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D1555982 stringlengths 2 8	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071007114826AAwCFvR stringlengths 14 573	The hot glowing surfaces of stars emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.? stringlengths 1 39.2k ⌀	Science & Mathematics Physics The hot glowing surfaces of stars emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.? It is a good approximation to assume that the emissivity e is equal to 1 for these surfaces. Find the radius of the star Rigel, the bright blue star in the constellation Orion that radiates energy at a rate of 2.7 x 10^32 W and has a surface temperature of 11,000 K. Assume that the star is spherical. Use σ =... show more Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the energy flux by radiation is proportional to the forth power of the temperature: q = ε · σ · T^4 The total energy flux at a spherical surface of Radius R is Q = q·π·R² = ε·σ·T^4·π·R² Hence the radius is R = √ ( Q / (ε·σ·T^4·π) ) = √ ( 2.7x10+32 W / (1 · 5.67x10-8W/m²K^4 · (1100K)^4 · π) ) = 3.22x10+13 m Source (s):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_bolt...schmiso · 1 decade ago0 18 Comment Schmiso, you forgot a 4 in your answer. Your link even says it: L = 4pi (R^2)sigma (T^4). Using L, luminosity, as the energy in this problem, you can find the radius R by doing sqrt (L/ (4pisigma (T^4)). Hope this helps everyone. Caroline · 4 years ago4 1 Comment (Stefan-Boltzmann law) L = 4piR^2sigmaT^4 Solving for R we get: => R = (1/ (2T^2)) sqrt (L/ (pisigma)) Plugging in your values you should get: => R = (1/ (2 (11,000K)^2)) sqrt ( (2.710^32W)/ (pi (5.6710^-8 W/m^2K^4))) R = 1.609 10^11 m? · 3 years ago0 1 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Want to build a free website? Interested in dating sites? Need a Home Security Safe? How to order contacts online? stringlengths 2 1.32M ⌀
D2274067	http://www.fandango.com/megaplextheatresogdenthejunction_aavjw/theaterpage	Megaplex Theatres Ogden - The JunctionMovie Times + Tickets	Megaplex Theatres Ogden - The Junction Movie Times + Tickets2351 Kiesel Ave, Ogden, UT 84401 MAP (801) 528-5800Theater Amenities Reserved Seating Available Café, Digital Projection, Listening Devices, Stadium Seating, Wheelchair Accessible Age Policy X Age Policy Child Tickets: 3-11 years old. Children 2 and under are free unless occupying a seat. Senior Tickets: 60 and older. Children 5 and under will not be admitted into rated R movies at 6:00 pm Guests 16 and under will not be admitted into rated R movies without being accompanied by their legal guardian. We ID for rated R movies. Children 5 and under are not allowed in the VIP Theatre. Ticketing Options Ticket Kiosk Pick up your tickets at a self-service kiosk. Mobile Tickets Have your ticket sent straight to your mobile. 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D1912847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut	Kashrut	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"Kasher" redirects here. For people with this name, see Kasher (surname). It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Kosher. Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page. Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed. Part of a series on Judaism Movements [show]Philosophy [show]Texts [show]Law [show]Holy cities / places [show]Important figures [show]Religious roles [show]Culture and education [show]Ritual objects [show]Prayers [show]Major holidays [show]Other religions [show]Related topics [show]Judaism portalv t e Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, כַּשְׁרוּת ) is a set of Jewish religious dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakha (Jewish law) is termed kosher ( / ˈ k oʊ ʃ ər / in English, Yiddish: כּשר ), from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér ( כָּשֵׁר ), meaning "fit" (in this context, fit for consumption). Among the numerous laws that form part of kashrut are the prohibitions on the consumption of certain animals (such as pork, shellfish [both Mollusca and Crustacea ], and most insects, with the exception of certain species of kosher locusts ), mixtures of meat and milk, and the commandment to slaughter mammals and birds according to a process known as shechita. There are also laws regarding agricultural produce that might impact the suitability of food for consumption. Most of the basic laws of kashrut are derived from the Torah 's Books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Their details and practical application, however, are set down in the oral law (eventually codified in the Mishnah and Talmud) and elaborated on in the later rabbinical literature. Although the Torah does not state the rationale for most kashrut laws, some suggest that they are only tests for man's obedience, [1] while others have suggested philosophical, practical and hygienic reasons. [2]Over the past century, many rabbinical organizations have started to certify products, manufacturers, and restaurants as kosher, usually using a symbol (called a hechsher) to indicate their support. Currently, about a sixth of American Jews or 0.3% of the American population fully keep kosher, and there are many more who do not strictly follow all the rules but still abstain from some prohibited foods (especially pork). Contents [ hide ]1 Explanations1.1 Philosophical1.2 Medical2 Prohibited foods2.1 Permitted and forbidden animals2.2 Separation of meat and milk2.3 Kosher slaughter2.3.1 Preparation of meats2.4 Kosher utensils2.5 Passover laws2.6 Produce of the Land of Israel2.7 Vegetables2.8 Pareve foods2.9 Genetically modified foods3 Supervision and marketing3.1 Hashgacha3.2 Product labeling standards3.3 History of kosher supervision and marketing3.4 Legal usage3.5 Costs4 Society and culture4.1 Adherence4.2 Linguistics5 See also6 References7 Further reading8 External links Explanations [ edit]Philosophical [ edit]Jewish philosophy divides the 613 commandments (or mitzvot) into three groups—laws that have a rational explanation and would probably be enacted by most orderly societies ( mishpatim ), laws that are understood after being explained but would not be legislated without the Torah's command ( edot ), and laws that do not have a rational explanation ( chukim ). Some Jewish scholars say that kashrut should be categorized as laws for which there is no particular explanation, since the human mind is not always capable of understanding divine intentions. In this line of thinking, the dietary laws were given as a demonstration of God's authority, and man must obey without asking why. [3] However, Maimonides believed that Jews were permitted to seek out reasons for the laws of the Torah. [4]Some theologians have said that the laws of kashrut are symbolic in character: Kosher animals represent virtues, while non-kosher animals represent vices. The 1st century BCE Letter of Aristeas argues that the laws "have been given ... to awake pious thoughts and to form the character". [5] This view reappears in the work of the 19th century Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch. [6]The Torah prohibits "seething the kid (goat, sheep, calf) in its mother's milk". While the Bible does not provide a reason, it has been suggested that the practice was perceived as cruel and insensitive. [7] [8]Hasidic Judaism believes that everyday life is imbued with channels connecting with Divinity, the activation of which it sees as helping the Divine Presence to be drawn into the physical world; [9] Hasidism argues that the food laws are related to the way such channels, termed sparks of holiness, interact with various animals. These sparks of Holiness are released whenever a Jew manipulates any object for a holy reason (which includes eating); [10] however, not all animal products are capable of releasing their sparks of holiness. [11] The Hasidic argument is that animals are imbued with signs that reveal the release of these sparks, and the signs are expressed in the biblical categorization of ritually clean and ritually unclean. [12]According to Christian theologian Gordon J. Wenham, the purpose of kashrut was to help Jews maintain a distinct and separate existence from other peoples; he says that the effect of the laws was to prevent socialization and intermarriage with non-Jews, preventing Jewish identity from being diluted. [13] Wenham argued that since the impact of the food laws was a public affair, this would have enhanced Jewish attachment to them as a reminder of their distinct status as Jews. [13]Medical [ edit]There have been attempts to provide empirical support for the view that Jewish food laws have an overarching health benefit or purpose, one of the earliest being from Maimonides in his Guide for the Perplexed. In 1953, David Macht, an Orthodox Jew and proponent of the theory of biblical scientific foresight, conducted toxicity experiments on many kinds of animals and fish. [14] His experiment involved lupin seedlings being supplied with extracts from the meat of various animals; Macht reported that in 100% of cases, extracts from ritually unclean meat inhibited the seedling's growth more than that from ritually clean meats. [15] At the same time, these explanations are controversial. Scholar Lester L. Grabbe, writing in the Oxford Bible Commentary on Leviticus, says " [a]n explanation now almost universally rejected is that the laws in this section [16] have hygiene as their basis. Although some of the laws of ritual purity roughly correspond to modern ideas of physical cleanliness, many of them have little to do with hygiene. For example, there is no evidence that the 'unclean' animals are intrinsically bad to eat or to be avoided in a Mediterranean climate, as is sometimes asserted." [17]Prohibited foods [ edit]Main article: Kosher foods Kosher meal approved by the Beth din of Johannesburg The laws of kashrut can be classified according to the origin of the prohibition (Biblical or rabbinical) and whether the prohibition concerns the food itself or a mixture of foods. [18]Biblically prohibited foods include: [18]Non-kosher animals and birds: [19] [20] mammals require certain identifying characteristics ( cloven hooves and being ruminants ), while birds require a tradition that they can be consumed. Fish require scales and fins (thus excluding catfish, for instance). All invertebrates are non-kosher apart from certain types of locust, on which most communities lack a clear tradition. No reptiles or amphibians are kosher. Carrion ( nevelah ): meat from a kosher animal that has not been slaughtered according to the laws of shechita. This prohibition includes animals that have been slaughtered by non-Jews. [21]Injured ( terefah ): an animal with a significant defect or injury, such as a fractured bone or particular types of lung adhesions. Blood ( dam ): blood of kosher mammals and fowl is removed through salting, with special procedures for the liver, which is very rich in blood. Particular fats ( chelev ): particular parts of the abdominal fat of cattle, goats and sheep must be removed by a process called nikkur. The twisted nerve ( gid hanasheh ): the sciatic nerve, as according to Genesis 32:32 the patriarch Jacob 's was damaged when he fought with an angel, cannot be eaten and is removed by nikkur. Limb of a living animal ( ever min ha-chai ): [22] God forbade Noah and his descendants to consume a limb torn from a live animal. Hence, Jewish law considers this prohibition applicable even to non-Jews, [23] and therefore, a Jew may not give or sell such meat to a non-Jew. Untithed food ( tevel ): produce of the Land of Israel requires the removal of certain tithes, which in ancient times were given to the Kohanim (priests), Levites and the poor ( terumah, maaser rishon and maaser ani respectively) or taken to the Old City of Jerusalem to be eaten there ( maaser sheni ). Fruit during the first three years ( orlah ): according to Leviticus 19:23, [24] fruit from a tree in the first three years after planting cannot be consumed (both in the Land of Israel and the diaspora). This applies also to the fruit of the vine—grapes, and wine produced from them. [25]New grain ( chadash ): [26] the Bible prohibits newly grown grain (planted after Passover the previous year) until the second day of Passover; there is debate as to whether this law applies to grain grown outside the Land of Israel. Wine of libation ( yayin nesekh ): wine that may have been dedicated to idolatrous practices. Biblically prohibited mixtures include: [18]Mixtures of meat and milk [27] [28] [29] ( basar be-chalav ): this law derives from the broad interpretation of the commandment not to "cook a kid in its mother's milk"; [30] [31] [32] other non-kosher food may be used for other benefit (e.g. sold to non-Jews), but mixtures of meat and milk are prohibited even with regards to other benefit. [ citation needed]Plants grown together ( kilayim ): in the Land of Israel plants are to be grown separately and not in close proximity according to Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:9–11. A specific subdivision of this law is kil'ei ha-kerem, the prohibition of planting any grain or vegetable near a grapevine; this law applies to Jews throughout the world, and one may not derive benefit from the produce. Rabbinically prohibited foods include: [18]Non-Jewish milk ( chalav akum ): milk that may have an admixture of milk from non-kosher animals (see below for current views on this prohibition). Non-Jewish cheese ( gevinat akum ): cheese that may have been produced with non-kosher rennet. Non-Jewish wine ( stam yeinam ): wine that while not produced for idolatrous purposes may otherwise have been poured for such a purpose or alternatively when consumed will lead to intermarriage. Food cooked by a non-Jew ( bishul akum ): this law was enacted for concerns of intermarriage. Non-Jewish bread ( pat akum ): this law was enacted for concerns of intermarriage. Health risk ( sakanah ): certain foods and mixtures are considered a health risk, such as mixtures of fish and meat. Permitted and forbidden animals [ edit]Examples of cloven hooves in goats (upper left), pigs (lower left) and cattle (lower right). But horses lack cloven hooves (upper right). Further information: Unclean animal Only meat from particular species is permissible. Mammals that both chew their cud ( ruminate) and have cloven hooves can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the hyrax, and the hare because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded. [33] [34] [35] In 2008, a rabbinical ruling determined that giraffes and their milk are eligible to be considered kosher. The giraffe has both split hooves and chews its cud, characteristics of animals considered kosher. Findings from 2008 show that giraffe milk curdles, meeting kosher standards. Although kosher, the giraffe is not slaughtered today because the process would be very costly. Giraffes are difficult to restrain, and their use for food could cause the species to become endangered. [36] [37] [38]Non-kosher birds are listed outright [39] but the exact zoological references are disputed and some references refer to families of birds (24 are mentioned). The Mishnah [40] refers to four signs provided by the sages. [41] First, a dores (predatory bird) is not kosher. Additionally, kosher birds possess three physical characteristics: an extra toe in the back (which does not join the other toes in supporting the leg), a zefek ( crop ), and a korkoban ( gizzard) with a peelable lumen. However, individual Jews are barred from merely applying these regulations alone; an established tradition ( masorah) is necessary to allow birds to be consumed, even if it can be substantiated that they meet all four criteria. The only exception to this is turkey. There was a time when certain authorities considered the signs enough, so Jews started eating this bird without a masorah because it possesses all the signs ( simanim) in Hebrew. [42]Fish must have fins and scales to be kosher. [43] Shellfish and other non-fish water animals fauna are not kosher. [44] Here is a list of kosher species of fish. Insects are not kosher, except for certain species of kosher locust. [45] Generally, any animal that eats other animals, whether they kill their food or eat carrion, [46] is not kosher, as well as any animal that has been partially eaten by other animals. [47]Class Forbidden kinds Mammals Carnivores; animals that do not chew the cud (e.g., the pig ); animals that do not have cloven hooves (e.g., the camel, the hare, the horse and the hyrax)Birds Birds of prey; scavengers Reptiles and amphibians All Water animals All non-fish. Among fish, all those that do not have both fins and scales Insects All, except grasshoppers, and a particular type of locust that, according to most, cannot be identified today Separation of meat and milk [ edit]Main article: Milk and meat in Jewish law Meat and milk (or derivatives) cannot be mixed [48] in the sense that meat and dairy products are not served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together. Observant Jews have separate sets of dishes, and sometimes different kitchens, for meat and milk, and wait anywhere between one and six hours after eating meat before consuming milk products. [49] The milchig and fleishig (lit. milky and meaty) utensils and dishes are the commonly referred to Yiddish delineations between dairy and meat ones, respectively. [50]Kosher slaughter [ edit]Main article: Shechita A 15th-century depiction of shechita Mammals and fowl must be slaughtered by a trained individual (a shochet) using a special method of slaughter, shechita. [51] Among other features, shechita slaughter severs the jugular vein, carotid artery, esophagus, and trachea in a single continuous cutting movement with an unserrated, sharp knife. Failure of any of these criteria renders the meat of the animal unsuitable. The body must be checked after slaughter to confirm that the animal had no medical condition or defect that would have caused it to die of its own accord within a year, which would make the meat unsuitable. [52] These conditions ( treifot) include 70 different categories of injuries, diseases, and abnormalities whose presence renders the animal non-kosher. It is forbidden to consume certain parts of the animal, such as certain fats ( chelev) and the sciatic nerves from the legs, the process of excision being done by experts before the meat is sold. As much blood as possible must be removed [53] through the kashering process; this is usually done through soaking and salting the meat, but the liver, as it is rich in blood, is grilled over an open flame. [54] Fish (and kosher locusts, for those who follow the traditions permitting them) must be killed before being eaten, but no particular method has been specified in Jewish law. [55] [56]Legal aspects of ritual slaughter are governed not only by Jewish law but civil law as well. Preparation of meats [ edit]When an animal is ritually slaughtered ( shechted) the raw meat is traditionally cut, rinsed and salted, prior to cooking. Salting of raw meat draws out the blood that lodges on the inner surface of the meat. Salting is made with any coarse grain of salt, while the meat is laid over a grating or colander to allow for drainage, and where the salt is allowed to remain on the meat for the duration of time that it takes to walk one biblical mile [57] (appx. 18– 24 minutes). Afterwards, the residue of salt is rinsed away with water, and the meat cooked. Meat that is roasted requires no prior salting, as fire acts as a natural purgatory of blood. A late Commentary on the Shulchan Arukh known as the Taz ( Turei Zahav ), on Yoreh De'ah 69:5:16, writes that the pieces of meat can be "very thick" when salting. [58] The Yemenite Jewish practice, however, follows Rabbi Saadiah Gaon who required that the meat not be larger than half a "rotal" (i.e. ca. 216 grams) when salting. [59] This allows the effects of the salt to penetrate. Some Orthodox Jewish communities require the additional stricture of submersing raw meat in boiling water prior to cooking it, a practice known as ḥaliṭah ( Hebrew: חליטה ), “blanching.” [60] This was believed to constrict the blood lodged within the meat, to prevent its oozing out when it is eaten. The raw meat is left in the pot of boiling water for as long as it takes for the meat to whiten on its outer layer. If someone wanted to use the water for soup after making ḥaliṭah in the same pot, he simply scoops out the film, froth and scum that surface in the boiling water. Ḥaliṭah is not required when roasting meat over a fire, as the fire constricts the blood. Kosher utensils [ edit]Kosher dairy dishes from the 19th century in the Jewish Museum, Berlin. Utensils used for non-kosher foods become non-kosher, and make even otherwise kosher food prepared with them non-kosher. Some such utensils, depending on the material they are made from, can be made suitable for preparing kosher food again by immersion in boiling water or by the application of a blowtorch. Food prepared in a manner that violates the Shabbat (Sabbath) may not be eaten; although in certain instances it is permitted after the Shabbat is over. [61]Passover laws [ edit]Label on bottle of orange juice certifying that it is kosher for Passover. Passover has special dietary rules, the most important of which is the prohibition on eating leavened bread or derivatives of this, which are known as chametz. This prohibition is derived from Exodus 12:15. [62] Utensils used in preparing and serving chametz are also forbidden on Passover unless they have been ritually cleansed ( kashered ). [63] Observant Jews often keep separate sets of meat and dairy utensils for Passover use only. In addition, some groups follow various eating restrictions on Passover that go beyond the rules of kashrut, such as not eating gebrochts [64] or garlic. [65]Produce of the Land of Israel [ edit]Biblical rules also control the use of agriculture produce. [ vague] [ citation needed] For produce grown in the Land of Israel a modified version of the biblical tithes must be applied, including Terumat Ha Maaser, Maaser Rishon, Maaser Sheni, and Maaser Ani (untithed produce is called tevel ); the fruit of the first three years of a tree's growth or replanting are forbidden for eating or any other use as orlah; [66] produce grown in the Land of Israel on the seventh year obtains k'dushat shvi'it, and unless managed carefully is forbidden as a violation of the Shmita (Sabbatical Year). Some rules of kashrut are subject to different rabbinical opinions. For example, many hold that the rule against eating chadash (new grain) before the 16th of the month Nisan does not apply outside the Land of Israel. [67]Vegetables [ edit]Many vegetarian restaurants and producers of vegetarian foods acquire a hechsher, certifying that a Rabbinical organization has approved their products as being kosher. The hechsher usually certifies that certain vegetables have been checked for insect infestation and steps have been taken to ensure that cooked food meets the requirements of bishul Yisrael. [68] Vegetables such as spinach and cauliflower must be checked for insect infestation. The proper procedure for inspecting and cleaning varies by species, growing conditions, and views of individual rabbis. [69]Pareve foods [ edit]Some processes convert a meat or dairy product into a pareve (neither meat nor dairy) one. For example, rennet is sometimes made from stomach linings, yet is acceptable for making kosher cheese, [70] but such cheeses might not be acceptable to some vegetarians, who would eat only cheese made from a vegetarian rennet. The same applies to kosher gelatin, an animal product, derived from kosher animal sources. Other gelatin-like products from non-animal sources such as agar agar and carrageenan are pareve by nature. Fish gelatin is derived from fish and is therefore (like all kosher fish products) pareve. Eggs are also considered pareve despite being an animal product. [71]Kashrut has procedures by which equipment can be cleaned of its previous non-kosher use, but that might be inadequate for those with allergies, vegetarians, or adherents to other religious statutes. For example, dairy manufacturing equipment can be cleaned well enough that the rabbis grant pareve status to products manufactured with it. Nevertheless, someone with a strong allergic sensitivity to dairy products might still react to the dairy residue, and that is why some products that are legitimately pareve carry "milk" warnings. [72]Genetically modified foods [ edit]With the advent of genetic engineering, a whole new type of food has been brought into the world, and scholars in both academia and Judaic faith have differing viewpoints on whether these new strains of foods are to be considered kosher or not. The first genetically modified animal approved by the FDA for human consumption is the Aqu Advantage salmon, and while salmon is normally an acceptably kosher food, this modified organism has a gene from a nonkosher organism. Some put forth that this intermixing of species is against the teachings of the Talmud and thus against Jewish Law and nonkosher. Others argue that the one in sixty parts law of kashrut is of significance, and that the foreign gene accounts for the less than 1/60 of the animal and thus the modified salmon is kosher. [73]Supervision and marketing [ edit]Hashgacha [ edit]A cocoon found among barleycorns in a commercially available bag of barley. Foods such as seeds, nuts and vegetables need to be checked to avoid eating insects. Certain foods must be prepared in whole or in part by Jews. This includes grape wine, [74] certain cooked foods ( bishul akum ), [75] cheese ( g'vinat akum ), and according to some also butter ( chem'at akum ); [76] dairy products (Hebrew: חלב ישראל chalav Yisrael "milk of Israel"); [76] [77] and bread ( Pas Yisroel ). [78]Product labeling standards [ edit]The circled U indicates that this product is certified as kosher by the Orthodox Union (OU). The word "pareve" indicates that this product contains neither milk- nor meat-derived ingredients Kosher Mc Donald's in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Further information: Hechsher Although reading the label of food products can identify obviously non-kosher ingredients, some countries allow manufacturers to omit identification of certain ingredients. Such "hidden" ingredients may include lubricants and flavorings, among other additives; in some cases, for instance, the use of natural flavorings, these ingredients are more likely to be derived from non-kosher substances. [79] Furthermore, certain products, such as fish, have a high rate of mislabeling, which may result in a non-kosher fish being sold in a package labeled as a species of kosher fish. [80]Producers of foods and food additives can contact Jewish religious authorities to have their products certified as kosher: this involves a visit to the manufacturing facilities by an individual rabbi or a committee from a rabbinic organization, who will inspect the production methods and contents, and if everything is sufficiently kosher a certificate would be issued. [81]Manufacturers sometimes identify the products that have received such certification by adding particular graphical symbols to the label. These symbols are known in Judaism as hechsherim. [82] Due to differences in kashrut standards held by different organizations, the hechsheirim of certain Jewish authorities may at times be considered invalid by other Jewish authorities. [83] The certification marks of the various rabbis and organisations are too numerous to list, but one of the most commonly used in the United States of America is that of the Union of Orthodox Congregations, who use a U inside a circle ("O-U"), symbolising the initials of Orthodox Union. In Britain, a commonly used symbol is the "KLBD" logo of the London Beth Din. [ citation needed] A single K is sometimes used as a symbol for kosher, but since many countries do not allow letters to be trademarked (the method by which other symbols are protected from misuse), it only indicates that the company producing the product claims that it is kosher. [84]Many of the certification symbols are accompanied by additional letters or words to indicate the category of the product, according to Jewish law; [84] the categorisation may conflict with legal classifications, especially in the case of food that Jewish law regards as dairy, but legal classification does not. D—Dairy DE—Dairy equipment M— Meat, including poultry Pareve—Food that is neither meat nor dairy Fish P— Passover -related ( P is not used for Pareve)In many cases constant supervision is required because, for various reasons, such as changes in manufacturing processes, products that once were kosher may cease to be so. For example, a kosher lubricating oil may be replaced by one containing tallow, which many rabbinic authorities view as non-kosher. Such changes are often co-ordinated with the supervising rabbi, or supervising organisation, to ensure that new packaging does not suggest any hechsher or kashrut. In some cases, however, existing stocks of pre-printed labels with the hechsher may continue to be used on the now non-kosher product. An active grapevine among the Jewish community discusses which products are now questionable, as well as products which have become kosher but whose labels have yet to carry the hechsher. Some newspapers and periodicals also discuss kashrut products. [85]Products labeled kosher-style are non-kosher products that have characteristics of kosher foods, such as all-beef hot dogs, [86] or are flavored or prepared in a manner consistent with Ashkenazi practices, like dill pickles. [87] The designation usually refers to delicatessen items. History of kosher supervision and marketing [ edit]Food producers often look to expand their markets or marketing potential, and offering kosher food has become a way to do that. The uniqueness of kosher food was advertised as early as 1849. [88] In 1911 Procter & Gamble became the first company to advertise one of their products, Crisco, as kosher. [89] Over the next two decades, companies such as Lender's Bagels, Maxwell House, Manischewitz, and Empire evolved and gave the kosher market more shelf-space. In the 1960s, Hebrew National hotdogs launched a "we answer to a higher authority" campaign to appeal to Jews and non-Jews alike. From that point on, "kosher" became a symbol for both quality and value. The kosher market quickly expanded, and with it more opportunities for kosher products. Menachem Lubinsky, founder of the Kosherfest trade fair, estimates as many as 14 million kosher consumers and $40 billion in sales of kosher products in the USA. [90]In 2014 the Israeli Defense Forces decided to allow female kosher supervisors to work in its kitchens on military bases, and the first women kosher inspectors were certified in Israel. [91] [92]Legal usage [ edit]Main article: Civil laws regarding Kashrut Advertising standards laws in many [ quantify] jurisdictions prohibit the use of the phrase kosher in a product's labelling unless the producer can show that the product conforms to Jewish dietary laws; however, different jurisdictions often define the legal qualifications for conforming to Jewish dietary laws differently. For example, in some places the law may require that a rabbi certify the kashrut nature, in others the rules of kosher are fully defined in law, and in others still it is sufficient that the manufacturer only believes that the product complies with Jewish dietary regulations. In several cases, laws restricting the use of the term kosher have later been determined to be illegal religious interference. [93]Costs [ edit]In the United States the cost of certification for mass-produced items is typically minuscule, [94] [95] and is usually more than offset by the advantages of being certified. [95] In 1975 The New York Times estimated the cost per item for obtaining kosher certification at 6.5 millionths of a cent ($0.000000065) per item for a General Foods frozen-food item. [96] According to a 2005 report by Burns & Mc Donnell, most US national certifying agencies are non-profit, only charging for supervision and on-site work, for which the on-site supervisor "typically makes less per visit than an auto mechanic does per hour". However, re-engineering an existing manufacturing process can be costly. [97] Certification usually leads to increased revenues by opening up additional markets to Jews who keep kosher, Muslims who keep halal, Seventh-day Adventists who keep the main laws of Kosher Diet, vegetarians, and the lactose-intolerant who wish to avoid dairy products (products that are reliably certified as pareve meet this criterion). [96] [98] [99] [100] According to the Orthodox Union, one of the largest kashrut organizations in the United States, "when positioned next to a competing non-kosher brand, a kosher product will do better by 20%". [101]In some European communities there is a special tax imposed [ by whom?] on the purchase of kosher meat to help support the community's educational institutions. [ dubious – discuss] [102] In 2009 delegates at a meeting of the Rabbinical Council of Europe broadly agreed that the tax which supports the rabbinate, mikvo’os and other communal facilities should be reduced. "While the supermarket Tesco sells a whole chicken for £2, its kosher counterpart of similar weight costs five to six times more." [103]Society and culture [ edit]Adherence [ edit]A 2013 survey found that 22% of American Jews surveyed claimed to keep kosher in the home. [104] Many Jews observe kashrut partially, by abstaining from pork or shellfish, or by not drinking milk with a meat dish. Some keep kosher at home but will eat in a non-kosher restaurant. In 2012, one analysis of the specialty food market in North America estimated that only 15% of kosher consumers were Jewish. [105] A sizable non-Jewish segment of the population views kosher certification as an indication of wholesomeness. Muslims, Hindus, and people with allergies to dairy foods often consider the kosher-pareve designation as an assurance that a food contains no animal-derived ingredients, including milk and all of its derivatives. [106] However, since kosher-pareve foods may contain honey, eggs, or fish, strict vegetarians cannot rely on the certification. [107] [108]Linguistics [ edit]In Ancient Hebrew Kosher ( Hebrew: כשר ) means be advantageous, proper, suitable, or succeed [109] according to the Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. In Modern Hebrew, it generally refers to kashrut but it can also sometimes mean "proper". For example, the Babylonian Talmud uses kosher in the sense of virtuous, when referring to Darius I as a "kosher king"; Darius, a Persian King, assisted in building the Second Temple. [110] In English, kosher often means legitimate, acceptable, permissible, genuine, or authentic. [111] [112] [112] [113]The word kosher is also part of some common product names. Sometimes it is used as an abbreviation of koshering, meaning the process for making something kosher; for example, kosher salt is a form of salt with irregularly shaped crystals, making it particularly suitable for preparing meat according to the rules of kashrut, because the increased surface area of the crystals absorbs blood more effectively. [114] At other times it is used as a synonym for Jewish tradition; for example, a kosher dill pickle is simply a pickle made in the traditional manner of Jewish New York City pickle makers, using a generous addition of garlic to the brine, [115] and is not necessarily compliant with the traditional Jewish food laws. [113]See also [ edit]Judaism portal Animal rights portal Christian dietary laws Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws Eco-Kashrut Hindu dietary laws Hechsher Islamic dietary laws Jhatka Jewish cuisine Kosher certification agency Kosher foods Kosher tax Sabbath food preparation Shechita Terefah Treef Treif Unclean animal References [ edit]^ Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed (ed. M. Friedländer), Part III (chapter 26), New York 1956, p. 311^ Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed (ed. M. Friedländer), Part III (chapter 48), New York 1956, p. 371^ "William H. Shea, Clean and Unclean Meats, Biblical Research Institute". Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2016., December 1998 (archived from the original Archived 2008-10-03 at the Wayback Machine . )^ Mishneh Torah Korbanot, Temurah 4:13 (in eds. Frankel; "Rambam L'Am")^ Letter of Aristeas, 145–154^ "Dietary Laws". Encyclopedia Judaica. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House. 1971.^ Gottlieb, Roger S. (2006). The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology. Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 45. ISBN 0-19-517872-6. Retrieved October 18, 2012. quoting Deuteronomy Rabbah 6:1^ Chill, Abraham (1974). The mitzvot: the commandments and their rationale. Bloch Publishing Company. p. 114. ISBN 0-8197-0376-1.^ Schneersohn, Yosef Yitzchak. "The Chassidic Masters on Food and Eating". Chabad.org. Retrieved April 10, 2013.^ Tauber, Yanki. "Meat". Chabad.org. Retrieved April 10, 2013.^ Borukhovich, Shneur Zalman. "The Tanya Chapter 8". Chabad.org. Retrieved April 10, 2013.^ Re'eh at the Wayback Machine (archived August 29, 2007), rabbifriedman.org (archived from the original on August 29, 2007).^ a b Gordon J. Wenham, The Theology of Unclean Food, The Evangelical Quarterly 53, January March 1981, pp.6–15^ Macht, David I. (September–October 1953). "An Experimental Pharmalogical Appreciation of Leviticus XI and Deuteronomy XIV" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Medicine. XXXVII (5): 444–450. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2007-06-30.^ Macht 1953 op. cit.^ Leviticus 11–15^ The Oxford Bible Commentary, eds. J. Barton and J. Muddiman. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001: 99.^ a b c d Forst, Binyomin (1994). The laws of kashrus: a comprehensive exposition of their underlying concepts and applications. Brooklyn, N. Y: Mesorah Publications. pp. 32–49. ISBN 0-89906-103-6.^ Leviticus 11:3–8^ Deuteronomy 14:3–21^ Babylonian Talmud, Hullin 13a (on Mishnah Hullin 1:1).^ Genesis 9:4^ Doron-spalter, Pinchos (2008). Major Concepts of the Talmud: An Encyclopedic Resource Guide, Volume 1. Targum Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-56871-465-3. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ Leviticus 19:23^ Blech, Zushe Yosef (January 27, 2009). Kosher Food Production. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-8138-2093-4.^ Leviticus 23:14^ Exodus 23:19^ Exodus 34:26^ Deuteronomy 14:21^ Exodus 23:19^ Exodus 34:26^ Deuteronomy 14:21^ Leviticus 11:3–8^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 79^ For a comprehensive review of the issue involving the difficulty that neither the hyrax nor the hare are ruminants, see Slifkin, Rabbi Nosson (2004). The Camel, the Hare & the Hyrax: A Study of the Laws of Animals with One Kosher Sign in Light of Modern Zoology (illustrated ed.). Zoo Torah in association with Targum/Feldheim. ISBN 978-1-56871-312-0..^ Butcher, Tim (June 6, 2008). "Giraffe is kosher, rabbis rule in Israel". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 10, 2013.^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 82:1–5^ Zivotofsky, Ari Z. "What's the Truth About Giraffe Meat!". Kashrut.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2013.^ Deuteronomy 14:12–18^ Bavli Chullin 3:22–23^ Zivotofsky, Ari Z. "Is Turkey Kosher?, part 2". Kashrut.com. Retrieved May 22, 2013.^ Zivotofsky, Ari Z. "Is Turkey Kosher?, part 3". Kashrut.com. Retrieved May 22, 2013.^ Leviticus 11:9–12^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 83 and 84^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 85^ Leviticus 11:13–31^ Exodus 22:30-31^ "What Does Kosher Mean? - section 2.4". koshercertification.org.uk.^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 87 et seq^ "Kashrut: Jewish Dietary Laws". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved May 22, 2013.^ Deuteronomy 12:21^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 1–65^ Leviticus 17:10^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 66–78^ "ABCs of Kosher". Aish Ha Torah. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ "Locusts Go Biblical – But Are They Kosher?". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ Shulhan Arukh, Yoreh De'a h § 69:6; ibid., § 69:16–19^ Shulhan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah, § 69:5^ Rabbi Isaac Alfasi on Tractate Ḥullin (ed. Yosef Qafih), chapter Kol ha Basar, Jerusalem 1960, p. 98.^ Maimonides, Mishne Torah ( Hil. Ma'achaloth Asuroth 6:10); cf. Babylonian Talmud, Hullin 111a.^ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim, 318:1^ Exodus 12:15^ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim, 431–452^ Brenner, Bayla Sheva. "Keeping Up with Passover Trenditions". OUKosher.org. Orthodox Union. Retrieved May 22, 2013.^ Davidson, Baruch S. "Which vegetables may be eaten on Passover?". Chabad.org. Retrieved May 22, 2013.^ Heinemann, Moshe. "Terumos and Ma'asros". Star-K. Retrieved April 10, 2013.^ Posner, Menachem. "What is "Yashan"?". Chabad.org. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ Posner, Eliezer. "Are vegan restaurants automatically kosher?". Chabad.org. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ "Why Check for Insects?". Star-K. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ The rennet must be kosher, either microbial or from special productions of animal rennet using kosher calf stomachs. Oukosher.org Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine ., Retrieved August 10, 2005.^ "Meat, Dairy and Pareve". OK Kosher Certification. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ "Kosher Consumer Misconsumptions". Star-K. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/2011-2020/nevins-gmos.pdf^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 114^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 113^ a b Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 115^ Many rely on lenient rulings by Rabbi Moshe Feinstein in Teshuvot Igrot Moshe, Yoreh De'ah 1:47 and other 20th century rabbinic authorities who rule that strict government supervision prevents the admixture of non-kosher milk, making supervision unnecessary. See also Rabbi Chaim Jachter. "Chalav Yisrael – Part I: Rav Soloveitchik's View". Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved December 2, 2007.^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 112, Orach Chayim 603^ "What foods are kosher?". Oxford Chabad Society. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ Rosenthal, Elizabeth (May 26, 2011). "Tests Reveal Mislabeling of Fish". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2013.^ "How to choose a kosher certification". Kashrut.com. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ "About this web-site". Hechshers.info. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ "Kosher Certification". Chabad .org. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ a b "Glossary of Kosher Terms". Kosherfest. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ "Kosher Supervision". OK Kosher Certification. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ Zeldes, Leah A. (July 8, 2010). "Know your wiener!". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Retrieved July 31, 2010.^ Zeldes, Leah A. (July 20, 2010). "Origins of neon relish and other Chicago hot dog conundrums". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Retrieved July 31, 2010.^ "Early mention of kosher". Public Ledger. 1849-03-15. p. 2. Retrieved 2017-05-12 – via Newspapers.com.^ Heinze, Andrew R. (1 August 1992). Adapting to Abundance: Jewish Immigrants, Mass Consumption, and the Search for American Identity. Columbia University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-231-06853-6. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ "The History of Kosher". Kosherfest. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ "IDF To Allow Female Kosher Supervisors To Work on Military Bases". The Jewish Daily Forward. 9 January 2014.^ "First women kashrut inspectors certified in Israel - San Diego Jewish World". San Diego Jewish World.^ Popovsky, Mark. "The Constitutional Complexity of Kosher Food Laws" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2013.^ Mikkelson, Barbara (May 24, 2002). "The Kosher Nostra". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Retrieved 2006-10-23.^ a b Brunvand, Jan Harold (November 2002) [2001]. "The Jewish Secret Tax". Encyclopedia of urban legends (Reprint ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 222–223. ISBN 0-393-32358-7. LCCN 2001000883.^ a b "The "Kosher Tax" Hoax: Anti-Semitic Recipe for Hate". Anti-Defamation League. January 1991. Archived from the original on 2006-10-23. Retrieved 2006-10-23.^ Morris, Lisa; Hays, Jim; York, Elaine (2005). "Obtaining Kosher Certification: The Engineering Implications for Food Processing" (PDF). TECHBriefs. Burns & Mc Donnell. 2005 (3): 1–3. Retrieved October 13, 2014.^ Luban, Yaakov. "The "Kosher Tax" Fraud". Orthodox Union. Retrieved 2006-10-23.^ "Dispelling a rumor - there is no kosher tax or Jewish tax". Boycott Watch. December 22, 2003. Retrieved 2006-10-24.^ Levenson, Barry M. (2001). Habeas Codfish: Reflections on Food and the Law. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 188. ISBN 0-299-17510-3. Adherents to other faiths, including Moslems and Seventh-Day Adventists, look to kosher certification for a variety of reasons (including making sure the product is pork free).^ "Why Go Kosher". Orthodox Union. 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.^ Wagner, Matthew (November 5, 2009). "High costs discourage europeans from keeping kosher". Jewish Weekly.^ Gold, Asher (October 29, 2009). "Brussels call for lower kosher tax" (PDF). Rabbinical Center of Europe.^ "A Portrait of Jewish Americans: Chapter 4: Religious Beliefs and Practices". Pew Forum. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.^ "The Specialty Food Market in North America". Market Information. Agri-Food Trade Service, Canada. March 2012.^ "Who Eats Kosher? Do You Have to Be Jewish to Eat Kosher?". Kosher Directory. Retrieved March 14, 2013.^ "Most Frequently Asked Questions". The Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved October 17, 2013.^ "What about kosher symbols?". PETA. Retrieved October 17, 2013.^ "A Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament" (PDF). Palmer Theological Seminary.^ Tractate Rosh Hashanah 3b, Schottenstein Edition, Mesorah Publications Ltd.^ Eric Partridge; Tom Dalzell; Terry Victor (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: Volume 2, J-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 388. ISBN 0-415-25938-X.^ a b B. A. Phythian (1976). A concise dictionary of English slang and colloquialisms. The Writer, Inc. p. 110. ISBN 0-87116-099-4. Kosher Genuine. Fair. Acceptable.^ a b Rich, Tracy. "Kashrut: Jewish Dietary Laws". Jewfaq.org. Retrieved March 14, 2013.^ "Kosher Salt". Archived from the original on 2015-12-30.^ Bowen, Dana; Ralph, Nancy. "FROM PICKLE DAY EXHIBITS: What is a Pickle?". New York Food Museum. Retrieved March 14, 2013. Further reading [ edit]Samuel H. Dresner; Seymour Siegel; David M. Pollock (1982). The Jewish Dietary Laws. United Synagogue Book Service. ISBN 978-0-8381-2105-4. Isidor Grunfeld (1982). The Jewish Dietary Laws: Dietary laws regarding plants and vegetables, with particular reference to the produce of the Holy Land. ISBN 0-900689-22-6. Isaac Klein, A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice, JTSA, 1992David C. Kraemer, Jewish Eating and Identity Throughout the Ages, Routledge, 2008James M. Lebeau, The Jewish Dietary Laws: Sanctify Life, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, New York, 1983Yacov Lipschutz, Kashruth: A Comprehensive Background and Reference Guide to the Principles of Kashruth. New York: Mesorah Publications Ltd, 1989Jordan D. Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Jordan D. Rosenblum (2010-05-17). Food and Identity in Early Rabbinic Judaism. ISBN 978-0-521-19598-0. External links [ edit]Find more about Kashrut at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Chabad.org: Kosher Kashrut.com Spanish Kosher OU Kosher [ show]v t e Kashrut [ show]v t e Human diets [ show]v t e Jews and Judaism Authority control LCCN: sh85070383 GND: 4308794-2 SUDOC: 027595463 BNF: cb11960155n (data)Categories: Kashrut Ritual slaughter
D1568428	https://movieaccidents.wordpress.com/2012/12/01/the-lord-of-the-rings-memorable-accidents/	The Lord of the Rings: Memorable Accidents	The Lord of the Rings: Memorable Accidents The Lord of the Rings, perhaps the most successful trilogy of its time, first appeared on screen in 2001. Packed with countless action scenes and special effects, The Lord of the Rings serves as an excellent source of entertainment for many. Although no fatal accidents occurred during the filming of this movie, many of the actors experienced painful injuries that perhaps made the filming of this movie even more memorable for them. During The Fellowship of the Ring, there were many on set injuries. One of these accidents occurred while filming a fight scene, where Viggo Mortensen (Aragorn) lost a tooth. During his lunch break, Mortensen went to the dentist to get his tooth fixed up, and resumed working on the film later that day. Another accident occurred in the scene that details Gandalf’s visit to Bilbo and his hobbit house. Ian Mckellan, who plays Gandalf, accidentally banged his head on the ceiling, but played it off so well that this mishap was actually included in the movie. While filming The Two Towers, Orlando Bloom (Legolas) suffered a few broken ribs after being thrown off a horse. Brett Beattie (Gimli’s scale double) somehow injured his knee, while Mortensen broke his tow in an earlier scene after kicking a steel helmet. While still recovering from injuries, all three actors later filmed a scene that detailed them running after the Orcs, but because they appreciated the art of the film, they decided to continue work regardless of their pain. For Bloom, however, on set injury is just a part of the job. Bloom has broken almost every bone in his body thanks to his audacious childhood and acting career. Some of these injuries include having cracked his skull three times, breaking his back after falling off a roof, receiving broken ribs due to falling off a horse, and breaking his nose and both of his legs, among other injuries. Many scenes throughout this trilogy presented challenges to the stunt coordinator, George Ruge, which includes the scene for the Battle of Helm’s Deep in The Two Towers . The primary challenge of this shoot was to make the scene as realistic as possible while still keeping it safe for the actors. This was extremely difficult for Ruge because it was often raining and the set was built into a rock quarry. All of the filming was done at night, and according to Ruge, most of the actors received a sprained ankle here and there, or a few cuts, which was hard to avoid considering the location and intense fighting scenes. LOTR: Orlando cracks his rib & Viggo breaks his toes Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 6:39Text Sources:http://www.theorlandobloomfiles.com/articles/now03jan.htmlhttp://www.lotrspoofs.net/trivia.html#tttaccidentshttp://www.lordoftherings.net/legend/lands/helmsdeep/stunt.html Picture Sourceshttp://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/film/story/2008/09/26/tolkien-lawsuit.htmlhttp://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2012/04/18/lord_of_the_rings_battle_named_top_raihttp://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/gallery-e6frex89-1111119644444?page=1Advertisements Share this: Twitter Facebook Loading...~ by Morgan Kristine on December 1, 2012. Posted in Uncategorized
D1960917	https://www.drugs.com/cdi/carbamide-peroxide-solution.html	Carbamide Peroxide Otic Solution	Carbamide Peroxide Otic Solution Generic Name: Carbamide Peroxide Otic Solution (CAR bah mide per ox ide) Brand Name: Auro, Debrox Medically reviewed: April 4, 2018Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Pregnancy Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews More Support Group Q & APricing & Coupons Uses of Carbamide Peroxide Otic Solution: It is used to soften earwax so it may be taken out. What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Carbamide Peroxide Otic Solution? If you have an allergy to carbamide peroxide or any other part of carbamide peroxide otic solution. If you are allergic to any drugs like this one, any other drugs, foods, or other substances. Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had, like rash; hives; itching; shortness of breath; wheezing; cough; swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat; or any other signs. If you are dizzy or if you have had recent ear surgery . If you have any of these health problems: Ear drainage, ear pain, a hole in the eardrum, or a rash in the ear. This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with carbamide peroxide otic solution. Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems. You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take carbamide peroxide otic solution with all of your drugs and health problems. Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor. Slideshow Prednisone: 12 Things You Should Know What are some things I need to know or do while I take Carbamide Peroxide Otic Solution? Tell all of your health care providers that you take carbamide peroxide otic solution. This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists. Do not use longer than you have been told by the doctor. This medicine may cause harm if swallowed. If carbamide peroxide otic solution is swallowed, call a doctor or poison control center right away. Talk with the doctor before using the ear drops in a child younger than 12 years of age. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant. You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using carbamide peroxide otic solution while you are pregnant. Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding. You will need to talk about any risks to your baby. How is this medicine (Carbamide Peroxide Otic Solution) best taken? Use carbamide peroxide otic solution as ordered by your doctor. Read all information given to you. Follow all instructions closely. Follow how to use as you have been told by the doctor or read the package insert. For the ear only. Wash your hands before and after use. Lie on your side with problem ear up. Pull the outer ear outward and upward. Put drops in ear without touching dropper to ear. Stay on side for 2 minutes or put cotton plug in ear. What do I do if I miss a dose? If you use carbamide peroxide otic solution on a regular basis, put on a missed dose as soon as you think about it. If it is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time. Do not use 2 doses at the same time or extra doses. Many times carbamide peroxide otic solution is used on an as needed basis. Do not use more often than told by the doctor. See also: Dosage Information (in more detail)What are some side effects that I need to call my doctor about right away? WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your doctor or get medical help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect: Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat. Very bad irritation where carbamide peroxide otic solution is used. What are some other side effects of Carbamide Peroxide Otic Solution? All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother you or do not go away: Irritation where carbamide peroxide otic solution is used. These are not all of the side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, call your doctor. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects at http://www.fda.gov/medwatch. See also: Side effects (in more detail)If OVERDOSE is suspected: If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was taken, how much, and when it happened. How do I store and/or throw out Carbamide Peroxide Otic Solution? Store at room temperature. Store in the carton to protect from light. Protect from heat. Put the cap back on after you are done using your dose. Keep all drugs in a safe place. Keep all drugs out of the reach of children and pets. Throw away unused or expired drugs. Do not flush down a toilet or pour down a drain unless you are told to do so. Check with your pharmacist if you have questions about the best way to throw out drugs. There may be drug take-back programs in your area. Consumer Information Use and Disclaimer If your symptoms or health problems do not get better or if they become worse, call your doctor. Do not share your drugs with others and do not take anyone else's drugs. Keep a list of all your drugs (prescription, natural products, vitamins, OTC) with you. Give this list to your doctor. Talk with the doctor before starting any new drug, including prescription or OTC, natural products, or vitamins. Some drugs may have another patient information leaflet. Check with your pharmacist. If you have any questions about carbamide peroxide otic solution, please talk with your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care provider. If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was taken, how much, and when it happened. Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take carbamide peroxide otic solution or any other medicine. Only the healthcare provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for a specific patient. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about carbamide peroxide otic solution. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to carbamide peroxide otic solution. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from the healthcare provider. You must talk with the healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using carbamide peroxide otic solution. Next → Side Effects Add to My Med List More about carbamide peroxide otic Side Effects During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding Dosage Information Support Group Pricing & Coupons7 Reviews – Add your own review/rating Drug class: cerumenolytics Consumer resources Carbamide peroxide otic Other brands: Debrox, Murine Earwax Removal, Auro, Auraphene-B, Mollifene Professional resources Carbamide Peroxide (AHFS Monograph)Related treatment guides Ear Wax Impaction
D155624	http://www.wvforestry.com/ginseng.cfm?menucall=ginseng	.	State Headquarters Regional Offices Ginseng digging season September 1 through November 30 West Virginia Ginseng Season runs from September 1 to November 30 and diggers have until March 31 of each year to sell to a registered West Virginia ginseng dealer or have roots weight-receipted at one of the Division of Forestry weigh stations. Possession of ginseng roots is prohibited from April 1 through Aug. 31 without a weight-receipt from the DOF. Contact Robin Black for more information or with questions at 304-558-2788 ext. 51764. West Virginia Ginseng Dealers List DOF Ginseng Weigh Stations Wild Ginseng History Cultivated History The U. S. Fish and Wildlife has published a brochure for Dealers and Exporters it can be found on their website. Wild American Ginseng - Information for Dealers and Exporters FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSWHAT STATE LAWS REGULATE GINSENG? West Virginia Code §19-1A-3a mandates that the Division of Forestry weigh and certify all ginseng roots dug in the state. Ginseng plants must be at least 5 years old or older and have at least 3 prongs before they can be harvested. Seeds from the plant must be planted on the site of the harvest. Ginseng must be certified before leaving the boundaries of the state. Only registered dealers can certify ginseng. WHAT FEDERAL LAWS REGULATE GINSENG? Requirements for the export of wild ginseng out of the country are established by the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. All ginseng plants must be at least 5 years of age and have at least 3 prongs before being harvested and therefore eligible for export. HOW DO I DETERMINE THE AGE OF GINSENG ROOTS? The age of a ginseng plant can be determined by looking at the base of the plant stem, where ?bud scars? occur. A 5 year old ginseng root will have at least 4 scars; the first year the root does not produce a scar. WHEN CAN I DIG GINSENG? The West Virginia ginseng digging season runs from September 1 through November 30 of each year. DO I NEED A PERMIT OR LICENSE TO DIG GINSENG? No. WHEN CAN I SELL GINSENG TO A REGISTERED DEALER? The buying of green ginseng can start on September 1. The buying of dry ginseng should start after September 15 of each year. The selling season ends March 31 of each year. MUST I SELL MY GINSENG THIS YEAR OR CAN I HOLD IT UNTIL NEXT YEAR? In order to be able to hold or keep ginseng from season to season, you must have a weight receipt. A weight receipt is a record of the ginseng dug during the current year and may be obtained from a weigh station. The original weight receipt must accompany the ginseng when it is eventually sold. CAN I DIG GINSENG ON ANYBODY'S PROPERTY? An individual must have written permission to dig on private property. If that individual is caught digging ginseng illegally he or she can be prosecuted via the Trespass Law. CAN I DIG GINSENG ON PUBLIC LANDS? Digging of ginseng is not permitted on State Forests, State Parks, or other state-owned public lands. Permits to dig ginseng on the Monongahela National Forest may be obtained by calling (304) 636-1800. There is a fee associated with these permits. CAN I GROW GINSENG ON MY OWN PROPERTY? Yes. A determination must be done before planting any ginseng on your property. The determination is to make sure there is no wild ginseng in the area you are wanting to plant. Determinations are done between April 15 and June 15 of each year. For more information and to request a form for a determination to be done please contact Robin Black at 304-558-2788 Ext. 51764. After the determination has been done then you can become a Ginseng Grower and a permit will issued. HOW DO I GET MY GINSENG CERTIFIED? To get ginseng certified you must be a registered dealer. HOW DO I GET MY GINSENG WEIGHT RECEIPTED? An individual must call one of our weigh stations and make an appointment to have their ginseng weight receipted. WHAT IS A WEIGHT RECEIPT? A weight receipt is a record of the ginseng dug during the current year and the individual would like to hold it over to the next digging/buying season. WHO GETS THE WEIGHT RECEIPT? The individual gets the white copy of the weigh receipt to go with the ginseng. Please stress that if they sell the ginseng the white copy of the weight MUST accompany the ginseng that is being sold. The dealer will send the weight receipt in with his 30-day report. If a dealer has requested a weight receipt (I would suggest they just have it certified). The dealer gets the white and pink copy. White to stay with the ginseng the pink to go with his year end report to the Division of Forestry. WHO CAN BECOME A REGISTERED DEALER? Anyone can become a registered dealer if the prerequisites are met. They must have a West Virginia Business License. Anyone doing any type of business in West Virginia must have a Business License. The individual can contact the State Tax Department to request an application at 304-558-3333 or toll free within WV 1-800-982-8297. The Tax Department has six regional offices the individual can contact them about getting a business license. They are: Martinsburg 304-267-0022, Wheeling 304-238-1152, Parkersburg 1-800-982-8297, Huntington 304-528-5568, North Central 304-627-2109 or Beckley 304-256-6870. They must have a Workers' Compensation Certificate of Insurance if they have employees. They can contact Insurance Commission at 304-558-6279 ext. 1247,3200,1232 or 1229 for questions regarding if an exemption is needed or contact an insurance company who deals in Workers' Compensation Insurance to apply for a policy. They must have a certificate in good standing or letter stating compliance from Unemployment Compensation. They can be reached at 304-558-2677 Status Determination Unit. They must have a certified set of scales. The Dept. of Weights and Measures is the organization which certifies scales. They can contact them at 304-722-0602. We submit a list of dealers to this Department yearly. They must make application with us. They can receive and application by calling 304-558-2788. ABOUT GINSENG A native plant of West Virginia, Ginseng grows in all 55 counties of the State but is prevalent in cool, moist forests. This perennial herb is highly prized for its large, fleshy roots that grow from two to six inches in length and a ¼ to a ½ inch in thickness. Ginseng is slow growing with seeds taking two years to germinate. The age of a Ginseng plant generally can be determined for the first three to five years by the number of its leaves, or prongs. Ginseng roots must be dug only when the plant has three or more prongs (with no fewer than 15 leaflets) indicating the plant is probably at least five years old and capable of producing fertile berries. The berries of the plant must be red in color indicating that they are mature. Younger plants have smaller roots and little or no financial value. Collection of Ginseng in West Virginia is regulated by State law. Ginseng roots are to be dug only between September 1 and November 30 each year. Ginseng diggers, often called "sangers," are required to sow the seeds from harvested plants at the site of the digging, thereby perpetuating the species in its native habitat. During the digging season landowners may dig Ginseng on their own land or give written permission to others to dig on their land. Digging without written permission on posted or enclosed land is a criminal act and subject to fines and imprisonment. Ginseng buyers must obtain a permit from the WV Division of Forestry. Possession of uncertified Ginseng between April 1 and August 31 is illegal and substantial penalties are imposed on violators. Ginseng has been harvested as a cash crop in West Virginia for at least 200 years. In 2002, more than 6,400 pounds of Ginseng, worth more than $2 million, were dug in West Virginia. Ginseng Harvest records from 1978 to 1999 for wild and cultivated plants are available by clicking Wild Ginseng Harvest History and Cultivated Ginseng Harvest History. Ginseng has been used for centuries in North America and Asia. Allegedly teas, soups and medicines made from Ginseng roots cure sickness, increase vitality, relieve mental and physical fatigue and prolong life. In China the roots themselves are often chewed. FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT HARVESTING AND SELLING GINSENG, CALL THE WEST VIRGINIA DIVISION OF FORESTRY AT (304) 558-2788.
