Pet Fish Tanks Use a metal grate to make a climbing area on a wall of your hermit crab's habitat! Get a sheet of metal mesh that is a good size for your crabitat. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Crab Food Class Pet Alaska Terre Pools Coloring Ice Hermit Crab Foods, Supplies, and Crab Care Information See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Class Pet Pocket Pet Local Pet Stores Crab Shack Corgi Mix Pet Care Keeping Hermit Crabs ALIVE You can learn from my mistake - Cloth Diaper Geek See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Reptiles Cage Turtles Pets Tortoises Turtle Successful Molting - Read this excellent article on hermit crab molting and survival See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Animal Habitats Pet Health Small Animals The Birds Pet Care Pet Supplies Aquarium A favorite of hermit crabs. This item can be found in bird supplies. How to Spoil Your Hermit Crabs: Food Edition Crab Food Class Pet Animal Habitats Hermit Crabs Pet Store Cage Bubbles Pet Shop Forget buying toxic hermit crab food at the pet store, feeding your crabs a healthy and well-balanced diet is really easy!Crabsville: A very crabby place. : How to Keep Your Hermit Crab Happy: A Guide to Temperature Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Tank The Sand Pet Care Reptiles Habitats Matilda Diys Here is information on setting up a tank for hermit crabs, including types of tanks, sand, and substrates. See more How to Care for a Molting Hermit Crab What To Do When Hermit Crabs Pet Care The Times Puppy Snails Clams Hermes Lobsters Extra care should be given to a molting hermit crab when the time comes and there are many theories on how best to assist them. Unfortunately, some beginner crab owners don't quite know what to do when the hermit crab molts. See more How to Spoil Your Hermit Crabs: Food Edition Crab Food Hermit Crabs Balanced Diet Pet Store Cage Caribbean Forget Pet Shop Forget buying toxic hermit crab food at the pet store, feeding your crabs a healthy and well-balanced diet is really easy! This instructable contains 4 easy ways to. Hermit Crabs Marine Life Lobsters Sea Shells Oceans Pie Anatomy Pastel Shells Hermit Crab Anatomy Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Classroom Pets Class Pet Crab Shack Animal Habitats Animal Facts Hermit crabs love to swim. Have pools without sponges and deep enough for them to completely submerge into it. (But make sure they can climb out!See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs The Crab Wicker Baskets Multifunctional Climbing Shells Conch Shells Rock Climbing Baskets in a crabitat - great climbing structures. See more Classroom Pets Hermit Crabs Animal Kingdom Adorable Animals Seafood Buffet Fish Man Deep Sea Creatures Marine Biology True Blood Find out about one of the most popular pets in the world in hermit crab facts. You can find many species of hermit crabs in United States. This popular pet is perfect for your kids. See more Crab Species Hermit Crabs Blueberries Octopus Squat Reptiles Zoology Tropical Fish Sea Creaturesblueberry hermit crab Cancer Crab Tattoo Hermit Crabs Animal Drawings Baby Animals Classroom Pets Animal Kingdom Underwater Life Krabi Pet Care Hermit crab by Brad Beaman See moreby bradbeamana Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Betta Fish Tank The Crab Animal Habitats Dog Cat Corner Shelf Zen Gardens Aquariums A crab, crab here and a crab, crab there. See more Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Aquarium Ideas Pet Care Amphibians Reptiles Bearded Dragon Betta Fish A knitted hemp net set up for a hermit crab See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Aquarium Ideas Exotic Animals Popsicle Sticks Play Ideas Fish Tanks Aquariums Reptileshermit crab bridge, diy, made from popsicle sticks Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Hermit Crab Habitat Crab Boil Boiled Eggs Hard Boiled Egg Shells The Egg Use an eggshell as a calcium supplement for your hermit crab! Boil an egg. Crack the shell and remove the the egg. Rinse the shell pieces with fresh water to remove any egg residue. See more Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Hermit Crab Habitat The Beach Nature Animals Wild Animals Ocean Creatures Pet Health Habitats How to Choose Hermit Crab Shells - my hermies love to switch after bath time!See morefrom ehow.com Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Hermit Crab Habitat Animal Facts El Animal Exotic Animals Crab Food Krabi (link) Hermit Crab Shell Selection - and Everything For The Land Hermit Crab Enthusiast ~~~ NOTE: Excellent info, worth reading ~ for more great PINs w/good links visit ~ have fun!See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Class Pet Krabi Felicia Kids Fun Muffins Aquariums Kid Activities Hermit crabs are easy to care for pets, but don't take their needs for granted! From special housing to food and supplies, check out our hermit crab care sheet for more info. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Homes Crab Food Pet Enclosures Pet Tips Pet Accessories Fine Dining Habitats Fine dining for hermies. Banana, homemade hermie food, carrot, lettuce, flax seeds and crushed honey o's. Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Live Plants The Happy Pet Care Terrarium Reptile Cage Beta Fish Article: Plants for Hermit Crabs by The Happy Hermit Crab See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Crabby Patties Krabi Aquarium Ideas Betta Fish Small Animals Pet Caresweet nets and hideouts. See more How to Care for a Molting Hermit Crab Hermit Crab Shells Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Pet Care Betta Fish Halle Sea Shells Reptiles Extra care should be given to a molting hermit crab when the time comes and there are many theories on how best to assist them. Unfortunately, some beginner crab owners don't quite know what to do when the hermit crab molts. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Tank Lizard Habitat Animal Habitats Leopard Geckos Ladder Gerbil Lizards Ladder idea Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Reptile Cage Kids Behavior Garden Soil Aquascaping Aquariums Reptiles This is an amazing crabitat! I am going to redo mine using this as a guide. See more Beach Photography Amazing Photography Macro Photography Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Beach Pillow Purple Rain Seashells Starfish Crustaceans are odd in general, but hermit crabs are especially odd because they can fit into any kind of shell or shell-like object that's their size. They're like giant snails without the slime and sticky eyeballs. See more Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Classroom Pets Class Pet Crab Shack Aquatic Turtle Tank Small Animals Pet Care Shower caddy in hermit crab tank. See more Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Animal Projects Beautiful Dogs Pet Fish Exotic Pets Vivarium El Animalmy new and improved hermit crab tank See more33 Hermit Crab Tank that’s Easy to Create Awesome 33 Hermit Crab Tank that's Easy to Create https://meowlogy.com/2018/03/23/33-hermit-crab-tank-thats-easy-to-create/ You might not be in a position to play to your hermit crabs just like you would play with a dog, but they continue to be very interesting pets Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Shells Animal Reptiles Lizards Snakes Classroom Pets Turn a standard log hide into a humidity hide! Trace the base and sides of the log onto a piece of paper, cut out the shapes and use the shapes as a template to cut pieces of plastic from the lid of a See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Tank Classroom Pets Armin Play Ideas Habitats Guinea Pigs Matilda Make a swing for your hermit crabs! Cut a long piece of natural rope. Tie one end of the rope into a monkey fist knot by wrapping the end of the rope around your fingers several times, then wrapping t See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Crab Food Exotic Animals Small Animals Krabi Lobsters Seashells Watch your pet hermit crabs play on their sandy beach all day! Our hermit crab kit is wonderful way to teach children the responsibilities and fun of owning a pet. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Steve Jenkins Classroom Pets Blue Berry Secret Life Sea Shells Reptiles Strawberry v.s Blue Berry hermit crabs See more Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs A Bowl Bearded Dragon Cage Parenting 101 Pet Pet Habitats Chameleon Build a sandcastle for your hermit crab to dig through! Fill a bowl or bucket with firmly-packed sand or soil from your crab’s habitat. Turn the bucket upside-down and place the digging castle in your crabitat!See more Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Reptile Cage Vivarium Aquarium Ideas Crested Gecko Tiki Hut Geckos Crabitat with a cool tree house-type hut See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Pet Care School Animal Crab Shack Ocean Room Forest Theme Fish Tanks Build a Crabitat Do's n Don'ts, leads to best site ive seen-SLSee more Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Tortoise Food Tortoise Care Class Pet Crab Shack Animal Habitats Animal Housechia plants in small animal habitats See more Class Pet Hermit Crabs Aquarium Ideas Pet Care Zoos Reptile Room Amphibians Reptiles Student-centered Resources Check out Zoo Med's custom Care Sheet for Hermit Find more Care Sheets available on our website. See more Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crab Cage Crabby Patties Bearded Dragon Cage Dragon Pet Terrarium Habitats El Animal A tank with good substrate depth See more Crab Food Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crab Habitat Live Plants Sprouts Thing 1 Garden Ideas Small Animals Sprouts growing in the crabbitat next to an airplant Many people will advise hermit crab owners to avoid live plants. See more Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Small Animals Nature Animals Crab Shack Fish Tank Pet Pet Pet Care Very good resource for hermit crab keepers. See more Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Homes Hermit Crab Tank In Depth Have Fun Science Ideas Stress Shrimp Biology (link) PPS (Post Purchase Stress): Minimizing the Impact ~ in depth article about the needs of our Hermit Crabs & PPS ~ for more great PINs w/good links visit ~ have fun!See more Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Crab Net Crab Trap Pet Toys Pet Pet Lake Houses Stitches (link) "How To" Guide: How to Knit a Crab Net ~ for your hermit crab crabitat! ~ for more great PINs w/good links visit ~ have fun!See morefrom Our Pastimes Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Crabby Patties Pool Waterfall Meatloaf Pet Care My Blog Articles These are hermit crab pools. This isn't a DIY, but this article can give you…See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Habitats Terrariums Aquariums Turtles Kid Stuff Shells Terrarium I love Crabitat See more Hermit Crab Homes Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Crab House Animal Cage El Animal Betta Fish Tank Fish Tanks Hermit crab cage, for Matty's hermit crabs!See more Crabby Patties Pet Fish Exotic Pets Hermit Crabs Animal Totems Beach Themes Kids Library Pet Care Preschool Science Hermit Crabs (Pet Care for Kids) « Library User Group See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Fish Tanks Habitats Tray Pools Fairies Faeries Fish Aquariums Provide your hermit crab with freshwater and saltwater pools for drinking and bathing! Find a small plastic painter’s tray and cut off the back of the tray. Scratch the ramp area of the tray with a See more Decorate Your Hermit Crab's Tank Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Tanks Decorating Class Pet Image Amphibians Reptiles How to Decorate Your Hermit Crab's Tank. You should favor functionality over style as you decorate a unique "crabitat" for your hermit crab. Since hermit crabs love to climb, you'll need to think about the climbing structures, such as. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Tank Class Pet How To Build Exotic Animals Pet Care Freshwater Aquarium Habitats Step by step on how to build hermit crab pools. How to Build Land Hermit Crab Pools See more How to Make a Moss Pit for Hermit Crabs!Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Crabby Patties Bearded Dragon Cage Infant Room Geckos Matilda Terrarium Hermit crabs are really enjoyable pets. and they love to climb. During the day, hermit crabs go up into the trees to sleep. then they come down in the evenings and. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Class Pet Leopard Geckos Animal Habitats Aquarium Ideas Pet Accessories Pet Care My one of my Hermit Crabs died and I am wondering if it was the heat that killed him. Anybody knows the possibility please try to contact me. See more Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Homes Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Shells Classroom Pets Play Ideas Fish Tank Christmas Ideas Kids How to Keep Hermit Crabs Alive That Are from the Beach See morefrom ehow.com Know when Your Hermit Crab Is Dead Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Crab Shack Exotic Animals Pet Care Animal Habitats Aquariums Reptiles Gymnastics How to Know when Your Hermit Crab Is Dead. Hermit crabs are prone to periods of solitude and lethargy, particularly when they're molting. It can be difficult to tell whether a hermit crab is molting, sick, or dead. How to Choose Hermit Crab Shells by Shape and Size Hermit Crab Shells Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Homes Crabby Patties Hermit Crab Habitat Animal Seashells Cleaning Pocket Pet (link) HUBPAGES ~ IN THIS ARTICLE. How to size hermit crab shells ? Choosing a comfortable shell ? About hermit crab shell changes ? See more Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Crab Shack Pet Accessories Bearded Dragon Aquarium Ideas Zoology Betta For hermit crabs - crabitat then vs. See more Hermit Crab Homes Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Crafts Hermit Crab Habitat Fish Tanks Bearded Dragon Cage Ideas Bearded Dragon Food Bearded Dragon Terrarium Pretty hermit crab habitat with handmae nets. See more Hermit Crab Homes Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Hamster Habitat Hamster Toys Hamsters Hermit Crab Habitat Crab Shack Playground Love the green bendable hamster tunnel. (If I could cut it with no hard sharp edges) and give half to the hammies and half to the hermies. See more Hermit Crab Crafts Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Crab Shack Animals And Pets Pet Care Adoption Foster Care Adoption If you have hermit crabs or are thinking of adopting, please read the full care guide below to ensure that you know everything possible to provide for these complex creatures. See more Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage The Land Fish Tanks 20 Years Larger Baseball Baseball Promposals Fish Aquariums Kept properly, the land hermit crab can live for years in captivity but will live only a few months if certain care requirements are ignored. There is a lot of inaccurate information about hermit. See morefrom Katharine's Crawling Creatures Anatomy Male Hermit Crabs Animal December Betta Sculpting Underwater Weird Whittling (link) Hermit Crab Anatomy ~ Female & Male (shown), and more! ~~~ NOTE: Excellent info, worth reading Hermit Crab Anatomy This page is all about the parts that make up this fascinating creature. ~ for more great PINs w/good links visit ~ have fun!See more Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crab Shells Class Pet Fresh Water Salt Turtle Cage Tortoise Table How to Build Hermit Crab Pools See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Shells Exotic Animals Small Animals Pet Health Bearded Dragon Cage To Play Mabye also for a hamster See more Play With Your Hermit Crab Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Shells Crabby Patties Class Pet To Play Long Periods Amphibians Reptiles DO NOT play with your hermit. We do not promote crab handling. It is ok to hold your crab for measurements or a quick pic. It is not advised to have your crabs with out humidity for long periods of time. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Crab House Pet Store Turning Climbing Small Animals Dog Care Make use of your crab's pet store carrier by turning it into a climbing area…See more Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Pet Accessories Lizard Habitat Hamster Habitat Hamster Tank Crab House Pet Enclosures Crabitat - omg is this like a 55 gallon tank with just crabs! What lucky crabs!See moreby Michtuckian How to Spoil Your Hermit Crabs: Food Edition Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Shells Hermit Crab Habitat Crab Food Organic Peanut Butter Pet Care Tasty Habitats Hermit crabs LOVE a variety of food. The hermit crab association provides a huge food list and the hermit crab addiction store and hermit crab patch make tasty hermit crab treats that your crabs will be up all night eating!See morefrom images.search.yahoo.com Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Shells Hermit Crab Habitat I Choose Pet Care Class Pet Betta Aquariums FAQ- How do I choose suitable shells for my hermit crabs? Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Crab House Pet Cage Exotic Animals Good Ideas Reptiles Great Ideas Made from recyclables and old toys. Good idea if you're doing a deep tank cleaning and don't want your crabby buddies to get in the way. See more Crab Food Hermit Crabs Broccoli Turtle Beta Fish Lettuce Reptiles Foods Tat Beneficial foods containing zeaxanthin for hermit crabs See more Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Crab Shack Pool Ideas Small Animal Cage Small Animals Bearded Dragon Cage Reptile Terrarium Very cool crabitat idea. Provide a salt water pool. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Tank Crab Species Ocean Life Felicia Marine Life Bob Blueberry Looks like our little crab Posiedon. See more Crabby Patties Hermit Crabs Fish Tanks Backyard Ideas Class Pet Deck Fish Aquariums Patio Aquarium Sometimes its difficult to figure out how to fully deck out your tank. Even when you think you finally think you got the hang of it, you’ll see other crabbers’ tanks and still feel like your missing. See morefrom happyhermitcare.tumblr.com Small Animals Pet Accessories Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Habitat Blazer Krabi Bob Hamsters Terrariums Great idea: attaching a car sun shield behind a tank can help to keep in the heat!See more Hermit Crab Tank Hermit Crabs Essentials A list of essential items needed to set up your hermit crab tank properly. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Crab Shack Pvc Pipes Chameleon Thing 1 Habitats Aquariums Reptiles Use PVC pipes to build a platform in your crabitat! Measure the area where the platform will be located and cut pieces of PVC pipe to the lengths needed. Assemble the pipes with PVC connectors. See more Mini planters filled with moss and coconut fiber. I pour water on them daily to keep up humidity. Good for the crabs to climb on too! Attached them to a plastic cake dowel wrapped in plastic canvas using plastic string since they each have a hole in the bottom. Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Hermit Crab Tank Crab Food Aquarium Ideas Exotic Animals Pet Care Turtle Habitat Habitats Hermit crabs are scavengers. They eat a large variety of food in the wild including anything dead that washes up on shore. See more Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Crab Shack Habitats Shrimp Ladders Reptiles Palaces Exploring Hermit crabs on the go! Half the herd is out exploring the new crabitat. See more Hermit Crab Cage Hermit Crab Habitat Hermit Crabs Animal Habitats Animal House Exotic Animals Pet Life Terrariums Reptiles Hermit crab super sand playhouse set up. See more
D3007798	http://animals.mom.me/long-can-african-clawed-frogs-stay-underwater-10787.html	How Long Can African Clawed Frogs Stay Underwater?	African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) are amphibians that are close to fully aquatic. They can stay in the water their entire lives. When they exit the water, it's because they have no other option and have to travel somewhere else. African clawed frogs are rather awkward on terra firma. Life Underwater African clawed frogs are usually totally submerged. However, they occasionally have to rise to the top of the water to breathe -- usually several times a day. It's not at all uncommon for them to remain submerged for hours at a time without coming up; in fact, spending a lot of time near the surface can be a sign of illness. African clawed frogs mostly breathe via their sophisticated lungs. They rarely do so through cutaneous respiration, which involves breathing by way of the skin. When these frogs are in situations of minimal oxygen, they breathe by taking air in from the top of the water, courtesy of their lungs. Typical Conduct The typical conduct of an African clawed frog is to remain under the water, totally devoid of any movement. Although that's how they generally pass the time, it's imperative for them to have a way to reach the top of the water whenever necessary. If they don't, drowning becomes a dangerous possibility for them. The Water They Stay In These predominantly aquatic amphibians reside in freshwater environments. Still and motionless bodies of water are common locations for them. They also are often seen in calm creeks and marshes. They generally steer clear of sizable rivers. African clawed frogs also steer clear of settings with lots of flesh-eating fish. They tend to flourish in water that's anywhere between 60 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, and are capable of handling water of many different p H levels. Mode of Transportation Since African clawed frogs are nearly always in the water, they're highly proficient at swimming. On terra firma, they usually travel via clumsy jumping motions. When they do this, it often means that their aquatic environment has become dry and they have to find a new, much wetter home. When they move to new locations, they often do so in droves. Life in Captivity Many people keep African clawed frogs as pets. They generally work well in tanks that can accommodate a minimum of 10 gallons of H20 for each individual. Water that's somewhere between 6 inches and 1 foot deep is optimal for them. This gives them a lot of room to swim around freely, and at the same time enables them to quickly access the top of the water for air. References (6)Resources (2)Photo Credits Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images Cite this Article See More Animals How Do Fish Maintain Buoyancy? What Is the Difference Between a Tree Frog & a Pond Frog? Respiration in a Frog vs. a Tadpole What Do Bullfrogs Do in the Winter?
D3093955	https://www.thoughtco.com/texas-holdem-poker-rules-2728124	How To Play Texas Holdem Poker	Arts, Music, and Recreation ›Hobbies & Activities How To Play Texas Holdem Poker Share Flipboard Email Print Jupiterimages/Stockbyte/Getty Imagesby Toby Bochan Updated June 10, 2017Master the rules of Texas Holdem in minutes and learn how to play this extremely popular poker game. Difficulty: Easy Time Required: 15 Minutes What You Need:52-Card Deck2-20 Players Money or Chips Here's How: The two players to the left of the dealer put out blind bets. The player directly to the dealer's left puts out the small blind, while the player two to the dealer's left puts out the big blind, which is twice as much as the small blind. Don't know what blinds are? Read more about Betting Basics Every player is dealt two cards, face down. These are called hole cards or pocket cards. The action, or the first move, falls on the player to the left of the big blind. They can either call the blind, raise it, or fold. The size of a raise must be at least twice the size of the bet preceding it; the maximum depends on whether you are playing with a limit or no-limit betting structure. Betting then continues around the table, clockwise. After the betting round is completed, three cards are dealt face up in the center of the table, which is referred to as the board. The first three cards in Texas Hold'em are called the flop. These cards are “community cards” meaning everyone can (and will need to) use at least three of them in combination with their own hole cards to make the best hand. From the flop on, betting begins with the player to the dealer’s left, who can check or bet. The players after must either check or bet if no one has bet yet; or they must call, raise, or fold if someone has. A fourth card is dealt face up onto the board. This is called fourth street or the turn card. Another round of betting. The final card is dealt face up. This card is also called fifth street or the river. A final round of betting occurs. The remaining players show their cards and the person who can make the best five-card hand by combining their pocket cards with the cards on the board wins. Note: In some rare cases in Texas Hold'em, the five cards making up the board will actually be the best hand, in which case everyone left in the hand divides up the poker. The deal passes to the next player to the left (who was small blind last hand) and a new hand is dealt. And now you know all the basic rules to Texas Hold'em poker!Tips: Make sure you learn the best starting hands in Texas Hold'em poker and how to play them, as well as the worst starting hands to play. Playing the former and folding the latter will immediately make you a better player. Once you've got the basics of how to play, make sure to understand your position at the table can help or hurt you. It's always a good idea to follow good poker etiquette. It is also always smart to follow these top 10 tips to make you a better poker player.
D2689762	http://www.kellypiano.com/Pianocare.html	Robert G. Kelly RPT Piano Tuning & Repair 410-836-5212	Robert G. Kelly RPT Piano Tuning & Repair 410-836-5212Wny Do Pianos Need Tuning? How Should I Take Care of My Piano? (PTG)Caring for the Piano Finish? (PTG)What about Pitch Correction? (PTG)How Long Will a Piano Last? Can Kids Pound on the Keys? Do I have a Spinet, Console, Studio, or Upright? Wny Do Pianos Need Tuning? "If I move my piano to another room, does it need to be re-tuned? My grandmother had a fine old upright that she never got tuned. Why does my piano need regular tuning? Back home we always kept a jar of water in the bottom of the piano. Does this help keep the piano in tune? How often does my piano need tuning?" Piano technicians hear these questions every day. Tuning is the most frequent and important type of piano maintenance, but it's often the least understood. Here we'll look at why pianos go out of tune and how you can help yours stay in better tune between visits from your technician. First, new pianos are a special case; their pitch drops quickly for the first few years as new strings stretch and wood parts settle. It's very important that a new piano be maintained at proper pitch (A-440) during this period, so the string tension and piano structure can reach a stable equilibrium. Most manufacturers recommend three to four tunings the first year, and at least two annually after that. Aside from this initial settling, seasonal change is the primary reason pianos go out of tune. To understand why, you must realize that the piano's main acoustical structure, the soundboard, is made of wood (typically 3/8-inch thick Sitka spruce). And while wooden soundboards produce a wonderful sound, they also react constantly to the weather. As humidity goes up, a soundboard swells, increasing its crowned shape and stretching the piano's strings to a higher pitch. During dry times, the soundboard flattens out, lowering tension on the strings and causing the pitch to drop. Unfortunately, the strings don't change pitch equally. Those near the soundboard's edge move the least, and those near the center move the most. So, unless it's in a hermetically sealed chamber, every piano is constantly going out of tune!The good news is there are some simple things you can do to keep your piano sounding sweet and harmonious between regular service appointments. Although it's impossible to prevent every minor variation in indoor climate, you can often improve conditions for your piano. Start by locating the piano away from direct sunlight, drafts, and heat sources. Excess heating causes extreme dryness, so try to keep the temperature moderate (below 70 degrees) during the winter heating season. Get a portable room humidifier, or install a central humidification system to combat winter dryness in climates with very cold, dry winters. A portable dehumidifier or a dehumidifier added to your air-conditioning system can remove excess moisture during hot, muggy summers. If controlling your home's environment is impractical, or if you want the best protection possible, have a humidity control system installed inside your piano. These are very effective in controlling the climate within the instrument itself. Besides improving tuning stability, they help minimize the constant swelling and shrinking of your piano's wooden parts. The critical part of such a system is the humidistat, a device that monitors the relative humidity within the piano and adds or removes moisture as needed. Jars of water, light bulbs, or other "home remedies" have no such control and can actually do more harm than good. (top)How Long Will a Piano Last? Pianos are among the most durable of personal possessions. Admired for their fine cabinetry and treasured for their beautiful sound, pianos usually lead a pampered life in the best room of the house. They're often thought of as permanent family fixtures, passed down to children and grandchildren. Their large size and weight give them the illusion of being able to last forever. While pianos do last a long time, remember they're really just large machines made of wood, felt, and metal. Over the years, seasonal changes take their toll, stressing the wooden parts and straining glue joints. Felt hammers are pounded flat after thousands of collisions with the piano's strings, and metal parts corrode and weaken. Years of friction wear out the one thousand felt bushings in the action. How long a piano will last varies greatly, depending upon maintenance and repair, usage, climate, and quality of manufacture. Here's a sketch of the life cycle of a typical home piano: First Year The pitch of a new piano drops considerably, as the new strings stretch and the structure settles. If the piano receives the manufacturer's recommended three to four tunings during this time, it will stay at the correct pitch, allowing strings and structure to reach a stable equilibrium. Without these important first tunings, any later tuning will involve a large pitch raise, leaving the piano unstable. Two to Ten Years The pitch stabilizes, assuming regular tunings (and additional climate control devices if needed). The mechanical parts of the piano's action wear and settle too. This causes two changes: first, the touch of the piano becomes less responsive as the parts go out of adjustment. Secondly, the tone changes as the hammers flatten and grooves develop from repeated collisions with the strings. Periodic regulation and voicing, important parts of a complete maintenance program, correct these changes. Ten to Thirty Years Wear of action parts continues, the extent depending upon how hard and how often the piano is played. Normal regulation and voicing will maintain good tone and touch if usage is moderate. If the piano suffers wide temperature and humidity swings, it will begin to show permanent deterioration during this time: loose tuning pins, rusty strings, soundboard cracks, and aging of the finish. Thirty to fifty years: After years of playing, the hammers and other action parts will be quite worn. Years of seasonal changes cause bass strings to sound dull and treble tone to lose clarity. Eventually, adjustment alone will not correct these problems, and some parts will need replacing to restore the original tone and touch. Over fifty years: A few geographic areas with mild climates have older pianos still in good condition. Well-built, well-designed pianos can still be playable at this advanced age if they've had good care and moderate use. However, at some point in a piano's life, an important decision must be made: Should the piano be replaced? Is its life over? Should it be reconditioned or rebuilt (made functionally new again)? Should it continue to limp along with an ever worsening tone and touch? The needs of the pianist are the real variable in judging a piano's useful life. Good performance requires a piano in good condition. Older, high-quality instruments can often be rebuilt to like-new condition for less than the cost of a new piano. Even economy grade instruments can often be dramatically improved by judicious reconditioning. Your piano technician can help you make this decision. Eventually, it becomes less and less practical to continue maintaining a very old piano. The undeniable end of a piano's life comes when the repair cost exceeds the value of the repaired instrument. Medium quality old uprights reach this point sooner than do high-quality large grands. Rare and historically important instruments may never reach this point unless totally damaged in a fire or other disaster. Happily, almost any piano that has received reasonable care will have served the art of music for decades by the time its days are over. (top)Can Kids Pound on the Keys? Because it's so annoying, the racket of keys struck at random may rattle your nerves, but it won't damage the piano. Most pianos are built to withstand very heavy use. The next time you see a serious pianist perform a flamboyant classical piece, notice how forcefully he or she attacks the keyboard. Or listen to how hard your tuner pounds each key when tuning your piano. In comparison, a child's small hands couldn't possibly play that hard. The real danger of children playing with, as opposed to playing, a piano is that they often can't resist dropping small toys inside, slipping coins into the slots between the keys, or running toys across the finish. But remember that music exists to give pleasure. Encourage your child to have fun with the piano, not to be afraid of it. Don't worry if young children play haphazardly and loudly. If you teach respect for the instrument and they discover how enjoyable playing can be, they'll treat it properly. And if your children learn that playing the piano is fun, you won't have to plead with them to practice when they're older. (top)Types of Vertical Pianos When it comes to pianos, the old maxim "The bigger, the better" is usually true. Vertical pianos come in various sizes. The shortest is the spinet, about 35" to 39" tall. Because the action (the mechanism that transmits your keystroke to the hammer) is of a different design, a spinet will usually have a lighter and less responsive touch than a larger piano. And the spinet's smaller soundboard and shorter strings produce a thinner tone. Consoles, 40" to 44", have a compact action that sits directly on the back of the keys. This design improves both the touch and the tone over the spinet type. Pianos that are 45" to 48" are called studio pianos, and those 49" and above are called uprights. These larger pianos have the advantages of full-sized actions, so their touch is the most responsive of all vertical designs. With their larger soundboard and longer strings, they are capable of a richer and fuller tone when there is a piano tuning. (top)
D2156088	http://www.harvestirvine.net/about-us/our-staff/	Worship Pastor	Worship Pastor Jerry Low Our worship pastor is Jerry Low, who is a founding member, and has been on staff since 1997. He has received a Master of Theology from Talbot Theological Seminary. He and his wife Priscilla have two children. Interim Senior Pastor Gary Stubblefield Gary has served as Senior Pastor at Voyagers Bible Church for 20 years. He and his wife have four sons and six grandchildren. Interim Youth Director Michael Bozmarov Michael is a recent graduate of Vanguard University with a degree in Pastoral Studies. He grew up in Irvine. His passions and areas of interest include spiritual formation, historic theology, and philosophy. In his free time you can find him reading, playing video games, or talking politics. Office Administrator Marissa Chow BOARD OF ELDERSOur elder board consists of Jerry Low, Gary Stubblefield, Darryl Mui, and Sean Chow. TEAM OF DEACONSOur team of deacons consists of Andy Ahnn, Camille Arca, Jack Feng, Eric Tom, and Kelli Wong.
D960536	https://themeaningofthename.com/mihir/	Mihir	Mihir Name: Mihir Gender: Male Usage: Mihir is a popular first name. It is more often used as a boy (male) name. People having the name Mihir are in general originating from India. Name Meaning of Mihir Meaning: Colorful, Sun Please feel free to read what others say about this name and to share your comments if you have more information. N. B. Sometimes it happens that another name has the same meaning. There is nothing surprising in this: both names have the same origin or the same numbers of numerology. Name Compatibility Test To test the compatibility of this name with another, enter a name and click Calculate Numerology Interpretation The Growth number corresponding to this first name is 3. Interpretation: Qualities: Creative, Light-Hearted Ruling planet: Jupiter Colors: Purple, Lilac, Mauve Gemstones: Amethyst Learn more with our free Numerology Tool Popularity of the Name The name Mihir is ranked on the 3,675th position of the most used names. It means that this name is commonly used. We estimate that there are at least 91500 persons in the world having this name which is around 0.002% of the population. The name Mihir has five characters. It means that it is relatively medium-length, compared to the other names in our database. The graph below represents the number of people who were given the name Mihir for each year since 1900 in the U. S. A.: People born Name Day Calendar We do not have a name day for Mihir. For other names check our Name Day Calendar Comments We always try to deliver a high-quality service to our customers. If you consider the information on this page is incomplete or incorrect, please post a comment below. Thank you!
D276252	https://www.medhelp.org/posts/Anxiety/Sexual-side-effects/show/952582	Sexual side effects	Sexual side effectsbosnianworrier Are there any anti-depressants for ANXIETY that do not cause sexual side effects? I know about wellbutrin but it doesn't help for anxiety. I tried prozac, paxil, celexa and effexor and they all have this side effect. I am currently taking effexor with klonopin which helps somewhat for anxiety but I am too young to have no sex life. Maybe I'll just quit them and see how I feel. Read more May 16, 2009Follow - 0 Upvote - 0 1 Answers Next Question1 Answers Page 1 of 1Paxiled Two possibilities: just do benzos, they don't usually have sexual effects. You can try trycyclics, though they too often have sexual side effects. Or something that some shrinks do is add wellbutrin to the ssri to help with the sexual side effects. And if you quit one, do it carefully!May 16, 2009Upvote - 0Your Answer Notify me of new activity on this question Join this community Answer Previous Question Next Question
D967820	https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/accounting-dictionary/comparative-advantage	What is a Comparative Advantage?	Definition: Comparative advantage is defined as the skill of producing a particular good or service more cost-effectively than other producers. In other words, it’s when company can produce a better quality product cheaper than its competitors. The law of comparative advantage applies to International Trade and was introduced by David Ricardo in the early 1800s. What Does Comparative Advantage Mean? What is the definition of comparative advantages? Foreign trade seeks to improve a country’s income position. This is possible if each country focuses on the production of certain goods based on the principle of comparative advantage cost. A country has an advantage over another if the opportunity cost of production of a particular good is lower in that country than it is in others. In this context, countries can equally benefit from trading specialized goods. On the other hand, the theory of comparative advantage fails to answer why production costs are different between countries and it does not take into consideration the possibility of producing the same goods with a different combination of production factors. Let’s look at an example. Example Country A produces cranberries and country B produces oil. The two products are consumed domestically without any trade-taking place between the two countries. The cost conditions for profit maximization are the following: Country A focuses on the production of cranberries because it is cost-effective for A to efficiently use the factors of production of cranberries and import oil from country B. In this case, the advantage of country A is that the unit cost of cranberries is half the unit cost of cranberries in country B, while the unit cost of oil in country A is twice the unit cost of oil in country B. In the same way, the advantage of B is that the price of oil is half the price of oil in A, while the price of cranberries is twice the price of cranberries in A. Therefore, B focuses on the production of oil. This doesn’t mean that either country is overall better at producing oil or cranberries. It just means that they have to sacrifice less to produce them. Summary Definition Define Comparative Advantages: Comparative advantage means one company can produce a good or service more efficiently than a competitor because of its unique operations or level of resources. Search All Accounting Terms: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T UV W X Y ZContents [ hide]1 What Does Comparative Advantage Mean?2 Example3 Summary Definition3.0.1 Search All Accounting Terms:
D1904172	https://www.digminecraft.com/weapon_recipes/make_bow.php	How to make a Bow in Minecraft	How to make a Bow in Minecraft This Minecraft tutorial explains how to craft a bow with screenshots and step-by-step instructions. In Minecraft, a bow is one of the many weapons that you can make. You use your bow to shoot arrows in Minecraft. Let's explore how to make a bow. Supported Platforms A bow is available in the following versions of Minecraft: Platform Supported (Version)Java Edition (PC/Mac) Yes Pocket Edition (PE) Yes PS3 Yes PS4 Yes Xbox 360 Yes Xbox One Yes Windows 10 Edition Yes Wii U Yes Nintendo Switch Yes Education Edition Yes The version that it was added or removed, if applicable. Where to find a Bow in Creative Mode Java PE Win10 Edu Console Minecraft Java Edition (PC/Mac)Here is where you can find a bow in the Creative Inventory menu: Platform Version (s) Creative Menu Location Java Edition (PC/Mac) 1.8 - 1.13 Combat Definitions Platform is the platform that applies. Version is the Minecraft version number (s) where the item can be found in the menu location listed (we have tested and confirmed this version number). Creative Menu Location is the location of the item in the Creative menu. Required Materials to make a Bow In Minecraft, these are the materials you can use to craft a bow:3 Strings3 Sticks How to craft a Bow in Survival Mode1. Open the Crafting Menu First, open your crafting table so that you have the 3x3 crafting grid that looks like this:2. Add Items to make a Bow In the crafting menu, you should see a crafting area that is made up of a 3x3 crafting grid. To make a bow, place 3 strings and 3 sticks in the 3x3 crafting grid. When making a bow, it is important that the strings and the sticks are placed in the exact pattern as the image below. In the first row, there should be 1 stick in the second box and 1 string in the third box. In the second row, there should be 1 stick in the first box and 1 string in the third box. In the third row, there should be 1 stick in the second box and 1 string in the third box. This is the Minecraft crafting recipe for a bow. Now that you have filled the crafting area with the correct pattern, the bow will appear in the box to the right.3. Move the Bow to Inventory Once you have crafted a bow, you need to move the new item to your inventory. Congratulations, you have made a bow in Minecraft!Item ID and Name Java PE Win10 Edu Minecraft Java Edition (PC/Mac)In Minecraft, a bow has the following Name, ID and Data Value: Item Description ( Minecraft ID Name) Minecraft ID Minecraft Data Value Platform Version (s)Bow ( minecraft: bow) 261 0Java Edition (PC/Mac)1.8 - 1.12Bow ( minecraft: bow) 261Java Edition (PC/Mac)1.13See a complete list of Minecraft IDs that is interactive and searchable. Definitions Description is what the item is called and ( Minecraft ID Name) is the string value that is used in game commands. Minecraft ID is the Internal number for the item. Minecraft Data Value (or damage value) identifies the variation of the block if more than one type exists for the Minecraft ID. Platform is the platform that applies. Version (s) is the Minecraft version numbers that the Minecraft ID and Name are valid for. Give Command for Bow Java PE Win10 Edu Give Command in Minecraft Java Edition (PC/Mac)In Minecraft Java Edition (PC/Mac) 1.13, the /give command for Bow is:/give @p bow 1In Minecraft Java Edition (PC/Mac) 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12 and 1.12.2, the /give command for Bow is:/give @p bow 1 0Enchantments for Bow In Minecraft, you can enchant a bow with the following enchantments: Enchantment Description Platform (s)Curse of Vanishing Cursed item will disappear after player dies Flame Turns arrows into flaming arrows Infinity Shoots an infinite amount of arrows Mending Uses xp to mend your tools, weapons and armor Power Increases damage dealt by bow Punch Increases knockback dealt (enemies repel backwards)Unbreaking Increases durability of item Definitions Enchantment is what the enchantment is called. Description is the description of what the enchantment does. Platform (s) shows an image of each platform that the enchantment is available on ( only applies to the most recent version of Minecraft ). See a complete list of Minecraft Enchantments that is interactive and searchable. Things to Make with Bows You can use bows to make items in Minecraft such as: How to make a Dispenser How to make an Enchanted Bow Things to Do with Bows Here are some activities that you can do with bows in Minecraft: How to Use a Bow Other Weapons You can make other weapons in Minecraft such as: How to make a Diamond Sword How to make a Golden Sword How to make an Iron Sword How to make a Stone Sword How to make a Wooden Sword How to make a Trident How to make an Arrow How to make a Spectral Arrow How to make an Arrow of Decay (0:05 - Wither II)How to make an Arrow of Fire Resistance (0:22)How to make an Arrow of Fire Resistance (1:00)How to make an Arrow of Harming (Instant Damage)How to make an Arrow of Harming (Instant Damage II)How to make an Arrow of Healing (Instant Health)How to make an Arrow of Healing (Instant Health II)How to make an Arrow of Invisibility (0:22)How to make an Arrow of Invisibility (1:00)How to make an Arrow of Leaping (0:22 - Jump Boost)How to make an Arrow of Leaping (1:00 - Jump Boost)How to make an Arrow of Leaping (0:11 - Jump Boost II)How to make an Arrow of Luck (0:37)How to make an Arrow of Night Vision (0:22)How to make an Arrow of Night Vision (1:00)How to make an Arrow of Poison (0:05)How to make an Arrow of Poison (0:11)How to make an Arrow of Poison (0:02 - Poison II)How to make an Arrow of Regeneration (0:05)How to make an Arrow of Regeneration (0:11)How to make an Arrow of Regeneration (0:02 - Regeneration II)How to make an Arrow of Slowness (0:11)How to make an Arrow of Slowness (0:30)How to make an Arrow of Slowness (0:01 - Slowness V)How to make an Arrow of Strength (0:22)How to make an Arrow of Strength (1:00)How to make an Arrow of Strength (0:11 - Strength II)How to make an Arrow of Swiftness (0:22 - Speed)How to make an Arrow of Swiftness (1:00 - Speed)How to make an Arrow of Swiftness (0:22 - Speed II)How to make an Arrow of the Turtle Master (0:07 - Slowness IV, Resistance IV)How to make an Arrow of the Turtle Master (0:22 - Slowness IV, Resistance IV)How to make an Arrow of the Turtle Master (0:07 - Slowness VI, Resistance VI)How to make an Arrow of Water Breathing (0:22)How to make an Arrow of Water Breathing (1:00)How to make an Arrow of Weakness (0:11)How to make an Arrow of Weakness (0:30)
D2716951	http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JI1JUQPSuoc	CerTech Gel/ New Engine Certech Gel/Quality Service by CerTech Gels	Cer Tech Gel/ New Engine Certech Gel/Quality Service by Cer Tech Gels Maxwell John Subscribe 1Add to Share More1,636 views31Published on Jan 17, 2014Cer Tech Gels is used to re surf the internal parts of the engine and the result is really amazing which gives you new engine. Cer Tech Gels offers high quality services by giving new engine. http://certechgels.com Show more Loading...
D3256836	https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SAN.html	SAN - Storage Area Network	Main » TERM » S »SAN - Storage Area Network Tweet Related Terms DAS - Direct Attached Storage Network Direct Attached Storage - NDASVirtual SANApple X SANSAN fabric SAN services FC SANstorage networkingstorage managemententerprise storage By Vangie Beal What is SAN? Short for s torage a rea n etwork , SAN is a high-speed network of storage devices that also connects those storage devices with servers. It provides block-level storage that can be accessed by the applications running on any networked servers. SAN storage devices can include tape libraries and disk-based devices, like RAID hardware. The main functions of a storage area network (SAN) includes the following: A high-speed network of storage devices. Connects the storage devices with servers. Can be accessed by applications on networked servers. Particularly helpful in backup and disaster recovery. Uses networking protocols to span longer distances geographically. SAN can also simplify some management tasks. Offers flexibility, availability and performance. SAN Performance Compared to DASOrganizations often choose to deploy a storage area network because it offers better flexibility, availability and performance than direct-attached storage ( DAS). Because a SAN removes storage from the servers and consolidates it in a place where it can be accessed by any application, it tends to improve storage utilization. Storage utilization improvements often allow organizations to defer purchases of additional storage hardware, which saves money and requires less space in the data center. Thanks to high-speed connections (usually Fibre Channel ), SANs often provide better performance than DAS. Also, because SANs usually offer multiple connections to and from the data center's servers, they also improve availability. In addition, separating the storage from the servers frees up the computing resources on the servers for other tasks not related to storage. Image: What is SAN definition? SANs Simplify Backup and Recovery SANs are particularly helpful in backup and disaster recovery settings. Within a SAN, data can be transferred from one storage device to another without interacting with a server. This speeds up the backup process and eliminates the need to use server CPU cycles for backup. Also, many SANs utilize Fibre Channel technology or other networking protocols that allow the networks to span longer distances geographically. That makes it more feasible for companies to keep their backup data in remote locations. Utilizing a SAN can also simplify some management tasks, potentially allowing organizations to hire fewer IT workers or to free up some IT workers for other tasks. It's also possible to boot servers from a SAN, which can reduce the time and hassles involved in replacing a server. Alternative Storage Options Before the advent of SANs, organizations generally used direct-attached storage (DAS). As the name implies, direct-attached storage is directly attached to the server, residing either on the server or in a standalone storage device that is not part of a separate storage networking environment. Many smaller organizations continue to use DAS today because it offers lower upfront costs than deploying a SAN. However, for larger companies, the benefits of a SAN often outweigh the costs. Sometimes people confuse the term SAN with the term NAS, which stands for "network-attached storage." The key to distinguishing the two lies in the last term of each acronym: a SAN (storage area network) is an actual network, while NAS (network-attached storage) refers to a storage device, typically in an IP network. While SANs provide block-level storage for servers, a NAS device provides file-level storage for end users. For example, the mail application on your company servers might utilize a SAN to store all the messages, contacts and other data it requires; by contrast, an end user would use a NAS device to save files, such as word processing documents or spreadsheets. Operating systems see a SAN as a disk, while they see a NAS device as a file server. Making things somewhat more confusing, some storage systems take a hybrid approach, offering some SAN capabilities as well as some NAS capabilities. It's also possible to include NAS devices within a SAN. How to Set Up a Simple SANTo set up a simple SAN, you need only the following components:a SAN switcha storage devicea servercables to connect the various elements together SAN management software In most real-world settings, a SAN will include many different switches, storage devices and servers, and it will likely also include routers, bridges and gateways to extend the SAN over large areas and to connect to other parts of the data center network. The SAN's topology will depend on its size and the needs of the organization. The process of deploying a SAN requires several steps. First, you need to design your SAN, taking into account your current needs and future scalability requirements. Second, you'll need to select a vendor or vendors to provide the hardware and software you'll need, as well as any related services. Next, you'll install the necessary hardware and then install and configure the software for managing your SAN. Deploying a SAN is a complicated process that often requires specialized knowledge and a great deal of planning, particularly if your SAN is very large. SAN Standards and Technology Several different industry groups have developed standards related to SAN technology. The most prominent is probably the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA), which promotes the Storage Management Initiative Specification (SMI-S), as well as related standards. The Fibre Channel Industry Association (FCIA) also promotes standards related to SAN and administers the SANmark Qualified Program. Fibre Channel is currently the most widely used communication protocol for SANs, but it is by no means the only one. Some SAN networks rely on i SCSI communication, a mapping of SCSI protocol over TCP/IP. SANs can also use ATA over Ethernet (Ao E), Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCo E), ESCON over Fibre Channel, Hyper SCSI and some other protocols. What do you think about this? Interesting Not Interesting Share Tweet PREVIOUS Samsung Galaxy S8NEXT SAN fabric Related Links Large SAN Design Best Practices (Cisco Guide)SAN Design and Best Practices (Brocade Whitepaper)Fibre Channel SAN Topologies (EMC Whitepaper)
D102052	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100118175625AAuMUGM	What foods can you eat when in mexico?	Travel Mexico Other - Mexico What foods can you eat when in mexico?my parents are going to mexico this week and we were wondering what is safe to eat. Please help!! And what else can they drink?? Thanks Follow 7 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Any rule you hear is most likely outdated and absolutely won't apply everywhere (you CAN drink the tap water in some areas --- though it's still wise to assume you can't, and just stick to bottled water). In better restaurants and hotels, the water used for mixed drinks is virtually always bottled or heavily filtered, and is perfectly safe. Likewise, many of the upscale hotels have big R-O filtration systems that supply the tap water in guest rooms --- these hotels usually tell you the water's safe (there may be a sign in the room saying "agua es potable" --- if it says "no potable", then don't drink it or even use it for brushing teeth). The rule of thumb that most first timers use is to avoid street vendor food. Generally, not a bad rule of thumb since street vendors tend to have lower sanitation standards. But use common sense --- if you can see exactly what they're doing and how food is being handled, and you're comfortable with the sanitation, AND you see that the stand is popular with locals, then maybe it's worth a shot. Also, consider WHAT is being served: I always buy roast elote from street vendors (because I can SEE it pre-boiled and then directly put on hot coals --- BUT I never slather on the mayo because it makes my flesh crawl when I see open jars of mayo left out on a hot sunny afternoon.) Use common sense and don't take risks you're not comfortable with. But don't let being scared by urban legend prevent you from experiencing authentic, delicious, wholesome food that enriches your appreciation of Mexican culture. People who let fears and hype rule their life must lead very miserable existences, depriving themselves of the world's greatest pleasures.... Mark The Latin Travel Dude · 8 years ago0 1 Comment Asker's rating I personally avoid tourist areas because they don't care about repeat business. I would avoid fresh fruits and vegetables in hotels and other tourist venues. Go to middle class restaurants where the locals go, and eat anything you want. They rely on long term relationships and keeping customers happy. Actually the only food I really avoid is street food that has been sitting out too long.. Otherwise little hole-in-the-wall restaurants can provide some pretty amazing food. Drink anything from a bottle, can or carton. Only thing to avoid is tap water. Source (s):retired in Mexicomarci knows best · 8 years ago1 1 Comment It is safe to eat and drink anything in Mexico. There are not sanitation grades posted in restaurants in public view as in many states in the USA. If a place looks clean you go in and order something. If it doesn't look clean you find someplace else. You take the same precautions as anywhere. In new buildings and areas you can drink tap water. Many places in the US you don't want to drink the tap water. I don't drink tap water if I can help it, but I know many who do. Mexico is in North America it's not Haiti or Central Africa. Source (s): I live hereclontarf1002 · 8 years ago5 1 Comment They consume the "real" Mexican nutrition for the main component to the day... it rather is composed of a meat, beans, rice and tortillas. you will not often see a meal lacking a million or 2 of those products... And for the folk that have slightly money left over, they're going to hit Burger King, Mickie D's, Domino's, KFC and Pizza Hut... purely the way we do right here... =O)muckenthaler · 1 year ago0 0 Comment Stick with the tourist attractions - Hotel food is best - you should always inspect the kitchen/food preparation areas, to be sure that they're clean and tidy. Avoid eating street corner fare - this may be ok for the natives, but Americans have weak stomachs. You can drink any beverage from a bottle - bring your own if coming by car - a case of water in the truck. Judge Julie · 8 years ago1 5 Comment If they're going to a beach resort, have them try Ceviche, a citrus-marinated seafood dish. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceviche There are many good Mexican beers (cervezas) and many other drinks in bottles (en botellas): Purified water (Agua purificada) Mineral water (Agua mineral) and soft drinks Coke and Fanta. Source (s):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_cuisine_dishes Anonymous · 8 years ago2 1 Comment Drink anything that is in a bottle, water, gatorades, Coca Cola. Anonymous · 8 years ago1 1 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Need a Small Business Loan? Get a Master's Degreee Online Get an MBA while working Heading to the Magic Kingdom?
D2890033	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080930110614AAJQoGD	How long does it take for a sinus infection to clear up?	Health Other - Health How long does it take for a sinus infection to clear up? I can't stay off school because I'm doing my A Levels and I can't afford to miss any work, but it's really frustrating - I literally cannot breathe out of my nose, my throat feels like it is on fire and my voice is going, it hurts to blow my nose and I have headaches. Basically, it's like a painful cold. This is... show more Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Duration of sinus infection: "Most acute sinus infections respond to treatment or improve on their own within three weeks. Infections that last longer than three weeks are considered chronic sinusitis." (copied from the below link): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/iht IH/WS/... Sometimes you might need antibiotics, but try your best not to use them unless you really need to, or if your doctor tells you to use them. The doctor knows best. Then again, you don't want to overdo antibiotics by taking them every single time you have a sinus infection. The best thing to do is (as gross and unpleasant as it may sound) is to mix 1/8 teaspoon of salt with one cup of water. MAKE SURE IT IS THOROUGHLY MIXED AND DISSOLVED. YOU DON'T WANT TO GET THE ENTIRE 1/8 teaspoon in one glob! Then you sniff it into your nostrils. DO NOT USE MORE SALT THAN 1/8 TEASPOON! TRUST ME ON THIS! The more is NOT the merrier in this case! It will burn like someone shoved a lit cigarette up your nose! If you just use the 1/8 teaspoon, you'll be fine. There are different ways to get it in your nose too, so check out the below website and decide which is right for you: http://www.rebron.org/2005/10/13/cold-re... It may make you feel like you are choking, but if you really try hard and think pleasant thoughts, you can do it without choking or spitting it up. If you have these infections a lot, there is an operation you can get which may help, but I'm still confused as to which operation it is. I saw an ad on TV and I would like to get it done myself, but there are different types of sinus surgery I guess, so I don't know which one. If anyone does know of this "newest" type of sinus surgery, I'd appreciate knowing too because I'll be standing at my doctors door. Of course, I could just call my doctor and ask, but do you know how easy that is, to get through? Source (s): http://www.rebron.org/2005/10/13/cold-re... http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/iht IH/WS/... Mancer · 10 years ago1 0 Comment Asker's ratinghere is the best way to get rid of sinus infection. My husband uses this to keep from getting bronchitis, and I use to to cure sinus infections. THere are many kinds of bacteria that live in the sinuses, and this gets rid of all the bad ones!. This is the only thing that really helped me --- my Dr. told me about a sinus wash that will kill bacteria. you need distilled water sea salt liquid chlorophyll and colloidal silver from the health food store. in a glass mix 1/4 cup water with a pinch of salt and heat to body temperature. add 5 drops each silver and chlorophyll and mix. using a large dropper (like one used for infant medication) drop 2 full droppersfull into one side of the nose while laying down. Turn the head and let it drain out the other nostril. Be sure to have paper towels handy. The silver kills the bacteria and there are several hundred kind that can live in the sinus cavities and anti biotics don't get rid of them all. Do this twice a day for a week, mixing up the mixture fresh each time. Then do it once a week for maintenance. There is nothing in this that will hurt you, and it cured me. I do not have to take claritin, or antibiotics anymore. best wishes Laura L · 10 years ago0 0 Comment I presently have a sinus illness that I have had for the final 10 months. The don't remedy on their possess. Try drinkign plenty of water, and in addition sizzling and bloodless compress, sizzling for three minuts for your sinus after which bloodless for thirty seconds. Taking a sizzling bathe is helping, as good as steaming your toilet and staying within for 15min. The best factor that I can honestly propose, even though on the whole no longer desired, is operation to surgically open up your sinuses, if the antibiotics rather did not paintings, that is the one TRUE sollution to clearing up your drawback.? · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Interested in Life Alert? Find Moving Container Services Find the best luxury cars Best Home Security System?
D3480130	https://www.expressvpn.com/	Amplify the Entire Internet	Amplify the Entire Internet#1 Trusted Leader in VPNHigh speed, ultra secure, and easy to use. Instant setup. Get Express VPN30-day money-back guarantee Access any content Ultra fast VPN servers across 94 countries. Unblock the sites and apps you love, instantly. Secure & anonymous We’re fanatical about your privacy & security. Avoid being hacked or tracked, using powerful encryption.24/7 customer service Get help in seconds, not days. Ask us anything through live chat support!6 reasons to choose Express VPNBlazing fast VPN speeds Huge network of 2000+ global VPN servers optimized for fast connections. Unlimited bandwidth, no throttling. Easy-to-use VPN service for Windows, Mac, i OS, Android, Routers, and Linux Get set up in minutes on any device. Download, install, and connect to Express VPN with the push of a button. No restrictions Stream or download anything, from any of our servers, anywhere on Earth, with your IP address hidden from prying eyes. Offshore privacy protection Based in the British Virgin Islands, a tropical oasis without data retention laws. No activity logs. No connection logs. Serious security Protect yourself from hacking and surveillance with 256-bit AES encryption, DNS/IPv6 leak protection, kill switch, and split tunneling.30-day money-back guarantee Give Express VPN a test drive. All plans are fully refundable, no questions asked. See more advantages Express VPN Apps Windows Maci OSAndroid Linux Routers Browser extensions Chrome Firefox Safari Other supported devices Apple TV, Fire TV, Smart TV, Play Station, Android TV box, and many more Connect from multiple devices simultaneously with Express VPNSee all apps148+ VPN locations… and counting!Choose from 148 cities in 94 countries. With unlimited speeds and unlimited server switches, you can connect from anywhere in the world. Americas Asia Pacific Europe, Africa & Middle East See our full list of VPN server locations The world’s leading VPN provider, as seen in: Express VPN’s performance is great. Consistently good speeds. — PCWorld The best offshore VPN for privacy and unblocking — Techradar Express VPN is the best VPN service we’ve tested — Huffington Post People love Express VPN@tnna_yu Great experience using @expressvpn. Amazing customer service and an even faster solution response rate. #twothumbsup #happycustomer@Jamesrdr90@expressvpn love your service it is simply the best and fastest #VPN i have ever used many thanks for your excellent hard work :)@tom_cureton@expressvpn You are my saviour in this land of many firewalls x See more user testimonials30-day money-back guarantee If you're not 100% satisfied with Express VPN, we'll refund your payment. No hassle, no risk. Get Express VPN
D36822	http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MX-MEX.aspx?city=Toluca	Current Time in Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico	Current Time in Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico What Time Is It In Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico?8:27:12 AMMonday, April 9, 2018Central Daylight Time (CDT) -0500 UTC UTC/GMT is 13:27 on Monday, April 9, 2018 Daylight Saving Time: Starts On April 1, 2018 at 02:00 AM Set your clock ahead 1 hour. Ends On October 28, 2018 at 02:00 AM Set your clock back 1 hour. Receive DST reminders for Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico via email. Difference from your location:2 hours ahead of, Washington Current Weather Conditions in Toluca Passing clouds. Mild. 63°F / 17°C Conditions updated at Sun, 08 Apr 2018 21:42:08 CDTclick for forecast and more Time Here, Time There (Time Zone Converter)Want to see the time in Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico compared with your home? Choose a date and time then click "Submit" and we'll help you convert it from Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico time to your time zone.at Need to compare more than just two places at once? Try our World Meeting Planner and get a color-coded chart comparing the time of day in Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico with all of the other international locations where others will be participating. Put a clock on your blog!Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico Have your own blog or web site? Put a free analog web clock for Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico on your page, customized to match your color scheme!Thanks for visiting World Time Server.com Are you about to make an International long distance phone call to Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico? Are you planning a trip or preparing for a chat or online meeting? Just confirming the current time? We work hard to make certain the time and information presented here on World Time Server.com is accurate and do our best to keep up with Daylight Saving Time rules and Time Zone changes for every country, not just the changes that affect Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico. Thanks for visiting and we hope you'll bookmark our site and return again!
D291119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Credit_Union	Southland Credit Union	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Southland Credit Union Type Credit union Founded 1936Headquarters Los Alamitos, California, United States Number of locations 8 Branches Area served Orange County, Gateway Cities, Santa Monica, and Downtown Los Angeles Total assets $725m USD (2016)Website southlandcu.org Southland Credit Union is a not-for-profit community-chartered credit union in California serving the residents of Orange County, the Gateway Cities of Los Angeles County and the communities of Downtown Los Angeles and Santa Monica. Membership to Southland Credit Union is also available to employees of approximately 300 Select Employer Groups (SEG). As of December 2016, Southland Credit Union reported its assets exceed $725 million and are serving over 60,000 Members. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Community charter3 Select Employer Groups4 Performance5 Products and services6 References7 External links History [ edit]1936 - Southland Credit Union established to serve the employees of the Los Angeles County Flood Control District with seven volunteers.1944 - State charter granted; name is changed to "Los Angeles County Civic Center Credit Union. "1981 - Corporate office moved from Los Angeles to Downey.1989 - Merged with Auto Pro Federal Credit Union, South Coast Medical Center Federal Credit Union and Mobilehome Owners Federal Credit Union1991 - Merged with Graphic Arts Credit Union.1994 - Name changed to "Southland Civic Federal Credit Union" and the Credit Union received a federal charter. Merged with Los Angeles County Bar Association Credit Union.1991 - Merged with Saints Federal Credit Union.1996 - Merged with Sunrise First Federal Credit Union, which served the employees of Simpson Paper Company.1999 - Converted back to a state charter with a name changed to "Southland Civic Credit Union" and completed a merger with Los Angeles Internal Revenue Service Employees Federal Credit Union. [1]2001 - Merged with FAMCO Federal Credit Union, which served the employees of AMERON, now National Oilwell Varco. [2]2002 - Name changed to "Southland Credit Union" and corporate office is moved to Los Alamitos.2009 - Merged with Cityside Federal Credit Union, formally the Los Angeles Times Federal Credit Union. [3]2011 - Acquired the Garden Grove branch of Fullerton Community Bank. [4]2012 - Merged with Santa Monica City Employees Federal Credit Union. [5]2014 - Merged with Westside Employees Federal Credit Union, which served the employees of Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica and merged with Patriots Federal Credit Union in Tustin, which served legacy military personnel stationed at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro. [6]2017 - Merged with Harbor Federal Credit Union, which served the employees of Harbor–UCLA Medical Center in Carson. [7]Community charter [ edit]Southland Credit Union's community charter allows for Membership to residents and individuals, who work, worship or attend school in the following communities: Orange County, California Downtown Los Angeles Greater Santa Monica Area Brentwood, California Culver City, California Mar Vista, California Marina del Rey, California Pacific Palisades, California Santa Monica, California Venice, California West Los Angeles Gateway Cities Artesia, California Bellflower, California Cerritos, California Downey, California Hawaiian Gardens, California La Habra Heights, California La Mirada, California Lakewood, California Long Beach, California Norwalk, California Paramount, California Santa Fe Springs, California Signal Hill, California Select Employer Groups [ edit]Membership with Southland Credit Union is available to employees of approximately 300 Select Employer Groups (SEG), including: Bandai Blank Rome Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives City of Garden Grove Employees City of La Mirada Employees City of Lakewood Employees City of Lawndale Employees City of Los Alamitos Employees City of Lynwood Employees City of Paramount Employees City of Santa Monica Employees City of Seal Beach Employees Commerce Casino Costco Davis Elen Advertising Drug Enforcement Administration Employees and Retirees of Los Angeles County Frieda's Inc. General Services Administration Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher Horiba Internal Revenue Service Jones Day Latham & Watkins Los Alamitos Unified School District Los Angeles County Bar Association Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department Los Angeles Times Morgan, Lewis & Bockius Paul Hastings Perkins Coie Sidley Austin Tarzana Treatment Centers United States Army United States Attorney United States Bankruptcy Court United States Department of Homeland Security United States Department of the Treasury United States District Court United States Marshals Service Zodiac Aerospace Performance [ edit]Texas Ratio As of December 31, 2013 Southland Credit Union had $5.91 million in non-current loans and owned real-estate with $61.02 million in equity and loan loss allowances on hand to cover it. This gives Southland Credit Union a Texas ratio of 9.68% which is rated Grade A. Any bank with a Texas Ratio near or greater than 100% is considered at risk. Texas Ratio Trend The Texas Ratio for Southland Credit Union decreased slightly from 12.72% as of December 31, 2012 to 9.68% as of December 31, 2013, resulting in a positive change of 23.89%. This indicates that the balance sheet and financial strength for Southland Credit Union has improved slightly in recent periods. Deposit Growth In the past year, Southland Credit Union has increased its total deposits by $327,000, resulting in 0.08% growth for the year. A strong track record of growth is an indicator of consumer confidence and the bank's ability to strengthen its balance sheet. The growth Southland Credit Union has shown is above average. Capitalization The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the National Credit Union Administration consider capitalization levels of banks and credit unions to be of high importance. Higher capitalization allows for a greater buffer when cover loans that may fail in the future. Southland Credit Union has $481.02 million in assets with $61.02 million in equity, resulting in a capitalization level of 12.69%, which is rated "A+". [8]Products and services [ edit]Southland Credit Union offers: Checking & Savings Accounts Vehicle Loans Personal Loans Credit Cards Home Loans Home Equity Lines of Credit Investment Services Insurance Services Retirement Planning Business Services References [ edit]^ "1999 Annual Report" (PDF). California Department of Financial Institutions. Dec 1999. Retrieved 4 May 2014.^ "Monthly Bulletin, August 2001". California Department of Financial Institutions. Aug 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2014.^ Rubenstein, Jim (May 8, 2009). "L. A. CUs on Merger Path". cutimes.com. Retrieved 30 May 2014.^ Henderson, Shelley (Nov 20, 2011). "Southland Credit Union opens new office at Garden Grove civic center". oc-breeze.com. Retrieved 30 May 2014.^ Greenberg, Eddie (Sep 18, 2012). "Santa Monica Credit Union Merging With Southland Credit Union". santamonica.patch.com. Retrieved 30 May 2014.^ "Monthly Bulletin, January 2014" (PDF). California Department of Business Oversight. Jan 2014. Retrieved 22 Oct 2014.^ "Southland CU, Harbor FCU Announce Merger Plan". Credit Union Journal. Aug 2016. Retrieved 29 Dec 2016.^ "Deposit Accounts.com". Deposit Accounts.com. Retrieved 2014-06-04. Southland Credit Union \| Annual Report — Southland Credit Union Annual Report External links [ edit]Official website Official Facebook Page Categories: Credit unions based in California Banks established in 1936
D2204256	http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Transformer-circuit.php	How to Build a Transformer Circuit	How to Build a Transformer Circuit In this project, we will show how to incorporate a transformer into a circuit. A transformer is a very essential part for many types of circuits. Transformers allow for a lot of different functionality in a circuit. And they are widespread in use. Therefore, knowing how to use them is very important for circuitbuilding. The first thing is, transformers are used when dealing with AC voltages. They don't work with DC voltages. But this is fine, because AC voltages are used widespread, as all household outlets operate from AC voltages. And transformers still are used with DC power because the AC voltages that transformers output can be converted to DC voltages. So transformers are used when dealing with AC or DC power. But chiefly they deal directly with AC power. So we will now go over uses of transformers. But first, know that there are basically 2 types of transformers. There are step-up transformers and step-down transformers. Step-up transformers convert AC voltage to a larger AC voltage value. So, for example, it may step up 24VAC to 120VAC. Step-down transformers convert AC voltage to a smaller AC voltage value. So, for example, it may step down 120VAC to 24VAC. Depending on the use of the transformers, both are extremely important for different circuits. Step-up transformers are used to build power inverters. Power inverters are devices that convert DC voltage to AC voltage. Being that power inverters are meant to be a kind of energy backup in case there is a power outage, it is meant operate at AC levels that wall outlets output such as 110V, 120V, 220V, 230V, or 240V. Being that the AC voltage is this high, the DC is always going to be lower than this. Typically, power inverters work off a single 12V DC battery. Therefore, we have to convert 12V up to either 110V-240V. Therefore, step-up transformers are needed to do so. Another very important use up step-up transformers is for power conversion to a country's voltage supply. Let's say you are from a country that uses 220V of power from the AC mains power supply. And you go either visit or move to a country that operates at 110VAC. The devices you have may only operate at 220V of power. Therefore, you need a step-up transformer that converts 110V to 220V. Then, your devices can work. These are very common uses of step-up transformers. Step-down transformers have its uses as well. They're probably used even more. This is because so many devices need to convert from the high AC voltage received from the mains power supply to a more lower DC voltage. How this is achieved is through a step-down transformer. The step-down transformer may convert 120VAC from mains to 12V by having a primary to secondary coil with a 10:1 ratio. The voltage output by the transformer is 12VAC. The circuit designer that uses components such as a full-wave rectifier, smoothing capacitors, and a voltage regulator in order to make the AC voltage DC. So through this, we can convert 12VAC to 12VDC. And this type of circuit is very commonplace. Think of the devices that have a plug that plugs into a wall outlet but that really operates off of DC power. It's immense. This is why step-down transformers are even more widespread and used than step-up transformers. So many devices such as laptop chargers to DC power supplies all use step-down transformers to lower the high AC voltage to a more manageable AC voltage that can then be converted to DC power. So practically all devices that operate from DC power that plugs into an AC mains outlet uses a step-down transformers. And of course step-down transformers are also used when you need to power convert going from a country that uses a lesser power to a country that uses a greater power. So, knowing all these uses of transformers, whether step up or step down, shows how important transformers. They're vital for many, many circuits, practically all circuits that have a plug. Probably the only circuits you don't need them for is if you are battery-operated devices or devices that you power directly with a DC power supply. So, in this circuit, it's very simple, we demonstrate how to connect a power transformer so that we can have it operating in a circuit. Components Needed Power Transformer AC Voltage Source In this circuit, we will use a step-down transformer. The step-down transformer that I have is a 120V primary 24V secondary transformer. This means that the transformer takes an input of 120VAC and converts into down to 24VAC. So this is the equivalent of taking a device that plugs into AC mains in a United States outlet and getting 24VAC as output. So this makes it more manageable to convert this lower AC voltage into DC voltage. Most devices operate on DC voltages of 12V or less. So if we tried to convert 120VAC directly into DC voltage without converting it down, that would disastrous and excess power for the circuit. Therefore, transformers are vital. Transformer Circuit The circuit which demonstrates how to incorporate a transformer into a circuit is shown below. The breadboard circuit of the circuit above is shown below. So a power transformer has 2 sides. One side is the primary coil and the other side is the secondary coil. How a transformer works is based on the ratio of coils of one side to the other. The side that has a greater of amount of turns relative to the other will have a larger voltage. So, a step-down transformer has a greater amount of turns at the primary side than the secondary side. If the turns ratio is 10:1 in favor of primary to secondary, the voltage at the primary side will have 10 times larger, so the voltage at the secondary end will be 10 times smaller. So if the input voltage is 120VAC, the voltage at the output will be 12VAC. A step-up transformer is the opposite. The turns ratio is greater at the secondary coil. Therefore, the voltage is greater at the secondary end. If a 1:10 turns ratio in favor of secondary, the voltage will be 10 times larger at the output than input. So if the transformer takes in 12V, it will output 120V. How the transformer works is through the process of voltage induction. The primary coil, which receives the input voltage, induces a voltage at the secondary coil. The amount of voltage induced depends on the turns ratio, as discussed above. So the primary coil is where we attach the input voltage to that we want to convert. So if we're operating a step-down transformer, a 120VAC primary 24VAC secondary, we attach the 120VAC to the primary coil. The output of the secondary coil is the 24VAC. Each side, primary and secondary, will have a minimum of 2 terminals each. This is because voltage has positive and negative terminals. So, for the primary coil, to terminal we attach the positive end of the voltage source of the 120VAC and to the other terminal, we attach the negative end of the voltage source of the 120VAC. Not all transformers will have 2 terminals. Some transformers will have a third terminal for ground. But all will have at least 2 terminals. Also, for the secondary coil, there will be at least 2 terminals. One for the positive end of the voltage and the other for the negative end of the voltage. Again, some transformers may have more than 2 terminals at the secondary coil. This is because some transformers have multiple terminals for different voltage outputs. What is meant by this is that some transformers have more than 1 voltage that can be output. Some transformers output either 12V or 24V, for instance. And this is all that is required for transformers to work. It's pretty fundamental. Also note that step-up and step-down transformers, although not intended, can be switched and used as the other. What is meant is that step-down transformers can be used as step-up transformers if the secondary coil is used as the input and the primary coil is used as the output. You just have to make sure that neither power rating of the secondary coil isn't exceeded. For, example, if the secondary coil is rated for 24V, do not exceed this by feeding into it a greater voltage. This is the reason why it's better to use power transformers for its intended use, but it still can be done if power is allocated properly. And this is how a transformer is incorporated into circuits. Related Resources How to Build a Square-to-Triangle Wave Converter Circuit How to Build a Square-to-Sine Wave Converter Circuit How to Build a Clock Circuit with a 555 timer How to Build an Astable Multivibrator Circuit with Transistors How to Build a Multivibrator Circuit with a 4047 chip (for astable mode operation)How to Build a Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Circuit with a 4046 Chip How to Build an Oscillator Circuit with a 7414 Schmitt Trigger Inverter Chip How to Build a Sine Wave Generator Circuit with a 555 Timer How to Build a Ramp Generator with Transistors How to Build a Voltage-controlled Oscillator with a 555 Timer Chip Commentsby Html Comment Box (Feb 7, 2017) Patrick said: Hello. I'm needing to convert standard 110 V to run two different DC power supplies both of which or 230 vac. I'm trying to figure out whether to run a new line that will supply enough electricity to run both. I believe each is 220 V so that is 440? But I have a transformer that will convert the 110 into 440. I would just need to build a case for it and figure out what else I would need such as voltage regulator plug-ins and other equipment but I have no idea where to begin. These power supplies come out of industrial grade servers. 3000 W and 50 A. I plan to use them to run my radio station which uses DC power. Currently I can't find anything on the Internet about converting standard 110 to 440v I know it's possible and I know it can be done because I hooked up this transformer to the wall and checked it with my meter. Very scary! I know a little bit about mains power but I'm not electrician. So I will probably answer my question and say I will seek the advice of a well-qualified technician electrician.flag like1 (Nov 24, 2016) Pete said: Sir there is no schematics for the rectifier DC out put.flag like
D1402867	https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/12/07/illinois-lottery-ious-pay-winners-budget/76954034/	Illinois Lottery to resume paying jackpots	Join the Nation's Conversation To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Illinois Lottery to resume paying jackpots Aamer Madhani, USA TODAY Published 7:38 p.m. ET Dec. 7, 2015 \| Updated 1:21 p.m. ET Dec. 8, 2015 (Photo: AP)CONNECT TWEET LINKEDIN COMMENT EMAIL MORECHICAGO— Gov. Bruce Rauner signed legislation on Monday that will make it possible for the Illinois Lottery to stop the embarrassing practice of delaying payouts to its big winners. Rauner signed compromise legislation that was sent to him by the Senate on Monday, which calls for releasing billions of dollars of tax revenue on gas and cell phone plans to local governments and releases funding for a program that helps low-income people with their heating bills. The legislation also allows the state lottery, which had been delaying payments to winners of more than $600 for the past five months, to finally start paying all winners The cash-strapped Land of Lincoln, which has been mired in a budget impasse for months, has been delaying payments since July, because a budget stalemate in Springfield has left the Illinois Comptroller and the Illinois Lottery without legal authority to issue checks even though they had cash to make payouts. Illinois gives lottery winners IOUs Initially, the lottery was delaying payments to winners of prizes of more than $25,000, but by mid-October the lottery was only immediately making payouts to winners of prizes of less than $600. Lotteries in neighboring states, such as Indiana, Iowa and Kentucky, reported a surge of Illinois residents driving into their state to play the numbers as a result of the Illinois Lottery's problems. Officials at the state lottery were overjoyed by a rare moment of bipartisan cooperation in Illinois.“I want to thank Governor Rauner and the General Assembly for this legislative accomplishment. It allows the Illinois Lottery to fully return to the business of supporting education, capital projects, and select charitable causes throughout the state,” said B. R. Lane, the Illinois Lottery's acting director. “We are excited to be back and look forward to a revitalized experience for our players.”Lottery officials said they expect to work through their backlog of winners within a week. CONNECT TWEET LINKEDIN COMMENT EMAIL MOREShare your feedback to help improve our site experience!
D514299	http://www.uindy.edu/financial-aid-for-school-for-adult-learning/adult-students-how-to-apply-for-financial-aid	How to Apply for Financial Aid	How to Apply for Financial Aid If you use financial aid to help cover the cost of your education, you must apply each year. The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is available on October 1 of each year. It is important that you file your FAFSA by April 6 if you plan to be full-time (12 or more credit hours per semester) in order to make sure that it is received by the Federal Processing Center (CPS) no later than April 15. FAFSAs received (by the CPS) after April 15 will not be considered for full-time state grants. Review the following checklist and helpful tips to make sure you don't miss an important step as you apply. You may also review costs as well as available aid, eligibility, alternative options and access additional forms that will assist you in your process. Get ready to file the FAFSANeed to create your FSA ID? First-time FAFSA filers should first apply for an FSA ID at studentaid.gov/fsaid. The FSA ID consists of a username and password selected by the user. Activation may take one to three business days. Please note: Each FSA ID user must have a unique email address. What will you need to file your FAFSA? You will need your FSA ID, Social Security number, prior prior year federal tax returns (i.e. 2016 for 2018-19's FAFSA), driver's license, bank statements and investment account statements. Permanent residents and eligible noncitizens will also need Alien Registration numbers. A FAFSA worksheet or a paper FAFSA may be obtained from fafsa.gov; either of these tools can provide a template from which you can plan your FAFSA detail prior to actually completing your application. What if you have not filed your prior prior year federal taxes yet? Most taxpayers will have filed a federal return for the prior prior tax year by the October 1 date that new FAFSA applications become available. However, if due to unusual circumstances you or your spouse were unable to file prior prior year federal tax returns by the FAFSA filing deadline of April 15, you should use estimated financial information and simply indicate that you "will file" taxes within the FAFSA. Tips for estimating: Use W2s and other earnings' statements as your source (s) for income. What is the IRS Data Retrieval Tool within the FAFSA? The IRS Data Retrieval Tool (DRT) is a linking option that allows you to retrieve your federal tax information directly from the IRS and transfer the data directly into your FAFSA. Although using DRT within the FAFSA on the Web is typically the preferred option, the tool is deactivated for the 2017-18 form but is available when filing the 2018-19 FAFSA. If you still need to file a 2017-18 FAFSA, tax information should be manually entered within the application. There are students who should not use the DRT option: (1) Students who are married but file federal taxes separately from their spouse. (2) Students who were married or single at the time of tax filing but have since separated, divorced, widowed or married/remarried as of the FAFSA filing date. Why is it important to use the IRS Data Retrieval Tool? If you are able to transfer your (and your spouse's if married) federal tax information directly from the IRS into your FAFSA and you do not alter the fields, you minimize the need to provide copies of your federal tax return transcripts (if selected for verification). NEW to 2018-19's FAFSA form: Will I be able to see the tax information that will transfer from the IRS site over into my FAFSA? No. While on the IRS site, once you successfully locate your prior prior year tax return information and check the option to transfer the data over into your FAFSA, the specific fields that transfer will simply be marked as "transferred from the IRS." You will not be able to see the information but should trust that the data is accurate. This transfer method during DRT is meant to protect you by masking the information. The school, however, will have access to this information so that your FAFSA may be properly reviewed and packaged with aid. Can you go back into your FAFSA and use the IRS Data Retrieval Tool after you have already submitted a FAFSA and keyed the tax information manually? Yes. If you choose to manually enter prior prior tax year information and now have either been advised by the University of Indianapolis to make a correction or would like to use the IRS Data Retrieval Tool (DRT) to transfer the information from the IRS site over into your FAFSA, you may do so. Go to FAFSA.gov, log into your FAFSA record, select "Make FAFSA Corrections," and navigate to the Financial Information section (s) of the form. From there, follow the instructions to determine if you and/or your spouse are eligible to use the IRS Data Retrieval Tool to transfer your prior prior year IRS income tax information into your FAFSA. How to file the FAFSAGo to the FAFSA website at fafsa.gov and click "Start a New FAFSA." If you filled out a FAFSA last year and want to renew it, click "Login" and select "FAFSA Renewal. "Enter either your FSA ID or personal information to log in to FAFSA on the Web. Near the beginning, you'll create a "save key" which you can use to start your FAFSA, save it without finishing, and open it later to finish. Complete non-financial sections of the FAFSA. These sections include: Student demographics, school selection and dependency status. Complete student financial sections of the FAFSA. You may refer to your FAFSA worksheet, earnings statements, bank statements and investment account statements. Within this section, you will be offered the option to use the IRS Data Retrieval Tool to view and transfer prior prior year federal tax information. Sign and submit your FAFSA. Be sure to sign your FAFSA with your FSA ID (username and password). Once you see your confirmation page, you'll know you've successfully submitted your FAFSA. Print this page for your records. Complete other tasks Complete the online UIndy Aid Application (UAPP). The UAPP will be used to prepare aid for semesters I and II. Selected for verification? Complete all verification forms requested by the Office of Financial Aid. The most common request will include a verification worksheet and a copy of your and/or your spouse's prior prior year federal tax return transcript. Need summer aid? You must first register for your summer courses and then complete a Summer UIndy Aid Application. Critical undergraduate reminder: If the FAFSA is not received by the Federal Central Processing Center by April 15, you will not be eligible for full-time state grant money.