D1813677	https://www.wuft.org/news/2013/07/17/not-all-county-animal-shelters-in-florida-are-following-a-new-law/	Not All County Animal Shelters In Florida Are Following A New Law	Not All County Animal Shelters In Florida Are Following A New Law By Ethan Magoc July 17, 2013 Animals Hercules, a dog at the Alachua County Animal Shelter, hangs on his cage on Thursday. Just 94 Alachua County dogs and cats had been euthanized through the first quarter of 2013. More than two weeks after the new Florida law requiring county agencies to make available to the public a record of how many animals are being taken in, adopted out or euthanized, some North Florida counties are unable or unwilling to comply. Over the past six weeks, WUFT News requested from 12 counties in North Central Florida monthly reports detailing cat and dog intakes, adoptions and euthanasias from January 2010 through the first quarter of 2013. Seven counties were able to provide the records, but five other counties (Bradford, Dixie, Gilchrist, Lafayette and Suwannee) did not fulfill the request. Bradford County Sheriff’s Office did not respond to multiple requests for the information. Dixie County does not keep count of intakes or adoptions.“As far as adoptions, we do not adopt the animals out,” Maj. Scott Harden of the Dixie County Sheriff’s Office wrote in an email. “They are either claimed by the owners or euthanized.”Gilchrist County Animal Services provided incomplete data, simply passing along the total number of intakes, adoptions and euthanasias since 2010 without breaking them down monthly. The overall values obscure whether the numbers are rising or falling. (Gilchrist’s total euthanasias for 2010 to 2012 were the lowest of any county that reported, though it’s also the smallest by square miles. )Lafayette County doesn’t fund an animal shelter or the monitoring of stray intakes and outcomes, according to its sheriff’s office. And Suwannee County stopped monitoring intakes and outcomes in 2010.“Nothing’s changed”Visit our interactive by clicking above to examine local intake and outcome trends. The counties in compliance — Alachua, Citrus, Columbia, Hernando, Levy, Marion and Putnam — did not need to change their operations after the law took effect July 1. Offering the numbers online, by email or fax is the way they’ve always done it.“Obviously, (counties are) going to have to follow this new law that’s out, but for us, it’s nothing new,” said Vernon Sawyer, director of Alachua County’s Animal Services. The problem arises with county employees who remain unable to make public the information. Under the law, they face no penalties. Sen. Bill Montford (D-Apalachicola), a sponsor of the bill, did not return multiple calls requesting an explanation about the law’s enforcement. Teena Ruffo, operations manager at the Lake City Humane Shelter, which contracts with Columbia County to provide animal services, checks in on three dogs Thursday. Columbia County’s shelter adoption rate increased 67 percent between 2010 and 2012. Joe Brown of the Suwannee County Animal Shelter said he would be glad to track and publicize his county’s cat and dog numbers, but cannot do so without more money or staff. The Suwannee County Sheriff’s Office allots $10,000 annually for animal services, and it’s not enough, he said.“We’re just swamped,” said Brown, whose office used to maintain the records but stopped in 2010. “There’s two of us, plus a secretary who works four hours a day.”During afternoons, Brown and his lone co-worker, Janis Hunter, must split time between monitoring the animal shelter and fielding calls across the county. Until they have more resources, even with a new law, “nothing’s changed,” Brown said. Decreases across the region There are few things that frustrate Tricia Kyzar about her job more than an adult cat dropped off at the Alachua County Animal Shelter’s doorstep. Kyzar helps with operations there, and one day last week she pointed out an adult longhair grey cat who is going to be much harder to adopt out than a kitten in an adjacent cage. Grown cats are not as cute as kittens, and they’re also more stressed and less friendly in a shelter after spending the majority of their lives in homes. Such an animal will go from a home where it’s not wanted anymore to the shelter, then likely to an early end. These outcomes have been decreasing across North Central Florida during the last three years, largely thanks to private, non-profit rescue shelters. A majority of the adoptable animals who aren’t adopted or euthanized in county shelters find homes via “no-kill” organizations. A cat holds its paw out at the Alachua County Animal Shelter on Thursday. The shelter reported a 60-percent euthanasia rate decrease from 2010 to 2012. Many of the intake, adoption and euthanasia totals of the past three years do not add up in the seven reporting counties because of rescue shelter involvement that helps to curb euthanasia rates. Levy County works with nearly 100 such groups nationwide, and five in Gainesville have formed a partnership with Alachua County’s shelter. The Alachua County Humane Society, Gainesville Pet Rescue, Haile’s Angels Pet Rescue, Puppy Hill Farm and West End/Helping Hands all regularly rescue pets from the shelter, helping to create a 60-percent decrease in euthanasias from 2010 to 2012. Levy County has avoided any overcrowding euthanasias in 2013, according to Lena Hooker, animal services administration and rescue coordinator.“That’s because of our rescues. The majority of our euthanasia this year has been aggressive or sick dogs and cats,” she said. Hernando and Columbia counties had the most impressive shelter adoption increases, and while Putnam County only had on file numbers since January 2012, its 2013 year-to-date figures also evidenced a drop in intakes and euthanasias, plus a rise in adoptions. Tricia Kyzar, an Alachua County employee, checks in on cats who are ready for adoption at the county animal shelter on Thursday. Law vs. personal responsibility Marion County’s overall numbers remain the highest of any surrounding counties, but its population and land size are also the largest. Elaine De Iorio Mc Clain, Marion County public information specialist, pointed out a positive trend for the county’s animal supporters during the past decade.“Although our county’s human population increased 29 percent from 2001-2011,” she wrote in an email, “our euthanasia rates decreased by 30 percent in the same ten years.”The law’s goal is to make public trends such as Marion County’s, though without enforcement, counties that don’t track the statistics face no repercussions.“We need to make sure that throughout Florida, we have correct data and accurate data and make sure it’s available to the public,” Montford told News4Jax earlier this month. In some counties, that’s not yet happening. Even if it did occur across the state, the best method to control cat and dog populations and euthanasias is personal responsibility, according to Philip Christie, an employee at Lake City Humane Society. Philip Christie prepares parvovirus vaccines Thursday at the Lake City Humane Society. While he grew up on a Columbia County farm with dogs running all over, he now says “we just need the public to be smarter about” helping to control local animal populations. As he prepared shots to counter canine parvovirus Thursday afternoon in Columbia County, he reflected on his upbringing and how things have changed.“I grew up on five acres here with farm dogs running all over,” he said, “so I understand that desire, but we just need the public to be smarter about it.”Fernanda Ponce, Sarah Reichert and Brittany Van Voorhees contributed reporting.
D2305393	http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/vm089	Liver Fluke Control in Beef Cattle 1	�Liver Fluke Control in Beef Cattle 1M. B. Irsik, Charles Courtney III, and Ed Richey 2The common liver fluke ( Fasciola hepatica) is recognized as one of the most damaging parasites in Florida cattle. The liver fluke is a problem in the Gulf Coast states and the Pacific Northwest; in Florida, most infected cattle are found grazing low-lying pastures in the peninsula, south and east of the Suwannee River. Few, if any, liver flukes are found in the panhandle of Florida. Life Cycle The adult liver fluke resides in the bile ducts of the animal's liver. The adult liver flukes produce eggs which are carried with bile to the gut and are then passed in the feces (see Figure 1).. In the fecal pat, a ciliated larva called a miracidium develops inside the liver fluke egg. Complete development of the miracidium requires between 10 days to several months depending upon the temperature and moisture available. Development of the miracidium is known to occur at temperatures between 50 o F and 86 o F, ideal Florida weather. When a fluke egg is exposed to sunlight a developed, free-swimming, ciliated miracidium hatches. After hatching, the miracidium (see Figure 2).must find and penetrate a suitable snail host within a few hours or die. Inside the snail host, the miracidium multiplies and transforms into many tadpole-like cercariae which exit the snail. The penetration of a snail by a single miracidium can result in the production of hundreds of cercariae exiting the snail (see Figure 3). The development of cercariae within the snail requires 5 to 7 weeks under optimal conditions (if, however, the miracidium infected snail begins estivation to escape the hot dry weather, recent evidence indicates that the infected snail will not survive the estivation period). After exiting the snail the tadpole-like cercaria attaches to vegetation, secretes a protective cyst covering, and completes its development into an encysted metacercaria. Each encysted metacercaria contains a fully developed immature fluke and is the infective stage of the parasite. The length of time that metacercariae survive on pasture is dependent on both moisture and temperature. A minimum of 70% relative humidity is considered necessary for prolonged survival of metacercariae. Metacercariae can be killed within 2 days when exposed to direct sunlight in temperatures of 98.6° to 105°F. Cattle become infected by ingesting the metacercariae attached to forage or by drinking water contaminated with metacercariae attached to soil particles or vegetative debris (see Figure 4). Figure 1. Life Cycle Fasciola hepatica [Click thumbnail to enlarge. ]Once ingested and after reaching the small intestine, the infective fluke larva is released from the metacercaria, penetrates the wall of the small intestine and enters the abdominal cavity. After migrating through the abdominal cavity for approximately a week, the fluke larva penetrates the liver capsule and migrates slowly through the liver for 6 to 8 weeks. Finally, the fluke larva enters the bile duct where it matures and begins to produce eggs that are carried in the bile to the gut, thus completing the liver fluke cycle. Completion of the entire life cycle, from the time a fluke egg is shed onto the pasture until a newly infected animal reinfects the pasture with the next generation of fluke eggs, requires 16 to 24 weeks. Liver fluke transmission is the direct result of interactions between the parasite, the environment and the intermediate host. Cattle are usually infected with numerous liver flukes at any one time rather than a single liver fluke. Once ingested and after reaching the small intestine, the infective fluke larva is released from the metacercaria, penetrates the wall of the small intestine and enters the abdominal cavity. After migrating through the abdominal cavity for about a week, the fluke larva penetrates the liver capsule and migrates through the liver for 6 to 8 weeks. Finally, the fluke larva enters the bile duct where it matures and begins to produce eggs that are carried in the bile to the gut, thus completing the liver fluke cycle. Completion of the entire life cycle, from the time a fluke egg is shed onto the pasture until a newly infected animal reinfects the pasture with the next generation of fluke eggs, requires 16 to 24 weeks. Liver fluke transmission is the direct result of interactions between the parasite, the environment and the intermediate host. Cattle are usually infected with numerous liver flukes at any one time rather than a single liver fluke. Damage to the Animal and Industry Scar tissue replacement of damaged liver tissue caused by the migration of F. hepatica larvae through the liver is very pronounced. In the bile ducts, the adult flukes produce a mechanical irritation that causes an inflammation of the ducts that leads to a thickening and, in severe cases, calcification of the duct wall which can eventually result in blockage of the bile duct. Livers exhibiting any of these characteristics (scarring or duct damage) are condemned at slaughter (see Figure 2). The condemnation of damaged livers at slaughter and the losses in beef production associated with fluke infections are economically significant. It has been estimated that the Florida beef industry loses $10 million each year due to liver fluke infections. Fascioliasis (liver fluke disease) is associated with reduced fertility of the brood cow herd, lighter calves at weaning, slower growth of replacement heifers, higher culling rates in cow herds and lighter weight cull cows. In the dairy industry, a reduction in milk production (10%) occurs in fluke-infected herds; in addition, fluke infected replacement heifers take longer to reach breeding age. Although cattle seldom die of fluke infection, an occasional secondary Clostridium haemolyticum infection in damaged livers may cause death in animals not properly vaccinated against "red water" disease. Figure 2. Liver Damage Caused by Flukes [Click thumbnail to enlarge. ]Life Cycle of the Intermediate Host In Florida, the lymnaeid snails Pseudosuccinea columella and Fossaria cubensis serve as the intermediate hosts of the liver fluke with F. cubensis being the more prevalent and the most important intermediate host. Lymnaeid snails are semi-aquatic/amphibious snails that prefer a wet, muddy environment. Large populations of lymnaeid are almost never found in areas covered with vegetation or areas that are permanently flooded. Lymnaeid snails frequently can be observed below the water surface during the cooler portions of the year when surface soil and water temperatures are warm. Lymnaeid snails are almost always on the mud surface if open mud surface is available or attached to vegetation above the water line if the area is temporarily flooded. An excellent environment for the snail is established where frequently used cattle trails cross drainage ditches or lead to watering ponds (Figure 3). The continuous trampling of the wet soil kills the vegetation and the crossings become open mud areas that provide an excellent environment for the lymnaeid snails to inhabit. If cattle are removed from the pasture and the crossings are not used, grass and weed growth will soon cover the open muddy areas, thus destroying the environment that lymnaeid snails prefer. Lymnaeid snails rarely inhabit pastures free of open mud areas. If lymnaeid snails are found in dry pastures they were probably brought into the area by a recent flood and will not survive. Figure 3. Cattle Trail Crossing Drainage Ditch [Click thumbnail to enlarge. ]Lymnaeid snails are small (<1cm), "right handed" snails that can be recognized by placing the snail on its back with the apex or peak of the snail up and the opening of the shell (orifice) facing you. The opening or orifice is on the right side of a "right handed" snail (Figure 4A). The shell of a living lymnaeid snail is black in color (Figure 4B). When the snail dies, the shell becomes white (Figure 4C). Figure 4. Lymnaeid Snails Pseudosuccinea columnella and Fossaria cubensis [Click thumbnail to enlarge. ]Hot dry weather causes snails to dehydrate and die; however, lymnaeid snails have the ability to survive adverse times (hot dry weather) by burrowing into the mud and entering a state of reduced metabolic activity called estivation (similar to hibernation). Snails that survive the hot dry periods of the year by estivation emerge when the environmental conditions improve in the fall season. Lymnaeid snails are hermaphroditic; therefore, the entire mature population is capable of producing fertile eggs. Some lymnaeid snails reach maturity and begin to produce eggs within 14 days of being hatched. Once lymnaeid snails begin to lay eggs, they will continue to do so for the rest of their lives (3-7 months), ceasing only while in estivation. One mature snail can easily produce 5,000 eggs in a lifetime. This allows for tremendous increases in snail populations over a relatively short period of time whenever environmental conditions are favorable. Favorable environmental conditions for the growth and reproduction of lymnaeid snails generally occur in Florida from late September through June in the northern part of Florida and late October through May in southern Florida. A problem in making broad statements such as this is that snails will emerge from estivation at slightly different times each autumn depending upon interactions of climatic and environmental variables that differ each year. Weather is the key to triggering the beginning of snail estivation; in Florida hot and dry weather will trigger the beginning of snail estivation. However, we also find very few lymnaeid snails during Florida's wet hot summers. Cooler wet weather triggers the emergence of the snail from estivation. If snail habitats remain dry in the late summer and early fall, emergence of the snails from estivation will be delayed. Any change (early or late) from the normal beginning or ending of the hot dry season causes a respective change in the beginning or ending of snail estivation. Diagnosis of Liver Fluke Infection Microscopic examination of cattle feces for the presence of liver fluke eggs still remains the most popular method of diagnosing liver fluke infections in cattle herds. However, this technique is labor intensive (requiring 20-30 minutes per sample) and may result in missed diagnosis because of low egg output in infected cattle, poor sedimentation properties of the fluke egg, and excessive fecal debris on the microscopic slide that obscures the fluke eggs during examination. A modification of the fecal examination technique which includes the use of a two-sieve filtering system (Flukefinder ®, by Visual Difference, Moscow, ID) improves the speed of the process and fluke egg detection. Several factors need to be recognized when interpreting fecal examinations for the detection of liver flukes. Liver flukes are generally not evenly-dispersed within a herd of cattle; a small percentage of cattle in a herd will carry the greatest fluke loads and therefore shed the most fluke eggs. In addition, fluke infected cattle shed relatively few eggs (less than 5 eggs per gram of feces, even in heavily infected herds); therefore a minimum of 10 samples should be examined before any diagnosis of fluke infection or lack of infection is made on any cattle herd. However, the best diagnostic tool would simply be to examine the livers of your cull cows while they are being slaughtered (Figure 2). Arrangements can and should be made for you or your veterinarian to examine the livers at the time of slaughter. Control of the Liver Fluke Treatment of beef cattle in Florida during late summer, ideally between August 15 and September 1, will eliminate flukes acquired during spring & early summer. This is the weak point in the liver fluke's life cycle - flukes survive the summer in Florida only as adult flukes in the livers of cattle. Liver fluke eggs shed in feces during the summer are usually killed by the combination of summer heat and rainfall, metacercariae encysted on vegetation are quickly killed by summer's heat and are not replaced after snails enter estivation, and fluke-infected snails seldom survive estivation. Fluke treatment between August 15 and September 1 kills the adult flukes. This prevents cattle from shedding fluke eggs onto pasture when snails emerge from summer estivation with the onset of wet, cool weather and thereby breaks the life cycle of the liver fluke. At the present, flukicidal products marketed on the U. S. market do not reliably kill juvenile flukes (larval flukes not yet in the bile ducts of cattle, i.e. < 8 weeks old). Clorsulon (Curatrem ® )and albendazole (Valbazen ®) are the only approved flukicides for use in cattle in the United States. A full dose (7 mg/kg orally) of Clorsulon is highly effective against mature (egg laying, i.e. > 12 weeks old) and immature flukes (8-12 weeks old) but, unlike albendazole, has no activity against nematodes. However, clorsulon is compatible with concurrent administration of benzimidazoles, levamisole, and ivermectin. At a reduced dose (3.5 mg/kg) clorsulon is effective only against mature flukes. This dose should only be used at times of the year (i.e. late summer) when you are certain no immature flukes are present. Clorsulon also is available in combination with ivermectin (Ivomec Plus ® ). This injectable formulation delivers 2 mg/kg clorsulon, biologically equivalent to the 3.5 mg/kg "half dose" of oral clorsulon. The efficacy of albendazole is similar to that of the reduced dose of clorsulon and is only effective against mature (>12 weeks old) flukes. Because of the lack of efficacy of the flukicides upon juvenile flukes, spring treatments, when all ages of flukes are present in infected cattle, will only temporarily reduce the fluke numbers. Spring fluke treatments can be helpful to reduce fluke exposure to calves and young cattle but by no means can a spring treatment be expected to provide the fluke control required in infected herds in Florida. Albendazole should not be administered to any female cattle during the first 45 days of pregnancy. Clorsulon and albendazole are not approved for use in adult dairy cattle. In extremely wet years, or on ranches with severe fluke problems, a second treatment at spring roundup may be cost effective. Autumn hurricanes may bring cool, wet weather early in the year (as occurred in autumn of 1985), allowing snails to emerge from estivation 1-2 months earlier. Under these circumstances some fluke-infected snails may survive estivation and fluke transmission to cattle may begin as early as October. Treatment of adult dairy cows at calving and again at drying off (when approved flukicides become available for that use) may give acceptable fluke control without necessitating the disposal of otherwise saleable milk, although it would not break the life cycle as effectively as the seasonal treatment scheme recommended above for beef cattle. This seasonal scheme is not appropriate for adult dairy cows since few dairymen will want to discard perfectly good milk. Snail control will reduce fluke infestation on ranches; however, no products that kill snails (molluscicides) are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency because they kill too many other non-target aquatic organisms. Therefore, "snail sprays" such as copper sulfate that may have been referred to in older Extension publications are not allowed. Ditching and draining pastures will help reduce snail habitat, but in Florida the Water Management Districts will seldom grant permission to drain wetlands. By virtue of its constant temperature and near neutral p H, artesian ("flowing") well runoff may support snail populations year round and be should minimized to the greatest extent possible. Where such runoff cannot be eliminated, substituting a bare sand bottom in place of organic muds will greatly reduce snail populations by eliminating their food supplies. Cattle in Florida occasionally are infected with the deer fluke Fascioloides magna. Little damage appears to be done other than the occasional condemned liver in cull cows, and no control measures appear justified in Florida at this time. Likewise Florida cattle commonly are infected with rumen flukes (paramphistomes) which are apparently harmless. However, in other parts of the U. S. the deer fluke and rumen flukes have caused clinical disease and/or production losses in cattle. Footnotes1. This document is VM120, one of a series of the Veterinary Medicine-Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date April 22, 2002, revised July, 2007. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.2. M. B Irsik, Assistant Professor, Charles H. Courtney, Professor and Associate Dean for Research, and Ed Richey, Extension veterinarian, retired, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county's UF/IFAS Extension office. U. S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension.
D3435146	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080130101039AA6UOSZ	Pending charge on credit card?	Business & Finance Credit Pending charge on credit card? Around Christmas, I used my credit card a lot for purchases (I have custody of my 8 yr old brother and needed a little help). I also recently used it for the purchase of a birthday gift. My online account shows a pretty high pending charge, and I am not sure if it is just the recent purchase, or a combination. Is... show more2 following 1 answer Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: You can call the company. On the back of the card is a telephone number where you can get the last five transactions. For any credit card, each transaction should post as ONE transaction separately. They should not post together. Hope this helps! :)Aimee M · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Asker's rating Pending Charges On Credit Card Source (s):https://shorte.im/a8DH8john-patrick · 1 year ago0 0 Comment Pending charge = a charge that was authorized by Visa but has not yet been posted to your account. One time, I rented a car with a credit card, and the rental car company posted a pending charge for the entire amount if I kept the car the whole two weeks, like I said I would. Circumstances changed, and I returned the car a week early. The pending charge stayed on my credit card for a month. I didn't owe the money, but my available credit was reduced during that time. Jeff · 1 decade ago1 0 Comment I went through this recently with one of my credit cards. I called the company because everything was posted on account activities on my bill, but I had $150.00 pending. I couldnt figure out what it was for. Turns out it was for Gas. I was Traveling in Columbus and stopped at a couple of Shell stations. I used my card at the pump. The gal told me that both stations were pending $75 a peice on my card (even though I didnt spend near that in gas). She said to avoid that in the future, I could go into the store and pay, this way nothing would pend further than the amount I actually used on the card.johnjanetl · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Call your credit card company. Each transaction you made will be posted on your bill. Even if you went to 10 different stores on one day, you will see 10 different charges Sam · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Call you credit card comany. They can tell you what charges have been made and what the pending charge is. Tim · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Depends on the company, but pending charges usually refers to a charge or purchase on the card that has been recieved by a vendor, but the card company has not yet recieved the stub (the slip of paper they have you sign) from the vendor. Marie · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Retirement investment info? Look For an Accident Attorney Train To Be a Project Manager Portfolio Management Options
D3256166	http://www.dictionary.com/browse/match	match 1	match 1 [mach]Spell Syllables Examples Word Origin See more synonyms on Thesaurus.comnoun1. a slender piece of wood, cardboard, or other flammable material tipped with a chemical substance that produces fire when rubbed on a rough or chemically prepared surface.2. a wick, cord, or the like, prepared to burn at an even rate, used to fire cannon, gunpowder, etc. Origin of match 1Expand Middle English Middle French Latin Old French1350-14001350-1400; Middle English macche wick < Middle French meiche, Old French mesche < Vulgar Latinmesca lamp wick, metathetic variant of Latin myxa < Greek mýxa mucus, nostril, nozzle of a lampmatch 2 [mach]Spell Syllablesnoun1. a person or thing that equals or resembles another in some respect.2. a person or thing able to cope with another as an equal: to meet one's match.3. a person or thing that is an exact counterpart of another.4. a corresponding, suitably associated, or harmonious pair: The blue hat and green scarf were not a good match.5. Sports.a game or contest in which two or more contestants or teams oppose each other: a soccer match.a contest consisting of a specific number of sets: a tennis match.6. any contest or competition that resembles a sports match: a shouting match.7. a person considered with regard to suitability as a partner in marriage: a good match.8. a matrimonial union; marriage: Neither family approved of the match.verb (used with object)9. to equal; be equal to: My talent does not match his.10. to be the match or counterpart of; harmonize with: The skirt matches the jacket perfectly.11. to cause to correspond; adapt: to match one's actions to one's beliefs.12. to fit together, as two things: to match the pieces of a puzzle.13. to fit (boards) together, side by side or end to end, with a tongue-and-groove or rabbeted joint.14. to procure or produce an equal to: Try though we did, we could not match our first success.15. to place in opposition or conflict: I matched my wits against his strength.16. to provide with an adversary or competitor of equal power: The teams were well matched.17. to encounter as an adversary with equal power.18. to prove a match for.19. to unite in marriage; procure a matrimonial alliance for.20. to toss (coins) into the air and then compare the matching or contrasting sides that land facing up, as for determining the winner of a bet.21. to match coins with.verb (used without object)22. to be equal or suitable: Our talents match.23. to correspond; be of corresponding size, shape, color, pattern, etc. : These gloves do not match.24. Archaic. to ally oneself in marriage. Origin Expandbefore 900; Middle English macche, Old Englishgemæcca mate, fellow Related forms Expandmatchable, adjectivematcher, noununmatchable, adjectiveunmatched, adjectiveunmatching, adjectivewell-matched, adjective Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018. Cite This Source Examples from the Web for match Expand Contemporary Examples Part of the problem is the mandate of the war and the means with which the U. S. is fighting it do not match up. Pentagon Doesn’t Know How Many People It’s Killed in the ISIS War Nancy A. Youssef January 7, 2015We can also begin to plan our wardrobes to match our new and improved selves. What, and Who, You'll Be Wearing in 2015Justin Jones December 27, 2014When he is awarded Player of the match while competing for India in England, he is given champagne at the ceremony. The Story of the World’s Greatest Cricket Player William O’Connor December 24, 2014The trouble is, Pakistan kept losing its wars with India and is indeed no match for India. CIA Agents Assess: How Real Is ‘Homeland’? Chuck Cogan, John Mac Gaffin December 15, 2014A season of Game of Thrones tells its story over ten hours, and only a video game adaptation could match or exceed that.‘Game of Thrones’ Interactive Fan Fiction: Whoops, My Friend Was Speared in the Throat Alec Kubas-Meyer December 13, 2014Historical Examples What a dangerous character you'd be if you were sent to match silks!The Spenders Harry Leon Wilson"For axemen and for spearmen I have not seen their match ," the archer answered. The White Company Arthur Conan Doyle The thing was outrageous to him, and he set himself to match her cunning. Within the Law Marvin Dana They have journeyed far, sire, but they have never yet found their match. The White Company Arthur Conan Doyle She saw the flicker of the match across the street, and knew what it meant. KMary Roberts Rinehart British Dictionary definitions for match Expandmatch 1/ mætʃ /noun1. a formal game or sports event in which people, teams, etc, compete to win2. a person or thing able to provide competition for another: she's met her match in talking ability3. a person or thing that resembles, harmonizes with, or is equivalent to another in a specified respect: that coat is a good match for your hat4. a person or thing that is an exact copy or equal of another5.a partnership between a man and a woman, as in marriagean arrangement for such a partnership6. a person regarded as a possible partner, as in marriageverb ( mainly transitive) 7. to fit (parts) together: to match the tongue and groove of boards8. ( also intransitive) sometimes foll by up. to resemble, harmonize with, correspond to, or equal (one another or something else): the skirt matches your shoes well9. sometimes foll by with or against. to compare in order to determine which is the superior: they matched wits10. often foll by to or with. to adapt so as to correspond with: to match hope with reality11. often foll by with or against. to arrange a competition between12. to find a match for13. ( electronics) to connect (two circuits) so that their impedances are equal or are equalized by a coupling device, to produce a maximum transfer of energy Derived Formsmatchable, adjectivematcher, nounmatching, adjective Word Origin Old English gemæcca spouse; related to Old High German gimmaha wife, Old Norse maki matematch 2/ mætʃ /noun1. a thin strip of wood or cardboard tipped with a chemical that ignites by friction when rubbed on a rough surface or a surface coated with a suitable chemical See safety match2. a length of cord or wick impregnated with a chemical so that it burns slowly. It is used to fire cannons, explosives, etc Word Origin C14: from Old French meiche, perhaps from Latin myxa wick, from Greek muxa lamp nozzle Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © Harper Collins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Source Word Origin and History for match Expandn.1"stick for striking fire," late 14c., macche, "wick of a candle or lamp," from Old French meiche "wick of a candle," from Vulgar Latin micca/miccia (cf. Catalan metxa, Spanish mecha, Italian miccia ), probably ultimately from Latin myxa, from Greek myxa "lamp wick," originally "mucus," based on notion of wick dangling from the spout of a lamp like snot from a nostril, from PIE root meug- "slimy, slippery" (see mucus ). Modern spelling is from mid-15c. (English snot also had a secondary sense of "snuff of a candle, burnt part of a wick" from late 14c., surviving at least to late 19c. in northern dialects.) Meaning "piece of cord or splinter of wood soaked in sulfur, used for lighting fires, lamps, candles, etc." is from 1530. First used 1831 for the modern type of wooden friction match, and competed with lucifer for much of 19c. as the name for this invention.n.2"one of a pair, an equal," Old English mæcca, "companion, mate, one of a pair, wife, husband, one suited to another, an equal," from gemæcca, from Proto-Germanic gamakon "fitting well together" (cf. Old Saxon gimaco "fellow, equal," Old High German gimah "comfort, ease," Middle High German gemach "comfortable, quiet," German gemach "easy, leisurely"), from PIE root mak-/*mag- "to fit" (see make (v.)). Middle English sense of "matching adversary, person able to contend with another" (c.1300) led to sporting meaning "contest," first attested 1540s.v. "to join one to another" (originally especially in marriage), late 14c., from match (n.2). Meaning "to place (one) in conflict with (another)" is from c.1400. That of "to pair with a view to fitness" is from 1520s; that of "to be equal to" is from 1590s. Related: Matched; matching. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Cite This Source Slang definitions & phrases for match Expandmatch Related Termsthe whole shooting match The Dictionary of American Slang, Fourth Edition by Barbara Ann Kipfer, Ph D. and Robert L. Chapman, Ph. D. Copyright (C) 2007 by Harper Collins Publishers. Cite This Source Idioms and Phrases with match Expandmatchsee:meet one's matchmix and matchwhole ball of wax (shooting match)The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Cite This Source
D925388	http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/rheumatoid-arthritis/print.html	Rheumatoid Arthritis In-Depth Report	Rheumatoid Arthritis In-Depth Report Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease in which various joints in the body are inflamed, leading to swelling, pain, stiffness, and the possible loss of function. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks joints and other tissues. The pattern of joints affected is usually symmetrical, involves the hands and other joints, and is worse in the morning. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic (body-wide) disease, involving other body organs, whereas osteoarthritis is limited to the joints. Both forms of arthritis can be crippling. The process may develop in the following way: The disease process leading to rheumatoid arthritis begins in the synovium, the membrane that surrounds a joint and creates a protective sac. This sac is filled with lubricating liquid called the synovial fluid. In addition to cushioning joints, this fluid supplies nutrients and oxygen to cartilage, a slippery tissue that coats the ends of bones. Cartilage is composed primarily of collagen, the structural protein in the body, which forms a mesh to give support and flexibility to joints. In rheumatoid arthritis, an abnormal immune system response produces destructive molecules that cause continuous inflammation of the synovium. Collagen is gradually destroyed, narrowing the joint space and eventually damaging bone. If the disease develops into a form called progressive rheumatoid arthritis, destruction to the cartilage accelerates. Fluid and immune system cells accumulate in the synovium to produce a pannus, a growth composed of thickened synovial tissue. The pannus produces more enzymes that destroy nearby cartilage, aggravating the area and attracting more inflammatory white cells, thereby perpetuating the process. This inflammatory process not only affects cartilage and bones but can also harm organs in other parts of the body. Causes The exact causes of rheumatoid arthritis are unknown. Rheumatoid arthritis is most likely triggered by a combination of factors, including an abnormal autoimmune response, genetic susceptibility, and some environmental or biologic trigger, such as a viral infection or hormonal changes. The Immune Response and Inflammatory Process The Normal Immune System Response. The inflammatory process is a byproduct of the activity of the body's immune system, which fights infection and heals wounds and injuries: When an injury or an infection occurs, white blood cells are mobilized to rid the body of any foreign proteins, such as a virus. The masses of blood cells that gather at the injured or infected site produce factors to repair wounds, clot the blood, and fight any infections. In the process the surrounding area becomes inflamed and some healthy tissue is injured. The immune system is then called upon to repair wounds by clotting off any bleeding blood vessel and initiating fiber-like patches to the tissue. Under normal conditions, the immune system has other special factors that control and limit this inflammatory process. The Infection Fighters. Two important components of the immune system that play a role in the inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis are B cells and T cells, both of which belong to a family of immune cells called lymphocytes. If the T cell recognizes an antigen as "non-self," it will produce chemicals (cytokines) that cause B cells to multiply and release many immune proteins (antibodies). These antibodies circulate widely in the bloodstream, recognizing the foreign particles and triggering inflammation in order to rid the body of the invasion. For reasons that are still not completely understood, both the T cells and the B cells become overactive in patients with RA. An antigen is a substance that can provoke an immune response. Typically antigens are substances not usually found in the body. Genetic Factors Genetic factors may play some role in RA either in terms of increasing susceptibility to developing the condition or by worsening the disease process but are clearly not the only important factors. The main genetic marker identified with rheumatoid arthritis is HLA (human leukocyte antigen). A number of HLA genetic forms called HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DR4 alleles are referred to as the RA-shared epitope because of their association with rheumatoid arthritis. These genetic factors do not cause RA, but they may make the disease more severe once it has developed. Genetic variations in the HLA region may also predict drug treatment response to etanercept and the disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug methotrexate. Environmental Triggers Infections. Although many bacteria and viruses have been studied, no single organism has been proven to be the primary trigger for the autoimmune response and subsequent damaging inflammation. Higher than average levels of antibodies that react with the common intestinal bacteria E. coli have appeared in the synovial fluid of people with RA. Some researchers think they may stimulate the immune system to prolong RA once the disease has been triggered by some other initial infection. Other potential triggers include Mycoplasma, parvovirus B19, retroviruses, mycobacteria, and Epstein-Barr virus. Risk Factors According to the Arthritis Foundation, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects about 1.3 million Americans. Age Although rheumatoid arthritis can occur at any age from childhood to old age, onset usually begins between the ages of 30 - 50. Gender Women are more likely to develop RA than men. Family History Some people may inherit genes that make them more susceptible to developing RA, but a family history of RA does not appear to increase an individual's risk. Smoking Heavy long-term smoking is a very strong risk factor for RA, particularly in patients without a family history of the disease. Symptoms The hallmark symptom of rheumatoid arthritis is morning stiffness that lasts for at least an hour. (Stiffness from osteoarthritis, for instance, usually clears up within half an hour.) Even after remaining motionless for a few moments, the body can stiffen. Movement becomes easier again after loosening up. Swelling and Pain Swelling and pain in the joints must occur for at least 6 weeks before a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is considered. The inflamed joints are usually swollen and often feel warm and "boggy" when touched. The pain often occurs symmetrically but may be more severe on one side of the body, depending on which hand the person uses more often. Specific Joints Affected Although rheumatoid arthritis almost always develops in the wrists and knuckles, the knees and joints of the ball of the foot are often affected as well. Indeed, many joints may be involved, including those in the cervical spine, shoulders, elbows, tips, temporomandibular joint (jaw), and even joints between very small bones in the inner ear. Rheumatoid arthritis does not usually show up in the fingertips, where osteoarthritis is common, but joints at the base of the fingers are often painful. Nodules In about 20% of people with RA, inflammation of small blood vessels can cause nodules, or lumps, under the skin. They are about the size of a pea or slightly larger, and are often located near the elbow, although they can show up anywhere. Nodules can occur throughout the course of the disease. Rarely, nodules may become sore and infected, particularly if they are in locations where stress occurs, such as the ankles. On rare occasions, nodules can reflect the presence of rheumatoid vasculitis, a condition that can affect blood vessels in the lungs, kidneys, or other organs. Fluid Buildup Fluid may accumulate, particularly in the ankles. In some cases, the joint sac behind the knee accumulates fluid and forms what is known as a Baker cyst. This cyst feels like a tumor and sometimes extends down the back of the calf causing pain. Baker cysts often develop in people who do not have RA. Flu-Like Symptoms Symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and fever may accompany early rheumatoid arthritis. Some people describe them as being similar to those of a cold or flu except, of course, RA symptoms can last for years. Symptoms in Children In children, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, also known as Still's disease, is usually preceded by high fever and shaking chills along with pain and swelling in many joints. A pink skin rash may be present. Complications Rheumatoid arthritis is not fatal, but complications of the disease may shorten survival by a few years in some individuals. Although rheumatoid arthritis is progressive and there is no cure, over time the disease becomes less aggressive, and symptoms may even improve. Treatments for RA are increasingly effective in slowing this debilitating disease, and some may even prevent initial destruction by aggressively reducing inflammation. If bone and ligament destruction and any deformities have occurred, however, the effects are permanent. It is essential, therefore, to seek a doctor's help as soon as symptoms develop. Side effects of the treatments often contribute to the severity of the disease. Effect of Joint Disability and Pain on Daily Life Affected joints can become deformed, and the performance of even ordinary tasks may be very difficult or impossible. According to one survey, 70% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis feel the disease prevents them from living a fully productive life. Complications in Other Areas of the Body Rheumatoid arthritis can affect other parts of the body as well as the joints. Some patients with severe disease may then be at higher risk for complications, such as the following: Peripheral Neuropathy. This condition affects the nerves, most often those in the hands and feet. It can result in tingling, numbness, or burning. Muscle problems. Many patients have weakness of the muscles. Anemia. People with RA may develop anemia, which involves a decrease in the number of red blood cells. Scleritis and Episcleritis. This is an inflammation of the blood vessels in the eye that can result in corneal damage. Symptoms include redness of the eye and a gritty sensation. Infections. Patients with RA have a higher risk for infections, particularly if they are treated only with immune-suppressing drugs (corticosteroids, anti-tumor necrosis factors, disease modifying drugs). Skin Problems. Skin problems are common, particularly on the fingers and under the nails. Some patients develop severe skin complications that include rash, ulcers, blisters (which may bleed in some cases), lumps under the skin, and other problems. Severe skin disease can reflects a more serious case of RA in general. Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis, a disorder in which bone density decreases, is more common than average in postmenopausal women with RA. The hip is particularly affected. The risk for osteoporosis also appears to be higher than average in men with RA who are over 60 years old. Lung Disease. Patients with RA are susceptible to chronic lung diseases, including interstitial fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and other problems. Both rheumatoid arthritis itself and some treatments may cause this damage. Kidney. Although rheumatoid arthritis only rarely involves the kidney, many of the drugs used to treat it can damage kidneys. Vasculitis. Vasculitis involves autoimmune inflammatory abnormalities in very small vessels and can affect many organs in the body. Manifestations of vasculitis include mouth ulcers, nerve disorders, rapid worsening of the lungs, inflammation of coronary arteries, and inflammation of the arteries supplying blood to the intestines. Heart Disease. Patients with RA have increased risk for death from coronary artery disease. Research suggests that he chronic inflammation associated with RA may be a factor. Lymphoma and Other Cancers. Patients with RA are more likely than healthy patients to develop non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. RA's chronic inflammatory process may play a role in the development of lymphoma. There has also been concern that some RA treatments may increase the risk for lymphoma. Periodontal Disease. People with RA may be twice as likely as non-arthritic individuals to have periodontal disease. Chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction are central to both diseases. Pregnancy. Women with RA have an increased risk for premature delivery. They are also three times more likely than healthy women to develop hypertension during the last trimester of pregnancy. For many women with RA, the disease goes into remission during pregnancy but after birth the condition recurs and symptoms can increase in severity. Severity of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis often resolves before adulthood. Patients who experience arthritis in only a few joints do better than those with more widespread (systemic) disease, which is very difficult to treat. Although it can be very serious, very few people die from this condition. MAS. Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and requires immediate treatment with high-dose steroids and cyclosporin A. Parents should be aware of symptoms, which include persistent fever, weakness, drowsiness, and lethargy. Diagnosis Rheumatoid arthritis can be difficult to diagnose. Many other conditions resemble it and its symptoms can develop insidiously. Blood tests and x-rays may show normal results for months after the onset of joint pain. Even after rheumatoid arthritis has been diagnosed, it is extremely important to determine whether the course of the disease is benign (type 1) or aggressive (type 2) in order to treat the problem appropriately. Specific findings or presentation more likely to suggest the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis include morning stiffness, involvement of three joints at the same time, involvement of both sides of the body, subcutaneous nodules, positive rheumatoid factor, changes in x-rays. Blood Tests Various blood tests may be used to help diagnose RA, determine its severity, and detect complications of the disease. Rheumatoid Factor. In RA, antibodies that collect in the synovium of the joint are known as rheumatoid factor. In about 80% of cases of RA, blood tests reveal rheumatoid factor. It can also show up in blood tests of people with other diseases. However, when it appears in patients with arthritic pain on both sides of the body, it is a strong indicator of type 2 RA. The presence of rheumatoid factor plus evidence of bone damage on x-rays also suggests a significant chance for progressive joint damage. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Test. An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) measures how fast red blood cells (erythrocytes) fall to the bottom of a fine glass tube that is filled with the patient's blood. The higher the sed rate the greater the inflammation. However, the sed rate can be high in many conditions ranging from infection to inflammation to tumors. The test is used, then, not for diagnosis, but to help determine how active the condition is. C-Reactive Protein. High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are also indicators of active inflammation. However, because obesity also increases CRP levels, the doctor should consider a patient’s body mass index when evaluating CRP levels during RA diagnosis. Anti-CCP Antibody Test. The presence of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP) can identify RA years before symptoms develop. In combination with the test for rheumatoid factor, the CCP antibody test is the best predictor of which patients will go on to develop severe RA. Tests for Anemia. Anemia is a common complication. Blood tests are needed often to determine the amount of red blood cells (hemoglobin and hematocrit) and iron (soluble transferrin receptor and serum ferritin) in the blood. Possible RA Markers in Synovial Fluid Analyzing the synovial fluid might prove to be helpful in detecting markers of joint destruction, but this is not commonly performed. Imaging Techniques X-Rays. X-rays generally have not been helpful to detect the presence of early rheumatoid arthritis because they cannot show images of soft tissue. Dexa Scans. The use of a technique known as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, however, may be useful in detecting early bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis (2 - 27 months after onset). Evidence of damage on x-rays along with elevated rheumatoid factor is a significant predictor for progressive joint destruction. Ultrasound. Special ultrasound techniques called power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) or quantitative ultrasound (QUS) may be helpful in RA. PDUS may be reliable for monitoring inflammatory activity in the joint. QUS, which is used for osteoporosis, can detect bone loss in fingers, which may prove to be a good indicator of early RA. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Specially designed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment called extremity MRI may be able detect bone erosions in the hands of RA patients where x-rays cannot. Further evaluation is necessary. Disorders with Similar Symptoms Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis can be mimicked by things as benign as a bad mattress or as serious as cancer. A number of rare genetic diseases attack the joints. Physical injuries, infections, and poor circulation are among the many problems that can cause aches and pains. It would be impossible to discuss in this report the dozens of all conditions with symptoms of joint aches and pains. Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis requires some special mention because it is the most common form of arthritis. It differs from RA in several important respects. Osteoarthritis usually occurs in older people. It is located in only one or a few joints. (In fact, osteoarthritis is probably most often confused with rheumatoid arthritis if it affects multiple joints in the body. )The joints are less inflamed. Progression of pain is almost always gradual. Gout. Gout also causes swelling and severe pain in a joint, although most commonly starting in one joint. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish chronic gout in older people from rheumatoid arthritis, however, since gout in this population can occur in a number of joints. A proper diagnosis can be made with a detailed medical history, laboratory tests, and detection in the affected joint of crystals called monosodium urate (MSU), which identifies gout. Diseases with Symptoms Similar to Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Specific Subtypes Osteoarthritis Infectious Arthritis Lyme disease, septic arthritis, bacterial endocarditis, mycobacterial and fungal arthritis, viral arthritis Postinfectious or Reactive Arthritis Reiter syndrome (a disorder characterized by arthritis and inflammation in the eye and urinary tract), rheumatic fever, inflammatory bowel disease Crystal Induced Arthritis Gout and pseudogout Other Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases Systemic vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Still's Disease (also called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis), Behcet's disease Other Diseases Chronic fatigue syndrome, hepatitis C, familial Mediterranean fever, cancers, AIDS, leukemia, Whipple's disease, dermatomyositis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Kawasaki's disease, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, pyoderma gangrenosum, psoriatic arthritis Treatment The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis involves medications and lifestyle changes. General Guidelines for Drug Treatments Many drugs are used for managing the pain and slowing the progression of rheumatoid arthritis, but none completely cure the disease. It is likely that no single drug will ever cure rheumatoid arthritis because of the many factors that affect the disease at various times. The goals of drug treatment for rheumatoid arthritis include: Reduce inflammation Prevent damage to the bones and ligaments of the joint Preserve movement To be as inexpensive and as free from side effects as possible over the long-term Drug Categories Used for Rheumatoid Arthritis The drug categories used for RA include: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the least potent drugs used for RA. These drugs relieve pain by reducing inflammation, but do not affect the course of the disease. Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) are the main drugs used for treating rheumatoid arthritis. They slow the progression of the disease. They are much more effective than NSAIDs but also have more side effects. Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall) is the most widely used of these drugs. Biologic Response Modifiers (also known as Biologic DMARDs) are often prescribed to patients who have failed to respond to DMARDs. They may be used alone or in combination with DMARDs such as methotrexate. They modify or block destructive immune factors such as tumor-necrosis factor (TNF). Current anti-TNF drugs include infliximab (Remicade), etanercept (Enbrel), and adalimumab (Humira). Other biologic response modifiers include the interleukin-1 antagonist anakinra (Kineret), the T cell co-stimulation modulator abatacept (Orencia), and rituximab (Rituxan), which targets CD20-positive B cells. Corticosteroids, or steroids, are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to quickly reduce inflammation. These drugs include prednisone and prednisolone. Treatment Approaches The question of how early and how aggressively to treat RA has been the subject of great debate. Among patients with RA, some will go into remission and remain in remission for the length of their lives even in the absence of treatment, while others will go on to develop active, sometimes severe RA. Current practice has moved towards treating the disease aggressively while it is in its early stages to help prevent it from reaching a more severe and chronic state. Studies have found less joint damage in patients with early, aggressive treatment, particularly with the use of DMARDs and TNF modifiers in combination with methotrexate. Intensive early dosing of methotrexate may help slow progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Early combination therapy with DMARDs and corticosteroids is also showing good results. Patients who have not been helped by one drug often benefit from a combination of drugs. However, over a longer period of time, it is not clear whether a drug combination approach offers many advantages over single drugs. It is also not certain which combination of drugs works best. Depending on your particular health condition, and how you respond to the drugs prescribed, your doctor may try various treatment strategies. Current DMARD guidelines from the American College of Rheumatology recommend: Single DMARD. Methotrexate or leflunomide as initial therapy for most patients with RADual DMARD Therapy. Methotrexate plus hydroxychloroquine for patients with moderate-to-high disease activity Triple DMARD Therapy. Methotrexate plus hydroxychloroquine plus sulfasalazine for patients with poor prognostic features and moderate-to-high levels of disease activity. Anti-TNF DMARDs. For patients with early RA (less than 3 months), etanercept, infliximab,or adalimumab (along with methotrexate) should be reserved only for patients with high disease activity who have never received DMARDs. For longer duration RA, anti-TNF drugs are recommended for patients who have not been helped by methotrexate. Other Biologic DMARDs. Abatacept and rituximab should be reserved for patients with at least moderate disease activity and poor disease prognosis who were not helped by methotrexate and other nonbiologic DMARDs. Medications Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the standard treatments for RA. They are used either alone or in combination with newer biologic DMARDs. DMARDs do not have any common properties other than their ability to slow down the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Many were used for other diseases and were found accidentally to help RA. DMARDs include: Methotrexate (considered to be the current standard of care)Leflunomide Hydroxychloroquine Sulfasalazine Gold Minocycline Azathioprine Cyclosporine Unfortunately, all DMARDs tend to lose effectiveness over time, even methotrexate. Patients rarely use one drug for more than 2 years. Combining DMARDs with each other or with drugs in other categories offers the best approach for many patients. The addition of a corticosteroid to any combination may also be helpful. All DMARDs may produce stomach and intestinal side effects, and, over the long-term, each poses some risk for rare but serious reactions. (In some cases, however, they may be less harmful than long-term NSAID treatment.)Methotrexate. Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall) acts as an anti-inflammatory drug and is now the most frequently used DMARD, particularly for severe disease. Methotrexate it starts working within 3 - 6 weeks, but its full effect may not occur until after 12 weeks of treatment. Even this drug loses effectiveness, however, when used alone. It may be more effective when used in combination with other DMARDs or other drugs. Methotrexate is often combined with hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalzine, or leflunomide. It may also be combined with various biological response modifier drugs, especially for treatment of patients with early aggressive arthritis. The combination appears to work better than single drug therapy. About 20% of patients withdraw from methotrexate because of its side effects. They include nausea and vomiting, rash, mild hair loss, headache, mouth sores, and muscle aches. Methotrexate reduces levels of folic acid (folate) in the body, which can lead to some of these side effects. Doctors may prescribe folic acid supplements to prevent side effects. However, some research suggests that folic acid may interfere with methotrexate’s effectiveness. Methotrexate is usually given as pills. Patients who need higher doses can take it as an injection. Methotrexate has fewer serious toxic effects than many DMARDs. Although these severe reactions are rare, they may include: Kidney and liver damage. People at particular risk for liver damage from methotrexate include those with diabetes, obesity, and alcoholism. Patients should limit alcohol consumption to no more than 2 drinks per month while taking this drug. Increased risk for infections. Methotrexate should not be given to patients with active bacterial infections, active herpes-zoster viral infection, active or latent tuberculosis, or acute or chronic hepatitis B or C. Lung disease occurs in up to 5% of people. People who have poor lung function are most at risk. The drug increases the risk for birth defects and should not be taken by pregnant women. However, methotrexate will not harm a woman’s chance for future healthy pregnancy. Leflunomide. Leflunomide (Arava) blocks autoimmune antibodies and reduces inflammation. It also may inhibit metalloproteinases (MMP), which are involved in cartilage destruction. Leflunomide takes several weeks before improving joint pain or swelling. Full benefits may not occur until 6- 12 weeks of treatment. Leflunomide may be given alone or in combination with other DMARDs such as methotrexate (This combination poses a risk for liver toxicity and requires monitoring. )Reports of adverse effects are comparable to those with methotrexate. Common problems include nausea, diarrhea, hair loss, and rash. Potentially serious side effects include infections and liver injury. Everyone taking leflunomide should be monitored regularly, including blood tests for liver function, and anyone with liver problems should not take this drug. Leflunomide should not be taken by patients with active bacterial infections, active herpes-zoster viral infection, active or latent tuberculosis, or acute or chronic hepatitis B or C. Hydroxychloroquine. Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) was originally used for preventing malaria and is now also used for mild, slowly progressive arthritis. It starts to improve symptoms within 1 - 2 months, but may take up to 6 months to achieve full benefit. It also does not appear to slow disease progression. Hydroxycholoroquine usually causes less side effects than other DMARDs. The most common side effects are nausea and diarrhea, which typically improve over time or when the drug is taken with food. Less common side effects include skin rash or bleaching or thinning of hair. This drug used to be associated with eye and vision problems, but with current lower doses this side effect is rare. If vision problems occur, it is usually with people taking very high doses, those with kidney disease, or those over 60 years of age. Still, patients should have an eye exam (including retinal examination) within the first year of treatment. Patients with health risks (liver disease, retinal disease, over age 60) should have an annual eye exam. Patients should notify their doctors if they experience any sudden changes in vision. Sulfasalazine. Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) was developed in the 1930s for treating rheumatoid arthritis, but fell into disfavor when gold treatment emerged. It has regained popularity, however, and is now used for both adult and juvenile RA. It works best when the disease is confined to the joints. Symptom relief occurs within 1 - 3 months. Side effects are common, particularly stomach and intestinal distress, which usually occur early in the course of treatment. (However, serious gastrointestinal side effects, such as stomach ulcers, occur less frequently with sulfasalazine than with NSAIDs.) A coated-tablet form may help reduce side effects. Other side effects include skin rash and headache. Sulfasalazine increases sensitivity to sunlight. Be sure to wear sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher) while taking this drug. People with intestinal or urinary obstructions or who have allergies to sulfa drugs or salicylates should not take sulfasalazine. Gold. Gold has been a long-standing DMARD for rheumatoid arthritis, although its use has decreased with the development of disease modifying and biologic drugs. Gold is usually administered in an injected form because the oral form, auranofin (Ridaura), is much less effective. There are two injectable forms of gold: Gold sodium thiomalate (Myochrysine) and aurothioglucose (Solganal). It can take 3 - 6 months before injections have an effect on RA symptoms. Gold injections cause mouth sores in about a third of patients. Skin side effects include itching and rash, which can be severe in some patients. The most serious side effects of gold injections, while rare, are kidney damage and decreased white blood cell count. Gold injections are not usually given to pregnant women. It is not definite that gold causes birth defects, but doctors generally recommend women use birth control while receiving this drug. Minocycline. Minocycline (Minocin) is a tetracycline antibiotic that is generally reserved for patients with mild RA. It can take 2 - 3 months before symptoms begin to improve and up to a year for full benefit. Side effects include upset stomach, dizziness, and skin rash. Long-term use of minocycline can cause changes in skin color, but this side effect usually disappears once the medication is stopped. Minocycline can cause yeast infections in women. It should not be used by women who are pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant. Minocycline increases sensitivity to sunlight and patients should be sure to wear sunscreen. In rare cases, minocycline can affect the kidneys and liver. Azathioprine. Azathioprine (Imuran) suppresses immune system activity. It takes 6 - 8 weeks for early symptom improvement and up to 12 weeks for full benefit. Azathioprine can cause serious problems with the gastrointestinal tract. About 10 - 15% of patients experience nausea and vomiting, often accompanied by stomach pain and diarrhea. (Taking the medication twice daily, instead of once daily, or taking it after eating may help avoid this problem.) Azathioprine can also cause problems with liver function and pancreas gland inflammation, and can reduce white blood cell count. Cyclosporine. Like azathioprine, cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral) is an immunosuppressant. It is used for people with RA who have not responded to other drugs. It can take a week before symptoms improve and up to 3 months for full benefit. The most serious and common side effects of cyclosporine are high blood pressure and kidney function problems. While kidney function usually improves once the drug is stopped, mild-to-moderate high blood pressure may continue. Cyclosporine can also cause gout or worsen gout in people who have this condition. Other common side effects include headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and upset, and swelling of hands and feet. About 10% of patients who take cyclosporine develop tremors, increased hair growth, muscle cramps, and numbing or tingling in hands and feet (neuropathy). Swelling of the gums is also common. Patients should practice good dental hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing. Biologic Response Modifiers (Biologic DMARDs)Biologic response modifiers are drugs made from living cells. These drugs target specific components of the immune system that contribute to the joint inflammation and damage that are part of the rheumatoid arthritis disease process. Currently approved biologic response modifiers include: Etanercept (Enbrel). Etanercept is an anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drug. Approved in 1998, etanercept was the first biologic response modifier drug for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is also approved for juvenile RA and psoriatic arthritis. Infliximab (Remicade). Approved in 1999, infliximab is also an anti-TNF drug. It is used in combination with methotrexate. Adalimumab (Humira). Adalimumab is another anti-TNF drug. First approved in 2002 as a second-line treatment for RA, adalimumab received additional approvals in 2005 as a first-line treatment for RA and psoriatic arthritis. It is used alone or in combination with methotrexate or other DMARDs. It is also showing promising results in clinical trials for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Anakinra (Kineret). Approved in 2001, anakinra targets interleukin-1 (IL-1), another type of immune factor. Abatacept (Orencia). Approved in 2005 for adults with moderate-to-severe RA who have not responded to DMARD or anti-TNF drugs. Abatacept is known as a T cell co-stimulation modulator. It blocks T cell activation. It is used alone or in combination with other DMARDs aside from anti-TNF drugs. Rituximab (Rituxan). Approved in 2006, rituximab targets CD20-positive B cells and blocks their activation. It is used in combination with methotrexate for patients with moderate-to-severe RA who have not responded to anti-TNF therapies. Some of these drugs are used as first-line treatments for RA. Others are used for patients who have not responded to DMARDs or other types of treatment. Depending on the specific drug, they may be used alone or in combination with the DMARD methotrexate. However, biologic response modifiers are not used in combination with each other, as they can lead to serious infections. As with other rheumatoid arthritis drugs, these drugs do not cure the disease but can help slow progression and joint damage. In recent clinical trials, some patients have achieved remission using methotrexate in combination with infliximab, adalimumab, or rituximab. Side Effects and Complications. Etanercept, adalimumab, and anakinra are given by injection and may cause pain at the injection site. To prevent injection reactions, patients are sometimes pretreated with betamethasone, a corticosteroid drug, but some research suggests that the steroid does little good. Infliximab, abatacept and rituximab are given by intravenous infusion. Common infusion reactions include headache, nausea, and flu-like symptoms. Because biologic response modifiers affect the immune system, patients who take these drugs have an increased risk for infections. Biologic DMARDs should not be taken by patients with active bacterial infections, active herpes-zoster viral infection, active or latent tuberculosis, or active or chronic hepatitis B or C. In addition, anti-TNF drugs (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab) should not be given to patients with a history of heart failure, a history of lymphoma, or who have multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating disorders. Other risks associated with these drugs include: Anti-TNF drugs (etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab) have been associated with sepsis (blood infections), pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other opportunistic and fungal infections; non-melanoma skin cancer, lymphoma, and other malignancies; lupus; heart failure; blood disorders (including aplastic anemia); palmoplantar psoriasis; lung disease; and liver damage. Anakinra may cause a sudden drop in white blood cells (leukopenia) that increases the risk for infections. Abatacept should be used cautiously in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) as it may increase the risk for respiratory complications. Rituximab has been associated with cases of a rare and deadly brain disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). It also may cause hepatitis B reactivation, viral infections, and heart rhythm disturbances and other heart problems. Corticosteroids (Steroids)Corticosteroids work rapidly to control inflammation and pain. Long-time use, however, can have severe adverse effects. Still, they are often used under the following conditions: Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisolone and prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), are most often used in combination with DMARDs, which significantly enhances the benefits of DMARDs. Oral corticosteroids are sometimes used in early stage-RA for patients who cannot tolerate NSAIDs. Studies, in fact, suggest that low-dose corticosteroids may significantly slow joint pain when it is the first drug administered and then used for 2 years. (Even low-dose oral steroids have adverse effects on bone density, blood sugar, and weight. )Higher doses of corticosteroids are used for flareups of vasculitis and severe reactions to medications. Corticosteroids may also be used during pregnancy to avoid exposure to more toxic drugs. Daily, low-dose corticosteroids are also needed in some patients to control their rheumatoid arthritis symptoms. Corticosteroids are sometimes injected directly into joints for relief of flare-ups when only one or a few joints are affected. Doctors recommend no more than three or four injections into a specific joint a year. Steroid injections in the joints may be a safe and effective treatment for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and reduce the need for oral medication. Corticosteroid pulse therapy (intravenous administration) may work as well as DMARDs. Side Effects of Oral Corticosteroids. Serious side effects are associated with long-term use of oral steroids. (Low doses may reduce these risks, but they do not eliminate them.) Osteoporosis is a common and particularly severe long-term side effect of prolonged steroid use. Medications that can prevent osteoporosis include calcium supplements, parathyroid hormone, or bisphosphonates (such as alendronate, ibandronate, and risedronate). Other adverse effects include cataracts, glaucoma, diabetes, fluid retention, susceptibility to infections, weight gain, hypertension, capillary fragility, acne, excess hair growth, wasting of the muscles, menstrual irregularities, irritability, insomnia, and, rarely, psychosis. Recent research suggests that prednisone can increase the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. Withdrawal from Long-Term Use of Oral Corticosteroids. Long-term use of oral steroid medications suppresses secretion of natural steroid hormones by the adrenal glands. After withdrawal from these drugs, this so-called adrenal suppression persists and it can take the body a while (sometimes up to a year) to regain its ability to produce natural steroids again. There have been a few cases of severe adrenal insufficiency that occurred when switching from oral to inhaled steroids, which, in rare cases, has resulted in death. No one should stop taking any steroids without consulting a doctor first, and if steroids are withdrawn, regular follow-up monitoring is necessary. Patients should discuss with their doctor measures for preventing adrenal insufficiency during withdrawal, particularly during stressful times, when the risk increases. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)Two-thirds of people with RA rank pain as their primary reason for seeking professional help. The most common pain relievers for RA are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs block prostaglandins, the substances that dilate blood vessels and cause inflammation and pain. There are dozens of NSAIDs: Over-the-counter NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin IB, Advil, Nuprin, Rufen), naproxen (Aleve), ketoprofen (Actron, Orudis KT). Prescription NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn, Anaprox), flurbiprofen (Ansaid), diclofenac (Voltaren), tolmetin (Tolectin), ketoprofen (Orudis, Oruvail), dexibuprofen (Seractil). In 2004, a new NSAID, meloxicam (Mobic) was approved in the U. S. for the management and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Studies suggest that the best times for taking an NSAID may be after the evening meal and then again on awakening. RA symptoms increase gradually during the night, reaching their greatest severity at the time of awakening. Taking NSAIDs with food can reduce stomach discomfort, although it may slow down the pain-relieving effect. Long-term, regular use of NSAIDs (with the exception of aspirin) can increase the risk for heart attack, especially for people who have a heart condition. Long-term use of NSAIDs is also the second most common cause of ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. To reduce the risks associated with NSAIDs, take the lowest dose possible for pain relief. Other possible side effects of NSAIDs may include: Upset stomach Dyspepsia (burning, bloated feeling in pit of stomach)Drowsiness Skin bruising High blood pressure Fluid retention Headache Rash Reduced kidney function COX-2 Inhibitors (Coxibs). Coxibs inhibit an inflammation-promoting enzyme called COX-2. This drug class was initially thought to provide benefits equal to NSAIDs but cause less gastrointestinal distress. However, following numerous reports of heart problems, skin rashes, and other adverse effects, the FDA re-evaluated the risks and benefits of this drug class. This lead to the removal of rofecoxib (Vioxx) and valdecoxib (Bextra) from the United States market. Celecoxib (Celebrex) is still available, but patients should ask their doctor whether the drug is appropriate and safe for them. In 2006, the FDA approved celecoxib for the relief of symptoms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in patients ages 2 years and older. Investigational Treatments Biologic Drugs. For many years, therapeutic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis focused on T cell mediation. New research is now examining the role of B cells, which become overactive in autoimmune disease, and how B cell depletion may help to reduce disease activity. Other areas of intense research include interleukin receptor antagonists, which target cytokines involved in the inflammatory process. Many of the current investigational drugs are monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), biologic drugs that are designed to target specific receptors. Promising biologic drug candidates in late-stage research include tocilizumab (Actemra), golimumab, denosumab, ofatumumab, certolizumab, and baminercept. Statins. Some research suggests that compounds derived from statins, the highly regarded cholesterol-lowering drugs, may suppress the inflammation responsible for RA damage. Stem cell transplantation. Stem cells are the early versions of mature, specialized blood cells. Investigators are reporting that transplantation of donated hemopoietic stem cells, which mature into various blood cells, has induced remission in a few children with severe juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The procedure is promising in select cases, but it can be highly toxic. More studies are needed to determine risks and benefits for RA patients. Plasmapheresis. A device called the Prosorba column is used to remove inflammatory antibodies from the patient's blood. Small, short-term studies have shown that this therapy may slow or even halt the progression of the disease in a third to a half of patients. Side effects from the Prosorba column may include anemia, fatigue, itching, fever, a drop in blood pressure, and nausea. Nearly all patients experience an immediate flare-up of joint pain that lasts a few days. Some patients develop infection from the catheter used to remove blood. Long-term studies are needed. Surgery Joint Surgeries Certain surgical techniques may be helpful for people with severe deformities or disabilities. Arthroscopy. Arthroscopy is performed to clean out bone and cartilage fragments that cause pain and inflammation. It is usually performed on the knee, but it also may be done on the hip: The surgeon makes a small incision and injects a sterile solution to make the joint swell for easier viewing. A lighted tube, called an arthroscope (which enables the surgeon to view the joint), is then inserted through another small incision. Through a third incision, the surgeon trims, shaves, or stitches the damaged tissue. (Arthroscopy is most successful when the removal of cartilage only, and not bone, is involved. )In many cases, the procedure can be done using local anesthetic, and the patient can go home within a day. In the case of knee operations, patients can resume mild activity in a couple of days, but full recovery can take up to 3 months. Osteotomy. If only a certain section ( the medial compartment) of the knee is damaged and deformed, the surgeon may choose to perform osteotomy: The knee is opened. A debridement (removal of damaged tissue) is performed in the joint to eliminate the loose or torn fragments that are causing pain and inflammation. The bone is then reshaped to remove the deformity. The procedure is best used in heavier adults who are under 60 years old. Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (also called unicondylar knee arthroplasty) may be a useful procedure in some cases of limited damage in the knee. It is intended to relieve pain and preserve function as long as possible before a total knee replacement is necessary. The procedure involves a small incision and insertion of small implants. It retains important knee ligaments, which should preserve more movement than a total knee replacement. The procedure is not widely available and is somewhat controversial, since the implants may not be as reliable as those in total knee replacement. Synovectomy. Synovectomy is a procedure whereby the diseased joint lining is removed. It is used when more conservative measures fail, particularly in the wrist. Studies are suggesting, however, that with the use of lasers for the procedure, eventually synovectomy may prove to be an alternative to DMARD treatments in reducing symptoms and achieving long-term remission. Joint Replacement Surgery. Eventually, even after these procedures, rheumatoid arthritis may progress to the point that normal functioning is impossible. In such cases, artificial (prosthetic) replacement joint implants may be considered for knees, hips, or other joints. The prosthesis is usually made of a chromium alloy and plastic and may be attached to the adjoining bones using a cement, polymethyl methacrylate, or the prosthesis may be composed of a porous material that allows bone to grow into and eventually adhere to the device. Although this procedure has usually been performed in people over 60, implants are now lasting 20 years and more and younger patients with severe disability are finding them useful. Lifestyle Changes It is important to maintain a balance between rest (which will reduce inflammation) and moderate exercise (which will relieve stiffness and weakness). Studies have suggested that even as little as 3 hours of physical therapy over 6 weeks will help people with RA, and that these benefits are sustained. The goal of exercise is to: Maintain a wide range of motion Increase strength, endurance, and mobility Improve general health Promote well-being In general, doctors recommend the following approaches: Start with the easiest exercises, stretching and tensing of the joints without movement. Next, attempt mild strength training. The next step is to try aerobic exercises. These include walking, dancing, or swimming, particularly in heated pools. Avoid heavy impact exercises, such as running, downhill skiing, and jumping. Tai chi, which uses graceful slow sweeping movements, is an excellent method for combining stretching and range-of-motion exercises with relaxation techniques. It may be of particularl value for elderly patients with RA. A common -sense approach to exercise is the best guide: If exercise is causing sharp pain, stop immediately. If lesser aches and pains continue for more than 2 hours afterwards, try a lighter exercise program for a while. Using large joints instead of small ones for ordinary tasks can help relieve pressure, for instance, closing a door with the hip or pushing buttons with the palm of the hand. Diet Many patients with RA try dietary approaches, such as fasting, vegan diets, or eliminating specific foods, that seem to worsen RA symptoms. There is little scientific evidence to support these approaches but some patients report anecdotally that they are helpful. In recent years, a number of studies have suggested that the omega-3 fatty acids contained in fish oil may have anti-inflammatory properties useful for RA joint pain relief. The best source of fish oil is through increased consumption of fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, and herring. Fish oil supplements are another option, but they may interact with certain medications. If you are thinking of trying fish oil supplements, talk to your doctor first. Miscellaneous Supportive Treatments Various ointments, including Ben Gay and capsaicin (a cream that use the active ingredient in chilli peppers), may help soothe painful joints. Orthotic devices are specialized braces and splints that support and help align joints. Many such devices made from a variety of light materials are available and can be very helpful when worn properly. A number of specially designed appliances and devices are available to ease daily activities. Managing Psychological and Emotional Conditions Although the influence of stress or emotions on the progression of RA is not fully known, having a history of major depression that persists or reoccurs seems to increase the pain, disability, and fatigue. Stress management alone cannot reduce pain, but it may be very helpful in helping people deal with their condition. Alternative and Integrative Medicine People often turn to alternative therapies or nontraditional remedies to relieve the pain of rheumatoid arthritis. Although there is no definitive evidence to support their efficacy, some alternative procedures -- such as acupuncture, massage, mineral baths (balneotherapy), relaxation techniques, biofeedback, and hypnosis -- are not harmful and may be a useful adjunct to standard treatments. Herbal Remedies Herbal remedies used for RA include boswellia, equisetum arvense (horsetail), devil's claw, borage seed oil, and many others. To date, no evidence supports their efficacy. Researchers are currently conducting studies to determine if supplements extracted from the turmeric spice can help prevent joint inflammation. The Chinese medicine herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (Tw HF) is also being investigated for its anti-inflammatory properties. Generally, manufacturers of herbal remedies and dietary supplements do not need FDA approval to sell their products. Just like a drug, herbs and supplements can affect the body's chemistry, and therefore have the potential to produce side effects that may be harmful. There have been a number of reported cases of serious and even lethal side effects from herbal products. Always check with your doctor before using any herbal remedies or dietary supplements. References Chen YF, Jobanputra P, Barton P, Jowett S, Bryan S, Clark W, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in adults and an economic evaluation of their cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess. 2006 Nov;10 (42):iii-iv, xi-xiii, 1-229. Donahue KE, Gartlehner G, Jonas DE, Lux LJ, Thieda P, Jonas BL, et al. Systematic Review: Comparative Effectiveness and Harms of Disease-Modifying Medications for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Nov 19 [Epub ahead of print]Firestein GS. . Etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In: Harris ED, Budd RC, Genovese MC, Firestein GS, Sargent JS, Sledge CB, eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2005:chap 65. Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Burmester GR, Sieper J, et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2007. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Nov;66 Suppl 3:iii2-22. Gabriel SE. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 2008 Oct;121 (10 Suppl 1): S9-14. Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM,, et al. Comparison of treatment strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 20;146 (6):406-15. Goldberg RJ, Katz J. A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain. 2007 May;129 (1-2):210-23. Epub 2007 Mar 1. Harris ED Jr. Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis. In: Harris ED, Budd RC, Genovese MC, Firestein GS, Sargent JS, Sledge CB, eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2005:chap 66. O'Dell JR. Rheumatoid arthritis In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 285. Saag KG, Teng GG, Patkar NM, Anuntiyo J, Finney C, Curtis JR, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2008 recommendations for the use of nonbiologic and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jun 15;59 (6):762-84. Salmon JE, Roman MJ. Subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med. 2008 Oct;121 (10 Suppl 1): S3-8. Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Koeller M, Weisman MH, Emery P. New therapies for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2007 Dec 1;370 (9602):1861-74. Smolen JS, Keystone EC, Emery P, Breedveld FC, Betteridge N, Burmester GR,. et al. Consensus statement on the use of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Feb; 66 (2):143-50. Wang C, de Pablo P, Chen X, Schmid C, Mc Alindon T. Acupuncture for pain relief in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Sep 15;59 (9):1249-56. A. D. A. M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation Health Care Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A. D. A. M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A. D. A. M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A. D. A. M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A. D. A. M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch). A. D. A. M. Copyright The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2008 A. D. A. M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
D2509686	https://www.checkpregnancy.com/thick-white-discharge-3-types-what-they-mean/	Thick White Discharge: 3 Types & What They Mean?	Thick White Discharge: 3 Types & What They Mean? By Pobby - September 20, 2015 119tweet Is white discharge normal, or a sign of something serious? If you’re seeing white or creamy discharge, don’t panic. In most cases, this type of discharge is perfectly normal – especially if it’s odorless. Let’s take a closer look at the three most common types of white discharge to help you determine if your case is normal, or if it’s time to see your doctor. Table of Contents [ show]1. White Milky Discharge Creamy white discharge is perfectly normal, and can be an indication of a few things. Many women experience this type of discharge during ovulation. If the discharge is stretchy and thick, it’s likely just a sign that you’re ovulating. In some cases, however, creamy discharge can be an early sign of pregnancy. For some women, this is the first sign they notice, and it’s referred to as leucorrhea. This type of discharge is either completely odorless or carries a very mild odor.2. Thick White Discharge White discharge can be very concerning for some women, but in most cases, this type of discharge is also quite normal. As your cycle progresses, your vaginal discharge will begin to thicken. [Read more about Thick White Discharge]Women may experience thick discharge during different stages of their menstrual cycle or during pregnancy. Thick White Discharge Pregnant Source: http://pregnancymummydiary.com/Women undergo a lot of changes during pregnancy, and an increase in vaginal discharge is perfectly normal. Most women experience thick, creamy white discharge in the early stages of their pregnancy. During this time, your vagina is working overtime to create more discharge. Why? To keep the cervix healthy, moist and sealed. Body heat can sometimes liquefy the discharge, which causes it to come out in larger quantities than you’re used to. Thick discharge can also be normal during the third trimester of your pregnancy. As long as the discharge is white or clear and odorless, it’s likely normal and your body is just doing its job to keep your cervix clean and healthy. Thick White Discharge Before Period Thick discharge just before your period is perfectly normal. This type of discharge is perfectly normal at the beginning and the end of the menstrual cycle. Just before ovulation, the vagina produces a lot more mucous (up to 30 times more mucous than after ovulation). During this time, your discharge may be watery or elastic. However, there are a few methods you could use to make your period lighter. At the end of your cycle, just before menstruation begins, you may also see thick white discharge. This is perfectly normal and is no cause for concern, provided there is no itching accompanied with the discharge and that the color is white. Thick White Discharge No Odor Discharge that’s completely odorless is perfectly normal. You may experience this type of discharge at the beginning of your cycle, during ovulation and at the end of your cycle. Source: http://www.menshealth.com/Thick, creamy discharge may also be a sign of pregnancy, so pay attention to the timing. If your period is late, consider taking a pregnancy test ( click here if you want to take a homemade pregnancy test, or check out the most 5 reliable products on the market) or seeing your doctor to confirm your pregnancy. The discharge may be an early sign of pregnancy. Thick White Discharge After Sex Seeing white discharge after sex can be alarming, but in most cases, is perfectly nor mal. There are a few different reasons why you’re seeing this right after sex: Vaginal Lubrication: When a woman is aroused, a creamy fluid is sometimes secreted to aid in sexual intercourse. In most cases, the fluid is watery and clear or white in color. The body may continue to produce this discharge after sex. Cervical Mucus: The cervix produces mucus at different stages of your menstrual cycle. The purpose of the mucus is to help the sperm make its way up to the egg for fertilization. Depending on the stage your menstrual cycle is in, you may see thick, dry mucus after sex. This usually indicates that you’re at the end of your cycle. If the mucus is clear and stretchy, it may be a sign that you’re ovulating. If you don’t wish to get pregnant, be sure to take extra precautions at this time. Male Ejaculate: It’s possible that the discharge you’re seeing is not discharge at all. If you and your partner are having sex without a condom, what you may be seeing is male ejaculate. Semen is creamy and sometimes thick, and can easily be mistaken for vaginal discharge. Thick White Clumpy Discharge More often than not, white discharge is perfectly normal – provided it’s smooth and odorless. If your discharge is clumpy and its texture resembles cottage cheese, it may be sign of an infection. Discharge that’s slightly yellow or green and clumpy may be an indication of a yeast infection or Bacterial Vaginosis. If the discharge carries a foul smell, it’s time to see your doctor. Bacterial Vaginosis and yeast infections can be treated with over-the-counter or prescription medications, but only your doctor can diagnose the condition. Would like to find out the 9 causes of white discharge? Check out here.3. Excessive Discharge ( Is yours brown? )Source: http://www.healthmds.org/An excessive amount of thick white vaginal discharge can be normal, but it may also be a sign that it’s time to see your doctor. Some of the most common causes of heavy discharge include: Ovulation: Most women experience an excessive amount of discharge during ovulation. During this time, progesterone levels in the body are high, which causes the body to secrete more discharge than normal. If you’re seeing heavy discharge 10-14 days after the first day of your period, this is likely just a sign of ovulation and is nothing to be concerned about. Pregnancy: It’s also perfectly normal for women to secrete an excessive amount of discharge in the early stages of pregnancy. During this time, the vagina is producing more mucus to keep the cervix sealed, moist, clean and healthy. Sexual Excitement: Vaginal discharge can act as a natural lubricant for sexual intercourse. The same hormones that cause you to become aroused are the same ones that create a steady secretion of discharge. If you’re sexually aroused, you may notice an excessive amount of discharge for this reason. Stress: If you’re under a lot of stress, you may notice more discharge. Stress can create hormonal imbalances, which can affect the amount of discharge you secrete. Excessive discharge caused by stress is harmless, but you may consider taking steps to de-stress in order to prevent future health issues. In conclusion, thick white discharge is normal in most cases. However, if you notice that your discharge is clumpy and carries a foul odor, see your doctor right away. This may be a sign of an infection and will require treatment. TAGS dischargetweet Previous article How to Treat PCOS: Best 3 Supplements, Diet, Natural Treatments Next article Cervical Mucus 101 & Implantation Discharge
D1146841	http://www.ehow.com/facts_7660721_idler-arm.html	What Is an Idler Arm?	What Is an Idler Arm?by Heather Potter Proper steering control is crucial to driving safety, allowing the driver to maintain accurate control of the vehicle. The idler arm is a component of the steering system in a vehicle. Not all cars have steering systems. Most sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and trucks have steering systems, as do some passenger models. Identification The idler arm consists of a ball joint, an arm and pivot bushing. The idler arm is on the passenger side of the frame rail. Function The idler arm connects the steering box to the center link. The center link is what turns the hubs and allows a vehicle's tires to rotate. The idler arm controls the passenger side steering in a vehicle. Problems A faulty idler arm usually leads to the car pulling to one side. Drivers may also notice one tire is more worn than the other. A loose steering wheel is another indicator of a worn out idler arm. Drivers may also notice a noise when turning corners. References Car Tech Auto Parts: Steering Idler Arm Flash Off Road.com: Idler Arm And Pitman Arm Replacement About the Author Heather Potter has more than 10 years experience as a writer. She specializes in travel writing, and her writing has appeared on national websites, including USA Today. She attended Boston University. More Articles Advantages & Disadvantages of Independent Rear Suspension Vehicles The Signs of a Bad Ball Joint and Spindle How to Diagnose a Bad Idler Arm Steering Wheels & Grinding Noises How to Remove the Tilt Steering Handle in a Dodge Truck The Advantages of Rack & Pinion Steering Troubleshooting Rack & Pinion Steering How to Disable Passenger Airbags How to Tell If an Audi Has Servotronic
D534782	http://internchina.com/differences-between-france-and-china-part-1-food/	Differences between France and China â Part 1: Food	My internship here is drawing to an end soon, so I would like to take the opportunity to compare the two amazing experiences I have had in the last year. No. 1: I was placed on an Erasmus year in Toulouse, France for seven months. No. 2: A marketing internship in Qingdao, China for six months straight after France. Intern China – The two cities Since these are two food loving nations, I thought it best to commence with a comparison about the cuisine. The food in France is delicious, classic and infamously chic. You can expect a lot of crème fraîche, butter, garlic, bread and of course a bottle of wine to accompany every dish (thank god!). Of the many fantastic restaurants I visited in Toulouse, most of the dishes were made with fresh local produce, steaks, tapas, pastas and vegetables. With an Erasmus atmosphere, there was a real social scene in which everyone loved going out and trying new food. My favourite dish was a duck leg confit with potatoes. Really good restaurants in Toulouse cost around 20 Euros ( 200RMB) – including a glass of wine. Intern China – Confit of Duck leg Chinese food is delicious too and a very social activity to do with friends and colleagues. In fact many people do not cook even here. For example, I go out 90% of the time and cook only 10% at home. It means no buying ingredients and no washing up which suits most people perfectly. During the summer in Qingdao, you may find many street barbecues where for a fraction of the price that it would cost for Western food you can get some tasty food and a great local atmosphere. My favourite dish is crispy pork with a sweet and sour sauce. With a complete meal costing around 3.5 Euros (usually 30RM B), it is very inexpensive to go out to local restaurants on a nightly basis. Intern China – Crispy pork Biggest differences regarding dishes: Price Similarities regarding dishes: Delicious Winner of dishes: Qingdao, China – great value, great food. General snacking In terms of snacks there were bakeries to buy fresh crispy baguettes and croissants around every corner in France– you cannot beat this! The cheese variety was never ending and there were millions of crêpe stalls where you can choose to eat sweet or savory ones. The Christmas market was the best for all of this, with individual shops making delicious snacks as well as mulled wine…Intern China – Crêpe sucrée Intern China – Snack Intern China – Xmas market With snacks in China, there are so many cheap and delicious things to eat. Jack, the Intern China Marketing Manager, loves to eat a spicy styled crêpe for lunch called Jian bing guo zi which is made in many local shops. People also like eggs that have been marinated in tea, baozi and hot dogs on a stick. Most shops also sell small packages of chicken feet, dried fish or shrimp… and other big no no’s for me! However the phrase ‘each to their own’ comes in handy here. Intern China – Chicken Feet Intern China – jian bing guo zi Intern China – Tea eggs Biggest snack differences: Pretty much everything Similarities: Snacks are easy to come by in both countries Winner for snacks: Toulouse, France – Sorry Qingdao, but I would take Nutella crêpes over chicken feet any day!Food Etiquette Well ze French are très sophistiqué – Oui? We all know the stereotypical French person portrayed in films who comes off a little snobby with their manners and haute couture fashion. Even the English struggle to compete with the fancy habits of the cheese plates and wine matching (just give us a piece of cheddar and cracker eh?) So what differs with table manners in France versus China? When looking back to the restaurants in Toulouse and Paris I visited, most of them had pretty similar decor: a white linen table cloth, many utensils and wine glasses. The atmosphere had music, candles, sexy French voices in the background and a handsome Jean-Pierre waiting to serve you…Intern China – Jean-Pierre, the typical French waiter Now scrap all of that! Make sure it’s all far away from your mind and imagine an average Qingdao local. As I said, the food can be equal or more delicious,but without the pretense of the European flair and hefty price tag. Much less mannerisms and more focus on the food! At any typical restaurant you will usually get a small plate, a cup for hot water and chopsticks. This leaves a lot of room for the many different dishes to arrive. Intern China – Chinese table You know that horrible stifling feeling when you are starving to death at a restaurant in Europe and your food has arrived but your date’s/ friends’ hasn’t? You want to eat immediately, but these awkward table rules are holding you back. The stress and tension can be unbearable – your food is there…its waiting for you…it looks so good and hot, but Amy and Sarah meal haven’t arrived yet * Sigh! During this period of time there’s a lot of fast and furious neck turning to the kitchen and finally after what seems hours – you can eat when their dishes arrive. Intern China – Waiting Obviously the biggest difference beside the fact that there’s no music, chic waiter and could well be some animal penis on the menu is that you mostly share dishes in China. If there are five of you, you may order several meat and fish dishes, some vegetables and maybe dumplings. They arrive at different times so as soon as one dish is there – you can all dig in. Another good thing is there are only chopsticks as cutlery so you don’t need to look like an idiot in Europe where they try to trick you; spoon, soup spoon, tea spoon, bread knife, salad fork, fish knife, steak knife, Grrr – just give me two little sticks any day. Intern China – Simple life Intern China – Too much work Dinner differences: Knives forks, mannerisms, … Dinner Similarities: You can get a doggy b ag (In Chinese just say ‘Daobao’) Restaurant Winner: Qingdao, China – because sometimes its better to eat and enjoy without all the fanciness So, we have established that there are many similarities and differences between Chinese and French cuisine and that both share a passion for food and are generous hosts. I recommend trying dishes from both as they are amazing in heir own way. Overall winner of food – Qingdao China – come and explore all the tasty treats China has to offer and Apply now. Intern China – Food in Qingdao Intern China – Dinner in Toulouse Share this: Related Items homestay intern china internchina Internship in China Praktikum in China scholarshipstage en chine
D3466298	http://www.texasspineandneurosurgerycenter.com/pituitary-adenomas/	Pituitary Macroadenoma Treatment & Symptoms	Pituitary Macroadenoma Treatment & Symptoms What is it? Prevalence and Incidence Main Tumor Types Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Transsphenoidal Tumor Resection Gamma Knife Radiosurgery Schedule Your Consultation What is Pituitary Adenoma? Adenoma is the medical term for any abnormal growth or tumor that occurs in one of the many glands of the body and a pituitary adenoma is a pituitary gland tumor. Pituitary adenomas are benign (non-cancerous) tumors. The pituitary gland is the master controller of the endocrine system which is responsible for the overall hormonal balance of the body. While the glands that comprise the endocrine system are scattered throughout the body, the pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus, a functional part of the brain that in turn controls the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is responsible for the production of many critical hormones including: growth hormone (GH) which controls normal growth; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which stimulates the adrenal glands; prolactin which stimulates milk production in females after giving birth; sex hormones such as testosterone, LH, and FSH which controls sexual and reproduction; and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which controls thyroid hormone levels. A pituitary adenoma will typically interfere with proper production of these hormones. Pituaitary Adenoma Treatment & Symptoms Approximately 1 in 1,000 people will develop a pituitary adenoma and many of these adenomas cause no problems or symptoms. These slow-growing benign tumors arise spontaneously without a known cause from the tissues of the pituitary gland and seldom are cancerous. About 10% to 15% of all intracranial tumors are pituitary adenomas. Pituitary Macroadenoma Symptoms Small adenomas less than 10 millimeters in size are called microadenomas while adenomas greater than 10 millimeters are called macroadenomas. Otherwise, adenomas are classified as hormone-producing or hormone-inactive adenomas based upon their impact on the activity of the pituitary gland. Hormone-producing adenomas cause the pituitary gland to secrete an excess amount of a hormone and disrupt the normal balance of hormones in the body. Hormone-inactive adenomas are larger tumors that, due to their size, may damage the pituitary gland or exert pressure on surrounding brain tissues. The most common hormone-producing adenomas are named in conjunction with the hormone they stimulate:• ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas cause secretion of excess cortisol by the adrenal glands and cause Cushing’s syndrome. Cushing’s syndrome caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is cased Cushing’s disease.• Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas cause secretion of excess growth hormone and can result in acromegaly in adults and giantism in children. In both cases, individuals continue to grow and reach an unusually large size.• Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas, also called prolactinomas, primarily affect females. Excess production of the hormone prolactin shuts down menstrual periods, causes breast enlargement, and production of breast milk.• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) producing pituitary adenomas are a rare form of pituitary adenomas that cause hyperthyroidism, an excess of thyroid hormone in the body. Pituitary Gland Tumor Symptoms The symptoms hormone-producing adenomas cause are related to the hormone that is affected by the tumor as already noted. Hormone-inactive adenomas exert pressure on surrounding brain structures and can produce a variety of symptoms depending upon the area of the brain affected by the tumor. Compression of the pituitary gland by a hormone-inactive tumor can result some form of pituitary failure with one or more of the following pituitary tumor symptoms:• Low blood pressure• Fatigue• Inability to handle stress• Sexual dysfunction Compression of the pituitary stalk which connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus can result in mildly elevated levels of prolactin, causing irregular menstrual periods in females. This condition is different from a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. A macroadenoma that grows upward from the pituitary gland can impact the optic chiasm, part of the pathway in the brain between the eye and the visual cortex. The visual cortex is the portion of the brain that ultimately controls eyesight. This type of pituitary adenoma results in:• Blurry vision• Loss of peripheral vision, called bitemporal hemianopsia• Loss of color perception, the ability to distinguish colors• Headache Pituitary apoplexy can be a severe result of any type of pituitary adenoma. With pituitary apoplexy the adenoma bleeds into itself and causes a sudden headache accompanied by a loss in vision. Pituitary apoplexy is a medical emergency. Pituitary Macroadenoma Diagnosis A pituitary adenoma diagnosis is typically accomplished by an endocrinologist through sophisticated blood tests that measure applicable hormone levels along with MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain and pituitary gland. Pituitary Tumor Treatment Without Surgery Medical management with drugs through an endocrinologist is the first-line treatment for pituitary adenomas secreting prolactin. Pituitary tumors rarely require any other treatment. Medical management may also play a role, along with surgery, in acromegaly, Cushing’s disease, and pituitary failure (hypopituitarism). Otherwise, surgery to remove the adenoma is the treatment of choice. Some patients with incidentally discovered non-secretory adenomas may be best treated with observation alone. Transsphenoidal Tumor Resection Transsphenoidal tumor resection is the name of the surgical technique used to remove a pituitary adenoma. The surgeon enters the body through the nostrils and the sphenoid sinus cavity. The surgeon then creates a small hole in the bone at the back of the sinus cavity. This hole allows the surgeon to view the pituitary gland and the adenoma and ultimately remove the tumor. The surgeon utilizes specially designed tools during a transsphenoidal tumor resection. Fluoroscopy, an imaging system that transfers a stream of images to a screen, assists the surgeon in inserting a tube through the nostril and into the sinuses. Inside the tube a high-powered surgical microscope magnifies the internal structures, giving the surgeon an enhanced image of the pituitary gland, the adenoma and the surrounding tissues. Depending on the size of the adenoma, it is removed intact or larger tumors are removed in small pieces. Removal is typically done by suction. The space left after the removal of a large tumor may be filled with body fat from the patient’s abdominal area. Very large and very small pituitary adenomas each present their own challenges. A skilled surgeon is required to locate and remove a tiny tumor without damaging any pituitary gland tissue. On the other hand, portions of a large adenoma might not be completely visible through the small hole in the sinus cavity. In this case, the surgeon utilizes an endoscope, a fiber-optic instrument that allows the surgeon to see around corners, inside the brain. Houston neurosurgeons at the Texas Spine and Neurosurgery Center also may use the latest in stereotactic or 3-dimensional neurosurgery techniques to aid in the removal of a pituitary adenoma. These techniques require the patient to undergo a specialized MRI scan typically the day before the surgery date. The images from this scan are used in conjunction with a 3-dimensional neuronavigation computer system that allows the neurosurgeon to track the location of instruments being used inside the brain during surgery. Gamma Knife Radiosurgery Gamma knife radiosurgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent pituitary adenomas, tumors that return after a successful transsphenoidal tumor resection, and for tumors that cannot be completely removed by surgery. Radiosurgery is a modern non-invasive technique for destroying benign and cancerous tumors. Radiosurgery destroys tissue through the precise concentration of radiation to the tumor, in this case the pituitary adenoma. While Gamma Knife is the name of the instrument, there is no knife or cutting involved in the procedure. Before the procedure the patient’s head is fitted with a metal frame that is held in place by four pins. The metal frame provides fixed reference points for locating brain areas and the tumor. With the frame securely in place, the patient undergoes imaging scans of the brain. After the scans are complete, sophisticated computer software analyzes the images and prepares controlling information for the Gamma Knife unit. The Gamma Knife treatment is similar to getting an MRI or CT scan. The metal head frame is fixed to the machine and the immobile patient slides into the treatment portion of the equipment. The Gamma Knife emits the required amount of radiation to the precise spot of the tumor without damaging any other tissues. The dosage and length of time of the treatment varies. Gamma Knife radiosurgery damages tumor cells so that they are unable to reproduce. It usually takes several weeks to months for the full results of this technique to shrink or destroy a tumor. The patient is usually able to return home shortly after treatment. Dr. John Park is one of the few neurosurgeons in the area with specialized training in Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Patients who may be a candidate for this procedure should see him to obtain consultation. He will determine if you are a candidate for Gamma Knife treatment. Schedule Your Pituitary Adenoma Consultation Our Houston neurosurgeons are highly experienced at managing pituitary adenomas. Dr. Park and Dr. Bindal will discuss your condition during the consultation and inform you of the most appropriate treatment option to appease your pituitary adenoma symptoms. Contact our greater Houston neurosurgery center today to schedule your pituitary adenoma consultation – 281-313-0031. Back to Top
D2355868	http://www.gohealthinsurance.com/health-insurance-information/premiums-and-deductibles.html	Making Sense of Premiums and Deductibles	Making Sense of Premiums and Deductibles For many people, buying their own health insurance comes down to one important question: “What’s it going to cost me?”You shouldn’t buy a plan on price alone. Getting quality coverage that meets your health needs should be a priority. But there’s no escaping it — your health plan’s price tag needs to fit your budget. Compare Health Insurance Quotes Today!Get Health Insurance Now!Find your health insurance plan today. When you’re comparing health plans, the first two numbers to look at are the premium and the deductible. They aren’t the only numbers to pay attention to, but they’ll make up most of the cost of your coverage. Understanding Premiums A premium is an easy concept: it’s the monthly bill you pay to keep your coverage in effect. But how that premium is calculated can be complicated. Health insurance premiums don’t have a fixed price — they depend on several factors. The factors are all related to your risk of needing expensive health care. These factors include your current health status, your age, and your lifestyle. Some companies even assess risk based on where you live. The process of deciding how much risk you have — and pricing your premiums to match that risk — is called medical underwriting. It’s important to remember that each company has a different set of rules they use for underwriting. What one company considers high-risk might only be a moderate risk for another company. That can mean a big difference in your premium. So it pays to compare options from several companies. Understanding Deductibles A deductible is the fixed amount of medical costs you are responsible for paying before your insurance coverage starts picking up the bill. For example, if the total bill for a simple surgery were $5,000, you might have to pay the first $500 before your insurance company pays the remaining $4,500. Deductibles can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand. Many health plans offer a choice of deductibles. You’re only responsible for the deductible when you receive care. When you’re looking at plans, pay attention to the medical services that are covered without having to pay toward your deductible. Many health insurance plans will cover routine and preventive care, and only require you to make a small copayment. This care can include doctor’s visits, lab work, and other basic care that keeps you healthy. How Premiums and Deductibles are Related Is a lower deductible better? Not always. Premiums and deductibles are directly related. A plan with a low deductible will have higher premiums. So many people choose plans with high deductibles in order to keep the monthly cost of coverage as low as possible. If you do choose a plan with a high deductible, consider opening a Health Savings Account. These accounts allow you to save money tax-free and help pay for health care expenses — including your deductible. As of 2008, your plan needs to have a deductible of at least $1,100 for you to open a Health Savings Account. Want to find out more? Get a free online quote and compare plans from the top insurance companies in your state. See which companies offer the kind of coverage you need — and see how much they charge for that coverage. Or use one of our other insurance tools to find your health insurance plan.