D2304638	http://www.progesteronetherapy.com/heart-palpitations-and-tachycardia.html	Heart palpitations and tachycardia	Heart palpitations and tachycardiaby Maria Hi Wray, Thank you for doing this website! I was reading your personal story and I have had so many of the same problems for years. I am a 32 year old mom of three small kids. To make a very long history of health problems that have been getting worse for years short, I finally found a good doctor who has done a lot of good lab testing on me, but I am struggling with my progesterone cream dosage and controlling my symptoms with it. I have low thyroid, low cortisol/adrenal levels, very low vitamin D, low progesterone, low iron as well as a lesion on my thyroid and Mitral valve prolapse. I am on steroids, vitamins, minerals and natural compunded pharmacy progesterone cream. I so far have been unable to tolerate the nature-throid medicine. I have been extremely sick in the last few months and unable to function, but with all I am taking my symptoms are slowly getting better. The one symptom I am having trouble controlling are the heart palpitations and tachycardia. My palpitations get worse when I start ovulating and keep getting progressively peaking at their worst the few days before I started my period to the point where I was having heart rate between 150-200 a day or two before my period for a couple of months in a row. Then they slowly get better once my period starts (but never go away) until ovulation again. When I noticed the heart palps were related to my period, I told my DR who gave me the progesterone cream which helped and took them away for the most part for a good month, and I didn't get the severe tachycardia before my last period. I was rubbing on 20 mg at a time for a total of about 50-60 mg a day from ovulation to period and trying to cut back the dosage to as low as possible from period to ovulation, however as soon as the cream wears off my palps are back. I get really sick when they happen also. For the last two weeks though, the progesterone cream has not been working every time I put it on like it had been and I can't figure out why? Sometimes I will rub 3 doses on and nothing helps and then I switch spots and it seems to help. I don't know if I need more of it, or I am wearing out the skin by rubbing it in the same place too much? Any help would be much appreciated! Thank you.
D503862	http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2886613/The-incredible-interactive-map-reveals-river-America-shows-direction-flows-in.html	The incredible interactive map that reveals EVERY river in America - and shows what direction it flows in	The incredible interactive map that reveals EVERY river in America - and shows what direction it flows in Shows all 250,000 rivers in America mapped by the US Geological Survey18 different colours used to signify the direction each river runs in By Mark Prigg for Mail Online Published: 16:36 EDT, 24 December 2014 \| Updated: 10:39 EDT, 25 December 2014631shares23View comments At first glance it looks like a blur of colour, but this incredible image actually shows all 250,000 rivers running through America. Not only that, it also reveal which direction they run in. Researchers created the incredible maps from data created by the US Geological Survey. Scroll down for an interactive version of the map+1Brooklyn designer Andrew Hill created the amazing map using data created by the US Geological Survey of all 250,000 rivers running through America. AMERICA'S RECORD RIVERSThe longest river on the map is the Missouri at 4088 kilometres. But the biggest in terms of water volume is the Mississippi, which is deeper. At 1114 kilometres, the Yellowstone is the longest un-dammed river in the US. It was created by Brooklyn designer Andrew Hill of data-visualisation firm Vizzuality. He used the Carto DB platform and the National Hydrography Dataset, which is made available online by the US Geological Survey, to create the map. 'There are 18 distinct colours around the compass,' says Hill, who also works for Carto DB. Pink, for example, represents a river that runs north-south or south-north. Carto DB is a a cloud based mapping, analysis and visualization engine that lets users build spatial applications for both mobile and the web, and it often used on property websites and new sites to create maps. Recently, the firm made its technology available for free. 'We realized that charging for map views was actually penalizing you for creating interesting maps,' said Hill. RELATED ARTICLESPrevious 1 2 Next How a firefly lights up: Researchers reveal the secrets of... The passenger spacecraft where you can sit in the cockpit... Scientists use skin cells to make artificial primitive sperm... 'Budget' XCOR space trip set to launch in 2016 will let you... Share this article'We no longer want you to have to worry about unexpected traffic or what happens when the maps on your account go viral. The longest river on the map is the Missouri at 4088 kilometres, although the biggest in terms of water volume is the Mississippi, which is deeper. At 1114 kilometres, the Yellowstone is the longest un-dammed river in the US. Map created by andrewxhill 6There are 18 distinct colours around the compass. Pink, for example, represents a river that runs north-south or south-north. Zooming in on the interactive version reveals each river. Advertisement Read more: USGS TNM 2.0 Viewer Create amazing maps with your data — Carto DBShare or comment on this article631shares Being from the Mid West I thought every town had a ...by Queenof Tara 29Most watched News videos Embed this Heart-warming moment stolen French bulldog is reunited with family Syrian films 'missiles flying over country after chemical attack Video of attack may be linked to middle school 'fight club' Shocking moment road rage driver swerves and runs down biker Moment child given cigarette before pushing her down the stairs Thieves loot £1.4 million mansion as family are held hostage Dreadful footage shows moment before dog is cruelly killed by man Vile woman launches horrific racist rant and spits at worker Trump disparages FBI raid on his personal attorney Michael Cohen Manchester teacher accused of sex with schoolboy leaves court Amal Clooney's mother reveals she was advised to abort... Need a boost, Mark? 5' 7" Facebook boss Zuckerberg sits... 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MOST READ NEWSPrevious Next● ● ● ●Comments 22Share what you think Newest Oldest Best rated Worst rated View all The comments below have not been moderated.mailmailer, london, United Kingdom, 3 years agodon't mean to belittle this work , but there are maps that show EVERY river , town , street , mountain ... everything . surely thats more useful than a map that shows only the rivers .716Click to rate RWT, York, 3 years ago Its interesting that the Thames would not be in the top 100 of rivers (size wise) in the USA.34Click to rate George, Casterly Rock, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, 3 years agothis is so incredibly USELESS!96Click to rate J-Dredd, Mega-City One, United Kingdom, 3 years ago Why?1110Click to ratebannie, Bakersfield, United States, 3 years ago Bakersfield, California: A riverbed runs through it.06Click to ratestewski, Doncaster, United Kingdom, 3 years ago There's a continental divide in the US roughly along the lines of the Rocky Mountains,to the West of it all rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean and to the East into the Atlantic.18Click to rate Jim Asbury, Milwaukee WI, United States, 3 years ago WOW! Merry Christmas!07Click to ratestewski, Doncaster, United Kingdom, 3 years ago A merry christmas to you as well jim.04Click to rate NBE, Morristown, 3 years ago Rivers "revealed"???? It's not as if the rivers have been hiding themselves, for crying out loud.97Click to rate Dave, Buena Vista Virginia, United States, 3 years ago"Pink, for example, represents a river that runs north-south or south-north." There is a big difference (180 degrees) between a river that runs north to south and a river that runs south to north. Many rivers flow in several directions over the course of their journey. The river in my home town, the Maury River, runs generally from west to east until it gets to the mountains near my home then it does a sharp right turn and flows from north to south until it flows into the James River. A close up of the map does make some interesting abstract art.27Click to rate Nick, Fife, United Kingdom, 3 years ago The ones that run north to south seem to be blue08Click to rate Moochie, Canton, 3 years ago Every single river,,,,or just ones major enough to be note worthy,,,,,someone PLEASE explain,,,,,TY,,,,,,62Click to rate View all The views expressed in the contents above are those of our users and do not necessarily reflect the views of Mail Online. We are no longer accepting comments on this article. More top stories Next story'Get ready Russia,' the 'missiles are coming': Trump makes terrifying Twitter threat to Putin and 'gas killing animal' Assad after Kremlin vows to shoot down any missiles fired at Syria and attack US ships -- and Trump blames 'bad blood' on Mueller probe7k comments
D1158879	https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/apr/04/how-to-make-dhal-recipe	How to make dhal	Food & drink Back to basics How to make dhal Dhal, the Indian staple made from split pulses, is healthy, tasty and very cheap, too. It's also easy to make, so what's stopping you? Parents could think of it as a gift they could give their children before they leave home Henry Dimbleby, with Jane Baxter Fri 4 Apr 2014 07.30 EDT07.30 EDTEasy to make and cheap to boot: have a go at making dhal this weekend. Photography: Jill Mead for the Guardian I f I can pass on one useful thing to my children before they head off to college, it will be a good recipe for dhal. More than any other single dish, dhal pulls off the culinary hat- trick of being healthy, delicious and fantastically cheap. The word itself is derived from the Sanskrit "to split", and refers to the split lentils and other pulses from which it is made. If you can split it, someone, somewhere will be making a dhal out of it. From Pakistan to Bangladesh, from Sri Lanka to the West Indies, red lentils, green lentils, split peas, mung beans, kidney beans, chick peas and others are being turned into dhals. A good dhal recipe is like a good knife – every good cook carries one and each prizes their own for different reasons. The only thing they have in common is the split pulses and the pungent fried spices, (sometimes with onion, garlic and ginger) added near the end of cooking to give a strong punch of flavour. One of my happiest food memories is of eating a black dhal (made with the dark unskinned "urad" lentil) before sunrise in Pakistan during Ramadan – rich and spicy and thickened with heavy ladles of butter or "ghee" to fill you up for the day. In Sri Lanka they make a lightly scented dhal with red "masoor" lentils enriched with coconut milk. In Guyana they make it with yellow split peas and like it runny as a soup, flavoured with burnt garlic and toasted cumin. The recipe we have given below is a delicious everyday dhal, but you should experiment. If I had known about it as a student, I would have happily eaten it with rice every day. Hell, I would today. Dhal Photograph: Jill Mead for the Guardian Serve this with rice or bread as a simple supper. We have used chana dhal, an Indian chickpea, used most often to make dhal in India. You can use yellow split peas instead (the two are often confused). Split peas will give a slightly smoother dhal. Or you can experiment with any other kind of lentil. If you can't find fresh curry leaves, you can use frozen or dried ones. Prep time 15 minutes Cooking time 45 minutes150g dried chana dhal or chickpeas soaked overnight in cold water500ml water Salt and black pepper1 tbsp sunflower oil1 tbsp mustard seeds½ tbsp cumin seeds A pinch of ground turmeric10 curry leaves1 onion, sliced5 green chillies, sliced3 garlic cloves, crushed1 tsp garam masala3 large tomatoes, chopped To serve (optional) Juice of ½ a lemon Fresh coriander, chopped1 Drain the soaked split peas, then rinse and place in a large pan. Pour the 500ml of water over, bring to the boil, then reduce the heat and simmer for about 30 minutes, or until the peas are very soft. Season well.2 Heat the oil in a large pan. Add the spices and curry leaves and fry over a medium heat until the mustard seeds start to pop.3 Quickly add the onion, chillies and garlic and stir well. Cook for another 3 minutes, then add the garam masala.4 Mix well, and then tip into the cooked dhal with the tomatoes. Bring to a simmer and cook for a further 10 minutes, adding more water if the mixture becomes too thick. Season well.5 Take off the heat. Season. Add the lemon juice and coriander. Recipe by Jane Baxter What else you can do with dhal You can add vegetables to the dhal to add texture and flavour and create a more substantial vegetable curry. Try blanching (in boiling water) or roasting a mixture of cauliflower and broccoli florets and stirring them in at the end. French beans, spinach and asparagus also work well. Top with a poached egg. Or even better, a fried egg with crispy edges. And maybe put some crisp fried onions on top of that. And serve with chilli sauce. For breakfast. Make a paratha-style flatbread. Finely slice an onion and some green chilli and mix it with the dhal and enough gram or wholemeal flour to make a dough. This can be quite firm. Wrap it in clingfilm and chill it in the fridge overnight. Roll it out into roughly shaped flatbreads and cook on both sides in a nonstick pan. Serve with yoghurt and pickle, or with curry. Alternatively you could try making dhal balls. These are a little like the Italian arrancini, made by deep-frying leftover risotto. Mix the leftover dhal with some gram or wholemeal flour, diced tomatoes, diced onion, and diced green chilli. Just enough flour so that it is firm enough to roll into little balls the size of a large marble. Shallow fry these in a pan and serve with yoghurt, some kind of indian pickle or chutney, and fresh coriander as a starter or light supper. I have had them in India for breakfast. If you want to be really adventurous, you can try stuffing these balls with cottage or feta cheese. Butter two slices of bread and sandwich cold leftover dhal between them. Toast in a toasted sandwich maker. This is what our friend Bob does. It is delicious. Henry Dimbleby is co-founder of the natural fast-food restaurant chain Leon ( @henry_leon ). Get your kids cooking at cook5.co.uk Topics Food & drink Back to basics Indian food and drink features Reuse this contentmost viewed in USFox News host Howard Kurtz hits back at AP over incorrect graphic story When do you know you're old enough to die? Barbara Ehrenreich has some answers German dog that killed owners may not be put down after outcry The life and death of Homaro Cantu, the genius chef who wanted to change the world Geoffrey Rush virtually housebound and barely eats, court told
D3113888	https://www.thebalance.com/get-the-money-out-of-your-401-k-or-ira-2894155	Get the Money Out of Your 401 (k) or IRA	IRAs IRA Withdrawals Get the Money Out of Your 401 (k) or IRARules for Getting Your Money Out of a 401 (k), IRA or Other Retirement Plan Share Flip Pin Email•••By Melissa Phipps Updated March 19, 2018As your career days draw to a close, it's time to think about the transition from living on your employment income to living on your savings. Beyond the emotional issues that make some of us terrified to break that piggy bank and try to enjoy it, there are many practical issues to face as well. How much do you withdraw or take out initially? What rate of withdrawal over time is safe enough that you won't outlive your savings, but substantial enough that you enjoy your life savings instead of hoarding it? Also, consider this: Your retirement savings plan doesn't necessarily end once you start your retirement. That money still has a chance to grow even as you begin to withdraw funds to help pay for your living expenses. But the rate at which it will grow declines as you take out funds. Balancing a withdrawal rate with a growth rate is part of the science and art of investing for income. A Safe Rate of 401 (k) Withdrawal Many financial advisors would recommend "the 4% rule" as a basic rule to start with when evaluating how much you can take out of your retirement accounts without fear of outliving your savings. That is, you can withdraw 4% annually and maintain financial security. A famous study in the 1990s by Bill Bengen showed how a 4% withdrawal rate over 30 years had the best chances for success even as it adjusted for inflation. But many variables could make this rule-of-thumb percentage too conservative or too risky. There are those who would tell you that a 7% withdrawal rate is relatively safe, others say realistic safety is closer to 2%, especially in the first year or so. Like so many financial solutions, the answer depends on you. Your life expectancy, the performance of your investments, how much you need to meet expenses, your spouse, Social Security, a second job, and so on. For comparison's sake, see what a 4% withdrawal rate would amount to with your savings, and adjust from there. You can run your own retirement calculations to get a sense of what you will need and what you might be able to count on. There are many really useful retirement calculators on the Web. But as you near retirement, it's a good idea to get advice from an unbiased financial professional. Investments in Your Retirement Withdrawal Period It's a common strategy to allocate more of a portfolio to fixed-income investments as you near retirement. Fixed income can be a safer bet, yes, but it can also help shift your portfolio to a place where it's producing income rather than reinvested growth. Income investments generate dividends or interest, not just bonds but stocks, real estate, and other types of assets pay either fixed or variable income. Ideally, you could use that income to cover living expenses without touching the principal or the initial investment amount. The problem is, these days it's hard to get any yield on your investments without taking on a lot of risk. Even if you are willing to accept some risk, the payoff isn't huge. Unless your account has a large balance, you may not be able to live on 4% per year. Many investors seeking a slight yield boost will try a laddering strategy with CDs, or short and medium-term bonds. In a low and stagnant interest-rate environment investors want the highest yield to be found. Longer-term bonds have higher interest rates than shorter-term bonds, but if you lock in your money over a long period, you run the risk of missing out on better-yielding investments should interest rates rise. A ladder strategy tries to get blend the liquidity of short-term investments, with the higher yields offered by longer-term investments. Instead of buying one five-year bond that pays 3%, you would buy five bonds that mature at different rates over the next five years. The shorter-term investments will pay less, the longer-term will pay more. Spreading your money across a variety of maturities can help you get a decent return without giving up your liquidity (in other words, a way to get your hands on the cash should you need it). With bonds maturing each year, you have the opportunity to reinvest (and we all have hopes that rates will be better by then). Which retirement account do you withdraw from first? The other consideration is which account to draw from first. But how to do this in the most tax-efficient way depends on your individual situation. You can start withdrawing funds from a retirement account without penalty after age 59 1/2, but you don't have to start taking required minimum distributions from tax-deferred retirement accounts until age 70 1/2. A Roth IRA works differently. There is no required minimum distribution, so let that money grow tax-free for as long as you'd like. But there are some cases in which you want to strategize your withdrawals to reduce your annual tax bill. Because withdrawals from a Roth IRA are tax-free in retirement, you may want to take some money from that fund instead of another. If you have a combination of investment accounts, talk to a financial advisor or specialist with your plan administrator to see if there is a strategy that makes sense for you. You may also consider converting to a Roth IRA before or during retirement. Again, a financial professional can outline whether this makes sense depending on your needs and goals. What happens to unused 401 (k) savings? If you don't outlive your funds or, worst-case scenario, you are not able to withdraw your retirement funds before death, the money will be passed on to the beneficiaries you named when you opened the accounts. This is why it's a good idea to check beneficiaries periodically, or after a life change such as marriage, the birth of a child, divorce, etc. Your beneficiaries will pay income tax on these withdrawals. Disclaimer: The content on this site is provided for information and discussion purposes only, and should not be misconstrued as investment advice. Under no circumstances does this information represent a recommendation to buy or sell securities.
D1205277	https://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/handbook/handbook.02/handbook-0203.html	203. Fully Insured Status Defined	203.1 When are you fully insured? You are fully insured if: You have at least one credit for each calendar year after 1950; or If you turn 21 after 1950, you have at least one credit for each calendar year after you turned 21 and the earliest of the following: The year before you turn 62;The year before you die; or The year before you become disabled. You can obtain covered credits and count them in any year. (See § 201.2 for additional requirements if you are an alien worker and you were assigned an original Social Security number on or after January 1, 2004. )203.2 Are there any exceptions to determining fully insured status (as above)? The following individuals are also fully insured: Males born before January 2, 1911, need one credit for each year after 1950 up to the year before the year below that occurs first: They turn 65;They die; or They become disabled; and Males born from January 2, 1911, through January 1, 1913, need one credit for each year after 1950 up to the year before the year below that occurs first:1975;They die; or They become disabled.203.3 Are years included in a period of disability counted to determine credits? In determining the number of years to be used in computing your credits, any year (all or part of a year) that was included in a period of disability is not counted. (For exception, see § 209.2 . )203.4 Do you need a minimum number of credits in order to be fully insured? In order to be considered for fully insured status, you need at least six credits. No more than 40 credits are required, regardless of your date of birth.203.5 Are there special benefits if you turned 72 before 1972? If you turned 72 before 1972, you may be entitled to a special cash monthly payment. This is true even if you are not fully insured (see § 211 and § 346 ). Last Revised: Aug. 1, 2006
D3272266	https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leave-someone-in-the-lurch	Definition of 'leave sb in the lurch'	Definition of 'leave sb in the lurch'Learner: leave sb in the lurch English: leave someone in the lurch American: leave someone in the lurchleave sb in the lurchphrase If someone leaves you in the lurch, they go away or stop helping you at a very difficult time. [ informal]You wouldn't leave an old friend in the lurch, surely?lurch COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. Copyright © Harper Collins Publishersleave someone in the lurchin Britishto desert someone in troublelurch Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © Harper Collins Publishersleave someone in the lurchin Americanto leave someone in a difficult situation; leave someone in trouble and needing helplurch Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. Copyright © 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Nearby words of 'leave someone in the lurch'leave outleave someone aloneleave someone coldleave someone in the lurchleave someone or something in the dustleave someone to himselfleave someone to his or her own devices All ENGLISH words that begin with 'L'Source Definition of leave sb in the lurch from the Collins English Dictionary
D464392	https://www.todaysparent.com/toddler/toddler-parents-keep-that-car-seat-rear-facing/	Toddler parents: Keep that car seat rear-facing!	Toddler Toddler parents: Keep that car seat rear-facing!New research suggests parents are switching to the forward-facing car seat position too soon. By Cara Smusiak \| Jan 11, 2015Photo: NHTSA Image Library When it comes to newborns, most parents know that a rear-facing car seat position is safest. But a new study reveals that three quarters of parents in the US report switching to a forward-facing position before their child’s second birthday—which goes against expert recommendations south of the border and here in Canada, too. As part of a 2013 national poll on children’s health, researchers at the University of Michigan asked parents of kids aged 1–4 when they switched to a forward-facing car seat. Their findings, published in the journal Academic Pediatrics, reveal that a quarter (24 percent) switched to a front-facing seat at or before age one, and only 23 percent of parents said they kept their child rear-facing until age two or older—the minimum recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), provided the child has not outgrown the seat’s height or weight limits. While there’s no official national tracking of car seat habits in Canada, similar patterns are seen here, says Katherine Hutka, health promotion specialist for child passenger safety with Child Safety Link, a child and youth injury prevention program at the IWK Health Centre in Halifax, and president of the Child Passenger Safety Association of Canada. “Without truly understanding how much safer their growing toddlers will be if they remain rear facing for longer, parents often see riding forward facing as just one of the exciting milestones their children achieve as they enter toddlerhood,” notes Hutka. Safety recommendations here in Canada aren’t quite as definitive as those set out by the AAP. The Canadian Paediatric Society says infants should be in rear-facing seats until they are at least one year old and weigh 10 kilograms (22 pounds), but adds that parents shouldn’t rush to move to a forward-facing seat as young toddlers are safer in a rear-facing position. Meanwhile, Transport Canada, which tests and certifies all car seats sold in Canada, notes on its website that rear-facing as long as possible is preferred: “Even if your child weighs 10 kg (22 lbs), is able to walk on her or her own and your provincial/territorial law says you can use a forward-facing seat, the rear-facing position is safer. As long as your child is still below the weight and height limits of your current child seat, you should use that seat for as long as possible.”Just how long is “as long as possible”? Some rear-facing car seat models are suitable for kids up to 50 pounds (and can be converted to forward-facing once your kid hits that limit). While many parents worry about the comfort of their kids, it’s just fine for their feet and legs to touch—and even prop up on—the vehicle’s rear seat so long as they’re within the height and weight limits. (And let’s face it: kids are perfectly happy in all sorts of weird positions when they’re at home.) If you just want to be able to see them while you’re driving, remind yourself that they’re safer facing the rear. There’s good reason to keep them rear-facing. “Delaying the switch can make a big difference,” the study’s lead author, Michelle L. Macy, noted in a press release. “In Sweden, it is culturally accepted that children up to age four are in rear-facing seats and child traffic fatalities there are among the lowest in the world.”Here in Canada, Hutka notes that a shift in thinking has begun. “Through social media especially, parents are more connected to each other and to ways to access this information than they have ever been,” she says. “Many of the questions I get each day are from parents who are looking for ways to keep their children riding in rear-facing seats for as long as possible.”Find out what you need to know to ensure a safe ride at every age and stage with our Car seat cheat sheet. Read more: Tips to fix car seat battles>What to do when your baby hates his car seat>
D1760086	https://www.powerthesaurus.org/suffix/antonyms	suffix	Lists Synonyms Antonyms Broader Narrower Definitions Parts of speechnounsverbsratingprefix n. , v.preface n. Power Thesaurus © 2018About Feedback Examples Link to us A-Z index Terms Privacy
D3261956	https://www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci-ic_ca.aspx?lang=eng	Cultural Information - Canada	Cultural Information - Canada Country Facts Links to the best Web sites for virtually every country in the world. Overview History Geography Culture Politics Economy Media Map Cultural Information Answers to your intercultural questions from a Canadian and a local point of view. Conversations Communication Styles Display of Emotion Dress, Punctuality & Formality Preferred Managerial Qualities Hierarchy and Decision-making Religion, Class, Ethnicity, & Gender Relationship-building Privileges and Favouritism Conflicts in the Workplace Motivating Local Colleagues Recommended Books, Films & Foods In-country Activities National Heroes Shared Historical Events with Canada Stereotypes Cultural Information - Conversations Question: I am meeting someone for the first time and I want to make a good impression. What would be good discussion topics? Local Perspective: When meeting Canadians for the first time, there are a number of topics that can be touched upon. But the first question on first contact will be: what do you do? Work/occupation is important to Canadians, and it is also a social marker; it is what separates and defines a person in relation to another. Another related topic of conversation is educational attainment and/or professional experience. Canadians are known for travelling and thus are curious about world geography and other lands. When meeting someone a conversation may also touch on places to visit, be it locally or overseas. They want to know about other places, including the food, customs, music, the political climate. These interactions may differ depending on how the contact is made. For instance, when meeting someone for business, the conversation maybe confined to very safe and neutral topics. When meeting people through friends or associations, the connection may take a deeper level. Canadians are keenly aware of "otherness", and consequently it is common to hear: where are you from? as a first contact question. Asking questions like this one is a way to assert identity, and establish the boundaries of belonging. This is a question posed to Canadians from other regions, and newcomers to Canada, as there is a strong sense in Canadian identity of what one is not. This relation is expressed often to mark the differences between provinces and also to assert their difference between themselves and their Americans cousins. Humour should be approached with caution in Canada, as in other places, because the sense of political correctness is very strong in many social circles. Take time to learn the appropriate and acceptable limits of humour to avoid the risk of offending someone. However, it is important to note that humour is region and city specific in some cases. In the East Coast of Canada, for instance, humour can be self-effacing and people’s sensitivities are tougher with more tolerant limits. Similarly, Quebec has a different threshold for humour and limits on the topics used. Topics to be avoided on first contact are money, salary, religion, and politics, especially the separatist movement. Newcomers to Canada can use the interlocutor’s cues for approaching topics or subjects during a first rendezvous. Canadian Perspective: Good topics of conversation are: work, studies, the weather (a good opener), one’s house, vacations, sports (especially hockey, American football, baseball, water sports and, increasingly, soccer/football) and other leisure activities. Generally, Canadians are not comfortable talking about salaries or personal finances and tend to steer away from discussing emotions. Asking questions about marriage or children can be interpreted as too personal by some. Generally, it is good to keep conversation light and, if possible, funny. If people really want to know a lot about a given subject, they will ask questions; otherwise, it is best not to get too seriously into any one topic. Appropriate topics of discussion will depend a lot on the crowd. Most Canadians know something about local or national politics, but many do not concern themselves with such issues. In any case, you will hear Canadians complain about politics and politicians but they are also very sensitive to how they are perceived by outsiders, so it is best to refrain from criticizing. Many Canadians have travelled abroad and have differing degrees of exposure to the ways of other countries. The more they have travelled, the more curious they are likely to be about the perceptions of foreigners; I would not recommend making this a main topic of conversation, however. Canadians are often very proud of their natural surroundings, Canadian weather and their heartiness with respect to enduring the weather. Canadian musicians, writers, film producers and actors (comedians especially) are also a great source of pride. Men in particular are proud of Canadian beer and hockey, although women are increasingly a part of this sub-culture. Virtually all Canadians are eager to distinguish themselves from Americans. The best way to impress most Canadians is to show what you have noticed is different from the United States, as there is a great deal of sensitivity and concern about being lumped in with our powerful neighbour. Most Canadians see themselves as humbler, funnier, more tolerant and/or less aggressive than Americans. I would not recommend overly criticizing the US, however. Canada depends on its neighbour and has strong cultural and historical ties. Many Canadians have relatives who live in the US. Canadians tend to be very politically correct and concerned with fairness, although this varies from one region to the next and depends on the crowd. As the cherished image of many Canadians is of a tolerant society that is also more socially minded than that of the US, discussions of social classes, racial or other discrimination and private medical care are to be approached with care. Generalizations about Canadians can also raise sensitive issues of regionalism. Central Canadians typically claim to speak for the country and Quebecois, people from the East Coast, the North, the West Coast, the West and the Prairies frequently differ from Central Canadians’ perspectives and are eager to point out the differences. A similar dynamic operates between Toronto and anyone outside of Toronto and there can be large cultural differences between other cities as well. Top of Page Cultural Information - Communication Styles Question: What do I need to know about verbal and non-verbal communications? Local Perspective: Canadians jealously guard personal space and privacy, making them very reserved people. It takes a while for them to warm up to newcomers, but this does not mean that Canadians are not welcoming. They are quite civil and polite. Thus a first contact will almost never include discussion on personal aspects of their lives, such as earnings, weight, diets, health conditions, etc. This may change as the relationship develops or if it fits with the purpose of the meeting. When lining up in a public place, the bank for instance, Canadians require at least 14 inches of space and some people need more. This rule should be applied when speaking to Canadians, especially if the speaker is a man addressing a woman. Men and women need and protect their space, sometimes with an active signal or else with more subtle body language that has to be monitored at all times. The rules vary from province to province, eg: in Quebec people may not need as much personal space, and touching is more common. Typically, people from Quebec greet each other using more physical signs such as hugs and kisses and may offer kisses on the cheek to newcomers after a few encounters. Men tend to gesture more while conversing than women, and young people more than older people. In general; there is a unspoken code of decorum that has to be observed in public places and which can only be broken in big gatherings such as an outing to a restaurant. Making eye contact is a sign of respect and sincerity. It also signals a real engagement between speakers. Most of the issues of communication, especially tone of voice, directedness, and even making eye contact are inscribed in a complex dynamics of gender and class; those with more prestige can afford to break the rules and have the licence to initiate or limit the degree of expression in the interaction. Canadian Perspective: Canadians differ from one another. Ethnic background and place of residence are important factors in determining peoples’ level of comfort with touching and gestures. In general, however, Canadians expect a high degree of respect for public and especially for private property and space. Canadians generally have a very strong sense of space (no more or less than an arm’s length); particularly when speaking or dealing with strangers. It is best to carefully observe each person’s degree of comfort with touching and their preference for personal space. Canadians will not necessarily maintain constant eye contact, but it is considered a sign of dishonesty or insecurity if a person refuses to or is reluctant to make eye contact. Also scorned are some personal habits associated with other cultures such as clearing one’s throat aggressively, not wearing deodorant, burping in public, slurping, chewing with one’s mouth open or spitting. Canadians usually shake hands with both men and women, particularly in a public or professional setting. In some cases, especially among friends in French-speaking circles, men and women will often give each other a kiss on each cheek. In English Canada, good friends will sometimes hug each other. Generally, men do not touch other men beyond the standard handshake unless they have reached a fairly high level of comfort with that person or they are playing sports. This rule is similar for contact between men and women. Women are less bound by these rules. However, holding hands and repeated or prolonged physical contact is reserved for ’intimate’ and/or exclusive relationships or family (ie: not between friends). Family members will often maintain close physical contact with young children. Many Canadians find a lot of hand movement while talking distracting or even annoying; some see it as a sign of insecurity. Nevertheless, Canadians may expect people of other cultures to use more hand movements and gestures. Mentioning the possible difference may be a way of gauging peoples’ responses. One gesture to avoid is waiving the index finger from side to side. This is normally used with children and means, "no, you can’t do that". Top of Page Cultural Information - Display of Emotion Question: Are public displays of affection, anger or other emotions acceptable? Local Perspective: Consistent with a strong sense of personal space and with protestant prudence, it is not that common to see Canadians displaying affection in public. Strangers have verbally scorned me when I am hugging my partner on the street. There is an implicit acceptance of ’positive yet neutral’ affection, for instance, old friends meeting after a long time, congratulations for achievements, etc. Yelling in public is uncommon, unless people are inebriated or having a fit of road-rage. In the event that there is scene of violence or someone is being attacked (verbally or physically), it is likely that the Police would be called to intervene. Canadians, in general, avoid conflict and confrontation and thus it is not common for people to intervene directly. The rules for reacting and displaying affection and emotions are quite similar in offices (private or public sector). Decorum is highly valued and this implies limits on the types of displays of affection. The greeting is a handshake, irrespective of the rank or gender of the persons. Well-acquainted colleagues may permit themselves more open expressions of affection, including kisses on the cheeks (Canadians - if and when they kiss - usually would give two kisses, one on each cheek). Canadian Perspective: Canadians do not appreciate aggressive behaviour or driving and have a low tolerance for shouting and public displays of affection. Many Anglophone Canadians are uncomfortable with strong demonstrations of emotions, particularly if it is with someone they do not know well. In Quebec or in many immigrant communities, emotions may be more freely expressed. Top of Page Cultural Information - Dress, Punctuality & Formality Question: What should I know about the workplace environment (deadlines, dress, formality, etc.)? Local Perspective: For the most part, Canada is a relatively informal and relaxed country. The common dress code for offices is informal to casual for both men and women. This may vary when comparing private and public sectors, the latter being the more informal. Larger cities are dressier than smaller towns. Canadian women wear little make-up and their clothes can be relatively conservative and comfortable. Younger women can be seen in more revealing clothes and wearing more flattering outfits, especially in schools. Younger men stick to the accepted kakis and chinos, with some verging on the sport jacket and/or vest. In general, Canadians wear very dark and sober tones. In summer, white and brighter colours are permissible. In keeping with the relaxed yet reserved attitude of the country, it is important to observe some basic rules when meeting someone for the first time: - address the person by Mr. or Mrs. plus last name and in some cases by their title (e.g. Dr.) until the person asks to be addressed differently; - arrive on time (if possible 5 to 10 minutes earlier) as punctuality is highly valued while lateness is looked down upon, unless due to valid extenuating circumstances; - speak directly and in a assertive manner to avoid misunderstandings, while ensuring not to appear aggressive. As time passes, the initial formalities will be replaced by a more comfortable relationship. Junior people may address managers and superiors by their first name and establish a more equal relationship. Most often than not, the direction of the relationship is determined by those in higher ranks. Another important rule for Canadians is deadlines (the basic word made up by adding the qualifier ’dead’ to the word ’line’, in my view, conveys the meaning that Canadians attach to it); they are taken with utmost seriousness. Canadian Perspective: Work styles and pace differ between workplaces but it is important to be clean. Most Canadian work environments are very relaxed in terms of dress and level of formality, although shorts and jeans are not that common in office environments. Women tend not to wear very revealing or tight-fitting clothing, although this depends on the individual and on the workplace and the sector. Canadians tend to address each other on a first-name basis, although it is always best, especially with one’s superiors, to start out with Mr. or Mrs. (or Dr.) and the person’s last name. Ms. is used to refer to a woman without inquiring about her marital status (considered a private matter) and should be used by default. In French, madame is used by default. Do not use Madam or Madame in English. Madam is frequently used sarcastically and disrespectfully and Madame is associated with the managers of brothels!Quebec culture tends to be more hierarchical and the formal vous form is frequently used for strangers and elders (especially in rural areas). However, the informal tu is used much more freely than in France or many other French-speaking countries. Many workplaces have some degree of flexibility in terms of hours worked and punctuality. Generally, however, Canadians work diligently and office chitchat is considered somewhat delinquent; it is not acceptable to openly waste an employer’s time. Serving clients well and rapidly is usually a high priority. Overtime is often expected, especially in management positions. Lateness is not received well but, depending on the workplace, arriving five or ten minutes late occasionally (with a good excuse) is usually within the realm of the acceptable. Top of Page Cultural Information - Preferred Managerial Qualities Question: What qualities are most highly regarded in a local superior/manager? How will I know how my staff view me? Local Perspective: Canada is a place where innovation and hard work are well-regarded qualities at work and elsewhere. A combination of high level of education, experience, hard work and charisma is the winning ticket for success for most managers/superiors. Canada, as many other industrialized countries, is seeing a growing trend towards credentialism. Thus, young and experienced managers may possess 2 or 3 university degrees, and some see the necessity to retrain in order to stay competitive and current with the job market needs and increase their chances at a job. Similarly, newcomers to Canada have better chances of being successful in the market if they have suitable credentials. Personal charisma, diplomacy and tact as well cultural sensitivity are quite crucial for the success of a manager in facing and adequately dealing with the challenges of a new cultural setting which may have different work ethic and codes for behaviour. Depending on the degree of openness, the size of the staff and the internal culture of the office, a manager will learn how the staff views him/her. Some workplaces hold regular meetings and these can be places where people would voice positive opinions about a manager’s decision or action. If the issue is a contentious one, some people may voice their opinions, and others may not since they may think that voicing their objections may threaten their job security. Canadian directedness and assertiveness must be used strategically in difficult cases. A manager is expected to deal with and handle conflict in a constructive manner to minimize disruptions to normal activities the office. As persons in a position of leadership, they must lead by example. They are expected to meet deadlines and observe procedures and rules of the office. Canadian Perspective: Academic and professional skills give some indication of background but experience is also highly valued and ultimately you will be judged by your performance and ability to get the job done. Age, social status and connections are not typically given a lot of weight; however, their importance should not be underestimated. Teamwork is often considered an ideal form of working. A person who comes across as ’knowing it all’ may be seen as uncollaborative or even arrogant and inflexible. It is important to show confidence as well as humility and good listening skills. Canadians tend to appreciate approachability and problem-solving abilities over authoritarian styles of management. The same would apply for a non-local manager, although fair degree of adaptation to the Canadian environment would be expected since most foreigners are not distinguished from immigrants. Top of Page Cultural Information - Hierarchy and Decision-making Question: In the workplace, how are decisions taken and by whom? Is it acceptable to go to my immediate supervisor for answers or feedback? Local Perspective: By and large, big decisions are taken by managers/superiors. In some places there can be consultation prior to making the decisions and non-manager’s opinions may be considered when proceeding. This does not mean that decision can go unchallenged, and for the most part, it is at this point that managers may take steps to include other voices. Ideas for decisions may come from subordinates as well from management. This can happen in a meeting, a consultation, or a survey. Many places reward and encourage participation and initiative, which may include asking clarifying questions, or offering an alternative to an idea. While participation may be encouraged, the venues and opportunities may be limited by the structure of the organization, and/or prevalence of the culture of hierarchies (mostly based in many cases on educational levels and experience). Younger employees expect to be mentored and guided to grow professionally. They also expect to be given space to make contributions and express innovative ideas, although, as indicated above, the opportunities may be limited. NGOs make more efforts to flatten the hierarchical structures and strive for working from a consensus-building point of view. This type of situation is more desired than actualized. Canadians in general believe that authority can be challenged, and they raise questions when the situation is propitious. The success of these challenges rests largely on the fear/respect of public opinion. Canadian Perspective: Decisions tend to be made by managers and there would be a direct correlation between the seriousness of the matter and the level of authority at which a decision would be made or resolution sought. Consensus is considered desirable but not imperative. It is generally accepted in Canadian society that young people have a lot of ideas and that older people have more experience and perhaps more knowledge. Frequently, in the private sector, initiative is encouraged and employees are encouraged to promote and develop their ideas. How much latitude the employee is given will depend on the sector, the scale and importance of the work or idea, the size of the company or organisation and/or the manager’s style. Generally supervisors act as gatekeepers and filterers of ideas. It is entirely acceptable to go to your supervisor for answers or feedback, however you will be expected to demonstrate your analysis of the situation at hand. In some cases you may be expected to take initiative and complete an assignment with minimal supervision; this will vary between workplaces and managers and is worth clarifying early on. Top of Page Cultural Information - Religion, Class, Ethnicity, & Gender Question: Briefly describe the local culture’s attitudes regarding the following: Gender, Class, Religion and Ethnicity. What impact would the above attitudes have on the workplace? Local Perspective: Canada is a very ethnically and religiously diverse and rich country. Almost all countries in the world are represented in the Canadian population. For its diversity, Canada is a place with a relatively low level of conflict. The population is generally tolerant of diversity, and it has a very liberal approach to social and political issues. This is not to say that there is not conflict and controversy or that everyone in the country sees eye-to-eye on all issues. Gender: On issues of gender for instance, larger metropolitan centres are more likely to tolerate and even support the various expressions of gender, including the extension of rights and benefits to same-sex couples, or celebrating with them on Pride Day (first weekend in July). This is also true when it comes to support for women or men to try non-traditional jobs. Despite all these advances, women can still experience what some refer to as the ’glass ceiling’, which is the invisible barrier that impedes women’s job mobility into higher positions. Religion: Most offices operate in a relative secular way and it is very uncommon to find someone who would try to proselytize in the office environment. It is noteworthy that most holidays observed in Canada are still directly connected to the Christian religious observances; however, people of other faiths can also take time off to observe their own holidays. Class: There is an unspoken class divide am tong Canadians. People of lower social classes are also relegated to low-paying jobs that only serve to perpetuate their condition. There is a high degree of civility while in the office, and no person would be made to feel inferior on account of their lower socio-economic condition. However, the division become more evident in he extra-office associations and social ties and friendships originating at the office tend to be socially horizontal rather than vertical (up or down). This is a not a straightforward pattern and can be complicated by educational level and other factors. Ethnicity: With ethnicity, the situation is more complicated. Visible minorities, (in Canada defined as people who are not direct descendants of Europeans), are gaining ground in their integration into the Canadian social fabric. Minorities can be seen in public and private offices, and much work is going on to increase their representation in managerial positions. Similar to the situation of women, minorities may also face the ’glass ceiling’ and covert forms of discrimination. Policies and steps have been taken to address these issues, and much has been gained, but the road ahead is still a long one. A visible minority person can expect the same services from public offices, banks, hospitals and educational institutions as European descendants, and there are mechanisms to report abuse or discrimination, should the situation arise. Canadian Perspective: Gender: It is common to find women in the workplace at all or most levels, although they tend to be concentrated in more vulnerable, lower paid and lower skill sectors. Treatment also differs enormously between sectors and workplaces, and highly educated and ambitious women still face an old-boys network at upper levels of authority. Nevertheless, there are lots of women in positions of authority and women and men are encouraged to take initiative and make decisions in many workplaces. Sexual overtures in the workplace are considered inappropriate and threatening and may result in legal action being taken; the law protects women. Avoiding any references to sexuality or appearance, unless on good terms with that person, is a good way of ensuring that any such comments will not be misinterpreted. Religion: There is tremendous diversity in the beliefs of Canadians, religious or otherwise. In fact, Canada’s constitution protects the right to publicly funded religious schooling in a limited sense. Many groups are lobbying to have this right extended to include a range of different religions. It is advisable to be respectful in any event and to be sensitive to this diversity. Most Canadians believe it is important to respect people regardless of their religious beliefs but see religion as a private matter. Canadians tend to separate work and private life a great deal and may be uncomfortable when religion is brought into the workplace. Many Canadians, regardless of their religious background, do not actively participate in religious activities. Class: Many Canadians are very uncomfortable talking about social classes and would prefer to identify themselves as middle-class, whether or not this is true. Mostly, a person’s class is defined by their level of education and income, although connections are important for upper-middle and upper classes. Work environments are usually organised on the basis of some hierarchy and those at the top have more education than those lower down. Nevertheless, fair treatment of all staff is expected. Ethnicity: Ethnicity in Canada is a concept that has evolved throughout its history and can refer to the English-French divide (which is much more than linguistic), the difference between Canadians of European origin/settlers and indigenous peoples and, more recently, ’whites’ or Canadians of European origin and those of non-European origin. Canada`s immigration policies have led to a truly diverse population, mostly in urban areas. In bilingual (English-French) workplaces, language is perhaps the biggest dividing factor. Socialising in such workplaces is frequently among people of the same language. In non-bilingual workplaces, which represent the majority, the region, cultural considerations and the expectations of linguistic ability will often have an important impact on to which Anglophone and Francophone Canadians will find themselves working together. Mastery of a specific language is often an important hiring criterion. My work experience has been in fairly ’white’ settings and so I cannot say to what extent ethnicity is an issue in workplaces, except to say that it is a complex issue. Racial and ethnic prejudices certainly exist and, like other prejudices are likely to manifest themselves at work. In many cases, the ethnic make-up of a workplace depends on the sector and some sectors are considered less accessible to visible minorities than others. There have been recent efforts in the Federal Government to increase the representativeness of the public service. In the past, ethnic minorities have tended not to benefit from the same networks of connections and contacts as those of European backgrounds. This is quickly changing with the increasing percentage of highly qualified members of ethnic minorities in the workforce. The relative vulnerability of ethnic minorities in the workplace is likely to be a more pernicious feature and is not really talked about. The situation of indigenous peoples in Canada is considerably more complex and problematic. Top of Page Cultural Information - Relationship-building Question: How important is it to establish a personal relationship with a colleague or client before getting to business? Local Perspective: Building rapport is very critical to conducting successful business affairs in Canada. The type and depth of the rapport would greatly depend on the sort of business. A good starting place is a meal, and the person who hosts usually covers the hospitality costs. Some company/institutions would invite candidates for an interview or to meet him/her in person and cover the costs. When offering any services and the meeting takes place over lunch, the person offering the services may pick up the tab. In general, meals are good spaces for rapport building. Most Canadians cover their own costs. Restaurants are considered neutral territories, and so are cinemas, or concert halls. It is important to set boundaries to prevent misunderstandings, and accept or extend invitation to people’s homes only when the relationship’s boundaries are clearly defined. Men and women have to be aware of potential accusations of sexual harassment or any other type of inappropriate behaviour. Also, it is important to build good friendly relationships across the whole organization, from the concierge to the managers; all of them make a very important support network in the office. To strengthen relationships with concierges, for example, it suffices to exchange greetings and a chat when arriving to or leaving the office. Also they can be invited or included in some way where there is a special event in the office. If the goal is to build rapport with administrative assistants (in Canada the word secretary is not politically correct to describe an administrative support position) regular expressions of appreciation of their work and contributions are key. Canadian Perspective: It is important to introduce oneself and to be clear about reasons for being there and aims, either in the meeting or before discussing the project at hand. This does not have to take a lot of time and business matters usually follow quickly after such introductions. Nevertheless, some degree of superficial chitchat is common and can help break the ice. Workplace relations, which tend to be among peers, are often kept quite separate from personal relationships and many Canadians like it that way and value their privacy. A personal relationship (as opposed to a friendly professional relationship) with a client would be unusual in many Canadian workplaces. Top of Page Cultural Information - Privileges and Favouritism Question: Would a colleague or employee expect special privileges or considerations given our personal relationship or friendship Local Perspective: Yes, connections are important to doing business in Canada, although not necessarily for the same reasons as in other places (eg: corruption). Rather, because people are connected through networks of expertise and know-how. I have heard in Canada a variation of the saying: "it is not what you know, but who you know, that gets you the job", which goes like this: "it is who knows what you know/your skills that gets you the job". What I take this to mean is that connections exist and are used to get people jobs, but it is very important to be qualified for the job/contract to get it. The reputation of the person in charge is on the line if s/he was to hire a person without considering if the person if fit for the job. Friends and family members may (and do) recommend someone for a particular job or task, but the decision rests entirely with the manager. Canadian Perspective: Networks and contacts are important for finding out about and even taking advantage of opportunities in the workplace; nevertheless, fairness, or at least the appearance of fairness is expected. Virtually always, qualifications are important in hiring or promoting, but they may not be the only criteria and they may be defined rather openly. This is less true of small or family-run businesses, which make up a significant proportion of the economy in Canada, and where it is entirely acceptable for a business owner to hire his or her own family members (Note: a manager or any other employee would not be able to do so quite as easily). I would definitely not recommend granting special favours as this could expose you to very grave disciplinary measures or at least to unwanted attention and notoriety. This is especially true in large organisations and in positions that are high profile. If you do wish to consider hiring or promoting someone who is a personal friend based on merit, it is probably best to distance yourself from the process and be very transparent about the criteria used for making the decision, especially in public sector workplaces. Top of Page Cultural Information - Conflicts in the Workplace Question: I have a work-related problem with a colleague. Do I confront him or her directly? Privately or publicly? Local Perspective: Direct questions, more often than not, get direct answers. Most people are prepared to talk out differences of opinion with another colleague, although it largely depends on the nature of the issue and how contentious it is. A private conversation in a neutral place (restaurant, or café) is the preferred setting for such conversations. If there is sense that a colleague has taken some distance, or shows less interest in previously shared things, chances are that there is something the matter. The extent of the issue can be negligible in many cases, but it is important to address it early on so as to prevent a future escalation. A simple direct question can give the desired answer and be the key for a renewed dialogue; Canadians do not like confrontation, but respond well to any sincere attempt to mend any situation. Canadian Perspective: Avoid publicly confronting someone. A third party may not be willing to intervene but talking to a neutral party who is familiar with the situation may be useful. I recommend trying indirect methods for resolving the dispute and leaving direct confrontation as a last resort. Going to a supervisor might be called for in desperate situations. Top of Page Cultural Information - Motivating Local Colleagues Question: What motivates my local colleagues to perform well on the job? Local Perspective: Good performance on the job depends on a host of conditions such as job satisfaction, commitment, recognition for contributions made, fair remuneration, loyalty, and of course, good working conditions. This is true in Canada and elsewhere. In Canada there is a very strong work ethic, and most people want to work, although less than desirable conditions can lead to frustration and discontent among workers. In general, people like to be part of the team and feel appreciated and consulted about decisions that can affect their lives, such as restructuring, lay-offs, etc. They also like to receive recognition for outstanding contributions, such as promotions, or any form of incentive to encourage further participation. Canadian Perspective: This differs between individuals, sectors, ages and culture. Most young Canadians consider money important but would be as concerned about possibilities for advancement, fit and work conditions, if not more. Job prestige and the degree of responsibility one has are important for most professionals. Older Canadians might be more concerned about job stability and benefits although benefits are also important to those who are having families. On-the-job training is also an important motivator as most Canadians are acutely aware of the need to keep their skills up-to-date and diversified. Top of Page Cultural Information - Recommended Books, Films & Foods Question: To help me learn more about the local culture (s), please recommend: books, films, television shows, foods and web sites. Local Perspective: A nice place to start to learn about Canada is to see a series entitled, "Canada, A People’s History"; this television series provides an historical overview of the history of this country. Canada has fine writers; my favourites: Margaret Atwood, Michael Ondaatje, Rohinton Mistry, Carol Shields, Will Ferguson, John Ralston Saul, Lawrence Hill, David Suzuki, Bernice Morgan, among many. Reading these authors can provide not only an idea of Canadian culture, but also how some Canadians view world issues. Canadian films (short and long) are powerful and peculiar; there is something that sets them apart from American productions, I can think of a few: "Buried on Sunday", "Leolo", "Jesus of Montreal", "Black Robe" and "Highway 51". Canadian Perspective: Books: Timothy Findley (any); Lucy Maud Montgomery (especially the Anne of Green Gables series; Robertson Davies (any, but especially Fifth Business); Margaret Atwood The Edible Woman, Mordechai Richler, Rohinton Mistry’s Family Matters, and Will Ferguson’s Why I Hate Canadians, Pierre Berton Why Canadians Think the Way They Do. For a better understanding of Quebecers, read works by Quebec authors Michel Tremblay, Gabrielle Roy and by poets Émile Nelligan and Anne Hébert (especially "Speak White"). Music: English: Avril Levigne, Sarah Mc Laughlin, Spirit of the West, Susan Aglukart, Jann Arden, Great Big Sea, The Moody Blues, The Tragically Hip, Blue Rodeo, the Rankin Family, Leonard Cohen, Diana Krall, Neil Young, Bryan Adams, Holly Cole, Oscar Peterson, K. D. Lang, Alanis Morrissette, Anne Murray, Our Lady Peace, Bruce Cockburn, Crashtest Dummies and the Barenaked Ladies. French: Daniel Lanois, Roch Voisine Celine Dion (sings in both languages), André Gagnon, Harmonium, Paul Piché, Daniel Lanois, Claude Dubois, Garou, Richard Desjardins, Eric Lapointe, Les Chiens, Natasha St. Pierre, Marie-Hélène Toupin, Claude Léveillé, Thérèse Montcalm, Diane Dusfresne, Robert Charlebois, Beau Dommage, Richard Séguin, Michel Rivard, Vilain Pingouin, Daniel Bélanger, La Chicane, La Bottine Souriante, Gilles Vignon, Les Colocs, les Respectables, and Felix Lelerc. Top of Page Cultural Information - In-country Activities Question: When in this country, I want to learn more about the culture (s) and people. What activities can you recommend? Local Perspective: Canada’s multicultural character offers a host of cultural experiences and possibilities. The most visible ones are culinary and cultural (writing, music, cinema, clothes) expressions. It is possible to have breakfast in China (dim sum), lunch in Lebanon (shawarma) and dinner in Italy (fettuccini Alfredo or Mushroom Risotto), or, if one prefers to stay more local, there are great places to enjoy mussels, good fish or lobster, or fish n’ chips in the Maritimes, or a good portion of poutine in Quebec. To celebrate Thanksgiving, Christmas and Easter, families get together and they enjoy turkey dinner complete with cranberry sauce and, many times, wild rice. Of course one should not miss any opportunity to canoe in Canada. During summer time hardcore nature lovers embark in projects such as "portaging" which involves walking and canoeing for miles into the heart of the forest, a very Canadian experience. There are number of national and provincial parks and nature reserves with facilities and campgrounds for amateur and experienced campers. Of course, one cannot come to Canada and not attend the national sport: HOCKEY! It is a Canadian must! "Summertime, when the living is easy" goes the line in one of Gershwin’s songs. Nowhere is this as true as in Canada. After a long winter (6 to 8 months), Canada wakes up to a very intense period of activity including music and cultural festivals. In Calgary, for instance, it is the time to challenge wild bulls and horses during the Stampede; in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Ottawa, Edmonton one can catch a good Jazz festival, the largest being the Montreal one; if one prefers to be tickled, the "Just for Laughs" and Ha-Ha- Halifax comic fests might just be the ticket; one can also celebrate difference during the Pride Parade in Toronto, which is the kick-off of a series of cultural days culminating with largest Caribbean fete in North America in August. In terms of radio and television, I would recommend the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), on radio I am particularly fond of "The House: the week on national politics", the local morning radio show (which varies from city to city), "As it Happens", "The Current", "The Vinyl Café" among others - My personal favourites on television, "This Hour has 22 minutes", "Made in Canada", "The Nature of Things", and of course "The National" with Peter Mansbridge. Of course, one must do this in both official languages. CBC (the English network) and Radio Canada (the French network) are the best sources of information on Canadian culture and current issues. The networks are also an alternative to the overwhelming presence of American culture, news and programming in Canadian television. Canadian Perspective: Canadians are very sports-oriented and love to go to cottages and camping. Joining a team sport or sports club is an excellent way to make friends and gain the trust and respect of Canadians. Also, Canadians are very proud of their musicians and are pleased when a foreigner takes an interest in Canadian music. The words of the music may help you understand how Canadians define themselves. Canadian literature is also very revealing of Canadian history, culture and lifestyle. If you are in Quebec, do not miss the experience of spending an evening with friends at a Cabane à sucre. The Montreal Jazz festival and St. Jean Batiste (June 24th) celebration are a good time to be in Montreal and no city celebrates Canada Day (July 1st) like Ottawa. The Calgary Stampede, which is held every July, is a great attraction as well. If you are in P. E. I, don’t miss a production of Anne-of-Green Gables. There are many great things about many different parts of Canada and beautiful sites everywhere. Many people think of Canada and images of snow, rivers and mountains come to mind. While adventure travel is extremely popular in Canada, I would encourage Canadians and non-Canadians alike to visit small towns and big cities as well to get a true sense of the diversity of Canadians and the beauty that the country has to offer. That said, do not miss an opportunity to go canoe camping or to rent or visit a cottage by a lake!It is hard to say what food would be typically and exclusively Canadian, and it depends on the area. Tourtière is very traditional in francophone Canada and poutine is a strong cultural reference and a must if you are living in Quebec. Pancakes and maple syrup, corn on the cob and field tomatoes (summer) are typical dishes. Cinnamon and sugar covered batter called beaver tails are definitely worth trying, as are homemade pies, butter tarts, nanaimo bars and cheesecakes. Chocolate chip cookies are a personal favourite of mine!Top of Page Cultural Information - National Heroes Question: Who are this country's national heroes? Local Perspective: One of my most favourite people in Canada is David Suzuki, a man whose fierce commitment and dedication to the environment has inspired millions in Canada and abroad. He can be seen on the TV program, the Nature of things, and read in the many books he has published. On the sports front, there are many Canadian heroes: Wayne Gretzky is the king and there are other hockey heroes every year. Check the NHL website for more info: www.nhl.com. Canadian comedians are well known because of the power to make people laugh more than because they are Canadians of international repute, for instance, Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Jim Carrey, Howie Mandel, Mike Myers all of them known for their appearances in "Saturday Night Live" and movies. More locally known are David Foley, Bruce Mc Culloch, Kevin Mc Donald, and Mark Mc Kinney all from the "Kids in the Hall" show. The music world also has a few Canadian stars: Bryan Adams, Barenaked Ladies, Bruce Cockburn, Leonard Cohen, The Crash Test Dummies, Celine Dion, Glenn Gould, Diana Krall, Chantal Kreviazuk, k.d. lang, Loreena Mc Kennitt, Sarah Mc Lachlan, Joni Mitchell, Alanis Morissette, Avril Lavigne, Oscar Peterson, Stan Rogers, Rush, Shania Twain, The Tragically Hip, Neil Young to name a few. Astronauts: Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Chris Hadfield, Michael Mc Kay, Steven Mac Lean, Julie Payette, among others. Canadian Perspective: This of course depends on your perspective and few heroes are shared by both French and English speaking Canadians. Many would cite Pierre Trudeau as a hero, although others (particularly Quebecois) revile him. Francophone Quebecois tend to revere René Lévèsque as one of their strongest premiers and as someone who stood up for Quebecois and was one of the driving forces of the Cultural Revolution. Maurice (Rocket) Richard is probably universally considered a hero, as is Wayne Gretzky, both for being hockey icons. Some other Canadian athletes would also qualify as heroes, particularly Terry Fox who ran across Canada with a prosthetic leg to raise money and awareness for Cancer. Many Canadian musicians have acquired hero status, as have actors and comedians, although Canadians tend to accept fame only after the artist has made their name outside of Canada. Two things that are interesting about Canadians and heroes are that history is often not given a lot of importance and that charismatic leadership is controversial and fame suspect. Canadians often dislike making a fuss. This is less true in Quebec where there can be strong emotional identification with leaders and popular figures. Top of Page Cultural Information - Shared Historical Events with Canada Question: Are there shared historical events between this country and Canada that could affect work or social relations? Local Perspective: Canadians in general are very welcoming of people from abroad. Many Canadians also hold the view that most immigrants or newcomers come from places with little or no infrastructure where opportunities to study and to build knowledge is limited at best, or non-existing, at worst. This perception can result in two connected responses: altruistic and paternalistic. The altruistic response can make people react in a very positive way. For instance, many Canadians often urge the federal government to lend more support to less developed countries through investments and other forms of assistance. On the personal level, many Canadians get actively involved in awareness raising on international issues and participate in volunteer programs. Many more devote their lives to bringing about social change through a lifetime commitment of work with various international development agencies and organizations. The paternalistic response to the perceived lack of development of newcomers can lead people to view " others " as unable to contribute to Canada, its economy and future, and less deserving of the rights accorded to Canadians as birthright. There are some that view newcomers and immigrants as potential threats: "immigrants will take away OUR jobs". Canada is one of the richest countries in the world, it is very developed (some parts of the country more than others) and it offers countless amenities and the opportunity to lead a peaceful existence, which are conducive to learning and intellectual growth. Side by side, homelessness and poverty are very present in this country. Discovering this part of Canada surprised me and gave me my first and most striking cultural shock when I first visited Toronto 13 summers ago. Canadian Perspective: As mentioned under "First Contact", Canadians frequently assume that a non-Canadian is a recent immigrant and therefore as someone who has chosen to settle in Canada. Behind that assumption lies a widely-shared feeling among Canadians that Canada is one of, if not the best place in the world to live. That means that others, while they may have made sacrifices to come to Canada, have ultimately made the obvious choice: bettering their lives by coming to Canada. As a result, Canadians are not usually surprised by the presence of a foreigner and often expect the foreigner to accept Canadian norms and gain Canadian experience. Most Canadians treat foreigners respectfully, even if there is no great fanfare or welcome. Large Canadian cities tend to be extremely diverse and accepting of difference; smaller cities and rural areas are more likely to see foreigners (visible minorities, in particular) as curiosities or possibly even threats. Americans may run into a certain degree of hostility combined with curiosity about why they are there. Top of Page Cultural Information - Stereotypes Question: What stereotypes do Canadians have about the local culture that might be harmful to effective relations? Local Perspective: Canadian Perspective: Top of Page Cultural Information - About the Cultural Interpreters Local Interpreter: Your cultural interpreter was born in Ibarra, Ecuador the oldest of nine children. She was raised in this town in the north Sierra of Ecuador until the age of 25 years. She graduated with B. Ed. from the Universidad Tecnica del Norte and later immigrated to Canada to continue her studies at Trent University (Peterborough) and Memorial University (Newfoundland). She has travelled extensively for work and pleasure in Ecuador, Germany and Eastern Canada, to a lesser degree in Cuba and Mexico. Your cultural interpreter is currently living and working in Ottawa and is involved with organizations looking at issues of diversity in Canada. She is married and has no children. Her cultural heritage is African-Ecuadorian. Canadian Interpreter: Your cultural interpreter was born in Kingston, Ontario the oldest of two children. She was raised in Ottawa for the most part, although her family moved back and forth between Ottawa and a variety of other countries, returning regularly to visit family in other parts of Canada. She started secondary school in Switzerland and returned to Canada at age 16 to complete her studies. She obtained her Bachelor's degree in Political Science and Economics at Mc Gill University in Montreal and then moved to Austria to study German and work. She later returned to Ottawa to study International Relations at Carleton University. Afterwards, she went to Chile on a CUSO-Net Corps internship to help a Chilean non-governmental organisation with its computer training needs. She has since returned from Santiago and is working in Gatineau with a consulting firm. She is not married and does not have any children. Top of Page Disclaimer Country Insights - Intercultural Issues are intended to provide snapshots of the overall social and cultural norms as well as the workplace environment that a Canadian might face working in a specific country. For each country, two perspectives are provided: one by a Canadian and the other by a person born in the selected country. By comparing the "local point of view" with the "Canadian point of view", you will begin to form a picture of that country's culture. We encourage you to continue your research using a variety of other sources and to use Triangulation as an evaluation process. Although cultural informants were asked to draw on as broad a base of experience as possible in formulating their answers, these should be understood as one perspective that reflects the particular context and life experiences of that person; they are not intended to be a comment on any particular group or society. You may disagree with or object to the content of some responses. This is to be expected given the complexity of the subject and the problems associated with speaking generally about an entire country and its people. We would encourage you to share your experiences; your contributions will help to make Country Insights a richer environment for learning. The content of Country Insights in no way reflects official policy or opinions of the Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada or the Centre for Intercultural Learning. Share this page Date Modified: 2014-11-13
D2184274	https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=205383	Axis History Forum	tskittles Member Posts: 5Joined: 31 Jan 2014, 09:00Jochen Peiper/Malmedy Incident Questions Post by tskittles » 31 Jan 2014, 10:34I'm no expert on the subject (so these questions could be dumb)...but wanted to see if you guys could answer these: - Germany wanted to surrender to the US (instead of USSR). Wolff (Peiper's boss when he was adjutant) was in negotiations abt surrendering Italian forces. Himmler tried to do the same later. Why would W-SS give orders to execute US soldiers, esp to Peiper who could be directly linked to both those men, at the same time? - What was Battery B (140-ish inexperienced GIs) doing in the way of an elite panzer division with 6000 men? Not that they deserved to get killed but what objective were they supposed to serve against KG Peiper? - 140 GIs surrendered but 60-80 men died. Yet Germans were shooting at inexperienced GIs in an open snow-covered (presumably slippery) field from machine guns...how did they miss that many people? - Why was Dietrich on trial for Malmedy but not Mohnke (Peiper's direct superior)? Being "Hitler's favorite general" and there from the start, shouldn't Sepp have been tried at Neurenberg with other generals? - If Peiper was so important that Hitler knew his name (despite him being pretty junior), Himmler trusted him with his dirty secrets and he was the shinning symbol of the W-SS...why did the US let him basically slip through their fingers - get away under their nose on foot w/o food or ammunition? It just seems low... US army had every chance to capture him but failed despite being at an advantage. They waited until he surrendered at war's end, then tortured him to get confession. And they didn't even do it themselves, they let an Austrian Jew (clearly prejudiced) do it... - Wouldn't using Pearl (Austrian, Jewish, no battlefield experience) as an interrogator obviously raise objectivity questions? Why not use a US tank commander instead, esp since Peiper spoke English and didn't need Pearl's German skills... I don't want to say Peiper was innocent (clearly his men killed those POWs)...but those jumped out at me while I was watching a very biased Malmedy Massacre documentary. Top
D1544935	https://www.subaru.com.au/car-advice/knowing-your-towing-capacity	.	Maximum Towing Capacity Generally speaking, maximum towing capacities are roughly equivalent to or slightly greater than the vehicle unladen mass or at a maximum, 1.5 times the unladen vehicle mass. This means that when towing you are more than doubling the mass that the vehicle needs to not only transport up and down hills and around corners but also to bring safely to a stop. A fully laden trailer therefore has a significant effect on vehicle stability and braking distances. Therefore by exceeding the maximum towing capacity or tow ball load that has been carefully calculated and tested by the vehicle manufacturer is to invite a potentially catastrophic loss of vehicle and trailer control. Towing a caravan or trailer is regulated by state road traffic acts and while the towing regulations do vary slightly from state to state all of them agree that the maximum towing capacity must not exceed the lesser of the following: Maximum towing capacity specified by the vehicle manufacturer Maximum carrying capacity of the trailer Rated capacity of the tow bar and coupling Maximum carrying capacity of the tyres Failure to comply not only compromises the safety of you and your family but it contravenes the state road traffic acts and could negate your insurance cover. Make sure you research the full towing regulations in your own state and that of your destination as ignorance is not an accepted excuse for breaking the law. The maximum towing capacity of Subaru vehicles varies depending on the model and on its engine and transmission capacity. Check out each model for current model specs. For previous models please contact your Subaru Retailer or the Subaru (Aust) Pty Limited customer service centre on 1800 226 643. Tow Ball Load It is not only important to comply with the maximum towing capacity for regulatory and safety reasons but also to not exceed the maximum tow ball load. The maximum tow ball load is the load in kilograms on the trailer hitch when the fully laden trailer is connected to the vehicle. The easiest method to measure the weight of a loaded trailer is to visit a public weighbridge before departing on your journey. The tow ball load can be calculated by weighing only the loaded trailer while connected to the vehicle and then weighing the fully loaded trailer without the vehicle connected. The difference in weight is the tow ball load. Alternatively, a set of scales of sufficient capacity can be placed under the trailer hitch via an axle stand. It is important to carry out all measurements with both the trailer and vehicle fully laden. Remember fully laden means all of your personnel possessions, food/drink supplies and passengers included. It effectively means the total weight of the vehicle and trailer as you drive down the road. Tow ball loads as a general rule in the Australian market are 10% of the Aggregate Trailer Mass (ATM). The ATM is the Maximum Trailer Mass (MTM) on the trailers wheels when attached to the vehicle plus the tow ball load. Trailer manufacturers specify the Maximum Trailer Mass (MTM) and tow ball load. When loading a trailer it is imperative that the maximum trailer capacity is not exceeded and that the load is secure and balanced throughout the trailer to maintain the specified tow ball load. For example, positioning heavy water containers or toolboxes on the front ‘A’ frame immediately behind the towing hitch will cause a significant increase in the tow ball load. So why is compliance with the maximum tow ball load so important? The stability of the trailer is dependant on the manufacturer’s correct trailer weight distribution. Excessive or too little tow ball load increases the likelihood of trailer sway and in a worse case even total loss of control. Also, too much tow ball load on the towing vehicle can cause excessive rear axle load that in turn reduces the weight on the front steering axle causing light and less responsive steering and vehicle control. Tow Bars An extremely secure connection between vehicle and trailer is of paramount importance due to the very high potential energy of the trailer as a result of its significant mass and the speed at which it travels. Tow bars are manufactured according to an Australian Standard normally from heavy gauge steel plate and tubing and are designed to accommodate the vehicles maximum towing capacity with a significant safety margin. Not only is the tow bar’s structural design built to withstand extremely high loads but also of equal importance is the connection between the tow bar and the body of the vehicle. Unfortunately the Australian Standard for tow bar manufacture does not include testing for the interface between tow bar and the vehicle body. No matter how strong and robust the tow bar, if the attachment to the body of the vehicle and the strength of the vehicle body at that attachment point is weak then the overall connection of trailer to vehicle is also weak and may be subject to failure. This may not be immediate but could result from longer-term fatigue failure. It is for this reason that it is very strongly recommended to use a tow bar that has been approved by the vehicle manufacturer, particularly if the trailer is at maximum towing capacity. Only the vehicle manufacturer fully understands the strength and durability of the vehicle body, particularly when subjected to the extreme localised loads generated by a tow bar attachment. Trailer Brakes To be able to tow at the maximum permissible towing capacity the trailer must be fitted with its own braking system. Generally there are two types of trailer brakes: a mechanical override braking system that uses the inertia of the trailer mass to activate the trailer braking system and electrically operated brakes that are triggered by an electrical signal from the vehicles braking system. The majority of modern trailers by far feature electric brakes and for these to be able to function a special trailer electric brake control module must be fitted to the towing vehicle. The big advantage of electric brakes is that there is no delay in the activation of the trailer brakes. This means that the braking of the trailer and vehicle is simultaneous and further more the amount of trailer braking force can be adjusted to suit the towing conditions. The trailer brakes can also be activated independently of the vehicle by the driver should it be necessary to stabilise the trailer at any time. The use of electric trailer brakes however does require some training and experience to get the full benefit and to be able to use the system safely. Electronic Stability Control Modern vehicles and certainly all-current model Subaru vehicles are fitted with Electronic Stability Control (ESC). All Subaru vehicles fitted with Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC), that includes ESC, have been tested and calibrated for towing under Australian road conditions. You should make sure not to switch off VDC when towing as it provides a significant enhancement to the overall vehicle and trailer stability. For other vehicles, you should check with the vehicle manufacturer. The only time it is recommended to turn off VDC is at low speed when towing a caravan or trailer uphill on a slippery surface. This is recommended because turning off VDC effectively is turning off the traction control component of VDC that limits engine power to prevent wheel spin. When pulling more than twice the vehicle weight, maximum engine power is often required to be able to climb up the hill. A typical example of this situation is towing a heavy boat up a slippery boat ramp. Modern Subaru vehicles now include a Limited Slip Device (LSD) within the VDC package which remains on when pressing the VDC off switch. It works to transfer the power from the wheels that slip to the wheels that grips and therefore works to help to pull a heavy trailer up a hill by maintaining maximum possible traction. Remember to turn VDC back on when you have successfully climbed the hill. By default, VDC is always on so when the engine is stopped and restarted VDC is again fully active. Driver Training and Speed Limits Towing with a trailer less than 4.5 tonnes in Australia legally does not require a special drivers licence or any training. However the effect of the trailer on vehicle stability can be significant, particularly when operating the tow vehicle at maximum towing capacity and in difficult road conditions at the speed limit. It is therefore strongly recommended to get some practice or training from an experienced or suitably qualified person before undertaking a long trip in a fully laden condition. Remember, as a general rule, the heavier the trailer the more difficult it is to control. In most states of Australia there is no special speed limit for towing, only compliance with the posted limit. Happy towing!Check out the range of Subaru accessories Read and learn more about Subaru’s Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC) system Related articles: Choosing The Best Tyres
D2084521	http://collider.com/emoji-movie-cast-posters/	âThe Emoji Movieâ Has Turned Patrick Stewart into a Poop	‘The Emoji Movie’ Has Turned Patrick Stewart into a Poopby Dave Trumbore January 18, 2017SHARE TWEETSir Patrick Stewart has played some amazing and iconic roles throughout his career, but his part in Sony’s upcoming animated movie is literally shit. Sony Pictures Animation, the same studio that took the silly-sounding concept for The Angry Birds Movie and turned it into a film grossing nearly $350 million worldwide, brings everyone’s favorite text-based avatars to life in The Emoji Movie. And, yes, Stewart will star as the poop emoji; no word on whether it will include flies or not. We’ve previously only seen the first trailer for the film, but thanks to a presentation by the animation studio today, we now have a better idea of the cast, their characters, and just how they’ll look in the finished film. T. J. Miller stars as Gene, an unfiltered and energetic emoji, while Maya Rudolph sparkles as Smiler, with Steven Wright , Jennifer Coolidge , Jake T. Austin , James Corden, and Ilana Glazer. Look for the animated movie on August 4th!Here’s a look at the rundown of Sony’s live-tweet presentation for The Emoji Movie:. @Not TJMiller plays Gene, an exuberant emoji who was born without a filter and is bursting with multiple expressions! #Emoji Moviepic.twitter.com/Pkn RFPI46j— Sony Pictures (@Sony Pictures) January 18, 2017He ain’t no ! So excited to announce the distinguished @Sir Pat Stew as Poop in the #Emoji Movie – in theaters August 4th! #Sony Animation Daypic.twitter.com/JTe Eh P08q I— Sony Pictures (@Sony Pictures) January 18, 2017Up next: @Maya Rudolph will dazzle you with her picture perfect smile as Smiler in #Emoji Movie! #Sony Animation Day pic.twitter.com/p Dsfi HSyu0— Sony Pictures (@Sony Pictures) January 18, 2017. @Jen Coolidge and @Jake TAustin also join #Emoji Movie as Mary Meh (Gene’s mom) and Alex, alongside @Not TJMiller, @ilazer, and @JKCorden! pic.twitter.com/Mrv GDd C884 — Sony Pictures (@Sony Pictures) January 18, 2017Here’s the official synopsis for The Emoji Movie: The Emoji Movie unlocks the never-before-seen secret world inside your smartphone. Hidden within the messaging app is Textopolis, a bustling city where all your favorite emojis live, hoping to be selected by the phone’s user. In this world, each emoji has only one facial expression – except for Gene (T. J. Miller), an exuberant emoji who was born without a filter and is bursting with multiple expressions. Determined to become “normal” like the other emojis, Gene enlists the help of his handy best friend Hi-5 (James Corden) and the notorious code breaker emoji Jailbreak (Ilana Glazer). Together, they embark on an epic “app-venture” through the apps on the phone, each its own wild and fun world, to find the Code that will fix Gene. But when a greater danger threatens the phone, the fate of all emojis depends on these three unlikely friends who must save their world before it’s deleted forever. Directed by Tony Leondis. Written by Tony Leondis & Eric Siegel and Mike White. Produced by Michelle Raimo Kouyate. And here are just a few of the emoji characters in poster form:
D2329854	http://themoneyconverter.com/USD/KHR.aspx	Convert United States Dollar to Cambodian Riel (USD to KHR)	Currency Converter Exchange Rates1 USD = 3997.74497 KHRinvert currencies ↓↑USD - United States Dollar KHR - Cambodian Riel Conversion Rate (Buy/Sell)KHR/USD = 3997.74497Exchange Rates : April 6 2018 2:15:56 PM PDTUSDUS Dollar Country: United States of America Region: North America Sub-Unit: 1 Dollar = 100 cents Symbol: $, US$The U. S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions. Several countries use the U. S. dollar as their official currency, and many others allow it to be used in a de facto capacity. It's known locally as a buck or greenback. USD Exchange Rates Federal Reserve Bank KHRCambodian Riel Country: Cambodia Region: Asia Sub-Unit: 1 KHR = 100 sen Symbol: ៛;The riel is the official currency of Cambodia despite most Cambodians preferring the US Dollar which has become the country's most common currency. In rural areas the riel is used for virtually all purchases, but in urban Cambodia and tourist areas the Riel notes are only used for fractional dollar amounts. KHR Exchange Rates National Bank of Cambodia Historical Exchange Rates For United States Dollar to Cambodian Riel120-day exchange rate history for USD to KHRQuick Conversions from United States Dollar to Cambodian Riel : 1 USD = 3997.74497 KHRUSD KHR$ 1 USD ៛; 3,997.74 KHR$ 5 USD ៛; 19,988.72 KHR$ 10 USD ៛; 39,977.45 KHR$ 50 USD ៛; 199,887.25 KHR$ 100 USD ៛; 399,774.50 KHR$ 250 USD ៛; 999,436.24 KHR$ 500 USD ៛; 1,998,872.48 KHR$ 1,000 USD ៛; 3,997,744.97 KHR$ 5,000 USD ៛; 19,988,724.83 KHR$ 10,000 USD ៛; 39,977,449.66 KHR$ 50,000 USD ៛; 199,887,248.32 KHR$ 100,000 USD ៛; 399,774,496.64 KHR$ 500,000 USD ៛; 1,998,872,483.22 KHR$ 1,000,000 USD ៛; 3,997,744,966.44 KHRLast Updated: April 6 2018 2:15:56 PM PDTEurope Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark Bulgarian Lev Swiss Franc Czech Koruna Danish Krone Euro British Pound Sterling Croatian Kuna Hungarian Forint Icelandic Krona Moldovan Leu Macedonian Denar Norwegian Krone Polish Zloty Romanian Leu Serbian Dinar Russian Rouble Swedish Krona Turkish Lira Ukraine Hryvnia North America Aruban Florin Barbadian Dollar Bermudian Dollar Bahamian Dollar Canadian Dollar Dominican Peso Guatemalan Quetzal Jamaican Dollar Mexican Peso Panamanian Balboa United States Dollar East Caribbean Dollar Oceania Australian Dollar Fijian Dollar New Zealand Dollar CFP Franc Asia Bangladeshi Taka Chinese Yuan Hong Kong Dollar Indonesian Rupiah Indian Rupee Japanese Yen Cambodian Riel South Korean Won Lao Kip Sri Lankan Rupee Maldivian Rufiyaa Malaysian Ringgit Nepalese Rupee Philippine Peso Pakistani Rupee Singapore Dollar Thai Baht Taiwanese Dollar Vietnamese Dong South America Argentine Peso Bolivian Boliviano Brazilian Real Chilean Peso Colombian Peso Peruvian Sol Paraguayan GuaraníUruguayan Peso Venezuelan Bolívar Africa Egyptian Pound Ghana Cedi Gambian Dalasi Kenyan Shilling Moroccan Dirham Malagasy Ariary Mauritian Rupee Namibian Dollar Nigerian Naira Seychellois Rupee Tunisian Dinar Ugandan Shilling Central African Franc West African Franc South African Rand Middle East United Arab Emirates Dirham Bahraini Dinar Israeli Sheqel Iranian Rial Jordanian Dinar Kuwaiti Dinar Lebanese Pound Omani Rial Qatari Riyal Saudi Riyal Syrian Pound
D1009816	http://spartacus-educational.com/TUDhawkinsJ.htm	Sir John Hawkins	Sir John Hawkins Sections Primary Sources Student Activities John Hawkins, the son of a merchant, was born in Plymouth in 1532. He became a sea captain and in 1562 became the first Englishman to start capturing people in Sierra Leone and selling them as slaves to Spanish settlers in the Caribbean. The following year his cousin, Francis Drake, joined him in these activities. As it was illegal for the settlers to buy from foreigners, Hawkins and Drake soon came into conflict with the Spanish authorities. In 1571 Hawkins was involved in a plot with Philip II to assassinate Elizabeth I. However, he changed sides and his information helped William Cecil to have the main conspirators arrested and executed. Hawkins was rewarded by being appointed Treasurer of the Navy. In 1577 John Hawkins helped to introduce a new type of warship. This ships were longer in relation to their breadth (about three to one) and with the forcecastle and sterncastle greatly reduced. The mainmast was placed further forwardand the sails were flatter. This ships were more manoeuvrable than any warships that had been built before. In July 1588 131 ships in the Spanish Armada left for England. The large Spanish galleons were filled with 17,000 well-armed soldiers and 180 Catholic priests. On hearing the news Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, held a council-of-war. Lord Howard decided to divide the fleet into squadrons. Hawkins, Francis Drake and Martin Frobisher were chosen as the three other commanders of the fleet. Howard went in his flagship, the Ark Royal (800 tons and a crew of 250). Frobisher was given command of the largest ship in the fleet, the Triumpth (1,110 tons and a crew of 500 men) whereas Drake was the captain of the Revenge (500 tons and a crew of 250) and Hawkins was aboard the Victory (800 tons and a crew of 250). Lord Howard decided that the Spanish Armada should be attacked at both ends of the crescent. The Ark Royal attacked the right wing and the Revenge and the Triumph attacked Juan Martinez, de Recalde, commander of the Biscayan squadron on the left. Recalde on board the San Juan de Portugal decided to come out and fight the English ships. He was followed by Gran Grin and the two ships soon got into trouble and had to be rescued by the Duke of Medina Sidonia on board the San Martin. Spartacus E-Books (Price £0.99 / $1.50)Mary Tudor Henry VIIIHenry VIIAnne Boleyn At the end of the first day's fighting, only one ship was sunk. This was Spain's San Salvador when a tremendous explosion tore out its stern castle and killed 200 members of the crew. It was later discovered that a gunner's carelessness resulted in a spark reaching the gunpowder in the rear hold. The following morning Francis Drake and the crew of Revenge captured the crippled Rosario. This included Admiral Pedro de Vales and all his crew. Drake also found 55,000 gold ducats on board. That afternoon Medina Sidonia announced that if any Spanish ship broke formation the captain would be hanged immediately. He also told his captains that they must maintain a tight formation in order to prevent further attacks from the English ships. This decision meant that they could only move towards Dunkirk at the speed of the slowest ship. Constantly harassed by the English ships the slow moving Spanish Armada eventually reached Calais without further loss. The English fleet now dropped anchor half a mile away. Soon afterwards they were joined by Lord Henry Seymour and his squadron of ships that had been controlling the seas off Dunkirk. This increased the English fleet by a third and was now similar in size to that of the Spanish fleet. The Duke of Medina Sidonia now sent a message to the Duke of Parma in Dunkirk: "I am anchored here two leagues from Calais with the enemy's fleet on my flank. They can cannonade me whenever they like, and I shall be unable to do them much harm in return." He asked Parma to send fifty ships to help him break out of Calais. Parma was unable to help as he had less than twenty ships and most of those were not yet ready to sail. That night Medina Sidonia sent out a warning to his captains that he expected a fire-ship attack. This tactic had been successfully used by Francis Drake in Cadiz in 1587 and the fresh breeze blowing steadily from the English fleet towards Calais, meant the conditions were ideal for such an attack. He warned his captains not to panic and not to head out to the open sea. Medina Sidonia confidently told them that his patrol boats would be able to protect them from any fire-ship attack that took place. Medina Sidonia had rightly calculated what would happen. Charles Howard and Francis Drake were already organizing the fire-ship attack. It was decided to use eight fairly large ships for the operation. All the masts and rigging were tarred and all the guns were left on board and were primed to go off of their own accord when the fire reached them. John Young, one of Drake's men, was put in charge of the fire-ships. Soon after midnight the eight ships were set fire to and sent on their way. The Spaniards were shocked by the size of the vessels. Nor had they expected the English to use as many as eight ships. The Spanish patrol ships were unable to act fast enough to deal with the problem. The Spanish captains also began to panic when the guns began exploding. They believed that the English were using hell-burners (ships crammed with gunpowder). This tactic had been used against the Spanish in 1585 during the siege of Antwerp when over a thousand men had been killed by exploding ships. The fire-ships did not in fact cause any material damage to the Spanish ships at all. They drifted until they reached the beach where they continued to burn until the fire reached the water line. Medina Sidonia, on board the San Martin, had remained near his original anchorage. However, only a few captains had followed his orders and the vast majority had broken formation and sailed into the open sea. At first light Medina Sidonia and his six remaining ships left Calais and attempted to catch up with the 130 ships strung out eastwards towards the Dunkirk sandbanks. Some Spanish ships had already been reached by the English fleet and were under heavy attack. San Lorenzo, a ship carrying 312 oarsmen, 134 sailors and 235 soldiers, was stranded on the beach and was about to be taken by the English. With their formation broken, the Spanish ships were easy targets for the English ships loaded with guns that could fire very large cannon balls. The Spanish captains tried to get their ships in close so that their soldiers could board the English vessels. However, the English ships were quicker than the Spanish galleons and were able to keep their distance. The battle of Gravelines continued all day. One of the most exciting contests was between Francis Drake in the Revenge and Duke of Medina Sidonia in the San Martin. Drake's ship was hit several times before being replaced by Thomas Fenner in the Nonpareil and Edmund Sheffield in the White Bear, who continued the fight without success. All over the area of sea between Gravelines and Dunkirk fights took place between English and Spanish ships. By late afternoon most ships were out of gunpowder. The Duke of Medina Sidonia was now forced to head north with what was left of the Spanish Armada. The English ships did not follow as Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, was convinced that most Spanish ships were so badly damaged they would probably sink before they reached a safe port. That evening Francis Drake wrote to a friend: "God hath given us so good a day in forcing the enemy so far to leeward, as I hope in God the Duke of Parma and the Duke of Sidonia shall not shake hands this few days". John Hawkins was also pleased with his day's work: "All that day Monday we followed the Spaniards with a long and great fight, wherein there was great valour showed generally by our company... Our ships, God be thanked, have received little hurt. "Hawkins also showed concern for his men: "The men have long been unpaid and need relief." Charles Howard was also angry that his men had not received their wages. He was also disturbed by the condition of his men. The lack of fresh water caused an outbreak of disease. As they were still waiting for their wages to be paid they were even unable to buy fresh food for themselves. Howard wrote bitterly: "It is a most pitiful sight to see, here at Margate, how the men, having no place to receive them into here, die in the streets. I am driven myself, of force, to come a-land, to see them bestowed in some lodging; and the best I can get is barns and outhouses. It would grieve any man's heart to see them that have served so valiantly to die so miserably. "After the Armada rounded Scotland it headed south for home. However, a strong gale drove many of the ships onto the Irish rocks. Thousands of Spaniards drowned and even those who reached land were often killed by English soldiers and settlers. Of the 25,000 men that had set out in the Armada, less than 10,000 arrived home safely. For his role in the victory Hawkins was knighted by Elizabeth I. Sir John Hawkins went on another exhibition to the Caribbean and died in Puerto Rico in 1595.
D2878990	http://www.cleardesignuk.com/design-brief.html	How To Write An Effective Design Brief	How To Write An Effective Design Brief Clear Design UK Technology, Education, Internet, Media A design brief is a written explanation - given to a designer - outlining the aims, objectives and milestones of a design project. A thorough and articulate design brief is a critical part of the design process. It helps develop trust and understanding between the client and designer - and serves as an essential point of reference for both parties. Above all, the design brief ensures that important design issues are considered and questioned before the designer starts work. This article outlines some of the most important factors to consider when writing your design brief. Company Profile Start your design brief with a short, honest synopsis of your organisation or company. Don't take this information for granted, and don't assume that the designer will necessarily know anything about your industry sector. Tell your designer: • What your organisation does • How long you have been established and how many staff you employ • What your niche market is • How you fit in to your industry sector Your Aims Good design can have a huge influence on the success of a company's marketing strategy - but in order for success to be ensured, clear goals must be set. For example, do you want to: • Generate sales? • Encourage enquiries? • Gain newsletter subscribers? • Obtain information from your audience? • Encourage them to tell a friend? If your aims and objectives are not this clear, then your design brief has already achieved another purpose... One of most rewarding parts of actually sitting down and writing a design brief is that it helps to clarify your thoughts and can indirectly help to find flaws in what you initially thought was a solid idea. Your Target Audience Detail your primary, secondary and tertiary audiences. Explain if you are looking to consolidate your existing client-base or appeal to new markets. Detail any demographic figures about your audience that may be useful to the designer. These may include:• Age • Sex • Income • Occupation • Location • Important Keywords Social Networks Are Social Networks important to your present and future marketing? Social Networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Linked In and Google + are great ways to promote your organisation to your targeted audience and people of similar interests. Include information about your current use of Social Networks and whether you require advice/recommendations for integrating your accounts into you marketing materials. Your Budget And Time-Scale Even if you can only provide a ball-park figure, a budget expectation will give the designer a good idea of the type of solution they will realistically be able to provide. Time scale is also an important consideration - so let your designer know if there is a specific deadline that has to be met. Consult with Colleagues Consult with as many people within your organisation as possible before sending the brief. Showing the design brief to different people may reveal remarkable differences in the way people see your organisation's aims and objectives. Resolving any differences in opinion will save considerable time and expense further down the line. Language Whilst you should write in clear, concise way - there is no reason why you cannot use emotive language to emphasise exactly what you are trying to achieve. Design Examples Providing examples of what you consider to be effective or relevant design can be a great help in writing a design brief. Make sure to include samples of your company's current marketing materials - even their only purpose is to explain what you don't want from your new marketing materials!If there is a design style that you particularly like or dislike - then explain why in the brief. If you're not entirely sure why you like a certain design style, then good starting points include: • Colour • Imagery • Quantity and quality of text • Typography • The atmosphere that particular designs create Don't feel that you have stick to the medium that you are designing for when giving a list of inspiration and influences. If a television advert or music video creates the atmosphere that you want your flyer to create, then that is a perfectly reasonable statement to make in a design brief. The more clues you give about your design tastes, the more likely the designer will be able to produce something close to your aims. Expecting your designer to second-guess what you require rarely produces the best results. Remember that professional designers will not copy the ideas you send them... but will use them as the start of the design process. Looking for a design company? Contact Clear Design UKWhat did you think of this article? Please send us your feedback .
D2688274	https://worthly.com/most-expensive/15-expensive-items-ever-stolen/	15 of the Most Expensive Items Ever Stolen	15 of the Most Expensive Items Ever Stolenby Tiffany Raiford4 years ago103 Views194SHARESShare Tweet Expensive items are the ones that people tend to take the most care of. They’re the ones locked in safe deposit boxes, safes and in museums. However, it seems that no matter how heavily guarded or safe an item is thieves and criminals always manage to find a way to steal them. Some of the biggest thefts in the world center around some of the most expensive items in the world. It leaves the world wondering how thieves were able to obtain these items. Read on for a comprehensive list of some of the most expensive items ever stolen. (Photo by Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images)Previous Next Want more stuff like this? Get the best viral stories straight into your inbox!Don't worry, we don't spam What do you think?0 points Upvote Downvote What's your reaction?0Angry0Cry0Geeky0LOL0Love0OMG0Win0WTF0Cute0wt Written by Tiffany Raiford Tiffany Raiford is a lifelong Floridian, wife to my high school sweetheart and mother of four littles (two girls and boy/girl twins...no, they are not identical and yes, I'm sure). My kids love to whine, so I love to wine. My loves include nap time, bed time, date night, travel and evenings and weekends when my husband is home because he handles all diaper changes. You may also like Travel10 of the Most Restricted Places on the Planet3Shares Richest15 Countries Who Will Be the World’s Richest in 2050Sports The 16 Worst All-Time Owners in Sports Travel The World’s 10 Most Luxurious Airports Sports20 Athletes Who Made the Wisest Post Career Investment Decisions Entertainment The 20 Most Expensive Star Wars Memorabilia Ever Auctioned More From: Most Expensive The Story Behind The $3200 Customized Domino’s Rolex Watchby Nick Dimengo6 days ago The Most Expensive Rolex Daytona Watch of All-Timeby Tiffany Raiford15 days ago85Shares The 15 Most Expensive Rolex Watches of All-Timeby Worthly21 days ago The Most Expensive Fragrances From Penhaligon’sby Sebastian Hensiekabout a month ago The Art of Dining At Baha Mar In The Bahamasby onlytherichestabout a month ago Luxury Pen Brands Ranked By Popularityby Sebastian Hensiek2 months ago Comments Our site Facebook You must log in to post a comment.
D3269764	http://www.definitions.net/definition/chiseled	Definitions &Translations	Vocabulary What does chiseled mean? Definitions for chiseled Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word chiseled. Princeton's Word Net (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:chiseled, well-defined (adj)having a clean and distinct outline as if precisely cut along the edges"a finely chiseled nose"; "well-defined features"Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:chiseled (Adjective) (of a face) having strongly defined facial features. Brad Pitt is renowned for his chiseled good looks. Webster Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Chiseledof Chisel Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of chiseled in Chaldean Numerology is: 2Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of chiseled in Pythagorean Numerology is: 2Images & Illustrations of chiseled Translation Find a translation for the chiseled definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these chiseled definitions with the community: Word of the Day Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily? Please enter your email address: Subscribe Citation Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: Style: MLA Chicago APA"chiseled." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2018. Web. 6 Apr. 2018. < https://www.definitions.net/definition/chiseled >. Are we missing a good definition for chiseled? Don't keep it to yourself... Submit Definition
D1007355	http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/icooks/02-19-04.html	.	" Is it safe to thaw and refreeze meat? "Dear Anne and Sue,Is it a good idea to refreeze meat after thawing it out once? Thank you, Waldo Lewis Still have more questions? You'll find more answers in our archivedmonthly feature articles by the Inquisitive Cooks. ( Meet the Inquisitive Cooks)Dear Waldo, There are two concerns with refreezing meat. The first is safety. If the meat has thawed in a refrigerator, then it’s okay to refreeze. In terms of other methods, make sure it doesn’t sit in the “danger zone”—40°F–140°F (4°C–60°C)—for more than two hours. And if it’s been thawed by other methods, cook it before refreezing. This is the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service’s position. If you do refreeze, the sooner you do it, the better. The second concern is about the meat’s quality. When you think of how meat fibers change on a cellular level, freezing not only affects the solids in meat cells but also turns the liquid within the cells into frozen crystals. As you can imagine, these sharp, angular crystals can shear a delicate cell wall rather quickly. Then as the meat thaws, the contents of the cells seep out, creating that familiar puddle of juices. This leaves the thawed meat fibers more prone to drying out as they cook. Freezing food as fast as possible minimizes the loss of liquid, because when ice crystals form quickly, they remain very tiny. If the process of freezing and thawing is repeated, however, greater moisture losses occur and the quality of the meat lessens. Thanks for an excellent question. Best regards, Anne & Sue
D3146161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhart_Lake,_Wisconsin	Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin	Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin Village Location of Elkhart Lake in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin. Coordinates: 43°49′55″N 88°1′3″WCoordinates: 43°49′55″N 88°1′3″WCountry United States State Wisconsin County Sheboygan Area [1]• Total 1.29 sq mi (3.34 km 2)• Land 1.28 sq mi (3.32 km 2)• Water 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km 2)Elevation [2] 948 ft (289 m)Population ( 2010) [3]• Total 967• Estimate (2016) [4] 965• Density 755.5/sq mi (291.7/km 2)Time zone Central (CST) ( UTC-6)• Summer ( DST) CDT ( UTC-5)Area code (s) 920FIPS code 55-23275 [5]GNIS feature ID 1584500 [2]Website www.elkhartlakewi.gov Elkhart Lake is a village in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States, located within the northwestern part of the county within the Town of Rhine. The population was 967 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. Elkhart Lake may be best known for hosting road races on public county roads during the 1950s, [6] later moving to a dedicated race track called Road America, which is located a few miles south of the village. [7]Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Geography3 Demographics3.1 2010 census3.2 2000 census4 Economy4.1 Racing5 Arts and culture5.1 Annual cultural events5.2 Tourism6 Parks and recreation7 Education7.1 Primary and secondary schools7.2 Public libraries8 Infrastructure8.1 Transportation9 Notable people10 Images11 References12 Further reading13 External links History [ edit]The area was first inhabited by the Potawatomi Indians and they named the area “Me-shay-way-odeh-ni-bis”, or Great Elk Heart Lake, because the lake resembles an elk 's heart. [8] Few people traveled to the area until the 1860s when the Mississippi Railroad came to Glenbeulah, making it possible for them to take a stagecoach the rest of the way to Elkhart. In 1872 the Milwaukee and Northern Railroad came into Elkhart and brought more travelers. [9] The area was incorporated as Elkhart Lake in 1894. [10]Geography [ edit]Elkhart Lake is located at 43°49′55″N 88°1′3″W (43.832057, -88.017440). [11]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.29 square miles (3.34 km 2 ), of which, 1.28 square miles (3.32 km 2) of it is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km 2) is water. [1]Demographics [ edit]Historical population Census Pop. %±1900 464 —1910 499 7.5%1920 527 5.6%1930 571 8.3%1940 571 0.0%1950 587 2.8%1960 651 10.9%1970 787 20.9%1980 1,054 33.9%1990 1,019 −3.3%2000 1,021 0.2%2010 967 −5.3%Est. 2016 965 [4] −0.2%U. S. Decennial Census [12]2010 census [ edit]As of the census [3] of 2010, there were 967 people, 457 households, and 286 families residing in the village. The population density was 755.5 inhabitants per square mile (291.7/km 2 ). There were 706 housing units at an average density of 551.6 per square mile (213.0/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the village was 97.7% White, 0.2% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.8% from other races, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population. There were 457 households of which 18.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.4% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.58. The median age in the village was 48.9 years. 15.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 34.7% were from 45 to 64; and 21.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.4% male and 49.6% female.2000 census [ edit]As of the census [5] of 2000, there were 1,021 people, 436 households, and 292 families residing in the village. The population density was 790.5 people per square mile (305.6/km²). There were 599 housing units at an average density of 463.8 per square mile (179.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.73% White, 0.10% Asian, 0.39% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.08% of the population. There were 436 households out of which 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.75. In the village, the population was spread out with 18.0% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 31.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males. The median income for a household in the village was $56,538, and the median income for a family was $60,694. Males had a median income of $37,708 versus $26,776 for females. The per capita income for the village was $27,873. About 0.7% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.1% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over. Economy [ edit]Racing [ edit]The site of the 1951 and 1952 start/finish line. Racing at Elkhart Lake dates back to the 1950s. The very first races were held on July 23, 1950 on a 3.35 mile road circuit north of the lake. These first races were very successful for the time, drawing a crowd of over 5,000. Races were originally held on a street circuit that ran around the Lake with the start/finish line in the village. In 1951 and 1952, races were held on a new 6.5 mile circuit that circumvented the Lake. The 1951 races drew an estimated crowd of 50,000 spectators and the 1952 races saw an estimated crowd of over 100,000 people. [13] The 1952 races would be the last races held on the open road circuit. Three years later, a new, specially designed track was built south of the village. Road America was built in 1955 with the first racing being held on September 10 & 11, 1955. [14] Each year, Road America holds over 425 events, one of the most popular being the Kohler International Challenge in July. The economic impact from the track, its events, and visitors is estimated at $70 million annually. [15]Arts and culture [ edit]Annual cultural events [ edit]Crowd on Lake Street at the 2010 Road & Track Concours d'Elegance. Every July, during the Kohler International Challenge, Road & Track holds a race car Concours d'Elegance in the village. This draws a large crowd as people line the streets from Road America to the shore of Elkhart Lake watching the cars drive past on their way to downtown Elkhart Lake. The cars park in the streets of Elkhart Lake, mainly on Lake Street, where curious visitors, car enthusiasts, and other racers alike walk up and down the streets looking at the cars. [16] As the concourse comes to a close, Road & Track announces the winner of various awards including the best-looking car award. The cars return to the track around 7:30 pm, just before the sun sets because many of the cars do not have headlights. [17]Jazz on the Vine is an annual festival held in May. Jazz musicians from all over the United States come to the festival to perform. [18]Tourism [ edit]There are several museums in Elkhart Lake, including the Elkhart Lake Depot Museum and Henschel’s Indian Museum. The Elkhart Lake Depot Museum is a century-old railroad station that has original depot furnishings and local memorabilia. [19] Henschel’s Indian Museum is located on an archaeological dig site and has a collection of Indian copper, pottery and artifacts that date back to 8,000 BC. [20] [21]The Victorian Village Theater is a 100-year-old theater where musicals, dinner theaters and musicians perform. [21] [22]Parks and recreation [ edit]Two parks in the area are Broughton Sheboygan Marsh Park and Fireman’s Park and Swimming Beach. Broughton Sheboygan Marsh Park has campsites, fishing, picnic and camping areas and access to a snowmobile trail system. Fireman’s Park and Swimming Beach is a seasonal sand beach. [21]Education [ edit]Primary and secondary schools [ edit]Elkhart Lake is served by the Elkhart Lake-Glenbeulah School District. Schools in the district include Elkhart Lake Elementary/Middle School and Elkhart Lake-Glenbeulah High School. [23] [24]Public libraries [ edit]The Elkhart Lake Public Library was established in 1906 and was originally located in an old hotel. The library serves Elkhart Lake and several communities in the area. [25] [26]Infrastructure [ edit]Transportation [ edit]Elkhart Lake is located approximately one mile southeast of the northern terminus of the Kettle Moraine Scenic Drive. The Scenic Drive was part of the road racing circuit used in the 1950s. Wisconsin Highway 67 runs north/south through the city. Secondary routes include County Highway A from the northeast. County Highway J runs concurrent with the Kettle Moraine Scenic Drive through the city. They enter the city from the northwest, run north/south through the center of the city, and exit to the southwest. Notable people [ edit]Leonard Bloomfield, linguist, spent part of his childhood in Elkhart Lake Patrick Geraghty, farmer, schoolteacher and legislator Nicolas Hammann, racing driver Otto A. La Budde, businessman, legislator, and president of the village of Elkhart Lake. Francis E. Mc Govern, 22nd Governor of Wisconsin, born in Elkhart Lake [27]Images [ edit]Sign Village hall Elkhart Lake/ Glenbeulah High School Post office References [ edit]^ a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2012-11-18.^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.^ a b "American Fact Finder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-18.^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ a b "American Fact Finder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.^ "Cars Take Over the Town." Popular Mechanics, March 1952, pp. 153-157.^ "Road America". Road America. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 117.^ "History-Legends". Wisconsin’s Elkhart Lake. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ "Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin". City-Data.com. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.^ "A Brief History of Open Road Racing in Elkhart Lake". Retrieved December 19, 2010.^ "The History of Road America". Archived from the original on November 28, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2010.^ "Thing to do in Elkhart Lake". Retrieved December 19, 2010.^ "Councours d'Elegance". June 21, 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2010.^ "Road & Track Concourse d'Elegance". June 30, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2010.^ "Jazz on the Vine". Wisconsin’s Elkhart Lake. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ "Elkhart Lake Historic Depot Museum". Travel Wisconsin.com. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ "Henschel's Indian Museum". Henschel’s Indian Museum. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ a b c "Attractions". Wisconsin’s Elkhart Lake. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ "Victorian Village Theater". Travel Wisconsin.com. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ "Elkhart Lake-Glenbeulah School District Schools". Great Schools Inc. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ "Elkhart Lake-Glenbeulah School District". Elkhart Lake-Glenbeulah School District. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ "Library". Wisconsin’s Elkhart Lake. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ "Elkhart Lake Public Library". Elkhart Lake Public Library. Retrieved May 21, 2014.^ Legislative Reference Bureau (1981). The State of Wisconsin Blue Book. Legislative Reference Bureau. p. 697. Further reading [ edit]"A Photographic History of Elkhart Lake" by Peter Laun, published by Sun Graphics, 2002. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin. Village of Elkhart Lake Elkhart Lake Chamber of Commerce Elkhart Lake's Road America [ hide]v t e Municipalities and communities of Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States County seat: Sheboygan Cities Plymouth Sheboygan Sheboygan Falls Villages Adell Cascade Cedar Grove Elkhart Lake Glenbeulah Howards Grove Kohler Oostburg Random Lake Waldo Towns Greenbush Herman Holland Lima Lyndon Mitchell Mosel Plymouth Rhine Russell Scott Sheboygan Sheboygan Falls Sherman Wilson CDPs Gibbsville Greenbush Hingham Unincorporated communities Ada Batavia Beechwood Cranberry Marsh Dacada ‡ Edwards Franklin German Corners Gooseville Haven Hayen Hulls Crossing Idlewood Beach Johnsonville Mosel New Paris Ourtown Parnell Rhine Center St. Anna ‡ Silver Creek Weedens Ghost towns /neighborhoods Kennedys Corners Winooski Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Categories: Villages in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin Villages in Wisconsin 1894 establishments in Wisconsin
D3371469	http://blog.landregistry.gov.uk/find-owns-property-piece-land/	Registered or unregistered land, that is the question	Registered or unregistered land, that is the question Adam Hookway, 22 January 2014 - Buying and selling property, Digital services, Law and practice One of the most popular questions we are asked is who owns a particular piece of land or property. Usually, we can give the answer because it is registered and the details are readily available online or in some cases only by post. But what about the bits which aren’t registered? How do you go about trying to find out who owns these? Well, the simple answer is it will often come down to your own detective work, where the land or property is located in the country, and sometimes luck!Over 80% of England and Wales is now registered and large parts of the land that aren’t are most likely to be owned by the Crown, the aristocracy, or the Church. The reason why it has never been registered is that it has never been sold, which is one of the main triggers for compulsory registration. Some people think that unregistered land isn’t owned by anyone or refer to it as ‘no man’s land’. But this isn’t right. In England and Wales, all land is owned by somebody, even if the legal owner can’t be identified. For example, ownerless property (referred to as Bona Vacantia) can pass to the crown by law. So, where to start? Once you have checked and are sure that the land or property isn’t registered, then it is probably best to start your detective work in the surrounding area and make enquiries. You could:ask any neighbours or adjoining landowners whether they know who the owner (s) might be;ask local residents, who may have lived in the area for a number of years and who have ‘local knowledge’, to see if they have any ideas about who might own it;ask in the local pub, post office or shop;check adjoining registered properties for clues, they may refer to a deed or document which affected not only that registered title but also ‘ other land’. The other land may have included the unregistered part and the deed/document will refer to the parties to the deed, which may give a clue as to the owner on a specific date;search county or local authority records for clues - Yorkshire and Middlesex have their own deeds registries, but to make a search you need to know the name of previous or current owners, whilst other counties have County Records Offices;check with your local authority to see if any planning applications have been submitted over the years. By law, applicants currently have to sign either a Certificate A to say they are the owner or Certificate B where they say they have served notice on the owner who they have to name; andcheck your local electoral register. Online forums such as Money Saving Expert and Garden Law sometimes suggest ‘doing something’ to the property or the land, such as putting up a sign. This may or may not be appropriate, so before doing this, it's advisable to check with a solicitor if your actions would break any laws. Tags: Land ownership, owner, ownership of land, unregistered
D2845622	http://www.stain-removal-101.com/removing-pet-hair.html	How To Remove Pet Hair From Clothing In The Wash?	How To Remove Pet Hair From Clothing In The Wash?by SR101 Reader Question: How do you remove pet hair and lint from tee shirts and tops in the washing? Taylor's answer: Thanks for asking me this laundry question. There are lots of ways to remove hair shed by your pets, including both cats and dogs, from clothing. Just washing cotton and polyester fabric will generally remove most pet hair. However, if you wash certain fabrics, such as flannel and other fabric that has lots of static cling you will notice that the hair will just embed further if you wash and dry it. This is why it is often difficult to get pet hair off blankets, for example. You can pick hair off with your fingers, of course, but this can take quite a bit of time and unless you are very patient you may not get it all. Certainly, you can't pick it off as fast as it gets on there, typically. Therefore, one of the best ways to remove it is to use a pet hair lint roller (such as the Scotch pet hair roller, or a dry sponge, to help pick up the pet hair before you wash it. You can read reviews of pet hair removers here, to find one that will work well for you. You should also shake out all clothing out before you wash it, and also once it comes out of the wash and before you put it in the dryer. Further, if you reduce static cling this will also help remove pet hair from your clothing, because it will loosen it from the clothing and let the washing machine and dryer remove it from the clothing. Therefore, use both liquid fabric softener and dryer sheets. Finally, wipe out your washing machine and clean out the lint trap of your dryer after you wash clothing full of pet hair, to remove any from the machines and keep it from getting on subsequent loads of laundry. Well, those are some of my tips for how to remove pet hair from clothing in the wash. Does anyone else have any other tips that work well for you? If so, please share your ideas in the comments. I've answered this question as part of my laundry questions section of this site. You can ask me your own questions there, or see what else I've already answered. Photo by Randy Son Of Robert Click here to post comments Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to remove pet hair. My Secret: Duct Tape & Damp Washclothby Sew Girl Judy (Lovely Columbiaville, MI)Judy shared her secrets for removing pet hair from clothes. Sew Girl Judy says: Yep, that's what I use. I wrap the duct tape sticky side out around my hand loosely and push pull repeatedly turning the tape as necessary. It works best for loose weave like felted wool and sweaters. Smooth fabrics respond quite well with a damp terry washcloth. Taylor says: Thanks so much for sharing these simple but effective home remedies for getting up cat or dog fur. I would love to hear from even more people sharing their tips and tricks for cleaning up this sometimes pesky problem. You can share your remedies and tips here, and I'll add them to the site. In addition, did you know there are lots of uses for duct tape around your home. I've started collecting the ones people have shared with me. You can click here to read more uses, or share your own. Related Pages You May Enjoy Laundry Tips & Tricks For Busy Moms Lots Of Homemade Cleaners Recipes Pet Stain Removal Guide Go From Tips For Removing Pet Hair From Clothes & Laundry To Home Page There are affiliate links on this page, and if you purchase a product through them I receive a small commission. Purchasing through my links costs you nothing extra, but helps support the free information provided on this site and my family. To learn more please see my product review disclosure statement. Comments for My Secret: Duct Tape & Damp Washcloth Click here to add your own commentsembedded pet hair in clothesby: Anonymous I have tried all of these and still have embedded pet hair in my clothes. My clothing is mostly black and since I bought a high efficiency washer my clothes are not getting as clean as they did with my regular washer. My clothing is mainly polyester as they are all workout gear and now I have pet hair that will not come off. Any other suggestions? Help!!!! !3 stepsby: Anonymous Three simple steps: 1. Air dry. 2. Wash with softener . 3. Dry with Bounce sheets . Oh, and brush your pet daily. Cool site!micro sheets are the worstby: Sherry I find that the micro sheets are the worst. After washing and drying them you end up with two complete layers - the fabric and a whole layer of cat fur. We almost choke to death on the fur!turn your clothes inside out prior to dryingby: Anonymous I had this problem for years growing up with pets. Finally, my grandmother (who owned a high-end women's boutique) showed me to turn the clothing inside out prior to drying. Such a simple thing! This removes the vast majority of hair from a black pant or sweatshirt. Hair free and carefree. Click here to add your own comments Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to remove pet hair. Thanks For Visiting My Website: Grab Your Free Gift!Hi, I'm Taylor, a busy mom with 3 kids, so I have lots of hands on experience with house cleaning, laundry and my fair share of spots, spills and other messy catastrophes. Thanks for visiting my site. [ Get your free chart here]I update the website all the time with tips, tutorials, cleaning recipes, reviews of products from readers like you, and tests I've done on various cleaners, removers and laundry supplies. I'd love to give you a gift! When you subscribe to my free weekly newsletter you will receive a free printable laundry stain removal chart that you can reference as needed. I hope you enjoy this gift, and stop by again soon!Subscribe To The Out Darn Spot Newsletterindicates required Email Address First Name *CAUTION: This website is provided for informational purposes only. It is provided as is, without warranties or guarantees. Some stains and messes just won't come out, and are permanent. Further, some cleaning methods can harm your item, so if what you want to clean or launder is sentimental or expensive call a professional. See disclaimer of liability for more information.
D1149548	http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/hyperbola.html	Hyperbola	Hyperbola Did you know that the orbit of a spacecraft can sometimes be a hyperbola? A spacecraft can use the gravity of a planet to alter its path and propel it at high speed away from the planet and back out into space using a technique called "gravitational slingshot". If this happens, then the path of the spacecraft is a hyperbola. (Play with this at Gravity Freeplay)Definition A hyperbola is two curves that are like infinite bows. Looking at just one of the curves:any point P is closer to F than to G by some constant amount The other curve is a mirror image, and is closer to G than to F. In other words, the distance from P to F is always less than the distance P to G by some constant amount. (And for the other curve P to G is always less than P to F by that constant amount. )As a formula:\|PF − PG\| = constant PF is the distance P to FPG is the distance P to G\|\| is the absolute value function (makes any negative a positive)Each bow is called a branch and F and G are each called a focus. Have a try yourself: Drag The Points!Difference:© 2018 Maths Is Fun.com v0.71Try moving point P: what do you notice about the lengths PF and PG ? Also try putting point P on the other branch. There are some other interesting things, too: On the diagram you can see:an axis of symmetry (that goes through each focus)two vertices (where each curve makes its sharpest turn)the distance between the vertices (2a on the diagram) is the constant difference between the lengths PF and PGtwo asymptotes which are not part of the hyperbola but show where the curve would go if continued indefinitely in each of the four directions And, strictly speaking, there is also another axis of symmetry that goes down the middle and separates the two branches of the hyperbola. Conic Section You can also get a hyperbola when you slice through a double cone. The slice must be steeper than that for a parabola, but does not have to be parallel to the cone's axis for the hyperbola to be symmetrical. So the hyperbola is a conic section (a section of a cone). Equation By placing a hyperbola on an x-y graph (centered over the x-axis and y-axis), the equation of the curve is:x 2a 2 − y 2b 2 = 1Also: One vertex is at (a, 0), and the other is at (−a, 0)The asymptotes are the straight lines:y = (b/a)xy = − (b/a)x (Note: the equation is similar to the equation of the ellipse: x 2/a 2+ y 2/b 2= 1, except for a "−" instead of a "+")Eccentricity Any branch of a hyperbola can also be defined as a curve where the distances of any point from:a fixed point (the focus ), anda fixed straight line (the directrix ) are always in the same ratio. This ratio is called the eccentricity, and for a hyperbola it is always greater than 1. The eccentricity (usually shown as the letter e) shows how "uncurvy" (varying from being a circle) the hyperbola is. On this diagram: P is a point on the curve,F is the focus and N is the point on the directrix so that PN is perpendicular to the directrix. The eccentricity is the ratio PF/PN, and has the formula:e = √ (a 2 +b 2)a Using "a" and "b" from the diagram above. Latus Rectum The Latus Rectum is the line through the focus and parallel to the directrix. The length of the Latus Rectum is 2b 2 /a.1/x The reciprocal function y = 1/x is a hyperbola!Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10Conic Sections Geometry Index
D2964116	https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Limestone+Link+%28Cotswolds+to+Mendips%29	Limestone Link (Cotswolds to Mendips)	Limestone Link (Cotswolds to Mendips)58 km / 36 miles Bath & NE Somerset, Somerset, S Gloucestershire The 'Limestone Link' is a route of 36 miles joining the limestone of the Cotswolds to that of the Mendip Hills. It is a connecting route between the Cotswold Way at Cold Ashton and the West Mendip Way at Shipham. Between the two, the route passes through the valleys and villages south of Bath. Except for an ascent at each end, the walk is mostly flat and not strenuous. Details: Path Type Paths Marked on OS mapping Waymark Ammonite logo Attributes Easy Start ST751728 - Cold Ashton, S Gloucestershire Finish ST443572 - Shipham, Somerset Web Sites Mendip Hills AONBGPS Routes - Limestone Link Publications, Badges and Certificates: Booklet Limestone Link (Bath Ramblers - 2008)External PDF Mendip Hills AONB - Visitor Guide (Mendip Hills AONB Unit - 2017)Maps: You can use the interactive controls to zoom in and out and to move around the map, or click on a path or a marker for more info. ( interactive map help)Show Connected Path Outlines National Trails (England & Wales)Paths Marked on OS mapping Other Paths Show Accommodation Hostel Accommodation B & B Accommodation Show Points of Interest Walkers are Welcome Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2016. © Open Street Map contributors under Open Database Licence. Rights of way data from selected Local Authorities. Large scale digital mapping is provided by John Thorn. At high zoom levels the route is indicative only. Purchase Ordnance Survey Maps (path is named on OS maps): OS Landranger 172 , 182OS Landranger Active 172 , 182OS Explorer 141 , 142 , 155OS Explorer Active 141 , 142 , 155Accommodation within 5 Km of this Path: From Path Along Path Hostel Accommodation Bath YMCA (Information and photos) 3 Km9 Km Hostel Accommodation Bath Backpackers Hostel, 13 Pierrepont St, Bath 3 Km9 Km B & B Accommodation Apple Tree Guest House (bookable online) 3 Km11 Km Click to show 4 more Accommodations Connected Paths: National Trails (England & Wales) Cotswold Way National Trail Paths Marked on OS mapping Mendip Ways; Monarch's Way; Samaritans Way South West, Bristol to Lynton; West Mendip Way Other Paths Bradford on Avon Wheel - Outer; Butcombe Trail; Coast to Coast - Southern England; Click to show 7 more Other Paths Downloads: GPS Exchange Format Route File Limestone Link (Cotswolds to Mendips) GPX Exchange Format Route File Login to Download (Members Only)Memory Map Route file Limestone Link (Cotswolds to Mendips) Memory Map Route File Login to Download (Members Only)Tracklogs Route file Limestone Link Tracklogs Route file Login to Download (Members Only)Route Profile:62.4 Km (38.8 miles) 1,098 m (3,602 ft) ascent 269 m (883 ft) maximum height (click to enlarge)
D2867080	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080616215544AA2zzF7	How many classes does a normal full time college student have?	Education & Reference Higher Education (University +)How many classes does a normal full time college student have? I got my college schedule on friday. I guess I was never really prepared for just how much work it would be. I'm a bit shocked at how busy my life will be. What I need to know is if this looks like a normal schedule, or if I should be going to my counselor to change things around. First sememster I'm okay... show more Update: Second Semester Monday Intro biblical studies 8:00-9:00 Brit Lit 9:10-10:10 Lifespan development 12:50-1:00 The World and the West 2:00-3:00 Tuesday: A survey of art and development 8:00-9:20 Wednesday: Intro to biblical studies 8-9 Brit lit 9:10-10:10 Fund of Wellness 11:40-12:40 Lifespan... show more Update 2: It is kind of weird. I am going to northwest nazarene university, which is a private christian college. I am a bit confused too, because I always thought you chose what classes and when. But at this school, they had us fill out an educational objectioniare, which basically has you say what classes you are... show more3 following 13 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Your schedule for first semester is perfectly normal. I've had many semesters where I took 5-6 classes (it all depends on the difficulty of the classes/number of credits they are worth). Second semester does look kind of busy (with 6 classes) but if one or two of those classes doesn't require much homework, you will be fine. If this is your first year, though, I'd recommend cutting back on second semester by at least 1 class just because you might burn yourself out. It looks a bit more hectic than most students' schedules. Misty Dawn · 10 years ago1 0 Comment Asker's rating First off: how did you already get your second semester schedule?!? Second: A normal schedule for a full-time student is at least 12 credits. I have friends who took 18 credits, which is the most you can do at my school. From the looks of it you, should be fine. I had a tough first yr at U of M. I had a chem lab that lasted 5 straight hours and bio labs that went to 10pm at night. I had an English class that had lengthy papers do every week. I also took a stupid slavic class that made us watch extremely boring 1950's foreign movies on the weekends and read stupid books during the week. On top of it all, I had to also fit a work schedule into all of this. Thank God my job was flexible. I worked in a hospital so I sometimes even came in a 11 at night and left at 4 or 5 am and no one ever bothered me. So yea it can get really tough! If your planning on working then make your schedule pretty simple other wise you will have no time for school. That was my mistake; I tried to cram way too much into my schedule thinking I could handle it. This year I did things differently and I'm only taking 3 hard classes while working. Whatever you decide do, Good Luck with it. And remember, freshman year is said to be the hardest. Its like a tranistion so don't get mad at yourself if you aren't doing well. Also make sure you find time to enjoy yourself; your in college now and you do deserve to go to a party every now and then...lol Sasha · 10 years ago0 1 Comment That's basically normal, you can probably drop on class in the second semester because you have 5 classes on one day. Aside from that it looks fine. And normally a semester of full time college is 12-15 or 16 credits but you can take up to 18.nicmit0688 · 10 years ago1 0 Comment Yes, it's completely normal, even for good students. I had a 4.23 in high school, took a bunch of APs, officers of all kinds of clubs, blahblah, your typical college-admitted student. First quarter at UCLA, I started out as a mechanical engineering major, took the required chemistry class, and what do you know? Fail the first midterm, fail the second midterm. Engineering students have a different policy: you can't drop a class after a certain number of weeks. I wasn't doing so hot in my other classes either (I had over 100% in my honors English classes in high school, and here I was getting crappy grades on my essays; I took a math class that was the equivalent of Calculus BC, wasn't even getting an A in that). It was so hard for me to adjust to the whole system, and I had to worry about a ton of other things on top of it all. The good news is, you can definitely, definitely redeem yourself. Get help from TAs and professors before you seek out tutoring because they're the ones that know the class best. If you're still not doing so well, try to get the highest grades possible in your health and English classes. If your college lets you retake classes, then go for a retake in the math and humanities. It sounds kind of sneaky, but if you know you're not going to be happy with your final grade, aiming for a fail (in my case, anything lower than a C- lets you retake a class, although a C- is like the equivalent of a fail anyway) will let you retake it. The low grade might show up on your transcript, but the higher grade will be factored into your GPA, and people will be able to see that you at least redeemed yourself. As for myself, after that first hellish quarter, I studied my @ss off. I have something like a 3.64 now, which isn't all that great, but I'm still working on it. (My grades went something like this as time passed: C-, B+, B+; B, A-, A-; Pass, A, A; A, A-.) You just have to figure out the resources you can use. Always go to TAs...they get paid to help you, and are usually good at it. Moral of the story: don't worry!Roslyn · 2 years ago0 0 Commenta full time student usually takes 12- 15 credit hours a semester. and, you had nothing to do with picking out your schedule? that sounds a little more like high school.bnnykllr · 10 years ago2 0 Comment12 to 16 credit hours (four to five courses) if you are on the semester. I have no idea how the quarter works. Remember to study in the courses that demand it--no less than matching in class time for study (4 hours a week in class/four hours a week study outside of class).orwellian987 · 10 years ago1 0 Comment Full-time status usually means at least 12 credit hours.harvest_moonie · 10 years ago2 0 Comment If you are at a semester-system school, 5 courses at a time (plus labs) is normal. At a quarter-system school, you usually take 4 courses/quarter. Your schedule looks pretty reasonable to me, especially if you are living on campus (because a few days you have rather spread out courses).neniaf · 10 years ago2 0 Commentyour schedule seems about right for your first semester in college. I took 5 classes a semester when i was in school Jaiden's Mommy · 10 years ago3 0 Commenti think full time is 12 credit hours. looks like your full. =)Andrea · 10 years ago3 0 Comment1 2 next Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Should you donate your car? Find Email Marketing Software Time for a Caribbean cruise? Earn your MBA online!
D1284062	https://www.mapquest.com/us/in/ellettsville-282036769	Ellettsville	Ellettsville Ellettsville, INFavorite Share More Nearby Directions Sponsored Topics Ellettsville Hotels Ellettsville Restaurants Description Ellettsville is a town in Richland Township, Monroe County, Indiana, United States. The population was 6,378 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Bloomington, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area. Ellettsville is the starting point for the Hilly Hundred, a two-day bicycle tour. Ellettsville was founded in 1837. Ellettsville is located at 39°13′47″N 86°37′17″W / 39.22972°N 86.62139°W / 39.22972; -86.62139 (39.229645, -86.621404).
D1057396	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_supply	Circulatory system	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Blood supply)navigation search"Bloodstream" redirects here. For the song by Ed Sheeran, see Bloodstream (song). This article is about the animal circulatory system. For plants, see Vascular tissue. Circulatory system The human circulatory system (simplified). Red indicates oxygenated blood carried in arteries, blue indicates deoxygenated blood carried in veins. Capillaries, which join the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels are not shown. Identifiers Me SH D002319TA A12.0.00.001FMA 7161Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes ), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and p H, and maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. [1] The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood. [2] Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. Lymph is essentially recycled excess blood plasma after it has been filtered from the interstitial fluid (between cells) and returned to the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular (from Latin words meaning "heart" and "vessel") system comprises the blood, heart, and blood vessels. [3] The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system, which returns filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as lymph. The circulatory system of the blood is seen as having two components, a systemic circulation and a pulmonary circulation. [4]While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries ), some invertebrate groups have an open cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system providing an accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to be returned to the blood. [5] The more primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems. Many diseases affect the circulatory system. This includes cardiovascular disease, affecting the cardiovascular system, and lymphatic disease affecting the lymphatic system. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on other parts of the circulatory system. Contents [ hide ]1 Structure1.1 Cardiovascular system1.1.1 Arteries1.1.2 Capillaries1.1.3 Veins1.1.4 Coronary vessels1.1.5 Portal veins1.1.6 Heart1.1.7 Lungs1.1.8 Systemic circulation1.1.9 Brain1.1.10 Kidneys1.2 Lymphatic system2 Development2.1 Heart2.2 Arteries2.3 Veins3 Function3.1 Cardiovascular system3.2 Lymphatic system4 Clinical significance4.1 Cardiovascular disease4.2 Investigations4.3 Surgery5 Society and culture6 Other animals6.1 Open circulatory system6.2 Closed circulatory system6.3 No circulatory system7 History8 See also9 References10 External links Structure Cardiovascular system Depiction of the heart, major veins and arteries constructed from body scans. Cross section of a human artery Relative percentages of cardiac output delivered to major organ systems The essential components of the human cardiovascular system are the heart, blood and blood vessels. [6] It includes the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. The systemic circulation can also be seen to function in two parts–a macrocirculation and a microcirculation. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, accounting for approximately 7% of their total body weight. [7] Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, the digestive system works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping. [8]The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enter interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction. The other component of the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, is open. Arteries See also: Arterial tree Oxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation when leaving the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve. The first part of the systemic circulation is the aorta, a massive and thick-walled artery. The aorta arches and gives branches supplying the upper part of the body after passing through the aortic opening of the diaphragm at the level of thoracic ten vertebra, it enters the abdomen. Later it descends down and supplies branches to abdomen, pelvis, perineum and the lower limbs. The walls of aorta are elastic. This elasticity helps to maintain the blood pressure throughout the body. When the aorta receives almost five litres of blood from the heart, it recoils and is responsible for pulsating blood pressure. Moreover, as aorta branches into smaller arteries, their elasticity goes on decreasing and their compliance goes on increasing. Capillaries Arteries branch into small passages called arterioles and then into the capillaries. [9] The capillaries merge to bring blood into the venous system. [10]Veins After their passage through body tissues, capillaries merge once again into venules, which continue to merge into veins. The venous system finally coalesces into two major veins: the superior vena cava (roughly speaking draining the areas above the heart) and the inferior vena cava (roughly speaking from areas below the heart). These two great vessels empty into the right atrium of the heart. Coronary vessels Main article: Coronary circulation The heart itself is supplied with oxygen and nutrients through a small "loop" of the systemic circulation and derives very little from the blood contained within the four chambers. Portal veins Main article: Portal vein The general rule is that arteries from the heart branch out into capillaries, which collect into veins leading back to the heart. Portal veins are a slight exception to this. In humans the only significant example is the hepatic portal vein which combines from capillaries around the gastrointestinal tract where the blood absorbs the various products of digestion; rather than leading directly back to the heart, the hepatic portal vein branches into a second capillary system in the liver. Heart Main article: Heart View from the front The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body. The coronary circulation system provides a blood supply to the heart muscle itself. The coronary circulation begins near the origin of the aorta by two coronary arteries: the right coronary artery and the left coronary artery. After nourishing the heart muscle, blood returns through the coronary veins into the coronary sinus and from this one into the right atrium. Back flow of blood through its opening during atrial systole is prevented by the Thebesian valve. The smallest cardiac veins drain directly into the heart chambers. [8]Lungs The pulmonary circulation as it passes from the heart. Showing both the pulmonary and bronchial arteries. Main article: Pulmonary circulation The circulatory system of the lungs is the portion of the cardiovascular system in which oxygen -depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein. Oxygen deprived blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby CO 2 is released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the now oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium. [8]A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung. Systemic circulation The systemic circulation and capillary networks shown and also as separate from the pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart through the aorta from the left ventricle where the blood has been previously deposited from pulmonary circulation, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. [8]Brain Main article: Cerebral circulation The brain has a dual blood supply that comes from arteries at its front and back. These are called the "anterior" and "posterior" circulation respectively. The anterior circulation arises from the internal carotid arteries and supplies the front of the brain. The posterior circulation arises from the vertebral arteries, and supplies the back of the brain and brainstem. The circulation from the front and the back join together ( anastomise) at the Circle of Willis. Kidneys The renal circulation receives around 20% of the cardiac output. It branches from the abdominal aorta and returns blood to the ascending vena cava. It is the blood supply to the kidneys, and contains many specialized blood vessels. Lymphatic system Main article: Lymphatic system The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system. It is a network of lymphatic vessels and lymph capillaries, lymph nodes and organs, and lymphatic tissues and circulating lymph. One of its major functions is to carry the lymph, draining and returning interstitial fluid back towards the heart for return to the cardiovascular system, by emptying into the lymphatic ducts. Its other main function is in the adaptive immune system. [11]Development Main article: Fetal circulation The development of the circulatory system starts with vasculogenesis in the embryo. The human arterial and venous systems develop from different areas in the embryo. The arterial system develops mainly from the aortic arches, six pairs of arches which develop on the upper part of the embryo. The venous system arises from three bilateral veins during weeks 4 – 8 of embryogenesis. Fetal circulation begins within the 8th week of development. Fetal circulation does not include the lungs, which are bypassed via the truncus arteriosus. Before birth the fetus obtains oxygen (and nutrients) from the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord. [12]Heart Main article: Heart development Arteries Main article: Aortic arches The human arterial system originates from the aortic arches and from the dorsal aortae starting from week 4 of embryonic life. The first and second aortic arches regress and forms only the maxillary arteries and stapedial arteries respectively. The arterial system itself arises from aortic arches 3, 4 and 6 (aortic arch 5 completely regresses). The dorsal aortae, present on the dorsal side of the embryo, are initially present on both sides of the embryo. They later fuse to form the basis for the aorta itself. Approximately thirty smaller arteries branch from this at the back and sides. These branches form the intercostal arteries, arteries of the arms and legs, lumbar arteries and the lateral sacral arteries. Branches to the sides of the aorta will form the definitive renal, suprarenal and gonadal arteries. Finally, branches at the front of the aorta consist of the vitelline arteries and umbilical arteries. The vitelline arteries form the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries of the gastrointestinal tract. After birth, the umbilical arteries will form the internal iliac arteries. Veins The human venous system develops mainly from the vitelline veins, the umbilical veins and the cardinal veins, all of which empty into the sinus venosus. Function Cardiovascular system Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system. This animation occurs at a faster rate (~20 seconds of the average 60-second cycle) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries, as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system. Main article: Blood § Oxygen transport About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human, breathing air at sea-level pressure, is chemically combined with hemoglobin molecules. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species. Lymphatic system Main article: Lymphatic system § Function Clinical significance Many diseases affect the circulatory system. This includes cardiovascular disease, affecting the cardiovascular system, and lymphatic disease affecting the lymphatic system. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on other parts of the circulatory system. Cardiovascular disease Main article: Cardiovascular disease Diseases affecting the cardiovascular system are called cardiovascular disease. Many of these diseases are called " lifestyle diseases " because they develop over time and are related to a person's exercise habits, diet, whether they smoke, and other lifestyle choices a person makes. Atherosclerosis is the precursor to many of these diseases. It is where small atheromatous plaques build up in the walls of medium and large arteries. This may eventually grow or rupture to occlude the arteries. It is also a risk factor for acute coronary syndromes, which are diseases which are characterised by a sudden deficit of oxygenated blood to the heart tissue. Atherosclerosis is also associated with problems such as aneurysm formation or splitting ("dissection") of arteries. Another major cardiovascular disease involves the creation of a clot, called a "thrombus". These can originate in veins or arteries. Deep venous thrombosis, which mostly occurs in the legs, is one cause of clots in the veins of the legs, particularly when a person has been stationary for a long time. These clots may embolise, meaning travel to another location in the body. The results of this may include pulmonary embolus, transient ischaemic attacks, or stroke. Cardiovascular diseases may also be congenital in nature, such as heart defects or persistent fetal circulation, where the circulatory changes that are supposed to happen after birth do not. Not all congenital changes to the circulatory system are associated with diseases, a large number are anatomical variations. Investigations Magnetic resonance angiography of aberrant subclavian artery The function and health of the circulatory system and its parts are measured in a variety of manual and automated ways. These include simple methods such as those that are part of the cardiovascular examination, including the taking of a person's pulse as an indicator of a person's heart rate, the taking of blood pressure through a sphygmomanometer or the use of a stethoscope to listen to the heart for murmurs which may indicate problems with the heart's valves. An electrocardiogram can also be used to evaluate the way in which electricity is conducted through the heart. Other more invasive means can also be used. A cannula or catheter inserted into an artery may be used to measure pulse pressure or pulmonary wedge pressures. Angiography, which involves injecting a dye into an artery to visualise an arterial tree, can be used in the heart ( coronary angiography) or brain. At the same time as the arteries are visualised, blockages or narrowings may be fixed through the insertion of stents, and active bleeds may be managed by the insertion of coils. An MRI may be used to image arteries, called an MRI angiogram. For evaluation of the blood supply to the lungs a CT pulmonary angiogram may be used. Vascular ultrasonography include for example: Intravascular ultrasound Ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs Surgery This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)There are a number of surgical procedures performed on the circulatory system: Coronary artery bypass surgery Coronary stent used in angioplasty Vascular surgery Vein stripping Cosmetic procedures Cardiovascular procedures are more likely to be performed in an inpatient setting than in an ambulatory care setting; in the United States, only 28% of cardiovascular surgeries were performed in the ambulatory care setting. [13]Society and culture This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)Other animals While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries ), some invertebrate groups have an open cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system providing an accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to be returned to the blood. [5] The more primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems. The blood vascular system first appeared probably in an ancestor of the triploblasts over 600 million years ago, overcoming the time-distance constraints of diffusion, while endothelium evolved in an ancestral vertebrate some 540–510 million years ago. [14]Open circulatory system See also: Hemolymph The open circulatory system of the grasshopper – made up of a heart, vessels and hemolymph. The hemolymph is pumped through the heart, into the aorta, dispersed into the head and throughout the hemocoel, then back through the ostia in the heart and the process repeated. In arthropods, the open circulatory system is a system in which a fluid in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph or haemolymph. [15] Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited. When the heart relaxes, blood is drawn back toward the heart through open-ended pores (ostia). Hemolymph fills all of the interior hemocoel of the body and surrounds all cells. Hemolymph is composed of water, inorganic salts (mostly sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, and calcium ), and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids ). The primary oxygen transporter molecule is hemocyanin. There are free-floating cells, the hemocytes, within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod immune system. Flatworms, such as this Pseudoceros bifurcus, lack specialized circulatory organs Closed circulatory system Two-chambered heart of a fish The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods ( squids, octopuses and relatives) are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system. [16]In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the gills and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as single cycle circulation. The heart of fish is, therefore, only a single pump (consisting of two chambers). In amphibians and most reptiles, a double circulatory system is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. In reptiles, the ventricular septum of the heart is incomplete and the pulmonary artery is equipped with a sphincter muscle. This allows a second possible route of blood flow. Instead of blood flowing through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, the sphincter may be contracted to divert this blood flow through the incomplete ventricular septum into the left ventricle and out through the aorta. This means the blood flows from the capillaries to the heart and back to the capillaries instead of to the lungs. This process is useful to ectothermic (cold-blooded) animals in the regulation of their body temperature. Birds, mammals, and crocodilians show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds and crocodilians evolved independently from that of mammals. [17]No circulatory system Circulatory systems are absent in some animals, including flatworms. Their body cavity has no lining or enclosed fluid. Instead a muscular pharynx leads to an extensively branched digestive system that facilitates direct diffusion of nutrients to all cells. The flatworm's dorso-ventrally flattened body shape also restricts the distance of any cell from the digestive system or the exterior of the organism. Oxygen can diffuse from the surrounding water into the cells, and carbon dioxide can diffuse out. Consequently, every cell is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a transport system. Some animals, such as jellyfish, have more extensive branching from their gastrovascular cavity (which functions as both a place of digestion and a form of circulation), this branching allows for bodily fluids to reach the outer layers, since the digestion begins in the inner layers. History Human anatomical chart of blood vessels, with heart, lungs, liver and kidneys included. Other organs are numbered and arranged around it. Before cutting out the figures on this page, Vesalius suggests that readers glue the page onto parchment and gives instructions on how to assemble the pieces and paste the multilayered figure onto a base "muscle man" illustration. "Epitome", fol.14a. HMD Collection, WZ 240 V575dh Z 1543. The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the Ebers Papyrus (16th century BCE), an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies, both physical and spiritual. In the papyrus, it acknowledges the connection of the heart to the arteries. The Egyptians thought air came in through the mouth and into the lungs and heart. From the heart, the air travelled to every member through the arteries. Although this concept of the circulatory system is only partially correct, it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought. In the 6th century BCE, the knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was known to the Ayurvedic physician Sushruta in ancient India. [18] He also seems to have possessed knowledge of the arteries, described as 'channels' by Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007). [18] The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BCE. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air. The Greek physician, Herophilus, distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Greek anatomist Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood. [19]In 2nd century AD Rome, the Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves. Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled. In 1025, The Canon of Medicine by the Persian physician, Avicenna, "erroneously accepted the Greek notion regarding the existence of a hole in the ventricular septum by which the blood traveled between the ventricles." Despite this, Avicenna "correctly wrote on the cardiac cycles and valvular function", and "had a vision of blood circulation" in his Treatise on Pulse. [20] [ verification needed] While also refining Galen's erroneous theory of the pulse, Avicenna provided the first correct explanation of pulsation: "Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses. Thus, expansion : pause : contraction : pause. [...] The pulse is a movement in the heart and arteries ... which takes the form of alternate expansion and contraction." [21]In 1242, the Arabian physician, Ibn al-Nafis, became the first person to accurately describe the process of pulmonary circulation, for which he is sometimes considered the father of circulatory physiology. [22] [ not in citation given] Ibn al-Nafis stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon:"...the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa ( pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa ( pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit..."In addition, Ibn al-Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary circulation. He stated that "there must be small communications or pores ( manafidh in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein," a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years. [23] Ibn al-Nafis' theory, however, was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body. Michael Servetus was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, although his achievement was not widely recognized at the time, for a few reasons. He firstly described it in the "Manuscript of Paris" [24] [25] (near 1546), but this work was never published. And later he published this description, but in a theological treatise, Christianismi Restitutio, not in a book on medicine. Only three copies of the book survived but these remained hidden for decades, the rest were burned shortly after its publication in 1553 because of persecution of Servetus by religious authorities. Better known discovery of pulmonary circulation was by Vesalius 's successor at Padua, Realdo Colombo, in 1559. Image of veins from William Harvey 's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, 1628Finally, William Harvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments, and published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628, which "demonstrated that there had to be a direct connection between the venous and arterial systems throughout the body, and not just the lungs. Most importantly, he argued that the beat of the heart produced a continuous circulation of blood through minute connections at the extremities of the body. This is a conceptual leap that was quite different from Ibn al-Nafis' refinement of the anatomy and bloodflow in the heart and lungs." [26] This work, with its essentially correct exposition, slowly convinced the medical world. However, Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1661. In 1956, André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system." [27] In his Nobel lecture, Forssmann credits Harvey as birthing cardiology with the publication of his book in 1628. [28]In the 1970s, Diana Mc Sherry developed computer-based systems to create images of the circulatory system and heart without the need for surgery. [29]See also Cardiology Vital heat Cardiac muscle Major systems of the human body Amato Lusitano Vascular resistance References^ " circulatory system " at Dorland's Medical Dictionary^ "Let's beat cancer sooner". Cancer Research UK. 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New York and London: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.^ Whitaker, Kent (2001). "Fetal Circulation". Comprehensive Perinatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care. Delmar Thomson Learning. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0-7668-1373-1.^ Wier LM, Steiner CA, Owens PL (April 17, 2015). "Surgeries in Hospital-Owned Outpatient Facilities, 2012". HCUP Statistical Brief #188. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.^ Monahan‐Earley, R., Dvorak, A. M., & Aird, W. C. (2013). Evolutionary origins of the blood vascular system and endothelium. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 11 (s1): 46-66.^ Bailey, Regina. "Circulatory System". biology.about.com.^ Simões-Costa MS, et al. 2005. The evolutionary origin of cardiac chambers. Dev. Biol. 277: 1–15.^ "Crocodilian Hearts". National Center for Science Education. October 24, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2015.^ a b Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). "History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence" Archived October 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ., Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci Vol.49 pp.243-4, National Informatics Centre (Government of India).^ Anatomy – History of anatomy. Scienceclarified.com. Retrieved 2013-09-15.^ Shoja, M. M.; Tubbs, R. S.; Loukas, M.; Khalili, M.; Alakbarli, F.; Cohen-Gadol, A. A. (2009). "Vasovagal syncope in the Canon of Avicenna: The first mention of carotid artery hypersensitivity". International Journal of Cardiology. 134 (3): 297–301. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.02.035. PMID 19332359.^ Hajar, Rachel (1999). "The Greco-Islamic Pulse". Heart Views. 1 (4): 136–140 [138]. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09.^ Reflections, Chairman's (2004). "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting". Heart Views. 5 (2): 74–85 [80]. Archived from the original on 2007-09-11.^ West, J. B. (2008). "Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age". Journal of Applied Physiology. 105 (6): 1877–1880. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91171.2008. PMC 2612469. PMID 18845773.^ Gonzalez Etxeberria, Patxi (2011) Amor a la verdad, el – vida y obra de Miguel servet [ The love for truth. Life and work of Michael Servetus ]. Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarra, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra. ISBN 8423532666 pp. 215–228 & 62nd illustration (XLVII)^ Michael Servetus Research Study with graphical proof on the Manuscript of Paris and many other manuscripts and new works by Servetus^ Pormann, Peter E. and Smith, E. Savage (2007) Medieval Islamic medicine Georgetown University, Washington DC, p. 48, ISBN 1589011619.^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.^ "The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine". Retrieved 2017-10-08.^ Wayne, Tiffany K. (2011). American women of science since 1900. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 677–678. ISBN 9781598841589. External links Find more about Circulatory system at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Library resources about Circulatory system Resources in your libraryhttp://cnx.org/content/m46646/latest/The Circulatory System Reiber C. L. & Mc Gaw I. J. (2009). "A Review of the "Open" and "Closed" Circulatory Systems: New Terminology for Complex Invertebrate Circulatory Systems in Light of Current Findings". International Journal of Zoology 2009: 8 pages. doi: 10.1155/2009/301284. Patwardhan K. The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized contributions of Ayurveda masters. Adv Physiol Educ. 2012 Jun;36 (2):77–82. Michael Servetus Research Study on the Manuscript of Paris by Servetus (1546 description of the Pulmonary Circulation) [ hide]v t e Anatomy of the heart General Surfacebase apex sulcicoronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricularbordersrightleft Internalatriainteratrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcusventriclesinterventricular septumtrabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary musclevalves cusps atrioventricular septumcardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium ( atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula) → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)Left heart ( pulmonary veins) → left atrium ( atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus) → ( aorta and systemic circulation)Layers Endocardiumheart valves Myocardium Conduction systemcardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann's bundle AV node bundle of Hisbundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavitypericardial sinus Pericardiumfibrous pericardiumsternopericardial ligamentsserous pericardiumepicardium/visceral layerfold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries [ show]v t e Arteries and veins [ show]v t e Physiology of the cardiovascular system [ show]v t e Development of the circulatory system [ show]v t e Cardiovascular disease (heart) ( I00–I52, 390–429) [ show]v t e Human systems and organs [ show]v t e Diving medicine, physiology, physics and environment Authority control GND: 4134345-1 NDL: 00575112Categories: Circulatory system Exercise physiology Angiology
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D3393680	https://www.realestatelawyers.com/resources/real-estate/deeds-and-trusts/quiet-title-lawsuit-action.htm	What is a Quiet Title Lawsuit or Action?	Need Professional Help? Talk to a Real Estate attorney. Please answer a few questions to help us match you with attorneys in your area. Please select area of real estate A Quiet Title Lawsuit is known under common law as a suit in equity and is filed for the purpose of establishing the rightful owner of a piece of real property such as a parcel of land or a home. The need to file a quiet title lawsuit results from situations where there are multiple parties who are claiming rightful ownership of the same piece of land or the same house. Quiet title lawsuits can arise from conflicts between parties that are part of the same family or between parties who claim ownership in situation where a deed has be improperly or incompletely recorded with the registry of deeds or other land registration office. Quiet title lawsuits are also common when a party that purchased a parcel of property at a tax sale, sheriff’s sale or judicial sale attempts to resell the parcel. When a quiet title lawsuit is filed in a court that has jurisdiction to hear the case, the outcome will determine the party who will be established as the rightful owner, and will terminate, or quiet, the claims of ownership from all other parties. Under What Circumstances Are Quiet Title Lawsuits Filed? Quiet title lawsuits are filed where there is a legitimate claim of ownership by multiple parties to one piece of land. The need to file such a lawsuit occurs when the previous owner has either improperly or incompletely conveyed a piece of land by including things such as restrictions on alienation (transferability of the property) or easements on the land. A quiet title lawsuit is appropriate in situations where there is not a proper recording or registration method in use to establish rightful ownership. Quiet title lawsuits are also appropriate following a tax sale, sheriff’s sale or judicial sale so that the purchasing party, the new owner, knows with absolute certainty that no other parties may ever seek to reclaim the purchased property or impede a sale, modification or transfer in the future. Every state has different rules and laws when it comes to establishing ownership, notice and recording requirements, but suffice to say that if a registry of deeds has records on file for a particular parcel, it is unlikely that a quiet title lawsuit will be fruitful unless there exists a disruption or discrepancy in the chain of title. For the most part, the registration and recording system has taken away to need for quiet title lawsuits and judicial determinations of rightful ownership. Can a Quiet Title Lawsuit Remove Liens on Property? If the owner of a piece of property is unsuccessful in efforts to have deficiencies such as liens or other encumbrances removed from the title record, filing a quiet title lawsuit may help the owner to get the relief they are looking for. A quiet title lawsuit has the ability for an owner to provide evidence that proves rightful ownership and shows satisfaction of any liens, such as a mechanics lien, mortgage or other lien judgment assessed against the value of the property. Quiet titles can remove all encumbrances, or clouds to title, that potentially disrupt the sale of property. Getting Legal Advice Regarding Real Estate Suits A real estate attorney is essential to a party considering filing a quiet title lawsuit. In addition to the fact that the filing and arbitrating of the case requires the expertise of an attorney, an experienced lawyer is critical to craft winning arguments and father essential data and documents. Since the property laws of every jurisdiction differ, it is very important to seek the assistance of an attorney who is experienced in the state or land court where the case will be litigated.
D3465106	https://study.com/academy/lesson/parent-child-relationships-definition-lesson-quiz.html	Parent-Child Relationships: Definition & Explanation	The parent-child relationship is often considered to be the most enduring and significant relationship in one's life. This lesson will explain the different types of parent-child relationships and how they impact development. The lesson will end with a brief quiz to test your knowledge. Parent-Child Relationship Definition The term parent-child relationship refers to the unique and enduring bond between a caregiver and his or her child. To understand the parent-child relationship, we must look at the ways that parents and children interact with one another physically, emotionally, and socially. Think about your parents. How did your relationship with your parents contribute to who you are today, or did it? Many psychologists believe that the relationships between parents and children are very important in determining who we become and how we relate to others and the world. Parent-Child Relationship Types Parent-child relationships can be biological or adopted. Biological parents and children share genetic material, while adoptive parents and children usually do not. Adoptive parent-child relationship are most often legal agreements that form a permanent parent-child relationship. The relationship between parents and their children is important to consider when discussing physical, cognitive, and social development in children. Parent-Child Relationship Theories Theorists in developmental psychology examine the parent-child relationship as an important tool in understanding how individuals develop over time. Sigmund Freud believed that adult development was largely defined by the relationships that children share with their parents. For example, if an adult female struggles in intimate relationships with males, Freud probably would have blamed it on an unhealthy relationship with her father. Similarly, Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development proposes that infants who have caregivers meeting their basic needs will grow into trusting adults, but infants whose needs are not met will develop feelings of mistrust in future relationships. Other important theories on relationships between children and parents focus on parents as teachers. In other words, we are taught how to behave and relate to others through our relationships with our parents. Lev Vygotsky viewed parents as masters and the child as an apprentice in learning. Albert Bandura's social learning theory likened parents to models who demonstrate behavior that children then copy. For example, if we are hugged by our parents and see our parents being physically affectionate toward others, Bandura's theory would assume that we would become huggers too. Parenting Styles In an effort to better understand the parent-child relationship, Diana Baumrind performed research that focused on the parents. She came up with three distinct styles of parenting: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. Authoritarian parents might be compared to dictators, because they are very strict and make the rules without regard for the child's needs or feelings. It is their way or the highway. Authoritative parents also have rules, but they listen to and respect the needs of their children. This is a mutual exchange where both parties matter. Permissive parents let children run the show and set the rules. Neglectful is a fourth parenting style that was later added to Baumrind's theory. Neglectful parents are uninvolved with their children altogether. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student I am a teacher
D3025960	https://www.scribd.com/document/238975612/CCENT-Practice-Certification-Exam-1	CCENT Practice Certification Exam 1	CCENT Practice Certification Exam 1Uploaded by Guerly Nathaly Molina Router (Computing)Computer Network Network Switch Ip Address I Pv600 1.5K views Download Save for Later Embed View More Copyright: Download Flag for inappropriate content Documents Similar To CCENT Practice Certification Exam 1Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devicesby abytol Examen de certificación práctica CCENT nº 2by Marco Antonio Del Rosario Arizabal3987130 CCENT Practice Certification Exam 1 CCNA4 v4 0by mirkito Documents About Router (Computing)Fault Injection Approach for Network on Chipby International Journal for Scientific Research and Development How Cisco ASR 1000 Enables Cisco Business Strategies by Providing Capacity and Resiliency for Collaborative Applicationsby Cisco ITHigh Fault Coverage For On Chip Network Using Priority Based Routing Algorithmby International Journal for Scientific Research and Development More From Guerly Nathaly Molina CCENT Practice Certification Exam 1by Guerly Nathaly Molina CCENT Practice Certification Exam 2by Guerly Nathaly Molina Arquitectura en Tres Capazby Guerly Nathaly Molinaof 26Due to the method this document is displayed on the page, screen readers may not read the content correctly. For a better experience, please download the original document and view it in the native application on your computer.scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. ANhttp://www.ccna4u.org You're reading a preview. Unlock full access with a free trial. Pages 3 to 26 are not shown in this preview. Download With Free Trial You're Reading a Preview Unlock full access with a free trial. Download With Free Trial You're Reading a Preview Unlock full access with a free trial. Download With Free Trial Documents Similar To CCENT Practice Certification Exam 1Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Examen de certificación práctica CCENT nº 2 3987130 CCENT Practice Certification Exam 1 CCNA4 v4 0 CCENT1 Ccent (Icnd1) CCENT Practice Certification Exam 1 CCENT Practice Certification Exam 2 CCENT Practice Certification Exam # 2 – CCNA Exploration CCENT Practice Certification Exam # 1 – CCNA Exploration CCENT Practice Exam Questions 40239056-CCENT-Practice-Certification-Exam-2.pdf CCENT Final Exam 1 Cybersecurity Pre cisco Ccna4-EWan Practice Final Exam v4.0 3_2_Network Configuration Ccna 3 Chapter 9 Using Labview With Tcpip and Udp CCNA 4 v5 CN Practice Skills Assessment – Packet Tracer 2014.docx examr final1 ICND1 Messaging Server 01 Ccna4-Practice Certification Exam#2 v4.0 NS2_2 Final Exam 100% - CCNA Semester 4 CCNA 3 EIGRP Sca N Practice Skills PT Assessment Packet Tracer USING A DEEP UNDERSTANDING OF NETWORK ACTIVITIES FOR SECURITY EVENT MANAGEMENT Network Lab Manual CCNA Practice Exam 1Documents About Router (Computing)Fault Injection Approach for Network on Chip How Cisco ASR 1000 Enables Cisco Business Strategies by Providing Capacity and Resiliency for Collaborative Applications High Fault Coverage For On Chip Network Using Priority Based Routing Algorithm GSET Practices Statement tmp5AF9.tmp Network Technician Resume Sample How Cisco ASR 1000 Enables Cisco Business Strategies by Providing Capacity and Resiliency for Collaborative Applications A proposed algorithm for securing OSPF with using Symmetric key and Encryption techniques based on Image Relay IP v. Hewlett Packard Company Planning, Designing and Implementation of IT Networks using Network Infrastructure and Security Measures Dynamic Map and Diffserv Based AR Selection for Handoff in HMIPv6 Networks 41-4 BIGP- A New Single Protocol that can work as an IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) as well as EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) Five Port Router Architecture Incapsula SOHO Router Report - FINAL Fast IP Network Recovery using MRC Routing Protocols An Approach to Enhance Aggregated Source Specific Multicast Scheme Network Security- Arvind Kumar Sharma Communication box Barclays Equities Electronic Order Handling June 2014 Performance Analysis and Energetic Group Localization Methodology of Multiple Objects using Internet of Things Inside Cisco IT - Cisco on Cisco, Contact Center Migration to UCS Best Practice Review of Rushing Attack in Manets An Efficient Error Correction Code for A Smart Reliable Network-On-Chip More From Guerly Nathaly Molina CCENT Practice Certification Exam 1 CCENT Practice Certification Exam 2 Arquitectura en Tres Capaz Manual Practico Sq l About About Scribd Press Our blog Join our team!Contact Us Join today Invite Friends Gifts Legal Terms Privacy Copyright Support Help / FAQAccessibility Purchase help Ad Choices Publishers Copyright © 2017 Scribd Inc.. Browse Books. Mobile Site. Site Directory. Site Language: English
D999360	http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/fever-in-babies?page=2	Fever in Babies	Fever in Babies In this Article What Causes Infant Fevers? Fever in Babies: What Are the Signs? How Do I Take My Baby's Temperature? At What Temperature Does My Baby Have a Fever? When to Call Your Doctor What Should I Do If My Baby Has a Fever? A fever in babies can be one of the scariest symptoms for parents, especially when that fever is high or the baby is only a few weeks old. In this article, you'll learn what causes infant fevers and what to do when your baby gets a fever. What Causes Infant Fevers? A fever isn't an illness -- it's considered a symptom of one. A fever usually indicates that the body is fighting an illness and the immune system is functioning. If your baby has a fever, in most instances it means he has probably picked up a cold or other viral infection. Although they are less common in infants, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, ear infection or a more serious infection such as a blood bacterial infection or meningitis, may be causing a fever. Other causes of fever in babies include: Reaction to a vaccination Becoming overheated from being dressed too warmly or spending too much time outside on a hot day Continue Reading Belowyou might like SLIDESHOWHow to Soothe Your Child's Cold or Flu Does your child have the cold or flu? Web MD shows you how to ease your child's cold or flu. Help symptoms like cough, sore throat, and stuffiness. Fever in Babies: What Are the Signs? One common sign of fever in babies is a warm forehead, although not having a warm forehead doesn't mean that your baby doesn't have a fever. Your baby may also be crankier and fussier than usual. Other symptoms associated with fever in babies include: Poor sleeping Poor eating Lack of interest in play Less active or even lethargic Convulsions or seizures How Do I Take My Baby's Temperature? You can take a child's temperature a few different ways, such as via the rectum (rectally), mouth (orally), ear, under the arm (axillary), or at the temples. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends only using digital thermometers in children. Mercury thermometers should not be used because they pose a risk of mercury exposure and poisoning if they break. Rectal thermometers provide the most accurate temperature readings, and can be easiest to take in an infant. Typically, babies can't hold an oral thermometer in place, and the reading of an ear, temporal, or underarm thermometer are not as accurate. To take a rectal temperature, first make sure the thermometer is clean. Wash it with soap and water or wipe it off with rubbing alcohol. Lay your baby on the belly or on the back with legs bent toward the chest. Apply a little bit of petroleum jelly around the thermometer bulb and gently insert it about 1 inch into the rectal opening. Hold the digital thermometer in place for about two minutes until you hear the "beep." Then gently remove the thermometer and read the temperature.1 2 View All
D2166459	http://www.bristol.ac.uk/primaryhealthcare/whatisphc.html	Centre for Academic Primary Care	Primary health care is the first point of contact for health care for most people. It is mainly provided by GPs (general practitioners), but community pharmacists, opticians and dentists are also primary health care providers. The Centre for Academic Primary Care is a leading centre for primary care research and teaching in the UK. We are part of Bristol Medical School. Learn more about our research and how it aims to improve health care and health outcomes: Research themes If you are thinking of studying medicine at the University of Bristol: Courses and programmes Why study medicine at the University of Bristol? Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.