D682472	https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2013/03/01/why-american-express-is-growing-its-third-party-issued-cards-business/	Why American Express Is Growing Its Third Party Issued Cards Business	Great Speculations Buys, holds and hopes Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Investing 3/01/2013 @ 10:02AM 13,406 views Why American Express Is Growing Its Third Party Issued Cards Business Trefis Team , Contributor Quick Take Revenues from third party cards currently account for 15% of American Express’s revenues. Transaction fees earned through third party issuers have increased by a compound annual growth rate of 15%, higher than a CAGR of 9% for propriety cards in the U. S. Third party cards have grown at a CAGR of 13% over the last four years compared to 2% for propriety cards in the U. S. American Express has successfully implemented its spend-centric model and closed-loop network to achieve growth over the last few years and was one of the few financial companies to come out of the economic crisis of 2008 virtually unscathed. Its performance in the U. S. was helped by consumer trends as customers started paying off credit in time in order to avoid staying in debt during the financial crunch. The delinquency rate on credit card loans for all commercial banks in the U. S. dropped from 6.76% in the second quarter of 2009 to 2.73% in the fourth quarter of 2012. In the same period, the charge-off rate on credit card loans for the top 100 banks ranked by assets in the country dropped from 9.59% to 4.08%. Outside the U. S., Amex has taken a step away from its closed loop model where it issues its own credit cards and also acts as the acquirer for merchants accepting the card. In 2012, almost 80% of American Express branded cards issued outside the U. S. were issued through third party financial institutions, in agreement with the company’s global network services division. Transaction fees earned through third party issuers have increased by a CAGR of 15% – higher than 9% for propriety cards in the U. S. Revenues earned through third party issuers accounted for 15% of the company’s gross revenues in 2012, indicating the importance of this business. Our $62 price estimate for the company’s stock is in-line with the current market price. See our complete analysis of Amex’s stock here How Does This Business Work? American Express invites financial institutions to issue cards carrying the signature American Express logo and also to act as merchant acquirers on the Amex network by leveraging its infrastructure and brand image. This allows the company to enhance its presence in countries where the institutions are already established and expand its cardmember and merchant base at cost levels that would not have been feasible on its own. The agreements with the financial institutions can be one of three categories: Independent Operator Agreement In this type of agreement, the partner institution owns the credit risk for the cards issued, handles customer relationships and is responsible for transaction authorization, billing and pricing. The independent operator can issue local currency cards and serves as the merchant acquirer. American Express earns revenues from card licensing fees, royalties on billings, charge volume, net spread revenue and cards in force, foreign exchange conversion revenue and also a share of the discount revenue earned by the operator. This type of agreement is common in countries where Amex does not offer its own propriety cards. At the end of 2012, there were 67 such agreements across the world, including Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Turkey and Ecuador. Network Card License Arrangement In this type of agreement, the third party institution can issue branded cards and is responsible for design of product features, customer service, billing and credit and authorization of transactions. American Express is responsible for the merchant network, processing transactions from point of sale to settlement with card issuers. The company charges fees based on transaction volume and also earns royalties and currency conversion fees. This type of agreement is implemented in countries where American Express has a propriety card business. There were 77 such agreements in place at the end of 2012, including those with Lloyds TSB Bank in the United Kingdom and Westpac Banking Corporation in Australia. Joint Venture Agreement This is exactly what the name suggests wherein the company has an ownership stake in a business in collaboration with a third party. The business typically issues local currency and U. S. dollar denominated cards with both parties sharing risk and profit and loss responsibilities. The income primarily depends on the level of ownership interest. This agreement is in place in Switzerland and Belgium. Third Party Cards Could Reach 20% Of Sales Third party issued cards in use have grown at a CAGR of 13% over the last four years, from 26.3 million in 2009 to 37.6 million in 2012. In contrast, propriety cards in the U. S. have grown at just 2% from 29.5 million in 2009 to 31.3 million in 2012. Outside of the U. S., the growth in propriety cards has been stagnant. There were 10.5 million cards in use in 2009 and 10.6 million in 2012. This is primarily due to the company’s strategy to use GNS partnerships to enter high growth economies, particularly in Asia and Latin America. We expect double digit growth for third party cards in the coming years. Transaction volume on third party cards has increased at a compound rate of 22% over the last four years from $71.8 billion in 2009 to $128.8 billion in 2012. This growth has been driven primarily by the growth in cards in use. Average annual spending per card has grown at a slower rate (8%) from $2,730 in 2009 to $3,426 in 2012, and we expect this growth to continue over our forecast period. Transaction volume on propriety cards has grown at a CAGR of 11%, both in and outside the U. S., over the last four years. However, the average annual spend per propriety card in the U. S. is much higher than the spend on third party issued cards at $14,986 in 2012. On average, American Express earns around 3.66% as a percentage of transaction volume on third party issued cards. This percentage fell from 4.29% in 2009 primarily due to expansion in growing economies and varying agreements with partner institutions. We expect this percentage to decline to 3.36% by the end of our forecast period. We believe that third party issued cards will drive business for American Express in the coming years. Revenues from third party cards currently account for 15% of the company’s total revenues, and we expect this percentage to increase to 20% by the end of our forecast period. You can modify the interactive charts above to gauge the effect a change in forecasts will have on our price estimate. Submit a Post at Trefis Powered by Data and Interactive Charts \| Understand What Drives a Stock at Trefis Like our charts? Embed them in your own posts using the Trefis Word Press Plugin. RECOMMENDED BY FORBESMaster Card Is Charged Up For Growth Heading Into Earnings Wells Fargo & Discover: A Deal Waiting To Materialize? Why Discover Financial Is Worth $39e Bay Is Charged For $50 With Pay Pal's Discover Partnership
D616206	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006032814345	What is the definition of victim empathy?	Education & Reference Homework Help What is the definition of victim empathy? Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: em•pa•thy Pronunciation: (em'pu-thē), [key] —n. 1. the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another. 2. the imaginative ascribing to an object, as a natural object or work of art, feelings or attitudes present in oneself: By means of empathy, a great painting becomes a mirror of the self.south1949 · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Victim Empathy Source (s):https://shorte.im/a8h Piabhinav · 1 year ago0 0 Comment Isn't it like you're trying to help the victims? I'm not sure about it 100%Crime Scene Investigator Okl. · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Best Home Security System? Need debt consolidation loans? Need a DUI Attorney? Get a Master's Degreee Online
D1494608	https://www.mountain-forecast.com/peaks/Mount-Wilson-California	Mount Wilson (California) â Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering	Pacific Coast Ranges > San Gabriel Mountains >Mount Wilson (California)Mountain Info Photos (1)Forecasts:5712 ft3281 ft Mountain Weather Map Current Weather Observations Climbing Notes Mount Wilson (California) – Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering Mount Wilson (California)Photo credit: Geographer Elevation: 5712 ft Difficulty: Best months to climb: Convenient center: Update info or location Mountain missing? We can add it!Mount Wilson (California) Climbing Notes Be the first to submit your climbing note!Please submit any useful information about climbing Mount Wilson (California) that may be useful to other climbers. Consider things such as access and accommodation at the base of Mount Wilson (California), as well as the logistics of climbing to the summit. Select Mount Wilson (California) Location Map Detail: Regional Map \| Local Map \| Detailed Map Contours: Roads & Rivers: Select a mountain summit from the menu Use this relief map to navigate to mountain peaks in the area of Mount Wilson (California).10 other mountain peaks closest to Mount Wilson (California):1. San Gabriel Peak ( 6162 ft) 2.4 miles2. Mount Lowe (California) ( 5604 ft) 2.5 miles3. Mount Disappointment (California) ( 5962 ft) 2.9 miles4. Echo Mountain ( 3206 ft) 3.5 miles5. Strawberry Peak ( 6165 ft) 5.3 miles6. Vetter Mountain ( 5909 ft) 5.4 miles7. Waterman Mountain ( 8038 ft) 10.6 miles8. Mount Lukens, California ( 5066 ft) 10.6 miles9. Mount Islip ( 8248 ft) 15.2 miles10. South Mount Hawkins ( 7783 ft) 15.6 miles
D412249	https://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/21540/list/ten-things-to-consider-when-choosing-a-coffee-table	Ten Things to Consider When Choosing a Coffee Table	Furniture Ten Things to Consider When Choosing a Coffee Table Becky Harris February 17, 2010Houzz Contributor. Hi there! I live in a 1920s cottage in Atlanta that I'll describe... More Email Save Comment 23 Like 3 Print Embed Click "Embed" to display an article on your own website or blog. I cannot think of a coffee table without thinking of Cosmo Kramer's coffee table book about coffee tables that turns into a little coffee table. So in honor of that, I've been picking out some of my favorite coffee tables here on Houzz. There are SO many great ones here that it was really hard to choose. If you have a favorite, please share it in the comments section to add to the ideabook! When picking a coffee table, think about some of these criteria: 1) What will you use it for? Remote control holder? Ottoman? Extra storage space? Extra seating? Do you need it to multi-task or do you just need a piece of furniture in front of your sofa? 2) What is your room like? Is it cramped? Spacious? 3) What do you need the table to do for you aesthetically? Will it need to be the star of the room or do you need it to fade into the carpet? Will it bring in the only color to a neutral palette? Will it be the one eclectic element? 4) Will you need to cart it out of the room or move it around for entertaining? Consider portability - weight and even casters for the bottom. 5) Measure the height of your sofa or chairs that will be adjacent to the table. You don't want the table to tower over the seat height of the furniture. 6) If you do need storage, consider a table with a shelf underneath for stashing books, remotes, wii, etc. You may also want to consider a pair of storage cubes. 7) If you have kids who are guaranteed to plop down sweaty drinks without coasters, you may want to stay away from wooden tables where rings will be left. Either that, or start intensive coaster training now. 8) Speaking of drinks, I have a slatted Danish modern coffee table myself. It is way too tipsy for wine glasses (pun intended). I either have to plop a thick Vogue down to set my drinks on or risk spillage. This is why I have a $99 rug from IKEA underneath it! 9) What style are you going for overall? Sleek and modern? Danish modern? Shabby Chic? Traditional? If you are mixing old and new, think about the balance of the two and which one your coffee table should be. 10) Consider the material. Does your room need more texture? A natural element like rough hewn wood or something super-sleek?sarah & bendrix This luxurious cowhide piece is the star of this room, but no one should ever be allowed to put their feet on it unless they are wearing impeccably clean socks!Feldman Architecture, Inc. OK, this is the dangerous slatted table of which I spoke - it looks so great it's worth the lack of stable places for drinks. LDa Architecture & Interiors A clear table leaves a room much more open - it's like it's hardly there. This is a great solution for smaller spaces. There are a few more examples of clear tables below. Vanessa De Vargas This lucite encased vintage trunk is a stunner. Vanessa De Vargas Vanessa used clear tables to help her small living room appear larger than it is. Vanessa De Vargas Isn't the metal bamboo detailing beautiful? Vanessa De Vargas An upholstered piece is made functional by adding a tray. Elizabeth Dinkel Think outside the usual coffee table box: These two Moroccan tables work well as a pair. The same trick can be accomplished using ceramic Chinese garden stools. Elizabeth Dinkel Another clear table adds a contemporary shape to a traditional living room. Mark English Architects, AIA This glossy block adds a great bit of geometry to this modern room. Mark English Architects, AIAI had to add another shot - that finish is so beautiful. Mark English Architects, AIA I love this quirky table - it's like a plant stand and adds sculptural interest to the room. It keeps the residents from being Unhappy Hipsters (have you seen that blog? It's HILARIOUS!). Timothy De Clue Collection & Design This pair of stools serves many functions - coffee table, extra seating, and secret storage!This George Nakashima table is absolutely the star of the room. Below are a few more rough hewn wood tables that add textural appeal. Dufner Heighes Inc Sagan / Piechota Architecture Another clear beauty. The round shape is easier to navigate around in a smaller area, i.e. no mystery bruises on your shins from knocking into coffee table corners on a daily basis!The clawfoot legs on this table add wonderful shape!The Lettered Cottage I love this industrial cart so much. I believe it came from one of my favorite stores here in Atlanta, Victory Vintage. This upholstered table fits right in with the polished yet comfortable traditional vibe of this room. The room is lovely but it's also the place where one can eat popcorn and watch movies, or guzzle beer and watch the Superbowl. This coffee table is like an anchor in the room. Everything else is styled around it. The mix of metal and wood makes it very versatile. I am SUCH a sucker for a driftwood table. This table brings in a natural element. I love the play of circles and squares in this room. Bockman + Forbes Design This table provides the perfect surface for a bright tablescape. BROWN DAVIS INTERIORS, INC. This room is large enough to contain two coffee tables and sitting areas. I like that they have different styles - it keeps things from being too matchy-matchy. the rug, drapes, and wall color do all the unification work. Berg Design Architects This wood and glass tray shaped table is just super cool. I don't have anything more profound than that to say about it!This petite and graceful table fits in well with the elegant design. Dillard Pierce Design Associates Email Save Comment 23 Like 3 Print Embed Browse more home design photos
D451253	https://www.promises.com/articles/abused-drugs/marijuana-your-brain/	What Does Marijuana Do to Your Brain?	What Does Marijuana Do to Your Brain? Posted on September 15th, 2010Posted in Abused Drugs Marijuana is perhaps the most widely used illegal drug in the world. It has been used for a wide variety of purposes for thousands of years and in many different cultures. The plant itself is used for everything from clothing to paper. Today, marijuana as a drug form is primarily used recreationally. However, it is also being utilized for a growing number of medicinal purposes. Most people who use marijuana recreationally smoke it, although some put it into food and eat it, or combine it with other substances. On its own, marijuana has many distinctive affects on the mind and body that are typically temporary in nature. These affects can be more profound and long lasting for those who use marijuana daily or for a prolonged length of time. As for the immediate effects of marijuana on the brain, science has been able to determine the processes that occur. THC and brain receptors The chemical THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabind) is the effective ingredient in marijuana. When marijuana is smoked, the THC quickly leaves the lungs and enters the blood stream. Once in the bloodstream it makes its way to the brain. THC works by interfering with cannabinoid receptors in the brain. The largest number of these receptors are located in areas of the brain that control pleasure, memory, concentration, sensory experiences, time perception, learning and coordination. The feelings associated with being “high” are induced shortly after THC is introduced into the body, as the brain’s neurotransmitters are altered by the chemical. Marijuana intoxication The initial stages of a typical marijuana high involve a quick feeling of relaxation. The user will notice a light-headed feeling along with what is often described as a hazy feeling. The user’s eyes will dilate dramatically. This dilation of the eyes is what may contribute to the belief that, while under the influence of marijuana, users are seeing colors more dramatically and distinctly than before. Since the area of the brain that helps determine time perception is impaired, those under the influence of marijuana believe time is moving slowly. They often can’t accurately determine the time of day or how long they may have been somewhere. They will often believe they’ve been somewhere or have done something for much longer than they actually were. Concentration and the ability to learn are subsequently blocked while they are intoxicated by the drug. This makes it virtually impossible for someone under the influence of marijuana to focus on a given task or learn a new task. Also, the drug significantly impairs problem solving skills. The effects of smoking marijuana take place within minutes, and typically last anywhere from one to three hours. However, if marijuana is eaten in a food or consumed in a drink, the effects take significantly longer to be felt fully. It can be a half hour and up to a full hour before the user feels any kind of high. When marijuana is eaten, however, the effects can last up to four hours. The effects of long term use While the effects of using marijuana are short term and last the duration of a few hours, prolonged and daily use can cause more permanent changes to the mind and body. Since THC stimulates the brain to release dopamine, using marijuana regularly over time can interfere with the brain’s ability to release dopamine correctly on its own. There can also be permanent damage to the memory centers of the brain. Heavy marijuana use has been shown to permanently interfere with the ability to form short term memories. It can also cause a permanent decrease in a person’s reaction time. Additionally, long term use has been linked to an increase in feelings of fear, paranoia, and anxiety. Problem solving skills, coordination, and the ability to learn can all be negatively affected with heavy or long term use of marijuana. Marijuana addiction While no one can say for sure the exact amount or the specific length of time someone must use marijuana in order to suffer any long term or irreversible effects, marijuana is addictive and most users require more and more to achieve that initial high. While many believe that marijuana is only psychologically addictive, there is some controversy as to whether it is physiologically addictive as well. People who use it regularly often do experience both physical and emotional withdrawal symptoms. These may include feelings of depression, decrease in appetite, aggressive tendencies, and anxiety. As with other drugs, there is no medication that can cure some of his or her compulsion to use marijuana. However, a combination of behavioral treatment and addiction support groups can help those addicted to marijuana break free from their ongoing need to get high and lead a drug free life. Helpful Articles How Marijuana Affects the Body and Brain With debates going on in the public sphere over the legalization of marijuana for medical…Your Teen May be Using Drugs Do you know if your teen is experimenting with drugs? If you confidently answer that…First-Time Drug Users Favor Marijuana Drug of abuse is a term that doctors, researchers, public health officials and law enforcement…
D638054	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080114181738AAUABTg	What did the U.S. government do to help the great depression?	Arts & Humanities History What did the U. S. government do to help the great depression? Follow 5 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: They started the core of engineers. I was a program designed to build dams, road ways, Inner coastal waterways and several other projects. It kept American men and women working. Steven · 1 decade ago1 1 Comment Franklin D. Roosevelt pulled us out of the depression by creating work for the unemployed, regulating banking, etc. "During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Roosevelt created the New Deal to provide relief for the unemployed, recovery of the economy, and reform of the economic and banking systems. Although recovery of the economy was incomplete until almost 1940, many programs initiated in the Roosevelt administration continue to have instrumental roles in the nation's commerce, such as the FDIC, TVA, and the SEC. One of his most important legacies is the Social Security system. "Source (s):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_De...susanmarie · 1 decade ago0 1 Comment The FDR administration actually LENGTHENED the duration of the depression by its actions. The rest of the world began to come out of the economic slump before we did. Read the book 'The Forgotten Man'. We are making the exact same mistakes we made in the 1920s and '30s.curtisports2 · 1 decade ago1 0 Commentthey initated the "new deal" it was when the governent paid construction people to build roads, schools etc. just to get the economy stimulated..seemed to have workedcrtl alt del x72 · 1 decade ago0 1 Commentnot much ...it was the u.s. gov that caused it.saxaphonist · 1 decade ago0 1 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? What's the best pen for you? Time for a Caribbean cruise? Need a Small Business Loan? Look For an Accident Attorney
D2955462	http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/636454.Plum_Bun	Plum Bun: A Novel without a Moral	Want to Read Rate this book1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars Open Preview Plum Bun: A Novel without a Moralby Jessie Redmon Fauset3.89 · Rating details · 793 Ratings · 68 Reviews Written in 1929 at the height of the Harlem Renaissance by one of the movement's most important and prolific authors, Plum Bun is the story of Angela Murray, a young black girl who discovers she can pass for white. After the death of her parents, Angela moves to New York to escape the racism she believes is her only obstacle to opportunity. What she soon discovers is that...more Get A Copy Amazon Stores ▾ Libraries Paperback, 408 pages Published December 15th 1999 by Beacon Press (first published 1928)More Details... edit details Friend Reviews To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Reader Q&ATo ask other readers questions about Plum Bun , please sign up . Popular Answered Questions Hi Rowena, are you reading Plum Bun?like 3 years ago Add your answer Jerry Hatrick I could tell you what she isn't reading.flag See 1 question about Plum Bun…Lists with This Book The Harlem Renaissance132 books — 45 voters Book Riot's 100 Must-Read Classics By Women100 books — 25 voters More lists with this book... Community Reviews (showing 1-30)Rating details Sort: Default\|Filter Jan 03, 2017Alex rated it liked it Shelves: 2017, harlem-renaissance What if Sister Carrie were black? ish? Harlem Renaissance author Jessie Redmon Fauset reminds me of no one more than Theodore Dreiser. Both are concerned with single women trying to make it on their own terms, and neither is particularly skilled at writing. Dreiser is better - more powerful in the end, less susceptible to Victorian plot twists, and less moralistic - but this is good. Weird to say moralistic, given that Plum Bun advertises its lack of moral in the title, but the title is a lie: th ...moreflag8 likes · Like · see review Feb 02, 2014Jennifer Collins rated it it was amazing Shelves: african-american-literature, harlem-renaissance-literature Written at the height of the Harlem Renaissance, this is one of those novels that isn't nearly as widely read as it should be. Fauset's novel is so readable as to often seem casual, but the heart of the story is a detailing of psychology related to racism, sexism, and the question/process of "passing". By focusing on a young African American girl who wants nothing more than to be a free woman and artist, Fauset tracks her young protragonist through Philadelphia and then New York with a constant...moreflag7 likes · Like · see review Sep 18, 2011Deidre Valentine rated it really liked it1929. The Harlem Renaissance: the high-swinging days of Langston Hughes, Richard Wright and Zora Neale Hurston. These names produced some of the most recognizable and justifiable literature in the 20th century. Stories of jazz, sexuality and freedom bloomed from the minds of these poets and novelists. In a time when ideas pollinized the cities’ streets, very few names could be spotted on the radar and could be etched into time. Writers like Jessie Redmon Fauset published their works and passed on ...moreflag6 likes · Like · see review Jan 04, 2015Ari rated it really liked it Shelves: read-in-2013IQ "I don't mind a man's not marrying me; but I can't forgive him if he thinks I'm not good enough to marry him. [...]It's wrong for men to have both money and power; they're bound to make some woman suffer" Paulette, 128 Obviously this novel was going to discuss race and the emotional as well logistical complexities of a Black person passing for white but I was also pleased that it touched on male privilege and sexism. It also has very independent female characters who have gasp casual sex and ...moreflag5 likes · Like · see review Mar 06, 2015Paige rated it really liked it This novel was published almost 90 years ago, and as such the language and writing style took a bit of getting used to for me. At first I was like, “I’ll try to make it through 50 pages a day…” but actually, once I got into it (by the end of the first section), I was hooked and I gobbled it up in two days. I really like the story in this book, and even though the ending seems (view spoiler), I thought it was all really ...moreflag5 likes · Like · see review Jan 26, 2015Monica rated it liked it · review of another edition Shelves: classics, racial-matters, kindle_fiction, female-author-fic, diversity-authors, pub-b4-i-was-born, diversity-female, historical-fiction, obscure Overly erudite. Corny ending. Nothing much really happens in the book. In short, I enjoyed it!! An anthropological treasure. Its like a time capsule with this young, black, female author struggling for attention and respect both as a woman and as a negro. I am not describing the plot of the book, I'm stating my perception of how the author came across to me in the telling of the story. The story itself was not that complex. A coming of age story of a young woman in the 1920s who attempted to pas ...moreflag5 likes · Like · see review Feb 12, 2017Latanya (Crafty Scribbles) rated it liked it Shelves: society, african-american, ownvoices, food-for-the-melaninated-soul, realistic-fiction, classics Worth a read. I enjoyed Nella Larson 's telling of the same story better in Passing and Quicksand. 4 out of 5flag3 likes · Like · see review Mar 05, 2015Domonique rated it liked it · review of another edition Just ok It took me a while to get into this book, it was slow going for a while. Forgetting about the countless punctuation and grammatical errors, of which there were a lot, it wasn't all that interesting. I had to make myself keep reading in the hopes that it would get better and it did pick up about half through, but still didn't really grab me. The idea was good, but not the execution.flag3 likes · Like · see review Dec 30, 2016Jenny Yates rated it it was amazing I loved this novel. It’s a classic that I’d been wanting to read for ages. But it wasn’t exactly easy to find, and they didn’t have it in my local library. Written in the 20s, it’s a clear picture of life for a woman in NYC, on both sides of the color line. The main character, Angela Murray, grows up in Philadelphia as a very light-skinned African American, and she learns about passing from her equally light-skinned mother. For her mother, it’s a little game that involves tea and shopping, not a ...moreflag2 likes · Like · see review Nov 19, 2016Beverlee rated it really liked it Plum Bun was my challenge book of the year. I started reading it 2 years ago and it has been stop & start up until the last week or so. The writing isn't bad, the storyline is intriguing, though I didn't appreciate it until the last third of the book. Plum Bun is about passing, but there's more to it. Angela grew up with a mother that could pass and this was done occasionally. I don't think it was because their life was particularly hard, but maybe more because at the turn of the 20th centur ...moreflag2 likes · Like · see review Feb 22, 2016Leslie rated it it was amazing Read for my Harlem Renaissance class. The marriage plot gets a little blah toward the end, but everything else about this book is so interesting - plot focused on a woman who is passing in NYC in the 1920s/30s, and the complications this creates for her romantic and familial relationships, also while trying to make it as a young artist. Fascinating!flag2 likes · Like · see review Mar 08, 2015Andrew Fairweather rated it really liked it Shelves: yank-lit, fiction, novum-eboracum, black-diasporic'Now be practical, [Virginia]; after all, I am both white and Negro and look white. Why shouldn't I declare for the one that brings me the greatest happiness, prosperity, and respect?' The primary concern of Jessie Redmon Fauset's 'Plum Bun' rests on this very question. This novel has an irresistible charm—its character's are affable and its story lovable. In this 'novel without a moral' we follow Angela Murray as she comes of age in a systematically racist America as she lives on both sides of th ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Jun 15, 2015Seward Park Branch Library, NYPL rated it really liked it Shelves: adult-picks'Now be practical, [Virginia]; after all, I am both white and Negro and look white. Why shouldn't I declare for the one that brings me the greatest happiness, prosperity, and respect?' The primary concern of Jessie Redmon Fauset's 'Plum Bun' rests on this very question. This novel has an irresistible charm—its character's are affable and its story lovable. In this 'novel without a moral' we follow Angela Murray as she comes of age in a systematically racist America as she lives on both sides of th ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Feb 03, 2016Michelle Boyer rated it really liked it Shelves: african-american-lit, historical-fiction, harlem-renaissance I've been on the verge about whether or not this book should get a 3 or a 4 --so I've decided it is a 3.5 and I'll be lenient and give it a 4-star rating here on Good Reads. Let me explain-- The novel is about a young woman named Angela, who, during the Harlem Renaissance, decides that living her life has become all too complicated because of race. Therefore, she decides that she is going to try "passing" and moves to New York. As one might predict, she still faces trouble and turmoil in New York ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Jun 01, 2016Smart Bitches rated it really liked it Shelves: we-need-diverse-books, classics, b-grade, fiction Full review at Smart Bitches, Trashy Books Plum Bun is a classic novel from the Harlem Renaissance. This book is a pretty optimistic story that features the lives of mostly middle-class African Americans. Its subtitle is “A Novel Without a Moral,” and the book is realistic without being preachy or tragic – in fact, the ending is quite a “happy sigh” moment. Plum Bun is about an African American woman, Angela, who is able to “pass” for white. As a child, she visits white establishments with her equ ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Nov 10, 2011Tony rated it really liked it Shelves: fiction-mainstream PLUM BUN: A Novel Without A Moral. (1928). Jessie Redmon Fauset. ***. This was a novel included in the Library of America’s, “Harlem Renaissance: Five Novels of the 1920s.” It is the story of Angela, the older daughter of Junius and Mattie Murray. Angela’s younger sister was Virginia. This was a colored family, but Mattie and Angela could – and did – pass for white. Mattie and Angela would frequently go out together and visit the “white” stores and places of entertainment in downtown Philadelph ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Aug 23, 2016Kate Savage rated it really liked it"It’s wrong for men to have both money and power; they’re bound to make some woman suffer." Jessie Redmon Fauset was mentored by W. E. B. Du Bois, and in her turn mentored so many other young writers during the height of the Harlem Renaissance that she earned the nickname "The Midwife" (she was the first person ever to publish Langston Hughes and might have even taught a young James Baldwin in high school). This fascinating person, who was also literary editor of NAACP magazine The Crisis, wrote a no ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Jan 31, 2012Rebecca Reid rated it really liked it Shelves: b-fic-modern In Jessie Redmon Fauset’s second published novel, Plum Bun: A Novel without a Moral (published 1928), one woman struggles to finding her own identity racially and sexually in New York City during the vibrant years of the Harlem Renaissance. Artist Angela Murray is a light-skinned “coloured” woman in the transitional years of the late 1910s and 1920s. When she gets an opportunity, she leaves her home town in Philadelphia for a life of “passing” as a white person in New York City. The novel follows ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Apr 17, 2017Karen rated it it was amazing Plum Bun, by Jessie Redmon Faust is an exquisitely painful story that details the travails of African Americans who try to make their way in America by literally "crossing the line", and becoming someone else. Angela Murray, older fair skinned daughter of Junius and Mattie Murray does not want to be shut out of the opportunities that white people are able to benefit from with no effort. Her mother is also very fair and the two of them regularly go about their community in Philadelphia and "pass" ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Feb 09, 2015Aki rated it it was amazing Shelves: favorites, race, african-american This book brought me a completely new perspective on white colored people's lives around the 20s. At first, I found Fauset's writing very simple and dry but as I read on, found out how simply but very precisely she depicts the psychological shifts of the protagonist, Angela. Through her sufferings caused by racism, gender and financial status, she gradually discovers the core of her problem - loneliness. And this loneliness she cannot overcome wherever she lives - in New York, Paris or even her ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Jun 03, 2016Karen rated it really liked it Published in 1928 and set a few years earlier, Plum Bun follows protagonist Angela Morris, a very light-skinned colored woman (the term used in the novel -- today we would say African American) who decides to move from her hometown of Philadelphia to New York, where she will study painting and pass as white. A well-developed and carefully-drawn picture of her childhood and youth and her family life provides the motivation for her choice, as she is often shunned and belittled when people discover ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Jun 06, 2016Angie rated it it was amazing Shelves: grad-school, major-fields, harlem-renaissance Major Fields Prep: 34/133 This sentimental passing narrative follows Angela, a young black woman able to "pass" who, after the untimely death of her parents, decides to prioritize her own fortunes over loyalty to her race or to her sister. She nearly weds a bigot (almost seemed like the backstory of Clare Kendry in Larsen's Passing) who slowly comes to the realization that she would rather maintain the true full life of the black community over the more dull and prejudiced social circles of the e ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Apr 28, 2016Imani406 rated it liked it3.5 starts. Loved the writing. This book was really engaging but slow in some parts of the story. For the first time ever, I can say k disliked a character which made me enjoy the boom even more. Angela or Angél grew up passing as white with her mother in Philadelphia. However living as a black female and enduring the injustices as a person of color, she decided to leave Philadelphia and move to NY where she would pass as white. What I hated about Angela which also drew me to want to read more w ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Nov 22, 2009Mick rated it it was amazing Shelves: american-1865-1945This novel, part of the late 19th/early 20th century's literary treatment of racial passing, is not just that. Fauset raises questions about both racial and gender identity that she never really answers, and seems to posit that these questions are much more complicated than they are usually portrayed. The novel is beautifully written, and Angela's drive to belong in one society or another is both heart-breaking and redemptive. I put this text down asking myself a lot of questions about identity ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Nov 01, 2014Christopher Sutch rated it it was amazing This is a wonderful, rich, complex and mature novel from one of our great Harlem Renaissance writers. Fauset explores an unorthodox structure in which she very ably builds up the characterization of her protagonist, Angela, an African-American woman who chooses to "pass" for white in order to avoid the hardships of racism and other issues in 1920s America. Fauset's plotting is superb, and the novel is almost Jamesian in the play of social structures, psychological and interpersonal conflicts, an ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Jan 05, 2012Celestasaurus rated it it was amazing Shelves: adult, read-in-school Great book! At the beginning of the novel, it appears to have a very thick moral theme, but as the plot evolves, it focuses more on the struggles of identity Angela faces (hence the title). It is also a novel about secrets, dual identities, and convoluted relationships. And the set up of the novel is brilliant! It is narrated in sections, each one a line from the poem "Plum Bun," which in an abstract way reflects her life at the moment. The ending will have every reader holding their breath for ...moreflag1 like · Like · see review Jul 27, 2011Toni rated it really liked it One of the most amazing novels I have ever read. Full of issues that concern identity, lies and passion of women. Such an awesome insight into the life of 1920s and 1930s Harlem and New York life for African American women. Especially that of African American women that were passing and African American women that could not and how they ineract with each other. An amazing story of love and lies between friends, family and lovers. A fantastic book written by a fantastic author.flag1 like · Like · see review Oct 28, 2011Laura rated it really liked itI had a terribly cheap copy of this novel so it was difficult to read* As for the novel itself, I enjoyed it fully. I would get angry at all of the characters in turn, but the ending left me with a girlish smile. I'm still a sucker for happy endings. ^.^ It has a great point about being who you are and only surrounding yourself with people that love and accept you regardless of what society at the time believes to be right.flag1 like · Like · see review Aug 08, 2008Christa rated it it was amazing A classic tale of "passing" and I'm not talking gender. It's a book written back in the day about a woman and her sister's experiences of passing, or not, as white in a society that doles out privilege or holds it far away from your reach, sometimes on a whim. I read it years ago, and it's stayed wtih me.flag1 like · Like · see review Jan 27, 2008William Curb rated it really liked it Despite reading this for class, I really enjoyed this book. The ending didn't do it for me but over all I felt that the book was quite entertaining and the characters were complex and fleshed out. It provides an interesting view into a mixed-race world and give the reader an understand of what it means to be "passing".flag1 like · Like · see review« previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … next »new topic Discuss This Book There are no discussion topics on this book yet. Be the first to start one »
D2308531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty	Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty Radiographs of a knee arthroplasty of the medial compartment ICD-9-CM 81.54 [ edit on Wikidata]Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is a surgical procedure used to relieve arthritis in one of the knee compartments in which the damaged parts of the knee are replaced. UKA surgery may reduce post-operative pain and have a shorter recovery period than a total knee replacements. [1] Also, UKA may have a smaller incision because the implants may be smaller. [1]In the United States, this procedure constitutes approximately 8% of knee arthroplasty. [2]Contents [ hide ]1 Background2 Indications and Contraindications3 History and physical examination4 Surgical information5 Benefits6 Risks7 Long-term results8 References9 External links Background [ edit]In the early 1950s, Duncan C. Mc Keever theorized that osteoarthritis could be isolated to only one compartment of the knee joint, [1] and that replacement of the entire knee might not be necessary if only one knee compartment was affected. [1] [3] The UKA concept was designed to cause less trauma or damage than traditional total knee replacement by removing less bone and trying to maintain most of the patient’s bone and anatomy. [1] Also, the concept was designed to use smaller implants and thereby keep most of the patient’s bone; this can help patients return to normal function faster. [1] [4]Initially, UKAs were not always successful, because the implants were poorly designed, patients weren't thoroughly screened for suitability, and optimal surgical techniques were not developed. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Recent advancements have been made to improve the design of the implants. [9] [10] Also, choosing the best-suited patients was emphasized to ensure that surgeons followed the indications and contraindications for partial replacement. Proper patient selection, [11] following the indications/contraindications, and performing the surgery well are key factors for the success of UKA. [1]Currently, UKA is often referred to as "partial knee replacement." In reality there is nothing "partial" about this replacement. It is a complete replacement of the "part" of the knee that is arthritic. Patients who have arthritis restricted to only one part of the knee and have no reason to not have this surgery ("contraindications" is the medical term for a reason not to have a particular procedure) could consider this option. Indications and Contraindications [ edit]UKA may be suitable for patients with moderate joint disease caused by painful osteoarthritis or traumatic injury, a history of unsuccessful surgical procedures or poor bone density that precludes other types of knee surgery. [12] Patients that may not be eligible for a UKA include patients that have an active or suspected infection in or about the knee joint, may have a known sensitivity to device materials, have bone infections or disease that result in an inability to support or fixate the new implant to the bone, have inflammatory arthritis, have major deformities that can affect the knee mechanical axis, have neuromuscular disorders that may compromise motor control and/or stability, have any mental neuromuscular disorder, patients who are not skeletally mature, are obese, [13] have lost a severe amount of bone from the shin ( tibia) or have severe tibial deformities, have recurring subluxation of the knee joint, have untreated damage to the knee cap and thigh bone joint (patellofemoral joint), have untreated damage to the opposite compartment or the same side of the knee not being replaced by a device, and/or have instability of the knee ligaments such that the postoperative stability the UKA would be compromised. [12]The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) should be intact, [14] although this is debated by clinicians for patients that need a medial compartment replacement. [1] For patients that need a lateral compartment replacement, the ACL should be intact and is contraindicated for patients that have ACL-deficient knees because the lateral component has more motion than the medial compartment. [1]History and physical examination [ edit]A physical examination and getting the patient’s history is performed before getting surgery. [1] A doctor may ask the patient to identify their pain with one finger. [1] A patient with pain in one area of the knee may be a candidate for UKA. [1] However, a patient with pain in more than one area of the knee may not be a good candidate for UKA. [1] The doctor may take some radiographs (e.g., x-rays) to check for degeneration of the other knee compartments and evaluate the knee. [1] The physical exam may also include special tests designed to test the ligaments of the knee and other anatomical structures. [11] Most likely, the surgeon will decide to do a UKA during surgery where he/she can directly see the status of the other compartments. [1]Surgical information [ edit]The surgeon may choose which type of incision and implant to use for the patient’s knee. During the surgery, the surgeon may align the instruments to determine the amount of bone to remove. [9] The surgeon removes bone from the shin bone ( tibia) and thigh bone ( femur ). [9] The surgeon may decide to check if they removed the proper amount of bone during the surgery. [9] In order to make sure that the proper size implant is used, a surgeon may choose to use a temporary trial. After making sure the proper size implant is selected, the surgeon will put the implant on the ends of the bone and secure it with pegs. Finally, the surgeon will close the wound with sutures. [9] [15] [16]The uni-compartmental replacement is a minimally invasive option for patients whose arthritis is isolated to either the medial or the lateral compartment. The procedure offers several benefits for patients with a moderately active lifestyle, who have arthritis in just one knee compartment, and who are within normal weight ranges. The surgeon uses an incision of just 3-4 inches; a total knee replacement typically requires an incision of 8-12 inches. According to Dr. Howard J. Luks, [17] Associate Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at New York Medical College, the partial replacement does not disrupt the knee cap, which makes for a shorter rehabilitation period. A partial replacement also causes minimal blood loss during the procedure, and results in considerably less post-operative pain. The hospitalization time compared with a total knee replacement is also greatly reduced. Benefits [ edit]The potential benefits of UKA include a smaller incision because the UKA implants are smaller than the total knee replacements, and the surgeon may make a smaller incision. [1] This may lead to a smaller scar. [1] Another potential benefit is less post-operative pain because less bone is removed. Also, a quicker operation and shorter recovery period may be a result of less bone being removed during the operation and the soft tissue may sustain less trauma. [18] Also, the rehabilitation process may be more progressive. [19] More specific benefits of UKA are it may improve range of motion, reduce blood loss during surgery, reduce the patient’s time spent in the hospital, and decrease costs. [13]Currently, two of the most significant benefits of UKA or partial knee replacements are: 1. Partial knee replacement patients report that their replaced knee feels more like their original non-replaced knee as compared to a total knee replacement 2, Partial knee replacements leave other options open to further advances. By not replacing the rest of the knee with metal and plastic, if other options exist in years to come for arthritis in these areas then a partial knee replacement does not burn that bridge. Risks [ edit]Blood clots (also known as deep vein thrombosis) are a common complication after surgery. [20] [21] However, a doctor may prescribe certain medications to help prevent blood clots. [20] [21] Infection may occur after surgery. [22] However, antibiotics may be prescribed by a doctor to help prevent infections. [21] Individual patient factors (e.g., anatomy, weight, prior medical history, prior joint surgeries) should be addressed with the patient’s doctor. The causes of long-term failure of UKAs include polyethylene wear, loosening of the implant, and degeneration of the adjacent knee compartment. [1]Long-term results [ edit]Long term studies reported excellent outcomes for UKA and the authors credit it to picking the proper patients, [23] minimizing the amount of bone that is removed, [24] and using the proper surgical technique. [23] One study found that at a minimum of 10 years follow up time after the initial surgery, the overall survival rate of the implant was 96%. [23] Also, 92% of the patients in this study had excellent or good outcome. [23] Another study, reported that at 15 years follow up time after the initial surgery, the overall rate of the implant was 93% and 91% of these patients reported good or excellent outcomes. [24]References [ edit]^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Borus T, Thornhill T (January 2008). "Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty". J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 16 (1): 9–18. PMID 18180388.^ Riddle DL, Jiranek WA, Mc Glynn FJ (April 2008). "Yearly incidence of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the United States". J Arthroplasty. 23 (3): 408–12. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2007.04.012. PMID 18358380.^ Gibbon, Tony. "Partial Knee Replacement". North Yorkshire Orthopaedic Specialists. Retrieved 1 February 2013.^ Biomet Knee Replacement Products: The Oxford® Partial Knee^ Insall J, Aglietti P (December 1980). "A five to seven-year follow-up of unicondylar arthroplasty". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 62 (8): 1329–37. PMID 7440612.^ Insall J, Walker P (October 1976). "Unicondylar knee replacement". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (120): 83–5. doi: 10.1097/00003086-197610000-00013. PMID 975670.^ Laskin RS (March 1978). "Unicompartmental tibiofemoral resurfacing arthroplasty". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 60 (2): 182–5. PMID 641081.^ Swienckowski J, Page BJ (February 1989). "Medial unicompartmental arthroplasty of the knee. Use of the L-cut and comparison with the tibial inset method". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (239): 161–7. doi: 10.1097/00003086-198902000-00017. PMID 2912616.^ a b c d e f Swienckowski JJ, Pennington DW (September 2004). "Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in patients sixty years of age or younger". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 86-A Suppl 1 (Pt 2): 131–42. PMID 15466754.^ Fitzsimmons SE, Vazquez EA, Bronson MJ (April 2010). "How to Treat the Stiff Total Knee Arthroplasty? : A Systematic Review". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 468 (4): 1096–106. doi: 10.1007/s11999-010-1230-y. PMC 2835585. PMID 20087698.^ a b Geller JA, Yoon RS, Macaulay W (January 2008). "Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: a controversial history and a rationale for contemporary resurgence". J Knee Surg. 21 (1): 7–14. PMID 18300665.^ a b "Summary of Safety and Effectiveness: Stryker® Compartmental Knee System Line Extension" (PDF). US Food and Drug Administration. 3 September 2008.^ a b Bert JM (October 2005). "Unicompartmental knee replacement". Orthop. Clin. North Am. 36 (4): 513–22. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2005.05.001. PMID 16164956.^ "Partial Knee Replacement". Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA. 2017.^ "Partial Knee Replacement". North Yorkshire Orthopaedic Specialists. Retrieved 5 February 2013.^ http://www.aboutstryker.com/knee/procedures/knee-resurfacing.php^ http://www.howardluksmd.com/about-me/^ Mullaji AB, Sharma A, Marawar S (June 2007). "Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: functional recovery and radiographic results with a minimally invasive technique". J Arthroplasty. 22 (4 Suppl 1): 7–11. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2006.12.109. PMID 17570269.^ Newman JH (April 2000). "Unicompartmental knee replacement". Knee. 7 (2): 63–70. doi: 10.1016/S0968-0160 (99)00032-0. PMID 10788767.^ a b Colwell CW (September 2007). "Rationale for thromboprophylaxis in lower joint arthroplasty". Am J. Orthop. 36 (9 Suppl): 11–3. PMID 17948162.^ a b c Warwick D, Friedman RJ, Agnelli G, et al. (June 2007). "Insufficient duration of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total hip or knee replacement when compared with the time course of thromboembolic events: findings from the Global Orthopaedic Registry". J Bone Joint Surg Br. 89 (6): 799–807. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.89B6.18844. PMID 17613508.^ Ritter MA, Olberding EM, Malinzak RA (September 2007). "Ultraviolet lighting during orthopaedic surgery and the rate of infection". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 89 (9): 1935–40. doi: 10.2106/JBJS. F.01037. PMID 17768189.^ a b c d Berger RA, Meneghini RM, Jacobs JJ, et al. (May 2005). "Results of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty at a minimum of ten years of follow-up". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 87 (5): 999–1006. doi: 10.2106/JBJS. C.00568. PMID 15866962.^ a b Price AJ, Waite JC, Svard U (June 2005). "Long-term clinical results of the medial Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. &na; (435): 171–80. doi: 10.1097/00003086-200506000-00024. PMID 15930935. External links [ edit]University of Washington’s Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine About.com Knee Society [1]American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon's Your Orthopaedic Connection [2]Medline Plus [3] [4]About Partial Knee Replacements [5]Partial Knee Replacement : Stryker Orthopaedics [ hide]v t e Orthopedic surgery, operations/ surgeries and other procedures on bones and joints ( ICD-9-CM V3 76–81, ICD-10-PCS 0P–S)Bones Facial Jaw reduction Dentofacial osteotomy Genioplasty / Mentoplasty Chin augmentation Orthognathic surgery Spine Coccygectomy Laminotomy Laminectomy Laminoplasty Corpectomy Facetectomy Foraminotomy Vertebral fixation Percutaneous vertebroplasty Upper extremity Acromioplasty Lower extremity Femoral head ostectomy Astragalectomy Distraction osteogenesis Ilizarov apparatus General Ostectomy Bone grafting Osteotomy Epiphysiodesis Reduction Internal fixation External fixation Tension band wiring Cartilage Articular cartilage repair Microfracture surgery Knee cartilage replacement therapy Autologous chondrocyte implantation Joints Spine Arthrodesis Spinal fusion Intervertebral discs Discectomy Annuloplasty Arthroplasty Upper extremity Shoulder surgery Shoulder replacement Bankart repair Weaver–Dunn procedure Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction Hand surgery Brunelli procedure Lower extremity Hip resurfacing Hip replacement Rotationplasty Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Knee replacement / Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty Ankle replacement Broström procedure Triple arthrodesis General Arthrotomy Arthroplasty Synovectomy Arthroscopy Replacement joint imaging: Arthrogram Arthrocentesis Categories: Orthopedic surgical procedures Implants (medicine) Prosthetics Knee treatments
D872736	https://www.healthtap.com/user_questions/8470-how-long-does-it-take-for-sepsis-to-set-into-your-bloodstream	How long does it take for sepsis to set into your bloodstream?	Dr. Carlo Hatem Internal Medicine - Pulmonary Critical Care1 doctor agrees In brief: ? Once the infection reaches the bloodstream, it becomes sepsis . Thank Dr. Rada Ivanov Internal Medicine - Pulmonary Critical Care In brief: Depends Depending on your immune response and how virulent the infection is, may be a matter of hours to several days. Thank Want a second opinion? Consult a top doctor for additional insights Get a second opinion Get help from a real doctor now Continue108,000 doctors available Related questions How long after surgery does sepsis set in?2 doctors responded Is sepsis a bacteria found in the bloodstream?1 doctor responded Can bacteremia remain in the bloodstream for quite a while until one day the immune system becomes weaker and the more1 doctor responded People Also Viewed How do you know when you have sepsis? Septic shock recovery What will your cbc look like when you are in sepsis or septic shock? Why is low blood pressure so dangerous in regards to septic shock? Septic shock from pneumonia Prevent sepsis infection blood Infection in the blood septic shock What is the difference between sepsis and septic shock? Cause of septic shock Severe sepsis vs septic shock Related Topics Sepsis Infection in the blood Septic shock Get help from a real doctor now Continue108,000 doctors available
D3216807	http://www.ukmotorists.com/motoring/do%20you%20need%20to%20take%20a%20driving%20theory%20test.asp	Do you need to take a driving theory test?	Theory test Take a Car Theory Test Take a bus theory test Do you need to take a driving theory test? If you are a learner driver you must take and pass your theory test before you book your practical test. If you already have a driving licence you might not have to take another theory test if you want to start driving a different vehicle. UK licence holders You will need to take a theory test if you want a licence for a new category of vehicle, for example, if you have a car licence and you want a motorcycle licence you will need to take a theory test. If, however, you want to upgrade within a vehicle category you will not normally need to take a theory test, for example, if you have a full automatic car licence and you want a manual car licence you will not have to take a theory test. It is your responsibility to make sure you have the correct licence for the vehicle you are driving. If you are unsure if you need to take a theory test please contact the Driving Standards Agency (DSA) or the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA). Foreign licence holders If you hold a valid EEA licence and you are visiting Great Britain, you can drive any vehicle for as long as your licence remains valid. The appropriate full entitlement for the vehicle you wish to drive must be shown on your licence. Austria Hungary Norway Belgium Iceland Portugal Czech Republic Ireland Poland Republic of Cyprus Italy Slovenia Denmark Lativa Slovakia Estonia Liechtenstein Spain Finland Lithuania Sweden France Luxembourg United Kingdom Germany Malta Greece Netherlands Outside Europe If you hold a full driving licence issued outside the EEA it may be possible to exchange it for an equivalent British licence. You should contact the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) to find out if you can exchange your foreign licence. If you cannot exchange your foreign licence you will have to apply for a British provisional licence and take a theory and practical test.
D1427157	https://www.verizon.com/support/consumer/tv/directv	DIRECTV	DIRECTVImportant Information DIRECTV charges to be removed from your Verizon bill. We wanted to alert you about some important changes to your account. Beginning in June, DIRECTV charges will no longer appear on your Verizon bill. You'll now receive separate bills from Verizon and DIRECTV. Any discounts that applied to your Verizon services based on your DIRECTV subscription will remain in place. Any applicable DIRECTV discounts will appear on your DIRECTV bill. For questions about your DIRECTV services or bill, please call 1.800.531.5000. For any questions on your Verizon bill go to verizon.com/My Verizon. For additional information visit verizon.com/Directv FAQ. Thanks for choosing Verizon.
D1023347	https://www.lesmills.co.nz/exercise-options/group-fitness/bodypump-express-30/	BODYPUMPÂ® Express 30	BODYPUMP® Express 30Gain strength and lean, toned muscle without adding bulk. BODYPUMP® is the original barbell class that shapes, tones and strengthens your entire body. This 30-minute addictive workout challenges all of your major muscle groups by using the best weight-room exercises such as squats, presses, lifts and curls. The key to BODYPUMP® is THE REP EFFECT™, a breakthrough in fitness training, focusing on high repetition movements with low weight loads. This will help you achieve strength and introduce lean body muscle conditioning without creating bulk. With the latest chart topping music, highly trained instructors and your choice of weight, get the results you are looking for - and fast!More BODYPUMP® classes, more often! Les Mills Virtual workouts are audio-visual versions of the live Les Mills group fitness classes. Find out more here!Duration Exercise Type Intensity Burn Rate Equipment30 Minutes WEIGHTS-BASED RESISTANCE TRAINING Medium-High Intensity Up To 560 Calories BARBELL, PLATES & HEIGHT-ADJUSTABLE STEPResults INCREASES STRENGTH & ENDURANCE, TONES & SHAPES, HELPS MAINTAIN BONE HEALTHBODYPUMP - Learn The Moves1. Bench Press2. Clean and Press3. Squats Previous Next A Typical Class BODYPUMP® is designed to transform your body by developing strength and endurance in major muscle groups and, in doing so, burn calories and tone your body. This is where THE REP EFFECT™ comes in - commanding 70-100 repetitions per body part, equalling about 800 movements in an average workout! We use specific music tracks to motivate you and push through the class with maximum effect, and like all the Les Mills programmes, a new BODYPUMP® class is released every three months with new music and choreography. A typical class runs like this:1BODYPUMP® begins with a warm-up using light weights only, to get your body moving and slowly starts to introduce your muscles to the workout.2Your instructor will then guide you through the main workout, focusing on each of the major muscle groups, sculpting your legs, chest, back, shoulders, and abdominals. We've got all the important muscles covered, and we guarantee you'll be feeling the burn.3Finally, down tempo music will accompany you while you cool down. Stretch your muscles to finish the workout and help reduce muscle soreness and assist your recovery. What you need to bring with you Wear whatever you feel comfortable in and whatever allows for ease of movement in exercises like squats, lunges and overhead presses. Check out the latest Reebok/Les Mills co-branded range. We recommend cross-trainer gym shoes over running shoes, because they'll give you better foot support for the types of movement you'll be doing in BODYPUMP®Apart from that, bring a water bottle and towel - BODYPUMP® is thirsty, sweaty work!
D2474871	http://www.spcregion.org/reg_ind.shtml	.	Indiana County & Municipalities Square Miles: 829.5Click on a municipality name to view a census data sheet (2010 decennial census). The data sheets are in PDF. In order to view the files, you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed. If you don't have Acrobat Reader, it's available as a free download from Adobe. Need help with Census terminology? Download this 2010 Glossary (PDF)! Also see the ACS Glossary (PDF). The file sizes are 50k - 400k. Overall Indiana County Census Indiana County Total Indiana Municipalities Armagh Borough Armstrong Township Banks Township Black Lick Township Blairsville Borough Brush Valley Township Buffington Township Burrell Township Canoe Township Center Township Cherry Tree Borough Cherryhill Township Clymer Borough Conemaugh Township Creekside Borough East Mahoning Township East Wheatfield Township Ernest Borough Glen Campbell Borough Grant Township Green Township Homer City Borough Indiana Borough Marion Center Borough Montgomery Township North Mahoning Township Pine Township Plumville Borough Rayne Township Saltsburg Borough Shelocta Borough Smicksburg Borough South Mahoning Township Washington Township West Mahoning Township West Wheatfield Township White Township Young Township [ top ]
D439464	http://www.yourdictionary.com/displace	displace	displacedis·place Use displace in a sentenceverb To displace is defined as to force something to move, to move from a usual place, or to replace. An example of displace is to have a terrible storm cause flooding that makes people need to move to different homes. An example of displace is to take a trophy off of its place on the mantle. An example of displace is to hire a new sports director before letting the original director go. Your Dictionary definition and usage example. Copyright © 2018 by Love To Know Corp Link/Citedisplacetransitive verb-·placed′, -·plac′ingto move from its usual or proper placeto remove from office; dischargeto take the place of; supplant or replace (a person or thing that one is the cause of or occasion for removing, pushing aside, etc. ): a ship displaces a certain amount of water, factory workers that have been displaced by machines Origin of displace Old French desplacer: see dis- and place Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citedisplacetransitive verbdis·placed, dis·plac·ing, dis·plac·esa. To move, shift, or force from the usual place or position: Wasn't the net displaced before the puck went in?b. To force to leave a place of residence: The conflict displaced thousands of people. To move or shift from the usual place or position, especially to force to leave a homeland or other place of residence: millions of refugees who were displaced by the war. Chemistry To replace (an atom, radical, ion, or molecule) in a compound during a reaction. Physics To push aside and occupy the physical space of (a volume of fluid): a boat that displaces 1,000 cubic meters of water. To take the place of; supplant: when coal displaced wood as the dominant energy source. To discharge from a job, office, or position. Related Forms:dis·place′a·bleadjectivedis·plac′ernoun THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FIFTH EDITION by the Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citedisplace Verb ( third-person singular simple present displaces, present participle displacing, simple past and past participle displaced)To move something, or someone, especially to forcibly move people from their homeland. To supplant, or take the place of something or someone; to substitute. (of a floating ship) To have a weight equal to that of the water displaced. Origin From Middle French desplacer (French: déplacer ). English Wiktionary. Available under CC-BY-SA license. Link/Cite
D1994300	http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=260	.	Lyrics Songfacts ®Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video. This was inspired by a Pepsodent toothpaste commercial. The banged drum in the first line of each verse (while that line was sung accapella) was not planned - in one of the first takes, a batted baseball struck the outer wall of the studio. When the take was played back, the group decided to keep the sound in the song. >>This was the only hit for the group, who were from Newark, New Jersey. Don Mc Lean's song " American Pie " contains what is probably a reference to this in the lyric "Did you write the book of love? "Sha-Na-Na sang this at Woodstock in 1969.