D2894616	http://www.famousfix.com/topic/marilyn-manson/dating	Marilyn Manson Â» Dating	Marilyn Manson Dating History Relationship info powered by: Whos Dated Who.com Married Relationship "Encounter"1452 72Lana Del Rey Gemini2012 RUMORLana Del Rey and Marilyn Manson are apparently dating, based on the fact that they took rode in both a minivan and an elevator in Berlin. [Gawker] [more]1319 45Peaches Geldof Pisces2011Peaches Honeyblossom Geldof-Cohen (13 March 1989 – 6 or 7 April 2014) was an English columnist, television personality and model. She was the second daughter of musician Bob Geldof and television presenter Paula Yates. [more]1235 80Lindsay Usich Libra August 2010 - January 2015•Her first known public appearance with Marilyn Manson was at the Boudoir in West Hollywood, California on August 14, 2010. At the time, Manson had recently broken-up with his then-fiancée, Evan Rachel Wood, leading to speculation (since confirmed) that Usich is Manson's new love interest. 2011 ... [more]1111 40Cari Dee English Virgo2010The model turned singer is rumored to be dating none other than shock and goth rocker Marilyn Manson! The odd and unlikely pair have reportedly found love while Cari Dee is hard at work recording her very first music album. Marilyn Manson previously dated actress Evan Rachel Wood. Life and Style Magazine ... [more]1014 36Esmé Bianco Gemini2010 - 2011Esmé Bianco is an English actress, model, DJ and neo-burlesque performer. She is best known for her recurring role as Ros on the first three seasons of Game of Thrones. [more]954 42Stoya Gemini May 2009Stoya (born June 15, 1986) is an American pornographic actress, writer and model. [more]824 40Isani Griffith Aquarius2008 - 2009Isani Griffith (born 1984) is a woman that was believed to be dating Marilyn Manson. Manson appeared with her at an art exhibition in Florida on December 4, 2008 and introduced her as his "special lady friend", he as well made some paintings of her. They were seen kissing and holding hands in ... [more]7193 59Evan Rachel Wood Virgo September 2007 - August 2010Evan Rachel Wood and Marilyn Manson confirmed that they were seeing each other in 2007 following rumors that the two had engaged in an affair that may have strained Manson`s relationship with Dita Von Teese, his wife at the time. Wood issued a statement in November, 2008, announcing that the two had ... [more]6625 31Dita Von Teese Libra January 2002 - July 2007Dita Von Teese (born Heather Renée Sweet; September 28, 1972) is an American burlesque dancer, vedette, model, costume designer, entrepreneur and occasional actress. She is thought to have helped repopularize burlesque performance, as well as vintage fetish style, and was formerly married to Marilyn Manson. [more]5247 45Rose Mc Gowan Virgo September 1997 - February 2001In 1997, Marilyn Manson had never met Rose Mc Gowan in person yet but he had seen her photos/videos and he had read about her and he was very interested on her. Then later in 1997 Rose and Manson met at the entrance of this restaurant, and Rose told him "I heard you got a crush on me". They started ... [more]497 48Jenna Jameson Aries1997Adult film superstar Jenna Jameson says that the reason she "kissed and told" about her sexual liaison with MARILYN MANSON in her new book is because he publicly bragged about the affair. In the book, "How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale" (Regan Books), Jameson writes ... [more]3136 33Missi Romero Sagittarius1992 - 1997Marilyn Manson ex-girlfriend [more]28 33Wendy Moore Sagittariusunknown date RUMORThe Autor of the book Into the Void With Ace Frehley [more]110 53Lexa Vonn Libraunknown date Lexa Vonn is a music journalist and was the singer of an all-girl rock band called Ophelia Rising. They appeared on the Marilyn Manson tribute album Anthems of Rust & Decay doing a cover of Speed of Pain. She is currently a fashion designer and photographer living in Los Angeles. [more]
D2657038	https://www.healthtap.com/topics/can-having-gonorrhea-go-untreated-for-6-to-7-months-make-you-infertile	Top 30 Doctor insights on: Can Having Gonorrhea Go Untreated For 6 To 7 Months Make You Infertile	Top 30 Doctor insights on: Can Having Gonorrhea Go Untreated For 6 To 7 Months Make You Infertile Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Margot Watson2 doctors agreed:1 Can having gonorrhea go untreated for 6 to 7 months make you infertile? Yes: Unfortunately, the chance of infertility from one episode of gonorrhea is about 10%. It goes up a lot with each subsequent infection with chlamydia or gonorrhea. These infections are mostly preventable with always using condoms and limiting your number of sexual partners. ... Read more Board Certified,Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Khurram Rehman1,244 Doctors shared insights Infertility (Definition)Infertility = inability to conceive or if a woman under age 35 - not being able to get pregnant after having regular sex for a year without birth control use. For a woman over 35 years old is not being able to get pregnant after having regular ... Read more Dr. Gerard Honore1 doctor agreed:2 If I had gonorrhea for 4 months how likely am I infertile? Possible: Sorry, "possible" is all anyone can tell you online - you need formal evaluation, particularly for tubal problems, to get a realistic answer. ... Read more Board Certified,Get help from a specialist now Continue Dr. Boris Aronzon1 doctor agreed:3 What are the chances of being infertile if you have had undiagnosed gonorrhea for two years? Depends: Depends on the inflammation process. How far did it go. Where your fallopian tubes affected. Talk to your gynecologist or urologist. ... Read more Dr. Hunter Handsfield4 My friend had gonorrhea and chlymadia three times in the past does this mean she infertile? Probably not: Chlamydia and gonorrhea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), i.e. fallopian tube infection, usually with severe abdominal pain, often fever. PID can result in infertility, but usually does not. Milder infections cause infertility less often. So most likely no problem with fertility. I ... Read more Dr. Robert Killian5 How long before gonorrhea causes sperm reduction, infertility, and spreads to blood / joints in men? Need to know if I infected my ex gf 4 months back Untreated Gonorrhea: This is a difficult question because there is no one right answer. It is very rare to have disseminated gonorrhea. But, the common question here is could one have been infected for months and not know it. And, the answer to that is a resounding yes. Your ex-girlfriend should ... Read more Dr. James Eitner3 doctors agreed:6 If untreated can gonorrhea cause organ infections? Yes, Serious Problem: Untreated, gonorrhea can infect any of the areas along the male and female reproductive system. It can spread into the blood stream causing pockets of infection ( abscess) anywhere in the body. It can infect the joints, heart (heart valve infections), brain ( meningitis ). It can ... Read more Dr. Martin Raff7 What will happen if giardiasis and gonorrhea are left untreated on fertility of a man? I am 26 years old man Gonorrhea: Untreated gonorrhea in men can cause epididymitis - an infection in ducts attached to testicles where sperm mature. This can cause shrinking of the infected testicle, abscesses, and infected sores in the surrounding scrotum area and can ultimately lead to infertility. Am unaware of any ... Read more Dr. Heidi Fowler2 doctors agreed:8 Please tell me what can happen if you have gonorrhea and it is left untreated for a period of time (1-2 years)? Untreated GC: Untreated gonorrhea: a woman could develop pelvic inflammatory disease which may cause fever, pain, infertility ; ^ chances for ectopic pregnancy. A male could develop epididymitis ; more rarely – infertility. It can spread to to both blood ; joints. It can even lead to death. ... Read more Dr. Ed Friedlander2 doctors agreed:9 What happens if you leave gonorrhea of the throat untreated and kiss someone? Two bad ideas: Gonorrhea of the throat is very common and a person owes it both to himself/herself and anybody else who's special to be treated at once. A kiss that's more than a peck can transmit the infection, and I suspect that it's often missed by physicians since there's no history of "oral sex " ... Read more Dr. Michael Flax3 doctors agreed:10 What happens if gonorrhea is left untreated? Infertility: Gonorrhea is an std, reportable to state health agencies which require treatment. If not treated, it can be passed on to other parners. In women, it can cause infection in the tubes and ovaries, pelvic scarring, and infertility. It can cuase a serious infection in the pelvis leading to hospitaliz ... Read more Dr. Heidi Fowler11 What complications can result from untreated gonorrhea? Complications: Untreated gonorrhea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women. It can cause epidydimitis in men. Disseminated gonorrhea spreads through the blood and can cause a high fever, swelling & pain of joints & a rash. ... Read more Dr. Francisco R. Rodriguez12 What are complications that can result from untreated gonorrhea? Gc: Damage to the urethra causing a stricture and difficulty voiding, infertility, epidiymoorchitis. ... Read more Dr. Philip Chenette3 doctors agreed:13 How long does it take for untreated gonorrhea to effect fertility? Immediate: There is no real time limit to the effects of gonorrhea. A cervical infection of any type can obstruct the cervix. Chronic infection causes prolonged inflammation that can prevent pregnancy. After the acute phase of illness, scar tissue is constantly remodeled. The healing process can ... Read more Dr. Hunter Handsfield4 doctors agreed:14 Can DGI occur after 3 years of untreated gonorrhea infection? Very unlikely: DGI is uncommon these days, with only a handful of cases each year in the US. It usually occurs within a few weeks of catching gonorrhea. And almost all gonorrhea is cleared by the immune system within a few months, without antibiotic treatment. It is very rare for anyone to ... Read more Dr. Richard Sarle2 doctors agreed:15 What can happen when you leave a gonorrhea infection untreated? Sicker: Can get very ill. Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. Hunter Handsfield2 doctors agreed:16 I have untreated gonorrhea I only took doxycicline for 7days after the symptoms hope it won't have affected my fertility yet? Its just 38days Not ideal treatment: Was doxycycline the only treatment you took for gonorrhea? It's not a recommended treatment (in Nigeria or anywhere else). However, if your symptoms cleared up and have not returned, most likely you are cured. If symptoms continue or any doubt, see a doctor or ... Read more Dr. Ed Friedlander17 How much damage can year long untreated gonorrhea do? Life-ruiner: He can end up with a urethral stricture and never pee normally again, or scarring in the epididymis that can keep him in pain or unable to be a father. She can end up with scarring in the oviducts that may make pregnancy impossible or have the pregnancy occur in the wrong place. Please don't ... Read more Dr. Wayne Ingram18 Is gonorrhea (untreated for 3 months) visible when a female is internally checked? Not always visible: Gonorrhea is not always visible. That is why GC cultures are done and sent to the lab for examination. ... Read more Dr. James Lin1 doctor agreed:19 What happens if gonorrhea is untreated for 3 months in a female? Can I be treated without a test if I've previously had it? Here are some...: Screening STD, esp. Chlamydia and gonorrhea, has been easy. So & reasonable, you may be presumptively treated for gono after relating prior diagnosis for gono to your doctor, if s/he agrees, despite being free of symptoms. Of course, have partner treated and followed & keep ... Read more Dr. George Klauber2 doctors agreed:20 I had the sti gonorrhea for about 1week bt I felt so ashamed I left it untreated. It has disappeared. Its like I never has it. Is this normal? Need treatment now: Women often have little or no symptoms of gonorrhea. However treatment is imperative because of serious risk of PID (Pelvic inflammatory disease) Please see Dr or visit a clinic for treatment. Also vitally important that you inform all sexual partners for their sake & to prevent them ... Read more Dr. James Ferguson1 doctor agreed:21 Will augmentin 875mg 10days cure untreated gonorrhea Chlamydia? Hard to say: Gonorrhea can be resistant to any penicillin like antibiotic, including Augmentin. Chlamydia is also resistant to Augmentin. If you believe you have acquired one or both of these you need proper testing to see what if any you have along with any others that may be present. Treatment if ... Read more Dr. Tony Ho22 After seven days from being treated from gonorrhea and chlamydia it's it ok to have oral sex without infecting my partner? Yes: Your treatment should be sufficient, but make sure your partner was checked/treated and is clean as well; you don't want a ping-pong reinfection cycle to start. ... Read more Dr. Andrea Brand1 doctor agreed:23 Untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia can lead to complications in women such as infertility, can a month be long enough to cause that damage? Apt coming Possibly: Infertility from infection will depend, on part, on whether Fallopian tubes have been scarred. ... Read more Dr. Heidi Fowler4 doctors agreed:24 This embarrassing but I had gonnorhea two times in my past and chylamadia one time could I be infertile? Don't know enough: Info to try to answer this. Did you ever have PID? I would ask your physician who has more knowledge about the details. ... Read more Dr. George Klauber2 doctors agreed:25 For what length of time can gonorrhea go unnoticed? Indefinitely: Can be unnoticed more, longer & often indefinitely in women. Most men are well aware within 14 days. ... Read more Dr. Joel Gallant1 doctor agreed:26 Female positive for gonorrhea but malle negative. What's going on? Two possibilities: Two possibilities: (1) the female got it from someone else, or (2) they didn't test the male the right way. A urine test only tells you whether the male has gonorrhea in the urethra (penis). Rectal and throat swabs are necessary to find out whether he has it in one of those locations. ... Read more Dr. George Klauber1 doctor agreed:27 Where do I go to get tested for gonorrhea? I am in college and don't want it on my record or insurance. VD clinic. : Or call around to find clinic or dr. Who will do the test anonymously and let you pay directly. Please inform any sex partners if test is positive. ... Read more Dr. Hunter Handsfield8 doctors agreed:28 Hey I'm against taking any sorts of non natural medicines, so it's there a natural way for my gonorrhea to go away? Good grief, NO!!! : If you suspect gonorrhea from symptoms (abnormal penile discharge, often with painful urination) or a sex partner diagnosed with it, you MUST be treated with antibiotics. It might clear on its own, but only after many weeks, leaving behind serious damage in you, a partner or both ... Read more Dr. Kathleen Mullane1 doctor agreed:29 Treated for gonorrhea twice. Tested negative for HIV 5 mos after 1st contact but only 7 days after last sex. Same guy. Should I test again? Thanks Risky business: In individuals at risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases either through sex w/multiple partners or having sex monogamously on your part w/a partner w/multiple contacts recommendations 1, 2 & 3: condoms! Consider HIV testing every 6 mo and if you have symptoms of ... Read more Dr. James Lin3 doctors agreed:30 Can Chlamydia or Gonorrhea go unnoticed for 2 years? Yes, but. ..: Yes, it may, and not uncommon after initial symptoms but not often with no initial flare. Nonetheless, seek counseling and testing if in doubt. In reality, you may do nothing as long as being asymptomatic or not in the category of high risk like multiple partners, promiscuity, anal..., etc. ... Read more Dr. Hunter Handsfield719 Doctors shared insights Gonorrhea (Definition)A sexually transmitted bacterial infection that, if ... Read more Dr. Eric Weisman Adult Health (Definition)Adult Health ... Read more
D2829817	https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g297765-i8115-k3500007-From_Tiberias_to_Tel_Aviv-Tiberias_Galilee_Northern_District.html	From Tiberias to Tel Aviv	Watch this Topic Browse forums All Galilee forums Tiberias forum Tiberias forums Prestovolando Madrid, Spain7 posts Save Topic From Tiberias to Tel Aviv Mar 23, 2010, 4:06 PMI am doing the Jesus Trail, and I will finish one day before I have my flight back home. I am not sure where to spend the night before my flight (in Tiberias, in Nazareth or in Tel Aviv ), and I don't know how to go from one of those cities to Tel Aviv...any idea? Are there buses from Tiberias to Tel Aviv often? And more or less how much does it cost? Thank you!Mentioned in this post Nazareth Galilee, Israel Tel Aviv Tel Aviv District, Israel Report inappropriate content Related: What are the most popular tours in Tiberias? See all Nazareth, Tiberias, Sea of Galilee...190 Reviewsfrom $92.00Nazareth, Tiberias, Sea of Galilee...172 Reviewsfrom $98.00Tel Aviv to Golan Heights Day Trip...22 Reviewsfrom $125.00Private Day Tour: Sea of Galilee...1 Reviewfrom $1,050.001-7 of 7 replies Sorted by 1Visit Israel Israel Destination Expertfor Israel Level Contributor16,401 posts307 reviews Save Reply1. Re: From Tiberias to Tel Aviv Mar 23, 2010, 4:40 PMYou did not metion what time your flight is. If it's anytime before 9 p.m. then you are best off staying Tel Aviv or Jerusalem, which are both within 30 minutes of the airport (depending on traffic). If the flight is later you could stay in Tiberias for half a day and then take the bus toward Tel Aviv. The bus from both Tiberias and from Nazereth is about 50 shekels and takes at least 2 hours on the direct bus. They both have regular bus service at least once an hour and occasionally more often, depending the time of day. You could also take the bus to Haifa from Tiberias or Nazereth and then the train directly to the airport. You must be at the airport at least 3 hours before your flight when departing Israel. Chana Israel Mentioned in this post Tel Aviv Tel Aviv District, Israel Israel Middle East Report inappropriate contentshoshiisrael Destination Expertfor Tel Aviv, Galilee, Israel Level Contributor15,322 posts62 reviews Save Reply2. Re: From Tiberias to Tel Aviv Mar 23, 2010, 4:53 PMBuses from Tiberias to Tel Aviv are often, cost 47 shekels and the ride take 3-3.5 hours. From the central bus station in Tel Aviv walk to the train station for the train to the airport. What day of the week you want to travel? Fridays have limited service and Saturday has none. Mentioned in this post Tel Aviv Tel Aviv District, Israel Report inappropriate contentmbgg Tel-Aviv Destination Expertfor Tel Aviv Level Contributor10,353 posts12 reviews Save Reply3. Re: From Tiberias to Tel Aviv Mar 23, 2010, 5:10 PMYou can check the bus schedules at www.otobusim.com. You can also take the train directly from Akko or Haifa to the airport. http://www.rail.co.il/EN/Pages/Home Page.aspx There is no bus or train service from Friday afternoon until Sunday evening. On what day and at what hour does your flight leave ? You have to be at the airport 3 hrs before departure. Report inappropriate contentshoshiisrael Destination Expertfor Tel Aviv, Galilee, Israel Level Contributor15,322 posts62 reviews Save Reply4. Re: From Tiberias to Tel Aviv Mar 23, 2010, 5:38 PMThere is no bus or train service from Friday afternoon until Sunday evening. It should read SATURDAY evening. Sunday is a regular working day in Israel. Mentioned in this post Israel Middle East Report inappropriate contentmbgg Tel-Aviv Destination Expertfor Tel Aviv Level Contributor10,353 posts12 reviews Save Reply5. Re: From Tiberias to Tel Aviv Mar 23, 2010, 5:42 PMOoops, Thanks Shoshi Report inappropriate content Prestovolando Madrid, Spain7 posts Save Reply6. Re: From Tiberias to Tel Aviv Mar 27, 2010, 8:36 AMThank you all! I will consider all options... All the best :-)Report inappropriate content7. Re: From Tiberias to Tel Aviv Sep 24, 2010, 12:17 AM-:- Message from Trip Advisor staff -:-This topic has been closed to new posts due to inactivity. We hope you'll join the conversation by posting to an open topic or starting a new one. To review the Trip Advisor Forums Posting Guidelines, please follow this link: http://www.tripadvisor.com/pages/forums_posting_guidelines.html We remove posts that do not follow our posting guidelines, and we reserve the right to remove any post for any reason. Removed on: 12:17 am, September 24, 20101-7 of 7 replies Sorted by 1Browse forums All Galilee forums Tiberias forum Watch this Topic Tiberias forums Get answers to your questions about Tiberias Ask a question Recent Conversations Transportation options Mar 28, 2018Travel by rental car: From Tiberias, Israel to Eilat, Israel Mar 26, 2018Cabin in Tiberas Mar 24, 2018Tiberias Sunday Evening activities Mar 16, 2018Hotels Mar 14, 2018Seeking fellow pilgrims to hire driver for Tabgha, Kursi etc Dec 17, 2017One & a half days in the Tiberias area. Oct 17, 2017Day trips in the Lower Galil in December Oct 09, 2017drive from tiberias to safed Jul 25, 2017ATM Tiberias Bus station Jul 12, 2017moshav Jul 04, 2017Beach clubs?? Jun 26, 2017Tiberium Light Show May 27, 2017Bus or Car from Haifa to Tiberius to Jerusalem? Apr 06, 2017See All Tiberias Conversations More Tiberias Topics Driving from Jerusalem to Tiberias vs. bus 5 replieshow to get to Tibeius from Tel Aviv airport? 12 repliestiberias hot springs 5 replies Check out the new refurbished Scotts Hotel 18 repliestravel by bicycles 5 repliesfrom Ben-Gurion Airport to Tiberias 4 replies Zimmer Tiberias or Galilee 7 replies Nof Ginosar, Ein Gev or Maagan Guest Houses? 9 replies Ginosar Inn vs Nof Ginosar Hotel 7 repliesluxury zimmers 8 replies
D2750994	http://www.vox.com/2014/7/30/5951657/US-life-expectancy-marriage-birth-death	The typical American life, in one chart	The average American man lives to about 76, and the average woman until 81. In that lifespan, the average person will spend more than five decades going to school and working — with just two to three decades left over for being a toddler and a retiree. Here's how all of that looks in one chart put together by Wait But Why with data from Gallup, the Pew Research Center, the Baby Center, and the US Census Bureau, and federal data compiled by Forbes: Some interesting facts about the average American life, inspired by the chart: Americans live nearly four decades longer than the average person in Sierra Leone. As with many developing countries, Sierra Leone's low life expectancy is due to a very high infant mortality rate that drives down the overall average. The good news: Fewer babies are dying around the world, and the average life expectancy is rising. Americans are getting married later in life. The typical man got married at 28 in 2011, up from 22 in 1960, according to the Pew Research Center. This is in part explained by the recession, which hurt the economic foundations people like to build up before marriage, and the rising number of college graduates, a group that is more likely to marry later in life. The average length of a US marriage that ends in divorce is about seven years. Remarkably, federal data shows this has been the case since as far back as 1867. One popular explanation for this, according to Psychology Today, is the seven-year itch: the idea that people tire of their mates after seven years together. Women are also having babies later in life, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The CDC attributes this rise to more women waiting until they're 35 and older to have their first child. The average retirement age is also rising, according to Gallup. In 1991 and 1993, the average retirement age was 57. In 2014, that rose to 62. So there you have it: If you want to differ from the typical American, marry and retire early.
D566212	https://www.watchgecko.com/what-is-a-tachymeter-how-to-use-a-tachymeter-tachymeter-meaning/	What is a tachymeter and how to use a Tachymeter? Discover the answer as we demystify this most important part of racing chronograph design language....	Category: Articles \| Date: June 5, 2017What is a tachymeter and how to use a Tachymeter? Discover the answer as we demystify this most important part of racing chronograph design language.... Have you been anywhere near any half-decent chronograph watches recently? If so, you probably noticed a circumferential etched or printed scale marked ‘tachymètre’ or ‘tachymeter’ around the bezel or outer edge of the dial. The fact that you’ve arrived here suggests that you asked the question: ‘What is a tachymeter?’ So we’ll explain…What’s a tachymeter? Definition To start, we can visit the Swiss Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie website for a simple definition of ‘tachymeter’:‘In watchmaking, a chronograph or sports counter with a scale for reading speed in kilometres per hour (kph) or another unit.’In Wristwatches by Gisbert L. Brunner and Christian Pfeiffer-Belli, the glossary includes an entry under ‘Tachometer scale’:‘A scale on the dial of chronographs that converts elapsed time to average speed. The chronograph is used to time a vehicle over a measured kilometre or a mile. The stopped chronograph hand points to the average speed of the vehicle in kph or mph over the distance.’The answer to the question, ‘What is a tachymeter on a watch?’ is that simple: it’s a device for measuring speed. But as so often happens, the deeper you dig, the more fascinating things there are to discover, so please read on…A device that measures speed Whether the term tachymeter, tachymetric scale, tachymètre or tachometer is used is a matter of preference. All variants are seen, with tachymeter and tachymètre being more usual. Given the status of Omega’s Speedmaster chronograph and the Rolex Cosmograph Daytona in watch circles, the two watchmakers’ preferences for tachymeter and tachymetric scale respectively is revealing. What does tachymeter mean? In all cases the term originates from the Greek words tachos (speed) and metron (measure) – a device that measures speed, whether during a magazine’s road test or on the measured mile at Daytona Raceway in Florida. Historically, the base units for the tachymeter scale, which is divided into increasing increments, have been either miles or kilometres. However, on some racing chronographs, such as the Cosmograph Daytona, the tachymetric scale is annotated only with the words ‘Units per Hour’. This is sometimes abbreviated to ‘UPH’, as on the 1969 Breitling Chrono-Matic. Not specifying mph or kph allows measurement in km, miles or any unit that can be travelled in under a minute. By the way, we occasionally get asked the ‘tachymeter vs chronograph question’, as if they were two versions of the same thing. Just to clarify, all tachymeters are part of a chronograph watch, but not all chronograph watches have tachymeters. A tachymeter is a scale that may or may not appear on the face or bezel of a chronograph, which as we know is effectively a stopwatch. How to use a tachymeter How does a tachymeter work? It’s actually straightforward, even more so if your watch has a fixed tachymeter (rather than one etched on a rotating bezel). You simply time the racecar over the measured distance and read off the speed on the tachymeter. So when were tachymeters first added to chronographs? In Chronograph Wristwatches to Stop Time, we learn that, ‘…around 1900, Léon Guinand of Brenets, Switzerland, patented a tachometer chronograph…’ And that ‘F. Amez-Droz of Geneva patented a spiral or so-called “Snail Tachometer Scale”…in 1907…’. Nowadays, the rotary tachymeter, normally on a fixed bezel, but occasionally, as we’ll see later, on a rotating bezel, is the norm for racing watches. And knowing how to use a tachymeter (even if you never actually do) is impressive. How does a tachymeter work? The mathematical principles behind tachymeters mean it’s as simple as dividing 3,600 (the number of seconds in an hour) by the number of seconds that it takes a vehicle to cover a measured mile or kilometre. The result (the average speed over the distance) is read off the tachymeter scale as indicated by the watch’s chronograph hand. Different kinds of tachymeter Three main tachymeter configurations have evolved since the late nineteenth century. Let’s look at them and understand how to use tachymeter scales of different kinds: Circumferential on a fixed bezel The majority of tachymeter scales are circumferential around the bezel or dial of a racing chronograph. This can either be on a fixed outer bezel (eg. Rolex Cosmograph Daytona) or a fixed inner bezel (e.g. the Heuer Carrera ref. 1158)). If the tachymeter markings are on the outer circumference of the dial (e.g. the Heuer Camaro Ref. 7220T), operation of the scale is the same as for a bezel-mounted tachymeter. Snail-type tachymeters Occasionally, typically, but not exclusively, on vintage chronographs, a spiralling tachymeter scale is etched or printed on the centre of the dial – often to complement a circumferential telemeter scale. This configuration is variously referred to as a ‘snailed tachymeter’, ‘spiralling tachymeter’, or ‘circling scale’. It works like a fixed tachymeter scale, but offers a wider range of speeds because it is usable for multiple rotations of the second hand (typically three). In Universal Genève: 100 ans de tradition horlogère by Bonifacio and Rivolta, the authors describe the form and function of the spiral tachymètre scale as follows:‘For lower speeds, the dials needed additional scales, for example a spiral with three differently coloured rings within the hour symbols. The first ring shows speeds timed over a distance of one km. in times ranging from 0 to 60” (i.e. if one km. is covered in 60”, the speed is 60 km./h). The second ring indicates speeds timed over distances covered in 61” to 120”; the third from 121” to 180”. Let’s say the distance of 1 km. is covered in 2’5” (or 125”: the speed will be shown by the small hand in the minute dial being on 2, while the centre seconds hand will be on 5 in the seconds scale. The hand indicating the number 29 in the third ring indicates the speed per hour measured over a distance of 1 km. ‘Spiralling tachymeter scales are useful for measuring things that happen slower than 60 cycles per hour. Excellent contemporary examples include the Longines Tachymeter Chronograph, Reference L2.780.4.18.2 and Sinn’s limited edition Chronograph Tachymeter. The latter has a central triple-graduated spiral tachymeter scale for average speeds ranging from 20 km/h to 300 km/h. Circumferential tachymeter on a moving bezel Here’s where things get really interesting – and much rarer. Rotating bezel tachymeters are, strangely, not widespread on chronographs (and never were). Despite their relative rarity, the Heuer-invented rotating-bezel tachymeter solves one of the biggest challenges facing anyone timing average speeds over more than one consecutive measured mile or kilometre. A major limitation of the fixed tachymeter is that you can only measure over a single base distance. In the absence of rotating bezel tachymeters, race timers used to use sets of three stopwatches attached to multi-sequence timing boards. But what if the driver had to do his own timing? One option was a flyback chronograph with a tachymeter scale. But that was imprecise, less than accurate and not always reliable. Besides, access to flyback chronos for civilian use wasn’t widespread back in the 1960s and 1970s. Another solution, widely used for lap timing in the 1970s was the (Heuer again) Taylor split-action timer. Unfortunately, in the absence of a tachymeter scale, it isn’t a good tool for calculating average speeds for each mile of a drive. For that, you need something else…Heuer’s rotating tachometer bezel Enter Heuer’s rotating tachymeter bezel in the 1960s. A generation or race and rally drivers bought their Autavia and Viceroy chronographs, used them in conjunction with Halda Twinmaster odometers and put their feet down for glory! For a very thorough discussion of Heuer’s innovative rotating tachymeter bezel for race timing, do visit the On The Dash blog. Coincidentally at the time of writing this article, Hodinkee published a fascinating story about a 50-year-old Heuer Autavia Ref 2446C with tachymeter bezel that John Parramint, a Lotus factory test driver in the 1960s, bought for £58 to use while testing Lotus Elan and Europa prototypes. The watch was sold at auction in London in March 2017. Practical tool or style statement? What does a tachymeter do in an age of sophisticated computerised digital timing? Nowadays, the rotating bezel on that vintage Autavia is more of a style statement, a way of demonstrating your affinity with motorsport, or a simple device for everyday timing and reminders. That rotating bezel is a valuable reminder that Heuer took the initiative to pursue the rotating bezel tachymeter when their peers, including such notables as Rolex and Omega, didn’t. While other brands gave customers the ‘look’ of the tachymeter and limited functionality to measure speed over standard distances, Heuer went an important step further. Probably due to their long involvement with, and understanding of, motor sport fans and participants’ needs, they gave serious users something much more useful. And a convenient tool for all manner of day-to-day timing requirements. Whether by accident or design, it was inspired. The tachymeter on the Geckota Racing Chrono When Geckota sought inspiration for its first racing chronograph, the Heuer Camaro and similar 1960s and 1970s chronographs piqued the team’s interest. Close examination of the Camaro suggested a fixed-bezel chrono rather than the moving bezel tachymeter function on late 1960s Autavias. The original Heuer Camaro was introduced in 1968. It was a tribute to the Chevrolet Camaro ‘pony car’ that debuted two years earlier. The watch had a cushion-case, so redolent of the period, and several versions featured a 60 to 300 unit tachymeter at the dial’s outer edge. Part of the Geckota tradition involves taking inspiration from classic watches and adding contemporary ‘twists’. Variations on the Geckota Racing Chronograph include different dial configurations, a modern Seiko meca-quartz movement and a 60 to 400 unit tachymeter, meaning the Geckota can actually time up higher speeds than Heuer’s original! The tachymeter scale is a dominant part of the Camaro’s visual impact, in high-contrast white on black, white on grey or orange on black depending on the version. Conclusion So there you have it, ‘what is a tachymeter?’ answered in the time it takes to enjoy a leisurely coffee and doughnut. Hopefully we’ve answered your query, increased your understanding of the tachymeter on your chrono and aroused your curiosity to learn more about tachymeters. If there’s one defining part of racing chronograph design language, it’s the tachymeter scale. It’s use for race timing may be a thing of the past. But as a connection with classic racing and motorsport in general, tachymeters will always be important. Even if you don’t take your chronograph racing, knowing about the tachymeter and tachymeter use should help you get more pleasure from your watch. Besides, knowing how to use a tachymeter on a watch is kind of cool!Share this post Author: Al Hidden As well as wordsmithing Watch Gecko product descriptions, I’ve researched and written on topics including Fliegeruhren, NATO straps and divers’ watches. Like my watch collection, my copywriting library has grown with a shelf of watch, aviation and diving books…Leave a Comment Name Email Comment Post your comment
D3286563	https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/budesonide	What Is Budesonide (Uceris)?	What Is Budesonide (Uceris)?31 Reviews Budesonide is the generic name of a prescription drug sold under the brand names Entocort EC, Uceris, Pulmicort, Pulmicort Flexhaler, Pulmicort Respules, and Rhinocort. Budesonide treats a variety of conditions, including diseases of the intestines or bowels like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, lung diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and allergic rhinitis (hay fever)It's also one of the drugs found in the inhaler Symbicort, used to treat COPD and asthma. Budesonide was approved in 1994 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the brand name Rhinocort, and was manufactured by Astra Zeneca. Budesonide Warnings No prescription drug that contains budesonide as its only active ingredient carries a black-box warning. However, Symbicort, an inhaler that contains both budesonide and formoterol, carries a black-box warning because of the health risks associated with formoterol. You should not take budesonide if you are allergic to it or any of its ingredients, or if have any of the following conditions: High blood pressure or congestive heart failure (CHF)Liver problems Eye conditions like glaucoma or cataracts Diabetes Ongoing infection Ulcers Seizures Mental or mood conditions Also, it's important to note that children shouldn't take the sustained release (SR) or long-acting capsules of budesonide. Talk to your doctor before taking budesonide if you: Are taking sustained-release budesonide and are about to have surgery Have osteoporosis Have tuberculosis Pregnancy and Budesonide Budesonide that is taken by mouth falls under the FDA's Pregnancy Category C, meaning that harm to a developing fetus can't be ruled out. Inhaled forms of budesonide fall under Pregnancy Category B, meaning that it's unlikely to harm a developing fetus. Regardless, you should tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant before taking this medication. Budesonide is found in breast milk. Talk to your doctor if you are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed before or while taking budesonide. Budesonide for Dogs and Cats Studies reveal that budesonide works just as well as prednisone for treating inflammatory bowel disease in dogs. Budesonide is also prescribed for cats who suffer from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because it not only helps relieve their symptoms, but also has fewer side effects than other steroid treatments. Back to Top
D1007163	http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-kirby/the-colllege-entry-essay-_b_4013010.html	The College Entry Essay: Tips from Admissions Officers at Leading Schools	THE BLOG 09/30/2013 11:34 am ET Updated Nov 30, 2013The College Entry Essay: Tips from Admissions Officers at Leading Schools By David Kirby Across the country, parents and high school seniors are in the middle of the daunting college application process, especially the much-feared, often misunderstood personal essay portion. How important is the essay section? Enough to potentially make the difference between getting into the school of your choice, or landing on the reject pile. A lousy essay can sink a student with terrific grades and test scores; likewise, a compelling, well-crafted essay just might push a more moderate achiever over the top and into class next fall. Chances are you’re completing the “Common Application” used by more than 500 schools for undergraduate admissions. But whether you are filling out a Common Application, or a university’s own entry form, the questions, and the principals of writing powerful answers, largely remain the same. Typically, applicants are asked to write a personal essay, followed by a shorter supplemental essay (often asking why they want to attend that school) and a short-answer essay, usually about one of their personal experiences outside the classroom (work, sports, cultural pursuits, volunteering, etc.). All three are critical: Do not equate word count with importance. Essay questions are referred to as “prompts,” and you should take that meaning literally. They are meant to make you think, reflect, self-analyze and work out in your mind how you feel about a certain topic, and how you want to express those feelings in writing. This year’s Common App eliminated the “Topic of Your Choice” option, but extended the maximum word count from 500 to 650. There are five prompts to choose from on the Common App, other schools will vary: Your personal background story How you l earned from a failure How you challenged a belief or idea An ideal place you experienced An experience that marked your transition to adulthood Many students have already drafted their essays, but many more have not. In either case, you might want to check out these suggestions from admissions officers I spoke with at five leading schools: UC Berkeley, the University of Chicago, NYU, Northeastern, and George Mason University (GMU). Depending on the University, they told me, about 30%, and in some places as high as 50%, of the decision is based on the essay sections. TAKE YOUR TIMEThese will be, perhaps, the most important documents you will have written so far in your life, so don’t rush through any part of them. Choosing what prompt to follow, formulating your message, composing a first draft, editing a second draft, and polishing the final product into a compelling read are all important stages of good writing, and they each require their own amount of time. If you hurry through one step, the other steps will not carry the essay, and it will fail.“Start early, gather as much information as you can, sign up for the mailing list of every college that you’re interested in, and visit a few colleges, if possible,” advises Garrett Brinker, Senior Assistant Director of Admissions at The University of Chicago. “The college application process is long and arduous, so take some time, think deeply, and don’t forget to enjoy the process while it lasts,”Students, and their parents, “should spend some time to consider the application as a whole rather than just the sum of its parts,” he adds. “There is no magical formula to a successful college essay. And there are very few ways to write a successful essay unless you have spent a significant amount of time on it. The very best essays come from students who have devoted a significant amount of time to introspection and preparation. It is apparent to us when a student has spent only a couple hours on an essay.”CHOOSE WISELY If you are completing the General App, think over the main essay’s five options very carefully before deciding which one to tackle. If there is nothing particularly exceptional about your personal background, choose another prompt. If the failure that you learned from paints you in an unflattering light, that’s not the prompt for you. Whatever the topic, be sure to relate it back to you as an individual, and how that person, place or thing affected you and made you the type of student this school would want to attract. Be sure to keep your topic, well, topical, and within the bounds of reasonable discourse. “While I don’t believe there are any essay topics that are inherently bad, it is important for the student to keep in mind that they don’t know who will be reading their essay,” says Liz Cheron, Associate Director for Admissions at Northeastern University. “If they choose something obscure or related to pop culture, they should make sure to give enough context for a reader who may not be familiar with the topic,” she adds. “If they choose to write about something controversial, they should take an educated stand, rather than what could be seen as an offensive stand.” Remember, extreme views, about politics or religion, especially, are probably unwelcome at most schools. It’s critical, as well, to stay focused, even if you are trying to say a lot. “There are multiple different avenues you can take. Some essays might be about one topic or event or person, while others weave a compelling story about multiple things,” according to Shawn Abbott, Assistant Vice President and Dean of Admissions at New York University. But, he warns, “The only danger is that the essay is going to be read by admission officers, each with a potentially different expectation for that essay. And they are going to read the application and essay at a relatively rapid rate, so you risk losing the attention of the committee if you try to accomplish too much with one writing sample. It is one writing sample. You’re not expected to tell us about every experience in your life.”THIS IS NOT A RESUME“If the admissions essay were meant for applicants to list all their awards and qualifications, it would be called a resume,” says Northeastern’s Cheron. “The essay is more of an opportunity for the applicant to share their character, unique passions and interests, and meaningful experiences.”NYU’s Abbott concurs. “The biggest mistake is simply to rehash your resume. It’s lazy and not creative,” he says. “There’s ample amount of real estate on any application for you to talk about your resume-like experiences in other sections. The essay is your forum to tell an admissions officer and committee a story.” But you have few words, so use them to “talk about you as person and the life experiences you’ve had.”Abbott adds, if your resume is largely focused on one thing (sports, business, politics, etc.) you might want to consider another subject to write about. “If you have been published as a writer, that stands on its own. You don’t have to use it as an essay topic. If you’re a soccer player, don’t write about soccer. The danger is you can be perceived to be one dimensional. I have seen so many acting, dancing and theater students do that. It’s just a missed opportunity.”BE COMPELLINGIt may sound cliché, but it’s true. This is perhaps the most important tip of all: The word “compelling” came up in all my interviews. Tell the reader a terrific story, hopefully one they’ve never heard before. Compel them to fight for you by providing as many clues to your character as possible. “I always say the more information you can give a college, the better your ability to write an essay,” says Richard Friesner, Director of the Washington Scholars Program at George Mason University’s Admissions Office. “Challenge us; we’re giving you an opportunity to tell us more about yourself, so you should take that chance.” Friesner wants to read an essay and then think, “This is a good kid and I could see them here,” he says. “I like to see their passion. They’re going to college to learn skills, problem-solving skills that are used in the real world. So show me that passion on why you want to be pre-med, or why dance is the major for you.”Matthew Boyce, Senior Associate Director of Undergraduate Admissions at GMU, believes students should find something attention-grabbing in their past to highlight. If you don’t have any experience in community service, say, you might instead describe, “overcoming obstacles, or confronting other things in your life that might show how persistent you’ll be through graduation,” he says. “I’m interested in who you are, and why I should accept you as an admissions counselor. What makes you interesting is a really important aspect of your essay.”So what should take precedence, style or substance? “Both things are appropriate,” Boyce says, adding that you should write directly to admissions officers, who want to feel moved by your words. “If two students are competing for a spot, and I look at two essays, which one do I feel more compelled to hear? If it makes me laugh or cry, it’s more likely the one I’ll remember. I will fight for that kid, because I feel a personal attachment.”Again, whatever you write about, make it personal. “Essays should be self-reflective. This is the difference between a good essay and a great essay,” says Cheron of Northeastern. “Most applicants can tell a story with their essay, but many will miss the part of the question that asks them to relate that topic back to themselves. The story gives us context, but the second part is the most vital. It is an opportunity for the student to demonstrate an awareness of their ability to learn from and be shaped by personal experiences.”Good writing counts. “You’d be hard-pressed to find too many universities that aren’t compelled by students who are strong writers, even if they are studying math or science,” says NYU’s Abbott. “The ability to tell a story and be a good writer is a skill that most (schools) revere.” A poorly written effort, he warns, “is the quickest way to sink an essay, even if the content is compelling and tugs at heartstrings, or inspires or entertains us. Even if that’s the case, if the writing is bad the writing is bad, and probably the fastest way to sink an application.”Amy Jarich, UC Berkeley’s Assistant Vice Chancellor and Director of Undergraduate Admissions, says students should think of these as “personal statements,” rather than essays. “Show us strong numbers, great courses, a good long list of solid extracurricular activities, but tell us how you used these opportunities to achieve what you did in your short 18 years,” she says. But don’t kill yourself over it. “I’ve been reading application essays for a long time. Most are in the middle: not great, not awful. Don’t try to make this the essay that I remember at the end of year. Just make it the best story you can tell. What we’re hoping to find, no matter how well you’ve done academically, is strength of character, motivation for service to others, and leadership.”TO BRAG OR NOT TO BRAG? If you have something to brag about, go ahead, brag. But keep it within the bounds of humility. “The kids I work with are more likely to express how great they are, they’re not likely to undersell themselves,” says GMU’s Boyce. “Give us what you are great at, just tell us. Every college is looking for the best possible student. We want to be able to brag about you (to the committee) and the more we know, the more we can brag.” The University of Chicago’s Brinker agrees. “We’re trying to better understand a student’s personality, character, and intellectual fervor,” he notes. “Some of the better essays are the ones I can come away from knowing exactly the type of person this prospective student is.”So how boastful should you be? “That’s tough to answer,” Abbott, of NYU, concedes. “If you’re writing about yourself, there will be a fine line between arrogance and confidence. Showing a little humility can help you be an effective ambassador for yourself.” HANDLING THE “WHY US?” QUESTIONThis is one of the most important prompts of all, and if asked, you need to answer it with care. “Colleges, like students, vary in personality and character. Do your research, decide what is most important to you, and put together a list of schools at which you will be both happy and successful,” counsels Brinker. Such careful preparation “will empower you to craft applications which will appeal to the particular character of each college,” he says.“Admissions counselors are hoping to hear a genuine, thoughtful answer,” as to why you want to attend their institution, Cheron says. “While we aren’t looking to read a paraphrased version of our website, we would like to know that the student did their homework and that their interest is genuine and their opinion is educated. A student should take some time to reflect on why they want to attend a certain school: Was it how they felt on a tour, or something they read in a publication that resonated? We want to know why they’re excited to think about life as a student on our campus.”Be as specific as possible, adds GMU’s Friesner. “We taut our diversity, so tell us exactly why you want to go to a diverse school. If you’re pre-med, provide a list of courses that specifically interest you: What class or professor you would like to learn from?”Abbott says there’s “no magic answer,” to this prompt. “But the candidates that do best are thinking about making a personal connection between the university and themselves. You can safely assume that anyone applying to NYU is attracted by the city of New York. So do what you can to make it more personal, go to a deeper level as to why you feel you are a good match, above and beyond the expectation you would have as a tourist. It’s not compelling to us when a student talks about visiting Time Square.”Flattery, meanwhile, will only get you so far. “There’s no extra credit for having us at the top of your list. We look for clues in the application and personal statement that tells us you didn’t just pick us off the Top-10,” says UC Berkeley’s Jarich. “The best informed applicant is going to write the best essay.”The worst answer, everyone agrees, is to say “I want to study here because you have a great major in X,” or because, “you are in the Top-10,” say. “You need to talk at a more granular level, about your specific area of study, or a faculty member you want to work with,” says NYU’s Abbott. “We want to see how you’ll contribute here for the next four years. We don’t want to be perceived as just a pit-stop on your way to your career.”REMEMBER, YOU’RE YOUNG Hemmingway, you are not expected to be. “Parents and students can often forget that the essay, as well as the entire college process, is designed to be manageable for a 17-year-old,” Cheron says. “Students should take the essay seriously, but colleges aren’t expecting doctoral dissertations, they just want to learn about the applicant, in the applicant’s own voice.”Berkeley’s Jarich notes that, “Most young people have little real drama to write about. The average suburban kid might ask, ‘What’s so special about me?’ I say to them, do a journal exercise. When something happens, write down how it makes you feel, turn it into a very personal, powerful story, one that lets you tell what you believe in, what you stand for. These things happen to us throughout the day, every day, and I think they happen more often when you are in high school.”One of the most “meaningful” essays Jarich ever read came from “one of those students who felt they didn’t have any drama or anything to stand out to make me tear up.” So she wrote a story, “very well-put together, about a summer job dressed in costume at a theme park. She showed me the park through the eyes of a giant cartoon character, and did it so powerfully and so well. That summer taught her that, when a child gives you a hug, you let them decide when it’s time to let go,” she says. “It was very sweet and very observant. It brought tears to my eyes, and it didn’t have a story of high drama, just her experience and compassion and understanding. What college isn’t going to say, ‘We like that, we need that’?”PROOFREAD, PROOFREAD, PROOFREAD“The simplest thing an applicant can do to prevent missteps is thoroughly proofread their essay, not just spell check it,” Cheron says. “While a mistake may not make or break an applicant’s decision, it doesn’t leave a positive impression with the reader if you wrote ‘reality’ instead of ‘realty,’ or ‘costumer service” instead of ‘customer service.’” Friesner at GMU says grammatical errors “are a big issue. We have the expectation that students spent time thinking and completing their essay. I see all kinds of errors of spelling, text type, even a lower-case ‘i’ and ‘lol.’ These things are from the new age of communication, and that’s irrelevant for this type of writing.” Finally, if applying to more than one school, make SURE to change the name of the institution in each essay! That fatal mistake happens more than you’d think. GET HELP, BUT NOT TOO MUCHMany students hire coaches to help with their essays, but it is illegal and unethical to have them do anything more than advise and provide suggested edits for you to consider. This is your chance to shine: every word must be your own. Of course, don’t be the only one to read your essay. “We recommend getting another pair of eyes and feedback on what you’ve written, but to us there’s a firm line between getting feedback and having someone else edit your essay,” says Abbott. Cheating, plagiarism, or hiring someone to write the essay will likely be detected. “Some colleges employ software to do just that,” he says. “There’s incredible danger in paying or copying someone. If you turn in an A+ writing sample, but your other grades don’t add up, you’re not going to get in. We suspect students who produce samples that are too polished but got a C in AP English.”Berkeley’s Jarich advises applicants “to read their work aloud and edit it when given feedback, but do not edit it to the point that your voice is lost. While some may wonder how we could know if it is their voice, a veteran application reader will tell you that there are enough clues in the application to know when the essay has been re-engineered to the point of losing the connection to the student.”In other words, write to your ability, be yourself, and do the best you can. And remember, writing can be a great life experience in itself. “For some, this is the first time that they are being asked to shine a light on their own life,” Jarich adds. “It is an exercise that will prove to be helpful not only in college applications, but in other selection processes that will follow.”David Kirby, an author and journalist, also provides writing and media consulting to individuals and organizations. More information is at www.davidkirbycoaches.com David Kirby Author/Journalist/Writing & Media Coach www.davidkirbycoaches.com This Blogger’s Books and Other Items from... Death at Sea World: Shamu and the Dark Side of Killer Whales in Captivityby David Kirby Animal Factory: The Looming Threat of Industrial Pig, Dairy, and Poultry Farms to Humans and the Environmentby David Kirby
D2686686	http://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/health/communicable-diseases/zoonotic/facts-resources/diseases-by-animal/goats-livestock.aspx	Diseases from goats and livestock	Home Public Health — Seattle & King County Communicable diseases and immunization Zoonotic diseases Facts, guidelines and permits Diseases by animal Goats and livestock Diseases from goats and livestock Goat ownership is legal in Seattle and in many parts of King County, subject to certain restrictions. It is important to understand legal issues, disease concerns, goat husbandry, milking, and sanitation before you get a goat as a pet or for food production. Goats may be kept for milk production, either to consume fresh or for making cheese, yogurt or other dairy products. Public Health recommends that all milk, including goat's milk, be pasteurized to kill harmful bacteria prior to use. Drinking raw (unpasteurized) milk, or eating products made from raw milk can be dangerous because raw milk can be contaminated with harmful bacteria. Diarrhea and stomach pain (which may be severe) can result from infections with Campylobacter , Salmonella, or E. coli O157: H7 bacteria in milk. Severe kidney damage from infection with E. coli O157: H7 (called hemolytic uremic syndrome, or HUS) may result, especially in young children. Another risk is miscarriage, stillbirth or severe illness or death in the newborn when a pregnant woman is infected with Listeria bacteria, which can be present in unpasteurized milk. Information about owning goats in King County Raw milk and associated diseases Food Safety and Raw Milk (CDC)Real Raw Milk Facts (Marler Clark LLP, PS)Brucellosis Brucellosis is a bacterial infection that can affect goats and other livestock such as sheep and cows and wild ruminants such as deer, elk and bison. Brucellosis causes abortion or stillbirth in animals. Brucellosis is rare in livestock in the U. S. but common in many other countries. People most often get infected from direct contact with the placenta and other discharges from animals that are giving birth. Infected animals can shed the Brucella bacteria in milk and in vaginal fluids after abortion or birth. People can also get infected from consuming unpasteurized milk and other dairy products from infected animals. Symptoms in people vary, but serious disease can occur. Dogs can also get brucellosis but the dog type rarely spreads to people. Brucellosis, CDCBrucella canis, NASPHVBrucellosis, CFSPH, Iowa State University Campylobacteriosis Campylobacteriosis is an infection of the intestines caused by a bacteria called Campylobacter. The bacteria is commonly found in the feces of infected animals and in food products contaminated with the bacteria during processing or preparation. Raw or undercooked chicken is one of the most common sources of human infection. Escherichia coli O157: H7 ( E. coli) infection Escherichia coli ( E. coli) include a large group of bacteria that live in the guts of animals and people. Most are harmless but some can cause disease. One particular strain called E. coli O157: H7 can cause serious disease in people. The E. coli O157: H7 are shed in the stool of infected animals and people. People can get infected when they eat food or drink water or milk contaminated by the bacteria. Infection with E. coli O157: H7 can cause diarrhea and in some cases a severe complication called hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS damages the kidneys and blood vessels and is more common in young children and the elderly. Listeriosis Listeriosis is a rare but serious disease of humans caused by the germ Listeria monocytogenes; it is usually acquired by eating or drinking foods contaminated with the germ. Unpasteurized milk and cold cuts are the foods most likely to transmit listeriosis. Infected cattle and goats can also spread the infection to humans when the infection causes them to abort and the placental remains are heavily contaminated. Listeria is especially hazardous to pregnant women. Orf (sore mouth infection, contagious ecthyma)Orf is a common disease worldwide in goats and sheep. It is also called "sore mouth" or "scabby mouth." It is caused by a virus (parapoxvirus) that causes blisters to form on the lips, muzzle, and in the mouth. Later the blisters become crusty scabs. It is especially common in young animals and may cause them to have difficulty nursing or feeding. Most animals recover completely within a month, but may get reinfected. Orf lesions may resemble foot-and-mouth disease, which is a very serious animal disease that has not occurred in the U. S. since 1929. Due to concern about foot and mouth disease, the WA State Department of Agriculture investigates possible cases of orf in goats and sheep to be sure that the animal does not have foot-and-mouth disease (see link below). People can get infected via direct contact with an infected animal or by touching contaminated equipment such as halters, buckets or fences in the animal's environment. The virus penetrates through small lesions in the skin. People most often get infections on their fingers where blisters form in 3-7 days. The sores may be painful and can last for two months. A lab test to diagnose the infection is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A healthcare provider would need to contact the local health department for information about testing. There is no specific treatment and people do not infect other people. Activities that may put people at risk of infection include bottle feeding or shearing sheep or goats, petting infected animals, handling contaminated equipment, and being bitten by an infected animal. Frequently Asked Questions About Sore Mouth Infection (Orf Virus), CDCFoot-and-mouth disease: A Foreign threat to Washington livestock, WA State Dept. of Agriculture Q Fever Q fever is a disease caused by a type of bacterium named Coxiella burnetii. It is primarily a disease of cattle, sheep, and goats although other livestock and pets can also get Q Fever. The disease in people ranges from asymptomatic to severe. Most animals have no symptoms but infection may cause abortion in sheep and goats. Infection in people occurs by inhaling dust contaminated with dried placental material, birth fluids, as well as urine and feces from infected animals. The risk of infection is greatest close to the source of bacteria, but there have been cases of infection even several miles away. Accidentally inhaling contaminated milk is a less common way getting the infection. Salmonellosis - Goats and Livestock Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection of the intestines caused by a group of bacteria called Salmonella. The bacteria are shed in the stool of infected animals and humans. Infection can happen when a person eats food or drinks water or milk that has been contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. Infection with Salmonella can cause serious disease especially in children younger than 5 years of age, the elderly, and persons with weakened immune systems. Last Updated October 27, 2017 Share Tweet Email Print
D2322402	https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000015.htm	Pediatric heart surgery - discharge	Your child had surgery to repair a heart defect. If your child had open-heart surgery, a surgical cut was made through the breastbone or the side of the chest. The child also may have been put on a heart-lung bypass machine during surgery. After the surgery, your child was probably in the intensive care unit (ICU) and then in another part of the hospital. What to Expect at Home Your child will need at least 3 or 4 more weeks at home to recover. For larger surgeries, recovery may take 6 to 8 weeks. Talk with your child's health care provider about when your child can return to school, daycare, or take part in sports. Pain after surgery is normal. There may be more pain after closed-heart surgery than after open-heart surgery. This is because nerves may have been irritated or cut. The pain will likely decrease after the second day and can sometimes be managed with acetaminophen (Tylenol). Many children behave differently after heart surgery. They may be clingy, irritable, wet the bed, or cry. They may do these things even if they were not doing them before their surgery. Support your child through this time. Slowly begin to set the limits that were in place before the surgery. Activity For an infant, keep the child from crying for too long for the first 3 to 4 weeks. You can calm your child by staying calm yourself. When lifting your child, support both the child's head and bottom for the first 4 to 6 weeks. Toddlers and older children will often stop any activity if they become tired. The provider will tell you when it is OK for your child to return to school or daycare. Most often, the first few weeks after surgery should be a time to rest. After the first follow-up visit, the provider will tell you what your child can do. For the first 4 weeks after surgery, your child should not do any activity that could result in a fall or a blow to the chest. Your child should also avoid bicycle or skateboard riding, roller skating, swimming, and all contact sports until the provider says it is OK. Children who have had an incision through the breastbone need to be careful about how they use their arms and upper bodies for the first 6 to 8 weeks. DO NOT pull or lift the child by the arms or from their armpit area. Scoop the child up instead. Prevent your child from doing any activities that involve pulling or pushing with the arms. Try to keep your child from lifting the arms above the head. Your child should not lift anything heavier than 5 pounds (2 kg). Diet Keep a close eye on your child's diet to make sure they get enough calories to heal and grow. After heart surgery, most babies and infants (younger than 12 to 15 months) can take as much formula or breast milk as they want. In some cases, the doctor may want your baby to avoid drinking too much formula or breast milk. Limit feeding time to around 30 minutes. Your child's provider will tell you how to add extra calories to formula if it is necessary. Toddlers and older children should be given a regular, healthy diet. The provider will tell you how to improve the child's diet after surgery. Ask your child's provider if you have any questions about your child's nutrition. Wound Care Your provider will instruct you on how to care for the incisions. Look at the wound for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, tenderness, warmth, or drainage. Your child should take only a shower or a sponge bath until your provider says otherwise. Steri-Strips should not be soaked in water. They will begin to peel off after the first week. It is OK to remove them when they start to peel off. For as long as the scar looks pink, make sure it is covered with clothing or a bandage when your child is in the sun. Follow-up Ask your child's provider before getting any immunizations for 2 to 3 months after surgery. Afterward, your child should have a flu shot every year. Many children who have had heart surgery must take antibiotics before, and sometimes after, having any dental work. Make sure you have clear instructions from your child's heart provider about when your child needs antibiotics. It is still very important to have your child's teeth cleaned regularly. Your child may need to take medicine when sent home. These may include diuretics (water pills) and other heart medicines. Be sure to give your child the correct dosage. Follow up with your provider 1 to 2 weeks after the child leaves the hospital or as instructed. When to Call the Doctor Call the provider if your child has: Fever, nausea, or vomiting Chest pain, or other pain Redness, swelling, or drainage from the wound Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath Puffy eyes or face Tiredness all the time Bluish or grayish skin Dizziness, fainting, or heart palpitations Feeding problems or reduced appetite Alternative Names Congenital heart surgery - discharge; Patent ductus arteriosus ligation - discharge; Hypoplastic left heart repair - discharge; Tetralogy of Fallot repair - discharge; Coarctation of the aorta repair - discharge; Heart surgery for children - discharge; Atrial septal defect repair - discharge; Ventricular septal defect repair - discharge; Truncus arteriosus repair - discharge; Total anomalous pulmonary artery correction - discharge; Transposition of great vessels repair - discharge; Tricuspid atresia repair - discharge; VSD repair - discharge; ASD repair - discharge; PDA ligation - discharge; Acquired heart disease - discharge; Heart valve surgery - children - discharge; Heart surgery - pediatric - discharge; Heart transplant - pediatric - discharge References Bernstein D. General principles of treatment of congenital heart disease. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 434. Fraser CD, Kane LC. Congenital heart disease. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2017:chap 58. Marino BS, Lipkin PH, Newburger JW, Peacock G, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease: evaluation and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012; 28:126 (9):1143-1172. PMID: 22851541 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851541. Recommendations for preparing children and adolescents for invasive cardiac procedures: a statement from the American Heart Association Pediatric Nursing Subcommittee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing in collaboration with the Council on Cardiovascular Diseases of the Young. Circulation. 2003;108 (20):2250-2564. PMID: 14623793 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623793. Review Date 5/6/2016Updated by: Scott I Aydin, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY. Review provided by Veri Med Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, Ph D, and the A. D. A. M. Editorial team. Browse the Encyclopedia
D581571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis	Oral candidiasis	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Oral candidiasis Synonyms oral candidosis, oral thrush, [1] oropharyngeal candidiasis, moniliasis, [2] candidal stomatitis, muguet Oral candidiasis Classification and external resources Specialty Infectious disease, dermatology ICD - 10 B37.0ICD - 9-CM 112.0Diseases DB 29743Medline Plus 000966e Medicine derm/68 ped/2245Me SH D002180 [ edit on Wikidata]Oral candidiasis, also known as oral thrush among other names, [1] is candidiasis that occurs in the mouth. That is, oral candidiasis is a mycosis (yeast/fungal infection) of Candida species on the mucous membranes of the mouth. Candida albicans is the most commonly implicated organism in this condition. C. albicans is carried in the mouths of about 50% of the world's population as a normal component of the oral microbiota. [3] This candidal carriage state is not considered a disease, but when Candida species become pathogenic and invade host tissues, oral candidiasis can occur. This change usually constitutes an opportunistic infection by normally harmless micro-organisms because of local (i.e., mucosal) or systemic factors altering host immunity. Contents [ hide ]1 Classification1.1 By appearance1.2 Associated lesions1.3 Others2 Signs and symptoms3 Causes3.1 Species3.2 Predisposing factors4 Diagnosis5 Treatment5.1 Denture hygiene6 Prognosis7 Epidemiology8 History9 Society and culture10 References Classification [ edit]Traditional classification of oral candidiasis. [2]Acute candidiasis:pseudomembranous candidiasis (oral thrush)atrophic candidiasis Chronic candidiasis:atrophic candidiasishyperplastic candidiasischronic oral candidiasis (Candida leukoplakia)candidiasis endocrinopathy syndromechronic localized mucocutaneous candidiasischronic diffuse candidiasis. Classification of oral candidiasis. [2]Primary oral candidiasis (group I)Pseudomembranous (acute or chronic)Erythematous (acute or chronic)Hyperplastic: plaque-like, nodular Candida-associated lesions: Denture related stomatitis, angular stomatitis, median rhomboid glossitis, linear gingival erythema Secondary oral candidiasis (group II)Oral manifestations of systemic mucocutaneous candidiasis (due to diseases such as thymic aplasia and candidiasis endocrinopathy syndrome)Oral candidiasis is a mycosis (fungal infection). Traditionally, oral candidiasis is classified using the Lehner system, originally described in the 1960s, into acute and chronic forms (see table). Some of the subtypes almost always occur as acute (e.g., acute pseudomembranous candidiasis), and others chronic. However, these typical presentations do not always hold true, which created problems with this system. A more recently proposed classification of oral candidiasis distinguishes primary oral candidiasis, where the condition is confined to the mouth and perioral tissues, and secondary oral candidiasis, where there is involvement of other parts of the body in addition to the mouth. The global human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic has been an important factor in the move away from the traditional classification since it has led to the formation of a new group of patients who present with atypical forms of oral candidiasis. [2]By appearance [ edit]Three main clinical appearances of candidiasis are generally recognized: pseudomembranous, erythematous (atrophic) and hyperplastic. [4] Most often, affected individuals display one clear type or another, but sometimes there can be more than one clinical variant in the same person. [5]Pseudomembranous candidiasis in the mouth and oropharynx. Pseudomembranous candidiasis in a person with HIVPseudomembranous [ edit]Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis is a classic form of oral candidiasis, [6] commonly referred to as thrush. [4] Overall, this is the most common type of oral candidiasis, [7] accounting for about 35% of oral candidiasis cases. [8]It is characterized by a coating or individual patches of pseudomembranous white slough that can be easily wiped away to reveal erythematous (reddened), and sometimes minimally bleeding, mucosa beneath. [7] These areas of pseudomembrane are sometimes described as "curdled milk", [4] or "cottage cheese". [7] The white material is made up of debris, fibrin, and desquamated epithelium that has been invaded by yeast cells and hyphae that invade to the depth of the stratum spinosum. [4] Due to the fact that an erythematous surface is revealed beneath the pseudomembranes, some consider pseudomembranous candidiasis and erythematous candidiasis stages of the same entity. [4] Some sources state that if there is bleeding when the pseudomembrane is removed, then the mucosa has likely been affected by an underlying process such as lichen planus or chemotherapy. [5] Pseudomembraneous candidiasis can involve any part of the mouth, but usually it appears on the tongue, buccal mucosae or palate. [7]It is classically an acute condition, appearing in infants, people taking antibiotics or immunosuppressant medications, or immunocompromising diseases. [6] However, sometimes it can be chronic and intermittent, even lasting for many years. Chronicity of this subtype generally occurs in immunocompromised states, (e.g., leukemia, HIV) or in persons who use corticosteroids topically or by aerosol. [4] Acute and chronic pseudomembranous candidiasis are indistinguishable in appearance. [6]Erythematous [ edit]Erythematous (atrophic) candidiasis is when the condition appears as a red, raw-looking lesion. [8] Some sources consider denture-related stomatitis, angular stomatitis, median rhombiod glossitis, and antiobiotic-induced stomatitis as subtypes of erythematous candidiasis, since these lesions are commonly erythematous/atrophic. It may precede the formation of a pseudomembrane, be left when the membrane is removed, or arise without prior pseudomembranes. [6] Some sources state that erythematous candidiasis accounts for 60% of oral candidiasis cases. [8] Where it is associated with inhalation steroids (often used for treatment of asthma ), erythematous candidiasis commonly appears on the palate or the dorsum of the tongue. [6] On the tongue, there is loss of the lingual papillae (depapillation), leaving a smooth area. [5]Acute erythematous candidiasis usually occurs on the dorsum of the tongue in persons taking long term corticosteroids or antibiotics, but occasionally it can occur after only a few days of using a topical antibiotic. [9] This is usually termed "antibiotic sore mouth", "antibiotic sore tongue", [9] or "antibiotic-induced stomatitis" because it is commonly painful as well as red. Chronic erythematous candidiasis is more usually associated with denture wearing (see denture-related stomatitis). Hyperplastic [ edit]This variant is also sometimes termed "plaque-like candidiasis" or "nodular candidiasis". [6] The most common appearance of hyperplastic candidiasis is a persistent white plaque that does not rub off. The lesion may be rough or nodular in texture. [10] Hyperplastic candidiasis is uncommon, accounting for about 5% of oral candidiasis cases, [8] and is usually chronic and found in adults. The most common site of involvement is the commissural region of the buccal mucosa, usually on both sides of the mouth. [10]Another term for hyperplastic candidiasis is "candidal leukoplakia". This term is a largely historical synonym for this subtype of candidiasis, rather than a true leukoplakia. [11] Indeed, it can be clinically indistinguishable from true leukoplakia, but tissue biopsy shows candidal hyphae invading the epithelium. Some sources use this term to describe leukoplakia lesions that become colonized secondarily by Candida species, thereby distinguishing it from hyperplastic candidiasis. [10] It is known that Candida resides more readily in mucosa that is altered, such as may occur with dysplasia and hyperkeratosis in an area of leukoplakia. Associated lesions [ edit]Candida -associated lesions are primary oral candidiases (confined to the mouth), where the causes are thought to be multiple. [4] For example, bacteria as well as Candida species may be involved in these lesions. [6] Frequently, antifungal therapy alone does not permanently resolve these lesions, but rather the underlying predisposing factors must be addressed, in addition to treating the candidiasis. [4]Angular cheilitis [ edit]Angular cheilitis Main article: Angular cheilitis Angular cheilitis is inflammation at the corners (angles) of the mouth, very commonly involving Candida species, when sometimes the terms " Candida -associated angular cheilitis", [9] or less commonly "monilial perlèche" are used. [12] Candida organisms alone are responsible for about 20% of cases, [5] and a mixed infection of C. albicans and Staphylococcus aureus for about 60% of cases. [3] Signs and symptoms include soreness, erythema (redness), and fissuring of one, or more commonly both the angles of the mouth, with edema (swelling) seen intraorally on the commissures (inside the corners of the mouth). Angular cheilitis generally occurs in elderly people and is associated with denture related stomatitis. [13]Denture-related stomatitis [ edit]Main article: Denture-related stomatitis This term refers to a mild inflammation and erythema of the mucosa beneath a denture, usually an upper denture in elderly edentulous individuals (with no natural teeth remaining). Some report that up to 65% of denture wearers have this condition to some degree. [14] About 90% of cases are associated with Candida species, [13] where sometimes the terms " Candida -associated denture stomatitis", [14] or " Candida -associated denture-induced stomatitis" (CADIS), [15] are used. Some sources state that this is by far the most common form of oral candidiasis. [15] Although this condition is also known as "denture sore mouth", [5] there is rarely any pain. [15] Candida is associated with about 90% of cases of denture related stomatitis. [2]Median rhomboid glossitis [ edit]Median rhomboid glossitis Main article: Median rhomboid glossitis This is an elliptical or rhomboid lesion in the center of the dorsal tongue, just anterior (in front) of the circumvallate papillae. The area is depapillated, reddened (or red and white) and rarely painful. There is frequently Candida species in the lesion, sometimes mixed with bacteria. [13]Linear gingival erythema [ edit]Main article: Linear gingival erythema This is a localized or generalized, linear band of erythematous gingivitis (inflammation of the gums). It was first observed in HIV infected individuals and termed "HIV-gingivitis", but the condition is not confined to this group. [4] Candida species are involved, and in some cases the lesion responds to antifungal therapy, but it is thought that other factors exist, such as oral hygiene and human herpesviruses. This condition can develop into necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis. [16]Others [ edit]Chronic multifocal oral candidiasis [ edit]This is an uncommon form of chronic (more than one month in duration) candidal infection involving multiple areas in the mouth, without signs of candidiasis on other mucosal or cutaneous sites. The lesions are variably red and/or white. Unusually for candidal infections, there is an absence of predisposing factors such as immunosuppression, and it occurs in apparently healthy individuals, normally elderly males. Smoking is a known risk factor. [13]Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis [ edit]Main article: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis This refers to a group of rare syndromes characterized by chronic candidal lesions on the skin, in the mouth and on other mucous membranes (i.e., a secondary oral candidiasis). These include Localized chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, diffuse mucocutaneous candidiasis (Candida granuloma), candidiasis–endocrinopathy syndrome and candidiasis thymoma syndrome. About 90% of people with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis have candidiasis in the mouth. [6]Signs and symptoms [ edit]Signs and symptoms are dependent upon the type of oral candidiasis. Often, apart from the appearance of the lesions, there are usually no other signs or symptoms. Most types of oral candidiasis are painless, but a burning sensation may occur in some cases. [8] Candidiasis can therefore sometimes be misdiagnosed as burning mouth syndrome. A burning sensation is more likely with erythematous (atrophic) candidiasis, whilst hyperplastic candidiasis is normally entirely asymptomatic. [5] Acute atrophic candidiasis may feel like the mouth has been scalded with a hot liquid. [5] Another potential symptom is a metallic, acidic, salty or bitter taste in the mouth. [5] [8] The pseudomembranous type rarely causes any symptoms apart from possibly some discomfort or bad taste due to the presence of the membranes. [5] [6] Sometimes the patient describes the raised pseudomembranes as "blisters." [5] Occasionally there can be dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), which indicates that the candidiasis involves the oropharynx or the esophagus, [7] as well as the mouth. The trachea and the larynx may also be involved where there is oral candidiasis, and this may cause hoarseness of the voice. [15]Causes [ edit]Species [ edit]The causative organism is usually Candida albicans, [5] or less commonly other Candida species such as (in decreasing order of frequency) Candida tropicalis, [17] Candida glabrata, [17] Candida parapsilosis, [17] Candida krusei, [17] or other species ( Candida stellatoidea, [17] Candida pseudotropicalis, [17] Candida famata, [17] Candida rugosa, [17] Candida geotrichium, [13]Candida dubliniensis, [13] and Candida guilliermondii ). [17] C. albicans accounts for about 50% of oral candidiasis cases, [18] and together C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata account for over 80% of cases. [6] Candidiasis caused by non- C. albicans Candida (NCAC) species is associated more with immunodeficiency. [13] For example, in HIV/AIDS, C. dubliniensis and C. geotrichium can become pathogenic. [13]About 35-50% of humans possess C. albicans as part of their normal oral microbiota. [5] With more sensitive detection techniques, this figure is reported to rise to 90%. [6] This candidal carrier state is not considered a disease, since there are no lesions or symptoms of any kind. Oral carriage of Candida is pre-requisite for the development of oral candidiasis. For Candida species to colonize and survive as a normal component of the oral microbiota, the organisms must be capable of adhering to the epithelial surface of the mucous membrane lining the mouth. [19] This adhesion involves adhesins (e.g., hyphal wall protein 1 ), and extracellular polymeric materials (e.g., mannoprotein). [13] Therefore, strains of Candida with more adhesion capability have more pathogenic potential than other strains. [6] The prevalence of Candida carriage varies with geographic location, [6] and many other factors. Higher carriage is reported during the summer months, [6] in females, [6] in hospitalized individuals, [6] in persons with blood group O and in non-secretors of blood group antigens in saliva. [6] Increased rates of Candida carriage are also found in people who eat a diet high in carbohydrates, people who wear dentures, people with xerostomia (dry mouth), in people taking broad spectrum antibiotics, smokers, and in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., due to HIV/AIDS, diabetes, cancer, Down syndrome or malnutrition ). [13] Age also influences oral carriage, with the lowest levels occurring in newborns, increasing dramatically in infants, and then decreasing again in adults. Investigations have quantified oral carriage of Candida albicans at 300-500 colony forming units in healthy persons. [20] More Candida is detected in the early morning and the late afternoon. The greatest quantity of Candida species are harbored on the posterior dorsal tongue, [13] followed by the palatal and the buccal mucosae. [20] Mucosa covered by an oral appliance such as a denture harbors significantly more candida species than uncovered mucosa. [20]When Candida species cause lesions - the result of invasion of the host tissues - this is termed candidiasis. [2] [19] Some consider oral candidiasis a change in the normal oral environment rather than an exposure or true "infection" as such. [7] The exact process by which Candida species switch from acting as normal oral commensals (saprophytic) state in the carrier to acting as a pathogenic organism (parasitic state) is not completely understood. [6]Several Candida species are polymorphogenic, [18] that is, capable of growing in different forms depending on the environmental conditions. C. albicans can appear as a yeast form (blastospores), which is thought to be relatively harmless; and a hyphal form associated with invasion of host tissues. [5] Apart from true hyphae, Candida can also form pseudohyphae — elongated filamentous cells, lined end to end. [4] As a general rule, candidiasis presenting with white lesions is mainly caused by Candida species in the hyphal form and red lesions by yeast forms. [13] C. albicans and C. dubliniensis are also capable of forming germ tubes (incipient hyphae) and chlamydospores under the right conditions. C. albicans is categorized serologically into A or B serotypes. The prevalence is roughly equal in healthy individuals, but type B is more prevalent in immunocompromised individuals. Predisposing factors [ edit]Common local and systemic predisposing factors. [18]Local host factors Dentures Corticosteroid inhalers Reduced salivary flow High sugar diet Systemic host factors Extremes of age Endocrine disorders (e.g., diabetes)Immunosuppression Broad spectrum antibiotics (e.g., tetracycline)Nutritional deficiencies The host defenses against opportunistic infection of candida species are The oral epithelium, which acts both as a physical barrier preventing micro-organisms from entering the tissues, and is the site of cell mediated immune reactions. Competition and inhibition interactions between candida species and other micro-organisms in the mouth, such as the many hundreds of different kinds of bacteria. Saliva, which possesses both mechanical cleansing action and immunologic action, including salivary immunoglobulin A antibodies, which aggregate candida organisms and prevent them adhering to the epithelial surface; and enzymatic components such as lysozyme, lactoperoxidase and antileukoprotease. [13]Disruption to any of these local and systemic host defense mechanisms constitutes a potential susceptibility to oral candidiasis, which rarely occurs without predisposing factors. [4] It is often described as being "a disease of the diseased", [2] [4] occurring in the very young, the very old, or the very sick. [4] [6] [21]Oral candidiasis in an infant. At very young ages, the immune system is yet to develop fully. Immunodeficiency [ edit]Immunodeficiency is a state of reduced function of the immune system, which can be caused by medical conditions or treatments. Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis occurs in about 5% of newborn infants. [9] Candida species are acquired from the mother's vaginal canal during birth. At very young ages, the immune system is yet to develop fully and there is no individual immune response to candida species, [9] an infants antibodies to the fungus are normally supplied by the mother's breast milk. Other forms of immunodeficiency which may cause oral candidiasis include HIV / AIDS, [22] active cancer and treatment, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. [3] [23]Corticosteroid medications may contribute to the appearance of oral candidiasis, [24] as they cause suppression of immune function either systemically or on a local/mucosal level, depending on the route of administration. Topically administered corticosteroids in the mouth may take the form of mouthwashes, dissolving lozenges or mucosal gels; sometimes being used to treat various forms of stomatitis. Systemic corticosteroids may also result in candidiasis. Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., for treatment of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ), are not intended to be administered topically in the mouth, but inevitably there is contact with the oral and oropharyngeal mucousa as it is inhaled. In asthmatics treated with inhaled steroids, clinically detectable oral candidiasis may occur in about 5-10% of adults and 1% of children. [25] Where inhaled steroids are the cause, the candidal lesions are usually of the erythematous variety. [6] Candidiasis appears at the sites where the steroid has contacted the mucosa, typically the dorsum of the tongue (median rhomboid glossitis) and sometimes also on the palate. [26] [27] Candidal lesions on both sites are sometimes termed "kissing lesions" [26] [27] because they approximate when the tongue is in contact with the palate. Denture wearing [ edit]Denture wearing and poor denture hygiene, particularly wearing the denture continually rather than removing it during sleep, [3] is another risk factor for both candidal carriage and oral candidiasis. Dentures provide a relative acidic, moist and anaerobic environment because the mucosa covered by the denture is sheltered from oxygen and saliva. [28] Loose, poorly fitting dentures may also cause minor trauma to the mucosa, [4] which is thought to increase the permeability of the mucosa and increase the ability of C. albicans to invade the tissues. [28] [29] These conditions all favor the growth of C. albicans. Sometimes dentures become very worn, or they have been constructed to allow insufficient lower facial height (occlusal vertical dimension), leading to over-closure of the mouth (an appearance sometimes described as "collapse of the jaws"). This causes deepening of the skin folds at the corners of the mouth (nasolabial crease), in effect creating intertriginous areas where another form of candidiasis, angular cheilitis, can develop. Candida species are capable of adhering to the surface of dentures, most of which are made from polymethylacrylate. They exploit micro-fissures and cracks in the surface of dentures to aid their retention. Dentures may therefore become covered in a biofilm, [18] and act as reservoirs of infection, [7] continually re-infecting the mucosa. For this reason, disinfecting the denture is a vital part of treatment of oral candidiasis in persons who wear dentures, as well as correcting other factors like inadequate lower facial height and fit of the dentures. Dry mouth [ edit]Both the quantity and quality of saliva are important oral defenses against candida. [6] Decreased salivary flow rate or a change in the composition of saliva, [8] collectively termed salivary hypofunction or hyposalivation is an important predisposing factor. Xerostomia is frequently listed as a cause of candidiasis, [3] but xerostomia can be subjective or objective, i.e., a symptom present with or without actual changes in the saliva consistency or flow rate. Diet [ edit]Malnutrition, [3] whether by malabsorption, [17] or poor diet, especially hematinic deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid) can predispose to oral candidiasis, [6] by causing diminished host defense and epithelial integrity. For example, iron deficiency anemia is thought to cause depressed cell-mediated immunity. [28] Some sources state that deficiencies of vitamin A or pyridoxine are also linked. [17]There is limited evidence that a diet high in carbohydrates predisposes to oral candidiasis. [9] In vitro and studies show that Candidal growth, adhesion and biofilm formation is enhanced by the presence of carbohydrates such as glucose, galactose and sucrose. [28]Smoking [ edit]Smoking, especially heavy smoking, is an important predisposing factor but the reasons for this relationship are unknown. One hypothesis is that cigarette smoke contains nutritional factors for C. albicans, or that local epithelial alterations occur that facilitate colonization of candida species. [28]Antibiotics [ edit]Broad-spectrum antibiotics (e.g. tetracycline) eliminate the competing bacteria and disrupt the normally balanced ecology of oral microorganisms, [5] [6] which can cause antibiotic-induced candidiasis. [3]Other factors [ edit]Endocrine disorders, e.g., diabetes (when poorly controlled). [30]Presence of certain other mucosal lesions, especially those that cause hyperkeratosis and/or dysplasia, [4] e.g., lichen planus. Such changes in the mucosa predispose it to secondary infection with candidiasis. [9] [24] Other physical mucosal alterations are sometimes associated with candida overgrowth, such as Fissured tongue (rarely), [7] or Tongue piercing. Women undergoing hormonal changes, like pregnancy or those on birth control pills. [ medical citation needed] Atopy. [6]Hospitalization. [4] Lupus. [ medical citation needed]Diagnosis [ edit]The diagnosis can typically be made from the clinical appearance alone, [7] but not always. As candidiasis can be variable in appearance, and present with white, red or combined white and red lesions, the differential diagnosis can be extensive. In pseudomembraneous candidiasis, the membranous slough can be wiped away to reveal an erythematous surface underneath. This is helpful in distinguishing pseudomembraneous candidiasis from other white lesions in the mouth that cannot be wiped away, such as lichen planus, oral hairy leukoplakia. Erythematous candidiasis can mimic geographic tongue. Erythematous candidiasis usually has a diffuse border that helps distinguish it from erythroplakia, which normally has a sharply defined border. [6]Special investigations to detect the presence of candida species include oral swabs, oral rinse or oral smears. [31] Smears are collected by gentle scraping of the lesion with a spatula or tongue blade and the resulting debris directly applied to a glass slide. Oral swabs are taken if culture is required. Some recommend that swabs be taken from 3 different oral sites. [3] Oral rinse involves rinsing the mouth with phosphate-buffered saline for 1 minute and then spitting the solution into a vessel that examined in a pathology laboratory. Oral rinse technique can distinguish between commensal candidal carriage and candidiasis. If candidal leukoplakia is suspected, a biopsy may be indicated. [31] Smears and biopsies are usually stained with periodic acid-Schiff, which stains carbohydrates in fungal cell walls in magenta. Gram staining is also used as Candida stains are strongly Gram positive. [24]Sometimes an underlying medical condition is sought, and this may include blood tests for full blood count and hematinics. If a biopsy is taken, the histopathologic appearance can be variable depending upon the clinical type of candidiasis. Pseudomembranous candidiasis shows hyperplastic epithelium with a superficial parakeratotic desquamating (i.e., separating) layer. [32] Hyphae penetrate to the depth of the stratum spinosum, [4] and appear as weakly basophilic structures. Polymorphonuclear cells also infiltrate the epithelium, and chronic inflammatory cells infiltrate the lamina propria. [32]Atrophic candidiasis appears as thin, atrophic epithelium, which is non-keratinized. Hyphae are sparse, and inflammatory cell infiltration of the epithelium and the lamina propria. In essence, atrophic candidiasis appears like pseudomembranous candidiasis without the superficial desquamating layer. [32]Hyperplastic candidiasis is variable. Usually there is hyperplastic and acanthotic epithelium with parakeratosis. There is an inflammatory cell infiltrate and hyphae are visible. Unlike other forms of candidiasis, hyperplastic candidiasis may show dysplasia. [32]Treatment [ edit]Oral candidiasis can be treated with topical anti-fungal drugs, such as nystatin, miconazole, Gentian violet or amphotericin B. Underlying immunosuppression may be medically manageable once it is identified, and this helps prevent recurrence of candidal infections. Patients who are immunocompromised, either with HIV/AIDS or as a result of chemotherapy, may require systemic treatment with oral or intravenous administered anti-fungals. If candidiasis is secondary to corticosteroid or antibiotic use, then use may be stopped, although this is not always a feasible option. Candidiasis secondary to the use of inhaled steroids may be treated by rinsing out the mouth with water after taking the steroid. [15] Use of a spacer device to reduce the contact with the oral mucosa may greatly reduce the risk of oral candidiasis. [25]In recurrent oral candidiasis, the use of azole antifungals risks selection and enrichment of drug-resistant strains of candida organisms. [30] Drug resistance is increasingly more common and presents a serious problem in persons who are immunocompromised. [13]Prophylactic use of antifungals is sometimes employed in persons with HIV disease, during radiotherapy, during immunosuppressive or prolonged antibiotic therapy as the development of candidal infection in these groups may be more serious. [2]The candidal load in the mouth can be reduced by improving oral hygiene measures, such as regular toothbrushing and use of anti-microbial mouthwashes. [18] Since smoking is associated with many of forms of oral candidiasis, cessation may be beneficial. [ medical citation needed]Denture hygiene [ edit]See also: Denture-related stomatitis § Treatment Good denture hygiene involves regular cleaning of the dentures, and leaving them out of the mouth during sleep. This gives the mucosa a chance to recover, while wearing a denture during sleep is often likened to sleeping in one's shoes. In oral candidiasis, the dentures may act as a reservoir of Candida species, [7] continually reinfecting the mucosa once antifungal medication is stopped. Therefore, they must be disinfected as part of the treatment for oral candidiasis. There are commercial denture cleaner preparations for this purpose, but it is readily accomplished by soaking the denture overnight in a 1:10 solution of sodium hypochlorite ( Milton, or household bleach ). [7] Bleach may corrode metal components, [13] so if the denture contains metal, soaking it twice daily in chlorhexidine solution can be carried out instead. An alternative method of disinfection is to use a 10% solution of acetic acid (vinegar) as an overnight soak, or to microwave the dentures in 200m L water for 3 minutes at 650 watts. [13] Antifungal medication can also be applied to the fitting surface of the denture before it is put back in the mouth. Other problems with the dentures, such as inadequate occlusal vertical dimension may also need to be corrected in the case of angular cheilitis. Prognosis [ edit]The severity of oral candidiasis is subject to great variability from one person to another and in the same person from one occasion to the next. [8] The prognosis of such infection is usually excellent after the application of topical or systemic treatments. However, oral candidiasis can be recurrent. [8] Individuals continue to be at risk of the condition if underlying factors such as reduced salivary flow rate or immunosuppression are not rectifiable. [8]Candidiasis can be a marker for underlying disease, [20] so the overall prognosis may also be dependent upon this. For example, a transient erythematous candidiasis that developed after antiobiotic therapy usually resolves after antibiotics are stopped (but not always immediately), [15] and therefore carries an excellent prognosis—but candidiasis may occasionally be a herald of a more sinister undiagnosed pathology, such as HIV/AIDS or leukemia. It is possible for candidiasis to spread to/from the mouth, from sites such as the pharynx, esophagus, lungs, liver, anogenital region, skin or the nails. [13] The spread of oral candidiasis to other sites usually occurs in debilitated individuals. [15] It is also possible that candidiasis is spread by sexual contact. [13] Rarely, a superficial candidal infection such as oral candidiasis can cause invasive candidiasis, and even prove fatal. The observation that Candida species are normally harmless commensals on the one hand, but are also occasionally capable of causing fatal invasive candidiases has led to the description " Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ". [33]The role of thrush in the hospital and ventilated patients is not entirely clear however there is a theoretical risk of positive interaction of candida with topical bacteria [34] that could increase the risk for Ventilator Associated Pneumonia and other diseases. [35] [ non-primary source needed]Epidemiology [ edit]In humans, oral candidiasis is the most common form of candidiasis, [17] by far the most common fungal infection of the mouth, [5] and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in humans [36] with lesions only occurring when the environment favors pathogenic behavior. Oropharyngeal candidiasis is common during cancer care, [23] and it is a very common oral sign in individuals with HIV. [22] Oral candidiasis occurs in about two thirds of people with concomitant AIDS and esophageal candidiasis. [37]The incidence of all forms of candidiasis have increased in recent decades. This is due to developments in medicine, with more invasive medical procedures and surgeries, more widespread use of broad spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppression therapies. The HIV/AIDs global pandemic has been the greatest factor in the increased incidence of oral candidiasis since the 1980s. The incidence of candidiasis caused by NCAC species is also increasing, again thought to be due to changes in medical practise (e.g., organ transplantation and use of indwelling catheters ). [18]History [ edit]Oral candidiasis has been recognized throughout recorded history. [18] The first description of this condition is thought to have occurred in the 4th century B. C. in "Epidemics" (a treatise that is part of the hippocratic corpus ), where descriptions of what sounds like oral candidiasis are stated to occur with severe underlying disease. [20] [38]The colloquial term "thrush" refers to the resemblance of the white flecks present in some forms of candidiasis (e.g., pseudomembranous candidiasis), with the breast of the bird of the same name. [39]Society and culture [ edit]Many pseudoscientific claims by proponents of alternative medicine surround the topic of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is sometimes presented in this manner as a symptom of a widely prevalent systemic candidiasis, candida hypersensitivity syndrome, yeast allergy, or gastrointestinal candida overgrowth, which are medically unrecognized conditions. (See: Alternative medicine in Candidiasis)References [ edit]^ a b James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. p. 308. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. 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Clinical oral medicine and pathology. New York: Humana Press. pp. 19, 21, 92, 93. ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4.^ a b c d e f g h i j Rhodus, NL (Mar–Apr 2012). "Treatment of oral candidiasis" (PDF). Northwest dentistry. 91 (2): 32–3. PMID 22662470.^ a b c d e f g Soames JV, Southam JC, JV (1999). Oral pathology (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 147, 193–200. ISBN 0192628941.^ a b c Coulthard P, Horner K, Sloan P, Theaker E (2008). Master dentistry volume 1, oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiology, pathology and oral medicine (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 180, 181194–195. ISBN 9780443068966.^ Sitheeque MA, Samaranayake LP (2003). "Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia)". Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 14 (4): 253–67. doi: 10.1177/154411130301400403. PMID 12907694.^ Park, KK; Brodell, RT; Helms, SE (June 2011). "Angular cheilitis, part 1: local etiologies". Cutis; cutaneous medicine for the practitioner. 87 (6): 289–95. PMID 21838086.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Scully C (2013). Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 254–267. ISBN 9780702049484.^ a b Salerno, C; Pascale, M; Contaldo, M; Esposito, V; Busciolano, M; Milillo, L; Guida, A; Petruzzi, M; Serpico, R (Mar 1, 2011). "Candida-associated denture stomatitis" (PDF). Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 16 (2): e139–43. doi: 10.4317/medoral.16.e139. PMID 20711156.^ a b c d e f g Anne Field, Lesley Longman William R Tyldesley (2003). Tyldesley's Oral medicine (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0192631470.^ (editors) Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA (2012). Carranza's clinical periodontology (11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Saunders. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4377-0416-7.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Anil Ghom; Shubhangi Mhaske (2010). Textbook of oral pathology. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. pp. 498, 508–514. ISBN 9788184484021.^ a b c d e f g Williams, D; Lewis, M (Jan 28, 2011). "Pathogenesis and treatment of oral candidosis". Journal of oral microbiology. 3. doi: 10.3402/jom.v3i0.5771. PMC 3087208. PMID 21547018.^ a b Naglik, Julian R.; Moyes, David L.; Wächtler, Betty; Hube, Bernhard (1 November 2011). "Candida albicans interactions with epithelial cells and mucosal immunity". Microbes and Infection. 13 (12-13): 963–976. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.06.009. PMC 3185145. PMID 21801848.^ a b c d e Lynch, DP (August 1994). "Oral candidiasis. History, classification, and clinical presentation". Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology. 78 (2): 189–93. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220 (94)90146-5. PMID 7936588.^ Scully, C; el-Kabir, M; Samaranayake, LP (1994). "Candida and oral candidosis: a review" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine. 5 (2): 125–57. doi: 10.1177/10454411940050020101. PMID 7858080.^ a b Li, X; Lei, L; Tan, D; Jiang, L; Zeng, X; Dan, H; Liao, G; Chen, Q (May 2013). "Oropharyngeal Candida colonization in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients". APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. 121 (5): 375–402. doi: 10.1111/apm.12006. PMID 23030258.^ a b Epstein, JB; Thariat, J; Bensadoun, RJ; Barasch, A; Murphy, BA; Kolnick, L; Popplewell, L; Maghami, E (Nov–Dec 2012). "Oral complications of cancer and cancer therapy: from cancer treatment to survivorship". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 62 (6): 400–22. doi: 10.3322/caac.21157. PMID 22972543.^ a b c Odell EW (Editor) (2010). Clinical problem solving in dentistry (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 161, 194, 216. ISBN 9780443067846.^ a b Inhaled steroids in asthma optimizing effects in the airways. [S.l. ]: Marcel Dekker Incorporate. 2001. ISBN 9780203908532.^ a b John D. Da Silva; David A. Mitchell; Laura Mitchell. Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Dentistry. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. p. 433. ISBN 9780199748273.^ a b Fred Lin; Zara Patel (2014). ENT Board Prep High Yield Review for the Otolaryngology In-service and Board Exams (Aufl. 2014 ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York. ISBN 9781461483540.^ a b c d e Tarçın, BG (2011). "Oral candidosis: aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management" (PDF). MÜSBED. 1 (2): 140–148.^ Gendreau, L; Loewy, ZG (June 2011). "Epidemiology and etiology of denture stomatitis". Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists. 20 (4): 251–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-849x.2011.00698.x. PMID 21463383.^ a b Rautemaa, R; Ramage, G (November 2011). "Oral candidosis--clinical challenges of a biofilm disease". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 37 (4): 328–36. doi: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.585606. PMID 21777047.^ a b Kumaraswamy, KL; Vidhya, M; Rao, PK; Mukunda, A (Apr–Jun 2012). "Oral biopsy: oral pathologist's perspective". Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 8 (2): 192–8. doi: 10.4103/0973-1482.98969. PMID 22842360.^ a b c d Purkait SK (2011). Essentials of oral pathology (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9789350252147.^ Gow, Neil (8 May 2002). "Candida albicans - a fungal Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde". Mycologist. 16 (01). doi: 10.1017/S0269915X02006183.^ Peleg, Anton Y., Deborah A. Hogan, and Eleftherios Mylonakis. "Medically important bacterial–fungal interactions." Nature Reviews Microbiology 8.5 (2010): 340-349.^ Kourkoumpetis, Themistoklis, et al. "Candida infection and colonization among non-trauma emergency surgery patients." Virulence 1.5 (2010): 359-366.^ Lalla, RV; Patton, LL; Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A (April 2013). "Oral candidiasis: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment strategies". Journal of the California Dental Association. 41 (4): 263–8. PMID 23705242.^ Yamada T, Alpers DH, et al. (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. p. 814. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0.^ Dolin, [edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. Chapter 250. ISBN 978-0-443-06839-3.^ Scully, Crispian. "Mucosal Candidiasis (Medscape)". Web MD LLC. Retrieved 8 September 2013. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Candidiasis. [ show]v t e Oral and maxillofacial pathology ( K00–K06, K11–K14, 520–525, 527–529) [ show]v t e Fungal infection and mesomycetozoea ( B35–B49, 110–118)Categories: Animal fungal diseases Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions Oral mucosal pathology
D1693791	https://www.acronymfinder.com/PSIA.html	What does PSIA stand for?	What does PSIA stand for? Your abbreviation search returned 12 meanings Link/Page Citation Category Filters All definitions (12) Information Technology (0) Military & Government (3) Science & Medicine (4) Organizations, Schools, etc. (5) Business & Finance (2) Slang, Chat & Pop culture (0)Sort results: alphabetical \| rank? Rank Abbr. Meaning PSIAPounds per Square Inch Absolute PSIA Professional Ski Instructors of America PSIAPublic Security Investigation Agency (Japan)PSIAPoverty and Social Impact Analyses (International Monetary Fund)PSIAPrivate Schools Interscholastic Association (Grapevine, TX)PSIAPublic Safety Information Act PSIAPosition Specific Isotope Analysis PSIAProfit Sharing Investment Account (finance)PSIAProgram for Science and International Affairs (various schools)PSIAPounds per Square Inch Atmosphere PSIAParis School of International Affairs PSIAPolitical Science and International Affairs (various schools)Note: We have 56 other definitions for PSIA in our Acronym Atticnew search suggest new definition Abbreviation Database Surfer« Previous Next »PSHUPSHVTPSIPSI BETAPsi Phi PSI RACPSI-BLASTPSI-CELPPSI-SIPSI/SFPSIACPSIAFPSIAMPSIBPSICPSICAPSICGPSICMPSICPPSICSF
D2930995	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009704/?report=details	Codeine (By mouth)	Micromedex Consumer Medication Information. Published: January 1, 2017Codeine (By mouth)KOE-deen Treats pain. Also treats cough. This medicine contains a narcotic pain reliever. Drug classes Analgesic, Antitussive ( About this - Pub Med Health )Uses Uses of This Medicine Codeine is used to relieve mild to moderately severe pain. It belongs to the group of medicines called narcotic analgesics (pain medicines). This medicine acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain. When codeine is used for a long time, it may become habit-forming, causing mental or physical dependence. However, people who have continuing pain should not let the fear of dependence keep them from using narcotics to relieve their pain. Mental dependence (addiction) is not likely to occur when narcotics are used for this purpose. Physical dependence may lead to withdrawal side effects if treatment is stopped suddenly. However, severe withdrawal side effects can usually be prevented by gradually reducing the dose over a period of time before treatment is stopped completely. This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription. Other uses (Pub Med Health)How To Use Tablet, Liquid Your doctor will tell you how much of this medicine to take and how often. Do not take more medicine or take it more often than your doctor tells you to. Measure the oral liquid medicine with a marked measuring spoon or medicine cup. Drink plenty of liquids to help avoid constipation. If a dose is missed: If you miss a dose or forget to take your medicine, take it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to take the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up for a missed dose. How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine: Store the medicine at room temperature in a closed container, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Do not freeze. Ask your pharmacist, doctor, or health caregiver about the best way to dispose of any outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed. Keep all medicine out of the reach of children and never share your medicine with anyone. Drugs and Foods to Avoid Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Make sure your doctor knows if you are also using medicine for diarrhea, nausea, or high blood pressure, or if you use metoclopramide (Reglan®), hydroxyzine (Atarax®), naltrexone (Re Via®), MAO inhibitors (Eldepryl®, Marplan®, Nardil®, Parnate®) diuretics ( water pills ), or other pain medicines. Avoid using any other medicines that make you sleepy (such as sleeping pills, cold and allergy medicine, or sedatives). Do not drink alcohol while you are taking this medicine. When Not To Use You should not use this medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to codeine. Warnings Make sure your doctor knows if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you have asthma or other breathing problems, diarrhea caused by poisons or other medicines, liver or kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, prostate problems, underactive thyroid, or a history of drug dependence or alcoholism. This medicine may make you dizzy or drowsy. Avoid driving, using machines, or doing anything else that could be dangerous if you are not alert. This medicine may be habit-forming. If you feel that the medicine is not working as well, do not take more than your prescribed dose. Call your doctor for instructions. Using too much of this medicine can cause serious side effects or even death. Symptoms of an overdose include: Extreme dizziness or weakness, shortness of breath, slow heartbeat, seizures, and cold, clammy skin. Do not stop using this medicine suddenly without asking your doctor. You may need to take less and less before stopping it completely. This medicine may cause constipation, especially with long-term use. Ask your doctor if you should use a laxative to prevent and treat constipation. When a mother is breastfeeding and takes codeine, there is a very small chance that this medicine could cause serious side effects in the baby. This is because codeine works differently in a few women, so their breast milk contains too much medicine. If you take codeine, be alert for these signs of overdose in your nursing baby: sleeping more than usual, trouble breastfeeding, trouble breathing, or being limp and weak. Call the baby's doctor right away if you think there is a problem. If you cannot talk to the doctor, take the baby to the emergency room or call 911. Possible side effects Summary More details Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects: Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in face or hands, swelling or tingling in the mouth or throat, tightness in chest, trouble breathing Hallucinations or unusual thoughts If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor: Constipation Lightheadedness Nausea or vomiting Sleepiness If you notice other side effects that you think are caused by this medicine, tell your doctor. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. More side effects of this drug More detailed version of this drug page Truven Health Analytics, an IBM company, Disclaimer Portions Copyright © 2017. Truven Health Analytics, an IBM company. All rights reserved. Use of this content is subject to Truven Health Analytics' full disclaimer, available here .