D337778	http://www.answers.com/Q/What_does_jpg_stand_for	What does jpg stand for?	Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Technology Computers Computer Programming Database Programming What does jpg stand for? Flag What does jpg stand for? Answer by Palazzo Confidence votes 1.8KIt's short for JPEG - Joint Photography Experts Group In computing, JPEG is a commonly used method of compression for photographic images. The name JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the name of the committee that created the standard. Both JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) and JPG (Joint Photographic Group) are bitmap compression formats for picture and image files with compression ratios ranging from 10:1 to 20:1. In fact, JPG and JPEF file formats are identical . Older DOS-based computers were designed to handle a maximum "3-character file extension" which is why JPG was attributed to compressed image files. Newer Operating systems such as Windows XP and Vista allow for longer file extensions as evidenced by ".html". Accordingly, the JPF file extension was upgraded to the JPEG file extension which is the true acronym for J oint P hotographic E xperts G roup. Just as a side note, XP and Vista will also support the older JPG file extension. .21 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Rotarucalin 2,187 Contributions What is jpg format? The JPEG /EXIF file format is optimized for storing images like photographs. It uses lossy compression, RGB, 8 bit per channel, no support for transparency or multiple images …Jojita 13 Contributions Gif to a jpg?\nyou can use GIF for animated images http://myfacefriends.com Brandon Nieto (Neroxnex) 38,562 Contributionsanswers.com supervisor What does tiff and jpg stand for? Tiff and Jpg are both image file formats. Tiff stands for: Tag Image File Format and Jpg stands for: Joint Photographic Group. Jpgis also now known as Jpeg, the E stands for Ex …What jpg stands for?\n Joint Photographic (Experts) Group. Brandon Nieto (Neroxnex) 38,562 Contributionsanswers.com supervisor What is a jpg and why is it used? A .jpg or .jpeg file format is used when saving images. It is thedefault save format when downloading an image from the internet. Other common file formats are: . PNG or . Tiff. Gscheema 4 Contributions What is a jpg fille?jpg extend for joint Photographic Experts Group. jpg is a extension of images file. when we capture image from Mobile and Digital cemra than Image save with .jpg extension …Asmageddon 411 Contributions What is a jpg files? It is an image file using lossy compression. Vanadium Cadium 1,533 Contributions What is the abbreviation of JPG?jpg and jpeg are both the same thing. They both mean: Joint Photographic Experts Group Vanadium Cadium 1,533 Contributions What is jpeg and jpg? They both mean Joint Photographic Experts Group. They are both thedefault format when saving non-animated images/pictures. Vanadium Cadium 1,533 Contributions What do extension jpg stand for?jpg is the same as jpeg. It stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. It is the default save location for non-animated images. Animated images are saved under .gif. What does the file extension jpg stand for? The file extension JPG stands as a Picture Extension that means: Both JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) and JPG (Joint Photographic Group) are bitmap compression format …Vanadium Cadium 1,533 Contributions What do PNG and JPG stand for?.jpg and .jpeg stand for Joint Photographic Experts Group, and .pngstands for Portable Network Graphic Xh3llfire 54 Contributions Answered In Science A jpg is?jpg (JPEG) is an image-file format. It is a style of compression readable by almost every computer nowadays. It supports a maximum image size of 65535Ã65535Answered In File Formats Is .jpg native?no Answered In File Formats What is the mening of jpg?jpg = jpeg = Joint Photographic Experts Group = picture on computer Vanadium Cadium 1,533 Contributions Answered In File Formats What is a jpg lmage? A .jpg also known as .jpeg file extension is the standard extensionfor images/picture files. Basically images are saved to these. Vanadium Cadium 1,533 Contributions Answered In File Formats What is an advantage of JPG? There is no advantage. This is the default file extension fornon-animated images.
D1284622	https://www.theknot.com/content/history-of-the-flower-crown	A Brief History of the Flower Crown	A Brief History of the Flower Crown Despite the fact that wedding flower crowns are hugely popular today, they're really not a new idea. The fresh flower halo has been a popular accessory all over the world for centuries. And it's steeped in tradition and meaning. To get the full scoop on the flower crown, you have to go all the way back to ancient Greece. Let the history lesson begin.by Simone Hillphoto by Mustard Seed Photography The Ancient Greek Flower Crown Flower crowns were common in ancient Greece; it was especially popular to wear them at special occasions to honor the gods. Going along with that idea, during the same era, the laurel leaf wreath came into fashion as well (think: Julius Caesar). These laurel halos would be awarded to army victors to honor achievements and signify respect. The Medieval European Flower Crown During this period, flower crowns actually fell out of fashion. The reason? Many pagan religions that used flower crowns in religious ceremonies and to adorn statues of their gods were condemned for their associations to blasphemy. In other words, it wasn't safe!The Ukrainian Flower Crown Flower crowns (known as a vinok) are a part of the traditional folk dress in the Ukraine. Oftentimes, girls of a marriageable age would wear them. During the Ukrainian wedding ceremony, wreaths made out of periwinkle and myrtle are placed on top of the couple's heads after the vow exchange. Today, traditional Ukrainian flower crowns are more often seen at festivals and special occasions, including weddings. The Ancient Chinese Flower Crown In China, the orange blossom flower crown was customarily worn during a wedding. Since orange trees blossom and bear fruit at the same time, they're meant to symbolize fertility and were thought to bring children to a marriage. The Victorian Era Flower Crown Like the white wedding gown, Queen Victoria also brought the flower crown into fashion in Europe. She wore an orange blossom wreath (the idea borrowed from the Chinese) in her hair for her wedding to Prince Albert in 1840. After that, orange blossoms became so closely associated with weddings that the phrase "to gather orange blossoms" took on the meaning "to seek a wife. "The 1960s American Flower Crown The late 1960s are practically synonymous with hippie culture—and flower crowns became a fashion accessory mainstay associated with peace and love, all ideals of the movement. Though the hippie style was a subculture of the time, it influenced mainstream fashion, thus bringing flower crowns back into style at weddings. Today's Flower Crown So why are we so darn obsessed with flower crowns? Besides the fact that flower crowns have been a symbol of love, fertility and celebration throughout history and around the world, they're so easy to personalize. Go as over-the-top or as simple as you want to – from oversize flowers to a few simple green sprigs and mini spray roses. Have your flower girls wear mini-crowns, create unique ones for each bridesmaid, or ask your hairstylist about incorporating one into your own hairstyle. Flower Arrangements
D155674	https://www.therichest.com/luxury/most-expensive/the-15-most-expensive-alcoholic-beverages-in-the-world/	The 15 Most Expensive Alcoholic Beverages In The World	The 15 Most Expensive Alcoholic Beverages In The World Drinking is about to get a whole lot more glamorous!114Shares Share Tweetby Tasha Mizrahi – on Jun 21st in Most Expensive Alcohol is one of those universal substances that unites the world and, in turn, shows those around us that despite our inherent differences, we have a lot more in common than what meets the eye. Cultures all around the world have different applications for this particular beverage including, but not limited to, pleasure, religion and various ceremonies of all sorts. But, all in all, one huge similarity is that they all bring people together. When you take into consideration that some cultures like those that reside in places like Italy basically revolves around itself, it's not hard to see just how important these types of things are to people. That being said, the price to obtain it is a different story altogether. From the $1 beer night at your favorite bar to splurging on a wonderful bottle of scotch, alcohol is just one of those things that most people love to spend their hard-earned dollars on - since it acts as a means to cut back, let loose and let the good times roll. But, there are those of us who see spending a few hundred dollars on bottle service as spending pocket change, and that's where this list comes into play. These people have to really splurge to feel the burn, so to speak. Read on to find out about the most expensive alcoholic beverages that the world has to offer.via: eater.com12 1811 Château d’Yquem - $130,000via: thewinenerds.ca Advertising [x]11 Diamond Jubilee by Johnnie Walker - $165,000via: johnniewalker.com Advertising [x]10 Remy Martin's Black Pearl Louis XIII Anniversary Edition - $165,000via: eliteluxury.wordpress.com Advertising [x]9 Penfolds Ampoule - $170,000via: wired.com8 Bombay Sapphire Revelation - $200,000via: diplomatic.lv Advertising [x]7 Tribute to Honour by Royal Salute - $200,000 - $215,000via: justluxe.com6 Dalmore 62 - $200,000 - $215,000via: loveexcellence.co.ukvia: uk.businessinsider.com Featured Today Gal Gadot Trades Playful Blows With Deadpool's Ryan Reynolds Dwayne Johnson Says What He'd Do During NFL Anthem Protests Selena Gomez's Wardrobe Takes Shots At Justin Bieber Advertising [x]5 Macallan 64 Year Old in Lalique - $460,000via: businesswire.com4 The Macallan ‘M’ Six Litre In Lalique - $628,000via: extravaganzi.com Advertising [x]3 Mendis Coconut Brandy - $1 millionvia: onedio.com2 Diva Vodka - $1 millionvia: robbreport.com.sg1 Henri IV Dudognon Heritage Cognac Grande Champagne - $2 millionvia: infowoolf.com Advertising [x]via: robbreport.com.sg Distantly related to the Henri IV Dudognon Heritage Cognac Grande Champage due to their connections with Ley .925, their remarkably similar bottles and extreme price tag are where the similarities between these two drinks stop. Mirroring all that is extreme, the container holding the fermented liquid is fashioned using white gold and platinum and then studded with 6,400 diamonds by the hands of CEO Fernando Altamirano! So, if you're looking to splurge on a four-year-old drink made from blue agave that is fermented to perfection, then this is the drink for you. Besides, a party is never complete without some sort of over the top element, so this wonderful Anejo tequila will do just fine. Sources: Insider Monkey.com, Thrillist.com, Daily Mail.co.uk, Telegraph.co.uk Give The Richest a Thumbs up!Share Tweet Looking for an AD FREE EXPERIENCE on The Richest? Get Your Free Access Now!More in Most Expensive Justin Bieber Sits To Talk With Homeless Couple Krissie Mick Arnold Schwarzenegger Undergoes Emergency Heart Procedure Krissie Mick Mike The Situation Finally Sober As He Stares Down Years In Jail Mark Lugris Blac Chyna Loses Stroller Sponsorship After Six Flags Incident Mark Lugris Colin Farrell Goes To Rehab Preemptively Mark Lugris Jay-Z Details The Moment His Mother Came Out To Him Lou Flavius
D1082956	https://secure.tesco.ie/clubcard/faq/	null	Tesco Clubcard Home Welcome to Tesco Clubcard Sign in / Register Join Clubcard Email sign up Tesco.ie Facebook Twitter About Clubcard Clubcard Boost Clubcard Perks My Clubcard Account All your questions answered Here are our FAQs Top 10 FAQs Clubcard - what's it all about? My Clubcard Account Clubcard Boost Clubcard Perks Christmas Savers Sitemap Contact Us Help & FAQs Terms & Conditions Privacy & Cookies Policy Email sign up Lost your Clubcard? Dietary Needs Every Little Helps Copyright © 2016 Tesco.ie
D106288	https://www.scribd.com/doc/54479590/Interaction-Between-Living-Organisms	Interaction between living organisms	Interaction between living organisms1. Types of interaction between the organisms in a community are: a) Prey-predator b) Symbiosis c) Competition Prey Prey-predator 1. Predator- hunt other animals for food 2. Prey- animal that gets eaten by predator 3. Examples: a) b) c) d) Barn owls or snakes prey on rats Eagles prey on snake Sparrows prey on worms Lions prey on deers Barn Owl Rat Barn Owl Snake prey predator . Example Prey-predator Preya) Rats-Snakes.b)Snakes. Eagles Snake Eagle prey predator .c) Worms -Sparrows Worm Sparrow prey predator .d) Deers-Lions Deer Lion prey predator . Which is the prey and predator? .elephants) Camourflamage body Predator Steroscopic vision Large. strong. Characteristics of prey & predator Prey Monoscopic vision Ability to move fast Lives in groups (etc. curved claws . strong canines Sharp.prey Monoscopic vision Camouflage body ..curved claws . strong. sharp beaks Predator Stereoscopic vision Sharp. big. Large. Three types: a) Commensalism b) Mutualism c) Parasitism . Symbiosis 1. Means-living together and depending on each other 2. Examples: a) Barnacles living on whale·s body and crab b) Bird·s nest fern living on tree branches c) Remora fish attaches at shark·s body . Commensalism 1. 2. Two organism interact but only one gets benefit and the other does not gain anything. Barnacles living on whale·s body and crab Barnacles gains transport to look for food Host: Whale/crab² gains no benefit Commensal: Barnacles² gains benefit .support and nutrient by adhering to a tree Host: Tree ² gains no benefit Commensal: Bird·s nest fern ² gains benefit . Bird·s nest fern living on tree branches Bird·s nest fern gains sunlight. Remora fish attaches at shark·s body Remora fish gets source of nutrient & helps to cleans the shark·s body Host: Shark² gains no benefit Commensal: Remora fish² gains benefit . Birds and Buffalo The birds get source of food& help the buffalo to remove ticks Host: Buffalo ²gains no benefit Commensal: Bird ² gains benefit . Two organisms interact and both gets benefit 2. Examples: a) Sea anemone and clownfish b) Lichen and Fungus . Mutualism 1.cleans it from parasites. Clownfish and sea anemones Anemone protects the Clownfish from predators. . providing food Clownfish defends the anemone from its predators. Lichen and Fungus Lichen consists of fungus and algae living together Fungus protects the algae Algae makes the food Fungus Algae .1. Examples: a) Tapeworm living in human intestine b) Rafflesia parasite plant . Parasitism 1. Two organisms interact and one gets benefit and the host losses/harm 2...farmer uses owls and snake to control rats in oil palm estate . Example:. Biological control 1. Is an effective way to control pest by using prey-predator relationship to control pest. 2. Advantages & Disadvantages Advantage a) Does not cause pollution b) Safe and no effect to other organism c) Low cost Disadvantage a) Takes longer time compared to chemicals b) May effect other species if choose wrongly c) Predator may become nuisance .2. Can be classified as: a) Producers b) Consumers c) Decomposers . All organisms interact through food relationship in an ecosystem. Food Web 1. Producers such as Green plants which are able to make their own food . Producers 1. There are three types of consumers: a) Primary consumers-first group of animals that feed on plants b) Secondary consumers.feed on primary consumers c) Tertiary consumers.feed on secondary consumers . Consumers 1. Primary consumers Secondary consumers Chicken Paddy plant Caterpillar Snake Eagle Frog Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumer .fungus . Decomposers 1. Decays and breaks down the dead substances into simpler substances 3. 2. Examples: bacteria. Organisms that feed on dead plants and animals.
D1013681	https://www.quora.com/In-the-Harry-Potter-films-how-does-David-Yates-style-compare-to-earlier-directors	In the Harry Potter films, how does David Yates' style compare to earlier directors?	Yates employs more of a verite approach than the others. He makes greater use of docudrama styling and hand-held camera work. At the same time, he really stretched out creatively during the Potter films, and drew influences from multiple sources - there's even a 'Brazil' reference in Deathly Hallows: Part 1. I'd say he was quite eclectic as a visual storyteller on the series. Half-Blood Prince, for instance, used a lot of noir influences. Deathly Hallows 2 was more like a classic Hollywood blockbuster, especially with the classic cinema throwback for the Ron and Hermione kiss. Another interesting visual idea in Part 2 was Yates' desire to make the 2.35 ratio seem as elongated as possible; he focuses very much on open, multiple-person framing. He tends to use quite long takes, and many scenes are covered in only a few shots. He's not one for overt storytelling. He's extremely subtle and subdued as a director. A great example of this is when the trio are at the cafe in Hallows 1. They discuss Hermione's bag, but Yates never cuts to a close up of it, he simply guides us towards it, in a wide shot, via a change in the characters eye-lines. Another one is a brief, but highly symbolic shot, when Dumbledore and Voldemort are fighting: Voldemort's robes obscure Dumbledore from the frame, focusing us on Harry, and implying the whole duel is just a distraction from what V's ultimately after. He focuses more on character and offered a lot of weight to the steadiness between the action beats. Some people don't like it, but I felt he handled the camping scene, in particular after Ron abandons them, with very poignant grace and poetry. There's some great shots there. His background, remember, was in a lot of intense political and character-driven television work (State of Play, Sex Traffic).
D2076063	http://sxu.edu/information-technology/mysxu/	mySXU	my SXUFor assistance with your password, please call 773-298-HELP (4357). Always Log Out. Always remember to log out so no one else may access your personal records. Even when following an outside link, you will remain logged in unless you click the log out button. To log out of my SXU, click your name at the top of your portal page and then select "Logout." Click "yes" when prompted to close the browser. IT Services and Help Home > Information Technology > my SXUmy SXUmy SXU offers admitted students, current students, faculty and staff access to University resources and important announcements.my SXU is the starting point for access to University online tools, such as:my Mail The student and alumni email system. SXU Canvas The University's course management system, allowing students to collaborate with their classmates and instructors online. Self-Service For students, Self-Service is the personal management tool used to search for classes, register for classes, make payments and check grades. For faculty, Self-Service is the management tool for adding grades and reviewing advisee records. Colleague The University's records and registration management system for faculty and staff. The Hub Support Portal Basics Class Cancellation Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video. Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.
D3389462	http://www.chacha.com/question/what-can-be-stored-in-marine-sediments-for-long-periods-of-time-a%3A-nitrogen-gas-b%3A-oxygen-gas-c%3A-water-d%3A-phosphate-e%3A-methane	What can be stored in marine sediments for long periods of time A: Nitrogen gas B: oxygen gas C: water D: phosphate E: Methane	Anonymous What can be stored in marine sediments for long periods of time A: Nitrogen gas B: oxygen gas C: water D: phosphate E: Methane February 26, 2013 (3 years ago)In: Science › Chemistry Answer Marine sediment stores nitrogen gas as part of the cycling system. Cha Cha!4 years agodata-config-site-section="chacha">Last Week's Popular Questions for Chemistry What is between the water particles in a glass of pure water? They could be random minerals that occur in your water naturally or carbon from... Who gave Jesus water when he had to carry his cross? Joshua carried his cross into the Holy Land. At Jacob's ancient well, the woman... What is the Guinness World record for chugging a 16.9oz water bottle?i couldnt find a world record on chugging a water bottle. However, feel free to... Can you Explain why the vapor pressure, boiling point, and freezing point of an aqueous solution of a nonvolatile solute are not the same as those of the pure solvent. The difference between the properties of the solution and pure liquid, is the... A tectonic plate is composed of __. a. Cool, rigid rock that rides on a continuous shell of molten magma b. Cool, rigid rock that rides on a plastic mantle layer c. Hot, plastic rock supported by a rigid foundation of cool rock d. Cool, rigid rock that floats on the Earths molten core. Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together... See All Questions ▶
D2457481	http://www.alcoholic.org/research/types-of-alcoholics/	Types of Alcoholics	Types of Alcoholics Alcoholism affects different people differently. While doctors haven't identified a "typical alcoholic," they have determined that there are at least five different types of alcoholics suffering from the effects of this disease. If you are struggling to stop drinking, you may fit into one of these categories. No matter what type of alcoholic you are, there is appropriate treatment available if you would like to stop drinking. Consider calling 1-888-919-3845 or filling out a quick contact form so that you can get the help you need. Young Adult Alcoholics Young adults often don't realize they need help or that they even have a problem because overindulging in drinking is considered "normal" for this age group. Young adult alcoholics currently make up 31.5 percent of alcoholics in the United States. These are young people who, for the most part, don't seek treatment. These people are generally college students who are away from home for the first time; in addition, they are close to legal age or have recently become old enough to drink legally. For these reasons, drinking is often part of the college culture and young adults who over-indulge are often praised by their peers or encouraged to continue drinking. Older adults may be concerned about their drinking but for the most part don't encourage them to seek treatment because they think it is just a stage. However, any young adult who has intense cravings for alcohol between uses, can't control his drinking once he begins, has symptoms of physical withdrawal when not drinking and needs greater amounts of alcohol to achieve the same high over time should be concerned about his drinking. These symptoms point towards an alcohol problem. Antisocial Alcoholics Antisocial alcoholics are generally college age as well, but these people usually have been drinking from an earlier age - some as early as 14 years of age or younger. A certain percentage of young adults who drink fit into the category of antisocial alcoholics. Half of these alcoholics come from families with alcohol problems, and some of them have a coexisting disorder, antisocial personality disorder, which causes them not to care about whether their behavior is hurting others and to engage in destructive behaviors. Even if they don't have this disorder, antisocial alcoholics may have another co-occurring disorder such as general anxiety disorder or major depression or be addicted to other substances, such as cocaine, opiates or marijuana. About 1/3 of these people seek treatment of some sort for alcoholism. Beachside Portland7800 SW Barbur Blvd Portland , Oregon97219Center for Healing20 Scotch Road Ewing , New Jersey0862812 Keys Rehab618 Northeast Jensen Beach Blvd Jensen Beach , Florida34957Functional Alcoholics Functional alcoholics, as the name implies, are able to keep down a job or go to school while still exhibiting signs of alcoholism. These alcoholics are usually older than young adult alcoholics; they are typically middle-aged and have been doing well in their careers for some time. In general, these alcoholics keep themselves together during the day so that they can go to work or school and then drink too much when they get home. They may not think they have a drinking problem because they are able to succeed in their lives despite their alcohol habits. Chronic Severe Alcoholics Chronic severe alcoholics are the "typical alcoholic" that many people think of. These are the people who have such a severe alcohol problem that they aren't able to hold a job. Family and friends may have given up on this type of alcoholic, and he may or may not have a place to live. Chronic severe alcoholics often want help; they've run out of options and are aware they need to make major changes to survive. Regardless of which of the five types of alcoholics you identify with, don't suffer in silence if you think you have an alcohol problem. Call 1-888-919-3845 to get in touch with somebody who can offer you the assistance you need to free yourself of your addiction to alcohol and live a productive, healthy life. Seeking Treatment? Call us at1-888-919-3845Ad Don’t wait until it’s too late, contact us today to see how we can help. We are happy to help you in any way we can. Check out the helpful links to the right for more information Alcohol Abuse Alcoholism Treatment You can also use our convenient Contact Form RELATED ARTICLESPictures of Alcoholics You may be shocked when looking at pictures of alcoholics. Everyone knows that drug addicts often lose their attractiveness to their addictions, but many people think that alcoholism is a glamorous addiction. As you sift through photos of... Read More What Is a Functioning Alcoholic? The stereotype of an alcoholic as someone who has hit rock bottom and has become homeless due to alcohol abuse is often quite accurate. However, not all alcoholics become unable to function physically or in society. The functioning alcoholic manages... Read More
D444002	http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PHKT0wSmck	Profuse Sweating How to Stop Excessive Head Sweating	Profuse Sweating How to Stop Excessive Head Sweating Stop Sweatings Subscribe 293Add to Share More67,138 views Published on Apr 23, 2012http://tinyurl.com/chcjuma Excessive Sweating? Three tips that can effectively handle it. Sweating is normal and part of everyone's life. It's not without a reason and has the function of controlling our body temperature thus preventing us from ending up with overheating. But excessive sweating is not a normal syndrome and considered to be a disorder according to doctors. Are you aware of the fact that, more than 8 Million people are victims of excessive sweating is the US? Many people have learned to control excessive sweating. Let have a look at the three steps that can control or prevent excessive sweating. Caffeine is a definite NO Consumption of the stimulant caffeine results in anxiety. With anxiety you are likely to sweat more. The more you are anxious the more you sweat. If you really wish to prevent sweating, caffeine is definitely a NO. Also, avoid beverages like coffee or soft drinks. Powerful Antiperspirants Check on the antiperspirants you use. Some antiperspirants are for blocking the odor and not sweat. Buy antiperspirants that have aluminum chloride because they are very good sweat blockers. "Driclor" is an antiperspirant you can try if your does not have the required %." "Dricolor" has 40% of aluminum chloride and it should be able to do the trick for you. Slip into clothes that are loose fitting Wear loose fits if you want to prevent sweating. Air circulation is enabled if your clothes are loosely woven and enabled your body to breathe. Wearing loose clothes, you will be able to Show more Loading...
D3141882	https://dietquery.wordpress.com/2013/08/21/uti-foods-to-eat-and-to-avoid/	UTI- Foods to Eat and to Avoid	UTI- Foods to Eat and to Avoiddietquery / August 21, 2013by- Panchali Moitra A urinary tract infection (UTI) is caused by harmful bacteria and leads to inflammation of the urinary tract. UTIs are quite common in women aged between 20 and 50 and statistics show that about one in five women will have at least one UTI during these years. If left untreated, UTIs can be quite painful. UTI may lead to serious consequences, if the infection travels upwards and reaches the kidneys. Beside bacterial infections; stress, eating on the run and forgetting to drink enough water too can increase your risk of bladder infections. Patients with diabetes may show a higher risk of UTI because of modifications in the immune system. Symptoms Not everyone with a UTI has symptoms, but most people get at least some symptoms. When you get a burning sensation whilst passing urine, or you feel the need to pass urine frequently or when you see blood in your urine, then you should know that you have a urinary infection & call your doctor immediately. The patients often feel tired, washed out—and pain even when not urinating. Often women feel an uncomfortable pressure above the pubic bone, and men might experience fullness in the rectum. It is common for a person with a urinary infection to complain that, despite the urge to urinate; only a small amount of urine is passed. The urine itself may look milky or cloudy, even reddish if blood is present. Other symptoms of a kidney infection include pain in the back or side below the ribs, nausea, or vomiting and fever. Traditionally bladder infections are treated with antibiotics and the choice of drug and length of treatment depend on the patient’s history and the urine tests that identify the offending bacteria. Antibiotic treatments usually work, but also have their own set of problems. They destroy the friendly bacteria in the intestines, which help the body make their own B-vitamins. Foods to Eat and to Avoid list These natural interventions help to prevent the infection and cure the symptoms naturally – Eat one cup of fresh cherries (rich in antioxidants) every 2 hours to help ease the burning sensation in the urine. Garlic: is known to have anti bacterial properties. Eating 4-5 cloves of raw garlic a day helps combat urinary infections. You can chop it fine 7 gulp it down with warm water or, make garlic pickle in lime juice & eat 4-5 cloves daily for a week. The fresh green leaves of radish are packed with anti-bacterial properties. Taking around 150 ml juice made from radish leaves for a fortnight can help reduce inflammation of the urinary bladder and reduce the burning sensation while passing urine. Take a diet rich in vitamin C as it keeps the acidity level of urine high. Bacteria cannot thrive in an acidic medium. Taking high does of vitamin C may also help relieve a person of urinary infection. About 2000mg 2-3 times a day is recommended. Since this is a very high dose you must do it under your doctor supervision. Drinking large amounts of fluids obviously helps as it dilutes the toxins in the urine and flushes the system. Drink one litre of water (normal temperature) first thing in the morning on an empty stomach and another 6-8 glasses during the day. This habit will prevent recurrence of your problem. You can make herbed tea at home with lemon rind and cinnamon (dalchini). Take one teaspoon each of grated lemon rind and cinnamon powder and boil it in a litre of water. To increase the acid-base balance in the body, some people recommend drinking water in which half a teaspoon of baking powder has been added. However, do remember to check with your doctor before starting any home remedy. Drink cranberry juice. According to a 1994 study, cranberry juice can reduce levels of bacteria in the urinary tract and prevent new bacteria from taking hold, so helping to prevent minor infections. In case of an infection, cranberry juice helps in fast recovery. Other fluids that help clear UTI are tender coconut water, barley water, buttermilk, cucumber juice as these are believed to be diuretics. Cabbage, carrot, curd, coconut, clove, ginger, garlic, lime, onion, radish and turmeric retard infections and can be used liberally. Avoid Alcohol is a diuretic and promotes dehydration. This may lead to further infection as there will be fewer fluids in the system. Chances of re-occurrence will also increase. Hence if you are prone to frequent urinary bladder infections you must avoid or restrict the intake of alcohol. For a couple of days at the outset of the symptoms of bladder infection, avoid eating any type of protein. Just live on a whole lot of fruits and vegetables (raw or partially cooked) for about 2 days. This would case the load of digestion & direct the energies to fight off the infection. It would also help to detoxify your body. Maintain good personal hygiene and avoid using public toilets. Don’t suppress the need to urinate. Use the bathroom as soon as you feel the urge. The longer the urine stays in the bladder, the higher the chances of an infection occurring. Using natural remedies like herbs, diets, water has no unpleasant side effects. Eating right foods can help to prevent UTI, improve the urinary tract infection related discomforts and also promote good health. Advertisements Share this: Share Loading... August 21, 2013 in Nutrition. Tags: cure UTI symptoms naturally, healthy foods, To avoid, urinary tract infection foods, UTI, UTI- Foods to Eat
D931938	https://quizlet.com/43937617/science-test-for-8th-grade-k12-flash-cards/	Science test for 8th grade K12	6 terms copelandquinn2012Science test for 8th grade K12Unit 2 lesson 8 Life Science 8th grade Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Which of the following is a true statement about chloroplasts? A. They transport glucose into the cell. B. They convert light energy into chemical energy. C. They are present in animal cells, but not in plant cells. D. They convert the energy in glucose into a more usable form. B. They convert light energy into chemical energy. What is an important function of mitochondria? A. converting chemical energy from ATP into chemical energy in glucose products B. converting chemical energy from glucose products into chemical energy in ATP C. converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy in glucose products D. converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy in ATP B. converting chemical energy from glucose products into chemical energy in ATPWhy do the cells in all living things need energy? A. to fuel their chemical reactions B. to help them decompose C. to communicate with other cells D. so they can block sunlight A. to fuel their chemical reactions Which structure provides energy to the cell? A. cytoskeleton B. mitochondria C. ribosomes D. endoplasmic membrane B. mitochondria What process takes place in the structure? A. cellular respiration B. mitosis C. circulation D. chromatography A. cellular respiration What process takes place in chloroplasts? A. cellular respiration B. digestion C. chromatography D. photosynthesis D. photosynthesis
D2214888	http://www.diyornot.com/Project.aspx?ndx2=5&Rcd=190	Cost to Install a Deck Awning	By Gene and Katie Hamilton To expand the living space of your home, look no further than the deck outside and top it with an awning that provides much more protection than a patio umbrella. A self-supporting retractable awning attached to your home will extend the use of the space and provide protection from harmful UV rays. These awnings are sold online and at home and lawn and garden centers. They come in a wide selection of colorful fabrics designed to withstand the elements. Some operate with a hand crank, while others are motorized with a remote control. An installer will charge $3,450 to install a 16-by-10-foot deck awning attached to a house with a remote control to open and close the awning. This includes labor and material. You can buy the components for $2,800 and assemble and install it, assuming you have carpentry tools and skills. At www.nuimageawnings.com, a manufacturer's website, you can download assembly instructions in the Support section. Wrapping up, given the average cost to install a deck awning you can compare the price of a contractor’s bid with doing it yourself. For a local cost input your ZIP Code. Cost updated 2018The cost and time data is generated by averaging labor and material data from annually updated cost books used by contractors and refined by the authors' experience remodeling 13 houses. They are authors of 20 home improvement books and Do It Yourself or Not, a weekly column syndicated by Tribune Content Agency. The national cost can be adjusted by ZIP Code. Format for Print Email to a Friend You May Also Be Interested In Cost to Install a Retractable Screen Cost to Install a Canvas Awning Cost to Install an Aluminum Awning
D1463147	https://www.wildozark.com/	Nature Farm = Co-Creating with Nature	Nature Farm = Co-Creating with Nature Have you ever heard of a nature farm? It means that I am co-creating with Nature. I’m serving up Nature, with a side of Nature Art. I’m producing nourishing food for the soul by harnessing nature in the wild Ozark Mountains of northwest Arkansas. Read on to see more about what that means and why Nature matters here at Wild Ozark. Nature is my muse. Who’s Behind the Scenes? My name is Madison Woods, and I’m the voice behind this website. Do you love nature? If so, I hope you take a few minutes to browse around my site. Fill your soul with our common passions for nature, art, and the wild Ozarks. Serving Up Nature with a Side of Nature Art Wild Ozark is a farm, but the crops pretty much grow here by themselves. It’s a “Nature Farm”. All I really do is take advantage of what is already here – the right habitats for the ginseng and other woodland plants. Because I use these habitats and collect the bounties that live here for my nature arts and crafts, I say that I am “Nature Farming”. I am co-creating with nature to provide myself with the things I need for my nursery business, the arts and crafts I create using natural botanicals, and taking inspiration from all of the elements of Nature that surrounds me here at Wild Ozark. I’m co-creating with nature so you can bring a little of the wild Ozark wilderness home with you. Even my photography is an aspect of Nature Farming and co-creating with Nature by this definition. Running a Nature Farm isn’t hard in a place like this!Does Wild Ozark have any crops? I grow more than one: American ginseng (seedlings & rootlets)Woodland plants (nursery plants & fairy gardens)Shagbark Hickory Trees (for the bark)Natural Botanicals (for Forest Folk)Wild Ozark is …A Homestead working toward self-reliance. We live so far from town that we’re preppers out of necessity, because flooded bridges and icy roads or frozen water keep us stranded here. It’s good practice for the bigger “what if” scenarios! I blog about the things we do here to this effect. What used to be common practice for my grandparents is becoming “lost arts” to the urban and younger generations. Wild Ozark is also: About our life with Nature. I love sharing my love of nature through my work. I’m an artist and photographer. The blog here is a nature blog, but I also write posts about whatever it is we’re doing – what kinds of new products we’re making, any arts I’m working on, what kinds of things I see when I’m out in these beautiful wild Ozark hills. A farm and nursery. We grow hickory trees for the bark. The bark is used in Burnt Kettle’s shagbark hickory syrup. We also grow wild-simulated and true wild American ginseng and the other plants that enjoy the same habitat. Goldenseal, bloodroot, ferns, and cohosh come to mind. The ferns are used in Wild Ozark’s Fairy Gardens, too. A Publisher. I write nonfiction about plants, nature, and American ginseng. I also write fiction under the pen name Erthwitch. Most of my work is available through Amazon, but I sell some of it as downloadable files here at our online shop and at Etsy. Art. My husband Rob is an amazing woodworker and he is the chief syrup-maker for our other business, Burnt Kettle. I make all sorts of nature crafts. I’m working on building our Etsy store. An Information Resource for learning about American ginseng habitat, the medicinal plants we grow and use, the native clay I’m using for artworks. I teach workshops on nature journaling and making Forest Folk. If I learn that feels important to share, I write a blog post about it. These are all examples of how I’ve used the land in co-creating with Nature. Reconnect to Nature through Wild Ozark We live in a very remote area of northwest Arkansas in the Ozark Mountains on 160 acres of mostly wild land. Predators and prey are plentiful. This natural balance of life, along with the rest of nature’s beauty and fury that we get to witness on a very personal level, is responsible for the most incredible creative energy that’s always coursing through my veins. Inspired by Nature, Precious Resources One of our goals, our main goal, actually, is to become self-reliant using the land as our home and resource. Some of the ways we practice self-reliance includes trying to make a living from this land. Nature in the Ozarks provides almost all of my resources to this end, and there are plans to create even more new things as inspiration strikes. Everything I do keeps me continuously reconnecting to nature. I’d like to share that connection with others. Click here to go to my Etsy Shop to see the Wild Ozark fairy gardens, nature crafts, books, art and other gifts to help you reconnect to nature. Growing and working, or decorating with plants or crafts using natural botanicals will help you to reconnect to nature. Some of the items the Wild Ozark Nature Farm produces uses plants that grow here naturally and I’m careful to make sure I never over-harvest anything. Every time I gather flowers, medicinals, or other botanical materials I’m consciously leaving behind enough for bees, butterflies and other pollinators. It’s important to leave maturing growth behind to seed future growth, too. Here’s the part that is more realistically considered Nature Farming. Some of the plants that grow here are endangered. These are propagated carefully to ensure future generations survive. Wild American ginseng, goldenseal, and blue cohosh are a few that come to mind. We sell these plants, propagated by root division, layering, cuttings, or seed in our woodland nursery and educate others about how to grow them. I craft art, make jams and sweets from the bounty of fruit and herbs here, and Rob creates fine woodworking items. I write, photograph, and draw, and create products for our market booth from these things. Ozark Ginseng We’re the only certified American ginseng nursery in Arkansas (that I know of). Visit us at our market booth in Huntsville on Tuesdays or Rogers on Saturdays. Or come out to see our Ozark ginseng habitat demonstration garden, buy seedlings, and learn how to grow it. You can find all that and more by browsing the menu at the top. Reconnect to Nature by visiting our Virtual Homestead at the Nature Farm I try to post regularly to my blog, and almost all of the posts will offer some way for you to reconnect with nature. My creativity is so inspired by nature in the Ozarks, I have a hard time doing anything besides my art. That art includes writing fiction and nonfiction, drawing, sculpting miniatures, and creating mixed media art using the materials all around me. It’s a good thing that all this creating is part of what I mean when I say I’m Nature Farming!Stay a While, Dig into Nature Farming Browse around. Ask questions and leave comments, or share your own experiences. I’m happy you’re here and hope you find what you’re seeking! If you don’t, let me know and I’ll try to point you to it. You can reconnect to nature by reading fiction! I’m also “ Ima Erthwitch “, rural fantasy writer. If you’re a reader of things somewhat off-track of the norm, you might like my stories. My current long work is book two of the Bounty Hunter series. Book one, First Hunt, is available at Amazon now. Reconnect to Nature and Be Inspired by the Ozarks, too – Become a Wild Ozarkian!Keep up with the things going on around here, workshops and herb walks, new product releases, etc. by following at our Facebook page. Find out what it means to be Nature Farming. Facebook.com/wildozark Every other month, when I’m on schedule, we also put out a newsletter for those who don’t follow at the blog or get on FB. You’ll also find a link to my fiction newsletter in the menu above. If you want to get regularly inspired by nature with me and follow the blog, put your email address in the form below. Subscribe to Blog via Email Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Reconnect to Nature with Wild Ozark We’re at Etsy We’re online at our website Local pickup is available We ship!Our ginseng habitat garden is a literal aspect of the Wild Ozark Nature Farm. It’s open to the public by appointment beginning in May, but closes on Oct. 1. I’m also in the planning phases for a Wild Ozark Fairy Garden trail! That will be a magical experience for young and old alike. The online shop is open all the time. The link is in the menu above. Forest Folk and Fairy Gardens are my most recent creative obsessions. Here’s one of the latest works of art inspired by nature out here in the Wild Ozark studio: A wee little fairy house made from Wild Ozark nature farm botanicals. Custom made, one-of-a-kind nature art for $19.99. Share? Thanks in advance!! You're awesome. Tweet MoreŽEncÓÏ±†>n°¿ã²¨ ÔÞ3? {>CìÎîžÃî—sáy¥&àžÜOwªÀü›Ÿ!Î•Œ;ãä0ÏÇ‘Å·& ãw¢j+ûž2…Ök÷½)'ê¦ÏÔ.äëIÉÇy VIÎ•æîïÞj©e¹ÌçšÃšZ…¹›wˆ˜3Cä˜3¥JÍÀÄ,¯Vû+?¯Y×§•¯PpòY,BCYÓŸ,rÍ¼XÔ3Àz üìÏÃ,wé°-}fêþúë5o W¥â;~ØB+^s»YÝ¸îBAÌ+7°Óþ]. :ŠbÝv».#h7‘•è·…˜…Pî2¹ÓQF}h WBÓÁŒ.·áÝ¾Œ÷½óõÃq¹tŸ1ßÍq¹ ×ü÷âKÃ_í;¥Lè¬>°óMe-ÝœùáÕ-"å˜xf}–PÛ‡@ CJÉRÂ‚uhbâ}–Ïqî¬c¿RÌŠðè/èíC=‡‚Å;-pò-ó¡qäX—ÑV ‰–Qhéøm Ej–ÑþãRzw~A\|¢øç»Ó³¹X™ú‚2á·ÛõƒÉƒDqžM•P©øý?“É ý™ú…FÏ¦égÚ;: L—˜ð [)¿:· w]7³YS¿Þ^\|'9>¯¡xÁHu©>;úˆß×émµ?f J¡~m‹ÁEQÍ7q Y&R8Áu~‚ùGµÑ (£Â >\øÁü~…? 'Èó¼øi)’ã›iÙÝ™Ô>3i>5©Œ¤ëbbç0/¿ÒêÙÄüTƒÛÌà] {“ˆÚµtÐ”&ñCh2x»áùÞa« [sž' {¤¢¼˜!/K‡m Eë. "P&ÃÔ‰vÎÕj„Îu’\pná ©«Z‹´…Ãµ –¬ÑÍCÍÛF±ÃHÛÅ‹f³yà\|û}eâ¯Jí«ü=ªÍ†nÛð°„ˆƒ£è¦Ä_c J·mœùÛI ÍCsv Sº (Ý†&¼/±ö>Úv´E¹´ƒ‚èsÀçRÑöt¿ù ûz0<Ýy }A$Uz Ql?yŒ iÀŠj6^âl¶„¢Ü”ôšO0]Ý4.mxqŒR©¤›7Vú˜÷/‡F×ÝLike this: Loading...
D1089308	http://www.flyingclippers.com/M130.html	.	Copyright © John Mc Coy The Philippine Clipper arriving in Hong Kong to establish the first commercial air service between North America and the continent of Asia October 23, 1936M130 China Clipper History On November 22, 1935, in Alameda, California, Captain Edwin C. Musick and First Officer R. O. D. Sullivan stand next to the China Clipper before it leaves San Francisco for Manila with the first transpacific airmail. On the ground, left to right are: Postmaster General James A. Farley, Assistant Postmaster General Harllee Branch, and Pan Am President Juan Trippe. The China Clipper takes off from San Francisco on its maiden commercial flight across the Pacific Ocean to Manila in 1935. The Crew of the China Clipper November 22-29, 1935Edwin Musick R. O. D. Sullivan Fred Noonan George King C. D. Wright Victor Wright William Jarboe Captain First Officer Navigation Officer Second Officer First Engineering Officer Second Engineering Officer Radio Officer The China Clipper passes over the San Francisco waterfront. The aircraft completed the trip in six days, with a flying time of 59 hours, 48 minutes. Overnight stops included Honolulu, Midway, Wake Island, and Guam. The China Clipper clears the Golden Gate Bridge (then under construction) as it begins to head out over the Pacific Ocean. The China Clipper flight crew disembarks in Honolulu, Hawaii. The China Clipper is anchored at a pier in Manila harbor, following its historic flight across the Pacific Ocean. Huge crowds lined the shore to catch a glimpse of the aircraft. The Manila Hotel can be seen in the background. M130 Clipper Aviation Milestones The China Clipper inaugurates the first trans-Pacific airmail service on November 22, 1935 with 111,000 letters on board. It returned to San Francisco on December 6, 1935. The Hawaii Clipper inaugurates the first ( revenue generating) scheduled transoceanic passenger service between California and the Philippines on October 21, 1936. The round trip flight was completed on November 4, 1936. The Philippine Clipper inaugurates the first passenger service into Hong Kong on October 14, 1936. Really a public relations VIP flight, it landed in Hong Kong on October 23rd and returned to San Francisco on November 2, 1936. Martin M-130 Clipper Data Sheet Flying boat, 1934Development: Built by the Glenn L. Martin Company, they were known by the company as Martin Ocean Transports. The aircraft first flew on December 30, 1934. Only three of these aircraft were built, the China Clipper, the Philippine Clipper and the Hawaii Clipper. To the public, China Clipper became a generic name and originally was applied to all three of the Martin M-130's in Pan Am's fleet and, later, even to the Boeing B-314's. Service: With Pan American Airways. Crew:5 and eventually 8Wingspan:130 feet / 39.7 m Length:90 feet 10.5 inches / 27.7 m Height:24 feet 7 inches / 7.5 m Gross Weight:52252 lbs / 23701 kg Engines:4x Pratt & Whitney R-1830-S2A5G Twin Wasp 14-cylinder Radial Engines (830 horsepower each - later 950 hp with hydromatic propellers)Maximum Speed:180 mph Cruise Speed:163 mph Cruise Ceiling:17000 feet / 5182 m Range:3200 miles / 5150 km Payload:18-46 (18 night) passengers The Flying Clippers General Specifications Sheet IN THE MOVIESHumphry Bogart and Pat O'Brian starred in a film called China Clipper. Released in 1936, it is currently owned by Turner Pictures and has not been released to video. At left, is a scene from that movie, of preparations for the trans-pacific flight. Inspired by Lindbergh's flight, Dave Logan sets out with a Washington-Philadelphia airline but suffers financial problems. With flying ace Hap Stuart he tries clipper ships on the Caribbean, then aims for the trans-Pacific route. The movie includes great footage of the M-130 in its recreation of the first trans-pacific flight by Pan American Airways. IN THIS SECTION — MORE ON THE M-130's Flying on the Pan Am Clippers: The M-130 Experience The Martin M-130 Pictorial History Flying Clippers: General Specifications Sheet GENERAL INTEREST: The Flying Clippers Main Page Trans Oceanic Travel & Pan Am's Clippers Pan American Clippers 1931 – 1946Clippers In Time: Their Historical Context GETTING AROUNDFlying Clippers.com Site Map Contact Us Copyright © 1999-2004 Flying Clippers All Rights Reserved All materials contained in http://www.flyingclippers.com are protected by copyright and trademark laws and may not be used for any purpose whatsoever other than private, non-commercial viewing purposes. Derivative works and other unauthorized copying or use of stills, video footage, text or graphics is expressly prohibited.
D178190	https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/96307/whats-the-etymology-of-the-word-zilch	What's the etymology of the word âzilchâ?	_English Language & Usage Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English language enthusiasts. Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Here's how it works: Anybody can ask a question Anybody can answer The best answers are voted up and rise to the top What's the etymology of the word “zilch”?up vote10down votefavorite2What's the origin of the word "zilch" and how it came to mean nothing?etymologyshare improve this questionasked Jan 1 '13 at 18:06user158513OED says "origin uncertain", and (unlike many other entries where they say that) they don't even give any possible etymologies. I'd guess (wildly) it's Yiddish/German. From 1958 - In POW lingo, they got zilch – Fumble Fingers Jan 1 '13 at 18:114Etymonline, anyone? – Andrew Leach ♦ Jan 1 '13 at 18:182A few minutes in Google books finds a 1956 attestation, which seems earlier than either OED or etymonline. – Peter Shor Jan 1 '13 at 18:592If it comes from Yiddish/German, what would the original Yiddish/German word be? – Peter Shor Jan 1 '13 at 19:003@Peter Shor: I didn't mean I thought it was actually a Yiddish word used by German Jews - if that had been the case presumably OED would have identified the original without any real problems. I just meant the sound of it seems to me to be consistent with it having been coined by Yiddish speakers. – Fumble Fingers Jan 1 '13 at 20:28show 5 more comments2 Answers active oldest votesup vote4down voteaccepted This website says Robert Hendrickson says “zilch” goes back to the 1920s when the name “Joe Zilch” was used to mean “a good for nothing college boy” – someone who was a waste of space. Looking through Google books, “Joe Zilch” certainly seems to have been used in that way. It would be quite a coincidence if these two usages of "zilch" were unrelated. And unless someone can find an early attestation for "zilch" meaning "nothing", it would appear that "Joe Zilch" came first. From 1925: Such men as Joe Zilch, Joe Mulch, Joe Collitch, Samuel Hall, and Others have been members of this Paternity. ... Said to be Very Exclusive, absolutely refusing to take in others than Protestants, Catholics, Jews, Negroes, Mohamadens, S. C. A's, Westerners, and Round Table boys.share improve this answeredited Jan 1 '13 at 20:44answered Jan 1 '13 at 20:03Peter Shor56k 5 103 198add a commentup vote0down vote Stumbled upon the post and decided to post quick update from Etymonline:zilch (n.) "nothing," 1957; "insignificant person," 1933, from use of Zilch as a generic comical-sounding surname for an insignificant person (especially Joe Zilch). There was a Mr. Zilch (1931), comic character in the magazine "Ballyhoo," and the use perhaps originated c. 1922 in U. S. college or theater slang. Probably a nonsense syllable, suggestive of the end of the alphabet, but Zilch is an actual German surname of Slavic origin. The [Cadence] agency aims to have each album cover actually promote the record, on the theory that "the day of pretty, boffy, zoomy and zingy covers for the sake of zilch is no more." ["Billboard," Oct. 28, 1957]http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=zilchshare improve this answeranswered Oct 7 '15 at 19:39Rossitten309 3 11add a comment Your Answer Sign up or log in Sign up using Google Sign up using Facebook Sign up using Email and Password Post as a guest Name Email By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service.asked5 years, 3 months agoviewed7,821 timesactive2 years, 6 months ago Related2 Etymology of “vagina”?5 Etymology of 'slap-up'7 Etymology of “humbug”39 Why does “bananas” mean “crazy”?8 What's the origin of the expression “Them's the breaks”?10 What is the origin of the phrase “zero, zip, zilch, nada”?10 What's the origin of “qu” in the word “masquerade”?-2 Etymology of the word 'choreography'4 What is the etymology of the word “gong” in reference to medals?13 What's the origin of the sarcastic phrase “big whoop”? Hot Network Questions Would being hollow solve the weight problem of giant swords? 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D3083672	https://mercydocs.com/lutherville-personal-physicians/our-doctors	Our Doctors	Our Doctors Mercy Personal Physicians at Lutherville provides a team of Primary Care Doctors and Specialists to meet the health care needs of the Lutherville, Hunt Valley, Timonium and Cockeysville communities. Primary Care Doctors A group of Board Certified primary care doctors serve the communities of Lutherville, Timonium, Hunt Valley and Northern Baltimore County. Mercy Specialists at Lutherville Mercy Personal Physicians at Lutherville provides access to a network of respected Mercy Medical Center specialists who see patients on-site. Share This Page:800-MD-Mercy (New Patients) \| 410-252-CARE (Existing Patients)1734 York Road Lutherville MD 21093Mercy Personal Physicians at Lutherville, a Community Physician Site, offers convenient care for the patients of Lutherville, Timonium, Cockeysville, Hunt Valley and areas of southern Pennsylvania. Our primary care doctors and medical specialists provide top quality diagnosis and treatment of common and chronic conditions and disease, including cold and flu, allergies, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, fever, sore throat, rash and pain.