D2592992	http://ebbsfleetintl.co.uk/maps	Station Maps	Station Maps Ebbsfleet International Station is compact enough to offer a seamless interchange between road and rail whilst also offering all the conveniences that you would expect from a major transport hub. We currently have two retail outlets and a one stop coffee cart on the way to platforms 5 and 6 from the main concourse. There are also free toilets and baby changing facilities located just off the main concourse. If you’re an international traveller you will also have access to a WH Smiths and Cafe Nero in the international departure hall. We also offer an exclusive lounge for all business premier customers. Map of Ebbsfleet International station is below. Click here to view a map of the Ebbsfleet International car park.
D3250002	https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/VMC/news/	Vulcan Materials Company (VMC)	1d5d1m6m YTD1y5y Max Full screen Previous Close 111.30Open 112.23Bid 0.00 x 0Ask 0.00 x 0Day's Range 111.40 - 114.9152 Week Range 110.23 - 141.20Volume 1,600,499Avg. Volume 1,487,463Market Cap 15.125BBeta 0.99PE Ratio (TTM) 25.61EPS (TTM) N/AEarnings Date N/AForward Dividend & Yield 1.12 (0.98%)Ex-Dividend Date N/A1y Target Est N/ATrade prices are not sourced from all markets All News Press Releases Markit • 6 days ago See what the IHS Markit Score report has to say about Vulcan Materials Co. The last change in the short interest score occurred more than 1 month ago and implies that there has been little change in sentiment among investors who seek to profit from falling equity prices. Over the last one-month, outflows of investor capital in ETFs holding VMC totaled $2.33 billion. Simply Wall St. • 9 days ago What Should You Know About Vulcan Materials Company’s (NYSE: VMC) Growth? Based on Vulcan Materials Company’s (NYSE: VMC) earnings update in December 2017, analyst forecasts appear to be bearish, as a -0.67% fall in profits is expected in the upcoming year relative Read More... Markit • 10 days ago See what the IHS Markit Score report has to say about Vulcan Materials Co. The last change in the short interest score occurred more than 1 month ago and implies that there has been little change in sentiment among investors who seek to profit from falling equity prices. Over the last one-month, outflows of investor capital in ETFs holding VMC totaled $362 million. Zacks • 12 days ago Can Vulcan Materials' Buyout Spree Continue to Boost Growth? Vulcan Materials' (VMC) steadfast pursuit of bolt-on acquisitions, focus on building Aggregates' units margins and execution of internal growth projects will likely drive growth in 2018. CBS Money Watch • 13 days ago Space X rival ULA stakes future on new Vulcan rocket As both companies land new Pentagon contracts, ULA banks on development of its powerful, lower-cost Vulcan rocket5Markit • last month See what the IHS Markit Score report has to say about Vulcan Materials Co. The last change in the short interest score occurred more than 1 month ago and implies that there has been little change in sentiment among investors who seek to profit from falling equity prices. Over the last one-month, outflows of investor capital in ETFs holding VMC totaled $11.12 billion. Guru Focus.com • last month Vulcan Materials Co (VMC) Files 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended on December 31, 2017Vulcan Materials Co (NYSE: VMC) files its latest 10-K with SEC for the fiscal year ended on December 31, 2017. Thomson Reuters Street Events • last month Edited Transcript of VMC earnings conference call or presentation 16-Feb-18 4:00pm GMTQ4 2017 Vulcan Materials Co Earnings Call Zacks • last month Vulcan (VMC) Beats on Q4 Earnings, Aggregates Shipments Rise Vulcan Materials (VMC) posted solid top and bottom line in fourth-quarter 2017 results. Zacks • last month Vulcan Materials (VMC) Beats Q4 Earnings & Revenue Estimates Vulcan Materials??? (VMC) posted solid top and bottom line in the fourth-quarter of 2017.
D2229117	https://www.michaels.com/artminds-soap-colorant-lilac-peach-seafoam/10212987.html	null	Choose Your Country United States Canada - English Canada - French Michaels Rewards Chat Gift Cards Coupons Shop Categories
D1440798	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_grill	Barbecue grill	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Gas grill)navigation search This article is about the cooking appliance and should not be confused with the food " Barbecue ". For other uses, see Restaurant. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Food cooking on a charcoal grill A barbecue grill is a device that cooks food by applying heat from below. There are several varieties of grills, with most falling into one of two categories: gas -fueled or charcoal. There is debate over which method yields superior results. [1]Contents1 History in the Americas2 Gas grills3 Infrared grills4 Charcoal grills5 Hybrids6 Commercial grills7 Parts8 Indoor grills9 See also10 References11 External links History in the Americas [ edit]Grilling has existed in the Americas since pre-Colonial times. The Arawak people of South America roasted meat on a wooden structure called a barbacoa in Spanish. [2] For centuries, the term barbacoa referred to the wooden structure and not the act of grilling, but it was eventually modified to "barbecue." It was also applied to the pit-style cooking techniques now frequently used in the Southeastern United States. Barbecue was originally used to slow-cook hogs; however, different ways of preparing food led to regional variations. [3] Over time, other foods were cooked in a similar fashion, with hamburgers and hot dogs being recent additions. [4]The Lazy Man Model AP, the world's first portable gas grill. Taken during the summer of 1954. Edward G. Kingsford invented the modern charcoal briquette. [5] Kingsford was a relative of Henry Ford who assigned him the task of establishing a Ford auto parts plant and sawmill in northern Michigan, a challenge that Kingsford embraced. The local community grew and was named Kingsford in his honor. Kingsford noticed that Ford's Model T production lines were generating a large amount of wood scraps that were being discarded. He suggested to Ford that a charcoal manufacturing facility be established next to the assembly line to process and sell charcoal under the Ford name ( Kingsford (charcoal)) at Ford dealerships. Several years after Kingsford's death, the chemical company was sold to local businessmen and renamed the Kingsford Chemical Company. George Stephen [6] created the iconic hemispherical grill design, jokingly called " Sputnik " by Stephen's neighbors. Stephen, a welder, worked for Weber Brothers Metal Works, a metal fabrication shop primarily concerned with welding steel spheres together to make buoys. Stephen was tired of the wind blowing ash onto his food when he grilled so he took the lower half of a buoy, welded three steel legs onto it, and fabricated a shallower hemisphere for use as a lid. He took the results home and following some initial success, started the Weber-Stephen Products Co. The outdoor gas grill was invented in the early 1950s by Don Mc Glaughlin, owner of the Chicago Combustion Corporation, known today as Lazy Man. [7] Mc Glaughlin invented the first built-in grill from the successful gas broiler called BROILBURGER. These first Lazy-Man grills were marketed as "open-fire charcoal-type gas broilers" which featured "permanent coals", otherwise known as lava rock. [8] In the 1950s, most residential households did not have a barbecue, so the term broiler was used for marketing purposes to commercial establishments. The gas open-broiler design was adapted into the first portable gas grill in 1954 by Chicago Combustion Corporation as the Model AP. Mc Glaughlin's portable design was the first to feature the use of the 20-lb propane cylinders, which previously were exclusively used by plumbers as a fuel source. [9]Gas grills [ edit]A single-burner propane gas grill that conforms to the cart grill design common among gas grills. Gas-fueled grills typically use propane or butane ( liquified petroleum gas) or natural gas as their fuel source, with the gas flame either cooking food directly or heating grilling elements which in turn radiate the heat necessary to cook food. Gas grills are available in sizes ranging from small, single steak grills up to large, industrial sized restaurant grills which are able to cook enough meat to feed a hundred or more people. Some gas grills can be switched between using liquified petroleum gas and natural gas fuel, although this requires physically changing key components including burners and regulator valves. The majority of gas grills follow the cart grill design concept: the grill unit itself is attached to a wheeled frame that holds the fuel tank. The wheeled frame may also support side tables, storage compartments, and other features. A recent trend in gas grills is for manufacturers to add an infrared radiant burner to the back of the grill enclosure. This radiant burner provides an even heat across the burner and is intended for use with a horizontal rotisserie. A meat item (whole chicken, beef roast, pork loin roast) is placed on a metal skewer that is rotated by an electric motor. Smaller cuts of meat can be grilled in this manner using a round metal basket that slips over the metal skewer. Another type of gas grill gaining popularity is called a flattop grill. According to Hearth and Home magazine, flattop grills "on which food cooks on a griddlelike surface and is not exposed to an open flame at all" is an emerging trend in the outdoor grilling market. [10]A small metal "smoker box" containing wood chips may be used on a gas grill to give a smoky flavor to the grilled foods. Barbecue purists would argue that to get a true smoky flavor (and smoke ring) the user has to cook low and slow, indirectly and using wood or charcoal; gas grills are difficult to maintain at the low temperatures required (~225-250 °F), especially for extended periods. [ citation needed]Infrared grills [ edit]An ignited Infrared grill burner, only seeing the visible light spectrum. Infrared grills work by igniting a gas fuel to heat a ceramic tile, causing it to emit infrared radiation by which the food is cooked. The thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charged particles within atoms is converted to electromagnetic radiation in the infrared heat frequency range. Infrared grills allow users to more easily adjust cooking temperature than charcoal grills, and are usually able to reach higher temperatures than standard gas grills, making them popular for searing items quickly. [11]Charcoal grills [ edit]Charcoal grills use either charcoal briquettes or natural lump charcoal as their fuel source. [12] When burned, the charcoal will transform into embers radiating the heat necessary to cook food. There is contention among grilling enthusiasts on what type of charcoal is best for grilling. Users of charcoal briquettes emphasize the uniformity in size, burn rate, heat creation, and quality exemplified by briquettes. Users of all-natural lump charcoal emphasize its subtle smoky aromas, high heat production, and the lack of binders and fillers often present in briquettes. There are many different charcoal grill configurations. Grills can be square, round, or rectangular, some have lids while others do not, and they may or may not have a venting system for heat control. The majority of charcoal grills, however, fall into the following categories: Brazier [ edit]A brazier grill loaded with fresh charcoal briquettes. The simplest and most inexpensive of charcoal grills, the brazier grill is made of wire and sheet metal and composed of a cooking grid placed over a charcoal pan. Usually the grill is supported by legs attached to the charcoal pan. The brazier grill does not have a lid or venting system. Heat is adjusted by moving the cooking grid up or down over the charcoal pan. Even after George Stephen invented the kettle grill in the early 1950s, the brazier grill remained a dominant charcoal grill type for a number of years. Brazier grills are available at most discount department stores during the summer. Pellet grill [ edit]Pellet grills are fueled by compressed hardwood pellets (sawdust compressed with vegetable oil or water at approx. 10k psi) that are loaded into a hopper and fed into a fire box at the bottom of the grill via an electric powered auger that is controlled by a thermostat. The pellets are lit by an electric ignitor rod that starts the pellets burning and they turn into coals in the firebox once they burn down. Most pellet grills are a barrel shape with a square hopper box at the end or side. The advantage of a pellet grill is its temperature versatility. It can be set on a "smoke" mode where it burns at 100–150 °F (38–66 °C) for slow smoking. It can also be set at 180–350 °F (82–177 °C) to slow cook or barbecue meats (like brisket, ribs and hams) or cranked up to a temperature of 450–500 °F (232–260 °C) for what would be considered low temperature grilling. Some high-end pellet grills can reach up to 700 °F (371 °C) for perfect searing. [ citation needed] It is one of the few grills that is actually a smoker, a barbecue and a grill. The best pellet grills can hold steady temperatures for more than ten hours. Many use solid diffuser plates between the firebox and grill to provide even temperature distributions. Most pellet grills burn 1/2 to 1 pound of pellets per hour at 180–250 °F (82–121 °C), depending on the "hardness" of the wood, ambient temperature and how often the lid is opened. Most hoppers hold 10 to 20 pounds of wood pellets. Pellets in a wide variety of woods including:hickory, oak, maple, apple, alder, mesquite, and grapevine, etc., and can be used, or mixed, for desired smoke flavoring. Pellet technology is widely used in home heating in certain parts of North America. Softer woods including pine are often used for home heating. Pellets for home heating are not cooking grade and should not be used in pellet grills. Square charcoal [ edit]The square charcoal grill is a hybrid of the brazier and the kettle grill. It has a shallow pan like the brazier and normally a simple method of adjusting the heat, if any. However, it has a lid like a kettle grill and basic adjustable vents. The square charcoal grille is, as expected, priced between the brazier and kettle grill, with the most basic models priced around the same as the most expensive braziers and the most expensive models competing with basic kettle grills. These grills are available at discount stores and have largely displaced most larger braziers. Square charcoal grills almost exclusively have four legs with two wheels on the back so the grill can be tilted back using the handles for the lid to roll the grill. More expensive examples have baskets and shelves mounted on the grill. Shichirin (hibachi) [ edit]Various Japanese traditional shichirin (Tokyo Egota), made from diatomite The traditional Japanese hibachi is a heating device and not usually used for cooking. In English, however, "hibachi" often refers to small cooking grills typically made of aluminum or cast iron, with the latter generally being of a higher quality. Owing to their small size, hibachi grills are popular as a form of portable barbecue. They resemble traditional, Japanese, charcoal-heated cooking utensils called shichirin. Alternatively, "hibachi-style" is often used in the U. S. as a term for Japanese teppanyaki cooking, in which gas-heated hotplates are integrated into tables around which many people (often multiple parties) can sit and eat at once. The chef performs the cooking in front of the diners, typically with theatrical flair—such as lighting a volcano-shaped stack of raw onion hoops on fire. In its most common form, the hibachi is an inexpensive grill made of either sheet steel or cast iron and composed of a charcoal pan and two small, independent cooking grids. Like the brazier grill, heat is adjusted by moving the cooking grids up and down. Also like the brazier grill, the hibachi does not have a lid. Some hibachi designs have venting systems for heat control. The hibachi is a good grill choice for those who do not have much space for a larger grill, or those who wish to take their grill traveling. Binchō-tan is most suitable for fuel of shichirin. Kettle [ edit]Two charcoal kettle grills, a small 18 inches (460 mm) tabletop model, and a freestanding 22.5 inches (570 mm) model. The kettle grill is considered the classic American grill design. [ citation needed] The original and often-copied Weber kettle grill was invented in 1951 by George Stephen. It has remained one of the most commercially successful charcoal grill designs to date. Smaller and more portable versions exist, such as the Weber Smokey Joe. The kettle grill is composed of a lid, cooking grid, charcoal grid, lower chamber, venting system, and legs. Some models include an ash catcher pan and wheels. The lower chamber that holds the charcoal is shaped like a kettle, giving the grill its name. The key to the kettle grill's cooking abilities is its shape. The kettle design distributes heat more evenly. When the lid is placed on the grill, it prevents flare-ups from dripping grease, and allows heat to circulate around the food as it cooks. It also holds in flavor-enhancing smoke produced by the dripping grease or from smoking wood added to the charcoal fire. The Weber kettle grill has bottom vents that also dispatch ash into a pan below the bowl. Most kettle grills can be adapted for indirect cooking. The kettle design allows the griller to configure the grill for indirect cooking (or barbecuing) as well. For indirect cooking, charcoal is piled on one or both sides of the lower chamber and a water pan is placed in the empty space to one side or between the charcoal. Food is then placed over the water pan for cooking. The venting system consists of one or more vents in the bottom of the lower chamber and one or more vents in the top of the lid. Normally, the lower vent (s) are to be left open until cooking is complete, and the vent (s) in the lid are adjusted to control airflow. Restricted airflow means lower cooking temperature and slower burning of charcoal. Cart [ edit]The charcoal cart grill is quite similar in appearance to a typical gas grill. The cart grill can be rectangular or kettle in design, has a hinged lid, cooking grid, charcoal grid, and is mounted to a cart with wheels and side tables. Most cart grills have a way to adjust heat, either through moving the cooking surface up, the charcoal pan down, through venting, or a combination of the three. Cart grills often have an ash collection drawer for easy removal of ashes while cooking. Their rectangular design makes them usable for indirect cooking as well. Charcoal cart grills, with all their features, can make charcoal grilling nearly as convenient as gas grilling. Cart grills can also be quite expensive. Barrel [ edit]In its most primitive form, the barrel grill is nothing more than a 55 US gallons (210 l; 46 imp gal) steel barrel sliced in half lengthwise. Hinges are attached so the top half forms the lid and the bottom half forms the charcoal chamber. Vents are cut into the top and bottom for airflow control. A chimney is normally attached to the lid. Charcoal grids and cooking grids are installed in the bottom half of the grill, and legs are attached. Like kettle grills, barrel grills work well for grilling as well as true barbecuing. For barbecuing, lit charcoal is piled at one end of the barrel and food to be cooked is placed at the other. With the lid closed, heat can then be controlled with vents. Fancier designs available at stores may have other features, but the same basic design does not change. Ceramic cooker [ edit]The ceramic cooker design has been around for roughly 3,000 years. [13] The shichirin, a Japanese grill traditionally of ceramic construction, has existed in its current form since the Edo period however more recent designs have been influenced by the mushikamado now more commonly referred to as a kamado. [14] The ceramic cooker is more versatile than the kettle grill as the ceramic chamber retains heat and moisture more efficiently. Ceramic cookers are equally adept at grilling, smoking, and barbecuing foods. Tandoor oven [ edit]Main article: Tandoor A tandoor is used for cooking certain types of Irani, Indian and Pakistani food, such as tandoori chicken and naan. In a tandoor, the wood fire is kept in the bottom of the oven and the food to be cooked is put on long skewers and inserted into the oven from an opening on the top so the meat items are above the coals of the fire. This method of cooking involves both grilling and oven cooking as the meat item to be cooked sees both high direct infrared heat and the heat of the air in the oven. Tandoor ovens often operate at temperatures above 500 °F (260 °C) and cook the meat items very quickly. Portable charcoal [ edit]Portable charcoal grills are small but convenient for traveling, picnicking, and camping. This one is loaded with lump charcoal. The legs fold up and lock onto the lid so it can be carried by the lid handle. The portable charcoal grill normally falls into either the brazier or kettle grill category. Some are rectangular in shape. A portable charcoal grill is usually quite compact and has features that make it easier to transport, making it a popular grill for tailgating. Often the legs fold up and lock into place so the grill will fit into a car trunk more easily. Most portable charcoal grills have venting, legs, and lids, though some models do not have lids (making them, technically, braziers.) There are also grills designed without venting to prevent ash fallout for use in locations which ash may damage ground surfaces. Some portable grills are designed to replicate the function of a larger more traditional grill/brazier and may include spit roasting as well as a hood and additional grill areas under the hood area. Portable Backpack Grills [ edit]These type of grills are super lightweight and portable so they can be fold down and worn inside a regular backpack. Usually, the backpack is provided with the grill. They are the variations of portable charcoal grills. Gizzo is the first grill-backpack that comes with a backpack and looks like a normal grill when open. It can cook up to eight burgers at a time, weighing 8 pounds and being 2 feet tall. Hybrids [ edit]A hybrid grill is a grill used for outdoor cooking with charcoal and natural gas or liquid propane and can cook in the same manner as a traditional outdoor gas grill. The manufacturers claim that it combines the convenience of an outdoor gas grill with the flavor and cooking techniques of a charcoal and wood grill. In addition to providing the cooking heat, the gas burners in a hybrid grill can be used to quickly start a charcoal/wood fire or to extend the length of a charcoal/wood cooking session. Some of the newer hybrid stoves cater more towards the emergency preparedness/survivalist market with the ability to use propane, charcoal or wood. Generally, they have a propane burner that can be removed and charcoal or wood substituted as the fuel source. Many have features similar to the portable charcoal grill with a volcano shaped cooking chamber for efficiency, the ability to be folded or collapsed for a smaller footprint and a carrying case for easy portability. Commercial grills [ edit]A commercial barbecue typically has a larger cooking capacity than traditional household grills, as well as featuring a variety of accessories for added versatility. End users of commercial barbecue grills include for-profit operations such as restaurants, caterers, food vendors and grilling operations at food fairs, golf tournaments and other charity events, as well as competition cookers. The category lends itself to originality, and many commercial barbecue grills feature designs unique to their respective manufacturer. Model Mobile-SLPX Commercial Barbecue Grill Commercial barbecue grills can be stationary or transportable. An example of a stationary grill is a built-in pit grill, for indoor or outdoor use. Construction materials include bricks, mortar, concrete, tile and cast iron. Most commercial barbecue grills, however, are mobile, allowing the operator to take the grill wherever the job is. Transportable commercial barbecue grills can be units with removable legs, grills that fold, and grills mounted entirely on trailers. Trailer mounted commercial barbecue grills run the gamut from basic grill cook tops to pit barbecue grills and smokers, to specialized roasting units that cook whole pigs, chicken, ribs, corn and other vegetables. Parts [ edit]Many gas grill components can be replaced with new parts, adding to the useful life of the grill. Though charcoal grills can sometimes require new cooking grids and charcoal grates, gas grills are much more complex, and require additional components such as burners, valves, and heat shields. Burners [ edit]A gas grill burner is the central source of heat for cooking food. Gas grill burners are typically constructed of: stainless steel, aluminized steel, or cast iron, occasionally porcelain-coated. Burners are hollow with gas inlet holes and outlet 'ports'. For each inlet there is a separate control on the control panel of the grill. The most common type of gas grill burners are called 'H' burners and resemble the capital letter 'H' turned on its side. Another popular shape is oval. There are also 'Figure 8', 'Bowtie' and 'Bar' burners. Other grills have a separate burner for each control. These burners can be referred to as 'Pipe', 'Tube', or 'Rail' burners. They are mostly straight since they are only required to heat one portion of the grill. Gas is mixed with air in venturi tubes or simply 'venturis'. Venturis can be permanently attached to the burner or removable. At the other end of the venturi is the gas valve, which is connected to the control knob on the front of the grill. A metal screen covers the fresh air intake of each venturi to keep spiders from clogging the tube with their nests. Cooking grate [ edit]Cooking grates, also known as cooking grids, are the surface on which the food is cooked in a grill. They are typically made of: Stainless steel - usually the most expensive and longest-lasting option, may carry a lifetime warranty Porcelain-coated cast iron - the next best option after stainless steel, usually thick and good for searing meat Porcelain-coated steel - will typically last as long as porcelain-coated cast iron, but not as good for searing Cast iron - more commonly used for charcoal grills, cast iron must be coated with cooking oil between uses to protect it from rusting Chrome-plated steel - usually the least expensive and shortest-lasting material Cooking grates used over gas or charcoal barbecues will allow fat and oil to drop between the grill bars. This can cause the fat or oil to ignite in a 'flare-up', the flames from which can blacken or burn the food on the grate. In an attempt to combat this problem, some barbecues are fitted with plates, baffles or other means to deflect the dripping flammable fluids away from the burners. Most high end barbecue grills use stainless steel grates, but there is a health benefit to using bare cast iron grids. When cast iron is used to cook food containing high level of acidity, such as lentils, tomatoes, lemonade sauces, or marinades with strong vinegar content, there is increased iron dietary intake. [ citation needed] The longer and hotter the grilling temperature, the more iron is infused into the food. [15] This process can only take place with plain, uncoated cast iron grates. The downside to bare cast iron grates is that food tends to stick to them, and they take more effort to clean. Rock grate [ edit]Rock grates are placed directly above the burner and are designed to hold lava rock or ceramic briquettes. These materials serve a dual purpose - they protect the burner from drippings which can accelerate the deterioration of the burner, and they disperse the heat from the burner more evenly throughout the grill. Heat shield [ edit]Heat shields are also known as burner shields, heat plates, heat tents, radiation shields, or heat angles. They serve the same purpose as a rock grate and rock, protecting the burner from corrosive meat drippings and dispersing heat. They are more common in newer grills. Heat shields are lighter, easier to replace and harbor less bacteria than rocks. Like lava rock or ceramic briquettes, heat shields also vaporize the meat drippings and 'infuse' the meat with more flavor. Valves [ edit]Valves can wear out or become rusted and too difficult to operate requiring replacement. A valve is unlike a burner, a replacement valve usually must be an exact match to the original in order to fit properly. As a consequence, many grills are disposed of when valves fail due to a lack of available replacements. If a valve seems to be moving properly, but no gas is getting to the burner, the most common cause for this is debris in the venturi. This impediment can be cleared by using a long flexible object. Cover [ edit]A barbecue cover is a textile product specially designed to fit over a grill so as to protect it from outdoor elements such as sun, wind, rain and snow, and outdoor contaminants such as dust, pollution, and bird droppings. Barbecue covers are commonly made with a vinyl outer shell and a heat-resistant inner lining, as well as adjustable straps to secure the cover in windy conditions. The cover may have a polyester surface, often with polyurethane coating on the outer surface, with polyvinyl chloride liner. Indoor grills [ edit]While live-fire cooking is difficult indoors without heavy-duty ventilation, it is possible to simulate some of the effects of a live-fire grill with indoor equipment. The simplest design is known as a grill pan, which is a type of heavy frying pan with raised grill lines to hold the food off the floor of the pan and allow drippings to run off. Otherwise, a simple frying pan can do a reasonable job of grilling. See also [ edit]Barbecue Brazier Brustolina Charcoal Churrasco Gridiron Grilling Hearth Hibachi Kitchen stove List of cooking appliances Manghal (barbecue)Piezo ignition Roasting Rotisserie Schwenker Shichirin References [ edit]^ "A brief history of the bbq grill". PM. Retrieved 2015-04-28.^ "Adaptations of Barbecue".^ "Food Network's Brief History of Grilling". Foodnetwork.com. Retrieved 2011-09-02.^ "About.com's History of Barbecue". Bbq.about.com. 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2011-09-02.^ Slater, Dashka (2014-09-26). "Who Made That Charcoal Briquette?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-10.^ "NY Times Obituary for George Stephen". Nytimes.com. 1993-02-16. Retrieved 2011-09-02.^ Mauer, Don (2006). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Grilling. USA: Penguin Group. pp. 13–14. ISBN 1-59257-481-5.^ Popular Mechanics, June 1957, page 97.^ Cart. "60 years of rich history! » Lazy Man Gourmet Grills". Lazyman.com. Retrieved 2015-02-01.^ Mayer, Lisa (December 2007). "A sizzling array of new barbecue/grills awats dealers and consumers in the coming year". Hearth and Home Magazine.^ "Infrared fires up backyard barbecues". msnbc.com. 2007-05-25. Retrieved 2018-01-16.^ Mariani, John; Rama, Marie (2009-03-11). Grilling For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470504123.^ Stines, Michael H. Mastering Barbecue: Tons of Recipes, Hot Tips, Neat Techniques, and Indispensable Know How. p. 13.^ "Big Green Egg Prices Questioned \| Char Grills". www.chargrills.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.^ "Design, Construction and Modeling of a Mechanical Portable Barbecue Machine" (PDF). Global Journals. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grills. Look up barbecue or BBQ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Barbecues and grills at Curlie (based on DMOZ)Barbecue and grilling at Curlie (based on DMOZ)v t e Barbecue Categories: Cooking appliances Garden features Barbecue
D156799	http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/meet/kagura/kagura01.html	Kagura	Meet the Kids Kagura What Is Kagura? Kagura features colorful costumes and exciting movement Kagura is a form of music and dance dedicated to Shinto gods. In the Kojiki and other ancient books that tell us about the mythology of Japan, there are stories of one god hiding within a stone and another god dancing to coax it out, and this is said to be the origin of kagura. Long ago, the Shinto priests who took care of the shrines were the only people allowed to perform kagura. Nowadays, though, many ordinary people enjoy this form of music and dance. Kagura performers can be divided into two groups: the maikata and the hayashikata. The maikata dance while wearing elaborate and colorful embroidered costumes, and the hayashikata play musical instruments. The maikata also wear wigs called gasso and masks over their faces, and they speak between dance sequences. The hayashikata play the odaiko (a large drum), kodaiko (a smaller drum), chochigane (a kind of cymbal), and yokobue (a kind of flute). Many stories involve driving away villains Since ancient times, kagura has been performed as a ceremony in which people ask for a good harvest and abundant catches of fish and also wish away illness. While kagura these days is a form of entertainment that is often performed in an auditorium or a hall, in the past people performed it where they lived and dedicated it to local gods. Even now in farming villages, when the autumn rice harvest is completed, kagura is still performed on special stages in shrines to show appreciation for the harvest. People gather and watch kagura all through the night. In the past, some performances of kagura lasted as long as three days. Index Next
D2329450	https://www.thcfarmer.com/community/threads/what-does-your-tea-smell-like.22431/	What does your tea smell like?	Seed Store Forums Medical Cannabis Cultivation Basic Growing Information What does your tea smell like? Discussion in ' Basic Growing Information ' started by supasticky, Jul 22, 2010 . Jul 22, 2010 #1supasticky643618So I'm new to the tea brewing game and was wondering what teas generally smell like, because mine smells like straight sea water. It's hella nasty. I can see why, the Humega smells like rotten eggs and the Orgaincare Pure smells like fish food. Is it normal for the tea to stink this bad? What does everyone else's tea smell like? -Supa Jul 22, 2010 #2Lost2,9762838Smells like....... Taint Gravy!Jul 22, 2010 #3shavits33437063Ive been told it shouldnt smell bad but when I add fish fertilzer and some other stinky shit its hard for my tea to not smell kinda rotten! All I know is that my tea works very good so I know its been brewed right!Jul 22, 2010 #4supasticky643618It's foaming up hard and the p H keeps raising so I know the microbes are lovin it, I just hope it'll work out for the plants. fuckin lost lol -Supa Jul 23, 2010 #5supasticky643618Looks like they like it so far. I watered them about 3 hrs ago and the seedlings are still perked. We'll see in the morning. -Supa Jul 23, 2010 #6justiceman Moderator Staff Member2,2406,775263Indeed. I have used Humega and it does smell like rottent eggs. I believe it smells like that because it has sulfur in it (great product) but I haven't particularly used fish ferts quite yet although I know they smell a lot. A general guide line is the brew shouldn't smell bad, but it definitely depends on the starting ingredients. I would say it's more like the brew shouldn't smell too different from the original ingredients. For instance a basic compost tea might consist of Earth Worm Castings, Humus, and molasses (obviously other ingredients can be added but that's not my point). The EWC, Humus, and molasses mixed up in aerating water should smell fresh and earthy right when you mix them in. 24 hours later the tea should smell just as earthy and fresh. If it smells putrid, rancid, nasty, etc It is probably full of anaerobic bacteria/fungi because the dissolved oxygen content of the water wasn't high enough to support aerobic life. Since you added Humega, and Fish ferts judging by smell is pretty much out. The fact that your PH is rising is a good sign though because anaerobic bacteria/fungi like acidic environments, so a PH that is rising is usually a sign of an increase in aerobic bacteria. If you worried about the tea going bad, then you might want to add an extra pump and air stone for good measure. Jul 23, 2010 #7Gro23560Lost said: ↑Smells like....... Taint Gravy! :rofl:rofl:rofl Jul 23, 2010 #8supasticky643618justiceman said: ↑Indeed. I have used Humega and it does smell like rottent eggs. I believe it smells like that because it has sulfur in it (great product) but I haven't particularly used fish ferts quite yet although I know they smell a lot. A general guide line is the brew shouldn't smell bad, but it definitely depends on the starting ingredients. I would say it's more like the brew shouldn't smell too different from the original ingredients. For instance a basic compost tea might consist of Earth Worm Castings, Humus, and molasses (obviously other ingredients can be added but that's not my point). The EWC, Humus, and molasses mixed up in aerating water should smell fresh and earthy right when you mix them in. 24 hours later the tea should smell just as earthy and fresh. If it smells putrid, rancid, nasty, etc It is probably full of anaerobic bacteria/fungi because the dissolved oxygen content of the water wasn't high enough to support aerobic life. Since you added Humega, and Fish ferts judging by smell is pretty much out. The fact that your PH is rising is a good sign though because anaerobic bacteria/fungi like acidic environments, so a PH that is rising is usually a sign of an increase in aerobic bacteria. If you worried about the tea going bad, then you might want to add an extra pump and air stone for good measure. Click to expand... I also added Sea Plex so I'm pretty sure the smell of sea water wasn't a bad thing lol I'll probably be adding that other little pump I have I just don't have the tube for it. Thanks for the help! -Supa Jul 23, 2010 #9Blaze2,0044,224263Tea should smell relatively pleasant - mine always smells sort of sweet and earthy, and I do use both fish ferts and seaweed as well as a humic acid product. If your tea stinks, and I mean really stinks, like a dead animal, or uncomposted manure, or like ammonium, it has gone anaerobic and should not be used. Aug 6, 2010 #10supasticky643618Did another tea and didn't use Pure granular fish shit and it didn't smell like sea water, very earthy... I did use EWC though.. -Supa Aug 7, 2010 #11Mud Man379218Molasses smells great ..... My non molasses tea smells of that smell "when you crack open a fresh bag of good organic mud" smell Aug 7, 2010 #12supasticky643618Mud Man said: ↑Molasses smells great ..... My non molasses tea smells of that smell "when you crack open a fresh bag of good organic mud" smell Yah I've been meaning to go get a bottle of black strap molasses. I love that earthy smell you get from the EWC. Organic mud? I would think mud would be hard for roots to get through? -Supa Aug 7, 2010 #13Mud Man379218ok,, soil , organic soil LOLAug 8, 2010 #14yoda4201600smells very funny but a hint of scent You need to be logged in to reply Login Register
D2079211	http://energyinformative.org/how-does-hydroelectric-power-work/	How Does Hydroelectric Power Work?	How Does Hydroelectric Power Work? Last updated May 3, 2013 by Mathias Aarre Maehlum Hydroelectric power, also known as hydroelectric energy or simply hydroelectricity, supplies about 20% of the entire world’s electricity needs – About 88% of the total electricity that is generated from renewable energy sources. In this article I’m going to explain how hydroelectric power plants work. Where Does Hydroelectric Energy Come From? Hydroelectric energy can be defined as a form of hydropower where the motion of running water (kinetic energy) is converted into electricity. The water cycle is driven directly by solar energy. When the sun heats the water in the ocean, some of the water on the surface is vaporized. The water vapor rises and when it reaches higher layers of air and is cooled, the water falls down in the form of rain, hail or snow. The water flows in streams and rivers, finally reaching the sea where it again evaporates. What is Hydroelectricity? Hydroelectric energy is potential energy that is converted to kinetic energy through the forces of gravitation, which again comes from solar energy, driving the water cycle around. To answer the question, hydroelectric energy is the result of heat energy from the sun and the gravitational forces from the earth. Error, group does not exist! Check your syntax! (ID: 1)How Hydroelectric Power Plants Work By letting the water flow through turbines on their way to the sea, we can harness some of the kinetic energy of water to produce electricity. The flow and head determines the potential energy of a waterfall. The head is the height difference between the water level in the inlet and outlet from the power plant. From the intake reservoir, the water flows down to the power station, and then into the turbine wheel. Tidal Power There are several ways to generate electricity other than the conventional hydroelectric power plant. Tide power is a form of hydroelectricity that looks very promising. The basic gist of how tide power works is this: Tidal power is the result of the moon and the sun’s gravitational influence on the ocean. Height differences between high and low tides create tidal currents in coastal areas, and these currents can be strong enough to drive turbines. Read more on tidal power here: How Does Tidal Power Work? To get an insight on how hydroelectric energy was harnessed in the past I recommend reading The History of Hydroelectric Power. How Much Does Hydroelectric Power Cost? The cost of hydroelectric power is dependent on a lot of factors. An important factor is that hydroelectric power requires no fuel. This results in almost no fluctuations in costs when costs of other energy sources such as oil and gas go up or down. Hoover Dam, built in the 1930’s, is located in the Black Canyon area of Colorado River. This facility is capable of generating 2,074MW and came with a price tag of $49 million. These plants have long lives and don’t require a lot of operators to function. Hydroelectric power plants are in most cases able to generate cheaper electricity than other alternatives. So why don’t we just mass-produce these power plants across the globe? The answer is that suitable reservoirs are limited. These subjects among others are covered more extensively in Hydroelectric Energy Pros and Cons. There is no doubt about that we need all the clean and renewable energy we can get. Harnessing hydroelectric energy and continuing to build out hydroelectric power plants is crucial. The future of hydroelectric energy looks promising and will only get better as new methods to harness hydropower such as tidal power becomes commercially realizable. Error, group does not exist! Check your syntax! (ID: 2)How much money can a solar roof save you in Virginia? Profit from your roof space: find local deals on solar in your area, eliminate your power bill, and join the solar revolution. Calculate My Savings!Facebook Twitter Google
D189572	https://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/guide/treatment-care-rheumatoid-arthritis	RA Treatment & Care	RA Treatment & Care Finding the most effective RA treatment is crucial to managing RA. Learn about the latest treatments to see which one works best for you. Understanding the Choices Treatment Overview Learn about rheumatoid arthritis treatment, including medications, injections, joint exercises, rest, and surgery. Questions for Your Doctor Find out what to ask your arthritis doctor at your next visit. Working With Your Rheumatologist Learn how to work with your doctor to find the most effective medications and treatments for RA. Types of Medications Rheumatoid Arthritis Drug Guide Find out the latest in arthritis medications, including how the medications work and known side effects. Using NSAIDs to Treat RA Pain Learn about NSAIDs and how they are used to treat RA pain and inflammation. Treating RA With DMARDs Learn how DMARDs work to slow the progression and pain of RA. How Methotrexate Works If you have RA, you’ll probably start treatment with methotrexate. Learn how it works, side effects to look out for, and more. Is It Time For Biologics? Find out about the biologic drugs and how these drugs can help when other drugs have failed. Steroids and What They Do Discover how steroid drugs are used to calm inflammation in RA. Non-Drug Treatments for RAHow Physical Therapy Helps Learn why physical therapy is a vital part of your RA treatment. Surgery for Rheumatoid Arthritis Discover when surgery may be recommended for painful, stiff joints. The Role of Natural Remedies Learn about natural treatments, including natural dietary supplements and alternative remedies for RA. What Is Acupuncture and How Does It Work? Discover how acupuncture helps to ease pain by boosting endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers. Foods That Fight RA Inflammation Although there's no "RA diet" that can treat the condition, some foods may help you lower inflammation in your body.
D87746	http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol8/range.html	The Range of a Set of Data	The Range of a Set of Data Problem: Cheryl took 7 math tests in one marking period. What is the range of her test scores?89, 73, 84, 91, 87, 77, 94Solution: Ordering the test scores from least to greatest, we get:73, 77, 84, 87, 89, 91, 94highest - lowest = 94 - 73 = 21Answer: The range of these test scores is 21 points. Definition: The range of a set of data is the difference between the highest and lowest values in the set. In the problem above, the set of data consists of 7 test scores. We ordered the data from least to greatest before finding the range. We recommend that you do this, too. This is especially important with large sets of data. Let's look at some more examples. Example 1: The Jaeger family drove through 6 midwestern states on their summer vacation. Gasoline prices varied from state to state. What is the range of gasoline prices?$1.79, $1.61, $1.96, $2.09, $1.84, $1.75Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get:$1.61, $1.75, $1.79, $1.84, $1.96, $2.09highest - lowest = $2.09 - $1.61 = $0.48Answer: The range of gasoline prices is $0.48. Example 2: Ms. Kaiser listed 9 integers on the blackboard. What is the range of these integers?14, - 12, 7, 0, - 5, - 8, 17, - 11, 19Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get:- 12, - 11, - 8, - 5, 0, 7, 14, 17, 19highest - lowest = 19 - - 12 = 19 + + 12 = + 31Answer: The range of these integers is + 31. Example 3: A marathon race was completed by 5 participants. What is the range of times given in hours below?2.7 hr, 8.3 hr, 3.5 hr, 5.1 hr, 4.9 hr Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get:2.7, 3.5, 4.9, 5.1, 8.3highest - lowest = 8.3 hr - 2.7 hr = 5.6 hr Answer: The range of swim times is 5.6 hr. Summary: The range of a set of data is the difference between the highest and lowest values in the set. To find the range, first order the data from least to greatest. Then subtract the smallest value from the largest value in the set. Exercises Directions: Find the range of each set of data. Click once in an ANSWER BOX and type in your answer; then click ENTER. After you click ENTER, a message will appear in the RESULTS BOX to indicate whether your answer is correct or incorrect. To start over, click CLEAR.1. Find the range of these distances run by 6 marathon runners: 10 km, 15 km, 12 km, 14 km, 8 km, 16 km ANSWER BOX: km RESULTS BOX:2. Find the range of these quiz scores: 93, 79, 83, 89, 90, 71, 85 ANSWER BOX: RESULTS BOX:3. Find the range of these race times given in seconds: 7.3 s, 8.4 s, 8.0 s, 7.5 s, 9.4 s, 8.7 s, 9.1 s ANSWER BOX: s RESULTS BOX:4. Employees at a retail store are paid the hourly wages listed below. What is the range of these hourly wages? $7.50, $9.25, $8.75, $9.50, $7.25, $8.50 ANSWER BOX: $RESULTS BOX:5. In a game, points were won and lost, represented by integers. What is the range of points given below?- 14, + 21, - 17, + 25, 0, - 19, + 11, - 20, + 18 ANSWER BOX: RESULTS BOX: Introduction to Statistics Range Arithmetic Mean Non-Routine Mean Median Mode Practice Exercises Challenge Exercises Solutions
D2896767	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071010005709AAopyNh	What is the difference between psychodynamic thoery and psychoanalytic theory?	Social Science Psychology What is the difference between psychodynamic thoery and psychoanalytic theory? What is the difference between psychodynamic thoery and psychoanalytic theory? Or do they mean the same thing, just different terms for explaining the same thing?2 following 7 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: They are similar, but not the same thing. Psychoanalysis is a subset of psychodynamic theory. According to the APA, psychoanalysis is a type of psychodynamic theory created by Freud that is focused on unconscious motivations and conflict. It is usually very long and intensive (sometimes 3-5 times per week). Psychodynamic theory is a broad therapeutic orientation that consists of self psychology, object relations, ego psychology, psychoanalysis (and a couple more). Behavior is explained in terms of past experiences and motivational forces. Actions are viewed as stemming from inherited instincts, biological drives, and attempts to resolve conflicts between personal needs and social requirements. Source (s):http://www.psychologymatters.org/glossar...psychgrad · 1 decade ago9 2 1 comment Asker's rating Psychodynamic Vs Psychoanalytic Source (s):https://shrink.im/a07G9minniear · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Psychoanalytic Psychodynamic Source (s):https://shrinks.im/a9Co6hasir · 1 year ago0 0 Comment This Site Might Help You. RE: What is the difference between psychodynamic thoery and psychoanalytic theory? What is the difference between psychodynamic thoery and psychoanalytic theory? Or do they mean the same thing, just different terms for explaining the same thing? Source (s):difference psychodynamic thoery psychoanalytic theory: https://shortly.im/Hlcw UChristin · 3 years ago0 0 Comment For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/ax2m O Psychoanalytic theory is the body of ideas which informs the practice of psychoanalysis, which is the active, "doing" part of the analyst treating the patient. Psychodynamic approach is an effort to represent a psychotherapy which is informed by psychoanalysis, but not necessarily in all respects--looser. The fundamental idea of the work that comes through Freud is that unconscious elements can profoundly influence thought, feeling and behavior. These elements need to be understood as well as they can in order for an individual to become less dominated by them and their defensive reactions to them. Christa · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Psychodynamic is a more modernized approach to psychoanalysis. I m a gradstudent in the Clinical Mental Health field (with an emphasis on psychotherapy and counseling) and, in myopinion, psychoanalysis follows a more thorough and lengthy construct of counseling from Sigmund Freud s perspective on the unconscious and how it operates (eg., id, ego, superego). - whereas psychodynamic theory tends to be a litte more shorter in duration and intensity. One reason might be due to the lack of health insurances wanting to pay for such lenghty and time consuming sessions. In other words, Psychodynamic is a more adaptive approach for todays time.anita k c · 2 years ago0 2 Comment Question: What is meant by dissociative identity disorder? In what ways is it thought to manifest and what might its causes be? Do psychoanalytic accounts of this alleged phenomenon add anything to our understanding not offered by alternative theories? do you know what the alternative theories are? Anonymous · 1 year ago0 0 Commentfunny pmsl 10/10Robin · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Just different terms for the same basic theory.steve_zissou75 · 1 decade ago0 14 Comment
D2590372	https://www.rad.org.uk/	.	Faculty of Education Are you thinking of becoming a dance teacher? You are in the right place: we are specialists in dance education with 94 years of experience. We train teachers worldwide. Read more Examinations We offer an internationally recognised portfolio of exams designed to motivate and encourage students of all ages and levels of ability. These will gain you UCAS points in the UK. Read more CPDDevelop your creative, teaching and business skills with our Continuing Professional Development courses. Invest in your career, and be at the forefront of dance education. Read more RAD Shop The shop sells all RAD syllabus materials (books, CDs, DVDs, printed music), ballet wear and props, and clothing and gifts for dance lovers. Read more Find an RAD teacher News More Dr Ivor Guest DUniv MA FRADThe RAD seeks clarity on 'authorised absences' for exams Genée tickets now on sale!Subscribe to our mailing listindicates required Your e-mail First name Last name Events More26 Apr 2018RAD Annual General Meeting 2018 (London)29 Apr 2018Project B Dance Challenge (London)29 Apr 2018Comprehensive Syllabus Classes - Grades 1, 2 & 3 (Hampshire)29 Apr 2018Boys Ballet Masterclass (Edinburgh)
D2572296	http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0004695.html	Major Air Pollutants	Home > Science & Health > Environment & Nature > Environment Cite Major Air Pollutants Air pollution is a real public health and environmental problem that can lead to-among other things-global warming, acid rain, and the deterioration of the ozone layer. This chart names some common pollutants, their sources, and their effect on the environment. Pollutant Sources Effects Ozone. A gas that can be found in two places. Near the ground (the troposphere), it is a major part of smog. The harmful ozone in the lower atmosphere should not be confused with the protective layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere), which screens out harmful ultraviolet rays. Ozone is not created directly, but is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds mix in sunlight. That is why ozone is mostly found in the summer. Nitrogen oxides come from burning gasoline, coal, or other fossil fuels. There are many types of volatile organic compounds, and they come from sources ranging from factories to trees. Ozone near the ground can cause a number of health problems. Ozone can lead to more frequent asthma attacks in people who have asthma and can cause sore throats, coughs, and breathing difficulty. It may even lead to premature death. Ozone can also hurt plants and crops. Carbon monoxide. A gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels, mostly in cars. It cannot be seen or smelled. Carbon monoxide is released when engines burn fossil fuels. Emissions are higher when engines are not tuned properly, and when fuel is not completely burned. Cars emit a lot of the carbon monoxide found outdoors. Furnaces and heaters in the home can emit high concentrations of carbon monoxide, too, if they are not properly maintained. Carbon monoxide makes it hard for body parts to get the oxygen they need to run correctly. Exposure to carbon monoxide makes people feel dizzy and tired and gives them headaches. In high concentrations it is fatal. Elderly people with heart disease are hospitalized more often when they are exposed to higher amounts of carbon monoxide. Nitrogen dioxide. A reddish-brown gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels. It has a strong smell at high levels. Nitrogen dioxide mostly comes from power plants and cars. Nitrogen dioxide is formed in two ways-when nitrogen in the fuel is burned, or when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at very high temperatures. Nitrogen dioxide can also react in the atmosphere to form ozone, acid rain, and particles. High levels of nitrogen dioxide exposure can give people coughs and can make them feel short of breath. People who are exposed to nitrogen dioxide for a long time have a higher chance of getting respiratory infections. Nitrogen dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain, which can harm plants and animals. Particulate matter. Solid or liquid matter that is suspended in the air. To remain in the air, particles usually must be less than 0.1-mm wide and can be as small as 0.00005 mm. Particulate matter can be divided into two types-coarse particles and fine particles. Coarse particles are formed from sources like road dust, sea spray, and construction. Fine particles are formed when fuel is burned in automobiles and power plants. Particulate matter that is small enough can enter the lungs and cause health problems. Some of these problems include more frequent asthma attacks, respiratory problems, and premature death. Sulfur dioxide. A corrosive gas that cannot be seen or smelled at low levels but can have a “rotten egg“ smell at high levels. Sulfur dioxide mostly comes from the burning of coal or oil in power plants. It also comes from factories that make chemicals, paper, or fuel. Like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain and particles. Sulfur dioxide exposure can affect people who have asthma or emphysema by making it more difficult for them to breathe. It can also irritate people's eyes, noses, and throats. Sulfur dioxide can harm trees and crops, damage buildings, and make it harder for people to see long distances. Lead. A blue-gray metal that is very toxic and is found in a number of forms and locations. Outside, lead comes from cars in areas where unleaded gasoline is not used. Lead can also come from power plants and other industrial sources. Inside, lead paint is an important source of lead, especially in houses where paint is peeling. Lead in old pipes can also be a source of lead in drinking water. High amounts of lead can be dangerous for small children and can lead to lower IQs and kidney problems. For adults, exposure to lead can increase the chance of having heart attacks or strokes. Toxic air pollutants. A large number of chemicals that are known or suspected to cause cancer. Some important pollutants in this category include arsenic, asbestos, benzene, and dioxin. Each toxic air pollutant comes from a slightly different source, but many are created in chemical plants or are emitted when fossil fuels are burned. Some toxic air pollutants, like asbestos and formaldehyde, can be found in building materials and can lead to indoor air problems. Many toxic air pollutants can also enter the food and water supplies. Toxic air pollutants can cause cancer. Some toxic air pollutants can also cause birth defects. Other effects depend on the pollutant, but can include skin and eye irritation and breathing problems. Stratospheric ozone depleters. Chemicals that can destroy the ozone in the stratosphere. These chemicals include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other compounds that include chlorine or bromine. CFCs are used in air conditioners and refrigerators, since they work well as coolants. They can also be found in aerosol cans and fire extinguishers. Other stratospheric ozone depleters are used as solvents in industry. If the ozone in the stratosphere is destroyed, people are exposed to more radiation from the sun (ultraviolet radiation). This can lead to skin cancer and eye problems. Higher ultraviolet radiation can also harm plants and animals. Greenhouse gases. Gases that stay in the air for a long time and warm up the planet by trapping sunlight. This is called the “greenhouse effect“ because the gases act like the glass in a greenhouse. Some of the important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas. It comes from the burning of fossil fuels in cars, power plants, houses, and industry. Methane is released during the processing of fossil fuels, and also comes from natural sources like cows and rice paddies. Nitrous oxide comes from industrial sources and decaying plants. The greenhouse effect can lead to changes in the climate of the planet. Some of these changes might include more temperature extremes, higher sea levels, changes in forest composition, and damage to land near the coast. Human health might be affected by diseases that are related to temperature or by damage to land and water. Source: Jonathan Levy, Harvard School of Public Health. Based on information provided by the Environmental Protection Agency. $ժGE�ir+�X��D�? ?��z PR�<��i T�R<�P�\|��5��4��9%�h ~n�Bn��H]�l=��Tƃ��v��c�B,Yq_̲�̷]��8tf "�5p��y��8�X�8 (L��"C1$��S��z Vi��}��=��"YWQ�m,I&��B�V��ey��Y��g A 9�E� ��j��4}2;��i��s Q�2n.�ɑ�/Y��˨ (�g�� +�K�}0�;"�7��c��%)��F~Y��B~�`��Ɂ�p�tl��h�WJǣR !��+��c0��U� p��ޫ��L\|�! ;��Б< [�%�Ogט�� 3�}�I`�#�Vz� (��PG`�x��͋��vh��Ǜ�W��1D?��~ {��7g (��%��ۻs��R�)�ƪ��ի�ڽ��4u G��̷��Z�ô��+��~f G�6d�]��3@�. 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D3045928	https://www.inc.com/bill-carmody/true-north-your-mission-your-purpose-and-why-it-matters.html	True North: Your Mission, Your Purpose, and Why It Matters	Grow True North: Your Mission, Your Purpose, and Why It Matters Clearly define your mission and purpose (making the "why" something that truly matters) and you will attract what you need to realize your vision. By Bill Carmody Founder and CEO, Trepoint@ Bill Carmody"People don't buy what you do, they buy why you do it," says Simon Sinek in his now famous TED Talk. Have you discovered your "why"? Or are you still working to perfect your "what"? If you're like most businesses, you're working hard every day to keep your customers happy, increase your sales, and, wherever possible, keep your employees motivated. But once you've discovered your path towards success, something strange happens along the way: You sense something missing. You may have a mission statement and a strong feeling that you know why you're in business, but does that reason truly give you a "True North"? That is, does it guide you toward where you want to end up? If your mission and purpose is predicated on a "what," then what you find is a crisis in which you struggle to make the hard decisions. Simply put, you feel lost. That's because most companies do NOT, in fact, have a True North. Missions such as "Creating shareholder value" or "To be a fast growth company" or "Delivering a great product or service" may give you a benchmark, but these are not true missions--they do not give you our your team a sense of purpose. Why Your True North Matters People spend more time at work than they do with their families and loved ones. Once you have enough money to survive and take care of your (financial) obligations, it's natural to seek a sense of purpose and meaning. Why are we here? What are we doing to make the world a better place? In short, why do we matter as a business? If you struggle to answer these questions, you're not alone. Most businesses never get past their basic value proposition to potential customers. But if you sit (uncomfortably) with these questions, the answers will come. And when they bubble up to the surface, you will find a renewed sense of purpose; one that your entire team can rally behind and feel good about. Blake Mycoskie, in his book, Start Something That Matters, says it best: "Find your story." For Blake, it was the simple idea that for every pair of shoes that Toms Shoes sold, another pair would be given to children in need. More than 10 million pairs of shoes have been given away so far, and there's no end in sight. The story is the thing that has been driving his growth and his success. To hear Blake tell it, the reason that starting something that matters, well...matters, is because it's the easiest way to attract others to join in your cause. Why should anyone care if your business succeeds or fails? Unfortunately, for most businesses, the harsh reality is that there really isn't a good reason (outside of your employees wanting to keep their jobs). That's why your mission and purpose have to be bigger than you, bigger than your employees, bigger than your company. Your mission and your purpose must galvanize others to join in and care about your success, because what you're doing matters--not just to your employees, but to the world at large. When you find your "why"--your reason for being--you will discover a renewed sense of purpose and shared responsibility to evangelize what you're doing. Your customers will tell your story for you, because what you're doing truly matters to them. This is where true word of mouth marketing comes from: a sense of belonging, a sense of purpose, and a sense that we're all in this together. And that is the truth. We are, in fact, all in this together. Business isn't the zero sum game we've been led to believe. Instead, we are all working to build a better future, together. I think that the best thing social media has given us is a visual representation of how we're all connected--be it on Linked In, Twitter, Facebook, or another community. The power of having a clearly defined mission and purpose is that we can easily find and attract others who share our passions, our purpose, and our mission. That collaboration is unbeatable. So I urge you to take the time to think about what your True North is and get back to the root of why you started (or joined) your company in the first place. Clearly define your mission and purpose (making the "why" something that truly matters) and you will attract what you need to realize your vision. Very few people care how much money you make. But many people can and will care about how much you give back and why you have set out to positively change the world. Published on: Jan 23, 2015More from Inc. 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D3297898	https://www.reddit.com/r/alcohol/comments/zy1bt/are_long_island_iced_teas_girly/	.	Welcome to Reddit,the front page of the internet. Become a Redditorand subscribe to one of thousands of communities.×21Are Long Island Iced Tea's girly? ( self.alcohol)submitted 5 years ago by Operation Dropkick I always thought they were quite manly as cocktails go but then somebody the other day told me they always thought they were quite girly. I mean, come on! Vodka! Gin! Tequila! Rum! Coke! I wouldn't think you can get much manlier than that right? None of your cranberry juice and vodka served in a little dainty Martini glass there, is there?65 comments share save hide reportall 65 commentssorted by: new (suggested)Want to add to the discussion? Post a comment!Create an account [–] [deleted] 3 points 5 years ago The reason many dont consider it a "manly" drink is because you cant taste the liquor. While not my personal taste (love just everything just straight up) I would never knock a guy for drinking a Long Island. Just no appletinis that are easy on the tini ;)permalink embed save [–] emtilt 2 points 5 years ago Or, you know, you could develop an appreciation for actual cocktails instead of crap like LIITs. Nothing wrong with a Sidercar or Boulevardier or Last Word. If you can even begin to wonder if you could apply words like 'girly' or 'manly' to a certain drink, then it's probably just a crappy drink. No one gives a shit when it's a well crafted beverage.permalink embed save [–] TON3R 2 points 5 years ago I once had a bartender drop a nice little nugget of information on me. He told me that drinks are genderless. If you enjoy it, drink it.permalink embed save [–] theodrixx 1 point 5 years ago What's the plural of "dog"? Ok, now what's the plural of "tea"?permalink embed save [–] Operation Dropkick S 1 point 5 years ago Dog's tea? :/permalink embed save parent [–] theodrixx 2 points 5 years ago No... no."Dogs.""Teas. "NOT"Dog's""Tea's"permalink embed save parent [–] Thunder_Awesome 2 points 5 years ago Not girly, but college-age douchey.permalink embed save [–] timeup bar manager 3 points 5 years ago Alcohol doesn't have a gender.permalink embed save [–] touchy610 2 points 5 years ago This is the only correct answer.permalink embed save parent [–] timeup bar manager 2 points 5 years ago Who gives a shit? Drink whatever you like. I have guys come in to my bar all day and order "girly" drinks. No, not a gay bar. Don't worry about that kind of shit. Tip well and have fun, that's it.permalink embed save [–] Adrian Brony 5 points 5 years ago The manliest drink is the drink you want.permalink embed save [–] timeup bar manager 1 point 5 years agoamen.permalink embed save parent [–] cornskismo 6 points 5 years ago Long Islands are less girly, and more young. It's for the youngins who don't really know about booze and are just trying to get their slosh on.permalink embed save [–] Nomazlab 1 point 5 years ago Who cares? They're awesome!permalink embed save [–] guppie-the-fish 2 points 5 years agolong islands are, according to my friends, the ultimate douche drink. not girly in the least; just a drink consumed with the intent of becoming drunk. I'm the only person they know who orders long islands on a regular basis, but, hah, yeah, I'm a douche.permalink embed save [–] squidbill 1 point 5 years ago No they're not. People get long islands when they want to get fucked up.permalink embed save [–] evilpinkfreud 0 points 5 years ago All cocktails are considered girly. If you're worried about your perceived manliness, better just stick to shots of whiskey and beer.permalink embed save [–] zillah1985 6 points 5 years ago No.permalink embed save [–] greenvelvetcake 5 points 5 years ago What exactly makes a drink girly? Strength? Color? Taste? I always hear beer is a manly drink, but most beers are below 10% ABV, while classic "girly" cocktails like cosmos and margaritas are stronger. Basically, who cares if a drink is "girly" or "manly"? Just drink it, motherfucker.permalink embed save [–] shitterplug jack of all trades, master of the bottle 3 points 5 years ago If it doesn't taste like gasoline, wood varnish, and a hint of burnt chest hair, it's not a 'manly' drink, however it's certainly not a girly drink, it has enough booze to put down a horse... You often see girls drinking them because there is probably a guy around trying to get them sloshed, because... A guy I know... Has done this before, and l, uh, he says it works pretty well.permalink embed save [–] tehzephyrsong -2 points 5 years ago Long Islands are a waste of liquor.permalink embed save [–] Shepardtoyou Sheep 2 points 5 years ago At a certain point who cares, they get you drunk as hell! The bar here at my college does $5 pitchers of Long Islands!permalink embed save [–] tehzephyrsong 2 points 5 years ago That is incredibly irresponsible, and they must be using some really questionable product if they can afford to practically give that shit away like that.permalink embed save parent [–] timeup bar manager 1 point 5 years ago That's because they use "pre-made" long island bottles. All you have to do is add coke. I've worked at a couple places like this and been to several more. They are disgusting and lower in alcohol content than a real long island. Yes, also terribly irresponsible.permalink embed save parent [–] Shepardtoyou Sheep 3 points 5 years ago Umm.....clearly you've never been to the quiet charms of Wisconsin. I have 2 or 3 of them some nights.permalink embed save parent [–] [deleted] 3 points 5 years agoif you're doubting your manliness do a 4 Horsemen and find out for surepermalink embed save [–] bluthru -1 points 5 years ago Girly or not isn't the question. It's mixing 4 types of alcohol which is a pretty good way for your body to hate you. Instead of blending 4 low-shelf alcohols together, order a drink of better quality.permalink embed save [–] atomicspin 6 points 5 years ago When someone orders them at my bar, I don't consider them to be girly for drinking it. However, I immediately know that you a) have horrible taste in drinks and b) are only here to get fucked up and need to be watched.permalink embed save [–] tattoolegs -1 points 5 years ago At my bar, it's 'if you order a long island or blue moon, I'm carding your ass bc you can't possibly be of age.'. Then I'm making fun of you.permalink embed save parent [–] Ilwrath 0 points 5 years ago Hey Blue Moon is delicious especialy that Honey Wheat.permalink embed save parent [–] will999909 4 points 5 years ago You sound like an ass.permalink embed save parent [–] tattoolegs 0 points 5 years ago I kind of am an ass.permalink embed save parent [–] Digipete 8 points 5 years ago Any bar I have ever frequented had a maximum limit of 3 LIIT's. I knew of one dive bar that had a rule where if you made it through 3 of them they would make you wait a half hour. If you were still acting O. K. they would give you the 4th free.permalink embed save parent [–] Dutaun I don't have a drinking problem, I drink I fall down, no problem 2 points 5 years ago Where is this bar? I want a free one!permalink embed save parent [–] onlywearsconverse 48 points 5 years ago I believe the correct answer is: they're deliciouspermalink embed save [–] Le Spatula 1 point 5 years ago And they are also good for instant blackout.permalink embed save parent [–] Operation Dropkick S 1 point 5 years ago Amen. All this talk of them is making me want one now.permalink embed save parent [+] [deleted] 5 years ago (1 child) [–] Good Bacon 8 points 5 years ago As someone who drinks straight liquor and tried one for the first time yesterday I can confirm this.permalink embed save parent [–] Jean_Paul_Shartre 10 points 5 years agoif those are girly, then i don't want to be manlypermalink embed save [–] Stealth Nade 4 points 5 years agowell, compared to straight whiskey and a cigar it might be considered girlypermalink embed save parent [–] Jean_Paul_Shartre 8 points 5 years agopssh, whiskey and cigars are girly compared to methanol and pig's bloodpermalink embed save parent [–] Stealth Nade 7 points 5 years agofair enoughpermalink embed save parent [–] soulcaptain 14 points 5 years ago Hell no. The name implies a girly drink, but that's the irony. LIITs will get you fucked up faster than anything else, man or woman. If someone says it's a girly drink, just counter with "Ok, then down three in ten minutes. I'm sure it won't affect you at all". Then get your popcorn.permalink embed save [–] zach0624 2 points 5 years ago They have way too much booze to be a girly drink. If someone tells you otherwise remind them how to make a Long Island.permalink embed save parent [–] onlywearsconverse 4 points 5 years ago I had a friend go back to the bartender and ask him to top off her Long Island with some more Coke. And he just replied with "oh come on, it's a Long Island! "permalink embed save parent [–] notagangsta 1 point 5 years ago Exactly! His point was "is your LIT too string for you?!!" As in, you ordered the strongest cocktail ever, and it taste too strong?permalink embed save parent [–] onlywearsconverse 1 point 5 years ago I personally believe that there is no such thing as a Long Island being too strong.permalink embed save parent [–] DFT_Punk 11 points 5 years ago Who cares? Get drunk!permalink embed save [–] ninja0314 5 points 5 years ago Nothing is girly when you order it as a double.permalink embed save [–] evilpinkfreud 2 points 5 years ago Doubles are illegal in Utah. You can't even get a drink and a shot of the same base liquor. What you have to do is order the drink and then order that liquor on the rocks as a separate drink.permalink embed save parent [–] Whocanfindbigfoot 1 point 5 years ago That seems nuts. I would often start on doubles and then move to triples once I stopped tasting the alcohol. A local place does quaddies in a similar way to your doubles. Two doubles, one in a large glass and one in a small and you pour them togetherpermalink embed save parent [–] sahboe 3 points 5 years ago As an Australian, I can't even comprehend what you just said. Would that law be because of the Mormon population?permalink embed save parent [–] evilpinkfreud 1 point 5 years ago Also, I'm curious to know, do most Australians recognize Utah as being the Mormon state or even know that Utah is a state. I can't name all the Australian states and there's only like 5 or 6.permalink embed save parent [–] sahboe 2 points 5 years ago To be honest, I have no idea. I'm not exactly known as average amongst my friends (more like, 'how the fuck do you know that?'). And for future reference (going clockwise from the west): Western Australia Northern Territory Queensland New South Wales Australian Capital Territory Victoria Tasmania South Australia (my home)So there you go. Six states, two territories.permalink embed save parent [–] evilpinkfreud 1 point 5 years ago Yeah, they have a lot of arbitrary rules about liquor in Utah because just about any ridiculous bill that makes drinking less convenient gets passed. Basically because of the Mormon population. For example, they recently (within the last year or two) passed something that, if you are serving alcohol in a restaurant that minors can enter, you can't have the drink prepared in plain sight. You make the drinks back in the kitchen or behind a wall. This includes pouring or opening a beer. It did, however, just become legal for us to have drink specials for certain days of the week. That victory was just like 2 weeks ago.permalink embed save parent [–] robin_pecknold 1 point 5 years ago To be fair we can't get triples here. Similar law, just not quite as strict.permalink embed save parent [–] Shudlin 8 points 5 years ago I think we've reached a point where anything to smooth or easily drank is girly, especially if despite those things it gets you crazy drunk fast. So under that logic, it fits perfectly. But its dumb logic.permalink embed save [–] Good Bacon 3 points 5 years ago I'm not sure logic applies to people who are drunk, oh shit wait this is /r/alcohol not /r/drunk, My mistake sorry.permalink embed save parent [–] jofijk 13 points 5 years ago They definitely aren't the "manliest" of drinks but I don't think they are "girly" in any way.permalink embed save [–] poop_dawg 13 points 5 years ago Agreed; I'd put them at neutral.permalink embed save parent [–] An Age_Old Prob 23 points 5 years ago Alcoholism knows no gender.permalink embed save parent [–] poop_dawg 1 point 5 years ago Boy do I know that...permalink embed save parent
D1414761	http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCmmXMV6ZME	Plastic Owl vs Pigeon - Update	Plastic Owl vs Pigeon - Updatecjhoyle Subscribe 15KAdd to Share More97,315 views18473Published on Feb 16, 2014In this video I provide an update on the plastic owl that I installed on my balcony last month. After cleaning up all of the pigeon mess, I was interested to see if my owl would be effective at discouraging future pigeons from landing on my balcony and leaving a new mess. For the full story, check out part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnwrr W... I hope you enjoyed this video. Please let comments and SUBSCRIBE!!! Thanks for watching!Show more Loading...
D1002962	http://collegemouse.com/jobs/how-to-become-a-human-resource-specialist.html	How to Become a Human Resources Specialist	How to Become a Human Resources Specialist Written by Beatrice Harrison Date August 14, 2014Tweet In recent years, the business world has begun to realize that its most valuable assets have nothing to do with products or profits or even potential consumers. Instead, the key to growing a successful business is growing successful employees. With this in mind, companies and businesses are increasingly on the lookout for knowledgeable professionals to recruit, retain, and reinvigorate employees. This is the domain of the human resource specialist. What does a human resource specialist do? HR specialists recruit new employees, and provide a number of services to existing employees, such as promoting employee morale and offering information and assistance regarding employee benefits. There are several areas of focus for human resource (HR) specialists. One branch of human resources is recruitment. An HR recruiter is responsible for finding employee candidates and are an integral part of the interview process. They often serve as a contact person for job inquiries. Hiring employees is only the first step to a successful human resource department. HR specialists known as employee benefits managers are also in charge of a variety of issues involved with maintaining employees. This can include everything from fielding complaints to managing benefits packages and paid leave requests. Lastly, some human resource specialists, referred to as training and development managers, have the task of organizing professional development and other on-the-job training. These training experiences are vital to employee growth. Likewise, training and development managers may also head up team-building exercises, special occasions, or any function that aids employee morale. What kind of training does a human resource specialist need? Most entry-level HR specialist positions require a bachelor degree in human resources or business. However, because this is such a diverse field, employers will consider prospective employees who hold a liberal arts degree, and perhaps even an associate degree. Those who would like to find human resource jobs who do not have much WORK experience or do not have an advanced degree may be interested in becoming a human resources assistant. Employers also value relevant work experience, either through previous jobs or through related internships. Since human resource specialists must be skilled at working with people, employers are looking for applicants who can demonstrate exceptional people skills. (1)What are the prospects for human resources careers? As governments and higher courts set more standards concerning employee rights and compensation, and with more companies focusing on employee development and retention, the need for specialists to fill human resources jobs is projected to increase by 17% by 2016, taking the total number of jobs from 868,000 to an impressive 1,015,000. (1)Human Resource Specialist Salary: How much do human resource specialists make? Entry-level HR specialists can expect to earn somewhere between $33,000 and $55,000, with HR assistants earning $34,000 yearly on average. Advancement to HR management or HR director positions can increase annual salary from $70,000 to well over $90,000. (2)HR specialists have a unique opportunity to focus more on the human side of business while also serving an important role in the overall growth and productivity of a company. Those who enjoy the business environment but wish to focus their efforts on interpersonal duties may find a career in human resources especially worthwhile. Those interested in human resources careers may also be interested in learning how to become a Human Resource Generalist. Becoming a Human Resource Specialist Requires Skills & Training Start Today Are you serious about becoming a Human Resource Specialist ? Then you need to get the required skills and training to do it! To start your new career, first you must decide what school you want to enroll in, so you need to gather info about potential schools. Use the College Mouse Degree Search tool to find the right course and college for you, and get started towards your new dream job today! After you sign up for your course, make sure you fill out and submit the FAFSA so you can take advantage of any financial aid currently available to you!Tags: Career Advice, Human Resources Specialist Share : Written by: Beatrice Harrison Educated at The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Beatrice Harrison has extensive professional experience in career counseling, having helped a growing number of job seekers find fulfilling and meaningful careers in a variety of fields and disciplines. Leave Comment Comment
D2449007	http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/microangela/skin1.htm	.	Skin Skin is the body's largest organ (yes, it's an organ!). If the skin of a 150-pound person were spread out flat, it would cover approximately 20 square feet. The skin is made up of two main layers, the dermis, an inner, living layer, and the epidermis, an outer layer of dead cells. The epidermis is several cells thick and is composed of a stratified squamus epithelium of keratinized cells. What does THAT mean? An epithelium is a layer of cells that serves as a protective covering over some surface. Squamus means that they are flattened. Stratified means that it is layered. Keratin is a fibrous protein that makes the cells stiff and horny. Your hair and fingernails are made up of keratin. This is what makes the epidermis act as a protective layer (BROWN). The GREEN part is known as the prickle layer. These epidermal cells are constantly being shed (and provide food for dust mites!) and are replaced from below by a basal layer of columnar (column-shaped) cells (BLUE with PURPLE) The epidermal layer of your skin is totally replaced every 52 to 75 days. The dermis is made up of collagen and elastic fibers, permeated by hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, nerves, fat globules, and sweat glands. (ORANGE). The average square inch ( 6.5 sq. cm) of skin holds 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels and 60,000 melanocytes (pigment cells). The skin is also a huge sensory receptor for heat, cold, pain, touch, and tickle. Are you ticklish?
D583221	http://www.yourpurebredpuppy.com/faq/yorkshireterriers.html	Frequently Asked Questions About Yorkshire Terriers	Frequently Asked Questions About Yorkshire Terriers By Michele Welton. Copyright © 2000-2018How big are Yorkshire Terriers? Yorkshire Terriers are "supposed" to stand about 7-8 inches at the shoulder and weigh 3-7 lbs, but some individuals are smaller, and many are larger. Have you heard these phrases: Teacup Yorkie? Tiny Toy Yorkie? Extreme Tiny Yorkies? Some breeders use those cutesy, made-up phrases as "marketing terms" for smaller Yorkshire Terriers. That's all they are -- marketing terms. There is only one Yorkshire Terrier breed. Whether an individual weighs 3 pounds or 6 pounds or 10 pounds, he's still just a Yorkshire Terrier. Some are simply smaller or larger than others. The larger individuals are actually sturdier and often make safer pets. Yorkies under 4 pounds are high risks in the health department. Their bones are fragile. There is not enough room in their mouth for healthy teeth. Their internal organs are often weak and can fail suddenly. They tend to have difficulty regulating their blood sugar and can suddenly fall into hypoglycemic comas. Responsible Yorkshire Terrier breeders never try to produce these tiny high-risk creatures. If a tiny one pops up in one of their litters, they do their best to find the best home that can keep it alive, yes, but they try hard not to produce them in the first place. IRRESONSIBLE breeders, on the other hand, deliberately breed tiny, high-risk Yorkies because they can sell them for high prices to unsuspecting owners. If you reward irresponsible breeders by giving them your money, you are encouraging them to keep producing tiny, sickly, short-lived creatures. Please be a responsible buyer and stick with Yorkies who will mature at 4 pounds and up, who have the best chance of living a normal healthy life. In this way, breeders will be motivated to produce these sizes. (You can tell that a puppy will mature at 4 pounds and up if he already weighs at least 2 pounds at 10-12 weeks old. )Where does the Yorkshire Terrier come from? A smallish terrier in Scotland, he was brought to Yorkshire, England, by Scottish weavers and miniaturized even more into a true lapdog size. What kind of temperament and personality does the Yorkie have? I give you my honest opinions about Yorkshire Terrier temperament and personality -- positives AND negatives -- in my dog breed review, Yorkshire Terrier Temperament (What's Good About 'Em, What's Bad About 'Em). What colors do Yorkshire Terriers come in? The official Yorkshire Terrier clubs and breeders who show their dogs in the conformation ring assert that the ONLY correct colors for Yorkies are tan with a blue saddle, or gold with a blue saddle. (The blue is supposed to be dark steel blue, but is often more silvery blue. )But "correct" or not, Yorkies do come in other colors: Tan (or gold) with a black saddle. This color hearkens back to Yorkie ancestors in the 1800s -- working terriers who were black and tan. Solid tan (or gold). These Yorkies have very little blue saddle. Liver or chocolate (brown). These Yorkies have inherited a color-modifying gene that changes their blue pigment to brown (any shade from light brown to chocolate brown). All of their blue pigment is affected, including their nose and the pads of their feet. Even their eyes are hazel or yellowish. Particolor. These Yorkies are white with colored patches. The official clubs and show breeders disqualify all these colors from showing and breeding. Black and tan Yorkies, solid tan/gold Yorkies, and liver/chocolate Yorkies are considered very faulty, while the particolors are considered crossbreeds. Personally speaking, I don't have a problem with any of these colors. Even if the white gene was introduced by cross-breeding, genetic diversity is a good thing in living creatures and I don't view cross-breeding as evil (read my article, The Truth About Crossbred Dogs ). In general, as long as a breeder can meet my 15 Family Companion Guidelines (read my article How To Find a Good Dog Breeder, I don't much care whether a particular color is approved by a club or not. And you can still register these dogs with the AKC and compete with them in activities such as obedience and agility. How much grooming do Yorkshire Terriers need? Their feathering needs to be kept combed to avoid mats and tangles, which can be quite painful, as they pull on your dog's skin whenever he moves. The worst places for mats and tangles are on their face, behind their ears, behind their front legs (in their "armpits"), and on their chest, stomach, and groin. Their legs and paws also need to be kept combed. And you should clip their groin and anal area short so it stays clean and sanitary when your dog goes to the bathroom. Several times a year, their feathering should be trimmed short to make it easier to comb. You can do this yourself, or have a professional groomer do it. If you want to minimize brushing and keep your Yorkshire Terrier looking like a perpetual puppy (very cute! ), you can shear the coat short several times a year. How much do Yorkshire Terriers shed? Very lightly. Yorkshire Terriers produce very little dander and are one of the best breeds for allergy sufferers. Do Yorkshire Terrier ears stand up on their own, or do they have to be cut or taped to make them stand up? Yorkshire Terrier ears prick up naturally -- they're never surgically cut (cropped) like in a Doberman Pinscher. Are Yorkshire Terriers born with a short tail? No, they're born with a normal-length tail, which is then surgically cut when the puppies are just a few days old. This practice, called docking, is done today purely for fashion. Many countries have outlawed it as cruel, so you will see Yorkshire Terriers in England and Australia, for example, with their natural tails. In the United States, if you don't want your Yorkie's tail docked, you will need to find a breeder who's willing to designate a specific puppy for you when it's just a few days old and not dock its tail. Good luck!How long do Yorkies live, and what health problems do they have? Typically 12-15 years, but they're not necessarily healthy throughout their long life! You should definitely read my full article, How Long Do Yorkshire Terriers Live? Do crossbred or mixed breed Yorkshire Terriers make good pets? They do make good pets, yes, but first you need to know what a purebred dog really is -- and what crossbred and mixed breed dogs really are. You might think you know, but I bet you'll be surprised by my articles: The Truth About Purebred Dogs, The Truth About Crossbred Dogs, and The Truth About Mixed Breed Dogs. Can you help me decide whether the Yorkshire Terrier is the best breed for me? Yes, I offer personal consultations on choosing the best breed for your family and lifestyle. Learn more about my Dog Breed Consulting Service. Do male dogs or female dogs make better pets? Ah, let the debate begin! Honestly, male Yorkshire Terriers have pros and cons, and female Yorkshire Terriers have pros and cons. Visit Male Dogs versus Female Dogs If I just want a dog for a pet, not for showing or breeding, does it matter whether he has AKC registration papers? First you need to know what registration papers really mean -- and don't mean. You might THINK you know -- but you might be wrong! Find out the truth about AKC Registered Puppies: Are AKC Papers Important?. There's an adorable Yorkshire Terrier puppy at the pet shop. The store manager assures me they only buy from responsible breeders. Could this be true? No. There are no responsible Yorkshire Terrier breeders who would ever place one of their Yorkshire Terrier puppies in a pet shop for resale. To find out more about pet shop puppies, visit Pet Shop Puppies: Buying a Puppy From a Pet Store. How do I find a good Yorkshire Terrier breeder? It's hard! The sad truth is that the vast majority of people offering Yorkshire Terrier puppies for sale are unknowledgeable, irresponsible, completely clueless -- or all of the above. Visit Dog Breeders: How To Find a Good Breeder. How do I pick the best Yorkshire Terrier puppy from a litter? You can do puppy personality tests. Visit How To Choose a Good Puppy. I'm interested in adopting a dog rather than buying from a dog breeder. How do I find Yorkshire Terrier dogs for adoption? You can find Yorkshire Terriers available for adoption from dog rescue groups or from the animal shelter. Visit Adopting a Dog From Rescue and Adopting a Dog From The Animal Shelter. I just got a new Yorkshire Terrier. Which pages should I read first? Yorkshire Terrier Health, which includes my advice on feeding, vaccinations, and health care. These pages are very important, because if you start your Yorkshire Terrier puppy off on the wrong foot, he will probably experience health problems later on. Starting off RIGHT is essential!Training Yorkshire Terriers, which includes my advice on respect training, housebreaking, and socialization. Again, you must start your Yorkshire Terrier puppy off on the right foot by teaching him what he needs to know and you must avoid doing the wrong things with him so that he doesn't develop bad habits that will be much harder to fix later on. What's a good training schedule for training Yorkshire Terrier puppies? What things should I teach, and when? Here's the puppy training schedule I use for Yorkshire Terriers: Puppy Training Schedule. How do I housebreak my Yorkshire Terrier? The key to housebreaking your Yorkshire Terrier is confinement, confinement, confinement. Visit Housebreaking Your Puppy or Adult Dog. My Yorkshire Terrier has some behavior problems I'd like to solve. Respect training solves behavior problems much better than obedience training. Visit Respect Training For Puppies and Adult Dogs. What's the best dog food for Yorkshire Terriers? Homemade dog food. Visit The Best Dog Food For Your Dog. If you can't feed homemade dog food, there are only a few (very few!) commercial dog food brands I recommend. Visit The Second-Best Dog Food For Your Dog. I have to take my Yorkshire Terrier to the vet soon for shots. Which vaccinations does he really need? The schedule of vaccinations that dogs really need has changed dramatically -- but most vets are not telling you the truth about this! Don't let your vet give your Yorkshire Terrier any more shots until you've read my article on Puppy Shots and Dog Vaccinations. What are the pros and cons of spaying and neutering my Yorkshire Terrier, and when should it be done? Spaying and neutering are often recommended too early, which can lead to health problems later in life. Visit Spaying Your Female Dog or Neutering Your Male Dog for the straight scoop on the safest (and riskiest) times to spay or neuter. My vet doesn't agree with some of the things you've written about health care. My advice is based on the latest research by veterinary immunologists, and it's the same advice given by most licensed veterinarians who belong to the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association. If this advice sounds different from what your own veterinarian is telling you, it's a good bet that he or she does not belong to the AHVMA. Visit Think Your Veterinarian's Good? Here's How To Tell. I have a question about Yorkshire Terriers that I don't see answered on your web site. It's probably answered in one of my books: If it's a question about training, check out Teach Your Dog 100 English Words. If it's about health, see 11 Things You Must Do Right To Keep Your Dog Healthy and Happy. If it's about buying or adopting a dog, you want Dog Quest – Find The Dog Of Your Dreams. MORE OF MY ARTICLES YOU MIGHT ENJOY..... Dog Training: What Works, and What Doesn't Puppy Training Schedule: What To Teach, and When Why Homemade Is The Best Food For Your Dog Teach Your Dog Words The Second Best Food For Your Dog Solve Behavior Problems By Teaching Your Dog To Respect You
D314030	http://www.qvc.com/Set-of-5-Decorative-Bottlebrush-Trees-by-Valerie.product.H205345.html	Set of 5 Decorative Bottlebrush Trees by Valerie	Play Play Video Automatically Previously recorded videos may contain expired pricing, exclusivity claims, or promotional offers. Back to video On Air Presentation Share this Product Email Share this Product - Twitter Share this Product - Pinterest Share this Product - Facebook Community Q&A1 Question \| 1 Answer QVC PRICE:$32.25Last Clicks Price:$16.46+S&H: $5.50Option: White In Stock Quantity: Add To Cart Speed Buy Add to Wish List
D827199	https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/windows/en-US/970c999c-8ffc-4611-968c-7d0ceffbedd4/max-number-of-cpu-cores-that-windows-7-64-bit-will-recognize?forum=w7itprohardware	Max Number of CPU (Cores) that Windows 7 64 Bit Will Recognize?	Max Number of CPU (Cores) that Windows 7 64 Bit Will Recognize? Windows 7 IT Pro > Windows 7 Hardware Compatibility Question0Sign in to vote Hello World, Does anyone know what the max number of CPU's (cores) that Windows 7 64bit will support or recognize. I currently have a Tyan quad socket motherboard that has 32GB of RAM and QTY 4 AMD 8354 2.2Ghz Quad Cores processors, total 16 Cores. Will Windows 7 64Bit See this? Thanks, Daniel Sunday, December 13, 2009 5:58 PMReply \| Quote Danny Max 30 Points Answers1Sign in to vote It's a bit difficult to find the information from an official source, but I have read that Win7 Home Premium is limited to a single CPU socket. Pro and Ultimate are limited to 2. http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/w7itprohardware/thread/562b2642-1a22-48c8-85ba-54d1cbbd13d1 As far as I know, there is no practical limit to the number of cores that can be used with a single physical socket. (I have a Core I7 920 CPU, and Win7 Home Premium. It has 4 cores, and it supports hyperthreading, so Win7 shows 8 CPUs.) Sound like you'll need a server OS to use more sockets. Marked as answer by Sean Zhu - Moderator Tuesday, December 15, 2009 7:42 AMSunday, December 13, 2009 6:49 PMReply \| Quotebobkn 6,675 Points0Sign in to vote You have to read the End User's License Agreement (EULA) for each product to get the correct answer. If you read the EULA for Win 7 Ultimate the answer is two (2) processors noted under:2. INSTALLATION AND USE RIGHTS. b. Licensed Computer. You may use the software on up to two processors on the licensed computer at one time. Unless otherwise provided in these license terms, you may not use the software on any other computer. You can download the individual EULA from http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/useterms/Proposed as answer by Rick Dee Monday, December 14, 2009 5:07 PMMarked as answer by Sean Zhu - Moderator Tuesday, December 15, 2009 7:43 AMMonday, December 14, 2009 12:10 PMReply \| Quote Rick Dee 46,540 Points All replies1Sign in to vote It's a bit difficult to find the information from an official source, but I have read that Win7 Home Premium is limited to a single CPU socket. Pro and Ultimate are limited to 2. http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/w7itprohardware/thread/562b2642-1a22-48c8-85ba-54d1cbbd13d1 As far as I know, there is no practical limit to the number of cores that can be used with a single physical socket. (I have a Core I7 920 CPU, and Win7 Home Premium. It has 4 cores, and it supports hyperthreading, so Win7 shows 8 CPUs.) Sound like you'll need a server OS to use more sockets. Marked as answer by Sean Zhu - Moderator Tuesday, December 15, 2009 7:42 AMSunday, December 13, 2009 6:49 PMReply \| Quotebobkn 6,675 Points0Sign in to vote You have to read the End User's License Agreement (EULA) for each product to get the correct answer. If you read the EULA for Win 7 Ultimate the answer is two (2) processors noted under:2. INSTALLATION AND USE RIGHTS. b. Licensed Computer. You may use the software on up to two processors on the licensed computer at one time. Unless otherwise provided in these license terms, you may not use the software on any other computer. You can download the individual EULA from http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/useterms/Proposed as answer by Rick Dee Monday, December 14, 2009 5:07 PMMarked as answer by Sean Zhu - Moderator Tuesday, December 15, 2009 7:43 AMMonday, December 14, 2009 12:10 PMReply \| Quote Rick Dee 46,540 Points0Sign in to vote Thanks to you BOTH!.. Seems I will have to stick to my Server x64 OS for now, if not I would loose 8 Cores. Just thought I would push the limits of Windows 7 x64. Oh well! Danny Max Monday, December 14, 2009 5:11 PMReply \| Quote Danny Max 30 Points0Sign in to vote You have to read the End User's License Agreement (EULA) for each product to get the correct answer. If you read the EULA for Win 7 Ultimate the answer is two (2) processors noted under:2. INSTALLATION AND USE RIGHTS. b. Licensed Computer. You may use the software on up to two processors on the licensed computer at one time. Unless otherwise provided in these license terms, you may not use the software on any other computer. You can download the individual EULA from http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/useterms/ A side note: for Win7 Home Premium, the license states:c. Licensed Computer. You may use the software on up to two processors on the licensed computer at one time. Unless otherwise provided in these license terms, you may not use the software on any other computer. This is apparently an error. It's of no great concern for me, as I have no plans to go to a dual-socket system, but I have read complaints from people who have tried to support dual socketed motherboards with Win7 HP. (Doesn't work; Pro or Ultimate are required. )Monday, December 14, 2009 7:23 PMReply \| Quotebobkn 6,675 Points7Sign in to vote Hope this info will help... PCs with multi-core processors: Windows 7 was designed to work with today's multi-core processors. All 32-bit versions of Windows 7 can support up to 32 processor cores, while 64‑bit versions can support up to 256 processor cores. PCs with multiple processors (CPUs): Commercial servers, workstations, and other high-end PCs may have more than one physical processor. Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate allow for two physical processors, providing the best performance on these computers. Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, and Home Premium will recognize only one physical processor.http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/products/system-requirements Proposed as answer by Andre. Ziegler Monday, January 24, 2011 2:02 PMMonday, January 24, 2011 1:40 PMReply \| Quote A K Shajahan (Partner) 35 Points
D3368747	http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/financial-aid-scholarships/84774-stafford-loan-vs-perkin-loan.html	Stafford Loan vs. Perkin Loan	Replies to: Stafford Loan vs. Perkin Loan#1Hiko Seijuro-Posts: 128Junior Member08-01-2005 at 4:41 pmis the perkins loan subsidized? is it better than the subsidized stafford? Reply#2Hiko Seijuro-Posts: 128Junior Member08-03-2005 at 8:00 amanyone know? Reply#3sybbie719Super Moderator Posts: 20,725Super Moderator08-03-2005 at 8:39 am From Finaid.org http://www.finaid.org/loans/studentloan.phtml All Stafford Loans are either subsidized (the government pays the interest while you're in school) or unsubsidized (you pay all the interest, although you can have the payments deferred until after graduation). To receive a subsidized Stafford Loan, you must be able to demonstrate financial need. With the unsubsidized Stafford loan, you can defer the payments until after graduation by capitalizing the interest. This adds the interest payments to the loan balance, increasing the size and cost of the loan. All students, regardless of need, are eligible for the unsubsidized Stafford Loan. Stafford Loans allow dependent undergraduates to borrow up to $2,625 their freshman year $3,500 their sophomore year and $5,500 for each remaining year (independent students and students whose parents have been turned down for a PLUS loan can borrow an additional unsubsidized $4,000 the first two years and $5,000 the remaining years). Graduate students can borrow $18,500 per year, although only $8,500 of that is subsidized. There are also cumulative limits of $23,000 for an undergraduate education and a $65,500 combined limit for undergraduate and graduate. (For independent students and for students whose parents were denied a PLUS loan the cumulative limits are $46,000 and $138,500, respectively.) The Perkins Loan is awarded to undergraduate and graduate students with exceptional financial need. This is a campus-based loan program, with the school acting as the lender using a limited pool of funds provided by the federal government. (The Perkins Loan is the best student loan available.) It is a subsidized loan, with the interest being paid by the federal government during the in-school and 9-month grace periods. There are no origination or guarantee fees, and the interest rate is 5%. There is a 10-year repayment period. The amount of Perkins Loan you receive is determined by your school's financial aid office. The program limits are $4,000 per year for undergraduate students and $6,000 per year for graduate students, with cumulative limits of $20,000 for undergraduate loans and $40,000 for undergraduate and graduate loans combined. Reply#4Hiko Seijuro-Posts: 128Junior Member08-03-2005 at 9:34 pm So the best loans are: Perkins > Sub. Stafford > Unsub. Stafford > private loans? What are some other loans where there is a grace period till after graduation? Reply#5bethmarie Registered User Posts: 30New Member08-04-2005 at 5:16 am Just a general question about loans repayment schedule: Is it possible to pay back the loan all at once after graduation without it accruing interest if for some reason you got some unexpected windfall of money? Reply#6sybbie719Super Moderator Posts: 20,725Super Moderator08-04-2005 at 5:37 am The interst accruing depends on the loan. Since no bank is going to turn down money they will be glad to have you pay it off asap. Reply#7Hiko Seijuro-Posts: 128Junior Member08-04-2005 at 2:05 pm What about if you have part of the money? Will they take back pre-payments so you don't have to pay so much interest? Reply#8sybbie719Super Moderator Posts: 20,725Super Moderator08-04-2005 at 3:00 pm You would just owe interest on your outstanding balance Reply
D2536065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley	University of California, Berkeley	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Not to be confused with Berkeley College, Berkeley College (Yale University), or Berklee College of Music. University of California, Berkeley Former names University of California (1868-1958)Motto Fiat lux ( Latin)Motto in English Let there be light Type Flagship Public research university Land Grant Established March 23, 1868Endowment $4.3 billion (2017) [1] [2] [3]Chancellor Carol T. Christ Students 41,910 (fall 2017) [4]Undergraduates 30,574 (fall 2017) [4]Postgraduates 11,336 (fall 2017) [4]Location Berkeley, California, U. S. Campus Urban Total 1,232 acres (499 ha) Core Campus 178 acres (72 ha) [5]Total land owned 6,679 acres (2,703 ha) [6]Colors Berkeley Blue, California Gold [7]Athletics NCAA Division I FBS – Pac-12Nickname Golden Bears Sporting affiliations Am. East MPSFMascot Oski the Bear Website www .berkeley .edu The University of California, Berkeley ( UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California [8] [9]) is a public research university in Berkeley, California. [9] Founded in 1868, Berkeley is the flagship institution of the ten research universities affiliated with the University of California system. It is often ranked among the best universities in the world and the top public universities in the United States. [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]Established in 1868 as the University of California, resulting from the merger of the private College of California and the public Agricultural, Mining and Mechanical Arts College in Oakland, Berkeley offers approximately 350 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. [15] The Dwinelle Bill of March 5, 1868 (California Assembly Bill No. 583) stated that the "University shall have for its design, to provide instruction and thorough and complete education in all departments of science, literature and art, industrial and profession [al] pursuits, and general education, and also special courses of instruction in preparation for the professions". [16] [17]Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and continues to have very high research activity, with $789 million in R&D expenditures in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2015. [18] [19] Today, Berkeley keeps close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories -- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory -- and is home to many world-renowned research institutes, including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory. [20] Through its partner institution University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center, the top hospital in California, which is also part of the UC system. [21]As of March 2018, Berkeley alumni, faculty members and researchers include 104 Nobel laureates, 25 Turing Awards winners , and 13 Fields Medalists. In addition, they have also won 9 Wolf Prizes, 45 Mac Arthur Fellowships, [22] 20 Academy Awards, 14 Pulitzer Prizes [23] and 207 Olympic medals (117 gold, 51 silver and 39 bronze). [24] In 1930, Nobel laureate Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley, based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements of the periodic table – more than any other university in the world. [25] [26] [27] Lawrence Livermore Lab later continued to discover or co-discover six chemical elements (113 to 118). [28] [29] During 1940s, Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer, the "Father of the Atomic Bomb", led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb. In the 1960s, Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. [30] [31] [32] In the 21st century, UC Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded a large number of companies worldwide. [33] [34] [35] [36]For 2017–18, the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked Berkeley 5th in the world and 1st among public universities. Berkeley is also ranked 18th internationally among research universities in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, 6th in the 2017 Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings. [37] It is additionally ranked 4th internationally (1st among public universities) by U. S. News & World Report. [38]Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Name1.2 Controversies2 Academics2.1 Undergraduate programs2.2 Graduate and professional programs2.3 Faculty and research2.4 Library system2.5 Rankings and reputation2.5.1 Global2.5.2 National3 Discoveries and innovation3.1 Natural Sciences3.2 Computer & Applied Sciences3.3 Companies & Entrepreneurship4 Campus4.1 Architecture4.2 Natural features4.3 Environmental record5 Organization and administration5.1 University finances5.1.1 Financial aid and scholarship programs6 Admissions and enrollment7 Student life and traditions7.1 Student housing7.1.1 University housing7.1.2 Cooperative housing7.1.3 Fraternities and sororities7.2 Student-run organizations7.2.1 Student government7.2.2 Communications media7.2.3 Student groups7.3 Athletics7.3.1 California – Stanford rivalry7.3.2 National championships8 Notable alumni, faculty, and staff8.1 Faculty8.2 Alumni9 See also10 Notes and references11 Further reading and viewing12 External links History View from Memorial Glade of Sather Tower (The Campanile), the center of Berkeley—the ring of its bells and clock can be heard from all over campus Main article: History of the University of California, Berkeley In 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Because it lacked sufficient funds to operate, it eventually merged with the state-run Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College to form the University of California, the first full-curriculum public university in the state. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869. [39] Frederick H. Billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. [40] In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, became the first president. With the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students [41] and held its first classes. [42]Beginning in 1891, Phoebe Apperson Hearst made several large gifts to Berkeley, funding a number of programs and new buildings, and sponsoring, in 1898, an international competition in Antwerp, Belgium, where French architect Émile Bénard submitted the winning design for a campus master plan. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, Davis. [43] By the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. [44]Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958. [45] By 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. [45]Berkeley students participate in a one-day peace strike opposing U. S. involvement in World War II on April 19, 1940In 1930s, Ernest Lawrence helped establish the Radiation Laboratory (now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) and invented the cyclotron, which won him the Nobel physics prize in 1939. [46] Based on the cyclotron, UC Berkeley scientists and researchers, along with Berkeley Lab, continued to discover 16 chemical elements of the periodic table – more than any other university in the world. [26] [27] In particular, during World War II and following Glenn Seaborg 's then-secret discovery of plutonium, Ernest Orlando Lawrence 's Radiation Laboratory began to contract with the U. S. Army to develop the atomic bomb. UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. [47] [48] Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory (1943) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1952). During the Mc Carthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti- communistloyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed; [49] ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay. [50] In 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given relative autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, and Clark Kerr became the first Chancellor of UC Berkeley. [45]Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais Berkeley gained worldwide reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 [51] and opposition to the Vietnam War. [52] In the highly publicized People's Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land; the National Guard was called in and violence erupted. Then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus "...a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants". [51] [53] [54] Modern students at Berkeley are less politically active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives. [55] [56] Democrats outnumber Republicans on the faculty by a ratio of 9:1. [57]In 1982, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) was founded on the Berkeley campus at the request of three Berkeley mathematicians -- Shiing-Shen Chern, Calvin Moore and Isadore M. Singer -- and with the support of the National Science Foundation. [58] The institute was later moved to the Berkeley Hills. The institute is now widely regarded as a leading center for collaborative mathematical research, drawing thousands of visiting researchers from around the world each year. [58] [59] [60]Entering 21st century, as state funding declined, [61] Berkeley turned to private sources: BP donated $400 million over 10 years to develop biofuels, [62] the Hewlett Foundation gave $113 million to endow 100 faculty chairs [63], the Simons Foundation gave $60 million to establish the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, and, in 2016, Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan pledged $600 million (shared with Stanford and UCSF) to establish the Bio Hub. The 2008–13 Campaign for Berkeley raised $3.13 billion from 281,855 donors. [64]Name View of campus from Evans Hall, as San Francisco and Oakland are seen in the background The original name, University of California, was frequently shortened to California or Cal. UC Berkeley's athletic teams date to this time and so are referred to as the California Golden Bears, Cal Bears, or just Cal. Today, the term "University of California" refers to the statewide school system of which UC Berkeley is a part. The university discourages referring to the University of California, Berkeley as UCB, University of California at Berkeley, [65] Cal Berkeley, U. C. Berkeley, and UC-Berkeley. [66] Berkeley is unaffiliated with the Berklee College of Music or Berkeley College. Controversies Originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeley's ROTC program was established [67] and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, who graduated with a B. A. in 1922. Both Robert Mc Namara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from Berkeley's ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, respectively. In 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. During World War II, the military increased its presence on campus to recruit more officers, and by 1944, more than 1,000 Berkeley students were enrolled in the V-12 Navy College Training Program and naval training school for diesel engineering. [68] The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962. Various human and animal rights groups have conflicted with Berkeley. Native Americans conflicted with the school over repatriation of remains from the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. [69] Animal-rights activists have threatened faculty members using animals for research. [70] The school's response to tree sitters protesting construction caused controversy in the local community. [71]On May 1, 2014, Berkeley was named one of fifty-five higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints" by the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault. [72] The investigation comes after 31 female students made three federal complaints: first, a Clery Act complaint was filed in May 2013 and then after a lack of response from the University a second Clery Act Complaint and Title IX complaint were filed on February 26, 2014. [73] Investigations have continued into 2016, with hundreds of pages of records released in April 2016, showing a pattern of documented sexual harassment and firings of non-tenured staff. [74]Academics Valley Life Sciences Building A T-Rex replica at the UC Museum of Paleontology Wheeler Hall Hearst Mining Building From left to right: Stanley Hall, Tan Hall and College of Chemistry Plaza Berkeley is a large, primarily residential research university with a majority of enrollments in undergraduate programs but also offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program. [75] The university has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission since 1949. [76] The university is one of only two UC campuses operating on a semester calendar, (the other is UC Merced ). Berkeley offers 106 Bachelor's degrees, 88 Master's degrees, 97 research-focused doctoral programs and 31 professionally focused graduate degrees. [77] The university awarded 7,565 Bachelor's, 2,610 Master's or Professional and 930 Doctoral degrees in 2013–2014. [78]Berkeley's 130-plus academic departments and programs are organized into 14 colleges and schools in addition to UC Berkeley Extension. [5] Colleges are both undergraduate and graduate, while Schools are generally graduate only, though some offer undergraduate majors, minors, or courses. College of Chemistry College of Engineering College of Environmental Design College of Letters and Science College of Natural Resources Graduate School of Education Graduate School of Journalism Haas School of Business Goldman School of Public Policy School of Information School of Law (Boalt Hall)School of Optometry School of Public Health School of Social Welfare UC Berkeley Extension Berkeley does not have a medical school, but the university offers the UC Berkeley – UCSF Joint Medical Program with the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), a standalone medical school that is also part of the University of California. The institutions also share the UC Berkeley - UCSF Bioengineering Graduate Program. Berkeley and UCSF have a long history of affiliation in medical research and are the two oldest campuses in the UC system. UCSF manages the UCSF Medical Center, the top-ranked hospital in California. [79]Undergraduate programs The four-year, full-time undergraduate program has a focus on the arts and sciences with a high level of co-existence in undergraduate and graduate programs. Freshman admission is selective but there are high levels of transfer-in. [75] 107 Bachelor's degrees are offered across the Haas School of Business (1), College of Chemistry (5), College of Engineering (20), College of Environmental Design (4), College of Letters and Science (67), College of Natural Resources (10), and other individual majors (2). [77] The most popular majors are Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Political Science, Molecular and Cell Biology, Environmental Science, and Economics. [80]Requirements for undergraduate degrees come from four sources: the University of California system, the Berkeley campus, the college or school, and the department. These requirements include an entry-level writing requirement before enrollment (typically fulfilled by minimum scores on standardized admissions exams such as the SAT or ACT), completing coursework on "American History and Institutions" before or after enrollment by taking an introductory class, passing an "American Cultures Breadth" class at Berkeley, as well as requirements for reading and composition and specific requirements declared by the department and school. [81] Three-hour final examinations are required in most undergraduate classes and take place over a week following the last day of instruction in mid-December for the Fall semester and in mid-May for the Spring semester. [82]Academic grades are reported on a five-letter scale (A,B,C,D,F) with grade points being modified by three-tenths of point for pluses and minuses. [83] Requirements for academic honors are specified by individual schools and colleges, scholarly prizes are typically awarded by departments, and students are elected to honor societies based on these organizations' criteria. [84]Graduate and professional programs Morrison Library Berkeley has a "comprehensive" graduate program with high coexistence with the programs offered to undergraduates, but no medical school. [75] The university offers graduate degrees in Master's of Art, Master's of Science, Master's of Fine Art, and Ph. D.s in addition to professional degrees such as the Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration. [85] The university awarded 887 doctoral degrees and 2,506 Master's degrees in 2012. [86] Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to the department or degree program. Most graduate students are supported by fellowships, teach assistantships, or research assistantships. [86] The 2010 United States National Research Council Rankings identified UC Berkeley as having the highest number of top-ranked doctoral programs in the nation. [87] UC Berkeley doctoral programs that received a #1 ranking include Agricultural and Resource Economics, Astrophysics, Chemistry, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science, English, Epidemiology, Geography, German, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Genetics, Genomics, and Development, Physics, Plant Biology, and Political Science. UC Berkeley was also the #1 recipient of National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships between 2001 and 2010, with 1,333 awards. [86]Faculty and research Main articles: List of UC Berkeley faculty; Research centers and laboratories at UC Berkeley; and List of Nobel laureates associated with University of California, Berkeley The College of Natural Resources: Wellman Hall, flanked by Giannini and Hilgard Halls The north side of Doe Library with Memorial Glade in the foreground Berkeley is a research university with a "very high" level of research activity. [75] In fiscal year 2015, Berkeley spent $789 million on research and development (R&D). [18] There are 1,620 full-time and 500 part-time faculty members dispersed among more than 130 academic departments and more than 80 interdisciplinary research units. [88] The current faculty includes 235 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows, 3 Fields Medal winners, 77 Fulbright Scholars, 139 Guggenheim Fellows, 73 members of the National Academy of Engineering, 149 members of the National Academy of Sciences, [89] 8 Nobel Prize winners, 4 Pulitzer Prize winners, 125 Sloan Fellows, 7 Wolf Prize winners and 1 Pritzker Prize winner. [88] [90] [91]104 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as faculty, alumni or researchers, the most of any public university in the United States and third most of any university in the world. Library system Main article: University of California, Berkeley Library System Berkeley's 32 libraries tie together to make the fourth largest academic library in the United States surpassed only by Harvard University Library, Yale University Library and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library. [92] However, considering the relative sizes and ages of these University libraries, Berkeley's collections have been growing about as fast as those at Harvard and Yale combined: specifically, 1.8 times faster than Harvard, and 1.9 times faster than Yale. In 2003, the Association of Research Libraries ranked it as the top public and third overall university library in North America based on various statistical measures of quality. [93] As of 2006, Berkeley's library system contains over 11 million volumes and maintains over 70,000 serial titles. [94] The libraries together cover over 12 acres (4.9 ha) of land and form one of the largest library complexes in the world. [95] Doe Library serves as the library system's reference, periodical, and administrative center, while most of the main collections are housed in the subterranean Gardner Main Stacks and Moffitt Undergraduate Library. The Bancroft Library, with holdings of over 400,000 printed volumes and 70 million manuscripts, pictorial items, maps and more, maintains special collections that document the history of the western part of North America, with an emphasis on California, Mexico and Central America. The Bancroft Library also houses The Mark Twain Papers, [96] The Oral History Center, [97] the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri [98] and the University Archives. [99]Rankings and reputation Berkeley was ranked as the sixth most reputed global university by the Times Higher Education. The reputation rankings, based on a survey of more than 10,000 academics worldwide, are just six years old and this is the sixth time Berkeley has placed in the "elite six" along with Harvard, MIT, Stanford, Cambridge and Oxford. University rankings National ARWU [100] 3Forbes [101] 29U. S. News & World Report [102] 20Washington Monthly [103] 7Global ARWU [104] 3QS [105] 27Times [106] 10U. S. News & World Report [107] 4 [ show] National Program Rankings [108] [ show] Global Program Rankings [109]Rank 2018 QS World Ranking by Subject4 Art and Humanities (OVERALL)4 Architecture4 English Language5 History8 Philosophy8 Engineering and Technology (OVERALL)4 Computer and Information System3 Chemical Engineering2 Civil and Structural Engineering3 Electronic and Electrical Engineering=4 Mechanical Aeronautical & Manufacturing7 Natural Sciences (OVERALL)2 Chemistry1 Environmental Sciences4 Geography6 Mathematics3 Material Sciences5 Physics & Astronomy7 Social Sciences & Management (OVERALL)8 Accounting & Finance10 Business & Management Studies=6 Communication & Media Studies4 Economics & Econometrics8 Education & Training8 Law9 Political & International Studies2 Sociology4 Statistics & Operations Research Global The Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THE) for 2017–2018 ranks Berkeley 10th and recognized the institution as one of the world's "six super brands" on its World Reputation Rankings, along with Cambridge, Harvard, MIT, Oxford and Stanford. [110] [37] In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked Berkeley 4th in their Best Global University Rankings. [38] In 2016, Berkeley was ranked 3rd in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and 28th in the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings. The Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 7th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, citations, broad impact, and patents in 2015. [111] In 2016, the Nature Index ranked Berkeley 7th in the world based on research publication output in top tier academic journals in the life sciences, chemistry, earth and environmental sciences and physical sciences based on publication data from 2015. [112]National The 2016 U. S. News & World Report "Best Colleges" report ranked Berkeley first among public universities and 20th among national universities. [38] Washington Monthly ranked Berkeley 7th among national universities in 2016, with criteria based on research, community service, and social mobility. The Money Magazine Best Colleges ranking for 2015 ranked Berkeley 9th in the United States based on educational quality, affordability and alumni earnings. [113] For 2015 Kiplinger ranked Berkeley the 4th best-value public university in the nation for in-state students, and 6th for out-of-state students. [114] The 2016 Forbes America's Top Colleges report ranked Berkeley 40th among all universities and liberal arts colleges in the United States. [115]In 2014, The Daily Beast' s Best Colleges report ranked Berkeley 11th in the country. [116] The 2013 Top American Research Universities report by the Center for Measuring University Performance ranked Berkeley 8th over-all, 5th in resources, faculty, and education, 9th in resources and education, and 1st in education. [117] Berkeley was listed as a " Public Ivy " in Richard Moll's 1985 Public Ivies. [118]Discoveries and innovation Simplified evolution of Unix systems and BSD forks A number of significant inventions and discoveries have been made by the Berkeley faculty and researchers: [119]Natural Sciences Antimalarial medication - Jay Keasling creates affordable malarial drug 2006. Atomic bomb - J. Robert Oppenheimer professor of physics at UC Berkeley was the wartime director of Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Manhattan Project. Carbon 14 & Photosynthesis - Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben first discovered carbon 14 in 1940, and Nobel laureate Melvin Calvin and his colleges used carbon 14 as a molecular tracer to reveal the carbon assimilation path in photosynthesis, known as Calvin cycle. [120]Carcinogens - Identified chemicals that damage DNA. The Ames test was described in a series of papers in 1973 by Bruce Ames and his group at the University. Chemical Elements - 16 elements have been discovered at Berkeley ( astatine, neptunium, plutonium, curium, americium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium, dubnium, seaborgium, technetium, and rutherfordium ). [28] [29]CRISPR gene editing - Jennifer Doudna discovers a precise and inexpensive way for manipulating DNA in human cells. Cyclotron - Ernest O. Lawrence created a particle accelerator in 1934, and was awarded the Nobel Physics Prize in 1939. [121]Dark energy - Saul Perlmutter and a lot of other people in the Supernova Cosmology Project discover the universe is expanding because of dark energy 1998. Flu vaccine - Wendell M. Stanley and collegus discovered the vaccine in the 1940s. Hydrogen bomb - Edward Teller, the father of hydrogen bomb, was a professor at Berkeley and a researcher at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory & the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Immunotherapy of cancer - James P. Allison discovers and develops monoclonal antibody therapy that uses the immune system to combat cancer 1992-1995. Keck Telescope - Jerry Nelson helped build one of the world's largest telescopes in 1992. Molecular clock - Allan Wilson discovery in 1967. Neuroplasticity - Marian Diamond discovers structural, biochemical, and synaptic changes in brain caused by environmental enrichment 1964Oncogene - Peter Duesberg discovers first cancer causing gene in a virus 1970's. Peptoid - Ronald Zuckermann co-invents peptoids, and invents peptoid nanosheet. Telomerase - Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak discover enzyme that promotes cell division and growth 1985. Vitamin E - Gladys Anderson Emerson isolates Vitamin E in a pure form in 1952. [122]Computer & Applied Sciences Berkeley RISC - David Patterson leads ARPA 's VLSI project of microprocessor design 1980-1984. [123]Berkeley UNIX/Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) - The Computer Systems Research Group was a research group at Berkeley that was dedicated to enhancing AT&T Unix operating system and funded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Bill Joy modified the code and released it in 1977 under the open source BSD license, starting an open-source revolution. Deep sea diving - Joel Henry Hildebrand used helium with oxygen to mitigate decompression sickness. GIMP - In 1995 Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis began developing GIMP as a semester-long project at Berkeley. Microscopic motor - Richard S. Muller invents the first electrically powered microscopic motor in 1988. Polygraph - invented by John Augustus Larson and a police officer from the Berkeley Police Department in 1921. Project Genie - DARPA funded project. It produced an early time-sharing system including the Berkeley Timesharing System, which was then commercialized as the SDS 940. Concepts from Project Genie influenced the development of the TENEX operating system for the PDP-10, and Unix, which inherited the concept of process forking from it. [124] Unix co-creator Ken Thompson worked on Project Genie while at Berkeley. SPICE - Donald O. Pederson develops the Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) 1972. Tcl programming language - developed by John Ousterhout in 1988. [125]Three-dimensional Transistor - Chenming Hu won the 2014 National Medal of Technology for developing the "first 3-dimensional transistors, which radically advanced semiconductor technology." [126]Vi text editor - Bill Joy created the first Vi editor in 1976. [127]Wetsuit - Hugh Bradner invents first wetsuit 1952. Companies & Entrepreneurship Main article: List of companies founded by UC Berkeley alumni UC Berkeley alumni and faculty have founded a large number of companies, some of which are shown below. [128] [129] UC Berkeley has often been cited as one of the universities that have produced most entrepreneurs. [129] [130] [131] [132] [133]AIG, 1919, founder Cornelius Vander Starr (Attended)Apple, 1976, co-founder Steve Wozniak (BS)Coursera, 2012, co-founder Andrew Ng (Ph D)e Bay, 1995, founder Pierre Omidyar (Attended). [134] [135]Gap Inc., 1969, co-founder Donald Fisher (BS)HTC Corportion, 1997, co-founder Cher Wang (BA)Intel, 1968, co-founders Gordon Moore (BS) and Andy Grove (Ph D)Mozilla Corporation, 2005, co-founder Mitchell Baker (BA, JD)Myspace, 2003, co-founder Tom Anderson (BA)Renaissance Technologies, 1982, founder James Simons (Ph D)Rotten Tomatoes, 1998, founders Senh Duong (BA), Patrick Y. Lee (BA) and Stephen Wang (BA)San Disk, 1988, co-founder Sanjay Mehrotra (BS, MS)Softbank, 1981, founder Masayoshi Son (BA)Sun Microsystems, 1982, co-founder Bill Joy (MS)Tesla, 2003, co-founder Marc Tarpenning (BS)VMware, 1998, co-founders Diane Greene (MS) and Mendel Rosenblum (Ph D)Campus Main article: Campus of the University of California, Berkeley The Berkeley campus encompasses approximately 1,232 acres (499 ha), though the "central campus" occupies only the low-lying western 178 acres (72 ha) of this area. Of the remaining acres, approximately 200 acres (81 ha) are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; other facilities above the main campus include the Lawrence Hall of Science and several research units, notably the Space Sciences Laboratory, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, an undeveloped 800-acre (320 ha) ecological preserve, the University of California Botanical Garden and a recreation center in Strawberry Canyon. Portions of the mostly undeveloped, eastern area of the campus are actually within the City of Oakland; these portions extend from the Claremont Resort north through the Panoramic Hill neighborhood to Tilden Park. [136]View looking west from Wurster Hall To the west of the central campus is the downtown business district of Berkeley; to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley, including the so-called Gourmet Ghetto, a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world-renowned restaurants as Chez Panisse. Immediately to the north is a quiet residential neighborhood known as Northside with a large graduate student population; [137] situated north of that are the upscale residential neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills. Immediately southeast of campus lies fraternity row, and beyond that the Clark Kerr Campus and an upscale residential area named Claremont. The area south of the university includes student housing and Telegraph Avenue, one of Berkeley's main shopping districts with stores, street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists. In addition, the University also owns land to the northwest of the main campus, a 90-acre (36 ha) married student housing complex in the nearby town of Albany ("Albany Village" and the "Gill Tract"), and a field research station several miles to the north in Richmond, California. The campus is home to several museums including the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the UC Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, and the Lawrence Hall of Science. The Museum of Paleontology, found in the lobby of the Valley Life Sciences Building, showcases a variety of dinosaur fossils including a complete cast of a Tyrannosaurus Rex. Outside of the Bay Area, the University owns various research laboratories and research forests in both northern and southern Sierra Nevada.360-degree-view of the UC Berkeley campus Architecture South Hall (1873), one of the two original buildings of the University of California, still stands on the Berkeley campus What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 "International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California," funded by William Randolph Hearst 's mother and initially held in the Belgian city of Antwerp; eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899. [138] The winner was Frenchman Émile Bénard, however he refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor John Galen Howard. Howard designed over twenty buildings, which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s. The structures forming the "classical core" of the campus were built in the Beaux-Arts Classical style, and include Hearst Greek Theatre, Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Doe Memorial Library, California Hall, Wheeler Hall, (Old) Le Conte Hall, Gilman Hall, Haviland Hall, Wellman Hall, Sather Gate, and the 307-foot (94 m) Sather Tower (nicknamed "the Campanile" after its architectural inspiration, St Mark's Campanile in Venice). Buildings he regarded as temporary, nonacademic, or not particularly "serious" were designed in shingle or Collegiate Gothic styles; examples of these are North Gate Hall, Dwinelle Annex, and Stephens Hall. Many of Howard's designs are recognized California Historical Landmarks [139] and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1873 in a Victorian Second-Empire-style, South Hall is the oldest university building in California. It, and the Frederick Law Olmsted -designed Piedmont Avenue east of the main campus, are the only remnants from the original University of California before John Galen Howard's buildings were constructed. Other architects whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are Bernard Maybeck [140] (best known for the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco), Maybeck's student Julia Morgan (Hearst Women's Gymnasium), Charles Willard Moore (Haas School of Business) and Joseph Esherick (Wurster Hall). Natural features The south fork of Strawberry Creek, as seen between Dwinelle Hall and Lower Sproul Plaza Flowing into the main campus are two branches of Strawberry Creek. The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath California Memorial Stadium before appearing again in Faculty Glade. It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus. The north fork appears just east of University House and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building, the original site of the Campus Arboretum. Trees in the area date from the founding of the University in the 1870s. The campus, itself, contains numerous wooded areas; including: Founders' Rock, Faculty Glade, Grinnell Natural Area, and the Eucalyptus Grove, which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America. [141]The campus sits on the Hayward Fault, which runs directly through California Memorial Stadium. [142] There is ongoing construction to retrofit the stadium. The "treesit" protest revolved around the controversy of clearing away trees by the stadium to build the new Student Athlete High Performance Center. As the stadium sits directly on the fault, this raised campus concerns of the safety of student athletes in the event of an earthquake as they train in facilities under the stadium stands. [143]Environmental record Through its Office of Sustainability and Energy, UC Berkeley works to implement sustainability initiatives on campus. The university encourages green purchasing when possible and installing energy-efficient technologies. [144] UC Berkeley has a green building policy. Nine buildings on campus are LEED Gold, five are LEED Silver, and one is LEED Certified. [145] Multiple building spaces have been repurposed for alternative use, and waste from construction projects is reduced. Water conservation technologies have been installed across campus, and the university employs a variety of techniques to manage storm water. [144] UC Berkeley heats, cools, and powers its lab equipment with power from an on-campus natural gas plant. [146] UC Berkeley's efforts toward sustainability earned the school an overall grade of B+ on one sustainability report card. [144]Organization and administration The University of California is governed by a 26-member Board of Regents, 18 of which are appointed by the Governor of California to 12-year terms, 7 serving as ex officio members, a single student regent and a non-voting student regent-designate. [147] The position of Chancellor was created in 1952 to lead individual campuses. The Board appointed Nicholas Dirks the 10th Chancellor of the university in 2013 after Robert J. Birgeneau, originally appointed in 2004, announced his resignation. [148] 12 vice chancellors report directly to the Chancellor. The Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost serves as the chief academic officer and is the office to which the deans of the 14 colleges and schools report. [149]On August 16, 2016, Dirks announced he would step down as chancellor after months of heavy criticism from faculty over his management of university finances and his handling of a string of sexual misconduct cases involving high-profile faculty. [150] Dirks said he would step down upon the selection of a successor, who will be picked by a search committee of a dozen university leaders. [151] In March 2017, his successor, Carol T. Christ, was confirmed by the UC Regents and assumed the position on July 1, 2017. [152]The 2006–07 budget totaled $1.7 billion; 33% came from the State of California. In 2006–07, 7,850 donors contributed $267.9 million and the endowment was valued at $2.89 billion. [80]Haas School of Business UC Berkeley employs 24,700 people directly and employees are permitted to unionize and are represented by AFSCME, California Nurses Association (CNA), CUE-Teamsters Local 2010 (formerly the Coalition of University Employees (CUE)), UAW, UC-AFT, and UPTE. [80] [153]University finances See also: University of California finances UC Berkeley receives funding from a variety of sources, including federal and state authorities, and private donors. With the exception of government contracts, public money is proportioned to UC Berkeley and the other 9 universities of the University of California system through the UC Office of the President. State funding has, historically, been very high at the University of California. In 1987, the state provided 54% of the UC Berkeley's budget. However, due in part to the 2008–11 California budget crisis, recent educational appropriations to the university have seen a significant decline. [154] State educational appropriations such as general support given in the state's annual budget, and appropriations given to the state through the federal American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) dropped $37M in 2010–11 from the previous calendar year. In 2013, state general support dropped to 12% of the university's total revenues. [155] State budget shortfalls as well as rising costs in pensions have been cited by the university as two of the leading reasons for its current financial woes. In response to revenue shortfalls, the UC Regents have raised tuition, and the university is trying to increase the number of non-resident undergraduates, who pay the more costly out-of-state tuition. Nearly one-third of revenues from tuition and other student fees are returned to students as scholarships and fellowships. [156]Cal has controversially borrowed $445 million to fund the $321 million renovation of seismically unsafe Memorial Stadium and construction of a new $153 million student athletic center, [157] both of which opened in 2012. (See Athletics section for additional details). In 2014, Cal presented a plan to the Board of Regents that would create a venture capital fund that would fund student and faculty startups. [158]Financial aid and scholarship programs See also: Student financial aid in the United States Students and prospective students of UC Berkeley are eligible for a variety of public and private financial aid. Generally, financial aid inquiries are processed through the UC Berkeley Financial Aid and Scholarships Office. Some graduate schools, such as the Haas School of Business [159] and UC Berkeley School of Law [160] have their own financial aid offices. Admissions and enrollment Fall Freshman Profile2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011Applicants [161] [162] [163] 82,571 78,923 73,794 67,713 61,702 52,953Admits [161] [162] [163] 14,429 13,332 13,338 14,181 13,038 13,523Admit rate [161] [162] [163] 17.5% 16.9% 18.1% 20.9% 21.1% 25.5%Enrolled [164] [165] 6,253 5,832 5,813 5,848 5,365 5,640SAT range [166] [167] [168] [169] [170] [171]1930-2290 1870–2250 1840–2230 1870–2240 1840–2240 1870–2230ACT range [166] [167] [168] [169] [170] [171]29-34 29–34 28–33 27–33 27–33 28–33GPA (unweighted) [166] [167] [168] [169] [170] [171]3.86 3.87 3.85 3.86 3.84 3.83Berkeley's Fall 2017 acceptance rate for freshman was 17.2%. [172] For Fall 2016, Berkeley enrolled 29,310 undergraduate and 10,863 graduate students, with women making up 52.1% of undergraduate enrollments and 46.0% graduate and professional students. [173] [174]Of the Fall 2013 cohort, 96% of freshmen enrolled the next year. The four-year graduation rate for the Fall 2008 cohort was 72%, and the six-year rate was 91%. [175] [176] Enrolled freshman for the fall of 2015 had an average fully weighted high school GPA of 4.41 and an average unweighted GPA of 3.87. Fall 2015 admitted freshman applicants had an average ACT Composite score of 31–33, and average combined SAT scores of 2124 for in-state admits and 2171 for out-of-state admits. [167] [177] Berkeley's enrollment of National Merit Scholars was third in the nation until 2002, when participation in the National Merit program was discontinued. [178] For 2016-17, excluding college-sponsored scholars, Berkeley ranked fifth in National Merit Scholar enrollment. 33% of admitted students receive federal Pell grants. [179]Demographics of student body (fall 2015) [4] [180]Undergraduate Graduate California U. S. Census Black 3.3% 3.6% 6.5% 13.2%Asian 39.0% 17.3% 14.4% 5.5%Non-Hispanic White 26.0% 37.9% 38.5% 61.7%Hispanic (of any race) 13.7% 6.7% 38.6% 17.7%Native American 0.7% 1.0% 1.7% 1.2%International 13.5% 23.8% N/A N/AOther/Unknown 3.8% 9.7% 3.7% 2.8%Student life and traditions Sather Gate The official university mascot is Oski the Bear, who debuted in 1941. Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative. Named after the Oski-wow-wow yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, whose members have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume-wearer. [181]The University of California Marching Band, which has served the university since 1891, performs at every home football game and at select road games as well. A smaller subset of the Cal Band, the Straw Hat Band, performs at basketball games, volleyball games, and other campus and community events. [182]The UC Rally Committee, formed in 1901, is the official guardian of California's Spirit and Traditions. Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies, Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events. Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the five Cal flags, the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and Haas Pavilion, the California Victory Cannon, Card Stunts and The Big "C" among other duties. The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the Stanford Axe when it is in Cal's possession. [183] The Chairman of the Rally Committee holds the title "Custodian of the Axe" while it is in the Committee's care. Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east, The Big "C" is an important symbol of California school spirit. The Big "C" has its roots in an early 20th-century campus event called "Rush," which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match. It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and, in 1905, the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build "the Big C". [184] Owing to its prominent position, the Big "C" is often the target of pranks by rival Stanford University students who paint the Big "C" red and also fraternities and sororities who paint it their organization's colors. One of the Rally Committee's functions is to repaint the Big "C" to its traditional color of King Alfred Yellow. Cal students invented the college football tradition of card stunts. Then known as Bleacher Stunts, they were first performed during the 1910 Big Game and consisted of two stunts: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. The tradition continues today in the Cal student section and incorporates complicated motions, for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen. [185]The California Victory Cannon, placed on Tightwad Hill overlooking the stadium, is fired before every football home game, after every score, and after every Cal victory. First used in the 1963 Big Game, it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971. The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against Pacific in 1991, when Cal scored 12 touchdowns. [186]Student housing Students at UC Berkeley live in a variety of housing that cater to personal and academic preferences and styles. The immediately surrounding community offers apartments, Greek (fraternity and sorority) housing and cooperative housing, twenty of which are houses that are members of the Berkeley Student Cooperative. University housing Main article: Housing at the University of California, Berkeley Cunningham Hall and Towle Hall, part of the Unit 2 residence hall complex Christian Hall The university runs twelve different residence halls: seven undergraduate residence halls or complexes, both with and without themes; family student housing; re-entry student housing; and optional international student housing at the International House, built with a gift from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and the erstwhile home of six Nobel laureates. Undergraduate residence halls are located off-campus in the city of Berkeley. Units 1, 2 and 3, located on the south side of campus, offer high-rise accommodations with common areas on every other floor. Units 1 and 2 share a common dining hall, Crossroads. The oldest unit, Unit 3, has its own dining hall, Café 3, on the first floor. [187] Further away and also on the south side of campus is Clark Kerr, an undergraduate residential complex that houses many student athletes and was once a school for the deaf and blind. In the foothills east of the central campus, there are three additional undergraduate residence halls: Foothill, Stern, and Bowles. Foothill is a co-ed, suite-style hall reminiscent of a Swiss chalet. Just south of Foothill, overlooking the Hearst Greek Theatre, is the all-women's traditional-style Stern Hall, which boasts an original mural by Diego Rivera. Because of their proximity to the College of Engineering and College of Chemistry, these residence halls often house science and engineering majors. They tend to be quieter than the southside complexes but often get free glimpses of concerts owing to their proximity to the theater. Bowles Hall, the oldest state-owned residence hall in California, is located immediately north of California Memorial Stadium. Dedicated in 1929 and on the National Register of Historic Places, this residence hall is known for its Collegiate Gothic architecture and large rooms ("quads") that can accommodate four students. Bowles Residential Hall The Channing-Bowditch and Ida Jackson apartments are intended for older students. [188] [189] Family student housing consists of two main groups of housing: University Village and Smyth-Fernwald. University Village is located 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of campus in Albany, California, and Smyth-Fernwald is near the Clark Kerr campus. Clark Kerr Residential Campus Cooperative housing Students in Berkeley have a number of cooperative housing options. The largest network of student housing cooperatives in the area is the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC). Main article: Berkeley Student Cooperative Berkeley students, as well as students of other universities and colleges in the area, have the option of living in one of the twenty cooperative houses of the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC), formerly the University Students' Cooperative Association (USCA) and member of the national cooperative federation, NASCO. The BSC is a nonprofit housing cooperative network consisting of 20 cooperative homes and 1250 member-owners. [190] The USCA (as the BSC was known by at that time) was founded in 1933 by then-director of the YWCA, Harry Kingman. The birth of the USCA, as well as many other cooperative organizations around the country, coincided with the Great Depression precisely as a response to scant resources. By living together in large houses and pooling together resources, members found that their monetary resources could go further to pay for their cost of living than living separately. In the 1960s, the USCA pioneered the first co-ed university housing in Berkeley, called the Ridge Project (later renamed Casa Zimbabwe ). In 1975, the USCA founded its first and only vegetarian-themed house, Lothlorien. In 1997, the USCA opened its African-American theme house, Afro House, and in 1999 its LGBT -themed house, named after Irish author and poet Oscar Wilde. [191]Notable alumni of the BSC include Marion Nestle, professor at New York University and author of Food Politics, and Beverly Cleary, a writer of children's books. Fraternities and sororities University-sanctioned fraternities and sororities comprise over 60 houses that are accredited to one of four Governing Councils, all under the umbrella organization of Cal Greeks. [192] [193]Fraternities (NIC) [194] Sororities (NPC) [194]Alpha Delta Phi Alpha Epsilon Pi Alpha Gamma Omega Alpha Kappa Lambda Alpha Sigma Phi Alpha Tau Omega Chi Phi Chi Psi Delta Chi Delta Sigma Phi Delta Upsilon Kappa Alpha Order Kappa Delta Rho Lambda Phi Epsilon Phi Delta Theta Phi Kappa Psi Phi Kappa Tau Pi Kappa Alpha Pi Kappa Phi Pi Lambda Phi Sigma Alpha Mu Sigma Chi Sigma Epsilon Omega Sigma Nu Sigma Phi Epsilon Sigma Pi Tau Kappa Epsilon Theta Chi Theta Delta Chi Triangle Zeta Beta Tau Alpha Chi Omega Alpha Delta Pi Alpha Phi Chi Omega Delta Delta Delta Delta Gamma Gamma Phi Beta Kappa Alpha Theta Kappa Kappa Gamma Omega Phi Beta Pi Beta Phi Sigma Kappa Sigma Psi Zeta Zeta Tau Alpha Student-run organizations Student government Wellness Room sleep pods: part of a program created by the ASUC, UC Berkeley's official student association The Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) is the official student association that controls funding for student groups and organizes on-campus student events. It is considered one of the most autonomous student governments at any public university in the U. S. The two main political parties are "Student Action" [195] and "Cal SERVE." [196] The organization was founded in 1887 and has an annual operating budget of $1.7 million (excluding the budget of the Graduate Assembly of the ASUC), in addition to various investment assets. The ASUC's Student Union Program, Entertainment, and Recreation Board (SUPERB) is a student-run, non-profit branch dedicated to providing entertainment for the campus and community. Founded in 1964, SUPERB's programming includes the Friday Film Series, free Noon Concerts on Lower Sproul Plaza, Comedy Competitions, Poker Tournaments, free Sneak Previews of upcoming movies, and more. In April 2013, in an 11-9 vote, the ASUC Senate passed a Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions resolution for the UC system to divest from companies that are assisting in Israel's "...illegal occupation and ensuing human rights abuses". [197] [198]Communications media A Daily Cailfornian distribution rack UC Berkeley's student-run online television station, Cal TV, was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online. It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors. Since the mid-2010s, it has been a program of the ASUC. [199]UC Berkeley's independent student-run newspaper is The Daily Californian. Founded in 1871, The Daily Cal became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back People's Park. The Daily Californian has both a print and online edition. Print circulation is about 10,000. The newspaper is an important source of information for students, faculty, staff, and the surrounding City of Berkeley. Berkeley's FM Student radio station, KALX, broadcasts on 90.7 MHz. It is run largely by volunteers, including both students and community members. Berkeley also features an assortment of student-run magazines, most notably Caliber Magazine. Founded in 2008, Caliber Magazine promotes itself as "the everything magazine" by featuring articles and blogs on a wide range of topics. It has been voted "Best Magazine on Campus" by the readers of the Daily Cal [200] as well as "Best Publication on Campus" by the ASUC. Student groups Berkeley Dance Marathon, one of the campus's student-led fundraising events Zellerbach Hall, home of the Cal Performances theater group UC Berkeley has a reputation for student activism, stemming from the 1960s and the Free Speech Movement. Today, Berkeley is known as a lively campus with activism in many forms, from email petitions, presentations on Sproul Plaza and volunteering, to the occasional protest. During the 2006–07 school year, there were 94 political student groups on campus including MECh XA de UC Berkeley, Berkeley American Civil Liberties Union, Berkeley Students for Life, Campus Greens, The Sustainability Team (STEAM), the Berkeley Student Food Collective, Students for Sensible Drug Policy, Cal Berkeley Democrats, and the Berkeley College Republicans. Berkeley sends the most students to the Peace Corps of any university in the nation. [201]The Residence Hall Assembly (RHA) is the student-run residence hall organization that oversees all aspects of residence wide event planning, legislation, sponsorships and activities for over 7,200 on-campus undergraduate residents. Founded in 1988 by the President's Council, it is now funded and supported by the Residential and Student Service Programs department on campus. [202]UC Berkeley also has a rich history of student-run consulting groups. The Berkeley Group [203] is a student consulting organization, founded in 2003, affiliated with UC Berkeley and the Haas School of Business. Students of all majors are recruited and trained to work on pro-bono consulting engagements with real-life nonprofit clients. The oldest consulting group on campus is Berkeley Consulting, founded in 1996, which has served over 140 companies across technology, retail, banking, and non-profit sectors. [204]Imagi Cal [205] has been the college chapter of the American Advertising Federation at Berkeley since the late 1980s. Every year, the team competes in the National Student Advertising Competition. Students from various backgrounds come together to work on a marketing case provided by the AAF and a corporate sponsor to college chapters across the nation. Most recently, the UC Berkeley team won in their region in 2005, 2009 and 2012, going on to win 4th and 3rd in the nation in 2005 and 2009, respectively. The Berkeley Forum is a student organization that hosts panels, debates, and talks by leading experts from many different fields. [206] The organization is nonpartisan and has brought a wide variety of speakers to campus, including Senator Rand Paul, entrepreneur and venture capitalist Peter Thiel, Khan Academy founder Salman Khan, and many others. UC Berkeley Symphony Orchestra Democratic Education at Cal, or De Cal, is a program that promotes the creation of professor-sponsored, student-facilitated classes through the Special Studies 98/198 program. [207] De Cal arose out of the 1960s Free Speech movement and was officially established in 1981. The program offers around 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the Berkeley student community, including classes on the Rubik's Cube, James Bond, Batman, the Iranian Revolution, cooking, Israeli folk dancing, 3D animation, nuclear weapons, and meditation. In addition, UC Berkeley is home to a quidditch team, Cal Quidditch. [208] Drawing inspiration from J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter book series, Cal Quidditch was founded in 2009 and competes in national tournaments, recently earning a ranking of 24th at US Quidditch Cup 10, held in Kissimmee, Florida. There are many a cappella groups on campus, including Drawn to Scale, Artists in Resonance, Berkeley Dil Se, the UC Men's Octet, the California Golden Overtones, and Noteworthy. The UC Men's Octet is an eight-member a cappella group founded in 1948 featuring a repertoire of barbershop, doo-wop, contemporary pop, modern alternative, and fight songs. They are one of only two multiple time champions of the ICCA, having won the championship in both 1998 and 2000. The California Golden Overtones, founded in 1984, have a very similar repertoire to the Octet. Noteworthy competed in Season 5 of America's Got Talent. It is a tradition for every Berkeley a cappella group to perform under the campus' Sather Gate each week at different times during the week. In addition to a Capella, Berkeley is host to a myriad of other performing arts groups in comedy, dance, acting and instrumental music. A few examples include jericho! Improv & Sketch Comedy, The Movement, Taiko drumming, Bare Stage student musical theater, the Remedy Music Project, Main Stacks, AFX Dance, and Tru Element. Since 1967, students and staff jazz musicians have had an opportunity to perform and study with the University of California Jazz Ensembles. Under the direction of Dr. David W. Tucker, who was hired by the Cal Band as a composer, arranger, and associate director, but was later asked to direct the jazz ensembles as it grew in popularity and membership, the group grew rapidly from one big band to multiple big bands, numerous combos, and numerous instrumental classes with multiple instructors. For several decades it hosted the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival, part of the American Collegiate Jazz Festival, a competitive forum for student musicians. PCCJF brought jazz luminaries such as Hubert Laws, Sonny Rollins, Freddie Hubbard, and Ed Shaughnessy to the Berkeley campus as performers, clinicians, and adjudicators. The festival later included high school musicians. The jazz ensembles became an effective recruitment tool. Many high school musicians interested in strong academics as well as jazz found that the campus met both interests. Numerous alumni have had successful careers in jazz performance and education including Michael Wolff and Andy Narell. UC Berkeley also hosts a large number of conferences, talks, and musical and theatrical performances. Many of these events, including the Annual UC Berkeley Sociological Research Symposium, are completely planned and organized by undergraduate students. Athletics Main article: California Golden Bears California Memorial Stadium The interior of Haas Pavilion during a basketball game Hellman Tennis Complex Evans Diamond The athletic teams at UC Berkeley are known as the California Golden Bears (often shortened to "Cal Bears" or just "Cal") and are primarily members of the NCAADivision I Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12). Cal is also a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several sports not sponsored by the Pac-12 and the America East Conference in women's field hockey. The first school colors, established in 1873 by a committee of students, were Blue (specifically Yale Blue) and Gold. [209] [210] Yale Blue was originally chosen because many of the university's founders were Yale University graduates (for example Henry Durant, the first university president). Blue and Gold were specified and made the official colors of the university and the state colors of California in 1955. [209] [211] However, the athletic department has recently specified a darker blue, close to but not the same as the Berkeley Blue now used by the school. [212] [213] The California Golden Bears have a long history of excellence in athletics, having won national titles in football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, men's and women's crew, men's gymnastics, men's tennis, men's and women's swimming, men's water polo, men's Judo, men's track, and men's rugby. In addition, Cal athletes have won numerous individual NCAA titles in track, gymnastics, swimming and tennis. On January 31, 2009, the school's Hurling club made athletic history by defeating Stanford in the first collegiate hurling match ever played on American soil. California finished in first place [214] in the 2007–08 Fall U. S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup standings (Now the NACDA Directors' Cup ), a competition measuring the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports. Cal finished the 2007–08 competition in seventh place with 1119 points. [215] Most recently, California finished in third place in the 2010–11 NACDA Directors' Cup with 1219.50 points, finishing behind Stanford and Ohio State. This is California's highest ever finish in the Director's Cup. [216]Cal's seismically unsafe Memorial Stadium reopened September 2012 after a $321 million renovation. The university incurred a controversial $445 million of debt for the stadium and a new $153 million student athletic center, which it planned to finance with the sale of special stadium endowment seats. However, in June 2013 news surfaced that the university has had trouble selling the seats. [217] The roughly $18 million interest-only annual payments on the debt consumes 20 percent of Cal's athletics' budget; principal repayment begins in 2032 and is scheduled to conclude in 2113. [157]In 2014, Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete's admission to the university. By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes must comply with the University of California general student requirement that they have a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average. [218]California – Stanford rivalry Main article: Big Game (American football)The Golden Bears' traditional arch-rivalry is with the Stanford Cardinal. The most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football game dubbed the Big Game, and it is celebrated with spirit events on both campuses. Since 1933, the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of the Stanford Axe. Other sports games between these rivals have related names such as the Big Splash between the water polo teams. [219]One of the most famous moments in college football history occurred during the 85th Big Game on November 20, 1982. In what has become known as "the band play" or simply The Play, Cal scored the winning touchdown in the final seconds with a kickoff return that involved a series of laterals and the Stanford marching band rushing onto the field. National championships Berkeley teams have won national championships in baseball (2), men's basketball (2), men's crew (15), women's crew (3), football (5), men's golf (1), men's gymnastics (4), men's lacrosse (1), men's rugby (26), softball (1), men's swimming & diving (4), women's swimming & diving (3), men's tennis (1), men's track & field (1), and men's water polo (13). Notable alumni, faculty, and staff Further information: List of University of California, Berkeley alumni; List of University of California, Berkeley faculty; and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley Earl Warren, BA 1912, JD 1914, 14th Chief Justice of the United States; former Alameda County District Attorney; California Attorney General; 30th Governor of California Steven Chu, Ph D 1976, Nobel laureate and former United States Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm, BA 1984, First female Governor of Michigan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, BA 1950, [220] 4th President of Pakistan, 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan Robert Reich, Professor of Public Policy, 22nd United States Secretary of Labor Christina Romer, Professor of Economics, 25th Chairperson of the President's Council of Economic Advisers Steve Wozniak, BS 1986, cofounder of Apple Inc. Gordon Moore, BS 1950, cofounder of semiconductor company Intel Eric Schmidt, MS 1979, Ph D 1982, Executive Chairman of Alphabet Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown, Jr, BA 1961, Governor of California, former California Attorney General Gregory Peck, BA 1939, Academy Award -winning actor Natalie Coughlin, BA 2005, multiple gold medal-winning Olympic swimmer Mostafa Chamran, Ph. D. 1963, Iranian scientist, Vice President and Defense Minister of Iran Haakon Magnus, Crown Prince of Norway, BA 1999 [221]Robert Mc Namara, BA 1937, President of World Bank (1968–81), United States Secretary of Defense (1961–68), President of Ford Motor Company (1960)Daniel Kahneman, Ph D 1961, awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory Harold Urey, Ph D 1923, Nobel laureate and discoverer of deuterium The computer mouse was invented by Turing Award laureate Doug Engelbart, B. Eng. 1952, Ph. D. 1955As of 2017, 33 alumni and 23 past and present full-time faculty are counted among the 104 Nobel laureates associated with the university. [222] The Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize of computer science", has been awarded to 11 alumni and 12 past and present full-time faculty, with Dana Scott being an alumnus and a faculty member. [223]Faculty Shiing-Shen Chern, a leading geometer of the 20th century and a faculty member of the Berkeley mathematics department, co-founded the renowned Mathematical Sciences Research Institute at Berkeley in 1981 and served as the founding Director until 1984. [224] [58] Berkeley physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the scientific director of the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic bomb in the world during World War II, and was the founder of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics. [225] Faculty member Edward Teller was (together with Stanislaw Ulam) the "father of the hydrogen bomb ", who laid important foundations for the establishment of Space Sciences Laboratory at Berkeley. [226] Ernest Lawrence, a Nobel laureate in physics who invented the cyclotron at Berkeley, and founded the Radiation Laboratory on campus, which later became the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. [227] Nobel laureate Glenn T. Seaborg discovered or co-discovered 10 chemical elements at Berkeley and served as the Chancellor of UC Berkeley from 1958-1961. [228] [229] Former United States Secretary of Energy and Nobel laureate Steven Chu (Ph D 1976), was Director of Berkeley Lab, 2004–2009. Janet Yellen, the 15th Chair of the Federal Reserve Board, is a professor emeritus at Berkeley Haas School of Business and the Department of Economics. [230] [231]Alumni Berkeley alumni have served in a range of prominent government offices, both domestic and foreign, including Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court ( Earl Warren, BA, JD); United States Attorney General ( Edwin Meese III, JD); United States Secretary of State ( Dean Rusk, LL. B. ); United States Secretary of the Treasury ( W. Michael Blumenthal, BA); United States Secretary of Defense ( Robert Mc Namara, BS); United States Secretary of the Interior ( Franklin Knight Lane, 1887); United States Secretary of Transportation and United States Secretary of Commerce ( Norman Mineta, BS); United States Secretary of Agriculture ( Ann Veneman, MPP); scores of federal judges and members of the United States Congress and United States Foreign Service; governors of California ( George C. Pardee; Hiram W. Johnson; Earl Warren, BA and LL. B; Jerry Brown, BA; and Pete Wilson, JD), Michigan ( Jennifer Granholm, BA), and the United States Virgin Islands ( Walter A. Gordon, BA); Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( Frederick C. Weyand, Class of 1938); Lieutenant General of the United States Army ( Jimmy Doolittle; Vice Admiral of the United States Navy (Murry L. Royar, Class of 1916); Major General of the United States Marine Corps ( Oliver Prince Smith ); Brigadier General of the United States Marine Corps ( Bertram A. Bone ); Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission ( John A. Mc Cone, BS); chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisors ( Michael Boskin, BA, Ph D.; Sandra Black, BA; Jesse Rothstein, Ph D; Robert Seamans, Ph D; Jay Shambaugh, Ph D; James Stock, MA, Ph D); Governor of the Federal Reserve System ( H. Robert Heller, Ph D) and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ( William Dudley, Ph D); Commissioners of the SEC ( Troy A. Paredes, BA) and the FCC (Rachelle Chong, BA); and United States Surgeon General ( Kenneth P. Moritsugu, MPH). Foreign alumni include the President of Mexico (Francisco I. Madero, attended 1892-93); the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan; the Premier of the Republic of China ( Sun Fo, BA); the President of Costa Rica (Miguel Angel Rodriguez, MA, Ph D); and members of parliament of the United Kingdom ( House of Lords, Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn, BS), India ( Rajya Sabha, the upper house, Prithviraj Chavan, MS), and Iran ( Mohammad Javad Larijani, Ph D). Alumni have also served in many supranational posts, notable among which are President of the World Bank ( Robert Mc Namara, BS); Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund ( Rodrigo Rato, MBA); Executive Director of UNICEF ( Ann Veneman, MPP); member of the European Parliament ( Bruno Megret, MS); and judge of the World Court ( Joan Donoghue, JD). Robert Laughlin, BA 1972, Nobel laureate Alumni have made important contributions to science. Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules. Nobel laureate William F. Giauque (BS 1920, Ph D 1922) investigated chemical thermodynamics, Nobel laureate Willard Libby (BS 1931, Ph D 1933) pioneered radiocarbon dating, Nobel laureate Willis Lamb (BS 1934, Ph D 1938) examined the hydrogen spectrum, Nobel laureate Hamilton O. Smith (BA 1952) applied restriction enzymes to molecular genetics, Nobel laureate Robert Laughlin (BA math 1972) explored the fractional quantum Hall effect, and Nobel laureate Andrew Fire (BA math 1978) helped to discover RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nobel laureate Glenn T. Seaborg (Ph D 1937) collaborated with Albert Ghiorso (BS 1913) to discover 12 chemical elements, such as americium, berkelium, and californium. David Bohm (Ph D 1943) discovered Bohm Diffusion. Nobel laureate Yuan T. Lee (Ph D 1965) developed the crossed molecular beam technique for studying chemical reactions. Carol Greider (Ph D 1987), professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer. Harvey Itano (BS 1942) conducted breakthrough work on sickle cell anemia that marked the first time a disease was linked to a molecular origin. [232] While he was valedictorian of UC Berkeley's class of 1942, he was unable to attend commencement exercises due to internment. [233]Narendra Karmarkar (Ph D 1983) is known for the interior point method, a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as Karmarkar's algorithm. [234] National Medal of Science laureate Chien-Shiung Wu (Ph D 1940), often known as the "Chinese Madame Curie," disproved the Law of Conservation of Parity for which she was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics. [235] Kary Mullis (Ph D 1973) was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in developing the polymerase chain reaction, [236] a method for amplifying DNA sequences. Daniel Kahneman was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory. Richard O. Buckius, engineer, Bachelor's in Mechanical Engineering '72, Masters '73, Ph D '75, currently Chief Operating Officer of the National Science Foundation. Edward P. Tryon (Ph D 1967) is the physicist who first said our universe originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum. [237] [238] [239]John N. Bahcall (BS 1956) worked on the Standard Solar Model and the Hubble Space Telescope, [240] resulting in a National Medal of Science. [240] Peter Smith (BS 1969) was the principal investigator and project leader for the NASA robotic explorer Phoenix, [241] which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet Mars for the first time. [242] Astronauts James van Hoften (BS 1966), Margaret Rhea Seddon (BA 1970), Leroy Chiao (BS 1983), and Rex Walheim (BS 1984) have orbited the earth in NASA's fleet of space shuttles. Undergraduate alumni have founded or cofounded such companies as Apple Computer, [243] Intel, [244] LSI Logic [245]The Gap, [246] My Space, [247] Power Bar, [248] Berkeley Systems, [249] Bolt, Beranek and Newman [250] (which created a number of underlying technologies that govern the Internet ), Chez Panisse, [251] Grand Central (known now as Google Voice ), [252]HTC Corporation, [253] VIA Technologies, [253] Marvell Technology Group, [254] Move On.org, [249] Opsware, [255] Red Octane, [256]Rimon Law P. C., [257] San Disk, [258] Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker, [259] VMware [260] and Zilog, [261] while graduate school alumni have cofounded companies such as DHL, [262] Key Hole Inc (known now as Google Earth), [263] Sun Microsystems, [264] and The Learning Company. [265] Berkeley alumni have also led various technology companies such as Electronic Arts, [266]Google, [267] Adobe Systems, [268] Softbank ( Masayoshi Son) and Qualcomm. [269]Turing Award laureate Ken Thompson (left), BS 1965, MS 1966, with fellow laureate and colleague Dennis Ritchie (right), as they created Unix together Berkeley alumni nurtured a number of key technologies associated with the personal computer and the development of the Internet. [270] Unix was created by alumnus Ken Thompson (BS 1965, MS 1966) along with colleague Dennis Ritchie. Alumni such as L. Peter Deutsch [271] [272] [273] (Ph D 1973), Butler Lampson (Ph D 1967), and Charles P. Thacker (BS 1967) [274] worked with Ken Thompson on Project Genie and then formed the ill-fated US Department of Defense -funded Berkeley Computer Corporation (BCC), which was scattered throughout the Berkeley campus in non-descript offices to avoid anti-war protestors. [275] After BCC failed, Deutsch, Lampson, and Thacker joined Xerox PARC, where they developed a number of pioneering computer technologies, culminating in the Xerox Alto that inspired the Apple Macintosh. In particular, the Alto used a computer mouse, which had been invented by Doug Engelbart (B. Eng 1952, Ph. D. 1955). Thompson, Lampson, Engelbart, and Thacker [276] all later received a Turing Award. Also at Xerox PARC was Ronald V. Schmidt (BS 1966, MS 1968, Ph D 1971), who became known as "the man who brought Ethernet to the masses". [277] Another Xerox PARC researcher, Charles Simonyi (BS 1972), pioneered the first WYSIWIG word processor program and was recruited personally by Bill Gates to join the fledgling company known as Microsoft to create Microsoft Word. Simonyi later became the first repeat space tourist, blasting off on Russian Soyuz rockets to work at the International Space Station orbiting the earth. In 1977, a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy (MS 1982) assembled [278] the original Berkeley Software Distribution, commonly known as BSD Unix. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of the terminal console editor vi, while Ken Arnold (BA 1985) created Curses, a terminal control library for Unix-like systems that enables the construction of text user interface (TUI) applications. Working alongside Joy at Berkeley were undergraduates William Jolitz (BS 1997) and his future wife Lynne Jolitz (BA 1989), who together created 386BSD, a version of BSD Unix that runs on Intel CPUs and evolved into the BSD family of free operating systems and the Darwin operating system underlying Apple Mac OS X. [279] Eric Allman (BS 1977, MS 1980) created Send Mail, a Unix mail transfer agent that delivers about 12% of the email in the world. [280]The XCF, an undergraduate research group located in Soda Hall, has been responsible for a number of notable software projects, including GTK+ (created by Peter Mattis, BS 1997), The GIMP ( Spencer Kimball, BS 1996), and the initial diagnosis of the Morris worm. [281] In 1992 Pei-Yuan Wei, [282] an undergraduate at the XCF, created Viola WWW, one of the first graphical web browsers. Viola WWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects, stylesheets, and tables. In the spirit of Open Source, he donated the code to Sun Microsystems, inspiring Java applets ( Kim Polese (BS 1984) was the original product manager for Java at Sun Microsystems.) Viola WWW also inspired researchers at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications to create the Mosaic web browser, [283] a pioneering web browser that became Microsoft Internet Explorer. Robert Penn Warren, M. A. 1927 – novelist and poet, who received the Pulitzer Prize three times Alumni collectively have won at least eight Pulitzer Prizes. Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Marguerite Higgins (BA 1941) was a pioneering female war correspondent [284] [285] who covered World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. [286] Novelist Robert Penn Warren (MA 1927) won three Pulitzer Prizes, [287] including one for his novel All the King's Men, which was later made into an Academy Award-winning [288] movie. Pulitzer Prize–winning cartoonist Rube Goldberg (BS 1904) invented the comically complex—yet ultimately trivial—contraptions known as Rube Goldberg machines. Journalist Alexandra Berzon (MA 2006) won a Pulitzer Prize in 2009, [289] and journalist Matt Richtel (BA 1989), who also coauthors the comic strip Rudy Park under the pen name of "Theron Heir", [290] won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting. [291] Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Leon Litwack (BA [292] 1951, Ph D 1958) taught as a professor at UC Berkeley for 43 years; [293] three other UC Berkeley professors have also received the Pulitzer Prize. Alumna and professor Susan Rasky won the Polk Award for journalism in 1991. USC Professor and UC Berkeley alumna Viet Thanh Nguyen 's (Ph D 1997) first novel The Sympathizer won the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction [294]Alumni have also written novels and screenplays that have attracted Oscar-caliber talent, including The Call of the Wild author Jack London. Irving Stone (BA 1923) wrote the novel Lust for Life, which was later made into an Academy Award–winning film of the same name starring Kirk Douglas as Vincent van Gogh. Stone also wrote The Agony and the Ecstasy, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar winner Charlton Heston as Michelangelo. Mona Simpson (BA 1979) wrote the novel Anywhere But Here, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-winning actress Susan Sarandon. Terry Mc Millan (BA 1986) wrote How Stella Got Her Groove Back, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-nominated actress Angela Bassett. Randi Mayem Singer (BA 1979) wrote the screenplay for Mrs. Doubtfire, which starred Oscar-winning actor Robin Williams and Oscar-winning actress Sally Field. Audrey Wells (BA 1981) wrote the screenplay The Truth About Cats & Dogs, which starred Oscar-nominated actress Uma Thurman. James Schamus (BA 1982, MA 1987, Ph D 2003) has collaborated on screenplays with Oscar-winning director Ang Lee on the Academy Award-winning movies Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Brokeback Mountain. Emmy and Golden Globe Award winning actress Kathy Baker, BA 1977Collectively, alumni have won at least 20 Academy Awards. Gregory Peck (BA 1939), nominated for four Oscars during his career, won an Oscar for acting in To Kill a Mockingbird. Chris Innis (BA 1991) won the 2010 Oscar for film editing for her work on best picture winner, The Hurt Locker. Walter Plunkett (BA 1923 ) won an Oscar for costume design (for An American in Paris ). Freida Lee Mock (BA 1961) and Charles H. Ferguson (BA 1978) have each [295] [296] won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking. Mark Berger (BA 1964) has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley. [297] Edith Head (BA 1918), who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career, won eight Oscars for costume design. Joe Letteri (BA 1981 [298]) has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the James Cameron film Avatar and the Peter Jackson films King Kong, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. [299]Alumni have collectively won at least 25 Emmy Awards: Jon Else (BA 1968) for cinematography; Andrew Schneider (BA 1973) for screenwriting; Linda Schacht (BA 1966, MA 1981), two for broadcast journalism; [300] [301] Christine Chen (dual BA's 1990), two for broadcast journalism; [302] Kristen Sze (BA), two for broadcast journalism; [303] Kathy Baker (BA 1977), three for acting; Ken Milnes (BS 1977), four for broadcasting technology; and Leroy Sievers (BA), [304] twelve for production. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards. [305] [306] [307]Alumni have acted in classic television series that are still broadcast on TV today. Karen Grassle (BA 1965) played the mother Caroline Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie, Jerry Mathers (BA 1974) starred in Leave it to Beaver, and Roxann Dawson (BA 1980) portrayed B'Elanna Torres on Star Trek: Voyager. Former undergraduates have participated in the contemporary music industry, such as Grateful Dead bass guitarist Phil Lesh, The Police drummer Stewart Copeland, [308] Rolling Stone Magazine founder Jann Wenner, The Bangles lead singer Susanna Hoffs (BA 1980), Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz, electronic music producer Giraffage, MTV correspondent Suchin Pak (BA 1997), [309] AFI musicians Davey Havok and Jade Puget (BA 1996), and solo artist Marié Digby ( Say It Again ). People Magazine included Third Eye Blind lead singer and songwriter Stephan Jenkins (BA 1987) in the magazine's list of 50 Most Beautiful People. [310]Alumni have also participated in the world of sports. Tennis athlete Helen Wills Moody (BA 1925) won 31 Grand Slam titles, including eight singles titles at Wimbledon. Tarik Glenn (BA 1999) is a Super Bowl XLI champion. Michele Tafoya (BA 1988) is a sports television reporter for ABC Sports and ESPN. [311] Sports agent Leigh Steinberg ( BA 1970, JD 1973) has represented professional athletes such as Steve Young, Troy Aikman, and Oscar de la Hoya; Steinberg has been called the real-life inspiration [312] for the title character in the Oscar-winning [313] film Jerry Maguire (portrayed by Tom Cruise ). Matt Biondi (BA 1988) won eight Olympic gold medals during his swimming career, in which he participated in three different Olympics. At the Beijing Olympics in 2008, Natalie Coughlin (BA 2005) became the first American female athlete in modern Olympic history [314] to win six medals in one Olympics. Berkeley alumni -- often generous benefactors -- have long been among the billionaire ranks, giving rise to many of the campus' eponymous schools, pavilions, centers, institutes, and halls, with some of the more prominent being J. Paul Getty, Sanford Diller and Helen Diller, Donald Fisher, and members of the Haas ( Walter A. Haas, Rhoda Haas Goldman, Walter A. Haas Jr., Peter E. Haas, Bob Haas ), Hearst, and Bechtel families. There are at least 18 living alumni billionaires: Masayoshi Son (Soft Bank; second wealthiest Japanese), [315] Gordon Moore (Intel founder), James Harris Simons, Jon Stryker (Stryker Medical Equipment), [316] Bill Joy (computer programmer and Sun Microsystems founder), Eric Schmidt (Google Chairman), Michael Milken, Bassam Alghanim (wealthiest Kuwaiti), Kutayba Alghanim, [315] Charles Simonyi (Microsoft), Cher Wang (HTC, wealthiest Taiwanese), Robert Haas ( Levi Strauss & Co. ), Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor (Interbank, Peru), [317]Fayez Sarofim, Daniel S. Loeb, Paul Merage, Victor Koo, and Lowell Milken. See also San Francisco Bay Area portal University portal Higher Education Recruitment Consortium Pacific Film Archive University of California Museum of Paleontology2017 Berkeley protests Notes and references^ As of June 30, 2017. "Annual Endowment Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017" (PDF). 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New York Times.^ Marvell Technology Group was founded by Weili Dai, (BA Computer Science 1984) and her husband Sehat Sutardja (MS 1983, Ph D 1988 EECS) and brother-in-law Pantas Sutardjai (MS 1983, Ph D 1988 ). Sarah Yang (February 27, 2009). "Dedication of new CITRIS headquarters marks new stage of innovation to help fuel economic growth". University of California, Berkeley and the UC Regents.^ Opsware was cofounded by In Sik Rhee (BS EECS 1993). David Sheff (August 2008). "Crank it up". Wired Magazine.^ Red Octane was cofounded by brothers Charles Huang (BA 1992 ) and Kai Huang (BA CS 1994). Don Steinberg (October 1, 2008). "Just Play – Guitar Hero". Inc Magazine.^ Ward, Stephanie Francis (September 12, 2012). "Moradzadeh and Silberman Maintain High-Tech, No-Pomp Practice". ABA Journal. Retrieved February 25, 2016.^ San Disk was cofounded by Sanjay Mehrotra (BS 1978, MS EE 1980). "Corporate Officers". San Disk.^ Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker was cofounded by John Scharffenberger (BA 1973). Jessica Kwong (January 29, 2009). "Berkeley Scharffen Berger Factory to Close". Daily Californian.^ VMware was cofounded by Edward Wang (BS EECS 1983, MS 1988, Ph D 1994), along with Diane Greene (MS CS 1988) and her husband Mendel Rosenblum (MS 1989, Ph D 1992). "VMware Leadership". VMware.^ Zilog was cofounded by Ralph Ungermannn (BSEE 1964). Lawrence M. Fisher (February 19, 1988). "Business People: Ungermann-Bass Chairman Finds a Merger He Likes". New York Times.^ DHL was cofounded by Larry Hillblom (Law 1969). Saul Hansell (May 23, 1995). "Larry L. Hillblom, 52, Founder Of DHL Worldwide Express". New York Times.^ Key Hole Inc (known now as Google Earth) was cofounded by John Hanke (MBA 1996). "Haas Alumnus Maps the Future at Google Earth". University of California, Berkeley.^ Sun Microsystems was cofounded by Bill Joy (MS 1982). 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Pescovitz, David. "Eric Schmidt Searches and Finds Success (Again)". Lab Notes: Research from the Berkeley College of Engineering. College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. 3 (1 (Jan/Feb 2003)). Retrieved January 16, 2015.^ Shantanu Narayen (MBA 1993) has been the CEO of Adobe Systems since 2007. University of California Berkeley, Haas School of Business (2009). "Shantanu Narayen MBA 93". University of California Berkeley, Haas School of Business.^ Paul Jacobs (BS 1984, MS 1986, Ph D 1989 EECS) has been the CEO of Qualcomm since 2005. Abby Cohn (November 2008). "Mobile Phone Metamorphosis". "Innovations" by UC Berkeley College of Engineering.^ "Berkeley Unix worked so well that DARPA chose it for the preferred 'universal computing environment' to link Arpanet research nodes, thus setting in place an essential piece of infrastructure for the later growth of the Internet. An entire generation of computer scientists cut their teeth on Berkeley Unix. Without it, the Net might well have evolved into a shape similar to what it is today, but with it, the Net exploded." Andrew Leonard (May 16, 2000). "BSD Unix: Power to the people, from the code". Salon.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2005.^ Deutsch was awarded a 1992 citation by the Association for Computing Machinery for his work on Interlisp ( "ACM Award Citation – L. Peter Deutsch". Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. )^ L. Peter Deutsch is profiled on pages 30, 31, 43, 53, 54, 66 (which mentions Deutsch beginning his freshman year at Berkeley), and page 87 in the following book: Steven Levy (January 2, 2001). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-385-19195-2.^ L. Peter Deutsch is profiled in pages 69, 70–72, 118, 146, 227, 230, 280, 399 of the following book: Michael A. Hiltzik. Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age. Collins Business. ISBN 0-88730-891-0.^ "Fellow Awards – Charles Thacker". 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The Pulitzer Prizes – Columbia University.^ Freida Lee Mock (BA 1961) won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 1995 for Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision. "Behind the Lens – Extended Interviews with POV Filmmakers". Public Broadcasting Service and American Documentary Inc. March 4, 2011.^ Charles H. Ferguson (BA 1978) won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2011 for Inside Job. Andrew Pulver (February 28, 2011). "Oscars 2011: Inside Job banks best documentary award". The Guardian (United Kingdom).^ Jawad Qadir (March 31, 2010). "UC Berkeley Professor Mixes Sound for Award Winning Films". The Daily Californian. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012.^ "Talk of the Gown – Blues in the News". California Magazine. Cal Alumni Association. June 2003.^ Sandra Fischione Donovan (March 12, 2010). "Beaver County native wins fourth Oscar for visual effects". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.^ "Haas News Wire, February 20, 2001". Haas School of Business and the University of California, Berkeley. February 20, 2001. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008.^ "Television Program Faculty and Lecturers". Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism and the Regents of the University of California. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009.^ "Asian Hall of Fame – Induction Ceremony". Robert Chinn Foundation. 2007.^ "Meet the Team – Kristen Sze". KGO News. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008.^ "Colon Cancer Claims Veteran Journalist Leroy Sievers". ABC News. August 16, 2008.^ "Mega Metro News Center Story Archives June-August 2000". Mega Metro TV News Center. Mega Metro TV News Center. Retrieved 7 November 2014.^ Maynard, John (June 19, 2005). "Youth Is Served At Local Emmys". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 November 2014.^ "Elisabeth Leamy Bio". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved 7 November 2014.^ Rovi of All Movie Guide. "Stewart Copeland". The New York Times.^ "Su Chin Pak Biography – Reporter, Host and Interviewer – MTV News". MTV.^ "Stephan Jenkins: Musician". People Magazine. May 10, 1999.^ "Michele Tafoya – ESPN's Monday Night Football Sideline Reporter; Play-By-Play and Sideline Commentator". ESPN. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.^ Daniel Roberts and Pablo S. Torre (April 11, 2012). " ' Jerry Maguire aspires to be you ' ". Sports illustrated.^ Jerry Maguire was nominated for 5 Academy Awards, and won for Best Supporting Actor ( Cuba Gooding, Jr. ).^ "The six medals she won are the most by an American woman in any sport, breaking the record she tied four years ago. Her career total matches the third-most by any U. S. athlete." Jaime Aron (August 17, 2008). "Coughlin's 6 medals most by a US woman". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on September 8, 2010.^ a b "Kutayba Alghanim". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-04-12.^ "Jon Stryker". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-04-12.^ Robinson, Edward (2011-08-03). "Publicity Shy Tycoon Forging Modern Peru Amid Expanding Economy". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2014-08-17. Further reading and viewing Brechin, Gray (1999). Imperial San Francisco. UC Press Ltd. ISBN 0-520-21568-0. Cerny, Susan Dinkelspiel (2001). Berkeley Landmarks: An Illustrated Guide to Berkeley, California's Architectural Heritage. Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association. ISBN 0-9706676-0-4. Freeman, Jo (2003). At Berkeley in the Sixties: The Education of an Activist, 1961–1965. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21622-2. Helfand, Harvey (2001). University of California, Berkeley. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-293-3. Owens, MFEM (2004). America's Best Value Colleges. The Princeton Review. ISBN 0-375-76373-2. Rorabaugh, W. J. (1990). Berkeley at War: The 1960s. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506667-7. Wiseman, Frederick (Director) (2013). At Berkeley (Motion picture). Zipporah Films. Wong, Geoffrey (May 2001). A Golden State of Mind. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55212-635-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of California, Berkeley. Official website California Bears Athletics website" California, University of ". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. University of California, Berkeley at Curlie (based on DMOZ)Coordinates: 37.870°N 122.259°W [ show]v t e University of California, Berkeley [ show]Links to related articles Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 149111950 LCCN: n82001879 ISNI: 0000 0001 2348 0690 GND: 2025100-2SUDOC: 027926265 BNF: cb11986447q (data) NLA: 36750542Categories: University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California University of California Universities and colleges in Alameda County, California Land-grant universities and colleges California Historical Landmarks Educational institutions established in 1868 Flagship universities in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Berkeley, California Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California V-12 Navy College Training Program 1868 establishments in California
D1229816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man	Spider-Man	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"Peter Parker" redirects here. For other people named Peter Parker, as well as other uses, see Peter Parker (disambiguation) and Spider-Man (disambiguation). "Spidey" redirects here. For comic book series, see Spidey (comic book). This article is about Peter Parker. For detail on the subsequent versions of the character, see List of incarnations of Spider-Man. Spider-Man Cover of Web of Spider-Man #129.1 (Oct. 2012). Art by Mike Mc Kone and Morry Hollowell. Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko In-story information Alter ego Peter Benjamin Parker Species Human mutate Team affiliations Avengers Daily Bugle Future Foundation New Avengers Jean Grey School for Higher Learning Parker Industries Counter-Earth Rebellion Partnerships Black Cat, Prowler, others Notable aliases Ricochet, [1] Dusk, [2] Prodigy, [3]Hornet, [4] Ben Reilly, [5]Scarlet Spider, [6] Iron Spider [7], Captain Universe, [8]Abilities Genius -level intellect Proficient scientist and inventor Superhuman strength, speed, durability, and agility Ability to cling to most surfaces Precognitive Spider-sense Utilizes wrist web-shooters to shoot strong spider web material Spider-Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko, and first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) in the Silver Age of Comic Books. The character is conceived as an orphan within the Marvel Universe named Peter Parker being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben in New York City after his parents Richard and Mary Parker were killed in a plane crash. Lee and Ditko depicted the character as having to deal with the normal struggles of adolescence and financial issues with a large array of supporting characters such as J. Jonah Jameson, Daily Bugle editor and smear campaigner of Spider-Man and classmates such as Flash Thompson, Harry Osborn and romantic interests, Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson. His origin story depicts him as being bitten by a radioactive spider and thus acquiring spider-related power and abilities, such as the ability to cling to most surfaces, shoot spider-webs using wrist-mounted devices of his own invention, which he calls "web-shooters", and react to danger quickly with his "spider-sense", enabling him to combat his many superpowered foes, such as Doctor Octopus, Green Goblin and Venom. Also within the origin story, Spider-Man originally uses this power for stardom, but after letting a burglar escape who is responsible for shooting his uncle, he learns to use his power responsibly. When Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s, teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist. The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker, a high school student from Queens behind Spider-Man's secret identity and with whose "self-obsessions with rejection, inadequacy, and loneliness" young readers could relate. [9] While Spider-Man had all the makings of a sidekick, unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin, Spider-Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman; he thus had to learn for himself that "with great power there must also come great responsibility"—a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider-Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian, the late Uncle Ben. Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several comic book series, the first and longest-lasting of which is titled The Amazing Spider-Man. Over the years, the Peter Parker character has developed from shy, nerdy New York City high school student to troubled but outgoing college student, to married high school teacher to, in the late 2000s, a single freelance photographer. In the 2010s, he joins the Avengers, Marvel's flagship superhero team. Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus also took on the identity for a story arc spanning 2012–2014, following a body swap plot in which Peter appears to die. [10] Separately, Marvel has also published books featuring alternate versions of Spider-Man, including Spider-Man 2099, which features the adventures of Miguel O'Hara, the Spider-Man of the future; Ultimate Spider-Man, which features the adventures of a teenaged Peter Parker in an alternate universe; and Ultimate Comics Spider-Man, which depicts the teenager Miles Morales, who takes up the mantle of Spider-Man after Ultimate Peter Parker's supposed death. Miles is later brought into mainstream continuity, where he works alongside Peter. Spider-Man is one of the most popular and commercially successful superheroes. [11] As Marvel's flagship character and company mascot, he has appeared in countless forms of media, including several animated and live action television series, syndicated newspaper comic strips, and in a series of films. The character was first portrayed in live action by Danny Seagren in Spidey Super Stories, a The Electric Company skit which ran from 1974 to 1977. [12] In films, Spider-Man has been portrayed by actors Tobey Maguire (2002–2007), Andrew Garfield (2012–2014), [13] and Tom Holland (2017-present), who has portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2016. Reeve Carney starred as Spider-Man in the 2010 Broadway musical Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark. [14] Spider-Man has been well received as a superhero and comic book character, and he is often ranked as one of the most popular comic book characters of all time, alongside DC Comics ' most famous superheroes, Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman. Contents [ hide ]1 Publication history1.1 Creation and development1.2 Commercial success2 Character synopsis2.1 Fictional character biography2.2 Personality and themes2.3 Powers, skills, and equipment2.4 Supporting characters2.4.1 Enemies3 Other versions4 Cultural influence4.1 Reception4.2 Real-life comparisons4.3 Awards5 In other media6 See also7 Notes8 References9 External links Publication history Further information: List of Spider-Man titles Creation and development Richard Wentworth a.k.a. the Spider in the pulp magazine The Spider. Stan Lee stated that it was the name of this character that inspired him to create a character that would become Spider-Man. [15]In 1962, with the success of the Fantastic Four, Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee was casting about for a new superhero idea. He said the idea for Spider-Man arose from a surge in teenage demand for comic books, and the desire to create a character with whom teens could identify. [16]: 1 In his autobiography, Lee cites the non-superhuman pulp magazine crime fighter the Spider as a great influence, [15]: 130 and in a multitude of print and video interviews, Lee stated he was further inspired by seeing a spider climb up a wall—adding in his autobiography that he has told that story so often he has become unsure of whether or not this is true. [note 1] Although at the time teenage superheroes were usually given names ending with "boy", Lee says he chose "Spider-Man" because he wanted the character to age as the series progressed, and moreover felt the name "Spider-Boy" would have made the character sound inferior to other superheroes. [17] At that time Lee had to get only the consent of Marvel publisher Martin Goodman for the character's approval. In a 1986 interview, Lee described in detail his arguments to overcome Goodman's objections. [note 2] Goodman eventually agreed to a Spider-Man tryout in what Lee in numerous interviews recalled as what would be the final issue of the science-fiction and supernatural anthology series Amazing Adult Fantasy, which was renamed Amazing Fantasy for that single issue, #15 ( cover-dated August 1962, on sale June 5, 1962). [18] In particular, Lee stated that the fact that it had already been decided that Amazing Fantasy would be cancelled after issue #15 was the only reason Goodman allowed him to use Spider-Man. [17] While this was indeed the final issue, its editorial page anticipated the comic continuing and that "The Spiderman [sic] ... will appear every month in Amazing ." [18] [19]Regardless, Lee received Goodman's approval for the name Spider-Man and the "ordinary teen" concept and approached artist Jack Kirby. As comics historian Greg Theakston recounts, Kirby told Lee about an unpublished character on which he had collaborated with Joe Simon in the 1950s, in which an orphaned boy living with an old couple finds a magic ring that granted him superhuman powers. Lee and Kirby "immediately sat down for a story conference", Theakston writes, and Lee afterward directed Kirby to flesh out the character and draw some pages. [20] Steve Ditko would be the inker. [note 3] When Kirby showed Lee the first six pages, Lee recalled, "I hated the way he was doing it! Not that he did it badly—it just wasn't the character I wanted; it was too heroic". [20]: 12 Lee turned to Ditko, who developed a visual style Lee found satisfactory. Ditko recalled: One of the first things I did was to work up a costume. A vital, visual part of the character. I had to know how he looked ... before I did any breakdowns. For example: A clinging power so he wouldn't have hard shoes or boots, a hidden wrist-shooter versus a web gun and holster, etc. ... I wasn't sure Stan would like the idea of covering the character's face but I did it because it hid an obviously boyish face. It would also add mystery to the character.... [21]Although the interior artwork was by Ditko alone, Lee rejected Ditko's cover art and commissioned Kirby to pencil a cover that Ditko inked. [18] As Lee explained in 2010, "I think I had Jack sketch out a cover for it because I always had a lot of confidence in Jack's covers." [22]In an early recollection of the character's creation, Ditko described his and Lee's contributions in a mail interview with Gary Martin published in Comic Fan #2 (Summer 1965): "Stan Lee thought the name up. I did costume, web gimmick on wrist & spider signal." [23] At the time, Ditko shared a Manhattan studio with noted fetish artist Eric Stanton, an art-school classmate who, in a 1988 interview with Theakston, recalled that although his contribution to Spider-Man was "almost nil", he and Ditko had "worked on storyboards together and I added a few ideas. But the whole thing was created by Steve on his own... I think I added the business about the webs coming out of his hands." [20]: 14Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) first introduced the fictional character. It was a gateway to commercial success for the superhero and inspired the launch of The Amazing Spider-Man comic book. Cover art by penciller Jack Kirby and inker Steve Ditko. Kirby disputed Lee's version of the story and claimed Lee had minimal involvement in the character's creation. According to Kirby, the idea for Spider-Man had originated with Kirby and Joe Simon, who in the 1950s had developed a character called the Silver Spider for the Crestwood Publications comic Black Magic, who was subsequently not used. [note 4] Simon, in his 1990 autobiography, disputed Kirby's account, asserting that Black Magic was not a factor, and that he (Simon) devised the name "Spider-Man" (later changed to "The Silver Spider"), while Kirby outlined the character's story and powers. Simon later elaborated that his and Kirby's character conception became the basis for Simon's Archie Comics superhero the Fly. [24] Artist Steve Ditko stated that Lee liked the name Hawkman from DC Comics, and that "Spider-Man" was an outgrowth of that interest. [21]Simon concurred that Kirby had shown the original Spider-Man version to Lee, who liked the idea and assigned Kirby to draw sample pages of the new character but disliked the results—in Simon's description, " Captain America with cobwebs". [note 5] Writer Mark Evanier notes that Lee's reasoning that Kirby's character was too heroic seems unlikely—Kirby still drew the covers for Amazing Fantasy #15 and the first issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. Evanier also disputes Kirby's given reason that he was "too busy" to draw Spider-Man in addition to his other duties since Kirby was, said Evanier, "always busy". [25]: 127 Neither Lee's nor Kirby's explanation explains why key story elements like the magic ring were dropped; Evanier states that the most plausible explanation for the sudden change was that Goodman, or one of his assistants, decided that Spider-Man, as drawn and envisioned by Kirby, was too similar to the Fly. [25]: 127Author and Ditko scholar Blake Bell writes that it was Ditko who noted the similarities to the Fly. Ditko recalled that "Stan called Jack about the Fly", adding that " [d]ays later, Stan told me I would be penciling the story panel breakdowns from Stan's synopsis". It was at this point that the nature of the strip changed. "Out went the magic ring, adult Spider-Man and whatever legend ideas that Spider-Man story would have contained". Lee gave Ditko the premise of a teenager bitten by a spider and developing powers, a premise Ditko would expand upon to the point he became what Bell describes as "the first work for hire artist of his generation to create and control the narrative arc of his series". On the issue of the initial creation, Ditko states, "I still don't know whose idea was Spider-Man". [26] Kirby noted in a 1971 interview that it was Ditko who "got Spider-Man to roll, and the thing caught on because of what he did". [27] Lee, while claiming credit for the initial idea, has acknowledged Ditko's role, stating, "If Steve wants to be called co-creator, I think he deserves [it]". [28] He has further commented that Ditko's costume design was key to the character's success; since the costume completely covers Spider-Man's body, people of all races could visualize themselves inside the costume and thus more easily identify with the character. [17]Commercial success A few months after Spider-Man's introduction, publisher Goodman reviewed the sales figures for that issue and was shocked to find it was one of the nascent Marvel's highest-selling comics. [29]: 97 A solo ongoing series followed, beginning with The Amazing Spider-Man #1 ( cover-dated March 1963). The title eventually became Marvel's top-selling series [9]: 211 with the character swiftly becoming a cultural icon; a 1965 Esquire poll of college campuses found that college students ranked Spider-Man and fellow Marvel hero the Hulk alongside Bob Dylan and Che Guevara as their favorite revolutionary icons. One interviewee selected Spider-Man because he was "beset by woes, money problems, and the question of existence. In short, he is one of us." [9]: 223 Following Ditko's departure after issue #38 (July 1966), John Romita, Sr. replaced him as penciler and would draw the series for the next several years. In 1968, Romita would also draw the character's extra-length stories in the comics magazine The Spectacular Spider-Man, a proto- graphic novel designed to appeal to older readers. It only lasted for two issues, but it represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication, aside from the original series' summer annuals that began in 1964. [30]An early 1970s Spider-Man story led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970, the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. [9]: 239 Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. In the story, Peter Parker's friend Harry Osborn becomes addicted to pills. When Spider-Man fights the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn, Harry's father), Spider-Man defeats the Green Goblin, by revealing Harry's drug addiction. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. [9]: 239In 1972, a second monthly ongoing series starring Spider-Man began: Marvel Team-Up, in which Spider-Man was paired with other superheroes and villains. [31] From that point on there have generally been at least two ongoing Spider-Man series at any time. In 1976, his second solo series, Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man began running parallel to the main series. [32] A third series featuring Spider-Man, Web of Spider-Man, launched in 1985 to replace Marvel Team-Up. [33] The launch of a fourth monthly title in 1990, the "adjectiveless" Spider-Man (with the storyline " Torment "), written and drawn by popular artist Todd Mc Farlane, debuted with several different covers, all with the same interior content. The various versions combined sold over 3 million copies, an industry record at the time. Several limited series, one-shots, and loosely related comics have also been published, and Spider-Man makes frequent cameos and guest appearances in other comic series. [32] [34] In 1996 The Sensational Spider-Man was created to replace Web of Spider-Man. [35]In 1998 writer-artist John Byrne revamped the origin of Spider-Man in the 13-issue limited series Spider-Man: Chapter One (December 1998 – October 1999), similar to Byrne's adding details and some revisions to Superman's origin in DC Comics ' The Man of Steel. [36] At the same time the original The Amazing Spider-Man was ended with issue #441 (November 1998), and The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted with vol. 2, #1 (January 1999). [37] In 2003 Marvel reintroduced the original numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man and what would have been vol. 2, #59 became issue #500 (December 2003). [37]When primary series The Amazing Spider-Man reached issue #545 (December 2007), Marvel dropped its spin-off ongoing series and instead began publishing The Amazing Spider-Man three times monthly, beginning with #546–548 (all January 2008). [38] The three times monthly scheduling of The Amazing Spider-Man lasted until November 2010 when the comic book was increased from 22 pages to 30 pages each issue and published only twice a month, beginning with #648–649 (both November 2010). [39] [40] The following year, Marvel launched Avenging Spider-Man as the first spinoff ongoing series in addition to the still twice monthly The Amazing Spider-Man since the previous ones were cancelled at the end of 2007. [38] The Amazing series temporarily ended with issue #700 in December 2012, and was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man, which had Doctor Octopus serve as the new Spider-Man, having taken over Peter Parker's body. Superior was an enormous commercial success for Marvel, [41] and ran for 31-issue before the real Peter Parker returned in a newly relaunched The Amazing Spider-Man #1 in April 2014. [42]Character synopsis Fictional character biography The spider bite that gave Peter Parker his powers. Amazing Fantasy #15, art by Steve Ditko. In Forest Hills, Queens, New York, [43] Midtown High School student Peter Benjamin Parker is a science-whiz orphan living with his Uncle Ben and Aunt May. As depicted in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), he is bitten by a radioactive spider (erroneously classified as an insect in the panel) at a science exhibit and "acquires the agility and proportionate strength of an arachnid ". [44] Along with super strength, Parker gains the ability to adhere to walls and ceilings. Through his native knack for science, he develops a gadget that lets him fire adhesive webbing of his own design through small, wrist-mounted barrels. Initially seeking to capitalize on his new abilities, Parker dons a costume and, as "Spider-Man", becomes a novelty television star. However, "He blithely ignores the chance to stop a fleeing thief, [and] his indifference ironically catches up with him when the same criminal later robs and kills his Uncle Ben." Spider-Man tracks and subdues the killer and learns, in the story's next-to-last caption, "With great power there must also come—great responsibility!" [45]Despite his superpowers, Parker struggles to help his widowed aunt pay rent, is taunted by his peers—particularly football star Flash Thompson —and, as Spider-Man, engenders the editorial wrath of newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson. [46] [47] As he battles his enemies for the first time, [48] Parker finds juggling his personal life and costumed adventures difficult. In time, Peter graduates from high school, [49] and enrolls at Empire State University (a fictional institution evoking the real-life Columbia University and New York University ), [50] where he meets roommate and best friend Harry Osborn, and girlfriend Gwen Stacy, [51] and Aunt May introduces him to Mary Jane Watson. [48] [52] [53] As Peter deals with Harry's drug problems, and Harry's father is revealed to be Spider-Man's nemesis the Green Goblin, Peter even attempts to give up his costumed identity for a while. [54] [55] Gwen Stacy's father, New York City Police detective captain George Stacy is accidentally killed during a battle between Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus (#90, November 1970). [56]In issue #121 (June 1973), [48] the Green Goblin throws Gwen Stacy from a tower of either the Brooklyn Bridge (as depicted in the art) or the George Washington Bridge (as given in the text). [57] [58] She dies during Spider-Man's rescue attempt; a note on the letters page of issue #125 states: "It saddens us to say that the whiplash effect she underwent when Spidey's webbing stopped her so suddenly was, in fact, what killed her." [59] The following issue, the Goblin appears to kill himself accidentally in the ensuing battle with Spider-Man. [60]Working through his grief, Parker eventually develops tentative feelings toward Watson, and the two "become confidants rather than lovers". [61] A romantic relationship eventually develops, with Parker proposing to her in issue #182 (July 1978), and being turned down an issue later. [62] Parker went on to graduate from college in issue #185, [48] and becomes involved with the shy Debra Whitman and the extroverted, flirtatious costumed thief Felicia Hardy, the Black Cat, [63] whom he meets in issue #194 (July 1979). [48]The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984): The black costume debute that returned from Secret Wars that brought controversy to many fans. The suit would later be essentially be revealed as a symbiote and paved the way for the creation of Venom. Cover art by Ron Frenz and Klaus Janson. From 1984 to 1988, Spider-Man wore a black costume with a white spider design on his chest. The new costume originated in the Secret Wars limited series, on an alien planet where Spider-Man participates in a battle between Earth's major superheroes and villains. [64] He continues wearing the costume when he returns, starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #252. The change to a longstanding character's design met with controversy, "with many hardcore comics fans decrying it as tantamount to sacrilege. Spider-Man's traditional red and blue costume was iconic, they argued, on par with those of his D. C. rivals Superman and Batman." [65] The creators then revealed the costume was an alien symbiote which Spider-Man is able to reject after a difficult struggle, [66] though the symbiote returns several times as Venom for revenge. [48]Parker proposes to Watson a second time in The Amazing Spider-Man #290 (July 1987), and she accepts two issues later, with the wedding taking place in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21 (1987). It was promoted with a real-life mock wedding using models, including Tara Shannon as Watson, [67] with Stan Lee officiating at the June 5, 1987, event at Shea Stadium. [68] [69] However, David Michelinie, who scripted based on a plot by editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, said in 2007, "I didn't think they actually should [have gotten] married. ... I had actually planned another version, one that wasn't used." [68]In a controversial storyline, Peter becomes convinced that Ben Reilly, the Scarlet Spider (a clone of Peter created by his college professor Miles Warren) is the real Peter Parker, and that he, Peter, is the clone. Peter gives up the Spider-Man identity to Reilly for a time, until Reilly is killed by the returning Green Goblin and revealed to be the clone after all. [70] In stories published in 2005 and 2006 (such as " The Other "), he develops additional spider-like abilities including biological web-shooters, toxic stingers that extend from his forearms, the ability to stick individuals to his back, enhanced Spider-sense and night vision, and increased strength and speed. Peter later becomes a member of the New Avengers, and reveals his civilian identity to the world, [71] increasing his already numerous problems. His marriage to Mary Jane and public unmasking are later erased in another controversial [72] storyline " One More Day ", in a Faustian bargain with the demon Mephisto that results in several other adjustments to the timeline, including the resurrection of Harry Osborn and the return of Spider-Man's traditional tools and powers. [73]That storyline came at the behest of editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, who said, "Peter being single is an intrinsic part of the very foundation of the world of Spider-Man". [72] It caused unusual public friction between Quesada and writer J. Michael Straczynski, who "told Joe that I was going to take my name off the last two issues of the [story] arc" but was talked out of doing so. [74] At issue with Straczynski's climax to the arc, Quesada said, was...that we didn't receive the story and methodology to the resolution that we were all expecting. What made that very problematic is that we had four writers and artists well underway on [the sequel arc] "Brand New Day" that were expecting and needed "One More Day" to end in the way that we had all agreed it would. ... The fact that we had to ask for the story to move back to its original intent understandably made Joe upset and caused some major delays and page increases in the series. Also, the science that Joe was going to apply to the retcon of the marriage would have made over 30 years of Spider-Man books worthless, because they never would have had happened. ... [I]t would have reset way too many things outside of the Spider-Man titles. We just couldn't go there.... [74]Following the "reboot", Parker's identity was no longer known to the general public; however, he revealed it to other superheroes. [75] and others have deduced it. Parker's Aunt May marries J. Jonah Jameson's father, Jay Jameson. [76] Parker became an employee of the think-tank Horizon Labs. [77] In issue #700, the dying supervillain Doctor Octopus swaps bodies with Parker, who remains as a presence in Doctor Octopus's mind, [78] prompting a two-year storyline in the series The Superior Spider-Man in which Peter Parker is absent and Doctor Octopus is Spider-Man. Peter eventually regains control of his body. [79] Following Peter Parker's return, The Amazing Spider-Man was relaunched in April 2014, with Peter Parker becoming a billionaire after the formation of Parker Industries. [80] [81] In December 2014, following the Death of Wolverine comic book, Spider-Man became the new headmaster of the Jean Grey School and began appearing more prominently in X-Men stories, taking Wolverine's role in the comic Wolverine and the X-Men. [82]Personality and themes"People often say glibly that Marvel succeeded by blending super hero adventure stories with soap opera. What Lee and Ditko actually did in The Amazing Spider-Man was to make the series an ongoing novelistic chronicle of the lead character's life. Most super heroes had problems no more complex or relevant to their readers' lives than thwarting this month's bad guys.... Parker had far more serious concern in his life: coming to terms with the death of a loved one, falling in love for the first time, struggling to make a living, and undergoing crises of conscience. "Comics historian Peter Sanderson [83]As one contemporaneous journalist observed, "Spider-Man has a terrible identity problem, a marked inferiority complex, and a fear of women. He is anti-social, [ sic] castration -ridden, racked with Oedipal guilt, and accident-prone ... [a] functioning neurotic ". [43] Agonizing over his choices, always attempting to do right, he is nonetheless viewed with suspicion by the authorities, who seem unsure as to whether he is a helpful vigilante or a clever criminal. [84]Notes cultural historian Bradford W. Wright,Spider-Man's plight was to be misunderstood and persecuted by the very public that he swore to protect. In the first issue of The Amazing Spider-Man, J. Jonah Jameson, publisher of the Daily Bugle, launches an editorial campaign against the "Spider-Man menace." The resulting negative publicity exacerbates popular suspicions about the mysterious Spider-Man and makes it impossible for him to earn any more money by performing. Eventually, the bad press leads the authorities to brand him an outlaw. Ironically, Peter finally lands a job as a photographer for Jameson's Daily Bugle. [9]: 212The mid-1960s stories reflected the political tensions of the time, as early 1960s Marvel stories had often dealt with the Cold War and Communism. [9]: 220–223 As Wright observes,From his high-school beginnings to his entry into college life, Spider-Man remained the superhero most relevant to the world of young people. Fittingly, then, his comic book also contained some of the earliest references to the politics of young people. In 1968, in the wake of actual militant student demonstrations at Columbia University, Peter Parker finds himself in the midst of similar unrest at his Empire State University.... Peter has to reconcile his natural sympathy for the students with his assumed obligation to combat lawlessness as Spider-Man. As a law-upholding liberal, he finds himself caught between militant leftism and angry conservatives. [9]: 234–235Powers, skills, and equipment Main article: Spider-Man's powers and equipment A bite from a radioactive spider triggers mutations in Peter Parker's body, granting him superpowers. [85] In the original Lee - Ditko stories, Spider-Man has the ability to cling to walls, superhuman strength, a sixth sense ("spider-sense") that alerts him to danger, perfect balance and equilibrium, as well as superhuman speed and agility. [85] The character was originally conceived by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko as intellectually gifted, but later writers have depicted his intellect at genius level. [86] Academically brilliant, Parker has expertise in the fields of applied science, chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, mathematics, and mechanics. With his talents, he sews his own costume to conceal his identity, and he constructs many devices that complement his powers, most notably mechanical web-shooters to help navigate and trap his enemies along with a spider-signal as an flashlight and a warning beacon to criminals. [85]Supporting characters Main article: List of Spider-Man supporting characters Spider-Man characters The Amazing Spider-Man #121 cover featuring a collage of Spider-Man's supporting characters. Variant cover of The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1 depicting the heads of various Spider-Man villains in the background. Art by Kevin Maguire. Spider-Man has had a large range of supporting characters introduced in the comics that are essential in the issues and storylines that star him. After his parents died, Peter Parker was raised by his loving aunt, May Parker, and his uncle and father figure, Ben Parker. After Uncle Ben is murdered by a burglar, Aunt May is virtually Peter's only family, and she and Peter are very close. [44]J. Jonah Jameson is depicted as the publisher of the Daily Bugle and is Peter Parker's boss and as a harsh critic of Spider-Man, always saying negative things about the superhero in the newspaper. Despite his role as Jameson's publishing editor and confidant Robbie Robertson is always depicted as a supporter of both Peter Parker and Spider-Man. [46]Eugene "Flash" Thompson is commonly depicted as Parker's high school tormentor and bully, but in later comic issues he becomes a friend to Peter. [46] Meanwhile, Harry Osborn, son of Norman Osborn, is most commonly recognized as Peter's best friend but has also been depicted sometimes as his rival in the comics. [48]Peter Parker's romantic interests range between his first crush, the fellow high-school student Liz Allan, [46] to having his first date with Betty Brant, [87] the secretary to the Daily Bugle newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson. After his breakup with Betty Brant, Parker eventually falls in love with his college girlfriend Gwen Stacy, [48] [51] daughter of New York City Police Department detective captain George Stacy, both of whom are later killed by supervillain enemies of Spider-Man. [56] Mary Jane Watson eventually became Peter's best friend and then his wife. [68] Felicia Hardy, the Black Cat, is a reformed cat burglar who had been Spider-Man's sole superhuman girlfriend and partner at one point. [63]Enemies Main article: List of Spider-Man enemies Writers and artists over the years have established a rogues gallery of supervillains to face Spider-Man. In comics and in other media. As with the hero, the majority of the villains' powers originate with scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology, and many have animal-themed costumes or powers. [note 6] Examples are listed down below in the ordering of their original chronological appearance: Indicates a group team. Supervillain name / Supervillain team name Notable alter ego / group member First appearance Creator Chameleon Dmitri Anatoly Nikolayevich The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963) [88] [89]Stan Lee [88] [89]Steve Ditko [88] [89]Vulture Adrian Toomes The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963) [90] [91]Stan Lee [90] [92] Steve Ditko [90]Doctor Octopus 1Doctor Otto Gunther Octavius The Amazing Spider-Man #3 (July 1963) [89]Stan Lee [93] [94] Steve Ditko [16] [94]Sandman William Baker / Flint Marko The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963) [95] [96]Stan Lee [95] [96] Steve Ditko [95] [96]Lizard Dr. Curt Connors The Amazing Spider-Man #6 (November 1963) [97] [98] [99]Stan Lee [97] [98] [99] Steve Ditko [97] [98] [99]Electro Maxwell Dillon The Amazing Spider-Man #9 (February 1964) [100] [101]Stan Lee [102] Steve Ditko [102]Mysterio Quentin Beck The Amazing Spider-Man #13 (June 1964) [103]Stan Lee [103] [104] Steve Ditko [103] [104]Green Goblin [105] 2 Norman Osborn 2Harry Osborn [106]The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964) [105]Stan Lee [105] [107] Steve Ditko [105] [107]Kraven the Hunter Sergei Kravinoff The Amazing Spider-Man #15 (August 1964) [108] [109]Stan Lee [108] Steve Ditko [108]Sinister Six [110] List of members The Amazing Spider-Man annual #1 (1964) Stan Lee [111] Steve Ditko [111]Scorpion Mac Gargan The Amazing Spider-Man #20 (January 1965) Stan Lee [112] Steve Ditko [112]Rhino Aleksei Mikhailovich Sytsevich The Amazing Spider-Man #41 (October 1966) [113]Stan Lee [114]John Romita, Sr. [114]Shocker Herman Schultz The Amazing Spider-Man #46 (March 1967) [115]Stan Lee [116] John Romita, Sr. [116]Kingpin Wilson Fisk The Amazing Spider-Man #50 (July 1967) [117] [118]Stan Lee [119] John Romita, Sr. [119]Morbius [120]Michael Morbius The Amazing Spider-Man #101 (January 1971) [121]Roy Thomas [121]Gil Kane [122]Jackal [123]Miles Warren The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974) [123]Gerry Conway [123] 10Ross Andru [123]Black Cat Felicia Hardy The Amazing Spider-Man #194 (July 1979) [124]Marv Wolfman Keith Pollard [124]Hydro-Man [125]Morris Bench The Amazing Spider-Man #212 (January 10, 1981) [126] [127]Denny O'Neil John Romita, Jr. Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983) Roger Stern [128] [129] John Romita Sr. [128] [130]Venom 3 Eddie Brock 3 The Amazing Spider-Man #300 (May 1988) 15 [131] [132]David Michelinie [133]Todd Mc Farlane [134]Carnage Cletus Kasady The Amazing Spider-Man #361 (April 1992) [135]David Michelinie [136] [137]Erik Larsen [138]Mark Bagley [136]Unlike a lot of well-known rivalries in comics book depictions, Spider-Man is cited to have more than one archenemy and it can be debated or disputed as to which one is worse: [139]^ Doctor Octopus is regarded as one of Spider-Man's worst enemies and archenemy. He has been cited as the man Peter might have become if he had not been raised with a sense of responsibility. [16] [140] He is infamous for defeating him the first time in battle and for almost marrying Peter's Aunt May. He is the core leader of the Sinister Six and has also referred himself as the "Master Planner". (" If This Be My Destiny...! ") [141] Later depictions revealed him in Peter Parker's body where he was the titular character for a while. [140]^ Norman Osborn using the Green Goblin alias is as commonly described as Spider-Man's archenemy. [139] [142] [143] Mostly after he is the first villain to uncover the hero's true identity, being responsible for setting up the death of Spider-Man's girlfriend in one of the most famous Spider-Man stories of all time which helped end the Silver Age of Comic Books and begin the Bronze Age of Comic Books. [139] He was thought to be dead after that but writers help bring him back from the 1990s and he returned to plague Spider-Man once more in the comic books (such as being involved of the killing of Aunt May) and other heroes (such as the Avengers [144] ). He is also an enemy of Spider-Man sometimes just as himself and not just only as his Goblin persona. [145]^ Another character commonly described as an archenemy is Venom. Eddie Brock as Venom is commonly described as the mirror version or the evil version of Spider-Man in many ways. [89] [131] [139] Venom's goals is usually depicted as trying to ruin Spider-Man's life and mess with Spider-Man's head when it comes to targeting enemies. [134] Venom is cited as being one of the most popular Spider-Man villains. [146] This popularity has led him to be an established iconic character of his own with own comic book stories. [131] [147]Other versions Main article: Alternative versions of Spider-Man The various Spider-Men that appear in the "Spider-Verse". Art by Gabriele Dell'Otto. Within the Marvel Universe there exists a multiverse with many variations of Spider-Men. [148] An early character included in the 1980's is the fictional anthropomorphic funny animal parody of Spider-Man in pig form named Spider-Ham (Peter Porker). [149] Many imprints of Spider-Men were created like the futuristic version of Spider-Man in Marvel 2099 named Miguel O'Hara. In Marvel Comics 2 imprint, Peter marries Mary Jane and has a daughter named Mayday Parker who carries on Spider-Man's legacy and Marvel Noir has a 1930's version of Peter Parker. [150] [148] [151] Other themed versions exist within the early 2000's such as an Marvel Mangaverse version and an Indian version from Spider-Man: India named Pavitr Prabhakar. [152] [148]Ultimate Spider-Man was a popular modern retelling of Peter Parker. The version of Parker would later be depicted as being killed off and replaced by an Afro-Latino Spider-Man named Miles Morales. [153]The storyline " Spider-Verse " brought back many alternate takes on Spider-Man and introduced many new inspired ones such as an alternate world where Gwen Stacy gets bitten by a radioactive spider instead along with a British themed version named Spider-UK called Brian Braddock from Captain Britain Corps. [154] [150]Cultural influence Graph image depicting Spider-Man as the leading superhero in merchandise retail sales worldwide in 2016 [155]In The Creation of Spider-Man, comic book writer-editor and historian Paul Kupperberg calls the character's superpowers "nothing too original"; what was original was that outside his secret identity, he was a "nerdy high school student". [156]: 5 Going against typical superhero fare, Spider-Man included "heavy doses of soap-opera and elements of melodrama". Kupperberg feels that Lee and Ditko had created something new in the world of comics: "the flawed superhero with everyday problems". This idea spawned a "comics revolution". [156]: 6 The insecurity and anxieties in Marvel's early 1960s comic books such as The Amazing Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, and X-Men ushered in a new type of superhero, very different from the certain and all-powerful superheroes before them, and changed the public's perception of them. [157] Spider-Man has become one of the most recognizable fictional characters in the world, and has been used to sell toys, games, cereal, candy, soap, and many other products. [158]Spider-Man has become Marvel's flagship character and has often been used as the company mascot. When Marvel became the first comic book company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991, the Wall Street Journal announced "Spider-Man is coming to Wall Street "; the event was in turn promoted with an actor in a Spider-Man costume accompanying Stan Lee to the Stock Exchange. [9]: 254 Since 1962, hundreds of millions of comics featuring the character have been sold around the world. [159] Spider-Man is the world's most profitable superhero. [160] In 2014, global retail sales of licensed products related to Spider-Man reached approximately $1.3 billion. [161] Comparatively, this amount exceeds the global licensing revenue of Batman, Superman, and the Avengers combined. [160]U. S. President Barack Obama pretending to be webbed up by a boy dressed in a Spider-Man costume inside the White House Spider-Man joined the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1998 as one of the balloon floats, [162] designed by John Romita Sr., [163] one of the character's signature artists. A new, different Spider-Man balloon float is scheduled to appear from at least 2009 to 2011. [162]When Marvel wanted to issue a story dealing with the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the company chose the December 2001 issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. [164] In 2006, Spider-Man garnered major media coverage with the revelation of the character's secret identity, [165] an event detailed in a full page story in the New York Post before the issue containing the story was even released. [166]In 2008, Marvel announced plans to release a series of educational comics the following year in partnership with the United Nations, depicting Spider-Man alongside UN Peacekeeping Forces to highlight UN peacekeeping missions. [167] A Business Week article listed Spider-Man as one of the top ten most intelligent fictional characters in American comics. [168]Rapper Eminem has cited Spider-Man as one of his favorite comic book superheroes. [169] [170]In 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States decided Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC, a case concerning royalties on a patent for an imitation web-shooter. The opinion for the Court, by Justice Elena Kagan, included several Spider-Man references, concluding with the statement that "with great power there must also come—great responsibility". [171]Reception The culmination of nearly every superhero that came before him, Spider-Man is the hero of heroes. He's got fun and cool powers, but not on the god-like level of Thor. He's just a normal guy with girlfriend problems and money issues, so he’s more relatable than playboy billionaire Iron Man. And he's an awkward teenager, not a wizened adult like Captain America. Not too hot and not too cold, Spider-Man is just right. IGN staff on placing Spider-Man as the number one hero of Marvel. [172]Spider-Man was declared the number one superhero on Bravo 's Ultimate Super Heroes, Vixens, and Villains TV series in 2005. [173] Empire magazine placed him as the fifth-greatest comic book character of all time. [174] Wizard magazine placed Spider-Man as the third greatest comic book character on their website. [175] In 2011, Spider-Man placed third on IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time, behind DC Comics characters Superman and Batman. [172] and sixth in their 2012 list of "The Top 50 Avengers". [176] In 2014, IGN identified Spider-Man the greatest Marvel Comics character of all time. [177] A 2015 poll at Comic Book Resources named Spider-Man the greatest Marvel character of all time. [178] IGN described him as the common everyman that represents many normal people but also noting his uniqueness compared to many top-tiered superheroes with his many depicted flaws as a superhero. IGN noted that despite being one of the most tragic superheroes of all time that he is "one of the most fun and snarky superheroes in existence." [172] Empire noted and praised that despite the many tragedies that Spider-Man faces that he retains his sense of humour at all times with his witty wisecracks. The magazine website appraised the depiction of his "iconic" superhero poses describing it as "a top artist's dream". [175]George Marston of Newsarama placed Spider-Man's origin story as the greatest origin story of all time opining that "Spider-Man's origin combines all of the most classic aspects of pathos, tragedy and scientific wonder into the perfect blend for a superhero origin." [179]Real-life comparisons Real-life people who have been compared to Spider-Man for their climbing feats include: In 1981, skyscraper-safety activist Dan Goodwin, wearing a Spider-Man suit, scaled the Sears Tower in Chicago, Illinois, the Renaissance Tower in Dallas, Texas, and the John Hancock Center in Chicago, Illinois. [180]Alain Robert, nicknamed "Spider-Man", is a rock and urban climber who has scaled more than 70 tall buildings using his hands and feet, without using additional devices. He sometimes wears a Spider-Man suit during his climbs. In May 2003, he was paid approximately $18,000 to climb the 312-foot (95 m) Lloyd's building to promote the premiere of the movie Spider-Man on the British television channel Sky Movies. "The Human Spider", alias Bill Strother, scaled the Lamar Building in Augusta, Georgia in 1921. [181]In Argentina, criminals that climb buildings and trespass into private property through the open balconies are said to use the "Spider-Man method" (in Spanish, "Hombre Araña"). [182] [183]Awards This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)From the character's inception, Spider-Man stories have won numerous awards, including:1962 Alley Award: Best Short Story—"Origin of Spider-Man" by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Amazing Fantasy #151963 Alley Award: Best Comic: Adventure Hero title— The Amazing Spider-Man1963 Alley Award: Top Hero—Spider-Man1964 Alley Award: Best Adventure Hero Comic Book— The Amazing Spider-Man1964 Alley Award: Best Giant Comic— The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #11964 Alley Award: Best Hero—Spider-Man1965 Alley Award: Best Adventure Hero Comic Book— The Amazing Spider-Man1965 Alley Award: Best Hero—Spider-Man1966 Alley Award: Best Comic Magazine: Adventure Book with the Main Character in the Title— The Amazing Spider-Man1966 Alley Award: Best Full-Length Story—"How Green was My Goblin", by Stan Lee & John Romita, Sr., The Amazing Spider-Man #391967 Alley Award: Best Comic Magazine: Adventure Book with the Main Character in the Title— The Amazing Spider-Man1967 Alley Award Popularity Poll: Best Costumed or Powered Hero—Spider-Man1967 Alley Award Popularity Poll: Best Male Normal Supporting Character— J. Jonah Jameson, The Amazing Spider-Man1967 Alley Award Popularity Poll: Best Female Normal Supporting Character— Mary Jane Watson, The Amazing Spider-Man1968 Alley Award Popularity Poll: Best Adventure Hero Strip— The Amazing Spider-Man1968 Alley Award Popularity Poll: Best Supporting Character—J. Jonah Jameson, The Amazing Spider-Man1969 Alley Award Popularity Poll: Best Adventure Hero Strip— The Amazing Spider-Man1997 Eisner Award: Best Artist/Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team—1997 Al Williamson, Best Inker: Untold Tales of Spider-Man #17-182002 Eisner Award: Best Serialized Story— The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2, #30–35: "Coming Home", by J. Michael Straczynski, John Romita, Jr., and Scott Hanna In other media Spider-Man in film Tobey Maguire ( left ), Andrew Garfield ( center ), and Tom Holland ( right) have portrayed Spider-Man in film. Main article: Spider-Man in other media Further information: Spider-Man in film, Spider-Man in television, Spider-Man in literature, and List of Spider-Man video games Spider-Man has appeared in comics, cartoons, films, video games, coloring books, novels, records, and children's books. [158] On television, he first starred in the ABC animated series Spider-Man (1967–1970); [184]Spidey Super Stories (1974-1977) on PBS; and the CBS live action series The Amazing Spider-Man (1978–1979), starring Nicholas Hammond. Other animated series featuring the superhero include the syndicated Spider-Man (1981–1982), Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (1981–1983), Fox Kids ' Spider-Man (1994–1998), Spider-Man Unlimited (1999–2000), Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (2003), The Spectacular Spider-Man (2008–2009), and Ultimate Spider-Man (2012-2017). [185]A tokusatsu series featuring Spider-Man was produced by Toei and aired in Japan. It is commonly referred to by its Japanese pronunciation " Supaidā-Man ". [186] Spider-Man also appeared in other print forms besides the comics, including novels, children's books, and the daily newspaper comic strip The Amazing Spider-Man, which debuted in January 1977, with the earliest installments written by Stan Lee and drawn by John Romita, Sr. [187] Spider-Man has been adapted to other media including games, toys, collectibles, and miscellaneous memorabilia, and has appeared as the main character in numerous computer and video games on over 15 gaming platforms. Spider-Man was featured in a trilogy of live-action films directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as the titular superhero. The first Spider-Man film of the trilogy was released on May 3, 2002; followed by Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A third sequel was originally scheduled to be released in 2011, however Sony later decided to reboot the franchise with a new director and cast. The reboot, titled The Amazing Spider-Man, was released on July 3, 2012; directed by Marc Webb and starring Andrew Garfield as the new Spider-Man. [188] [189] [190] It was followed by The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). [191] [192] In 2015, Sony and Disney made a deal for Spider-Man to appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. [193] Tom Holland made his debut as Spider-Man in the MCU film Captain America: Civil War (2016), before later starring in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017); directed by Jon Watts. [194] [195] Holland will reprise his role as Spider-Man for the upcoming Avengers: Infinity War (2018). [196]A Broadway musical, Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, began previews on November 14, 2010, at the Foxwoods Theatre on Broadway, with the official opening night on June 14, 2011. [197] [198] The music and lyrics were written by Bono and The Edge of the rock group U2, with a book by Julie Taymor, Glen Berger, Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa. [199] Turn Off the Dark is currently the most expensive musical in Broadway history, costing an estimated $70 million. [200] In addition, the show's unusually high running costs are reported to be about $1.2 million per week. [201]See also List of Spider-Man storylines List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts Notes^ Lee, Stan; Mair, George (2002). Excelsior! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee. Fireside. ISBN 0-684-87305-2. He goes further in his biography, claiming that even while pitching the concept to publisher Martin Goodman, "I can't remember if that was literally true or not, but I thought it would lend a big color to my pitch. "^ Detroit Free Press interview with Stan Lee, quoted in The Steve Ditko Reader by Greg Theakston (Pure Imagination, Brooklyn, NY; ISBN 1-56685-011-8 ), p. 12 (unnumbered). "He gave me 1,000 reasons why Spider-Man would never work. Nobody likes spiders; it sounds too much like Superman; and how could a teenager be a superhero? Then I told him I wanted the character to be a very human guy, someone who makes mistakes, who worries, who gets acne, has trouble with his girlfriend, things like that. [Goodman replied,] 'He's a hero! He's not an average man!' I said, 'No, we make him an average man who happens to have super powers, that's what will make him good.' He told me I was crazy".^ Ditko, Steve (2000). Roy Thomas, ed. Alter Ego: The Comic Book Artist Collection. Two Morrows Publishing. ISBN 1-893905-06-3. "'Stan said a new Marvel hero would be introduced in #15 [of what became titled Amazing Fantasy ]. He would be called Spider-Man. Jack would do the penciling and I was to ink the character.' At this point still, Stan said Spider-Man would be a teenager with a magic ring which could transform him into an adult hero—Spider-Man. I said it sounded like the Fly, which Joe Simon had done for Archie Comics. Stan called Jack about it but I don't know what was discussed. I never talked to Jack about Spider-Man... Later, at some point, I was given the job of drawing Spider-Man'".^ Jack Kirby in "Shop Talk: Jack Kirby", Will Eisner 's Spirit Magazine #39 (February 1982): "Spider-Man was discussed between Joe Simon and myself. It was the last thing Joe and I had discussed. We had a strip called 'The Silver Spider.' The Silver Spider was going into a magazine called Black Magic. Black Magic folded with Crestwood (Simon & Kirby's 1950s comics company) and we were left with the script. I believe I said this could become a thing called Spider-Man, see, a superhero character. I had a lot of faith in the superhero character that they could be brought back... and I said Spider-Man would be a fine character to start with. But Joe had already moved on. So the idea was already there when I talked to Stan".^ Simon, Joe, with Jim Simon. The Comic Book Makers (Crestwood/II, 1990) ISBN 1-887591-35-4. "There were a few holes in Jack's never-dependable memory. For instance, there was no Black Magic involved at all. ... Jack brought in the Spider-Man logo that I had loaned to him before we changed the name to The Silver Spider. Kirby laid out the story to Lee about the kid who finds a ring in a spiderweb, gets his powers from the ring, and goes forth to fight crime armed with The Silver Spider's old web-spinning pistol. Stan Lee said, 'Perfect, just what I want.' After obtaining permission from publisher Martin Goodman, Lee told Kirby to pencil-up an origin story. Kirby... using parts of an old rejected superhero named Night Fighter... revamped the old Silver Spider script, including revisions suggested by Lee. But when Kirby showed Lee the sample pages, it was Lee's turn to gripe. He had been expecting a skinny young kid who is transformed into a skinny young kid with spider powers. Kirby had him turn into... Captain America with cobwebs. He turned Spider-Man over to Steve Ditko, who... ignored Kirby's pages, tossed the character's magic ring, web-pistol and goggles... and completely redesigned Spider-Man's costume and equipment. In this life, he became high-school student Peter Parker, who gets his spider powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider. ... Lastly, the Spider-Man logo was redone and a dashing hyphen added".^ Mondello, Salvatore (March 2004). "Spider-Man: Superhero in the Liberal Tradition". The Journal of Popular Culture. X (1): 232–238. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3840.1976.1001_232.x. ...a teenage superhero and middle-aged supervillains—an impressive rogues' gallery [that] includes such memorable knaves and grotesques as the Vulture... References^ Amazing Spider-Man #434^ Spider-Man #91^ The Spectacular Spider-Man #257^ Sensational Spider-Man #27^ Amazing Spider-Man Annual #36^ The Amazing Spider-Man #149-151^ The Amazing Spider-Man #529^ "What If? Vol 2 #31^ a b c d e f g h i Wright, Bradford W. (2001). Comic Book Nation. Johns Hopkins Press : Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-7450-5.^ Sacks, Ethan (January 12, 2014). "Exclusive: Peter Parker to return from death in 'Amazing Spider-Man' #1 this April". New York Daily News.^ "Why Spider-Man is popular". Retrieved November 18, 2010.^ Weiss, Brett (October 2010). "Spidey Super Stories". Back Issue!. Two Morrows Publishing (44): 23–28.^ "It's Official! Andrew Garfield to Play Spider-Man!". Comingsoon.net. July 2, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2010.^ "Complete Cast Announced for Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark". Broadway.com. August 16, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2010.^ a b Lee, Stan; Mair, George (2002). Excelsior! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee. Fireside. ISBN 0-684-87305-2.^ a b c De Falco, Tom; Lee, Stan (2001). O'Neill, Cynthia, ed. Spider-Man: The Ultimate Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-7946-X.^ a b c Thomas, Roy (August 2011). "Stan Lee's Amazing Marvel Interview!". Alter Ego. Two Morrows Publishing (104): 3–45.^ a b c Amazing Fantasy (Marvel, 1962 series) at the Grand Comics Database: "1990 copyright renewal lists the publication date as June 5, 1962"; " [T]he decision to cancel the series had not been made when it went to print, since it is announced that future issues will include a Spider-Man feature. "^ "Important Announcement from the Editor! ", Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), reprinted at Sedlmeier, Cory, ed. (2007). Amazing Fantasy Omnibus. Marvel Publishing. p. 394. ISBN 978-0785124580.^ a b c Theakston, Greg (2002). The Steve Ditko Reader. Brooklyn, NY: Pure Imagination. ISBN 1-56685-011-8.^ a b Ditko, Steve (2000). Roy Thomas, ed. Alter Ego: The Comic Book Artist Collection. Two Morrows Publishing. ISBN 1-893905-06-3.^ "Deposition of Stan Lee". Los Angeles, California: United States District Court, Southern District of New York: "Marvel Worldwide, Inc., et al., vs. Lisa R. Kirby, et al.". December 8, 2010. p. 37.^ Ditko interview (Summer 1965). "Steve Ditko – A Portrait of the Master". Comic Fan #2 (Larry Herndon) via Ditko. Comics.org (Blake Bell, ed.). Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2008. Additional, February 28, 2012.^ Simon, Joe (2011). Joe Simon: My Life in Comics. London, UK: Titan Books. ISBN 978-1-84576-930-7.^ a b Evanier, Mark; Gaiman, Neil (2008). Kirby: King of Comics. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-9447-X.^ Bell, Blake. Strange and Stranger: The World of Steve Ditko (2008). Fantagraphic Books.p.54-57.^ Skelly, Tim. "Interview II: 'I created an army of characters, and now my connection to them is lost.'" (Initially broadcast over WNUR-FM on "The Great Electric Bird", May 14, 1971. Transcribed and published in The Nostalgia Journal #27.) Reprinted in The Comics Journal Library Volume One: Jack Kirby, George, Milo ed. May 2002, Fantagraphics Books. p. 16^ Ross, Jonathan. In Search of Steve Ditko, BBC Four, September 16, 2007.^ Daniels, Les (1991). Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-3821-9.^ Saffel, Steve. Spider-Man the Icon: The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon ( Titan Books, 2007) ISBN 978-1-84576-324-4, "A Not-So-Spectacular Experiment", p. 31^ Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1970s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 60. ISBN 978-0756692360. Spider-Man was a proven hit, so Marvel decided to expand the wall-crawler's horizons with a new Spider-Man title... Its first issue featured Spidey teaming up with the Human Torch against the Sandman in a Christmas tale written by Roy Thomas with art by Ross Andru.^ a b David, Peter; Greenberger, Robert (2010). The Spider-Man Vault: A Museum-in-a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel's Web. Running Press. p. 113. ISBN 0762437723.^ Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1980s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 147. ISBN 978-0756692360. Spider-Man swung into the pages of an all-new ongoing series in this first issue by writer Louise Simonson and penciler Greg La Rocque.^ Cowsill, Alan; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1990s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 184. ISBN 978-0756692360. Todd Mc Farlane was at the top of his game as an artist, and with Marvel's release of this new Spidey series he also got the chance to take on the writing duties. The sales of this series were nothing short of phenomenal, with approx. 2.5 million copies eventually printing, including special bagged editions and a number of variant covers.^ Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1970s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0756692360.^ Michael Thomas (August 22, 2000). "John Byrne: The Hidden Story". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2011.^ a b Michael Thomas (August 5, 2008). "The Marvel 500s: How Many Are There?". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.^ a b Schedeen, Jesse (November 8, 2011). "The Avenging Spider-Man #1 Review". IGN. j2 Global. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2015.^ "IGN: SDCC 10: Spider-Man: The End of Brand New Day". IGN. j2 Global. July 25, 2010. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2015.^ Bremmer, Robyn; Morse, Ben (September 27, 2010). "The Next Big Thing: Spider-Man: Big Time". Marvel.com. Marvel Comics / Marvel Entertainment ( The Walt Disney Company ). Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2015.^ "Peter Parker Resurrected in Slott's Amazing Spider-Man". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved April 30, 2014.^ Hanks, Henry (April 29, 2014). "Back from the brain dead, Peter Parker returns to 'Spider-Man' comics". Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2015.^ a b Kempton, Sally, "Spiderman's [ sic] Dilemma: Super-Anti-Hero in Forest Hills", The Village Voice, April 1, 1965^ a b Lee, Stan (w), Ditko, Steve (a). Amazing Fantasy 15 (August 1962), New York City, New York: Marvel Comics^ Daniels, Les. Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics (Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1991) ISBN 0-8109-3821-9, p. 95.^ a b c d Saffel, Steve. Spider-Man the Icon: The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon ( Titan Books, 2007) ISBN 978-1-84576-324-4, p. 21.^ Lee, Stan (w), Ditko, Steve (a). "Spider-Man"; "Spider-Man vs. The Chameleon"; "Duel to the Death with the Vulture; "The Uncanny Threat of the Terrible Tinkerer!" The Amazing Spider-Man 1-2 (March, May 1963), New York, NY: Marvel Comics^ a b c d e f g h Amazing Spider-Man, The (Marvel, 1963 Series) at the Grand Comics Database^ Lee, Stan (w), Ditko, Steve (a). "The Menace of the Molten Man!" The Amazing Spider-Man 28 (September 1965), New York, NY: Marvel Comics^ Saffel, p. 51^ a b Sanderson, Peter (2007). The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 30–33. ISBN 1-4165-3141-6.^ Lee, Stan (w), Romita, John (a). "The Birth of a Super-Hero!" The Amazing Spider-Man 42 (November 1966), New York, NY: Marvel Comics^ Saffel, p. 27^ Lee, Stan (w), Romita, John (p), Mickey Demeo (i). "Spider-Man No More!" The Amazing Spider-Man 50 (July 1967), New York, NY: Marvel Comics^ Lee, Stan (w), Kane, Gil (p), Giacoia, Frank (i). "The Spider or the Man?" The Amazing Spider-Man 100 (September 1971), New York, NY: Marvel Comics^ a b Saffel, p. 60^ Saffel, p. 65, states, "In the battle that followed atop the Brooklyn Bridge (or was it the George Washington Bridge?)...." On page 66, Saffel reprints the panel of The Amazing Spider-Man #121, page 18, in which Spider-Man exclaims, "The George Washington Bridge! It figures Osborn would pick something named after his favorite president. He's got the same sort of hangup for dollar bills!" Saffel states, "The span portrayed...is the GW's more famous cousin, the Brooklyn Bridge. ... To address the contradiction in future reprints of the tale, though, Spider-Man's dialogue was altered so that he's referring to the Brooklyn Bridge. But the original snafu remains as one of the more visible errors in the history of comics. "^ Sanderson, Marvel Universe, p. 84, notes, " [W]hile the script described the site of Gwen's demise as the George Washington Bridge, the art depicted the Brooklyn Bridge, and there is still no agreement as to where it actually took place. "^ Saffel, p. 65^ Conway, Gerry (w), Kane, Gil (p), Romita, John (i). "The Night Gwen Stacy Died" The Amazing Spider-Man 121 (June 1973), New York, NY: Marvel Comics^ Sanderson, Marvel Universe, p. 85^ Blumberg, Arnold T. (Spring 2006). " ' The Night Gwen Stacy Died': The End of Innocence and the 'Last Gasp of the Silver Age ' ". International Journal of Comic Art. 8 (1): 208.^ a b Sanderson, Marvel Universe, p. 83^ Shooter, Jim (w), Zeck, Michael (p), Beatty, John, Abel, Jack, and Esposito, Mike (i). "Invasion" Marvel Super-Heroes Secret Wars 8 (December 1984), New York, NY: Marvel Comics^ Leupp, Thomas. "Behind the Mask: The Story of Spider-Man's Black Costume" Archived June 27, 2010, at Web Cite, Reelz Channel.com, 2007, n.d. Web Citation archive.^ Simonson, Louise (w), La Rocque, Greg (p), Mooney, Jim and Colletta, Vince (i). "'Til Death Do Us Part!" Web of Spider-Man 1 (April 1985), New York, NY: Marvel Comics^ Gross, Michael (June 2, 1987). "Spider-Man to Wed Model". The New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2013.^ a b c Saffel, p. 124^ Shooter, Jim and Michelinie, David (w), Ryan, Paul (p), Colletta, Vince (i). "The Wedding" The Amazing Spider-Man Annual 21 (1987), New York City, New York: Marvel Comics^ "Life of Reilly". Grey Haven Magazine. New Comics Reviews.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2004.^ Millar, Mark (w), Mc Niven, Steve (p), Vines, Dexter (i). "Civil War" Civil War 2 (August 2006), New York, NY: Marvel Comics^ a b Weiland, Jonah. "The 'One More Day' Interviews with Joe Quesada, Pt. 1 of 5", Newsarama, December 28, 2007. Web Citation archive.^ Straczynski, J. Michael (w), Quesada, Joe (p), Miki, Danny (i). "One More Day Part 4" The Amazing Spider-Man 545 (December 2007), Marvel Comics^ a b Weiland, Jonah. "The 'One More Day' Interviews with Joe Quesada, Pt. 2 of 5", Newsarama, December 31, 2007. Web Citation archive.^ New Avengers #51^ The Amazing Spider-Man #600^ The Amazing Spider-Man #648^ The Superior Spider-Man #1-29^ The Superior Spider-Man #30-31^ "Exclusive: Peter Parker to return from death in 'Amazing Spider-Man' #1 this April". Daily News. New York City. January 12, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.^ "All-New Marvel NOW! Q&A: Amazing Spider-Man". Marvel. January 13, 2014.^ " Spider-Man and The X-Men (2014-Present)". Marvel Comics. Retrieved February 18, 2016.^ Sanderson, Peter. Marvel Universe: The Complete Encyclopedia of Marvel's Greatest Characters (Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1998) ISBN 0-8109-8171-8, p. 75^ Daniels, p. 96^ a b c Gresh, Lois H., and Robert Weinberg. "The Science of Superheroes" (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002) ISBN 0-471-02460-0 ( preview)^ Kiefer, Kit; Couper-Smartt, Jonathan (2003). Marvel Encyclopedia Volume 4: Spider-Man. New York: Marvel Comics. ISBN 0-7851-1304-5.^ Lee, Stan, Origins of Marvel Comics ( Simon and Schuster/Fireside Books, 1974) p. 137^ a b c De Falco, Tom; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1960s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. Dorling Kindersley. p. 87. ISBN 978-0756641238.^ a b c d e Siegel, Lucas. "The 10 Greatest SPIDER-MAN Villains of ALL TIME!". Newsarama. Retrieved January 2, 2014.^ a b c Beard, Jim. "ARCHRIVALS: SPIDER-MAN VS THE VULTURE". Marvel.com. Retrieved January 2, 2014.^ Kyle, Scmidlin. "10 Spider-Man Villains (And Combinations) Deserving Of The Big Screen (7. The Vulture)". What Culture!. Retrieved January 2, 2014. "He's been one of Spider-Man's most frequent and iconic antagonists ever since his first appearance in issue 2 of The Amazing Spider-Man.^ De Falco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 92: "Introduced in the lead story of The Amazing Spider-Man #2 and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the Vulture was the first in a long line of animal-inspired super-villains that were destined to battle everyone's favorite web-slinger. "^ De Falco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 93: "Dr. Octopus shared many traits with Peter Parker. They were both shy, both interested in science, and both had trouble relating to women... Otto Octavius even looked like a grown-up Peter Parker. Lee and Ditko intended Otto to be the man Peter might have become if he hadn't been raised with a sense of responsibility.^ a b Lee, Stan (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Ditko, Steve (i). "Spider-Man Versus Doctor Octopus" The Amazing Spider-Man 3 (July 1963)^ a b c Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 20. ISBN 978-0756692360. In this installment, Stan Lee and Steve Ditko introduced Sandman – a super villain who could turn his entire body into sand with a single thought.^ a b c Lee, Stan (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Ditko, Steve (i). "Nothing Can Stop... The Sandman!" The Amazing Spider-Man 4 (September 1963)^ a b c De Falco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 95^ a b c Lee, Stan (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Ditko, Steve (i). "Face-to-Face With...the Lizard!" The Amazing Spider-Man 6 (November 1963)^ a b c Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 20. ISBN 978-0756692360. The Amazing Spider-Man s sixth issue introduced the Lizard.^ De Falco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 98^ Lee, Stan (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Ditko, Steve (i). "The Man Called Electro!" The Amazing Spider-Man 9 (February 1964)^ a b Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 24. ISBN 978-0756692360. Electro charged into Spider-Man's life for the first time in another [Stan] Lee and [Steve] Ditko effort that saw Peter Parker using his brilliant mind to outwit a foe.^ a b c Lee, Stan (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Ditko, Steve (i). "The Menace of... Mysterio!" The Amazing Spider-Man 13 (June 1964)^ a b Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 25. ISBN 978-0756692360. The Amazing Spider-Man #13 saw [Stan] Lee and [Steve] Ditko return to the creation of new super villains. This issue marked the debut of Mysterio, a former special effects expert named Quentin Beck.^ a b c d Albert, Aaron. "Green Goblin Profile". About.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2014.^ Beard, Jim. "SPIDER-MAN 3: THE SPIDER & THE GOBLIN". Marvel.com. Retrieved January 3, 2014.^ a b Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 26. ISBN 978-0756692360. Spider-Man's arch nemesis, the Green Goblin, as introduced to readers as the 'most dangerous foe Spidey's ever fought.' Writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko had no way of knowing how true that statement would prove to be in the coming years.^ a b c Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 26. ISBN 978-0756692360. [Stan] Lee and [Steve] Ditko's newest villain, Kraven the Hunter, debuted in this issue.^ Lee, Stan (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Ditko, Steve (i). "Kraven the Hunter!" The Amazing Spider-Man 15 (August 1964)^ Valentine, Eve. "Who Are the Sinister Six? – An Introduction to Spider-Man's Supervillain Group". Collider. Retrieved June 14, 2015.^ a b Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 27. ISBN 978-0756692360. Spidey faced his first true team of super villains in an oversized 73-pages extravaganza written by [Stan] Lee with art by [Steve] Ditko.^ a b Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 28. ISBN 978-0756692360. Spider-Man felt the Scorpion's sting for the first time in another Stan Lee and Steve Ditko collaboration.^ Lee, Stan (w), Romita, Sr., John (p), Esposito, Mike (i). "The Horns of the Rhino!" The Amazing Spider-Man 41 (October 1966)^ a b Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 36. ISBN 978-0756692360. Now it was time for [John Romita, Sr.] to introduce a new Spidey villain with the help of [Stan] Lee. Out of their pooled creative energies was born the Rhino, a monstrous behemoth trapped in a durable rhinoceros suit.^ Lee, Stan (w), Romita, Sr., John (p), Romita, Sr., John (i). "The Sinister Shocker!" The Amazing Spider-Man 46 (March 1967)^ a b Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 38. ISBN 978-0756692360. [Stan] Lee and [John] Romita's second major Spidey villain appeared in the form of the Shocker, a criminal equipped with vibration-projecting gauntlets.^ De Falco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 122: "Stan Lee wanted to create a new kind of crime boss. Someone who treated crime as if it were a business... He pitched this idea to artist John Romita and it was Wilson Fisk who emerged in The Amazing Spider-Man #50. "^ Lee, Stan (w), Romita, Sr., John (p), Esposito, Mike (i). "Spider-Man No More!" The Amazing Spider-Man 50 (July 1967)^ a b Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 40. ISBN 978-0756692360. Although he made his debut in the previous issue, it was in this [Stan] Lee and [John] Romita tale [ The Amazing Spider-Man #51] that the Kingpin – real name Wilson Fisk – really left his mark on organized crime.^ Yehl, April, Schedeen, Jesse. "Top 25 Spider-Man villains: Part 2". IGN. Retrieved April 19, 2014.^ a b Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1970s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 59. ISBN 978-0756692360. In the first issue of The Amazing Spider-Man to be written by someone other than Stan Lee... Thomas also managed to introduce a major new player to Spidey's life – the scientifically created vampire known as Morbius.^ Gross, Edward (2002). Spider-Man Confidential: From Comic Icon to Hollywood Hero. ISBN 0786887222.^ a b c d Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1970s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 72. ISBN 978-0756692360. Writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru introduced two major new characters to Spider-Man's world and the Marvel Universe in this self-contained issue. Not only would the vigilante known as the Punisher go on to be one of the most important and iconic Marvel creations of the 1970s, but his instigator, the Jackal, would become the next big threat in Spider-Man's life.^ a b Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 107: "Spider-Man wasn't exactly sure what to think about his luck when he met a beautiful new thief on the prowl named the Black Cat, courtesy of a story by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Keith Pollard. "^ Yehl, Joshua; Schedeen, Jesse. "Top 25 Spider-Man Villains: Part 1". IGN. Retrieved 12 December 2016.^ Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1980s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 118. ISBN 978-0756692360. In this issue, award-winning writer Denny O'Neil, with collaborator John Romita, Jr., introduced Hydro-Man.^ "AMAZING SPIDER-MAN (1963) #212". Marvel. Retrieved 27 April 2015.^ a b Manning "1980s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 133: "Writer Roger Stern and artists John Romita, Jr. and John Romita, Sr. introduced a new – and frighteningly sane – version of the [Green Goblin] concept with the debut of the Hobgoblin. "^ David and Greenberger, pp. 68-69: "Writer Roger Stern is primarily remembered for two major contributions to the world of Peter Parker. One was a short piece entitled 'The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man'... [his] other major contribution was the introduction of the Hobgoblin. "^ Greenberg, Glenn (August 2009). "When Hobby Met Spidey". Back Issue! (35). Two Morrows Publishing. pp. 10–23.^ a b c "Venom is the 33rd greatest comic book character". Empire.com. Retrieved April 25, 2015.^ Manning "1980s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 169: "In this landmark installment [issue #298], one of the most popular characters in the wall-crawler's history would begin to step into the spotlight courtesy of one of the most popular artists to ever draw the web-slinger. "^ Comics Creators on Spider-Man, pg 148, Tom De Falco. (Titan Books, 2004)^ a b "Venom is number 22 on greatest comic book villain of all time". IGN. Retrieved April 25, 2015.^ "Carnage is number 90 on greatest comic book villain of all time". IGN. Retrieved April 25, 2015.^ a b Cowsill, Alan; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1990s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. Dorling Kindersley. p. 197. ISBN 978-0756692360. Artist Mark Bagley's era of The Amazing Spider-Man hit its stride as Carnage revealed the true face of his evil. Carnage was a symbiotic offspring produced when Venom bonded to psychopath Cletus Kasady. "^ Michelinie, David (w), Bagley, Mark (p), Emberlin, Randy (i). "Carnage: Part One" The Amazing Spider-Man 361 (April 1992)^ Papageorgiou, Solon. "10 facts about Batman, Spider-Man, Iron Man you didn't know". Moviepilot. Retrieved April 25, 2015. [ permanent dead link]^ a b c d Albert, Aaron. "Top ten comic book archenemies". About.com. Retrieved January 3, 2014.^ a b Hanks, Henry. "Events in landmark 'Spider-Man' issue have fans in a frenzy". CNN. Retrieved January 2, 2014.^ Cronin, Brian. "50 Greatest Friends and Foes of Spider-Man: Villains #1-3". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved January 2, 2014.^ "The ULTIMATE SPIDER-MAN writer talks about Spidey's new Amazing Friends and lays the Osborns to rest once and for all \| Marvel.com News". Marvel.com. Retrieved April 27, 2010.^ "Love is in the air as Marvel.com's Secret Cabal picks the greatest Marvel romances of all in time for Valentine's Day \| Marvel.com News". Marvel.com. Retrieved April 27, 2010.^ Yehl, Joshua, Schedeen, Jess. "Top 25 Spider-Man Villain: Part 5". IGN. Retrieved April 19, 2014.^ "Norman Osborn is number 13 on greatest comic book villain of all time". IGN. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2014.^ "Spider-Man villains tournament: Championship". IGN. Retrieved April 25, 2015.^ Shutt, Craig (August 1997). "Villain Turned Hero: Venom". Wizard (72). p. 37.^ a b c Whitbrook, James. "The Greatest Spider-Men of All Time, Ranked". io9. Retrieved 30 December 2017.^ "Top 10 Oddest Marvel Characters". Time. 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2010-03-04.^ a b "10 Best SPIDER-MEN Of All Time". Newsarama. Retrieved 30 December 2017.^ Robinson, Bryan (August 16, 2011). "Remembering the First – and Forgotten – Latino Spider-Man". Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011.^ Ong, Benjamin; Kean Pang (16 July 2008). "Remembering When West Has Met East". Newsarama. Retrieved 26 July 2015.^ Truitt, Brian (August 2, 2011). "Half-black, half-Hispanic Spider-Man revealed". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011.^ Ching, Albert (March 13, 2015). "Slott Details the Unexpected Origins of Spider-Gwen and Spider-Punk". Comic Book Resources.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.^ "Retail Sales of Licensed Merchandise Based on $100 Million+ Entertainment/Character Properties – The Licensing Letter". www.thelicensingletter.com. Retrieved 3 February 2018.^ a b Kupperberg, Paul (2007). The Creation of Spider-Man. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 1-4042-0763-5.^ Fleming, James R. (2006). "Review of Superman on the Couch: What Superheroes Really Tell Us about Ourselves and Our Society. By Danny Fingeroth". Image Text. University of Florida. ISSN 1549-6732. Retrieved December 4, 2015.^ a b Knowles, Christopher (2007). Our Gods Wear Spandex. illustrated by Joseph Michael Linsner. Weiser. p. 139.^ "Spider-Man Weaving a spell". Screen India. 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009. [ permanent dead link]^ a b Davis, Lauren (November 14, 2014). "This Superhero Is More Lucrative Than Batman And The Avengers Combined". io9. Gizmodo Media Group. Retrieved November 14, 2014.^ Block, Alex (November 13, 2014). "Which Superhero Earns $1.3 Billion a Year?". The Hollywood Reporter. Lynne Segall. Retrieved November 13, 2014.^ a b "Spider-Man Returning to Macy's Thanksgiving Day Paradede", Associated Press via WCBS (AM), August 17, 2009, Archived November 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.^ Spurlock, J. David, and John Romita. John Romita Sketchbook. (Vanguard Productions: Lebanon, N. J. 2002) ISBN 1-887591-27-3, p. 45: Romita: "I designed the Spider-Man balloon float. When we went to Macy's to talk about it, Manny Bass was there. He's the genius who creates all these balloon floats. I gave him the sketches and he turned them into reality".^ Yarbrough, Beau (September 24, 2001). "Marvel to Take on World Trade Center Attack in "Amazing Spider-Man " ". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved April 28, 2008.^ Staff (June 15, 2006). "Spider-Man Removes Mask at Last". BBC. Retrieved September 29, 2006.^ Brady, Matt (June 14, 2006). "New York Post Spoils Civil War #2". Newsarama. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2008.^ Lane, Thomas (January 4, 2008). "Can Spider-Man help UN beat evil?". BBC. Retrieved April 29, 2008.^ Pisani, Joseph (June 1, 2006). "The Smartest Superheroes". Business Week Online. Retrieved November 25, 2007.^ Cohen, Johnathan (December 12, 2008). "Exclusive: Eminem Talks New Album, Book". Billboard.^ Lockett, Dee (April 2, 2015). "7 Fun Facts We Learned From Eminem's Genius Annotations". Vulture.^ Caldwell, Patrick (June 22, 2015), "Justice Elena Kagan Had Some Fun Writing About Spider-Man", Mother Jones, retrieved June 23, 2015^ a b c "IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes". Retrieved May 9, 2011.^ "Ultimate Super Heroes, Vixens, and Villains Episode Guide 2005 – Ultimate Super Villains". TVGuide.com. Retrieved October 9, 2010.^ "The 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters". Empire Online. Retrieved February 8, 2009.^ a b "Top 200 comic book characters". Wizard.^ "The Top 50 Avengers". IGN. April 30, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2015.^ Yehl, Joshua; Lakes, Jeff. "Top 25 Best Marvel Superheroes – IGN – Page 5". IGN. Retrieved May 4, 2016.^ Conin, Brian (November 5, 2015). "2015 Top 50 Marvel Characters 3-1 \| Page 2 of 2 \| Comics Should Be Good @ CBR". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved May 4, 2016.^ Marston, George. "The 10 Best Superhero Origin Stories of ALL TIME!". Newsarama.com. Retrieved May 4, 2016.^ "Skyscraper Defense". Retrieved July 4, 2011.^ Cobb, Jocelyn (September 19, 1999). "Recalls 1921 climb of 'human spider ' ". The Augusta Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2013.^ "Video: un robo con la modalidad "hombre araña"en un departamento de Belgrano" [Video: a theft with the "Spider-Man" method at a Belgrano apartment] (in Spanish). Infobae. February 17, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.^ "Un "hombre araña" asaltó y violó a una profesora de gimnasia" [A "Spider-man" raped and stole from a gym teacher] (in Spanish). Clarín. January 17, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2017.^ "Spider-Man (1967)". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2009.^ "Ultimate Spider-Man". Retrieved November 18, 2010.^ "Japanese Spider-Man". Retrieved November 18, 2010.^ "John Romita Interview". www.keefestudios.com. Retrieved February 8, 2009.^ "EXCLUSIVE: 'Spider-Man 4' Scrapped; Sam Rami & Tobey Maguire & Cast Out; Franchise Reboot for 2012". Deadline.com. January 11, 2010. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2010.^ " " Spider-Man" Film Gets Reboot; Sam Raimi, Tobey Maguire Out". Zap2It.com. January 11, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010.^ Tobey Maguire and Sam Raimi part ways with Spider-Man franchise^ "Andrew Garfield & Marc Webb Return For 'Amazing Spider-Man 2 ' ". Huffington Post. September 28, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2013.^ Truitt, Brian (July 20, 2013). "Garfield relishes web-swinging in 'Amazing Spider-Man 2 ' ". USA Today. Retrieved December 15, 2013.^ Lesnick, Silas (February 9, 2015). "It's Official: Spider-Man Enters the Marvel Cinematic Universe!". Super Hero Hype. Retrieved February 10, 2015.^ Lang, Brett (April 12, 2016). " ' Spider-Man' Movie Gets Official Title". Variety. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2016.^ "Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their 'Spider-Man' Star and Director" (Press release). Marvel.com. June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.^ Busch, Anita (February 11, 2017). "Robert Downey, Jr. Confirms Spider-Man Character in 'Avengers: Infinity War' On FB Live". Deadline. Retrieved February 11, 2017-US. Check date values in: \|access-date= ( help)^ Lustig, Jay. " Spider-Man: Turn off the Dark ". New Jersey On-Line. January 18, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011.^ Gans, Andrew. "Reeve Carney, Jennifer Damiano, Patrick Page to Star in Spider-Man; Performances Begin in November" Archived May 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine .. Playbill.com, August 10, 2010^ "Spiderman Broadway. Marvel.com". Spidermanonbroadway.marvel.com. Retrieved April 10, 2010.^ Hetrick, Adam. "Troubled Spider-Man Turn Off the Dark Delays Broadway Opening Again" Archived January 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine .. Playbill.com. January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2011.^ "Could Spider-Man the Musical be the 'biggest disaster in Broadway history'?". The Week. August 13, 2010 (updated November 4, 2010). External links Find more about Spider-Man at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Spider-Man at the Marvel Universe wiki Official website Official website for kids Spider-Man at the Comic Book DBSpider-Man at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Spider Fan Spider-Man at Curlie (based on DMOZ)The science of Spider-Man, Cosmos The physics of Spider-man's webs, Wired Spider-Man physics: How real is the superhero, Wired [ show]v t e Spider-Man [ show]v t e Spider-Man characters [ show]v t e Spider-Man publications and storylines [ show]v t e Spider-Man in popular media [ show]v t e Spider-Man in film [ show]Other articles and topics related to Spider-Man United States portal Comics portal Fictional characters portal Speculative fiction portal Superhero fiction portal Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 314900684 LCCN: nb2015003272 GND: 123913780 NLA: 59999788Categories: Marvel Comics superheroes Spider-Man 1962 comics debuts American superheroes Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Steve Ditko Child superheroes Comics adapted into animated series Comics adapted into plays Comics adapted into radio series Comics adapted into television series Comics adapted into video games Comics by Stan Lee Comics by Steve Ditko Comics characters introduced in 1962 Comics set in New York City Fictional adoptees Fictional business executives Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters with precognition Fictional characters with superhuman senses Fictional college students Fictional inventors Fictional orphans Fictional photographers Fictional reporters Fictional schoolteachers Fictional scientists Fictional stalking victims Fictional victims of bullies Fictional vigilantes Experimental medical treatments in fiction Male characters in comics Marvel Comics adapted into films Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength Marvel Comics martial artists Marvel Comics mutates Marvel Comics television characters Spider-Man characters Spiders in popular culture Superheroes who are adopted Superhero film characters Teenage characters in film Teenage characters in comics
D1292671	https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hgh03	HAMLIN, TX	HAMLIN, TXWilliam R. Hunt HAMLIN, TEXAS. Hamlin is on U. S. Highway 83 in northwest Jones and northeast Fisher counties. It was established in anticipation of construction of the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway. R. D. Moore conveyed land to the Orient Land Company in 1902. Town organization followed in 1905. Hamlin was named for Orient official W. H. Hamlin. The Orient reached Hamlin in 1906 and was followed by the Texas Central Railroad within a couple of years and by the Abilene and Southern in 1910. Only the Orient, later a part of the Santa Fe, has survived. The Abilene and Southern stopped service in the late 1930s, and the Southern Pacific in 1977. Business boomed with the rail service, and the town included gins, a cottonseed oil mill, and a number of other businesses. Oil discoveries in the 1920s also contributed to the economy. The population was 2,406 in 1940 and 3,564 in 1950. The Hamlin Herald was first published in 1906 and survived other papers. Hamlin gained a hospital in 1948. The county's first gypsum plant was built six miles west in 1903 and became a major area employer, in later years the Celotex Corporation. Eighty businesses were reported in 1970. The population was 3,791 in 1960 and 3,325 in 1970. Part of the 1980 population of 3,248 resided in Fisher County. Hamlin is a center for farming and varied manufacturing and part of the Abilene Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 1990 the population was 2,791, but by 2000 it had dropped to 2,248. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Hooper Shelton and Homer Hutto, The First 100 Years of Jones County (Stamford, Texas: Shelton, 1978). Where Image Use Disclaimer All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U. S. C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Citation The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. Handbook of Texas Online , William R. Hunt, "Hamlin, TX," accessed April 12, 2018, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hgh03 . Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.report an error
D2215288	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091111153449AAkwO7i	Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?	Science & Mathematics Biology Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?a] Nucleotides are added in a random fashion to single-stranded DNA. b] As DNA polymerase moves along the template strand, each new nucleotide provides a 5’ hydroxyl group for the next reaction to occur. c] DNA polymerase adds d NTP monomers in the 3’ to 5’ direction. d] Primers are short sequences that... show more Follow 4 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: b] As DNA polymerase moves along the template strand, each new nucleotide provides a 5’ hydroxyl group for the next reaction to occur Source (s):. Alone Guy · 9 years ago1 12 Comment D. Primers are short sequences that allow the initiation of DNA synthesis. Anna · 1 year ago1 0 Comment D, primers are short segments that allow the initiation of DNA synthesis Savannah · 3 years ago5 0 Comment BNguyen · 9 years ago0 9 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Find Email Marketing Software Want to buy a domain name? How to order contacts online? Want to build your own website?
D2481952	https://forums.anandtech.com/threads/can-ups-look-up-a-package-only-by-your-address.1480522/	Can UPS look up a package only by your address?	Can UPS look up a package only by your address? Discussion in ' Off Topic ' started by aphex, Dec 22, 2004 .aphex Moderator<br>All Things Apple Moderator Joined: Jul 19, 2001Messages: 38,572Likes Joined: Feb 29, 2000Messages: 29,393Likes Joined: Nov 21, 2002Messages: 5,736Likes Joined: Oct 31, 2004Messages: 2,252Likes Joined: Sep 15, 2003Messages: 7,187Likes Joined: Feb 24, 2000Messages: 78,639Likes by: Adam Snow They can... but they dont usually do it and probably wont... but if you complain enough they can... I know this, because I worked at UPS for 2 years and did it many times... Yep. Once I was able to convince them to look up the tracking but they normally will not.#6Ross MAN, Dec 22, 2004Drakkon Diamond Member Joined: Aug 14, 2001Messages: 8,403Likes Joined: Jun 19, 2004Messages: 10,862Likes Example: ajones12345 jones12345 jonesa12345 etc.... You should be able to locate it that way.#8Mister Jackson, Dec 22, 2004Joe6669Junior Member Joined: Jul 27, 2015Messages: 1Likes Joined: Jun 19, 2004Messages: 21,916Likes Joined: May 24, 2003Messages: 46,396Likes Joined: May 25, 2014Messages: 244Likes
D3003165	http://alexgrey.com/art/use-of-art/	Art âº Use Of Art	Art › Use Of Art Can I Use Alex Grey’s Work? revised 8/05/08Alex Grey’s artwork and writings are protected by national and international copyright laws including The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Please respect the intent of these laws which enable the development of the Vision of Alex Grey and the Chapel of Sacred Mirrors. HONORING THE SOURCE IS AT THE HEART OF THE MISSION OF THE CHAPEL OF SACRED MIRRORS AND THE ART OF ALEX GREY. PLEASE HONOR THE SOURCE OF THE IMAGES BY RESPECTING THESE GUIDELINES. If you are unclear whether the use you have in mind is permitted, please inquire through this contact form with a description of intended use. This document is subject to continual revision without notification. FREE USES: WORKSHOP or LECTURE Under the following conditions and for no fee, you may use images by Alex Grey in your workshop or lecture : – As a “power point” presentation – A slide talk, or – Using an overhead projector lecture As long as you credit the artist and give the web site address “alexgrey.com” while the artwork is on the screen NO permission for presentations to be visually recorded and offered for sale or posted to the web. Co SM and A. Grey Studio DO NOT provide images for this use. Images may be copied from a bookor poster but may only be used for the purpose of the lecture or workshop. Fliers, xeroxes or reproductions of any kind are NOT permitted for use in an educational or NON-educational purpose. LIMITED USE ON A WEBSITE: You are permitted to use ONE image on your personal (non-commercial) web site with the following stipulations.1. A link to Alex Grey.commust be visible WITH the image.2) The image used must be no larger than 400 pixels/ 3 inches in either dimension.2) Images MAY NOT be used on the homepage.3) Images MAY NOT be used as backgrounds, cropped, or otherwise presented in a manner which obscures the entire image in any way.4) Images may not be used on web sites deemed inappropriate.5) Images may not be modified, colored, animated, adapted, collaged, used as a graphic design element, or altered in any way. To use an image as an Avatar:1) Images must not exceed 200 pixels in any dimension2) Images used must have the Alex Grey web site address plainly visible (alexgrey.com). If the requested and approved image is not already available with the URL text as described, we will create one for use under the terms of agreement.3) Images may not be modified, colored, animated, or used as an element in a graphic design under any circumstances unless through separate written license between Alex Grey and the specific web site. TATTOOS: For no fee, you may have a tattoo made from Alex’s art under the following conditions:1) Employ the best possible artist who is capable of rendering the best reproduction of the work and thereby giving the most beautiful results.2) Send a good quality photo of the finished tattoo with your name [email protected]. (work in progress photo also requested but optional).3) Grant free use of the photo of your tattoo for any subsequent publication approved by Alex Grey. Images WILL NOT be provided by Alex Grey or Co SM. Images may be found in published books, on posters, greeting cards, etc. that can be purchased at the website shop. MAGAZINES, BOOKS, and SCHOLARLY PAPERS: If art is intended to accompany an interview or article featuring or discussing in some depth the subject of Alex Grey’s artwork or the Chapel of Sacred Mirrors, jpegs will be provided and the use is free. Use of art to illustrate any subject other than a discussion of the work of Alex Grey or the Chapel of Sacred Mirrors is NOT PERMITTED. Please communicate via the contact form the intention and description of the use of Alex’s art in these contexts. PERMISSION FOR USE IS NOT GRANTED FOR: Because the use of Alex Grey’s art would constitute an endorsement, reproduction rights are reserved for projects that benefit the Chapel of Sacred Mirrors (Co SM, a 501 (c) (3) publicly support charity and church). OR for use in projects that Alex specifically endorses. Alex DOES NOT grant permission or sell reproduction rights for the use of his art on collateral material such as brochures, business cards, pamphlets, that promote a private practice of any kind. Permission is not granted for reproduction rights for use in self-published books, workbooks or CD’s. Alex Grey does NOT give permission to reproduce his artwork for: No photo or Xeroxed-type copies whatsoever. No blotter art. No party fliers. No personal business promotion. This includes business cards, brochures, web sites, etc. No projections at parties without approval. Alex does NOT allow his art to be collaged, customized, copied, adapted, incorporated, photoshopped, or in anyway altered or used within another work of art. He does NOT give permission to use his artwork within another artists work. If you have questions whether the use you have in mind is permitted, ASK. Send a request and description of use via the this contact form. Uploading or downloading works protected by copyright without the authority of the copyright owner is an infringement of the copyright owner’s exclusive rights of reproduction and/or distribution. Anyone found to have infringed a copyrighted work may be liable for statutory damages up to $30,000 for each work infringed and, if willful infringement is proven by the copyright owner, that amount may be increased up to $150,000 for each work infringed. In addition, an infringer of a work may also be liable for the attorney’s fees incurred by the copyright owner to enforce his or her rights. If you have any other questions about copyright:http://www.copyright.gov/help/ faq/faq-fairuse.html
D219293	http://www.wilmette.com/	.	Featured News Minimum Wage & Paid Sick Leave Survey Starting this week, the Village will be undertaking a public opinion landline and cell phone survey regarding the Cook County Minimum Wage and Paid Sick Leave Ordinances. If you receive a call from an unrecognized number, this could be the survey and we encourage your participation. For more information click here. Housing Opportunity Development Corporation PUD Village Board Meeting – April 10th In October 2016, the Housing Opportunity Development Corporation (HODC) submitted a Preliminary Plan Application for a Planned Unit Development (PUD) at 1925 Wilmette Avenue. A revised application was submitted On October 27, 2017. On March 6, 2018, the Plan Commission recommended approval of the application to the Village Board. The Village Board will consider the […]Museum and Police Open Houses The Wilmette Historical Museum and Police Department are hosting two family-friendly open houses on Sunday, May 6th from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. . Yard Waste Collection Begins April 4th The 2018 Yard Waste Collection Program begins Wednesday, April 4th. Yard waste will be collected on Wednesdays for the entire Village through the last Wednesday in November. Only acceptable yard waste material placed into biodegradable brown paper bags, tied in bundles, or in a leased yard waste toter will be collected. For additional program guidelines, please click here.2018 Vehicle Stickers On Sale Now2018 Vehicle Stickers are on sale now. All vehicles registered in the State of Illinois with a Wilmette address, must also be registered with the Village through the purchase of a vehicle license sticker. The costs for these stickers are listed below: Passenger- $80 Motorcycle- $25 All other vehicle types- $95 Vehicle stickers may be purchased […]Construction Notices Skokie/Hibbard Full-scale construction operations are scheduled to resume the week of March 12. Construction work involves intersection widening, drainage improvements, sidewalk and drainage improvements, traffic and pedestrian signal modernization, new roadway lighting and asphalt pavement resurfacing. Work will begin with construction zone temporary traffic control staging (similar to last fall) which will have the following […]Stormwater Action Plan The Village is embarking on a public education and listening initiative to inform residents about its Stormwater Action Plan and solicit feedback about the potential infrastructure improvements currently under consideration. To learn more about the projects under consideration, visit our new stormwater website at www.wilmettestormwater.com. . Minimum Wage & Paid Sick Leave Study Update On December 12th, the Village Board formed a Minimum Wage & Paid Sick Leave Working Group comprised of residents and business owners. The working group is tasked with conducting a study of the Cook County Ordinances specifically as they relate to Wilmette, including the impact on businesses, employees, and the Village as a whole. The Working […]More News...
D1857021	http://www.fashionfindsonadime.com/8-tips-shopping-getting-best-deals-macys/	8 Tips for Shopping & Getting the Best Deals at Macyâs	8 Tips for Shopping & Getting the Best Deals at Macy’s By Nikki O'Toole July 9, 2013 72 Comments Macy’s is my ultimate deal-finding store. I am in this store at least once a week working and I still rarely walk out empty-handed. The One-Day-Sale is shopping heaven. I have been known to leave a sale with $500 worth of merchandise for less than $50. It’s awesome, but requires patience and some sifting. In addition to my usual shopping strategies, here are specific tips for getting the best deals out of your shopping trip at Macy’s: Only Buy Clearance There is never a reason to buy anything full price at Macy’s. This is because everything inevitably goes on clearance – and it doesn’t take long. I would say the average Macy’s item is full price for at very most eight weeks. I’m sure there are exceptions, but that’s a conservative time frame. Then, on to the clearance section! When an item is initially marked to clearance, it is first priced at 40% off. When it gets marked down again, it’s put at 65% off. Usually if an item is any good, it’ll sell at 40% off. Wait For the One Day Sale If at all possible, wait for the One Day Sale. Not “Super Saturday” or “Holiday Sales” – the ONE DAY SALE. I can’t emphasize enough, this is the best sale Macy’s has to offer. And it’s every month on a Saturday with a “preview day” (which is just a fun way of saying the sale starts on Friday) the Friday before. Each One Day Sale (ODS) is different, but traditionally they mark all previous 40% clearance items down to 65% off and all previously 65% off down even further (sometimes to as little as $14.99). Another thing they often do is keep the clearance prices at their previous 40% and 65% off and offer an additional 40% off on top of that. No matter what, at the ODS you can use an additional 20% off coupon if you have a Macy’s card (on top of clearance merchandise only). You have to be careful though, as the additional 20% off coupon doesn’t work on “Specials” and “Every Day Values”. Best bet is to bring your item up to the register and ask an associate to scan it for you. Don’t Expect Customer Service Expect nothing from the sales associates. I have been working in Macy’s stores for over two years. As a contractor, I am in and out of there within a minimal amount of time. Because of my schedule, I end up working with the same sales associates most weeks. While they are all really nice people and I like each one of them personally, they are not loving their jobs. Macy’s seems to have a way of sucking the life out of people. They are very demanding and ask a lot of their employees. It’s a big store and an even bigger company, and they don’t emphasize “team building”. What are they most concerned about? Getting you to open a Macy’s Card. And they HOUND their employees about it. To the point that if you even mention the card the employees get aggressive and twitchy. This company has its priorities backwards, if you ask me…Coupon It Up I always look online for their “In Store Savings Pass” before I go into the store. They often have a coupon for an additional $10 off a purchase of $25 or more. If you’re really tricky, you’ll get a few items that are just around $25 and have your cashier split-tender your transaction. But, not all cashiers are willing to do that. Be courteous if they say no, but always ask. It can’t hurt!Develop Relationships and Be Polite I mentioned above the employees aren’t super happy working for Macy’s, but they’re still great people! If you are able to develop a relationship with the sales associates, you’re going to be better off. I often forget my coupons and since the sales associates know me, they don’t mind grabbing an extra coupon from behind the counter for me. If you don’t have a relationship, don’t just ask bluntly for a coupon. The associates really don’t like this and they’re technically not allowed to duplicate coupons, so they can say no. What you can say is, “Gosh, I just had that 20% off coupon, but I can’t seem to find it and/or I forgot it. Is there any chance you’d be willing to honor it for me, or should I come back for this item? I could also see about pulling it up on my smart phone, but it might take a minute? What would be easiest for you?” Then, because they won’t want to wait for you to do any of these things, they’ll likely just grab a coupon from behind the counter and scan it for you. Be polite and say thank you one too many times. They are not required to do this for you and they likely just saved you a few bucks. Watch It I have found some of my best deals at Macy’s, but it doesn’t happen on accident. It takes time and patience. I am in the store often enough that I generally can spot things that I want and just watch them for a few months until they get cheap enough to pull the trigger on. But if you only shop Macy’s occasionally, you’ll have to really hunt for that awesome deal. You might be able to find one, but the really great deals are for the hunters and frequent shoppers. Not All Stores Are Created Equal If your store doesn’t have the size you’re looking for, you’ll probably have to hunt down the item yourself by calling every Macy’s in a five state radius (I’ve done it). And it’s not a piece of cake to get the right person in the right department on the phone… There are great differences in each store’s assortment as well as in their online merchandise. For example, the Macy’s back in Boise carries Frye’s but the one in Louisville doesn’t. This just creates a little bit more of an issue when you’re trying to hunt something down. Credit Card I do have a Macy’s credit card and it is the only store card I have. I am usually against store cards ( Pros and Cons of Opening a Department Store Credit Card ), but having the Macy’s card is often the only way to get an extra percentage off (usually 10-25%). I use this card and immediately pay it off right there at the register. I do not leave the store with a balance. Doing this is the only way I believe in store cards. Take advantage of discounts, but don’t keep a balance. They can charge interest rates in the 30% range. So not worth it!Do you have any tips for shopping Macy’s on a budget? Please share in the comments below!Share: Tweet← Gap Printed Skinny Mini Skimmer Khakis Macy’s One Day Sale This Saturday 7/13 (Preview Friday 7/12)!!! →72 thoughts on “ 8 Tips for Shopping & Getting the Best Deals at Macy’s ”Ona October 14, 2017 at 4:01 am Hi Nikki When is the best time to shop winter coat? Please give some top about Christmas sale? Reply ↓ann July 17, 2017 at 3:55 pm Where is the list of items that DO QUALIFY for all of these 20% off coupons they send you when you open a card. Totally frustrated with their marketing….you can’t read the tiny font, and more likely than not you get to the check out and your items don’t qualify! If they can compile the list of what it CAN NOT be used for, certainly – if you are able to use it at all – there is a LIST SOMEWHERE that has what they can be used on. Reply ↓Trang Vu December 12, 2016 at 1:56 am Hi Nikki,My friend told me that she always gets 20% off with full price and sale items all the time she shopping at Macy’s because one of the sale associate helps her to deal with that. She buy over $2000 a month. Do you know that is right? Reply ↓Mae December 4, 2016 at 8:31 pm I was wondering which you think is better, 30% friends and family (and 20% employee discount) or Lowest price of the season with 20% coupon (and 30% employee discount)? I LOVE working at Macy’s!Reply ↓Nope April 3, 2017 at 12:51 pmit’s the same….. Reply ↓SASHAOctober 12, 2016 at 12:01 pm HELLO.. I AM LOOKING TO PURCHASE A NORTH FACE COAT.. I KNOW SOMETIMES THEY DO HAVE 20% OFF ON THESE .. CAN YOU ADVISE IF ANY DAY COMMING UP FOR THSI DEAL??? Reply ↓Jackie Santana December 21, 2016 at 6:55 ami wondered about it too Reply ↓Nicole-Marie Kallow January 5, 2017 at 7:19 am Not sure where you live, but the North Face Store just had a big sale. I go a coat for my son who is a teen, but wears a men’s XL due to his height. The regular price was $330 and I got it for 30% off, plus a free t-shirt worth $27.00 for spending over $100. I paid $229.00. Reply ↓Mary July 3, 2016 at 5:20 pm Hi, Nikki!I’m planning to get a queen sized mattress soon, I heard there was a sale of the year. When is it? Thank you! Please reply!Reply ↓Beth August 31, 2016 at 9:12 pm Hi Nikki!Great info!Any idea when is the best time to buy a leather coat from Macy’s? Thx!Beth Reply ↓Pablo April 22, 2016 at 6:57 pm Hi Nikki. I’m planning a wedding and decided to go the suit route for my guys, vs. tuxedos. I’d assume buying 6-8 suits might get me a better price. Any tips here? What’s this “My Stylist” aka “Macy’s by Appointment” thing about? Any advice would be greatly appreciated. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author April 24, 2016 at 4:51 pm Hey Pablo! Congrats on the coming wedding! That’s so exciting! If you’re looking for a discount when purchasing a larger quantity of suits, I’m not sure if Macy’s is the way to go. You might have better luck with a Men’s Warehouse or something along those lines. If you want to get a good deal on suits I would still check out Macys’ clearance section, but then it gets tricky because they might have one or two, just not 8. It’s kind of a gamble. If it were me, because it’s a wedding where everyone really needs to match, I would probably see what options are at a Men’s warehouse. That just makes it more convenient since you’re shopping for 6-8 suits, for 6-8 different body types. I know we’ve gotten some good deals from them in the past! Good luck!Reply ↓Alexis January 4, 2016 at 7:09 pm Do you know when the next One-Day Sale is? I just found this anorak jacket I’m planning on buying and wanted to know when the best time to buy it would be. It’s already on sale but I just wanted to know if I could buy it at a even lower price. Do you also know of any free shipping coupons or sales coming up soon? I was about to order the jacket and then saw that the shipping was almost $10 and the jacket is not available in any stores near me. Thank you! !Reply ↓Macyslove January 4, 2016 at 2:05 pm Very Good Post! Nikki, good one! I thought I’m the only one understanding how Macys sales works:) The best deals are in stores most of the time. sometimes macys has glitches in the system and earrings (10 kt gold +diamonds)that are down from 360 to 99 an be bought the day before the one day sale for 50 using coupons that are not valid the next day. My rule is more like 75% + coupons. Very rarely I buy something without coupons Reply ↓Rudy LOctober 25, 2015 at 10:45 am One more thing I’ve found helpful. If you buy a Macy’s gift card, sometimes that gives you the same discounts as if you were using a Macy’s credit card. Also always have your receipts emailed to you so not to lose any. Reply ↓Telly Gabriel October 7, 2015 at 8:12 am Hi Nikki, What about the Friends & Family sale? Is that the best sale ever at Macy’s or not? I am about to buy fine jewelry at clearance and it is 50% then 20% then 15%. The sales person told me that’s the best but I’m wondering. Thanks. Telly Hockessin, DEReply ↓Anne October 19, 2015 at 7:09 pm Friends and family gives you 25% which is better than the 20% coupons that the public usually gets. If you chance upon a clearance item that coincides with that sale all the better. One good thing is that if the price goes down lower than what you paid in about two weeks, Macys will refund the difference so you can get the better price. Reply ↓Mags August 7, 2015 at 3:34 am Hi When is summer sale where all summer items are on clearance in Macy’s? Reply ↓Shazia August 2, 2015 at 1:36 pm Hi,what is 30/75% rule Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author August 2, 2015 at 3:18 pm Hi Shazia! My $30/75% off rule is a general rule I use when shopping. Ideally an item would meet or exceed both qualifications (less than $30 and more than 75% off), though if at least one is met I will let it slide. I speak to it at greater lengths in my post; 6 Tips for Buying Name-Brand Clothing at a Deep Discount. It’s a general rule I follow to ensure I am getting the best deal possible! Thank you for stopping by my blog! Nikki Reply ↓Carmen October 30, 2015 at 6:16 pm Do you know when the next ODS is taking place? I am in the process of wanting to purchase a designer bag and I am trying to see when is the best time for me to do so. I know with coupons sometimes they are not allowed to use on designers. They recently had the VIP sale and I regret not getting it? Please help me. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author November 16, 2015 at 7:17 pm Sorry I’m so late to respond! Been busy around here :). There’s a ODS happening tomorrow and Wednesday, 11/17-11/18. It looks like it’s a good one too. It’s happening online a day early, so if you’re in the mood to shop from home, that’s a good bet! Let us know what you find! Nikki Reply ↓Michelle June 12, 2015 at 2:34 pm I just love to shop at Macy’s. Even more when I can get a great coupon. I just got one for 20% off at a site called renovopower.com I bought a comforter set, and saved over $30Reply ↓Rose June 5, 2015 at 10:52 am Any advice on buying furniture? I can never find more than 10% off coupon. And the sales person said if I opened Macy’s card they’d give me another $100 off but shipping alone is $155. what I want would be affordable if I could get 20% off. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author June 8, 2015 at 10:45 am Hi Rose! To be honest I’m not at all familiar with furniture buying at Macy’s. However, I just received an email this morning about the Macy’s Home Sale Closeout event where you can take an extra 15-25% off home items with promo code 48HOURS (expires 6/10 – online only). Is your item a sale item? If not, can you wait for it to go on sale or do you need it now? Of course if you can wait for it to go on sale, you’ll maximize your savings. Let me know! Nikki Reply ↓Rose June 11, 2015 at 12:41 pm Oh shoot, I only got an email Kristen replied, not you. How weird. I’m pretty sure though that the couch I want is not on sale. I’ll have to sign up for their emails though just to be on the safe side. Thanks!Reply ↓Kristen June 11, 2015 at 12:02 pm Hi Rose! Not sure if you got your answer, but coupons don’t work on furniture. 10% off is often times part of the sale but coupons alone do not work on furniture. You can open a card and save the extra $100 but that and the 10% off are the only coupons applicable on furniture and mattresses. Reply ↓Rose June 11, 2015 at 12:42 pm Hi Kristen – Thanks. That was what I knew but I was hoping maybe there was a super secret once in a great while furniture coupon – maybe at black friday or something (though I dont think i can wait that long). Reply ↓yesme May 13, 2015 at 2:46 am Are there good sales this May 15 or May 16 2015 friday/saturday ? Kids brands. Like Ralph Lauren? Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author May 13, 2015 at 11:34 am Hi there! As there was a One Day Sale last weekend, I don’t believe there’ll be one again this weekend. If you want to go up to the kid’s area and shop, I’d definitely start in the clearance area where there is often Ralph Lauren items on sale. If you have a Macy’s card, you should be able to stack the clearance prices with the Macy’s card 20% off discount. Unfortunately, most WOW Passes (the $10 off $25 or $20 off $50) exclude kid’s apparel, but if you can shop the clearance section you’ll put yourself in the best position. Also be sure to set a reminder on your phone for 14 days from date of purchase to check for a price adjustment! Good luck! Nikki Reply ↓Gloria Danet June 13, 2015 at 1:38 pm Next one day sale is June 20 with early shopping on Friday, June 19. There are coupons on the front cover for early arrivals with $10 off on $25 purchase and $20 off $50. Reply ↓Lizzie May 8, 2015 at 10:25 pm Hi Nikki, Whats the best way to buy wedding registry gifts at macys? i’m not seeing any good deals right now. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author May 13, 2015 at 11:30 am Hi Lizzie! What an excellent question! I suppose this depends on if you are buying a gift for someone or if you are the one registering for your wedding and are looking to buy up your own registry after the event. If you are buying for a wedding, I would set a price limit you want to stay within and wait for the next One Day Sale. You can buy the gift and then set a reminder for 14 days after to continue to check if it goes down in price, as Macy’s has a great 14-day price adjustment policy. If you are buying for yourself after the wedding, I would try to again wait for the ODS and see about stacking coupons and Macy’s card discounts. This will maximize your savings! Good luck! Nikki Reply ↓astrid May 1, 2015 at 6:40 am Hello, do you think the ODS will be a good choice to shop online for branded stuff too? I’ve noticed same branded bags are on clearance category and right now they are also get extra 25% discount with ‘FRIEND’ code. Should I wait for ‘hopefully’ next week ODS for that kind of stuff too? or just take the additional ‘FRIEND’ opportunity? Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author May 2, 2015 at 1:07 am Hi Astrid! I would go ahead and act now on buying a designer bag during the Friends and Family sale. You can always price adjust it if the ODS happens within 2 weeks of your purchase date, and there’s no guarantee that the May ODS will have extra percentages off designer bags. Let me know what you find!Reply ↓luz rubio April 12, 2015 at 10:49 pmdoes anyone know when the next ods is in may? Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author April 12, 2015 at 11:11 pm I don’t have an exact date, but in my experience they try to frame the ODS around a holiday. My educated guess would be that they would have it the weekend of May 9th (preview day Friday, May 8th), right before Mother’s Day. Though I’m sure they’ll have some great sales around Memorial weekend as well. Good luck!Reply ↓Gloria Danet April 14, 2015 at 2:34 pm Got notice yesterday – this Friday and Saturday, April 17-18, 2015. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author April 14, 2015 at 5:16 pm That’s fantastic news! I know where I’ll be this weekend!Reply ↓Hana March 29, 2015 at 1:08 pm Does anyone know when the ods is this month or next month? (March or April)Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author March 30, 2015 at 5:50 pm Well they just had a March ODS a couple weeks ago, but I’d bet there’ll be one this first weekend of April, before Easter. I hope I’m right!Reply ↓Genesis March 2, 2015 at 6:53 pm Anyone know of any good deals coming up? I unfortunately missed the sale that ended yesterday sure to technical difficulties Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author March 3, 2015 at 11:17 am I believe they are having their 25% off pre-sale event right now. As is always the case, they’re going to have more to offer you in-store than online. Let us know what you find! Nikki Reply ↓lisa o connell January 24, 2015 at 11:13 amdoes anyone know when the ods is on in february. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author February 1, 2015 at 12:22 am Hi Lisa! So sorry for my late response! Well they just had a ODS this weekend (you may be able to still find some deals online! ), but I wouldn’t be surprised if they have another one at the end of the month. Even if they don’t you’ll still be able to get some killer deals in February. Retailers are trying to push out their winter merchandise to make room for spring product. Keep checking in to the store, even mid-week, to see if they are having an extra percentage off of clearance. I have gotten some awesome deals that way! Thanks for reading! Nikki Reply ↓madie January 21, 2015 at 8:59 pm Thank you for your article! so helpful.i am eyeing on a designer dkny purse for about 3 months which went on sale once on dec (dont recall name of sale though)…. It was a good sale too because the bag itself was reduced and then another digital coupon code could be added on top that it. However, dumb me decided to wait and hoped it would go on sale again and still nothing. lol What is the sales pattern for designer items like DKNY/Michael kors? would one day sale be best for such items, or only clearance? Thank you for your reply in advance. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author February 1, 2015 at 12:26 am Hi Madie! So sorry for the delayed response! Getting designers like Michael Kors/DKNY for a big discount is tough. One Day Sale’s are a good time to take a peek, as they often offer an additional 25% off the markdown price. You could also try Marshell’s or TJMaxx for deals on these designers. You might be surprised at what you’ll find there. Another method would be to search online to see what other retailers carry the specific bag you’re looking for. Stalking the same item at several stores is a sure way to get the best deal possible! Thank you for reading! Nikki Reply ↓Camie January 21, 2015 at 8:07 pm Thanks for this info. I’ve had a card four times, and plan on keeping this one. I just started really paying attention in order for the discounts offered with elite and premiere levels to be worth it. But, in your opinion, is being premiere really worth how much you have to buy to get the 3% vs 1.5% in extra value dollars? Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author February 1, 2015 at 12:32 am Hi Camie! I don’t think it’s worth it. Not when I’m finding designer items at well over 80% off on most shopping trips. If you just set a budget for yourself and focus on getting the best deal to stretch your money the farthest, you’ll save more that way than in an extra 1.5%. But that’s just my opinion! Thank you for reading! Nikki Reply ↓Lucy November 6, 2014 at 12:16 pm Hi Nikki, excelent article about buying at Macy’s. I’m from Argentina and next January I will be visiting my family in Orlando, FL. and I would like to know if is there any way to know when the ONE DAY SALE it will be on January?. Thanks for the info!! !Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author November 15, 2014 at 9:42 pm Hi there! Thank you for reading! It’s hard to say this far in advance when the ODS will take place. When I used to work in the store I could get that info from management, but now that I’m not merchandising there anymore, I have less pull. There are often good deals at Macy’s, even if you can’t get in for the One Day Sale. Try to abide by my $30/75% off rule and check online for coupons before you head in. If you can shop on a Friday or Saturday you set yourself up for the most success. Often times One Day Sales take place close to holidays, so hopefully you’re coming around Martin Luther King’s Day! Good luck!Reply ↓Lucy November 26, 2014 at 7:14 am Thank you Nikki!! !Reply ↓Jamie October 10, 2014 at 2:49 pm Hi Nikki, My new husband was just last week asked to be in a wedding for which we need to purchase a specific suit at Macy’s by the end of this month. I am desperately trying to find a way to save at least 20% on it, because it’s quite expensive. It is a “special” so the Super Saturday code and the current FALL code will not apply. Because we are poor newlyweds, I’m hoping you can help me out a bit. 1. Is there any way for me to find out when the ODS will be before hand? I’m hoping bc it isn’t this weekend and it wasn’t last weekend it may be next Saturday (before the wedding). 2. Do any of the items that aren’t on clearance get marked down for the ODS? Or is it just clearance? I assume the ODS extra 20% probably won’t work on my “special” priced extremely expensive suit either. dang it! 3. If I go ahead and buy it this week, because I’m afraid it will go up in price and it, in fact, goes down in price in the next 2 weeks will they refund the difference or let me return it and re-buy it at the lower cost? Sorry for this long winded post and thank you in advance for any insight. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author October 15, 2014 at 11:30 pm Hi Jamie! Thanks so much for taking a few minutes to ask this excellent question! First of all, I’m so sorry that you’re in this spot! It’s hard to be a bridesmaid/groomsman for this exact reason! You feel totally out of control over what you are spending your money on. While we all like to support our friends, when money is tight, that can be a tough thing to do! So let me see if I can help. First of all, I just got an email that told me the One Day Sale is this Saturday, October 18th. So yay for that! When I used to work doing merchandising in various Macy’s stores I would be able to find out the dates of the sales beforehand. Now that I don’t, there’s not a great way to do that, unfortunately. But, I can tell you it happens at least once a month! Secondly, items that aren’t on clearance OFTEN get marked down for the One Day Sale! This is good news for you! Depending on the suit and the type of sale it goes on (Deal of the Day, Clearance, Doorbuster, etc. ), you should be able to use a 20% off coupon in conjunction with the sale. Almost all items are marked down for the ODS, so just keep your eyes peeled. Thirdly, I would buy the suit this weekend at the ODS. It’s likely this sale will be the lowest it’ll go. It’s true that they have a two week return policy, but if it’s just sitting around in your closet waiting to be worn in 6 months, you can always keep your eyes on it. If it goes down significantly lower, you can bring the whole suit – as long as the tags are still on it – (plus receipt. SAVE THAT RECEIPT!) back into the store and just return and re-buy it. I’m not certain of the ethical implications of this option, but you really don’t want to wait so long that the suit sells out and/or his size is gone… Hopefully this was helpful! Let me know how it goes! Nikki Reply ↓Jay August 8, 2014 at 2:55 am I usually check & purchase from home decor & dinnerware section, fashion jewelery & kids cloth section…. I just started to learn to track good deals from Macy’s…. That’s true best time is one -day sale…. But last month in one day sale I noticed most the section 75% off is coupon excluded…. That’s really disappointing… Because if you can use these 10$ on 25$ & 20$ on 50$ Coupons with 75% deals, then it’s a best deal…. But I noticed in dinnerware clearnance section very littles items are there in clearnance, it’s better to wait for a good deal & use $ off coupon …. Generally I buy lenox & villeyroy & boch…. Do you have any good idea to catch a better deal in dinnerware section? Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author August 12, 2014 at 4:24 pm Hi Jay! Thanks for reaching out! Gosh, unfortunately I have little experience shopping in the dinnerware section. I do see that they occasionally have “Home Sales” on certain weekends. I will have to do some more research on this one. I tend to focus on the clothes! Let us know what you find out in your endeavors!Reply ↓jay January 7, 2016 at 6:35 pm I rarely check women’s cloth section…..just checked men’s specific brand clearnance for hubby…it’s true best time of shopping is One Day Sale.. I liked to buy jewelery at that time.. I got some awesome collection last year.. In home section if you regularly checked the clearnance sometimes you got very good piece…. Share more tips how to find good deals…Reply ↓Gloria Danet July 16, 2014 at 11:55 am For the longest time I did not shop Macy’s because of the brand restrictions on coupons. However, I always contribute to their “Thanks For Sharing” program which begins even earlier in September till December 31. Most frustrating is Macy’s new policy of sending you a merchandise coupon (instead of crediting it against your bill or a cash refund). This has happened to me on online purchases returned to the store within 2 weeks and also recently on a store purchase with a return made in store within 7 days. Why – I know Macy wants the sale, however, I am entitled to a credit on my account for a timely return and not a return of the entire sales slip – just one item. The first time it happened, I had to call the Macy’s account line which is out-of-state only to be transferred to dispute resolutions in Washington D. C. area and after approximately 2 months, straightened it out. What’s with this policy? Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author July 16, 2014 at 12:05 pm Wow! That’s a terrible new policy! I haven’t encountered that yet, but I just ordered two of the same dress when I was in the store so that I didn’t have to pay shipping (which you have to do for purchases under $50 ordered through the store), so I’m sure I’ll be dealing with this issue shortly when I go to return one of them. Is this new policy printed at the register, online or on the back of the receipt? That is really not ok. Reply ↓Angela February 24, 2015 at 5:27 am The merchandise coupon that is sent out is done when the customer has had multiple returns without valid receipts and/or return labels. This is an old policy. Not new. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author March 3, 2015 at 11:29 am I haven’t had to handle this issue yet, and I return stuff all the time. But I always have my emailed or printed receipt with me. So far so good. Let us know if you are still having return issues! But I think Angela’s right. This may be an old policy. Nikki Reply ↓John January 27, 2014 at 11:00 pm I am an avid Macy’s shopper. It’s really my main “go to” store especially for clothing. This article is spot on. I am at my local Macy’s probably about once a week and when I spot something I want to buy, I will only purchase it if it’s on sale AND I have an additional 20% off coupon. One thing I’ve learned the hard way is to KEEP the receipt even though the put a return tag on it. If you return an item without a receipt and just the return tag, you may get back less than you paid for the item since they will go with the lowest price in the recent past. However, that being said, I’ve returned unworn unused items almost a year after I purchased them and I actually still had the receipt and I got a full refund for the items. Macy’s has a very generous return policy in this regard. Wherever I have lived and shopped at Macy’s, I find one associate that is smiling and at least appears to be happy and outgoing and I am VERY friendly and polite to them and make them my point of purchase. For example, the Macy’s nearest me is now at Cape Cod Mall. I like a woman in the shoe dept. She also covers the men’s slacks area. However, she can ring up anything from any department. When she range up my first purchase, I made a point of addressing her by name, making polite small talk and finding something about her to compliment. The next time I was in the store she came right over to me and said, “Hi, nice to see you again, let me know if there is anything I can help you with.” I responded, “Absolutely, I’ll be wandering around but you’ll be sure to see me if I do buy anything.” I was letting her know that she would be getting my business (they do work on commission. While I was shopping in the various departments, I would always get the sales person in that department asking me, “Oh, can I hold those items for you.” I simply responded “Thank you but (name) is helping me.” They backed off immediately. I have found by having my main sales associate contact and giving her my business, I get a lot of courtesies in exchange. For example, I wanted a pair of shoes but they weren’t in the store. She offered to order them online for me, honoring my additional 20% discount coupon AND she waived the usual $9.95 shipping fee. Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author January 28, 2014 at 9:41 pm Thank you so much for your comment, John, you make so many great points! Building relationships with sales staff is key. They will absolutely go the extra mile for you if they can sense you are genuine and loyal. I know many sales associates in the Men’s area (specifically suiting-though I’m sure there are other areas as well) and shoes work on commission, but the gals in Impulse do not (unfortunately). So being extra kind to these ladies really goes a long way. Keep on shopping, John, and let me know if you have any other tips you’d like to send our way!! !Reply ↓Samy January 2, 2016 at 6:16 am Hi Nikki and John: You mentioned the 20% coupon. How do I get this coupon? Do you mean the the 20% off with your Macy’s card, or is it different? please educate me on that :). Thank you Reply ↓Jessica December 14, 2013 at 4:15 am What do you mean by split-tender your transaction? Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author December 15, 2013 at 9:53 am Hi Jessica, Essentially, I mean if you go to the register with 4 clearance items, see if you can get the cashier to separate your transactions. Get over the necessary $25 amount (or minimum amount to qualify for a coupon $ or % off) by as little as possible, then use a coupon. Then see if she’ll let you do it again, splitting your transactions up so you can use the coupon more than once. Does that make sense? I probably could’ve phrased that better.. Thanks for stopping by! Nikki Reply ↓kate July 10, 2013 at 7:34 am The Macy’s with the best selection is at Garden State Plaza which is always crowded so I stay away. It is a big store for them. I never pay full price either makes it more fun Reply ↓Nikki Post author July 11, 2013 at 9:12 pm It’s like a game! I love it! Try going early in the morning if you can. You will avoid the crowds a little this way. Reply ↓kate July 9, 2013 at 6:08 pm Nice article. Explains a lot about why there is a ck of help at the 3 Macys stores near me. All of which cater to a different demographic too. I don’t shop there much. I used too when it was A&SReply ↓Nikki Post author July 9, 2013 at 9:57 pm Thanks, Kate. Macy’s can be tough. In my experience, if you can find one that has a good Impulse section, it’s worth taking a peak at. But only during the One Day Sale and only to shop the clearance. It’s just not worth it to pay more! Good luck!Reply ↓terry October 28, 2014 at 4:34 pmon line some times are rip off. I went on line to purchase a Michael Kors hand bag on sale for 174.90 it said sold out but it is on line for the original price of 248.00 same bag same color what’s up with that…I went to lord and taylor friends and family and paid 185.00 on line the same day Reply ↓Nikki O'Toole Post author November 15, 2014 at 9:39 pm Shopping online can be tough. Just try to abide by my $30/75% off rule. Obviously it’s unlikely you’ll find authentic Michael Kors for $30, but you can at least abide by the second part of the rule (or close to it). Then hopefully you won’t have buyer’s remorse later on! I’ve been there!Reply ↓Leave a Reply
D2643432	http://www.worldatlas.com/na/pa/8/where-is-tocumen.html	Where is Tocumen, Panama?	Where is Tocumen, Panama? Location of Tocumen on a map. Tocumen is a city found in Panama, Panama. It is located 9.09 latitude and -79.38 longitude and it is situated at elevation 35 meters above sea level. Tocumen has a population of 88,543 making it the 3rd biggest city in Panama. It operates on the CMT time zone, which means that it follows the same time zone as Panama. Quick facts Country Panama Parish Panama Population 88,543Elevation 35 m over sea level Time Zone CMTLongitude -79.383100Latitude 9.089390Airport Tocumen International Airport Tocumen, Panama Zipcodes Trending on World Atlas The Most Dangerous Cities in the World The Largest Countries in the World The 10 Largest Cities in the World The 10 Smallest Countries In The World What is The Commonwealth? The Poorest Countries In The World29 Largest Armies In The World10 Countries With Largest Soybean Production10 States With The Largest African-American Populations This page was last updated on October 2, 2015.
D1379369	https://www.bbb.org/new-jersey/business-reviews/mortgage-bankers/phh-mortgage-corporation-in-mount-laurel-nj-80000976/	PHH Mortgage Corporation	Government Action Consent Order The following describes a government action that has been resolved by either a settlement or a decision by a court or administrative agency. If the matter is being appealed, it will be noted below. On 05/20/2015 the Minnesota Commissioner of Commerce Mike Rothman and PHH Mortage signed a Consent Cease and Desist Order . According to the Order, PHH Mortgage is to pay a civil penalty in the amount of $16,000. PHH Mortage will cease a... Read More Government Action Consent Order The following describes a government action that has been resolved by either a settlement or a decision by a court or administrative agency. If the matter is being appealed, it will be noted below. June 4, 2015, WASHINGTON, D. C. — Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) Director issued a decision in the first appeal of a Bureau administrative enforcement proceeding. The Director’s decision concludes that PHH Corp., a mortgage l ... Read More BBB Reason for Ratings BBB rating is based on 13 factors: Get the details about the factors considered. Factors that affect the rating for PHH Mortgage Corporation include: Government action (s) against the business BBB Reports On Licensing Advertising Review Government Actions Out of Business Misuse of Better Business Bureau Name/Logo Bankruptcy Mail Returned
D2330681	http://www.lenntech.com/aquatic/detergents.htm	Detergents occuring in freshwater	Detergents occuring in freshwater What happens when detergents get into freshwater ecosystems? Introduction Types of freshwater pollution Toxicity response Acids & alkalis Anions Gases Heat Metals Nutrients Organic pollution Pathogens Definitions What are detergents? Detergents are organic compounds, which have both polar and non-polar characteristics. They tend to exist at phase boundaries, where they are associated with both polar and non-polar media. Detergents are of three types: anionic, cationic, and non-ionic. Anionic and cationic have permanent negative or positive charges, attached to non-polar (hydrophobic) C-C chains. Non-ionic detergents have no such permanent charge; instead, they have a number of atoms which are weakly electropositive and electronegative. This is due to the electron-attracting power of oxygen atoms. There are two kinds of detergents with different characteristics: phosphate detergents and surfactant detergents. Detergents that contain phosphates are highly caustic, and surfactant detergents are very toxic. The differences are that surfactant detergents are used to enhance the wetting, foaming, dispersing and emulsifying properties of detergents. Phosphate detergents are used in detergents to soften hard water and help suspend dirt in water. What do we use them for? Detergents are very widely used in both industrial and domestic premises like soaps and detergents to wash vehicles. The major entry point into water is via sewage works into surface water. They are also used in pesticide formulations and for dispersing oil spills at sea. The degradation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (non-ionic) can lead to the formation of alkylphenols (particularly nonylphenols), which act as endocrine disruptors. High phosphate detergents such as tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) can be purchased at some paint and hardware stores. Regular cleaning with high phosphate detergents has proven to be effective in reducing lead dust. Lead dust accumulates in window wells and around doors or any other high friction surfaces. What occurs if detergents show up in freshwaters? Detergents can have poisonous effects in all types of aquatic life if they are present in sufficient quantities, and this includes the biodegradable detergents. All detergents destroy the external mucus layers that protect the fish from bacteria and parasites; plus they can cause severe damage to the gills. Most fish will die when detergent concentrations approach 15 parts per million. Detergent concentrations as low as 5 ppm will kill fish eggs. Surfactant detergents are implicated in decreasing the breeding ability of aquatic organisms. Detergents also add another problem for aquatic life by lowering the surface tension of the water. Organic chemicals such as pesticides and phenols are then much more easily absorbed by the fish. A detergent concentration of only 2 ppm can cause fish to absorb double the amount of chemicals they would normally absorb, although that concentration itself is not high enough to affect fish directly. Phosphates in detergents can lead to freshwater algal blooms that releases toxins and deplete oxygen in waterways. When the algae decompose, they use up the oxygen available for aquatic life. The main contributors to the toxicity of detergents were the sodium silicate solution and the surfactants-with the remainder of the components contributing very little to detergent toxicity. The potential for acute aquatic toxic effects due to the release of secondary or tertiary sewage effluents containing the breakdown products of laundry detergents may frequently be low. However, untreated or primary treated effluents containing detergents may pose a problem. Chronic and/or other sublethal effects that were not examined in this study may also pose a problem.

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