D583089	https://www.citizensbank.com/home-equity/loan-to-value-ratio.aspx	How to Calculate Your Home's Equity	How to Calculate Your Home's Equity Your home equity is based on your home's value Using your home's equity to finance home improvements, large expenses or an education can be one of the best ways to get the extra funds you need. Before you decide on a home equity line of credit or a home equity loan to access your funds, you should estimate how much equity you actually have available to borrow. Determining equity is simple. Take your home's value, and then subtract all amounts that are owed on that property. The difference is the amount of equity you have. For example, if you have a property worth $400,000, and the total mortgage balances owed on the property are $200,000, then you have a total of $200,000 in equity. What is my home worth? A home's market value can fluctuate depending on the economy and other factors. In a strong economy, home values typically climb. To get an accurate understanding of your home's value, it's best to get an official assessment. You can find home value estimates online by accessing sites like Zillow.com or other sites. These estimates are not an appraisal that any bank will rely on. When you apply for a home equity loan or line of credit, an appraisal of the value of your home's worth will be done. The appraisal will examine the size of your home, number of bedrooms and bathrooms, property location, surrounding area and other factors to determine your home's current market value. This process may be done using a valuation model or be done by an independent home appraiser. There may be fees involved with getting your home appraised with some lenders. Don't forget your loan to value ratio Once you've determined the full amount of your equity, you may or may not be able to borrow the full amount. The loan to value (LTV) ratio dictates how much a lender is willing to lend. Many banks and financial institutions use an LTV of 80%, which means they won't let you carry debt that is more than 80% of your home's value. This debt includes your current mortgage as well as the new loan or line of credit. Using the same example above, if you have $200,000 in equity and your bank uses an 80% LTV, you would be able to borrow $120,000 of that equity in a loan or line of credit because that would bring your total debt to $320,000 which is 80% of your home's value. Once you've determined your available equity, you can decide which home equity option is right for you. Learn the difference between a home equity loan vs. a home equity line of credit. Or you can first learn more about the common ways to use your equity.
D1733989	http://www.birdcareco.com/English/TheBirdCareCompany/ArticlesAndInformation/Brooder-Temperatures	Brooder temperatures	Getting the correct brooder temperature is vital for keeping your birds fit and healthy The following information is a guide to the temperatures that your brooder should be kept at for different ages of birds. Please note that these temperatures are based on the needs of Psittacine birds. Parent hatched chicks are likely to be more comfortable at lower brooder temperatures due to the hen occasionally leaving the nest. However, the prevailing weather conditions should be taken into account. (i.e. a chick hatched in hot weather will be able to cope with higher brooder temperatures). Careful observation of the chicks will allow you to fine tune this guide. If the chicks are lacking energy and huddle together they are too cold, chicks that pant may be too warm.
D418450	http://www.unmarried.org/legal-information-resources-by-state/	Legal Information and Resources by State	Legal Information and Resources by State The chart below provides a breakdown of legal marriage, domestic partnership or civil union laws in each state. UE does not have attorneys on staff and therefore cannot provide legal advice. Please reach out to your state bar contact or legal aid society for answers to your legal questions. Please note that income requirements for free or low-cost services vary by state. If you believe any corrections or updates need to be made to the chart, please email us at [email protected]. Watch this informative video about common law marriage: Common Law Marriage: How Facebook Can Help. Thank you to the Human Rights Campaign for permission to access its legislative research. ALABAMACommon Law Marriage: Yes. 1) capacity; (2) an agreement to be husband and wife; and (3) consummation of the marital relationship. Find out more. Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: None Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Alabama State Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Alabama Legal Help / Legal Services Alabama ALASKACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: None Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Alaska Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Alaska Law Help / Alaska Bar Association – Pro Bono Legal Service Providers ARIZONACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can register a domestic partnership in Phoenix and Tucson. They do not need to be residents of either city. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Public State Bar of Arizona Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Family Lawyers Assistance Project ARKANSASCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: In Eureka Springs same- and different-sex couples can register as domestic partners. They do not need to be residents of the city. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Arkansas Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Arkansas Legal Services Partnership – Family Law CALIFORNIACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: Between June 17 and November 4, 2008, more than 18,000 same-sex couples married in California. On November 4, 2008, voters in California narrowly approved Proposition 8, which amends the state constitution to prohibit marriage equality. Proposition 8 is currently awaiting a Supreme Court decision on its constitutionality. Same-sex marriages legally entered into on or before Nov. 4, 2008, in other states or countries will be recognized as marriages under California law. Same-sex marriages taking place in other states or countries after Nov. 4, 2008, will only be recognized as domestic partnerships Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: The state’s domestic partner law extends health care, estate planning and adoption benefits to unmarried couples who have registered as domestic partners. The law gives same-sex couples some of the essential resources necessary to protect their families and their relationships. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: The State Bar of California Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Law Help California COLORADOCommon Law Marriage: Yes. A common-law marriage may be established by proving cohabitation and a reputation of being married. Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can register a domestic partnership. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Colorado Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Colorado Legal Services: Free or Low Cost Legal Services CONNECTICUTCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can register a domestic partnership in Hartford and do NOT need to be city residents. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Connecticut State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Statewide Legal Services of Connecticut, Inc. DELAWARECommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: Yes (as of 7/1/13) Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same-sex couples can form civil unions. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Delaware State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Delaware State Courts: Legal Assistance DISTRICT OF COLUMBIACommon Law Marriage: Yes Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can enter into a domestic partnership. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: The District of Columbia Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Law Help DCFLORIDACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can register in Broward County, Key West, Miami Beach, Miami-Dade, and West Palm Beach. However one registrant must be employed by the county or be residents of Broward or Miami-Dade. Living Together/Cohabitation: Illegal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: The Florida Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Florida Legal Assistance to the Poor Directory GEORGIACommon Law Marriage: Yes, if created before 1/1/97 Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same-sex couples can register as domestic partners in the Unified Gov. of Athens-Clarke County and Fulton County. They must be residents or at least one partner must be a county employee. Different-sex couples can also register in Athens-Clarke. In Atlanta, registering couples must be city residents. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: State Bar of Georgia Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Georgia Legal Aid HAWAIICommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can form civil unions. Any unions, domestic partnerships or same-sex marriages from other states would be recognized as civil unions in Hawaii. As of 1997, same-sex couples can enter into a reciprocal beneficiary relationship. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Hawaii State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Aid Society of Hawaii IDAHOCommon Law Marriage: Yes, if created before 1/1/96 Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Idaho Law Foundation Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Idaho Law Foundation / Idaho Legal Aid Services, Inc: Client Services ILLINOISCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same-sex couples can form civil unions. Same-sex couples can register as domestic partners in Cooks County and the Village of Oak Park. To register in Oak Park, the couple must be residents. Same- and different-sex couples can register in Urbana and DO NOT need to be residents of the city. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Illinois State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Illinois Legal Aid: Helpful Organizations INDIANACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Judicial Branch of Indiana Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Indiana Legal Services: Find Legal Help IOWACommon Law Marriage: Yes. (1) intent and agreement to be married; (2) continuous cohabitation; and (3) public declarations that the parties are husband and wife. Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can register as domestic partners in Iowa City. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Iowa State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Iowa Legal Aid KANSASCommon Law Marriage: Yes. (1) have the mental capacity to marry; (2) agree to be married at the present time; and (3) represent to the public that they are married. Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can register as a domestic partnership in the city of Lawrence and DO NOT need to be residents. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Kansas Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: List of Free Pro Bono Legal Advice Programs in Kansas KENTUCKYCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Kentucky Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Aid Network of Kentucky LOUISIANACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: In New Orleans, domestic partnerships are open to same- and different-sex couples but they either must be residents of the city or at least one partner must be a city employee. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Louisiana State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Directory of Free and Low Cost Services in Louisiana MAINECommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Yes, domestic partnerships for same- and different- sex couples. In Portland, registering couples must be residents of the city. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Maine State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Pine Tree Legal Assistance MARYLANDCommon Law Marriage: No. However, Maryland does recognize common law marriages formed in other states. Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different- sex couples can register as domestic partners. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Maryland State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Maryland Consumer Rights Coalition: Free or Low Cost Legal Help MASSACHUSETTSCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can register in Boston, Brewster, Cambridge, Nantucket and Provincetown and do NOT need to be residents of the city/county. Domestic partnerships are only open to same-sex couples in Brookline but there is NO residency requirement. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Massachusetts Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Massachusetts Legal Services: Directory MICHIGANCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Couples can register as domestic partners in Ann Arbor and DO NOT need to be residents of the city. With payment, notarized applications will be accepted by mail. State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: State Bar of Michigan Living Together/Cohabitation: Illegal Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Michigan Legal Aid MINNESOTACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: Yes (as of 8/1/13) Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Approximately 18 cities have domestic partner registries for same- and/ or different-sex couples. In the cities of Duluth, Minneapolis and St. Paul, same- and different-sex couples can register and do NOT need to be residents. In Edina, one of the partners must either be a city employee or resident. Domestic partnerships in Edina are open to same- and different-sex couples. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Minnesota State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Minnesota Legal Services Coalition MISSISSIPPICommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Illegal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: The Mississippi Bar – The MS Bar does not offer referral services. Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Mississippi’s Legal Services Resource Center MISSOURICommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can register as domestic partners in the city of Columbia. In St. Louis, registering same- and different-sex couples must be city residents. In Kansas city, couples DO NOT need to be residents to register. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: The Missouri Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Services of Missouri MONTANACommon Law Marriage: Yes. (1) capacity to consent to the marriage; (2) an agreement to be married; (3) cohabitation; and (4) a reputation of being married. Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: State Bar of Montana Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Montana Legal Services Association: Get Legal Help / Montana Law Help: Families and Kids NEBRASKACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Nebraska State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Aid of Nebraska: Apply for Help NEVADACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples can register a domestic partnership. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: State Bar of Nevada Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Nevada Legal Services Directory NEW HAMPSHIRECommon Law Marriage: Yes. Only posthumously, for inheritance purposes. Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Domestic partnerships have not been performed since legalization of same-sex marriage in 2011. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: New Hampshire Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: New Hampshire Legal Assistance / New Hampshire Bar Association: Free Legal Services NEW JERSEYCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same-sex couples or different-sex couples over 62 years old can register as domestic partners. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: New Jersey State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Services of New Jersey href=”http://www.probononj.org/web_applications/PBNJ/Provider Directory.aspx” target=”_blank”>Pro Bono New Jersey NEW MEXICOCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: State Bar of New Mexico Free or Low Cost Legal Services: New Mexico Legal Service Programs NEW YORKCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex partners can register a domestic partnership and need NOT be residents of these cities: Albany, Ithaca, and Rochester. Couples must be residents of Southampton Town. In these cities/counties it is unclear if there is a residency requirement: East Hampton and Westchester County. Domestic partnership registries are open to same- and different-sex couples in these cities/counties, but you must either be a resident or one partner must be employed by the city/county government: Rockland County, Suffolk County, and New York City. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: New York State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Law Help New York: Family and Juvenile / Legal Services NYCNORTH CAROLINACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: In Chapel Hill, same- and different-sex couples can register as domestic partners and DO NOT need to be residents of the town. In Carrboro, domestic partnerships are open to same- and different-sex couples but they either must be residents of the town or at least one partner must be a town employee. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: North Carolina Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Aid of North Carolina NORTH DAKOTACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: State Bar Association of North Dakota Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Services of North Dakota OHIOCommon Law Marriage: Yes, if created before 10/10/91 Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: In Columbus (as of August 29, 2012) same-sex couples could register a domestic partnership. In Cleveland same- and different-sex couples can register AND do NOT need to be residents of the city. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Ohio State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Ohio Legal Services: Family Law OKLAHOMACommon Law Marriage: Yes, but possibly only if created before 11/1/98. Requirements: (1) be competent; (2) agree to enter into a marriage relationship; and (3) cohabit. Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Oklahoma Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Aid Services of Oklahoma, Inc / Oklahoma Bar Association: Low Cost or No Cost Legal Assistance OREGONCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same-sex couples can enter into a domestic partnership. There is no residency requirement to register in the cities of Ashland and Eugene. However, domestic partnerships are only available to same-sex couples in Ashland. In Multnomah County, both partners must be there to register. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Oregon State Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Aid Services of Oregon PENNSYLVANIACommon Law Marriage: Yes, if created before 1/1/2005. Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same-sex couples can register a domestic partnership in Philadelphia. In Pittsburgh, domestic partnerships are open to same- and different-sex couples but they either must be residents of the city or at least one partner must be a city employee. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Pennsylvania Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Pennsylvania Legal Aid Network: Legal Help Finder RHODE ISLANDCommon Law Marriage: Yes. Requirements: (1) serious intent to be married and (2) conduct that leads to a reasonable belief in the community that the man and woman are married. Same-Sex Marriage: Yes (as of 8/1/13) Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same-sex couples can form civil unions, though the law has an attached religious exemption clause. Therefore, in some cases, civil unions will NOT be recognized. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Rhode Island Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Help Rhode Island Law SOUTH CAROLINACommon Law Marriage: Yes. Requirement: (1) a man and woman intend for others to believe they are married. Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: South Carolina Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Law Help South Carolina / Directory of Services for Women and Families in South Carolina SOUTH DAKOTACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: State Bar of South Dakota Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Dakota Plains Legal Services TENNESSEECommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Tennessee Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Tennessee Bar Association – Legal Aid/Legal Services in Tennessee TEXASCommon Law Marriage: Yes. Requirements: (1) A man and woman who want to establish a common-law marriage must sign a form provided by the county clerk. In addition, they must (2) agree to be married, (3) cohabit, and (4) represent to others that they are married. Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same-sex and different-sex couples can register a domestic partnership in Travis County. You do NOT need to be a resident of the county to register. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: State Bar of Texas Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Texas Law Help – Family Law UTAHCommon Law Marriage: Yes. Requirements: (1) be capable of giving consent and getting married; (2) cohabit; and (3) have a reputation of being husband and wife. Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No. However, in Salt Lake City, a Mutual Commitment Registry is open to city residents. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Utah State Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Utah Legal Services VERMONTCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Not performed since legalization of same-sex marriage in 2009. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Vermont Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: DRM Family Law Group VIRGINIACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Illegal – As of February 2013, Virginia is considering removing the ban. State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Virginia State Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Virginia Legal Aid WASHINGTONCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: Yes Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same-sex couples and different-sex couples where one member is at least 62 years old can form domestic partnerships. In the cities of Lacey and Tumwater, same- and different-sex couples must be residents. In Seattle and Olympia there is no residency requirement and registration is open to same- and different-sex couples/. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Washington State Bar Association Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Washington Law Help – Family Law WEST VIRGINIACommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: West Virginia State Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Aid of West Virginia WYOMINGCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: No Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: Wyoming State Bar Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Aid of Wyoming WISCONSINCommon Law Marriage: No Same-Sex Marriage: No Domestic Partnership / Civil Union: Same- and different-sex couples that are residents of the city of Madison can register as a domestic partnership. Only same-sex couples and residents can register in Milwaukee. Living Together/Cohabitation: Legal State Bar Contact – Find A Lawyer: State Bar of Wisconsin Free or Low Cost Legal Services: Legal Action of Wisconsin – Family Law Last updated 02/2013.
D1910317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley	Crawley	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Crawley (disambiguation). Borough of Crawley Town & Borough Goff's Park House, Crawley, winter scene Coat of Arms of the Borough Council Motto (s): "I Grow and I Rejoice"Location of Crawley within West Sussex Coordinates: 51°6′33″N 0°11′14″WCoordinates: 51°6′33″N 0°11′14″WSovereign state United Kingdom Constituent country England Region South East England Ceremonial county West Sussex Historic county Sussex (Town centre and outlying areas)Surrey (Gatwick Airport)Admin HQ Crawley, England Founded 5th century Borough status 1974Government• Type Borough• Governing body Crawley Borough Council• MP: Henry Smith ( C)• Mayor Councillor Brian Quinn ( L)• Control Area• Total 17.36 sq mi (44.96 km 2)Population (mid-2016 est. )• Total 111,400 ( Ranked 211th)• Density 5,750/sq mi (2,221/km 2)• Ethnicity [1] 72.1% White British 6.8% Other White 5.2% Indian 4.3% Pakistani 2.6% Other Asian 2.0% British African Other groups less than 1% each Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC+0)Postcode RH 6 and RH 10–11Area code (s) 01293ISO 3166-2 GB-WSX ( West Sussex)ONS code 45UE (ONS) E07000226 (GSS)OS grid reference TQ268360NUTS 3 UKJ24Website www.crawley.gov.uk Crawley ( pronunciation ( help · info)) is a town and borough in West Sussex, England. It is 28 miles (45 km) south of Charing Cross (London), 18 miles (29 km) north of Brighton and Hove, and 32 miles (51 km) north-east of the county town of Chichester. Crawley covers an area of 17.36 square miles (44.96 km 2) and had a population of 106,597 at the time of the 2011 Census. The area has been inhabited since the Stone Age, [2] and was a centre of ironworking in Roman times. Crawley developed slowly as a market town from the 13th century, serving the surrounding villages in the Weald. Its location on the main road from London to Brighton brought passing trade, which encouraged the development of coaching inns. A rail link to London opened in 1841. Gatwick Airport, nowadays one of Britain's busiest international airports, opened on the edge of the town in the 1940s, encouraging commercial and industrial growth. After the Second World War, the British Government planned to move large numbers of people and jobs out of London and into new towns around South East England. The New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of one of these. [3] A master plan was developed for the establishment of new residential, commercial, industrial and civic areas, and rapid development greatly increased the size and population of the town over a few decades. The town contains 13 residential neighbourhoods radiating out from the core of the old market town, and separated by main roads and railway lines. The nearby communities of Ifield, Pound Hill and Three Bridges were absorbed into the new town at various stages in its development. In 2009, expansion was being planned in the west and north-west of the town, in cooperation with Horsham District Council. [4] Economically, the town has developed into the main centre of industry and employment between London and the south coast. Its large industrial area supports manufacturing and service companies, many of them connected with the airport. The commercial and retail sectors continue to expand. [3]Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Origins1.2 Railway age and Victorian era1.3 New Town2 Governance2.1 Local government2.2 United Kingdom government3 Geography3.1 Climate3.2 Neighbourhoods and areas3.3 Proposed neighbourhoods4 Demography5 Economy5.1 Manufacturing industry5.2 Service industry and commerce5.3 Shopping and retail6 Public services7 Transport7.1 Road7.2 Rail7.3 Bus and Fastway7.4 Gatwick Airport8 Sport and leisure9 Heritage10 Education11 Media12 Twin town13 Notable people14 See also15 References16 Bibliography17 External links History [ edit]Origins [ edit]The area may have been settled during the Mesolithic period: locally manufactured flints of the Horsham Culture type have been found to the southwest of the town. [2] Tools and burial mounds from the Neolithic period, and burial mounds and a sword from the Bronze Age, have also been discovered. [5] [6] Crawley is on the western edge of the High Weald, which produced iron for more than 2,000 years from the Iron Age onwards. [7] Goffs Park—now a recreational area in the south of the town—was the site of two late Iron Age furnaces. [8] Ironworking and mineral extraction continued throughout Roman times, particularly in the Broadfield area where many furnaces were built. [5] [9]St John the Baptist's Church from the southeast In the 5th century, Saxon settlers named the area Crow's Leah—meaning a crow-infested clearing, or Crow's Wood. [10] This name evolved over time, and the present spelling appeared by the early 14th century. [5] By this time, nearby settlements were more established: the Saxon church at Worth, for example, dates from between 950 and 1050 AD. [11]Although Crawley itself is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, [12] the nearby settlements of Ifield and Worth are recorded. [13] The first written record of Crawley dates from 1202, when a licence was issued by King John for a weekly market on Wednesdays. [14] Crawley grew slowly in importance over the next few centuries, but was boosted in the 18th century by the construction of the turnpike road between London and Brighton. When this was completed in 1770, travel between the newly fashionable seaside resort and London became safer and quicker, and Crawley (located approximately halfway between the two) prospered as a coaching halt. [15] By 1839 it offered almost an hourly service to both destinations. [16] [17] The George, a timber-framed house dating from the 15th century, expanded to become a large coaching inn, taking over adjacent buildings. Eventually an annexe had to be built in the middle of the wide High Street; this survived until the 1930s. [18] The original building has become the George Hotel, with conference facilities and 84 bedrooms; it retains many period features including an iron fireback. [19] [20]Crawley's oldest church is St John the Baptist's, between the High Street and the Broadway. It is said to have 13th-century origins, [21] but there has been much rebuilding (especially in the 19th century) and the oldest part remaining is the south wall of the nave, which is believed to be 14th century. The church has a 15th-century tower (rebuilt in 1804) which originally contained four bells cast in 1724. Two were replaced by Thomas Lester of London in 1742; but in 1880 a new set of eight bells were cast and installed by the Croydon-based firm Gillett, Bland & Company. [22] [23] [24]Railway age and Victorian era [ edit]Crawley signal box in 2008The Brighton Main Line was the first railway line to serve the Crawley area. A station was opened at Three Bridges (originally known as East Crawley) [25] in the summer of 1841. Crawley railway station, at the southern end of the High Street, was built in 1848 when the Horsham branch was opened from Three Bridges to Horsham. A line was built eastwards from Three Bridges to East Grinstead in 1855. Three Bridges had become the hub of transport in the area by this stage: one-quarter of its population was employed in railway jobs by 1861 (mainly at the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway 's railway works near the station). [26] The Longley company—one of South East England's largest building firms in the late 19th century, responsible for buildings including Christ's Hospital school and the King Edward VII Sanatorium in Midhurst —moved to a site next to Crawley station in 1881. [27] In 1898 more than 700 people were employed at the site. [28]There was a major expansion in house building in the late 19th century. An area known as "New Town" (unrelated to the postwar developments) was created around the railway level crossing and down the Brighton Road; [26] [29] the West Green area, west of the High Street on the way to Ifield, was built up; and housing spread south of the Horsham line for the first time, into what is now Southgate. The population reached 4,433 in 1901, compared to 1,357 a century earlier. [30] In 1891, a racecourse was opened on farmland at Gatwick. Built to replace a steeplechase course at Waddon near Croydon in Surrey, it was used for both steeplechase and flat racing, and held the Grand National during the years of the First World War. [5] The course had its own railway station on the Brighton Main Line. [31]In the early 20th century, many of the large country estates in the area, with their mansions and associated grounds and outbuildings, were split up into smaller plots of land, attracting haphazard housing development and small farms. [32] By the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Crawley had grown into a small but prosperous town, serving a wide rural area and those passing through on the A23 London–Brighton road. Three-quarters of the population had piped water supplies, all businesses and homes had electricity, and piped gas and street lighting had been in place for 50 years. [26] An airfield was opened in 1930 on land near the racecourse. This was a private concern until the Second World War when it was claimed by the Royal Air Force. [5]New Town [ edit]In May 1946, the New Towns Act of 1946 identified Crawley as a suitable location for a New Town; [3] but it was not officially designated as such until 9 January 1947. [33] The 5,920 acres (2,396 ha) of land set aside for the new town were split across the county borders between East Sussex, West Sussex and Surrey. Architect Thomas Bennett was appointed chairman of Crawley Development Corporation. A court challenge to the designation order meant that plans were not officially confirmed until December 1947. By this time, an initial plan for the development of the area had been drawn up by Anthony Minoprio. [34] This proposed filling in the gaps between the villages of Crawley, Ifield and Three Bridges. [35] Bennett estimated that planning, designing and building the town, and increasing its population from the existing 9,500 to 40,000, would take 15 years. [36]Work began almost immediately to prepare for the expansion of the town. A full master plan was in place by 1949. This envisaged an increase in the population of the town to 50,000, residential properties in nine neighbourhoods radiating from the town centre, and a separate industrial area to the north. [34] The neighbourhoods would consist mainly of three-bedroom family homes, with a number of smaller and larger properties. Each would be built around a centre with shops, a church, a public house, a primary school and a community centre. [35] Secondary education was to be provided at campuses at Ifield Green, Three Bridges and Tilgate. [37] Later, a fourth campus, in Southgate, was added to the plans. [38]At first, little development took place in the town centre, and residents relied on the shops and services in the existing high street. The earliest progress was in West Green, where new residents moved in during the late 1940s. In 1950 the town was visited by the then heir to the throne, Princess Elizabeth, when she officially opened the Manor Royal industrial area. Building work continued throughout the 1950s in West Green, Northgate and Three Bridges, and later in Langley Green, Pound Hill and Ifield. In 1956, land at "Tilgate East" was allocated for housing use, eventually becoming the new neighbourhood of Furnace Green. [34]Expectations of the eventual population of the town were revised upwards several times. The 1949 master plan had allowed for 50,000 people, but this was amended to 55,000 in 1956 after the Development Corporation had successfully resisted pressure from the Minister for Town and Country Planning to accommodate 60,000. Nevertheless, plans dated 1961 anticipated growth to 70,000 by 1980, and by 1969 consideration was given to an eventual expansion of up to 120,000. [34]Queen's Square in the central shopping area, looking towards the bandstand, The Body Shop, Marks & Spencer and the former Woolworths store Extended shopping facilities to the east of the existing high street were provided. The first stage to open was The Broadwalk in 1954, following by the opening of the Queen's Square development by Her Majesty The Queen in 1958. Crawley railway station was moved eastwards towards the new development. [34]One of the neighbourhood churches: St Mary's in Southgate (now a locally listed building)By April 1960, when Thomas Bennett made his last presentation as chairman of the Development Corporation, the town's population had reached 51,700; 2,289,000 square feet (212,700 m 2) of factory and other industrial space had been provided; 21,800 people were employed, nearly 60% of whom worked in manufacturing industry; and only seventy people were registered as unemployed. The corporation had built 10,254 houses, and private builders provided around 1,500 more. Tenants were by then permitted to buy their houses, and 440 householders had chosen to do so by April 1960. [36]A new plan was put forward by West Sussex County Council in 1961. This proposed new neighbourhoods at Broadfield and Bewbush, both of which extended outside the administrative area of the then Urban District Council. Detailed plans were made for Broadfield in the late 1960s; by the early 1970s building work had begun. Further expansion at Bewbush was begun in 1974, although development there was slow. The two neighbourhoods were both larger than the original nine: together, their proposed population was 23,000. Work also took place in the area now known as Ifield West on the western fringes of the town. [39]By 1980, the council identified land at Maidenbower, south of the Pound Hill neighbourhood, as being suitable for another new neighbourhood, and work began in 1986. However, all of this development was undertaken privately, unlike the earlier neighbourhoods in which most of the housing was owned by the council. [39]In 1999, plans were announced to develop a 14th neighbourhood on land at Tinsley Green to the northeast of the town. However, these were halted when proposals for possible expansion at Gatwick Airport were announced. [40] As of 2008, discussions were underway with Horsham District Council concerning the possible future provision of new housing on Crawley's western fringes, to be named Kilnwood Vale; much of the land proposed for development currently lies within Horsham's administrative boundaries. Development of the neighbourhood began in 2012. [4]Governance [ edit]Local government [ edit]Borough of Crawley shown within West Sussex Crawley Town Hall, on The Boulevard in the town centre Ordnance Survey map of the Crawley area, 1932Crawley Urban District Council was formed in May 1956 from the part of the Horsham Rural District which covered the new town. [41] The Local Government Act 1972 led to the district being reformed as a borough in April 1974, [42] gaining a mayor for the first time. [43]The Urban District Council received its coat of arms from the College of Heralds in 1957. After the change to borough status a modified coat of arms, based on the original, was awarded in 1976, and presented to the council on 24 March 1977. It features a central cross on a shield, representing the town's location at the meeting point of north–south and east–west roads. The shield bears nine martlets representing both the county of Sussex and the new town's original nine neighbourhoods. Supporters, of an eagle and a winged lion, relate to the significance of the airport to the locality. The motto featured is I Grow and I Rejoice —a translation of a phrase from the Epistulae of Seneca the Younger. [42]Initially the district (and then borough) council worked with the Commission for New Towns on many aspects of development; but in 1978 many of the commission's assets, such as housing and parks, were surrendered to the council. The authority's boundaries were extended in 1983 to accommodate the Bewbush and Broadfield neighbourhoods. [44]The borough remains part of the local two-tier arrangements, with services shared with West Sussex County Council. The authority is divided into 15 wards, each of which is represented by two or three local councillors, forming a total council of 37 members. Most wards are coterminous with the borough's neighbourhoods, but two neighbourhoods are divided: Broadfield into North and South wards, and Pound Hill into "Pound Hill North" and "Pound Hill South and Worth". The council is elected in thirds. [45]As of the May 2016 local elections, the authority is Labour -controlled, [46] with seats allocated as follows: Political party Seats held Labour 20Conservative 17The Conservative party gained control in May 2006 for the first time since the borough was created. Previously the authority had always been Labour controlled. [47]United Kingdom government [ edit]Crawley Borough is coterminous with the parliamentary constituency of Crawley. Henry Smith won the seat at the 2010 general election and was re-elected at the 2015 general election. Laura Moffatt, a member of the Labour Party, was the MP for Crawley from 1997 to 2010; she was the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Health, Alan Johnson. [48] [49] In the 2005 general election, the winning margin was the slimmest of any UK constituency: Moffatt won by just 37 votes. [50]Brook House and Tinsley House Immigration Removal Centres, operated by UK Visas and Immigration, are within the grounds of Gatwick Airport in Crawley. [51] [52]Data from the Home Office 's national identity database at Doncaster, South Yorkshire, was backed up to servers in Crawley for disaster recovery and business continuity purposes. The Identity Documents Bill 2010, proposed in May 2010 and passed in September 2010, authorised the destruction of all data stored for the identity card scheme brought about by the Identity Cards Act 2006. [53]Geography [ edit]At 51°6′33″N 0°11′14″W (51.1092, −0.1872), Crawley is in the northeastern corner of West Sussex in South East England, 28 miles (45 km) south of London and 18 miles (29 km) north of Brighton and Hove. It is surrounded by smaller towns including Horley, Redhill, Reigate, Dorking, Horsham, Haywards Heath and East Grinstead. [54] [55] The borough of Crawley is bordered by the West Sussex local government areas of Mid Sussex and Horsham districts, and the Mole Valley and Tandridge districts and the Borough of Reigate and Banstead in the county of Surrey. [56] [57]Crawley lies in the Weald between the North and South Downs. Two beds of sedimentary rock meet beneath the town: the eastern neighbourhoods and the town centre lie largely on the sandstone Hastings Beds, while the rest of the town is based on Weald Clay. [58] [59] A geological fault running from east to west has left an area of Weald Clay (with a ridge of limestone) jutting into the Hastings Beds around Tilgate. [59] The highest point in the borough is 486 feet (148 m) above sea level. [60] The town has no major waterways, although a number of smaller brooks and streams are tributaries for the River Mole which rises near Gatwick Airport and flows northwards to the River Thames near Hampton Court Palace. There are several lakes at Tilgate Park and a mill pond at Ifield which was stopped to feed the Ifield Water Mill. [61]In 1822 Gideon Mantell, an amateur fossil collector and palaeontologist, discovered teeth, bones and other remains of what he described as "an animal of the lizard tribe of enormous magnitude", in Tilgate Forest on the edge of Crawley. He announced his discovery in an 1825 scientific paper, giving the creature the name Iguanodon. [62] In 1832 he discovered and named the Hylaeosaurus genus of dinosaurs after finding a fossil in the same forest. [63]Climate [ edit]Crawley lies within the Sussex Weald, an area of highly variable terrain, so that many microclimates of frost hollows, sun traps and windswept hilltops will be encountered over a short distance. During calm, clear periods of weather this allows for some interesting temperature variations, although most of the time, when mobile westerly airstreams persist, the weather is typically Oceanic like the rest of the British Isles. Gatwick is the nearest weather station that publishes long-term averages that give an accurate description of the climate of the Crawley area, although more recently the Met Office has also published data for its nearby weather station at Charlwood. Both weather stations are about 3 miles north of Crawley town centre and at similar altitudes. Generally, Crawley's inland and southerly position within the UK means temperatures in summer are amongst the highest in the British Isles, Charlwood recording 36.3C (97.3F) [64] and Gatwick recording 36.4C (97.5F) [65] on 19 July 2006, just 0.2C and 0.1C lower, respectively, than the UK monthly record for that day set at Wisley, 20 miles to the west. The overall maximum stands at 36.5C (97.7F) [66] at Charlwood, set on 10 August 2003. The absolute record for Gatwick is the aforementioned 36.4C. Before this, the highest temperature recorded at Gatwick was 35.6C (96.1F), also in August 2003. [67] The maximum temperature was 25.1C (77.2F) or higher on 15.9 days of the year [68] on average (1971-00) and the warmest day will typically rise to 29.4c (84.9f). [69]The overall minimum for Gatwick Airport for the period from 1960 is −16.7C (1.9F), set in January 1963. More recently, Charlwood fell to −11.2C (11.8F) [70] and Gatwick −11.1C (12.0F) [71] on 20 December 2010. Typically the coldest night at Gatwick will fall to −8.9C (16.0F). [72] Air frost is recorded on 58.2 nights at Gatwick [73] (1971-00)Sunshine totals in Crawley are higher than many inland areas due to its southerly location: Gatwick averaged 1,574 hours per year over 1961–90. No data is available for 1971-00, but given increases at comparable sites nearby, annual averages are likely to be over 1,600 hours. Snowfall is often heavier in the Sussex Weald than in many other low-lying parts of central and southern England due to the proximity of moisture-laden southerly tracking low pressure systems bringing easterly winds and snow to areas from South London southwards. However, again due to the southerly location of the area, with warmer air from the nearby English Channel, the snow is often temporary as low pressure systems track north bringing in milder air; areas immediately north of London tend to have less accumulation, but lying for a longer duration. Rainfall is lower than the English average, but higher than many other areas of the South East. 1mm of rain or more falls on 116.7 days of the year. [74] [ hide] Climate data for Gatwick, elevation 62m,1971–2000, Sunshine 1961–90, extremes 1960–Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 14.0 (57.2) 17.0 (62.6) 22.2 (72) 24.5 (76.1) 30.0 (86) 33.8 (92.8) 36.4 (97.5) 35.6 (96.1) 31.6 (88.9) 24.7 (76.5) 18.3 (64.9) 15.2 (59.4) 36.4 (97.5)Average high °C (°F) 7.3 (45.1) 7.6 (45.7) 10.4 (50.7) 12.8 (55) 16.7 (62.1) 19.5 (67.1) 22.2 (72) 22.1 (71.8) 18.9 (66) 14.8 (58.6) 10.5 (50.9) 8.2 (46.8) 14.3 (57.7)Average low °C (°F) 1.1 (34) 0.8 (33.4) 2.3 (36.1) 3.7 (38.7) 6.8 (44.2) 9.6 (49.3) 11.9 (53.4) 11.5 (52.7) 9.2 (48.6) 6.5 (43.7) 3.2 (37.8) 2.0 (35.6) 5.8 (42.4)Record low °C (°F) −16.7 (1.9) −14.5 (5.9) −11.3 (11.7) −5.7 (21.7) −4 (25) −1.6 (29.1) 2.8 (37) 1.6 (34.9) −0.7 (30.7) −4.7 (23.5) −8.6 (16.5) −12 (10) −16.7 (1.9)Average precipitation mm (inches) 83.85 (3.3012) 51.84 (2.0409) 59.89 (2.3579) 50.84 (2.0016) 49.30 (1.9409) 58.80 (2.315) 42.36 (1.6677) 52.66 (2.0732) 65.29 (2.5705) 82.14 (3.2339) 78.86 (3.1047) 84.36 (3.3213) 746.97 (29.4083)Mean monthly sunshine hours52.4 71.3 113.4 153.0 204.3 204.3 204.5 195.3 148.1 110.5 69.3 47.8 1,574.2Source #1: YR. NO [75]Source #2: NOAA [76]Neighbourhoods and areas [ edit]The Southgate neighbourhood's parade of shops Each neighbourhood has colour-coded street name signs (Southgate example pictured). Neighbourhoods of Crawley, identified in the table Church Road in Lowfield Heath village, looking east towards St Michael and All Angels Church. No houses remain here; a hotel, depots and light industrial units have replaced the earlier development. There are 13 residential neighbourhoods, [77] each with a variety of housing types: terraced, semi-detached and detached houses, low-rise flats and bungalows. There are no residential tower blocks, apart from the 8 storey Milton Mount Flats at the North end of Pound Hill. [78] Many houses have their own gardens and are set back from roads. The hub of each neighbourhood is a shopping parade, community centre and church, and each has a school and recreational open spaces as well. [39]Crawley Development Corporation 's intention was for neighbourhood shops to cater only to basic needs, and for the town centre to be used for most shopping requirements. The number of shop units provided in the neighbourhood parades reflected this: despite the master plan making provision for at least 20 shops in each neighbourhood, [79] the number actually built ranged from 19 in the outlying Langley Green neighbourhood to just seven in West Green, close to the town centre. [36]Each of the 13 residential neighbourhoods is identified by a colour, which is shown on street name signs in a standard format throughout the town: below the street name, the neighbourhood name is shown in white text on a coloured background. [80]Number on map Name Colour Construction commenced [39]Population [81]1 Langley Green Grey 1952 7,2862 Northgate Dark green 1951 4,4073 Pound Hill Orange 1953 14,7164 Maidenbower Blue 1987 8,0705 Furnace Green Light green 1960 5,7346 Tilgate Red 1955 6,1987 Broadfield Sky blue 1969 12,6668 Bewbush Light brown 1975 9,0819 Ifield Purple 1953 8,41410 West Green Dark blue 1949 4,40411 Gossops Green Maroon 1956 5,01412 Southgate Brown 1955 8,10613 Three Bridges Yellow 1952 5,648There are areas which are not defined as neighbourhoods but which are closely associated with Crawley: The Manor Royal industrial estate is in the north of the town. Although it is part of the Northgate ward, it is allocated a colour: its street name signs feature the word "Industrial" on a black background. Crawley's town centre is in the southernmost part of Northgate. Its street name signs do not follow the standard format of the neighbourhood signs, but display only the street name. Gatwick Airport was built on the site of a manor house, Gatwick Manor, close to the village of Lowfield Heath. Most of the village was demolished when the airport expanded, but the Grade II-listed St Michael and All Angels Church, [82] remains. The site of Lowfield Heath village, now occupied by warehouses and light industrial units, [83] is on the airport's southern boundary, between the perimeter road and the A23 close to Manor Royal. Worth was originally a village with its own civil parish, lying just beyond the eastern edge of the Crawley urban area and borough boundary; [84] but development of the Pound Hill and Maidenbower neighbourhoods has filled in the gaps, and the borough boundary has been extended to include the whole of the village. The civil parish of Worth remains, albeit reduced in size, as part of the Mid Sussex district. Tinsley Green, a hamlet in Worth parish, [85] is now within the Pound Hill neighbourhood. Its houses, farms and public house, the Greyhound (at which the British and World Marbles Championship has been held annually since 1932), [86] lie on or around an east–west minor road running from the main Balcombe – Horley road to the Manor Royal estate. [87]The hamlet of Fernhill is 1 1⁄ 2 miles (2.4 km) east of Gatwick Airport [88] and the same distance south of Horley. [89] It has been wholly within the borough since 1990, when the borough and county boundary was moved eastwards to align exactly with the M23 motorway. [90] Until then, its houses and farms straddled the boundary. [91] Fernhill was the site of a fatal aeroplane crash in 1969: 50 people (including two residents) died when Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 701 crashed into a house on Fernhill Road. [92] [ show]Neighbouring areas Proposed neighbourhoods [ edit]The first house in the Forge Wood neighbourhood, pictured in September 2014 while under construction. Since the completion of Maidenbower, Crawley's thirteenth neighbourhood, two other sites in the borough have been considered as potential sites for new residential areas. A proposal to build a neighbourhood in the Tinsley Green area was first made in January 1998, and in December 2009 the Government allowed an appeal to be heard against the latest refusal of planning permission. [87] A new planning application was registered in July 2012, [93] and in November of that year details of the proposals were published. Forge Wood is intended to have 1,900 houses, commercial and industrial buildings, a shopping area, a community centre and hall, a primary school and areas of "recreational open space". [94] Pegasus Planning Group Ltd presented the application on behalf of housebuilders Persimmon Homes and Taylor Wimpey. The application proposes 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) of commercial and industrial floorspace and 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft) of floorspace for retail use as well as the housing. [93] It was reported in 2012, before it was approved, that the four-phase "North East Sector" development was expected to start in 2013 and last for 12 years. [94] The name Forge Wood was decided upon in December 2013. [95] Work on the first phase was scheduled to start in 2014, and the first houses are due to be completed by the end of that year. [96]Meanwhile, Crawley Borough Council began discussions with neighbouring Horsham District Council in 2006 in connection with a proposed neighbourhood west of Bewbush; such development would straddle the boundary of the two local authorities. Planning permission was granted in March 2011, [97] the name Kilnwood Vale was adopted, and in October 2011 Crawley Borough Council sold for £3 million some areas of land required for the construction of access roads. [98] Work on the five-phase scheme started in October 2012. Up to 2,500 houses, a school, library, supermarket and other facilities will be provided. [97]Demography [ edit]Year Population [30]1901 4,4331921 5,4371941 7,0901961 25,5501981 87,8652001 99,744 [99]2011 106,597Graph of population growth in Crawley 1901–2001. Horizontal axis: year. Vertical axis: population. At the census in 2011 the population of Crawley was recorded as 106,597. [100] The 2001 census data showed that population then accounted for 13.2% of the population of the county of West Sussex. The growth in population of the new town—around 1,000% between 1951 and 2001 [30] —has outstripped that of most similar-sized settlements. For example, in the same period, the population of the neighbouring district of Horsham grew by just 99%. [101]Approximately 64.5% of the population is aged below 45, compared to 55% of the population of West Sussex. White British account for 84.5% of the population and 15.5% of people are from other ethnic backgrounds. People of Indian and Pakistani origin account for 4.5% and 3% of the population respectively. Many inhabitants of Crawley work locally at Gatwick Airport as either air or ground crew. [102] [103] Many Chagossians expelled from the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean settled in Crawley in the 1960s and 1970s, and it was reported in 2016 that the town's Chagossian community numbered approximately 3,000 people. [104]The borough has a population density of around 22 persons per hectare [105] (9 persons per acre), making it the second most densely populated district in West Sussex, after Worthing. The social mix is similar to the national norm: around 50% are in the ABC1 social category, [106] although this varies by ward, with just 44% in Broadfield North [107] compared to 75% in Maidenbower. [108]The proportion of people in the borough with higher education qualifications is lower than the national average. Around 14% have a qualification at level 4 or above, compared to 20% nationally. [109]Economy [ edit]Labour Profile [110]Total employee jobs 79,700Full-time 58,100 72.9%Part-time 21,600 27.1%Manufacturing 7,500 9.4%Construction 1,800 2.2%Services 70,100 87.9%Distribution, hotels & restaurants 19,600 24.6%Transport & communications 23,900 30.0%Finance, IT, other business activities 15,400 19.3%Public admin, education & health 9,600 12.1%Other services 1,600 2.0%Tourism-related 6,600 8.3%Crawley originally traded as a market town. The Development Corporation intended to develop it as a centre for manufacturing and light engineering, with an industrial zone. [79] The rapid growth of Gatwick Airport provided opportunities for businesses in the aviation, transport, warehousing and distribution industries. The significance of the airport to local employment and enterprise was reflected by the formation of the Gatwick Diamond partnership. This venture, supported by local businesses, local government and SEEDA, South East England's Regional Development Agency, aims to maintain and improve the Crawley and Gatwick area's status as a region of national and international economic importance. [111]Since the Second World War, unemployment in Crawley has been low: the rate was 1.47% of the working-age population in 2003. [112] During the boom of the 1980s the town boasted the lowest level of unemployment in the UK. [113] Continuous growth and investment have made Crawley one of the most important business and employment centres in the South East England region. [3]Manufacturing industry [ edit]Crawley was already a modest industrial centre by the end of the Second World War. Building was an important trade: 800 people were employed by building and joinery firms, and two—Longley's and Cook's—were large enough to have their own factories. [114] In 1949, 1,529 people worked in manufacturing: the main industries were light and precision engineering and aircraft repair. Many of the jobs in these industries were highly skilled. [79] [114]Industrial development had to take place relatively soon after the new town was established because part of the Corporation's remit was to move people and jobs out of an overcrowded and war-damaged London. Industrial jobs were needed as well as houses and shops to create a balanced community where people could settle. [115] The Development Corporation wanted the new town to support a large and mixed industrial base, with factories and other buildings based in a single zone rather than spread throughout the town. A 267-acre (108 ha) [115] site in the northeastern part of the development area was chosen. Its advantages included flat land with no existing development; proximity to the London–Brighton railway line, the A23 and the planned M23; space for railway sidings (which were eventually built on a much smaller scale than envisaged); and an adjacent 44-acre (18 ha) site reserved for future expansion, on the other side of the railway line (again, not used for this purpose in the end). Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) opened the first part of the industrial area on 25 January 1950; [14] its main road was named Manor Royal, and this name eventually came to refer to the whole estate. [79]The Corporation stipulated that several manufacturing industries should be developed, rather than allowing one sector or firm to dominate. It did not seek to attract companies by offering financial or other incentives; instead, it set out to create the ideal conditions for industrial development to arise naturally, by providing large plots of land with room for expansion, allowing firms to build their own premises or rent ready-made buildings, and constructing a wide range of building types and sizes. [79] [116]Despite the lack of direct incentives, many firms applied to move to the Manor Royal estate: it was considered such an attractive place to relocate to that the Development Corporation was able to choose between applicants to achieve the ideal mix of firms, and little advertising or promotion had to be undertaken. [116] One year after Manor Royal was opened, eighteen firms were trading there, including four with more than 100 employees and one with more than 1,000. [79] By 1964, businesses which had moved to the town since 1950 employed 16,000 people; the master plan had anticipated between 8,000 and 8,500. In 1978 there were 105 such firms, employing nearly 20,000 people. [79] [117]The Thales Group opened a new manufacturing and office complex in Crawley in 2009. The site consolidated manufacturing and offices in the Crawley area and the south-east of England. [118]Service industry and commerce [ edit]Virgin Atlantic Airways head office. While most of the jobs created in the new town's early years were in manufacturing, the tertiary sector developed strongly from the 1960s. The Manor Royal estate, with its space, proximity to Gatwick and good transport links, attracted airport-related services such as logistics, catering, distribution and warehousing; and the Corporation and private companies built offices throughout the town. Office floorspace in the town increased from 55,000 square feet (5,100 m 2) in 1965 to a conservative estimate of 453,000 square feet (42,100 m 2) in 1984. [79] Major schemes during that period included premises for the Westminster Bank (later part of Nat West ), British Caledonian, and The Office of the Paymaster-General —a government ministry within the remit of HM Treasury. [79] The five-storey Overline House above the railway station, completed in 1968, is used by Crawley's NHS Primary Care Trust and various other companies. [119] [120]Schlumberger House, the head office of Western Geco at Gatwick Airport Companies headquartered in Crawley include Doosan Babcock Energy, [121]Western Geco, [122] Virgin Atlantic Airways, [123] Virgin Atlantic's associated travel agency Virgin Holidays, William Reed Business Media, [124] Dualit [125] and the Office of the Paymaster-General. [79] Danish company Novo Nordisk, which manufactures much of the world's insulin supply, has its UK headquarters at the Broadfield Business Park, [126] and BDO International has an office in Crawley. [127] In addition the registered offices of TUI UK and Thomson Airways are located in Crawley. [128] [129]British Airways took over British Caledonian 's former headquarters near the Manor Royal estate, renamed it "Astral Towers" and based its British Airways Holidays and AIRMILES divisions there. [130] [131] Other companies formerly headquartered in Crawley include Astraeus Airlines, [132] British United Airways, [133]City Flyer Express, [134] CP Ships, [135] First Choice Airways, [136] GB Airways, [137] Laker Airways, [138] Tradewinds Airways, [139] and Air Europe. [140]Crawley has numerous hotels, including The George Hotel, dated to 1615. It is reputedly haunted. [141]Shopping and retail [ edit]34 and 36 High Street - Grade II late 18th-century brick building with sash windows, two chimneys and a tiled roof. The Friary Way entrance to County Mall Even before the new town was planned, Crawley was a retail centre for the surrounding area: there were 177 shops in the town in 1948, [114] 99 of which were on the High Street. [79] Early new town residents relied on these shopping facilities until the Corporation implemented the master plan's designs for a new shopping area on the mostly undeveloped land east of the High Street and north of the railway line. [115] The Broadwalk and its 23 shops were built in 1954, followed by the Queen's Square complex and surrounding streets in the mid-1950s. [39] Queen's Square, a pedestrianised plaza surrounded by large shops and linked to the High Street by The Broadwalk, was officially opened in 1958 by Queen Elizabeth II. [142] The town centre was completed by 1960, by which time Crawley was already recognised as an important regional, rather than merely local, shopping centre. In the 1960s and 1970s, large branches of Tesco, Sainsbury's and Marks & Spencer were opened (the Tesco superstore was the largest in Britain at the time). The shopping area was also expanded southeastwards from Queen's Square: although the original plans of 1975 were not implemented fully, several large shop units were built and a new pedestrianised link—The Martlets—was provided between Queen's Square and Haslett Avenue, the main road to Three Bridges. [79] The remaining land between this area and the railway line was sold for private development by 1982; [79] in 1992 a 450,000 square feet (41,800 m 2) [143] shopping centre named County Mall was opened there. [144] Its stores includes major retailers such as Debenhams, Boots, W H Smith and British Home Stores as well as over 80 smaller outlets. [145] The town's main bus station was redesigned, roads including the main A2220 Haslett Avenue were rerouted, and some buildings at the south end of The Martlets were demolished to accommodate the mall. A regeneration strategy for the town centre, "Centre Vision 2000", was produced in 1993. [146] Changes brought about by the scheme have included 50,000 square feet (4,600 m 2) of additional retail space in Queen's Square and The Martlets, and a mixed-use development at the southern end of the High Street on land formerly occupied by Robinson Road (which was demolished) and Spencers Road (shortened and severed at one end). An ASDA superstore, opened in September 2003, forms the centrepiece. [147] Robinson Road, previously named Church Road, had been at the heart of the old Crawley: a century before its demolition, its buildings included two chapels, a school, a hospital and a post office. [148]Public services [ edit]Main article: Public services in Crawley Crawley police station Crawley library, opened in December 2008Policing in Crawley is provided by Sussex Police; the British Transport Police are responsible for the rail network. The borough is the police headquarters for the North Downs division, [149] and is itself divided into three areas for the purposes of neighbourhood policing: Crawley East, Crawley West, and Crawley Town Centre. [150] A separate division covers Gatwick Airport. [149] There is a police station in the town centre; it is open 24 hours a day, and the front desk is staffed for 16 hours each day except Christmas Day. [151] Statutory emergency fire and rescue services are provided by the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service which operates a fire station in the town centre. [152] The South East Coast Ambulance Service is responsible for ambulance and paramedic services. [153]Crawley Hospital in West Green is operated by West Sussex Primary Care Trust. Some services are provided by the Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, including a 24-hour Urgent Treatment Centre for semi-life-threatening injuries. [154] The Surrey and Sussex was judged as "weak" by the Healthcare Commission in 2008, [155] however in 2015 both the hospital [156] and the Surrey and Sussex Trust [157] were rated good by the Care Quality Commission. Thames Water is responsible for all waste water and sewerage provision. Residents in most parts of Crawley receive their drinking water from Southern Water; areas in the north of the town around Gatwick Airport are provided by Sutton & East Surrey Water; and South East Water supplies Maidenbower. [158]UK Power Networks is the Distribution Network Operator responsible for electricity. [159] Gas is supplied by Southern Gas Networks who own and manage the South East Local Distribution Zone. [160]The provision of public services was made in co-operation with the local authorities as the town grew in the 1950s and 1960s. They oversaw the opening of a fire station in 1958, the telephone exchange, police station and town centre health clinic in 1961 and an ambulance station in 1963. Plans for a new hospital on land at The Hawth were abandoned, however, and the existing hospital in West Green was redeveloped instead. [161] Gas was piped from Croydon, 20 miles (32 km) away, and a gasworks at Redhill, while the town's water supply came from the Weir Wood reservoir south of East Grinstead and another at Pease Pottage. [34] [162]In December 2008, a new three-storey library was opened in new buildings at Southgate Avenue, replacing the considerably undersized establishment formerly at County Buildings. [163]The Civil Aviation Authority Regulation Safety Group is in the Aviation House in Gatwick Airport in Crawley. [164]Transport [ edit]Crawley's early development as a market town was helped by its location on the London–Brighton turnpike. The area was joined to the railway network in the mid-19th century; and since the creation of the new town, there have been major road upgrades (including a motorway link), a guided bus transit system and the establishment of an airport which has become one of Britain's largest and busiest. Road [ edit]The London–Brighton turnpike ran through the centre of Crawley, forming the High Street and Station Road. When Britain's major roads were classified by the British government's Ministry of Transport between 1919 and 1923, [165] it was given the number A23. It was bypassed by a new dual carriageway in 1938 [166] (which forms the A23's current route through the town), and then later to the east side of the town by the M23 motorway, which was opened in 1975. This connects London's orbital motorway, the M25, to the A23 at Pease Pottage, at the southern edge of Crawley's built-up area. The original single-carriageway A23 became the A2219. The M23 has junctions in the Crawley area at the A2011/ A264 (Junction 10) and Maidenbower (area of Crawley) (Junction 10A). The end of the motorway at Pease Pottage is Junction 11. The A2011, another dual-carriageway, joins the A23 in West Green and provides a link, via the A2004, to the town centre. The A2220 follows the former route of the A264 through the town, linking the A23 directly to the A264 at Copthorne, from where it then runs to East Grinstead. Rail [ edit]Crawley station, with five storeys of offices above the ticket office and concourse area The first railway line in the area was the Brighton Main Line, which opened as far as Haywards Heath on 12 July 1841 and reached Brighton on 21 September 1841. It ran through Three Bridges, which was then a small village east of Crawley, and a station was built to serve it. [167]A line to Horsham, now part of the Arun Valley Line, was opened on 14 February 1848. A station was provided next to Crawley High Street from that date. [168] A new station was constructed slightly to the east, in conjunction with the Overline House commercial development, and replaced the original station which closed on 28 July 1968. The ticket office and Up (London-bound) platform waiting areas form the ground floor of the office building. [169]The urban area of Crawley is served by a total of three rail stations including Ifield railway station. Due to Crawley's expansion this station is now surrounded by the town's western areas. Opened as Lyons Crossing Halt on 1 June 1907 to serve the village of Ifield, it was soon renamed Ifield Halt, dropping the "Halt" suffix in 1930. [170]Regular train services run from Crawley, and also Ifield, to London Victoria and London Bridge stations, Gatwick Airport, East Croydon, Horsham, Bognor Regis, Chichester, Portsmouth and Southampton. Three Bridges has direct Thameslink trains to Bedford and Brighton. [171] [172]Bus and Fastway [ edit]A Metrobus double-decker bus at Crawley bus station Crawley was one of several towns where the boundaries of Southdown Motor Services and London Transport bus services met. In 1958 the companies reached an agreement which allowed them both to provide services in all parts of the town. [173] When the National Bus Company was formed in 1969, its London Country Bus Services subsidiary took responsibility for many routes, including Green Line Coaches cross-London services which operated to distant destinations such as Watford, Luton and Amersham. A coach station was opened by Southdown in 1931 on the A23 at County Oak, near Lowfield Heath: it was a regular stopping point for express coaches between London and towns on the Sussex coast. This traffic started to serve Gatwick when the airport began to grow, however. [173] When the National Bus Company was broken up, local services were provided by the new South West division of London Country Bus Services, which later became part of the Arriva group. Metrobus acquired these routes from Arriva in March 2001, and is now Crawley's main operator. [174] It provides local services between the neighbourhoods and town centre, and longer-distance routes to Horsham, Redhill, Tunbridge Wells, Worthing and Brighton. [175]In September 2003 a guided bus service, Fastway, began operating between Bewbush and Gatwick Airport. [176] A second route, from Broadfield to the Langshott area of Horley, north of Gatwick Airport, was added on 27 August 2005. [177]Gatwick Airport [ edit]Gatwick is the world's busiest single-runway international airport. [178]Main article: Gatwick Airport Gatwick Airport was licensed as a private airfield in August 1930. [179] It was used during the Second World War as an RAF base, and returned to civil use in 1946. There were proposals to close the airport in the late 1940s, but in 1950 the government announced that it was to be developed as London's second airport. [180] It was closed between 1956 and 1958 for rebuilding. Her Majesty The Queen reopened it on 9 June 1958. A second terminal, the North Terminal, was built in 1988. [181] An agreement exists between BAA and West Sussex County Council preventing the building of a second runway before 2019. Nevertheless, consultations were launched in 2002 by the Department for Transport, at which proposals for additional facilities and runways were considered. It was agreed that there would be no further expansion at Gatwick unless it became impossible to meet growth targets at London Heathrow Airport within existing pollution limits. [182]Sport and leisure [ edit]Entrance to the K2 Leisure Centre Pond at Goff's Park Crawley, January 2009The Memorial Gardens Crawley Town F. C. is Crawley's main football team. Formed in 1896, it moved in 1949 to a ground at Town Mead adjacent to the West Green playing fields. Demand for land near the town centre led to the club moving in 1997 to the new Broadfield Stadium, now owned by the borough council. [183] As of the 2012/2013 season, Crawley Town play in League One, the third tier of league football in England. Perhaps the pinnacle of the club's history was in February 2011 when they played against Manchester United at Old Trafford in the fifth round of the F. A. Cup, a match which saw 9,000 Crawley fans make the trip to Manchester. Three other local teams play in the Sussex County Football League: Three Bridges F. C., Oakwood F. C. and Ifield Edwards F. C.. Crawley Rugby Club is based in Ifield, [184] and a golf course was constructed in 1982 at Tilgate Park. [185] Crawley Hockey Club plays their home matches at Hazelwick School, Three Bridges [186]The new town's original leisure centre was in Haslett Avenue in the Three Bridges neighbourhood. Building work started in the early 1960s, and a large swimming pool opened in 1964. The site was extended to include an athletics arena by 1967, and an additional large sports hall was opened by the town mayor, Councillor Ben Clay and Prime Minister Harold Wilson in 1974. [187] However, the facilities became insufficient for the growing town, even though an annexe was opened in Bewbush in 1984. [188] Athlete Zola Budd had been asked to take part in a 1,500-metre race as part of the opening celebrations, but her invitation was withdrawn at short notice because of concerns raised by council members about possible "political connotations and anti-apartheid demonstrators". [189]In 2005, Crawley Leisure Centre was closed and replaced by a new facility, the K2 Leisure Centre, on the campus of Thomas Bennett Community College near the Broadfield Stadium. [190] Opened to the public on 14 November 2005, [187] and officially by Lord Coe on 24 January 2006, the centre includes the only Olympic-sized swimming pool in South East England. [191] In March 2008 the centre was named as a training site for the 2012 Olympics in London. [192]Crawley Development Corporation made little provision for the arts in the plans for the new town, and a proposed arts venue in the town centre was never built. Neighbourhood community centres and the Tilgate Forest Recreational Centre were used for some cultural activities, [188] but it was not until 1988 that the town had a dedicated theatre and arts venue, at the Hawth Theatre. (The name derives from a local corruption of the word " heath ", which came to refer specifically to the expanse of wooded land, south of the town centre, in which the theatre was built.) [193] Crawley's earliest cinema, the Imperial Picture House on Brighton Road, lasted from 1909 until the 1940s; the Embassy Cinema on the High Street (opened in 1938) replaced it. [14] [194] A large Cineworld cinema has since opened in the Crawley Leisure Park, which itself also includes ten-pin bowling, various restaurants and bars and a fitness centre. [195] The Moka nightclub on Station Way opened in October 2012. [196]Each neighbourhood has self-contained recreational areas, and there are other larger parks throughout the town. The Memorial Gardens, on the eastern side of Queen's Square, feature art displays, children's play areas and lawns, and a plaque commemorating those who died in two Second World War bombing incidents in 1943 and 1944. [14] Goffs Park in Southgate covers 50 acres (20 ha), and has lakes, boating ponds, a model railway and many other features. [197]Tilgate Park and Nature Centre has walled gardens, lakes, large areas of woodland with footpaths and bridleways, a golfing area and a collection of animals and birds. [198]Heritage [ edit]The Grade II listed Worth Training Centre, Turners Hill Road, Pound Hill, Crawley See also: Listed buildings in Crawley and Locally listed buildings in Crawley Crawley Museum [199] is based in Goffs Park. Stone Age and Bronze Age remains discovered in the area are on display, as well as more recent artefacts including parts of Vine Cottage, an old timber-framed building on the High Street which was once home to former Punch editor Mark Lemon and which was demolished when the ASDA development was built. [14]Crawley has three Grade I listed buildings ( the parish church of St Margaret in Ifield, the parish church of St Nicholas, Worth, and the Friends Meeting House in Langley Lane, Ifield), 12 Grade II listed buildings and 85 Grade II listed buildings. [200] The borough council has also awarded locally listed building status to 58 buildings. [201]Education [ edit]See also: Schools in Crawley, West Sussex The main building of Central Sussex College Broadfield House, which now houses the Discovery School Maintained primary and secondary schools were reorganised in 2004 following the Local Education Authority 's decision to change the town's three-tier system of first, middle and secondary schools to a more standard primary/secondary divide. [202] Since the restructuring, Crawley has had 17 primary schools (including two Church of England and two Roman Catholic) and four pairs of infant and junior Schools. Most of these were opened in 2004; others changed their status at this date (for example, from a middle to a junior School). Secondary education is provided at one of six secondary schools: Ifield Community College Hazelwick School Holy Trinity Church of England School Oriel High School St Wilfrid's Catholic School Thomas Bennett Community College All six of these have a sixth form, the newest opening at Oriel High in September 2008. There is also a Primary / Secondary School called The Gatwick School, which is a Free School that opened in 2014. It currently has 4 years, R, 1, 7 and 8. [203] The schools at Ifield and Thomas Bennett are also bases for the Local Authority 's adult education programmes. [204] Pupils with special needs are educated at the two special schools in the town, each of which covers the full spectrum of needs: Manor Green Primary School and Manor Green College. Desmond Anderson, based in Tilgate converted to Academy status in February 2017 and is now part of the University of Brighton Academies Trust. [205] The Discovery New School, based in Broadfield House, was opened in September 2011. It was one of the first free schools in the country, [206] set up as a result of changes to the legislation on school funding by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government. The school was a Montessori school, the first state funded Montessori school in the UK, quoted as having a Christian ethos in the Anglican tradition. [207] [208] The school closed to children for the last time on 3 April 2014, following a series of inspection failures and withdrawal of its funding. [209]Further education is provided by Central Sussex College. Opened in 1958 as Crawley Technical College, [210] it merged with other local colleges to form the new institute in August 2005. [211] The college also provides higher education courses in partnership with the universities at Chichester and Sussex. In 2004, a proposal was made for an additional campus of the University of Sussex to be created in Crawley, but as of 2008 no conclusion has been reached. [212]Media [ edit]Crawley has three local newspapers, of which two have a long history in the area. The Crawley Observer began life in 1881 as Simmins Weekly Advertiser, became the Sussex & Surrey Courier and then the Crawley and District Observer, and took its current name in 1983. [213] The newspaper is now owned by Johnston Press. [214] The Crawley News was first published in 1979, and later took over the operations of the older Crawley Advertiser which closed in 1982. [188] The newspaper was taken over by the Trinity Mirror group in 2015 as part of the purchase of Local World [215] but its last edition was published on 26 October 2016. [216] In September 2008 Johnston Press launched a new weekly broadsheet newspaper called the Crawley Times based on the companies paper produced in Horsham, the West Sussex County Times. [217]The town is served by the London regional versions of BBC and ITV television from the Crystal Palace or Reigate transmitters—although some terrestrial aerials in the town may pick up BBC South and ITV Meridian signals from the Midhurst transmitter. [218]Radio Mercury began broadcasting on 20 October 1984 from Broadfield House in Broadfield. [219] The station, now owned by Global Radio, broadcasts as Heart from Brighton, with the studios in Kelvin Way in Crawley closed in August 2010. [220] On 1 February 2011, the local Gold transmitter on 1521 AM closed and listeners were advised to retune to 1548 AM (Gold London) or 1323 AM (Gold Sussex). [221] Local BBC radio was provided by BBC Radio Sussex from 1983; this became part of BBC Southern Counties Radio following a merger with BBC Radio Surrey in 1994. [222] From March 2009, BBC Southern Counties Radio became BBC Sussex on 104.5FM & BBC Surrey on 104FM. Due to the positioning of their transmitters, when broadcasting separately both stations cover Crawley stories. Twin town [ edit]Eisenhüttenstadt, German Democratic Republic, 1963-1968 [223]Dorsten, Germany, since 1973 [224]Notable people [ edit]Patrick Allen (music educator), an award-winning author and teacher, lives and works in the town. Tony Barrell, a journalist for The Sunday Times and other publications, was born in the town. Jerzy Braun, a Polish rower who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics, died in Crawley. Simon Calder, a journalist for The Independent, was born in the town. Matt Charman, playwright, was born in Crawley. [225]Rebecca Cooke, freestyle swimmer and Commonwealth Games gold medallist, was born in Crawley. [226]Sir Charles Court, the 21st Premier of Western Australia, was born in Crawley, but migrated to Australia with his family before his first birthday. [227]John George Haigh, the "Acid Bath Murderer", carried out some of his murders at a workshop in the West Green area. [228]Simon Jeffes, classically trained guitarist, composer, arranger and founder of the Penguin Cafe Orchestra, was born here. Philip Lawson, first baritone with The King's Singers was born and raised in Crawley. Mark Lemon, first editor of Punch, lived on the High Street from 1858 until his death in 1870. A blue plaque outside the George Hotel commemorates his time in the town. [19]Alan Minter, who won bronze at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games in the light middleweight boxing category and in 1980 became the WBC world middleweight champion, was born in the town in 1951. [14] [229]Kevin Muscat, a footballer who has played for Australia since 1994 and had a nine-year spell in Britain, playing for four different clubs, was born in the town. [230]Craig Pickering, an Olympic sprinter and bobsleigher, was born in the town. Gareth Southgate former England international and current England manager (2016) attended the town's Hazelwick School. [231]Theresa Tomlinson (born 1946), writer for children and young adults, was born in Crawley. Daley Thompson used facilities in Crawley to train for the Olympics in 1980 and 1984. [232]Peter Vaughan, the actor, who starred in the TV show Porridge, used to live in the town. Tom Wort, sophomore All-American linebacker with the Oklahoma Sooners, lived in Crawley until age 14. [233]The Cure were formed in Crawley in 1976 by Robert Smith, Michael Dempsey and Lol Tolhurst, all of whom attended St Wilfrid's RC School. [234]The Feeling 's drummer Paul Stewart, guitarist Kevin Jeremiah and keyboard player Ciaran Jeremiah were also at St Wilfrid's. [235]2D, the fictional character from Damon Albarn 's virtual band Gorillaz, comes from Crawley, according to the back-story created for them. [236]Yousseph "Chico" Slimani, who had a number one UK hit, was a Hazelwick pupil and spent his teenage years in Crawley. Dan Walker, the British sports presenter, was born and raised in Crawley Romesh Ranganathan, comedian, who was a maths teacher at Hazelwick School [237]James Jebbia, founder of Supreme [ clarification needed], grew up in Crawley until the age of 19. [ citation needed]See also [ edit]Crawley portal West Sussex portal List of places of worship in Crawley Urban planning West Sussex Worth Church City Place Gatwick References [ edit]^ 2011 Crawley Census^ a b Gwynne 1990, p. 9.^ a b c d "Select Committee on Transport, Local Government and the Regions: Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence. Supplementary memorandum by Crawley Borough Council (NT 15 (a))". United Kingdom Parliament Publications and Records website. The Information Policy Division, Office of Public Sector Information. 2002. Retrieved 2 April 2008.^ a b "West and North West of Crawley". 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Salisbury: Frith Book Company. ISBN 978-1-904938-74-3. OCLC 59137646. Crawley Borough Council (1997). Crawley: Official Guide. Wallington: Local Authority Publishing Co Ltd. Gray, Fred, ed. (1983). Crawley: Old Town, New Town. Occasional Papers (University of Sussex, Centre for Continuing Education), no. 18. Falmer: University of Sussex. ISBN 978-0-904242-21-8. OCLC 16599642. Green, Jeffrey; Allen, Peter (1993). Crawley New Town in old photographs. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-0472-8. OCLC 30026985. Gwynne, Peter (1990). A History of Crawley. Chichester: Phillimore & Company. ISBN 978-0-85033-718-1. OCLC 59815249. Kraemer-Johnson, Glyn; Bishop, John (2005). Southdown Days. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-3077-0. OCLC 60837945. Lowerson, John, ed. (1980). Crawley: Victorian New Town. Occasional Papers (University of Sussex, Centre for Continuing Education), no. 12. Falmer: University of Sussex. ISBN 978-0-904242-14-0. OCLC 16563480. Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (1986a). Three Bridges to Brighton. Southern Main Lines. Midhurst: Middleton Press. ISBN 978-0-906520-35-2. OCLC 60024136. Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (1986b). Crawley to Littlehampton. Southern Main Lines. Midhurst: Middleton Press. ISBN 978-0-906520-34-5. OCLC 60024134.s.n. (1839). Pigot's Directory of Sussex. London and Manchester: Pigot & Co. WSC13002. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crawley. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Crawley. Crawley Borough Council [ show]v t e Crawley, West Sussex [ show]v t e Ceremonial county of West Sussex [ show]v t e Districts of South East England [ show]v t e London commuter belt Categories: Crawley Towns in West Sussex Local government in West Sussex New towns in England Non-metropolitan districts of West Sussex Local government districts of South East England Populated places established in the 5th century
D2740427	http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/cuboids-rectangular-prisms.html	Cuboids, Rectangular Prisms and Cubes	Cuboids, Rectangular Prisms and Cubes Go to Surface Areaor Volume. A cuboid is a box-shaped object. It has six flat faces and all angles are right angles. And all of its faces are rectangles. It is also a prismbecause it has the same cross-section along a length. In fact it is a rectangular prism. Examples of Cuboids Cuboids are very common in our world, from boxes to buildings we see them everywhere. We can even fit them inside other cuboids!A building A box with a slot as a handle Cuboids in a cuboid room Boxes for model trains Now that's just silly!Square Prism When at least two of the lengths are equal it can also be called a square prism. (Note: we can still call it a rectangular prism if we want! )Cube When all three lengths are equal it is called a cube (or hexahedron)and each face is a square. A cube is still a prism. And a cube is one of the Platonic Solids. So: A cube is just a special case of a square prism, and A square prism is just a special case of a rectangular prism, and They are all cuboids!Note: The name "cuboid" comes from "cube" and -oid (which means "similar to, or resembling") and so says "it is like a cube". Another use of -oid is when we talk about the Earth being a spheroid (not exactly a sphere, but close). Surface Area The surface area is found using the formula: Area = 2 × Width × Length + 2 × Length × Height + 2 × Width × Height Which can be shortened to: A = 2wl + 2lh + 2hw Example: Find the surface area of this cuboid A = 2wl + 2lh + 2hw= 2×4×10 + 2×10×5 + 2×5×4= 80 + 100 + 40= 220Volume The volume of a cuboidis found using the formula: Volume = Length × Width × Height Which can be shortened to: V = l × w × h Or more simply: V = lwh Example: Find the volume of this cuboid V = lwh = 10×4×5 = 200Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10Cube (Hexahedron)Prisms Geometry Index
D2287778	http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/It-Might-As-Well-Rain-Until-September-lyrics-Carole-King/0E8A01564FFCD14748256DA6000E9D3B	Carole KingIt Might as Well Rain Until September Lyrics	Carole King It Might as Well Rain Until September Lyricssponsored links What should I write? What can I say? How can I tell you how much I miss you? The weather here has been as nice as it can be, Although it doesn't really matter much to me; For all the fun I'll have while you're so far away, It Might As Well Rain Until September. I don't need sunny skies for things I have to do, 'Cause I stay home the whole day long and think of you; As far as I'm concerned each day's a rainy day, So It Might As Well Rain Until September. It doesn't matter whether skies are gray or' blue; It's raining in my heart 'cause I can't be with you. I'm only livin' for the day you're home to stay, So It Might As Well Rain Until September. My friends look forward to their picnics on the beach; Yes, ev'rybody loves the summertime. But you know, darling, while your arms are out of reach, The summer isn't any friend of mine. The weather here has been as nice as it can be, Although it doesn't really matter much to me; For all the fun I'll have while you're so far away, Written by: Carole King, Gerry Goffin Lyrics © Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC
D2869345	http://www.timetemperature.com/tzwa/sequim.shtml	Sequim, Washington Current Local Time - Sequim, Washington Time Zone	Sequim, Washington Current Local Time - Sequim, Washington Time Zone Current Local Time Sequim, Washington is in the Pacific Time Zone The Current Time in Sequim, Washington is: Wednesday 4/4/2018 8:20 PM PDT Sequim, Washington is in the Pacific Time Zone View Current Times in All Washington Cities and Towns Sequim, Washington Local Time Details Time Zone Abbreviations Pacific Standard Time - is abbreviated as PST Pacific Daylight Time - is abbreviated as PDTUTC - GMT Offset Sequim, Washington is GMT/UTC - 8h during Standard Time Sequim, Washington is GMT/UTC - 7h during Daylight Saving Time Daylight Saving Time Usage Sequim, Washington does utilize Daylight Saving Time. Daylight Saving Start Date Sequim, Washington started Daylight Saving Time on Sunday March 11, 2018 at 2:00 AM local time. Daylight Saving End Date Sequim, Washington ends Daylight Saving Time on Sunday November 4, 2018 at 2:00 AM local time. View Current Times in All Washington Cities and Towns A B C D E F G H I J KL M N O P Q R S T U VW X Y ZWashington Time Converter Current Local Time in Selected Washington Places Auburn Bainbridge Island Bellevue Bellingham Bothell Bremerton Burien Des Moines Edmonds Everett Federal Way Fort Lewis Inglewood Kenmore Kennewick Kent Kirkland Lacey Lakewood Longview Lynnwood Marysville Mercer Island Mount Vernon Mountlake Terrace Mukilteo Oak Harbor Olympia Pasco Port Angeles Pullman Puyallup Redmond Renton Richland Sammamish Sea Tac Seattle Shoreline Spanaway Spokane Tacoma Tukwila University Place Vancouver Walla Walla Wenatchee Yakima Time Zone Look Up by State with Current Local Times Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, DCWest Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming All dates are shown in the format: month/day/year Find an incorrect time or time zone? Please contact us. www. Time Temperature.com, Inc. is not responsible for any damages or problems caused by this service. The information contained on this page is not authoritative and its use is subject to our Terms of Use. We respect your privacy. You may view our privacy policy here Site Copyright © 2000-2018 Time Temperature.com, Inc.
D1159846	http://www.yourdictionary.com/microphone	microphone	microphonemi·cro·phone Use microphone in a sentence A girl about to speak into a microphone. Licensed from i Stock Photonoun The definition of a microphone is something you talk into that magnifies your voice or makes it louder. An example of microphone is something a singer sings into so people in the back row can hear him. Your Dictionary definition and usage example. Copyright © 2018 by Love To Know Corp Link/Citemicrophonean instrument containing a transducer that converts the mechanical energy of sound waves into an electric signal, used in telephony, radio, sound amplification, etc. Origin of microphonemicro- + -phone Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citemicrophonenoun An instrument that converts sound waves into an electric current, usually fed into an amplifier, a recorder, or a broadcast transmitter. Related Forms:mi′cro·phon′icadjective THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FIFTH EDITION by the Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citemicrophone Noun ( plural microphones)A device (transducer) used to convert sound waves into a varying electric current; normally fed into an amplifier and either recorded or broadcast. Usage notes The collective noun for several microphones (such as can be observed at a press conference) is a garden of microphones. Verb ( third-person singular simple present microphones, present participle microphoning, simple past and past participle microphoned)To put one or more microphones on or in. English Wiktionary. Available under CC-BY-SA license. Link/Citemicrophone - Computer Definition A device containing a transducer for converting sound waves into electrical signals that can then be amplified, transmitted, and output through a speaker. See also speaker and transducer. Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Link/Cite A device that converts sound waves into analogous electrical waves. Usually called a "mic" or "mike," it contains a flexible diaphragm composed of film or foil that vibrates as it makes contact with the sound. The diaphragm movement modulates an electrical current by various methods. In a carbon mic, used in telephones for more than a hundred years, the diaphragm alters the pressure in carbon grains, changing its resistance. Condenser Microphones In a condenser mic, also called an "electrostatic mic" or "capacitor mic," the diaphragm changes the capacitance between itself and a metal plate, both acting as electrodes. The widely used electret mic has a charged dielectric between the electrodes that generates voltage. Crystal and Dynamic Microphones Crystal microphones use a piezoelectric diaphragm that produces voltage when subjected to the sound waves (mechanical pressure). Dynamic mics, which are like speakers in reverse, use a diaphragm attached to a movable coil that generates voltage as air moves the coil between the poles of a magnet. Directionality Unidirectional shotgun and cardioid mics aimed at a sound source eliminate much of the ambient noise, whereas omnidirectional microphones capture everything in the surrounding environment. The cardioid name comes from its heart-shaped pickup pattern. In the past, bidirectional mics were used for interviews; however, two unidirectional mics are commonly used instead. Computer Desktop Encyclopedia THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher. © 1981-2017 The Computer Language Company Inc. All rights reserved. Link/Cite
D2182156	https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shuck	shuck	1shucknoun \ ˈshək \Popularity: Bottom 40% of words \| Updated on: 4 Apr 2018Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLExamples: shuck in a Sentence Time Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared Definition of shuck1: shell, husk: such asa: the outer covering of a nut or of an ear of cornb: the shell of an oyster or clam2: something of little value — usually used in pluralnot worth shucks See shuck defined for English-language learners See shuck defined for kids Examples of shuck in a Sentenceit doesn't matter shucks to her what anyone else earns Recent Examples of shuck from the Web Katy flirts with Trevor, while Trevor gets all aw- shucks on us.— robbie daw, Billboard, "'American Idol' Recap: Katy Perry Flashes The Camera in a Censored Moment (Critic's Take)," 13 Mar. 2018Two newer-comers are worth a throw: Pinefish in Washington Square West, whose happy hour features buck-a- shuck oysters and clams and there’s a cleverly named Friends With Benedicts Sunday brunch.— michael klein, Philly.com, "Seafood ideas in Philly, without shelling out," 15 Feb. 2018When the chips were down in the 2016 election, the Tea Partiers and country club types willingly traded in their brand of aw- shucks, church-friendly conservatism for Donald Trump and the sleaze kings of Sin City.— ryan smith, Chicago Reader, "News / Politics Cubs co-owner Todd Ricketts to replace a Republican casino tycoon accused of sexual misconduct. No, not Trump. Another one.," 31 Jan. 2018These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'shuck.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. Origin and Etymology of shuckorigin unknown NEW! Time Traveler First Known Use: circa 1674See Words from the same yearshuck Synonyms Synonymschild's play, nothing, picayune,trifle, triviality Related Wordsnaught ( also nought),nothingness, smoke, zero;peanuts, pittance, song, straw,two bits;bunk, claptrap, drivel,folly, fribble, fudge, hogwash,humbug, humbuggery, nonsense,piffle, rot, trash2shuckverb Definition of shucktransitive verb1: to strip of shucks2 a: to peel off (something, such as clothing) — often used with offb: to lay aside — often used with offbad habits are being shucked off —A. W. Smith—shuckernoun See shuck defined for English-language learners Recent Examples of shuck from the Web The vibrant green peas can be enjoyed a variety of ways but will need to be shucked before using.— noelle carter, latimes.com, "Salads, soups, risotto and other recipe ideas for English and sugar snap peas, now in season,"23 Mar. 2018Chefs and bartenders are crafting delicious cocktails, getting us excited about brunch (spaghetti sandwich! ), and shucking plump Gulf oysters.— christina chaey, Bon Appetit, "Every Single Place to Eat (and Drink) Right Now in Houston," 22 Mar. 2018Our captain poured Sauvignon Blanc and shucked oysters pulled fresh from the water.— bella english, Boston Globe.com, "A vacation sequel as good as the original," 13 Feb. 2018These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'shuck.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. First Known Use of shuck1772shuck Synonyms Synonymsbark, flay, hull, husk, peel, shell,skin Related Wordsbare, denude, expose, scale,strip;pare Phrases Related to SHUCKRelated Phrasesshuck off SHUCK Defined for English Language Learnersshucknoun Definition of shuck for English Language Learners: the outer covering of a nut or a plant (such as corn): the shell of an oyster or clamshuckverb Definition of shuck for English Language Learners: to remove the outer covering of (a plant, such as corn) or the shell of (an oyster or clam)SHUCK Defined for Kids1shucknoun \ ˈshək \Definition of shuck for Students: a covering shell or husk2shuckverb Definition of shuck for Studentsshucked; shucking: to remove the shell or husk from I helped shuck corn. Learn More about shuck See words that rhyme with shuck Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for shuck Spanish Central: Translation of shuck Nglish: Translation of shuck for Spanish speakers Seen and Heard What made you want to look up shuck? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show
D2475110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_(command)	label (command)	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)In computing, label is a command included with some operating systems (e.g., DOS, [1] OS/2 and Microsoft Windows [2] ). It is used to create, change, or delete a volume label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk. Used without parameters, label changes the current volume label or deletes the existing label. In Unix and other Unix-like operating systems, the name of the equivalent command differs from file system to file system. For instance, the command e2label can be used for ext2 partitions. Contents [ hide ]1 Syntax2 Example3 Supported file systems4 Limitations4.1 FAT volume labels4.2 NTFS volume labels5 See also6 References Syntax [ edit]LABEL [drive:] [label] LABEL [/MP] [volume] [label]Arguments:drive: This command-line argument specifies the drive letter of a drive.label Specifies the label of the volume.volume Specifies the drive letter (followed by a colon), mount point, or volume name. Flags:/MP Specifies that the volume should be treated as a mount point or volume name. Note: If volume name is specified, the /MP flag is unnecessary. Example [ edit]C:\Users\root> label D: Backup Supported file systems [ edit]FAT12FAT16FAT32ex FATNTFSLimitations [ edit]FAT volume labels [ edit]Volume labels can contain as many as 11 character bytes and can include spaces, but no tabs. The characters are in the OEM code page of the system that created the label. Volume labels cannot contain the following characters: ? / \ \| . , ; : + = [ ] < > "Volume labels are stored as upper-case regardless of whether they contain lower-case letters. NTFS volume labels [ edit]Volume labels can contain as many as 32 Unicode characters. See also [ edit]Vol (command) — Displays the disk volume label and serial number. List of DOS commands References [ edit]^ Jamsa, Kris A. (1993), DOS: The Complete Reference, Osborne Mc Graw-Hill, ISBN 0078819040.^ Microsoft Tech Net Vol article [ hide]v t e Windows command-line programs and shell builtins COMMAND. COM Command Prompt Windows Power Shell Recovery Console File system navigationcd (chdir) dir popd pushd tree File managementattrib cacls cipher compact copy del (erase) deltree expand icacls makecab md (mkdir) move rd (rmdir) recover ren (rename) replace rmdir robocopy xcopy Disk managementchkdsk convert defrag diskcomp diskcopy diskpart fdisk format label subst scandisk sys volvssadmin Processesexit kill powercfg runas sc shutdown start taskkill tasklist Registryassoc ftype reg regini regsvr32User environmentdate mode path set setx time title ver whoami File contentscomp edit edlin fc find findstr print type Scriptingchoice clip cscript doskey echo for goto if more pause prompt rem Networkingarp getmac hostname ipconfig net use netsh netstat nslookup Path Ping ping route tracert Maintenance and caredriverquery msiexec ntbackup sfc systeminfo w32tm WBAdmin winsat wmic Boot managementbcdedit bootcfg fixboot fixmbr Software developmentdebug exe2bin QBasic Miscellaneouscls help List of DOS commands Environment variables This computer data storage -related software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This Microsoft Windows article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
D1590929	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_environmental_effects_of_depleted_uranium	Depleted uranium	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Health and environmental effects of depleted uranium)navigation search The DU penetrator of a 30 mm round [1]Depleted uranium ( DU; also referred to in the past as Q-metal, depletalloy or D-38) is uranium with a lower content of the fissile isotope U-235 than natural uranium. [2] Natural uranium contains about 0.72% U-235, while the DU used by the U. S. Department of Defense contains 0.3% U-235 or less. Uses of DU take advantage of its very high density of 19.1 g/cm 3 (68.4% denser than lead ). The less radioactive and non-fissile uranium-238 constitutes the main component of depleted uranium. Civilian uses include counterweights in aircraft, radiation shielding in medical radiation therapy and industrial radiography equipment, and containers for transporting radioactive materials. Military uses include armor plating and armor-piercing projectiles. Most depleted uranium arises as a by-product of the production of enriched uranium for use as fuel in nuclear reactors and in the manufacture of nuclear weapons. Enrichment processes generate uranium with a higher-than-natural concentration of lower- mass-number uranium isotopes (in particular U-235, which is the uranium isotope supporting the fission chain reaction) with the bulk of the feed ending up as depleted uranium, in some cases with mass fractions of U-235 and U-234 less than a third of those in natural uranium. Since U-238 has a much longer half-life than the lighter isotopes, DU emits less alpha radiation than natural uranium. DU from nuclear reprocessing has different isotopic ratios from enrichment–by-product DU, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of U-236. [3]DU used in US munitions has 60% of the radioactivity of natural uranium. [4] Trace transuranics (another indicator of the use of reprocessed material) have been reported to be present in some US tank armor. [4]The use of DU in munitions is controversial because of concerns about potential long-term health effects. [5] [6] Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and numerous other systems can be affected by exposure to uranium, a toxic metal. [7] It is only weakly radioactive because of its long radioactive half-life (4.468 billion years for uranium-238, 700 million years for uranium-235; or 1 part per million every 6446 and 1010 years, respectively). The biological half-life (the average time it takes for the human body to eliminate half the amount in the body) for uranium is about 15 days. [8] The aerosol or spallationfrangible powder produced by impact and combustion of depleted uranium munitions can potentially contaminate wide areas around the impact sites, leading to possible inhalation by human beings. [9]The actual level of acute and chronic toxicity of DU is also controversial. Several studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents suggest the possibility of leukemogenic, genetic, reproductive, and neurological effects from chronic exposure. [5] A 2005 epidemiology review concluded: "In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU." [10]Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Production and availability1.2 Uranium hexafluoride2 Military applications2.1 Armor plate2.2 Nuclear weapons2.3 Ammunition2.4 Legal status in weapons2.5 Requests for a moratorium on military use3 Civilian applications3.1 Shielding in industrial radiography cameras3.2 Coloring in consumer products3.3 Trim weights in aircraft3.4 US NRC general license3.5 Sailboat keel3.6 Sampling calorimeters for detectors in high-energy particle physics4 Health considerations4.1 Chemical toxicity4.2 Radiological hazards4.3 Gulf War syndrome and soldier complaints4.4 Iraqi population4.5 The Balkans4.6 Contamination as a result of the Afghan War4.7 Studies indicating negligible effects4.8 Atmospheric contamination as a result of military actions4.9 Other contamination cases4.10 Safety and environmental issues5 See also6 References6.1 Notes6.2 Bibliography7 External links History [ edit]Enriched uranium was first manufactured in the early 1940s when the United States and Britain began their nuclear weapons programs. Later in the decade, France and the Soviet Union began their nuclear weapons and nuclear power programs. Depleted uranium was originally stored as an unusable waste product ( uranium hexafluoride) in the hope that improved enrichment processes could extract additional quantities of the fissionable U-235 isotope. This re-enrichment recovery of the residual uranium-235 is now in practice in some parts of the world; e.g. in 1996 over 6000 metric tonnes were upgraded in a Russian plant. [11]It is possible to design civilian power-generating reactors using unenriched fuel, but only about 10% [12] of those ever built (such as the CANDU reactor) utilize that technology. Thus most civilian reactors as well as all naval reactors and nuclear weapons production require fuel containing concentrated U-235 and generate depleted Uranium. In the 1970s, the Pentagon reported that the Soviet military had developed armor plating for Warsaw Pact tanks that NATO ammunition could not penetrate. [ citation needed] The Pentagon began searching for material to make denser armor-piercing projectiles. After testing various metals, ordnance researchers settled on depleted uranium. The US and NATO militaries used DU penetrator rounds in the 1991 Gulf War, the Bosnia war, [13] bombing of Serbia, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, [14] and 2015 airstrikes on ISIS in Syria. [15] It is estimated that between 315 and 350 tons of DU were used in the 1991 Gulf War. [16]Production and availability [ edit]Natural uranium metal contains about 0.71% U-235, 99.28% U-238, and about 0.0054% U-234. The production of enriched uranium using isotope separation creates depleted uranium containing only 0.2% to 0.4% U-235. Because natural uranium begins with such a low percentage of U-235, enrichment produces large quantities of depleted uranium. For example, producing 1 kg of 5% enriched uranium requires 11.8 kg of natural uranium, and leaves about 10.8 kg of depleted uranium having only 0.3% U-235. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) defines depleted uranium as uranium with a percentage of the 235 U isotope that is less than 0.711% by weight (see 10 CFR 40.4 ). The military specifications designate that the DU used by the U. S. Department of Defense (Do D) contain less than 0.3% 235 U. [17] In actuality, Do D uses only DU that contains approximately 0.2% 235 U. [17]Depleted uranium is further produced by recycling spent nuclear fuel, [18] in which case it contains traces of neptunium and plutonium. [19] Quantities are so small that they are considered to be not of serious radiological significance (even) by ECRR. [20]Uranium hexafluoride [ edit]Uranium hexafluoride tank leaking Most depleted uranium is stored as uranium hexafluoride, a toxic crystalline solid, (D)UF 6, in steel cylinders in open air storage yards close to enrichment plants. Each cylinder holds up to 12.7 tonnes (14 short tons) of UF 6. In the U. S. 560,000 tonnes of depleted UF 6 had accumulated by 1993. In 2008, 686,500 tonnes in 57,122 storage cylinders were located near Portsmouth, Ohio; Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and Paducah, Kentucky. [21] [22]The storage of DUF 6 presents environmental, health, and safety risks because of its chemical instability. When UF 6 is exposed to water vapor in the air, it reacts with the moisture to produce UO 2 F 2 ( uranyl fluoride ), a solid, and HF ( hydrogen fluoride ), a gas, both of which are highly soluble and toxic. The uranyl fluoride solid acts to plug the leak, limiting further escape of depleted UF 6. Release of the hydrogen fluoride gas to the atmosphere is also slowed by the plug formation. [23] Storage cylinders are regularly inspected for signs of corrosion and leaks, and are repainted and repaired as necessary. [24]A tenfold jump in uranium prices has transformed approximately one-third of the U. S. depleted uranium inventory into an asset worth $7.6 billion, assuming DOE re-enriches it. This estimate is based on February 2008 market price for uranium and enrichment services, and DOE's access to sufficient uranium enrichment capacity. [25]There have been several accidents involving uranium hexafluoride in the United States, including one in which 32 workers were exposed to a cloud of UF 6 and its reaction products in 1986 at a Gore, Oklahoma commercial uranium conversion facility. One person died; while a few workers with higher exposure experienced short-term kidney damage (e.g., protein in the urine ), none of them showed lasting damage from the exposure to uranium. [26] The U. S. government has been converting depleted UF 6 to solid uranium oxides for use or disposal. [27] Such disposal of the entire DUF 6 inventory could cost anywhere from $15 million to $450 million. [28]World depleted uranium inventory [29]Country Organization Estimated DU stocks (tonnes)Reported United States DOE 480,000 2002Russia FAEA 460,000 1996France Areva NC 190,000 2001United Kingdom BNFL 30,000 2001United Kingdom Germany Netherlands URENCO16,000 1999Japan JNFL 10,000 2001China CNNC 2,000 2000South Korea KAERI 200 2002South Africa NECSA 73 2001Singapore DSO National Laboratories 60 2007Total 1,188,273 2008Military applications [ edit]The 105mm M900 APFSDS -T (Depleted Uranium Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot – Tracer)Depleted uranium is very dense; at 19,050 kg/m³, it is 1.67 times as dense as lead, only slightly less dense than tungsten and gold, and 84% as dense as osmium or iridium, which are the densest known substances under standard (i.e., Earth-surface) pressures. Consequently, a DU projectile of given mass has a smaller diameter than an equivalent lead projectile, with less aerodynamic drag and deeper penetration due to a higher pressure at point of impact. DU projectile ordnance is often inherently incendiary because uranium is flammable. [30] [31]Armor plate [ edit]Because of its high density, depleted uranium can also be used in tank armor, sandwiched between sheets of steel armor plate. For instance, some late-production M1A1HA and M1A2 Abrams tanks built after 1998 have DU modules integrated into their Chobham armor, as part of the armor plating in the front of the hull and the front of the turret, and there is a program to upgrade the rest. Nuclear weapons [ edit]Main article: Nuclear weapons design Depleted uranium can be used as a tamper, or neutron reflector, in fission bombs. A high density tamper like DU makes for a longer-lasting, more energetic, and more efficient explosion. Ammunition [ edit]Most military use of depleted uranium has been as 30 mm ordnance, primarily the 30 mm PGU-14/B armour-piercing incendiary round from the GAU-8 Avenger cannon of the A-10 Thunderbolt II used by the United States Air Force. 25 mm DU rounds have been used in the M242 gun mounted on the U. S. Army's Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Marine Corps 's LAV-25. The U. S. Marine Corps uses DU in the 25 mm PGU-20 round fired by the GAU-12 Equalizer cannon of the AV-8B Harrier, and also in the 20 mm M197 gun mounted on AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships. The United States Navy 's Phalanx CIWS 's M61 Vulcan Gatling gun used 20 mm armor-piercing penetrator rounds with discarding plastic sabots and a core made using depleted uranium, later changed to tungsten. Another use of depleted uranium is in kinetic energy penetrators, anti-armor rounds such as the 120 mm sabot rounds fired from the British Challenger 1, Challenger 2, [32] M1A1 and M1A2 Abrams. [33] Kinetic energy penetrator rounds consist of a long, relatively thin penetrator surrounded by a discarding sabot. Staballoys are metal alloys of depleted uranium with a very small proportion of other metals, usually titanium or molybdenum. One formulation has a composition of 99.25% by mass of depleted uranium and 0.75% by mass of titanium. Staballoys are approximately 1.67 times as dense as lead and are designed for use in kinetic energy penetrator armor-piercing ammunition. The US Army uses DU in an alloy with around 3.5% titanium.1987 photo of Mark 149 Mod 2 20mm depleted uranium ammunition for the Phalanx CIWS aboard USS Missouri. According to 2005 research, [34] at least some of the most promising tungsten alloys that have been considered as replacement for depleted uranium in penetrator ammunitions, such as tungsten- cobalt or tungsten- nickel -cobalt alloys, also possess carcinogenic properties: rats implanted with a pellet of such alloys developed lethal rhabdomyosarcoma within a few weeks. Depleted uranium is favored for the penetrator because it is self-sharpening [35] and flammable. [30] On impact with a hard target, such as an armored vehicle, the nose of the rod fractures in such a way that it remains sharp. [35] The impact and subsequent release of heat energy causes it to ignite. [30] When a DU penetrator reaches the interior of an armored vehicle, it catches fire, often igniting ammunition and fuel, killing the crew and possibly causing the vehicle to explode. DU is used by the U. S. Army in 120 mm or 105 mm cannons employed on the M1 Abrams tank. The Russian military has used DU ammunition in tank main gun ammunition since the late 1970s, mostly for the 115 mm guns in the T-62 tank and the 125 mm guns in the T-64, T-72, T-80, and T-90 tanks. The DU content in various ammunition is 180 g in 20 mm projectiles, 200 g in 25 mm ones, 280 g in 30 mm, 3.5 kg in 105 mm, and 4.5 kg in 120 mm penetrators. DU was used during the mid-1990s in the U. S. to make hand grenades, and land mines, but those applications have been discontinued, according to Alliant Techsystems. [ citation needed] The US Navy used DU in its 20 mm Phalanx CIWS guns, but switched in the late 1990s to armor-piercing tungsten. Only the US and the UK have acknowledged using DU weapons. [36]782,414 DU rounds were fired during the 1991 war in Iraq, mostly by US forces. [37] According to an international legal team preparing a lawsuit against NATO, 10–15 tons of depleted uranium was used during the 1999 bombing of Yugoslavia. [38] In a three-week period of conflict in Iraq during 2003, it was estimated that over 1000 tons of depleted uranium munitions were used. [39] More than 300,000 DU rounds were fired during the 2003 war, the vast majority by US troops. [37]Legal status in weapons [ edit]In 1996, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) gave an advisory opinion on the " legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons ". [40] This made it clear, in paragraphs 54, 55 and 56, that international law on poisonous weapons—the Second Hague Declaration of 29 July 1899, Hague Convention IV of 18 October 1907 and the Geneva Protocol of 17 June 1925—did not cover nuclear weapons, because their prime or exclusive use was not to poison or asphyxiate. This ICJ opinion was about nuclear weapons, but the sentence "The terms have been understood, in the practice of States, in their ordinary sense as covering weapons whose prime, or even exclusive, effect is to poison or asphyxiate," also removes depleted uranium weaponry from coverage by the same treaties as their primary use is not to poison or asphyxiate, but to destroy materiel and kill soldiers through kinetic energy. The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the United Nations Human Rights Commission, [41] passed two motions [42] — the first in 1996 [43] and the second in 1997. [44] They listed weapons of mass destruction, or weapons with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering and urged all states to curb the production and the spread of such weapons. Included in the list was weaponry containing depleted uranium. The committee authorized a working paper, in the context of human rights and humanitarian norms, of the weapons. The requested UN working paper was delivered in 2002 [45] by Y. K. J. Yeung Sik Yuen in accordance with Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights resolution 2001/36. He argues that the use of DU in weapons, along with the other weapons listed by the Sub‑Commission, may breach one or more of the following treaties: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter of the United Nations, the Genocide Convention, the United Nations Convention Against Torture, the Geneva Conventions including Protocol I, the Convention on Conventional Weapons of 1980, and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Yeung Sik Yuen writes in Paragraph 133 under the title " Legal compliance of weapons containing DU as a new weapon ": Annex II to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material 1980 (which became operative on 8 February 1997) classifies DU as a category II nuclear material. Storage and transport rules are set down for that category which indicates that DU is considered sufficiently "hot" and dangerous to warrant these protections. But since weapons containing DU are relatively new weapons no treaty exists yet to regulate, limit or prohibit its use. The legality or illegality of DU weapons must therefore be tested by recourse to the general rules governing the use of weapons under humanitarian and human rights law which have already been analysed in Part I of this paper, and more particularly at paragraph 35 which states that parties to Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 have an obligation to ascertain that new weapons do not violate the laws and customs of war or any other international law. As mentioned, the International Court of Justice considers this rule binding customary humanitarian law. Louise Arbour, chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia led a committee of staff lawyers to investigate possible treaty prohibitions against the use of DU in weapons. Their findings were that: [46]There is no specific treaty ban on the use of DU projectiles. There is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the impact of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there will be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violate general principles of the law applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict. No such consensus exists at present. [47]Requests for a moratorium on military use [ edit]A number of academics specializing in international humanitarian law have questioned the legality of the continued use of depleted uranium weapons, highlighting that the effects may breach the principle of distinction (between civilians and military personnel). [48] Some states and the International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons, a coalition of more than 155 non-governmental organizations, have asked for a ban on the production and military use of depleted uranium weapons. [49]The European Parliament has repeatedly passed resolutions requesting an immediate moratorium on the further use of depleted uranium ammunition, [50] [51] but France and Britain – the only EU states that are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council – have consistently rejected calls for a ban, [52] maintaining that its use continues to be legal, and that the health risks are unsubstantiated. [53]In 2007, France, Britain, the Netherlands, and the Czech Republic voted against a United Nations General Assembly resolution to hold a debate in 2009 about the effects of the use of armaments and ammunitions containing depleted uranium. All other European Union nations voted in favour or abstained. [54] The ambassador from the Netherlands explained his negative vote as being due to the reference in the preamble to the resolution "to potential harmful effects of the use of depleted uranium munitions on human health and the environment [which] cannot, in our view, be supported by conclusive scientific studies conducted by relevant international organizations." [55] None of the other permanent members of the United Nations Security Council supported the resolution as China was absent for the vote, Russia abstained and the United States voted against the resolution. [54]In September 2008, and in response to the 2007 General Assembly resolution, the UN Secretary General published the views of 15 states alongside those of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and World Health Organization (WHO). The IAEA and WHO evidence differed little from previous statements on the issue. [56] The report was largely split between states concerned about depleted uranium's use, such as Finland, Cuba, Japan, Serbia, Argentina, and predominantly NATO members, who do not consider the use of depleted uranium munitions problematic. [56]In December 2008, 141 states supported a resolution requesting that three UN agencies: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), WHO and IAEA update their research on the impact of uranium munitions by late 2010 – to coincide with the General Assembly's 65th Session, four voted against, 34 abstained and 13 were absent [57] As before Britain and France voted against the resolution. All other European Union nations voted in favour or abstained: the Netherlands, which voted against a resolution in 2007, voted in favour, as did Finland and Norway, both of which had abstained in 2007, while the Czech Republic, which voted against the resolution in 2007, abstained. The two other states that voted against the resolution were Israel and the United States (both of which voted against in 2007), while as before China was absent for the vote, and Russia abstained. [57]On 21 June 2009, Belgium became the first country in the world to ban: "inert ammunition and armour that contains depleted uranium or any other industrially manufactured uranium." [58] The move followed a unanimous parliamentary vote on the issue on 22 March 2007. The text of the 2007 law allowed for two years to pass until it came into force. [59] In April 2009, the Belgian Senate voted unanimously to restrict investments by Belgian banks into the manufacturers of depleted uranium weapons. [60]In September 2009, the Latin American Parliament passed a resolution calling for a regional moratorium on the use, production and procurement of uranium weapons. It also called on the Parlatino's members to work towards an international uranium weapons treaty. [61]In December 2010, 148 states supported a United Nations' General Assembly resolution calling for the states that use depleted uranium weapons in conflict to reveal where the weapons have been fired when asked to do so by the country upon whose territory they have been used. In April 2011, the Congress of Costa Rica passed a law prohibiting uranium weapons in its territories, becoming the second country in the world to do so. [62] In November 2010 the Irish Senate passed a bill seeking to outlaw depleted uranium weapons, [63] but it lapsed before approval by the Dáil. [64]In December 2012, 155 states supported a United Nations' General Assembly resolution that recalled that, because of the ongoing uncertainties over the long-term environmental impacts of depleted uranium identified by the United Nations Environment Programme, states should adopt a precautionary approach to its use. [65]In December 2014, 150 states supported a United Nations' General Assembly resolution encouraging states to provide assistance to states affected by the use of depleted uranium weapons, in particular in identifying and managing contaminated sites and material. [66] In contrast to the previous biennial resolutions, Germany moved to an abstention from supporting to the resolutions. [67] Prior to the vote, in a report to the United Nations Secretary General requested by 2012's resolution published in June 2014, Iraq had called for a global treaty ban on depleted uranium weapons. [68]Civilian applications [ edit]Depleted uranium has a very high density and is primarily used as shielding material for other radioactive material, and as ballast. Examples include sailboat keels, as counterweights and as shielding in industrial radiography cameras. Shielding in industrial radiography cameras [ edit]Industrial radiography cameras include a very high activity gamma radiation source (typically Ir-192 with an activity above 10 TBq). Depleted uranium is often used in the cameras as a shield to protect individuals from the gamma source. Typically, the uranium shield is supported and enclosed in polyurethane foam for thermal, mechanical and oxidation protection. [69]Coloring in consumer products [ edit]Consumer product uses have included incorporation into dental porcelain, used for false teeth to simulate the fluorescence of natural teeth, and uranium-bearing reagents used in chemistry laboratories (e.g. uranyl acetate, used in analytical chemistry and as a stain in electron microscopy ). Uranium (both depleted uranium and natural uranium) was widely used as a coloring matter for porcelain and glass in the 19th and early-to-mid-20th century. The practice was largely discontinued in the late 20th century. In 1999, concentrations of 10% depleted uranium were being used in "jaune no.17" a yellow enamel powder that was being produced in France by Cristallerie de Saint-Paul, a manufacturer of enamel pigments. The depleted uranium used in the powder was sold by Cogéma 's Pierrelatte facility. In February 2000, Cogema discontinued the sale of depleted uranium to producers of enamel and glass. [70]Trim weights in aircraft [ edit]Aircraft that contain depleted uranium trim weights for stabilizing wings and control surfaces (such as the Boeing 747–100) may contain between 400 and 1,500 kg of DU. This application is controversial because the DU might enter the environment if the aircraft crashes. The metal can also oxidize to a fine powder in a fire. Its use has been phased out in many newer aircraft. Boeing and Mc Donnell-Douglas discontinued using DU counterweights in the 1980s. Depleted uranium was released during the crash of El Al Flight 1862 on 4 October 1992, in which 152 kg was lost, but a case study concluded that there was no evidence to link depleted uranium from the plane to any health problems. [71] Counterweights manufactured with cadmium plating are considered non-hazardous while the plating is intact. [72]US NRC general license [ edit]US Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations at 10 CFR 40.25 establish a general license for the use of depleted uranium contained in industrial products or devices for mass-volume applications. This general license allows anyone to possess or use depleted uranium for authorized purposes. Generally, a registration form is required, along with a commitment to not abandon the material. Agreement states may have similar, or more stringent, regulations. Sailboat keel [ edit]Pen Duick VI, a boat designed by André Mauric ( fr) and used for racing, was equipped with a keel of depleted uranium. The benefit is that, due to the very high density of uranium, the keel could be thinner for a given weight, and so have less resistance than a normal keel. It was later replaced by a standard lead keel. [73]Sampling calorimeters for detectors in high-energy particle physics [ edit]Depleted uranium has been used in a number of sampling calorimeters (such as in the D0 [74] and ZEUS [75] detectors) in due to its high density and natural radioactivity. Health considerations [ edit]Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and numerous other systems can be affected by uranium exposure because, in addition to being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal, [7] although less toxic than other heavy metals, such as arsenic and mercury. [76] It is weakly radioactive but is 'persistently' so because of its long half-life. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry states that: "to be exposed to radiation from uranium, you have to eat, drink, or breathe it, or get it on your skin." [77] If DU particles do enter an individual, the type of danger presented—toxic vs. radiological—and the organ most likely to be affected depend on the solubility of the particles. [78]In military conflicts involving DU munitions, the major concern is inhalation of DU particles in aerosols arising from the impacts of DU-enhanced projectiles with their targets. [78] When depleted uranium munitions penetrate armor or burn, they create depleted uranium oxides in the form of dust that can be inhaled or contaminate wounds. The Institute of Nuclear Technology-Radiation Protection of Attiki, Greece, has noted that "the aerosol produced during impact and combustion of depleted uranium munitions can potentially contaminate wide areas around the impact sites or can be inhaled by civilians and military personnel". [9] The utilisation of DU in incendiary ammunition is controversial because of potential adverse health effects and its release into the environment. [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84]The U. S. Department of Defense claims that no human cancer of any type has been seen as a result of exposure to either natural or depleted uranium. [85] Militaries have long had risk-reduction procedures for their troops to follow, [86] and studies are in consistent agreement that veterans who used DU-enhanced munitions have not suffered, so far, from an increased risk of cancer (see the Gulf War and Balkans sections below). The effects of DU on civilian populations are, however, a topic of intense and ongoing controversy. As early as 1997, British Army doctors warned the Ministry of Defence that exposure to depleted uranium increased the risk of developing lung, lymph and brain cancer, and recommended a series of safety precautions. [87] According to a report issued summarizing the advice of the doctors, "Inhalation of insoluble uranium dioxide dust will lead to accumulation in the lungs with very slow clearance—if any. … Although chemical toxicity is low, there may be localised radiation damage of the lung leading to cancer." The report warns that "All personnel … should be aware that uranium dust inhalation carries a long-term risk … [the dust] has been shown to increase the risks of developing lung, lymph and brain cancers." [87] In 2003, the Royal Society called, again, for urgent attention to be paid to the possible health and environmental impact of depleted uranium, and added its backing to the United Nations Environment Programme 's call for a scientific assessment of sites struck with depleted uranium. [88] In early 2004, the UK Pensions Appeal Tribunal Service attributed birth defect claims from a February 1991 Gulf War combat veteran to depleted uranium poisoning. [89] [90] Also, a 2005 epidemiology review concluded: "In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU." [10] Studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents continue to suggest the possibility of leukemogenic, genetic, reproductive, and neurological effects from chronic exposure. [5]Chemical toxicity [ edit]The chemical toxicity of depleted uranium is identical to that of natural uranium and about a million times greater in vivo than DU's radiological hazard, [91] with the kidney considered to be the main target organ. [92] Health effects of DU are determined by factors such as the extent of exposure and whether it was internal or external. Three main pathways exist by which internalization of uranium may occur: inhalation, ingestion, and embedded fragments or shrapnel contamination. [93] Properties such as phase (e.g. particulate or gaseous), oxidation state (e.g. metallic or ceramic), and the solubility of uranium and its compounds influence their absorption, distribution, translocation, elimination and the resulting toxicity. For example, metallic uranium is less toxic compared to hexavalent uranium (VI) uranyl compounds such as uranium trioxide. [94] [95]Compilation of 2004 Review [7] Information Regarding Uranium Toxicity Body system Human studies Animal studies In vitro Renal Elevated levels of protein excretion, urinary catalase and diuresis Damage to Proximal convoluted tubules, necrotic cells cast from tubular epithelium, glomerular changes No studies Brain/CNS Decreased performance on neurocognitive tests Acute cholinergic toxicity; Dose-dependent accumulation in cortex, midbrain, and vermis; Electrophysiological changes in hippocampus No studies DNA Increased reports of cancers Increased urine mutagenicity and induction of tumors Binucleated cells with micronuclei, Inhibition of cell cycle kinetics and proliferation; Sister chromatid induction, tumorigenic phenotype Bone/muscle No studies Inhibition of periodontal bone formation; and alveolar wound healing No studies Reproductive Uranium miners have more first born female children Moderate to severe focal tubular atrophy; vacuolization of Leydig cells No studies Lungs/respiratory No adverse health effects reported Severe nasal congestion and hemorrhage, lung lesions and fibrosis, edema and swelling, lung cancer No studies Gastrointestinal Vomiting, diarrhea, albuminuria n/a n/a Liver No effects seen at exposure dose Fatty livers, focal necrosis No studies Skin No exposure assessment data available Swollen vacuolated epidermal cells, damage to hair follicles and sebaceous glands No studies Tissues surrounding embedded DU fragments Elevated uranium urine concentrations Elevated uranium urine concentrations, perturbations in biochemical and neuropsychological testing No studies Immune system Chronic fatigue, rash, ear and eye infections, hair and weight loss, cough. May be due to combined chemical exposure rather than DU alone No studies No studies Eyes No studies Conjunctivitis, irritation inflammation, edema, ulceration of conjunctival sacs No studies Blood No studies Decrease in RBC count and hemoglobin concentration No studies Cardiovascular Myocarditis resulting from the uranium ingestion, which ended 6 months after ingestion No effects No studies Uranium is pyrophoric when finely divided. [96] It will corrode under the influence of air and water producing insoluble uranium (IV) and soluble uranium (VI) salts. Soluble uranium salts are toxic. Uranium slowly accumulates in several organs, such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The World Health Organization has established a daily "tolerated intake" of soluble uranium salts for the general public of 0.5 µg/kg body weight, or 35 µg for a 70 kg adult. Epidemiological studies and toxicological tests on laboratory animals point to it as being immunotoxic, [97] teratogenic, [98] [99]neurotoxic, [100] with carcinogenic and leukemogenic potential. [101] A 2005 report by epidemiologists concluded: "the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU." [10]Early studies of depleted uranium aerosol exposure assumed that uranium combustion product particles would quickly settle out of the air [102] and thus could not affect populations more than a few kilometers from target areas, [103] and that such particles, if inhaled, would remain undissolved in the lung for a great length of time and thus could be detected in urine. [104] Violently burning uranium droplets produce a gaseous vapor comprising about half of the uranium in their original mass. [105]Uranyl ion contamination in uranium oxides has been detected in the residue of DU munitions fires. [106] [107]Approximately 90 micrograms of natural uranium, on average, exist in the human body as a result of normal intake of water, food and air. Most is in the skeleton. The biochemistry of depleted uranium is the same as natural uranium. Radiological hazards [ edit]The primary radiation danger from pure depleted uranium is due to alpha particles, which do not travel far through air, and do not penetrate clothing. However, in a matter of a month or so, a sample of pure depleted uranium will generate small amounts of thorium-234 and protactinium-234, which emit the more penetrating beta particles at almost the same rate as the uranium emits alpha rays. This is because uranium-238 decays directly to thorium-234, which with a half-life of 24 days decays to protactinium-234, which in turn decays in a matter of hours to the long-lived uranium-234. A quasi-steady state is therefore reached within a few multiples of 24 days. [108]Available evidence suggests that the radiation risk is small relative to the chemical hazard. [91]Surveying the veteran-related evidence pertaining to the Gulf War, a 2001 editorial in the BMJ concluded that it was not possible to justify claims of radiation-induced lung cancer and leukaemia in veterans of that conflict. [109] While agreeing with the editorial's conclusion, a reply noted that its finding in the negative was guaranteed, given that "global dose estimates or results of mathematical modelling are too inaccurate to be used as dose values for an individual veteran", and that, as of April 2001, no practical method of measuring the expected small doses that each individual veteran would receive had been suggested. [110] The author of the reply, a radiation scientist, went on to suggest a method that had been used several times before, including after the 1986 Chernobyl accident. [110] Despite the widespread use of DU in the Iraq War, at least a year after the conflict began, testing for UK troops was still only in the discussion phase. [111]The Royal Society DU Working Group concluded in 2002 that there were "very low" health risks associated with the use of depleted uranium, though also ventured that, " [i]n extreme conditions and under worst-case assumptions" lung and kidney damage could occur, and that in "worst-case scenarios high local levels of uranium could occur in food or water that could have adverse effects on the kidney". [112] In 2003, the Royal Society issued another urgent call to investigate the actual health and environmental impact of depleted uranium. [88] The same year, a cohort study of Gulf War veterans found no elevated risks of cancer generally, nor of any specific cancers in particular, though recommended follow up studies. [113]According to the World Health Organization, a radiation dose from it would be about 60% of that from purified natural uranium with the same mass; the radiological dangers are lower due to its longer half-life and the removal of the more radioactive isotopes. Gulf War syndrome and soldier complaints [ edit]Approximate area and major clashes in which DU bullets and rounds were used in the Gulf War Graph showing the rate per 1,000 births of congenital malformations observed at Basra University Hospital, Iraq [114]Main article: Gulf War syndrome Since 1991, the year the Gulf War ended, veterans and their families voiced concern about subsequent health problems. [115] In 1999, an assessment of the first 1,000 veterans involved in the Ministry of Defence 's Gulf War medical assessment programme found "no evidence" of a single illness, physical or mental, that would explain the pattern of symptoms observed in the group. [116] Nevertheless, in 1999, MEDACT petitioned for the WHO to conduct an investigation into illnesses in veterans and Iraqi civilians. [117] A major 2006 review of peer-reviewed literature by a US Institute of Medicine committee concluded that, " [b]ecause the symptoms vary greatly among individuals", they do not point to a syndrome unique to Gulf War veterans, though their report conceded that the lack of objective pre-deployment health data meant definitive conclusions were effectively impossible. [118] Simon Wessely praised the IOM's review, and noted that, despite its central conclusion that no novel syndrome existed, its other findings made it "equally clear that service in the Gulf war did aversely affect health in some personnel". [119] Aside from the lack of baseline data to guide analysis of the veterans' postwar health, because no detailed health screening was carried out when the veterans entered service, another major stumbling block with some studies, like the thousand-veteran one, is that the subjects are self-selected, rather than a random sample, making general conclusions impossible. [120]Increased rates of immune system disorders and other wide-ranging symptoms, including chronic pain, fatigue and memory loss, have been reported in over one quarter of combat veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. [121] Combustion products [122] from depleted uranium munitions are being considered [ needs update] as one of the potential causes by the Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, as DU was used in 30 mm and 25 mm cannon rounds on a large scale for the first time in the Gulf War. Veterans of the conflicts in the Persian Gulf, Bosnia and Kosovo have been found to have up to 14 times the usual level of chromosome abnormalities in their genes. [123] [124] Serum-soluble genotoxic teratogens produce congenital disorders, and in white blood cells causes immune system damage. [125]Human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in the offspring of persons exposed to DU. [10] A 2001 study of 15,000 February 1991 U. S. Gulf War combat veterans and 15,000 control veterans found that the Gulf War veterans were 1.8 (fathers) to 2.8 (mothers) times as likely to have children with birth defects. [126] After examination of children's medical records two years later, the birth defect rate increased by more than 20%: Dr. Kang found that male Gulf War veterans reported having infants with likely birth defects at twice the rate of non-veterans. Furthermore, female Gulf War veterans were almost three times more likely to report children with birth defects than their non-Gulf counterparts. The numbers changed somewhat with medical records verification. However, Dr. Kang and his colleagues concluded that the risk of birth defects in children of deployed male veterans still was about 2.2 times that of non-deployed veterans. [127]In early 2004, the UK Pensions Appeal Tribunal Service attributed birth defect claims from a February 1991 Gulf War combat veteran to depleted uranium poisoning. [128] [129] Looking at the risk of children of UK Gulf War veterans suffering genetic diseases such as congenital malformations, commonly called "birth defects", one study found that the overall risk of any malformation was 50% higher in Gulf War veterans as compared to other veterans. [130]Excerpt from a 1998 evaluation of environmental exposure to depleted uranium in the Persian Gulf by the US Department of Defense The U. S. Army has commissioned ongoing research into potential risks of depleted uranium and other projectile weapon materials like tungsten, which the U. S. Navy has used in place of DU since 1993. Studies by the U. S. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute conclude that moderate exposures to either depleted uranium or uranium present a significant toxicological threat. [131]In 2003, Professor Brian Spratt FRS, chairman of the Royal Society 's working group on depleted uranium, said: "The question of who carries out the initial monitoring and clean-up is a political rather than scientific question," and " the coalition needs to acknowledge that depleted uranium is a potential hazard and make in-roads into tackling it by being open about where and how much depleted uranium has been deployed." [39]A 2008 review of all relevant articles appearing in the peer-reviewed journals on MEDLINE through to the end of 2007, including multiple cohort studies of veterans, found no consistent evidence of excess risks of neoplasms that could have some link to DU, and that " [t]he overall incidence of cancers is not increased in the cohort studies of Gulf war and Balkans veterans". [132]Though a more comprehensive assessment is possible, a 2011 update on a cancer scare regarding Italian soldiers who had served in the Balkans found lower than expected incidence rates for all cancers, a finding "consistent with lacking evidence of an increased cancer incidence among troops of other countries deployed in the areas of Iraq, Bosnia, and Kosovo, where armour-penetrating depleted uranium shells have been used." [133]One particular subgroup of veterans that may be at higher risk comprises those who have internally retained fragments of DU from shrapnel wounds. A laboratory study on rats produced by the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute showed that, after a study period of 6 months, rats treated with depleted uranium coming from implanted pellets, comparable to the average levels in the urine of Desert Storm veterans with retained DU fragments, had developed a significant tendency to lose weight with respect to the control group. [134]Substantial amounts of uranium were accumulating in their brains and central nervous systems, and showed a significant reduction of neuronal activity in the hippocampus in response to external stimuli. The conclusions of the study show that brain damage from chronic uranium intoxication is possible at lower doses than previously thought. Results from computer-based neurocognitive tests performed in 1997 showed an association between uranium in the urine and "problematic performance on automated tests assessing performance efficiency and accuracy." [135]Iraqi population [ edit]Since 2001, medical personnel at the Basra hospital in southern Iraq have reported a sharp increase in the incidence of child leukemia and genetic malformation among babies born in the decade following the Gulf War. Iraqi doctors attributed these malformations to possible long-term effects of DU, an opinion that was echoed by several newspapers. [83] [136] [137] [138] In 2004, Iraq had the highest mortality rate due to leukemia of any country. [139] In 2003, the Royal Society called for Western militaries to disclose where and how much DU they had used in Iraq so that rigorous, and hopefully conclusive, studies could be undertaken out in affected areas. [140] The International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons (ICBUW) likewise urged that an epidemiological study be made in the Basra region, as asked for by Iraqi doctors, [141] but no peer-reviewed study has yet been undertaken in Basra. A medical survey, " Cancer, Infant Mortality and Birth Sex Ratio in Fallujah, Iraq 2005–2009" published in July 2010, states that the "…increases in cancer and birth defects …are alarmingly high" and that infant mortality 2009/2010 has reached 13.6%. The group compares the dramatic increase, five years after wartime exposure in 2004, with the lymphoma that Italian peacekeepers [142] developed after the Balkan wars and the increased cancer risk in certain parts of Sweden due to the Chernobyl fallout. The origin and time of introduction of the carcinogenic agent causing the genetic stress the group will address in a separate report. [143] The report mentions depleted uranium as one "potentially relevant exposure" but makes no conclusions on the source. Four studies in the second half of 2012—one of which described the people of Fallujah as having "the highest rate of genetic damage in any population ever studied"—renewed calls for the US and UK to investigate the possible links between their military assault on the city in 2004 and the explosion in deformities, cancers, and other serious health problems. [144] Despite the known use of depleted uranium by allied forces, no depleted uranium has been found in soil samples taken from Fallujah, [145] likely in part due to the fact of such particles being hard to detect as well as a lack of peer-reviewed research on the matter of irradiated soil content. [146]The Balkans [ edit]Sites in Kosovo and southern Central Serbia where NATO aviation used depleted uranium during the 1999 Kosovo War. In 2001, the World Health Organization reported that data from Kosovo was inconclusive and called for further studies. [147]A 2003 study by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Bosnia and Herzegovina stated that low levels of contaminant were found in drinking water and air particulate at DU penetrator impact points. The levels were stated as not a cause for alarm. Yet, Pekka Haavisto, chairman of the UNEP DU projects stated, "The findings of this study stress again the importance of appropriate clean-up and civil protection measures in a post-conflict situation." [148]A team of Italian scientists from the University of Siena reported in 2005 that, although DU was "clearly" added to the soil in the study area, "the phenomenon was very limited spatially and the total uranium concentrations fell within the natural range of the element in soils. Moreover, the absolute uranium concentrations indicate that there was no contamination of the earthworm species studied." [149]Contamination as a result of the Afghan War [ edit]The Canadian Uranium Medical Research Centre obtained urine samples from bombed civilian areas in Jalalabad that showed concentrations of 80–400 ng/L of undepleted uranium, far higher than the typical concentration in the British population of ≈5 ng/L. [150]Studies indicating negligible effects [ edit]Studies in 2005 and earlier have concluded that DU ammunition has no measurable detrimental health effects. A 1999 literature review conducted by the Rand Corporation stated: "No evidence is documented in the literature of cancer or any other negative health effect related to the radiation received from exposure to depleted or natural uranium, whether inhaled or ingested, even at very high doses," [151] and a RAND report authored by the U. S. Defense department undersecretary charged with evaluating DU hazards considered the debate to be more political than scientific. [152]A 2001 oncology study concluded that "the present scientific consensus is that DU exposure to humans, in locations where DU ammunition was deployed, is very unlikely to give rise to cancer induction ". [153] Former NATO Secretary General Lord Robertson stated in 2001 that "the existing medical consensus is clear. The hazard from depleted uranium is both very limited, and limited to very specific circumstances". [154]A 2002 study from the Australian defense ministry concluded that "there has been no established increase in mortality or morbidity in workers exposed to uranium in uranium processing industries... studies of Gulf War veterans show that, in those who have retained fragments of depleted uranium following combat related injury, it has been possible to detect elevated urinary uranium levels, but no kidney toxicity or other adverse health effects related to depleted uranium after a decade of follow-up." [155] Pier Roberto Danesi, then-director of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Seibersdorf +Laboratory, stated in 2002 that "There is a consensus now that DU does not represent a health threat". [156]The IAEA reported in 2003 that, "based on credible scientific evidence, there is no proven link between DU exposure and increases in human cancers or other significant health or environmental impacts," although "Like other heavy metals, DU is potentially poisonous. In sufficient amounts, if DU is ingested or inhaled it can be harmful because of its chemical toxicity. High concentration could cause kidney damage." The IAEA concluded that, while depleted uranium is a potential carcinogen, there is no evidence that it has been carcinogenic in humans. [157]A 2005 study by Sandia National Laboratories' Al Marshall used mathematical models to analyze potential health effects associated with accidental exposure to depleted uranium during the 1991 Gulf War. Marshall's study concluded that the reports of cancer risks from DU exposure are not supported by his analysis nor by veteran medical statistics. Marshall also examined possible genetic effects due to radiation from depleted uranium. [158] Chemical effects, including potential reproductive issues, associated with depleted uranium exposure were discussed in some detail in a subsequent journal paper. [159]Atmospheric contamination as a result of military actions [ edit]Elevated radiation levels consistent with very low level atmospheric depleted uranium contamination have been found in air samples taken by the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment at several monitoring sites in Britain. These elevated readings appear to coincide with Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan, and the Shock and Awe bombing campaign at the start of the Second Gulf War. [160] [161]Other contamination cases [ edit]On 4 October 1992, an El Al Boeing 747-F cargo aircraft ( Flight 1862) crashed into an apartment building in Amsterdam. Local residents and rescue workers complained of various unexplained health issues, which were being attributed to the release of hazardous materials during the crash and subsequent fires. Authorities conducted an epidemiological study in 2000 of those believed to be affected by the accident. The study concluded that there was no evidence to link depleted uranium (used as counterbalance weights on the elevators of the plane) to any of the reported health complaints. [71]Safety and environmental issues [ edit]About 95% of the depleted uranium produced until now is stored as uranium hexafluoride, (D)UF 6, in steel cylinders in open air yards close to enrichment plants. Each cylinder contains up to 12.7 tonnes (or 14 US tons) of UF 6. In the U. S. alone, 560,000 tonnes of depleted UF 6 had accumulated by 1993. In 2005, 686,500 tonnes in 57,122 storage cylinders were located near Portsmouth, Ohio, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky. [162] [163] The long-term storage of DUF 6 presents environmental, health, and safety risks because of its chemical instability. When UF 6 is exposed to moist air, it reacts with the water in the air and produces UO 2 F 2 (uranyl fluoride) and HF (hydrogen fluoride), both of which are highly soluble and toxic. Storage cylinders must be regularly inspected for signs of corrosion and leaks. The estimated lifetime of the steel cylinders is measured in decades. [164]There have been several accidents involving uranium hexafluoride in the United States. [165] The vulnerability of DUF 6 storage cylinders to terrorist attack is apparently not the subject of public reports. However, the U. S. government has been converting DUF 6 to solid uranium oxides for disposal. [166] Disposing of the whole DUF 6 inventory could cost anywhere from 15 to 450 million dollars. [167]DUF 6 cylinders: painted (left) and corroded (right)See also [ edit]CANDU reactor, commercial power reactors that can use unenriched uranium fuel Environmental impact of war Traveling wave reactor - a reactor that uses depleted uranium for fuel References [ edit]Notes [ edit]^ "Figure 1. DU penetrator from the A-10 30mm round". Web.archive.org. 2007-04-12. Archived from the original on 2007-04-12. Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ Mc Diarmid 2001, p. 123: "Depleted uranium possesses only 60% of the radioactivity of natural uranium, having been 'depleted' of much of its most highly radioactive U 234 and U 235 isotopes. "^ "UN Press Release UNEP/81: Uranium 236 found in depleted uranium penetrators". UN.^ a b "Properties and Characteristics of DU" U. S. Office of the Secretary of Defense^ a b c Miller & Mc Clain 2007.^ Pattison, Hugtenburg & Green 2010.^ a b c E. S. Craft; A. W. Abu-Qare; M. M. Flaherty; M. C. Garofolo; H. L. Rincavage; M. B. Abou-Donia (2004). "Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects" (PDF). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews. 7 (4): 297–317. doi: 10.1080/10937400490452714. PMID 15205046.^ Georgia State University. "Biological Half Lives".^ a b Mitsakou C., Eleftheriadis K., Housiadas C., Lazaridis M. Modeling of the dispersion of depleted uranium aerosol. 2003 Apr. Retrieved 15 January 2009.^ a b c d Hindin, R.; et al. (2005). "Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: A review from an epidemiological perspective". Environmental Health. 4 (1): 17. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-4-17. PMC 1242351. PMID 16124873.^ Peter Diehl (1999). "Depleted Uranium: A By-product of the Nuclear Chain". International Network of Engineers and Scientists Against Proliferation. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.^ Proceedings of American Nuclear Society 2013 Wilmington North Carolina. ANS American Nuclear Society. 2013. OCLC 864923078.^ Douglas Hamilton (25 January 2001). 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Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ "FAQ 22-What is going to happen to the uranium hexafluoride stored in the United States?". Web.ead.anl.gov. Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ "FAQ 27-Are there any currently-operating disposal facilities that can accept all of the depleted uranium oxide that would be generated from conversion of DOE's depleted UF6 inventory?". Web.ead.anl.gov. Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ "Depleted Uranium Inventories". Retrieved 26 February 2016.^ a b c Peacock, H. B. (March 1992). "Pyrophoricity of Uranium" (PDF). Westinghouse Savannah River Company. p. 2. Retrieved 3 May 2015.^ "Primer on Spontaneous Heating and Pyrophoricity" (PDF). United States Department of Energy. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.^ Mc Manners, Hugh, Gulf War One Real Voices From the Front Line, Ebury Publishing, 2010, ISBN 9780091935986 p91^ Fahey, D. (2003) "Science or Science Fiction? Facts, Myths and Propaganda In the Debate Over Depleted Uranium Weapons" Archived 1 June 2005 at the Wayback Machine ., Table 1 on p. 13^ Kalinich, J. F.; et al. (June 2005). "Embedded Weapons-Grade Tungsten Alloy Shrapnel Rapidly Induces Metastatic High-Grade Rhabdomyosarcomas in F344 Rats". Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 (6): 729–734. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7791. PMC 1257598. PMID 15929896. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009.^ a b "Depleted Uranium". Global Security.org. 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2016-07-24.^ The International Legality of the Use of Depleted Uranium Weapons: A Precautionary Approach, Avril Mc Donald, Jann K. Kleffner and Brigit Toebes, eds. (TMC Asser Press Fall-2003)^ a b "US fired depleted uranium at civilian areas in 2003 Iraq war, report finds". The Guardian. 19 June 2014.^ " ' Up to 15 tons of depleted uranium used in 1999 Serbia bombing' – lead lawyer in suit against NATO". RT.^ a b Paul Brown (25 April 2003). "Gulf troops face tests for cancer". theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 August 2013.^ ADVISORY OPINION 1996 July 8; General List No.95 (req: UNGA) Archived 22 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine .. Cornnet.nl. Retrieved 16 January 2011.^ http. //www.houstonprogressive.org. Retrieved 16 January 2011.^ Depleted Uranium UN Resolutions. Prop1.org. Retrieved 16 January 2011.^ International peace and security as an. Unhchr.ch. Retrieved 16 January 2011.^ "Opendocument Sub-Commission resolution 1997/36".^ "Human rights and weapons of mass destruction, or with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council. 27 June 2002. ( backup) "In its decision 2001/36 of 16 August 2001, the Sub-Commission, recalling its resolutions 1997/36 and 1997/37 of 28 August 1997, authorized Mr. Y. K. J. Yeung Sik Yuen to prepare, without financial implications, in the context of human rights and humanitarian norms, the working paper originally assigned to Ms. Forero Ucros. "^ Joe Sills et al Environmental Crimes in Military Actions and the International Criminal Court (ICC)-United Nations Perspectives (PDF) ( HTML) of American Council for the UN University, April 2002. Page 28 Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.^ [2] Archived 6 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine.^ Gibbons, O. T. (2004) "Uses and Effects of Depleted Uranium Munitions: Towards a Moratorium on Use", Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol.7, December 2004, pp 191-232 http://journals.cambridge.org/action/display Abstract?from Page=online&aid=671876^ "ICBUW's membership includes 85 groups in 22 countries worldwide". The International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2007.^ "Session Document: European Parliament resolution on the harmful effects of unexploded ordnance (landmines and cluster submunitions) and depleted uranium ammunition" (PDF). 10 February 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2007.^ "European Parliament Makes Fourth Call for DU Ban". The International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons. 22 November 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2007.^ "DU: Some NATO Countries Reject Moratorium". UN Wire. 11 January 2001. Retrieved 22 March 2007.^ "Depleteduranium – epetition reply". The Prime Minister's Office. 22 March 2007. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2007.^ a b United Nations General Assembly Session 62 Verbotim Report 61. A/62/PV.61 page 14. The Acting President 5 December 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.^ United Nations General Assembly Session 62 Verbotim Report 61. A/62/PV.61 page 25. Mr. De Klerk Netherlands 5 December 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.^ a b Staff. UN Secretary General Publishes Report on Uranium Weapons, ICBUW, 17 September 2008^ a b UN Department of Public Information: Effects of the use of Armaments and Ammunitions Containing Depleted Uranium (A/C.1/63/L.26) See draft XIV and also Annex XIII^ UK Uranium Weapons Network launched as Belgium becomes first country to ban depleted uranium weapons Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine .. Bandepleteduranium.org (2009-06-22). Retrieved 16 January 2011.^ "English translation of Belgian text banning uranium weapons and armour" (PDF). Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ "Belgian Senate votes to ban investments by Belgian financial institutions into uranium weapon manufacturers" (PDF). Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ "Resolución Latinoamericana de la Comision de Derechos Humanos, Justicia y Politicas Carcelarias: Prohibición de las armas de uranio" (PDF). Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ ICBUW. "Costa Rica bans depleted uranium weapons". Bandepleteduranium.org. Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ ICBUW. "Irish depleted uranium ban bill sails through Senate with cross party support". Bandepleteduranium.org. Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ "Oireachtas Web site: Prohibition of Depleted Uranium Weapons Bill 2009". Oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ "UNGA (2012) A/RES/67/36 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 3 December 2012, Effects of the use of armaments and ammunitions containing depleted uranium".^ "UNGA (2014) A/RES/69/57 Effects of the use of armaments and ammunitions containing depleted uranium".^ "ICBUW (2014) The politics behind the vote on 2014's UN depleted uranium resolution".^ "UNGA (2014) Effects of the use of armaments and ammunitions containing depleted uranium. Report of the Secretary-General".^ "The INC IR-100 Gamma Ray Camera". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.^ "Depleted Uranium found as Coloring Matter in Enamel (France)".^ a b Uijt de Haag P. A., Smetsers R. C., Witlox H. W. and Krus H. W. and Eisenga A. H. (2000). "Evaluating the risk from depleted uranium after the Boeing 747-258F crash in Amsterdam, 1992". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 76 (1): 39–58. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894 (00)00183-7. PMID 10863013.^ "Avoiding or Minimizing Encounters with Aircraft Equipped with Depleted Uranium Balance Weights during Accident Investigations".^ Volvo Ocean Race. "Roaring Forties, chapter 22: France's inspiration". Volvo Ocean Race. Retrieved 26 February 2016.^ An Experiment at D0 to Study anti-Proton - Proton Collisions at 2-Te V: Design Report.^ "The ZEUS detector: Status Report 1993".^ [3] Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.^ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1999). "Toxicological profile for uranium". Washington, DC, US Public Health Service.^ a b RSDUWG 2002a, p. 1. Briefly, inhaled and insoluble means that the DU particles will stick around in the lungs and attendant lymph nodes, presenting a radiological risk; highly soluble means those particles are off to the kidneys, where toxicity is the issue.^ Larry Johnson. "Iraqi cancers, birth defects blamed on U. S. depleted uranium." Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008.^ Alex Kirby (1999-06-07). "Depleted uranium: the lingering poison". BBC.^ J. J. Richardson (1999-06-23). "Depleted Uranium: The Invisible Threat". Mother Jones.^ John O'Callaghan (1999-07-30). "Panel says depleted uranium shells leave birth defects, death". Reuters News Service.^ a b Susan Taylor Martin (2003-05-25). "How harmful is depleted uranium?". St. Petersburg Times.^ Juan Gonzalez (29 September 2004). "The War's Littlest Victim". N. Y. Daily News. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007.^ Health Effects of Uranium. "Toxicological profile for uranium". Archived from the original on 23 November 2007.^ Zwijnenburg 2012.^ a b Norton-Taylor, Richard (11 January 2001). "Mo D knew shells were cancer risk". theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 August 2013.^ a b Moszynski 2003. The article quotes Professor Brian Spratt of the Royal Society's DU working group: "It is highly unsatisfactory to deploy a large amount of material that is weakly radioactive and chemically toxic without knowing how much soldiers and civilians have been exposed to. "^ Williams, M. (February 9, 2004) "First Award for Depleted Uranium Poisoning Claim," The Herald Online, (Edinburgh: Herald Newspapers, Ltd.)^ Campaign Against Depleted Uranium (Spring, 2004) "Mo D Forced to Pay Pension for DU Contamination," CADU News 17^ a b Miller et al. 2002.^ RSDUWG 2002a, p. 2.^ Livengood 1996, p. 3; RSDUWG 2002a, p. 19.^ «Gmelin Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie» 8th edition, English translation, Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. U-A7 (1982) pp. 300–322.^ Naomi H. Harley; Earnest C. Foulkes; Lee H. Hilborne; Arlene Hudson; C. Ross Anthony (1999). A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 7 – Depleted Uranium (PDF). Washington, DC: National Defense Research Institute, RAND. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-0-8330-2681-1. MR-1018/7-OSD. (an HTML copy of the text is also available, as part of Rostker, B. (2000) Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II) Environmental Exposure Reports Tech. Rep. No. 2000179-2 (Washington, DC: Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Department of Defense)), citing Army Environmental Policy Institute "Health and Environmental Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army," (Champaign, Illinois) and U. S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (1998) "Interim Summary, Total Uranium and Isotope Uranium Results" (Operation Southern Watch) CHPPM Project No. 47-EM-8111-98.^ US Dept. of Energy Handbook, "Primer on Spontaneous Heating and Pyrophoricity" Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ., Chapter "Uranium" Archived 7 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine.^ Wan B.; Fleming J.; Schultz T.; Sayler G. (2006). "In vitro immune toxicity of depleted uranium: effects on murine macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and gene expression profiles". Environmental Health Perspectives. 114 (1): 85–91. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8085. PMC 1332661. PMID 16393663.^ Arfsten D. P.; Still K. R.; Ritchie G. D. (2001). "A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development". Toxicology & Industrial Health. 17 (5–10): 180–91. doi: 10.1191/0748233701th111oa. PMID 12539863.^ Domingo J. L. (2001). "Reproductive and developmental toxicity of natural and depleted uranium: a review". Reproductive Toxicology. 15 (6): 603–9. doi: 10.1016/S0890-6238 (01)00181-2. PMID 11738513.^ Briner W.; Murray J. (2005). "Effects of short-term and long-term depleted uranium exposure on open-field behavior and brain lipid oxidation in rats". Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 27 (1): 135–44. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2004.09.001. PMID 15681127.^ A. C. Miller; D. Beltran; R. Rivas; M. Stewart; R. J. Merlot; P. B. Lison (June 2005). Radiation- and Depleted Uranium-Induced Carcinogenesis Studies: Characterization of the Carcinogenic Process and Development of Medical Countermeasures (PDF). CD 05-2. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute. NATO RTG-099 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2012.^ Rostker, B. (2000) "Research Report Summaries," Archived 14 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II) Environmental Exposure Report no. 2000179-2, Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Department of Defense.^ Mitsakou et al. 2003^ Horan, P.; Dietz, L.; Durakovic, A. (August 2002). "The quantitative analysis of depleted uranium isotopes in British, Canadian, and U. S. Gulf War veterans". Military medicine. 167 (8): 620–7. PMID 12188230.^ Carter, R. F.; Stewart, K. (1970). "On the oxide fume formed by the combustion of plutonium and uranium". Inhaled particles. 2: 819–38. PMID 5527739.^ Salbu, B.; Janssens, K.; Lind, O. C.; Proost, K.; Gijsels, L.; Danesi, P. R. (2005). "Oxidation states of uranium in depleted uranium particles from Kuwait". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 78 (2): 125–135. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.04.001. PMID 15511555.^ Rostker, B. (2000) "Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II)" Archived 12 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Environmental Exposure Reports Tech. Rep. No. 2000179-2 (Washington, DC: Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Department of Defense)^ The amounts of both thorium-234 and protactinium-234 after the first days and for millions of years thereafter will be approximately proportional to 1−2 −t / (24 days). See Kenneth S. Krane (1988). Introductory Nuclear Physics. ISBN 978-0-471-80553-3.^ Mc Diarmid 2001.^ a b Mould 2001. Mould's suggestion was electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry using tooth enamel. He also wrote that the US National Institute of Standards and Technology was able, using this method, to measure doses as low as 20 m Sv, and that, if it were asked to, the NIST would be able to get involved, meaning at least one centre could help undertake a screening programme for veterans.^ Greenberg et al. 2004, which found that perhaps a quarter of all UK troops would have been interested in undergoing DU-related monitoring, although "the desire for DU screening is more closely linked to current health status rather than plausible exposure to DU. "Confusingly, Moszynski 2003 reports that "testing is now available to all troops that served in Iraq", and does not say if this is testing à la Mould.^ The study is mentioned by Patel 2006. According to Patel, " [t]he majority evidence and expert opinion on the lack of a clear association between depleted uranium are quite consistent". Similarly, Murphy, Greenberg & Bland 2009: " [T]here is now a large body of evidence to suggest that, whatever the cause of the ill‐health experienced by Gulf War veterans, neither DU nor vaccinations are likely to have caused them. "The Working Group study he mentions is Royal Society DU Working Group 2002b, which is a summary of the second part of the Working Group's look at the health effects of DU: Part 1: RSDUWG 2001; Part 2: RSDUWG 2002a.^ Macfarlane et al. 2003: "There is no current excess risk of cancer overall nor of site specific cancers in Gulf war veterans. Specific exposures during deployment have not resulted in a subsequent increased risk of cancer. The long latent period for cancer, however, necessitates the continued follow up of these cohorts. "^ I. Al-Sadoon, et al., writing in the Medical Journal of Basrah University, (see Table 1 here) Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine .. This version from data by same author (s) in Wilcock, A. R., ed. (2004) "Uranium in the Wind" (Ontario: Pandora Press) ISBN 0-9736153-2-X^ Murphy 1999.^ Coker et al. 1999: "As the veterans assessed by the programme were all self selected, the prevalence of illness in Gulf war veterans cannot be determined from this study. Furthermore, it is not known whether the veterans in this study were representative of sick veterans as a group." To recapitulate using Murphy 1999: " [T]hough Gulf War veterans' illnesses are real and sometimes disabling, they do not seem to constitute a unique illness. "^ Stott & Holdstock 1999.^ Charatan 2006. The quote is of Lynn Goldman, who chaired the IOM committee that carried out the review. Iversen, Chalder & Wessely 2007 notes that "despite clear evidence of an increase in symptom burden and a decrease in well being" among Gulf War veterans, "exhaustive clinical and laboratory based scientific research has failed to document many reproducible biomedical abnormalities in this group. Likewise, there has been no evidence of an increase in disease related mortality".^ Charatan 2006. The quote is of Wessely himself.^ Coker et al. 1999; Murphy 1999.^ U. S. Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses (2004) "Scientific Progress in Understanding Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses: Report and Recommendations"^ Murphy, Greenberg & Bland 2009: "Metallic DU is weakly radioactive and therefore contact with unbroken skin is an extremely low risk to health. However, when a DU round strikes an armoured target, it undergoes spontaneous partial combustion resulting in a fine aerosol of largely insoluble uranium oxides. Presence of this aerosol elevates the risk of potentially chemotoxic or radiotoxic exposure via inhalation or ingestion".^ Fleming, N.; Townsend, M. (11 August 2002). "Gulf veteran babies 'risk deformities ' ". The Observer. London. Retrieved 29 August 2013.^ Arfsten D. P.; Still K. R.; Ritchie G. D. (2001). "A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development". Toxicology and Industrial Health. 17 (5–10): 180–191. doi: 10.1191/0748233701th111oa. PMID 12539863.^ Schröder H.; Heimers A.; Frentzel-Beyme R.; Schott A.; Hoffman W. (2003). "Chromosome Aberration Analysis in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Gulf War and Balkans War Veterans" (PDF). Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 103 (3): 211–219. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006135. PMID 12678382. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2014.^ Kang, H.; et al. (2001). "Pregnancy Outcomes Among U. S. Gulf War Veterans: A Population-Based Survey of 30,000 Veterans". Annals of Epidemiology. 11 (7): 504–511. doi: 10.1016/S1047-2797 (01)00245-9. PMID 11557183.^ Department of Veterans Affairs (2003). "Q's & A's – New Information Regarding Birth Defects" (PDF). Gulf War Review. 12 (1): 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-29.^ "Gulf soldier wins pension fight". BBC News. 2004-02-02.^ Ian Sample; Nic Fleming (17 April 2003). "When the dust settleslink". London: theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 August 2013.^ Doyle et al. 2004^ D. E. Mc Clain; A. C. Miller; J. F. Kalinich (June 2005). Status of Health Concerns about Military Use of Depleted Uranium and Surrogate Metals in Armor-Penetrating Munitions (PDF). CD 05-2. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2012.^ Lagorio, Grande & Martina 2008.^ Peragallo et al. 2011: " [T]he excess of reported cases for this malignancy [lymphoma] in 2001–2002 was probably due to a peak that occurred in 2000 among the whole military; it is therefore unrelated to deployment in the Balkans, and probably represents a chance event. "^ T. C. Pellmar; J. B. Hogan; K. A. Benson; M. R. Landauer (February 1998). Toxicological Evaluation of Depleted Uranium in Rats: Six Month Evaluation Point (PDF). Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute. AFRRI Special Publication 98-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2012.^ Bordujenko, A. (September 2002). "Military medical aspects of depleted uranium munitions" (PDF). ADF Health. Australian Defence Forces. 3.^ Elizabeth Neuffer Iraqis Trace Surge in Cancer to US Bombings Archived 2 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Boston Globe January 26, 2003, Page: A11 Section: National/Foreign^ Larry Johnson Iraqi cancers, birth defects blamed on U. S. depleted uranium Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Seattle Post-Intelligencer November 12, 2002. Retrieved 25 January 2009.^ Ron Mc Kay (14 January 2001). "Depleted Uranium: The Horrific Legacy of Basra". Sunday Herald. Scotland. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.^ "WHO Data, 2004". Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ Moszynski 2003.^ Support the Basra Epidemiological Study, International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons^ Mantelero_Depleted uranium legal aspects (Italy)2009-2011 7-05-2011^ Cancer, Infant Mortality and Birth Sex-Ratio in Fallujah, Iraq, 2005–2009, By Chris Busby, Malak Hamdan and Enteser Ariabi, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health July 2010, ISSN 1660-4601. Article is also here [4].^ Caputi, Ross (25 October 2012). "The victims of Fallujah's health crisis are stifled by western silence". theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 August 2013.^ Fathi et al. 2013^ Fisk, Robert (26 April 2012). "Robert Fisk: The Children of Fallujah - families fight back". independent.co.uk/. Retrieved 29 February 2016.^ Report of the WHO's Depleted Uranium Mission to Kosovo (pdf 123kb) January 22–31, 2001^ Low-level DU contamination found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNEP calls for precaution United Nations Environment Programme, 25 March 2003. Retrieved 25 January 2009.^ Di Lella et al. 2005^ Durakovic, A. (2005). "The Quantitative Analysis of Uranium Isotopes in the Urine of the Civilian Population of Eastern Afghanistan after Operation Enduring Freedom". Military Medicine. 170 (4): 277–284.^ " " A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses," Rand Report, 1999".^ Bernard D. Rostker Depleted Uranium, A Case Study of Good and Evil. RAND Corporation^ James P. Mc Laughin; Michael P. R. Waligorski (2001). "Depleted Uranium – A Health, Environmental or Societal Issue?" (PDF). Archive of Oncology. 9 (4): 213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012.^ "NATO Press Conference on Depleted Uranium". Nato.int. Retrieved 4 September 2013.^ Military medical aspects of depleted uranium munitions Archived 19 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.^ Richard Stone (2002-09-13). "Environmental Radioactivity: New Findings Allay Concerns Over Depleted Uranium". Science. Science Magazine. 297: 1801. doi: 10.1126/science.297.5588.1801.^ "IAEA Depleted Uranium Factsheet". Archived from the original on 18 March 2010.^ An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ., Albert C. Marshall, Sandia National Laboratories^ Marshall, A. C. Gulf war depleted uranium risks Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 18, 95–108 (January 2008) \| doi: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500551^ [5] Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.^ C. Busby and S. Morgan, 2006, Did the Use of Uranium Weapons in Gulf War 2 Result in Contamination of Europe? Evidence from the Measurements of the Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Aberystwyth, Green Audit.^ "FAQ 16-How much depleted uranium hexafluoride is stored in the United States?". Web.ead.anl.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2013.^ "Documents". Web.ead.anl.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2013.^ "» Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship (Vol. 5, No. 2)". Retrieved 26 February 2016.^ "FAQ 30-Have there been accidents involving uranium hexafluoride?". Web.ead.anl.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2013.^ "FAQ 22-What is going to happen to the uranium hexafluoride stored in the United States?". Web.ead.anl.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2013.^ "FAQ 27-Are there any currently-operating disposal facilities that can accept all of the depleted uranium oxide that would be generated from conversion of DOE's depleted UF6 inventory?". Web.ead.anl.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2013. Bibliography [ edit]Al-Sabbak, M.; Sadik Ali, S.; Savabi, O.; Savabi, G.; Dastgiri, S.; Savabieasfahani, M. (2012). "Metal Contamination and the Epidemic of Congenital Birth Defects in Iraqi Cities" (PDF). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 89 (5): 937–944. doi: 10.1007/s00128-012-0817-2. PMC 3464374. PMID 22983726. Brown, Mark (2006). "Toxicological assessments of Gulf War veterans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 361: 649–679. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1825. JSTOR 20209668. PMC 1569627. PMID 16687269. Charatan, Fred (2006). "Gulf war symptoms do not constitute a syndrome". BMJ. 333: 618. doi: 10.1136/bmj.333.7569.618-b. JSTOR 40700302. Coker, W. J.; Bhatt, B. M.; Blatchley, N. F.; Graham, J. T. (1999). "Clinical findings for the first 1000 Gulf war veterans in the Ministry of Defence's medical assessment programme". BMJ. 318: 290–294. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7179.290. JSTOR 25181700. Di Lella, L. A.; Nannoni, F.; Protano, G.; Riccobono, F. (2005). "Uranium contents and atom ratios in soil and earthworms in western Kosovo after the 1999 war". Science of the Total Environment. 337 (1–3): 109–118. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.07.001. Dorsey, Carrie D.; Engelhardt, Susan M.; Squibb, Katherine S.; Mc Diarmid, Melissa A. (2009). "Biological Monitoring for Depleted Uranium Exposure in U. S. Veterans". Environmental Health Perspectives. 117 (6): 953–956. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0800413. JSTOR 25549605. PMC 2702412. PMID 19590689. Doyle, P.; Mac Onochie, N.; Davies, G.; Mac Onochie, I.; Pelerin, M.; Prior, S.; Lewis, S. (2004). "Miscarriage, stillbirth and congenital malformation in the offspring of UK veterans of the first Gulf war". International Journal of Epidemiology. 33 (1): 74–86. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyh049. PMID 15075150. Fathi, R. A.; Matti, L. Y.; Al-Salih, H. S.; Godbold, D. (2013). "Environmental pollution by depleted uranium in Iraq with special reference to Mosul and possible effects on cancer and birth defect rates". Medicine, Conflict and Survival. 29 (1): 7–25. doi: 10.1080/13623699.2013.765173. Greenberg, Neil; Iversen, Amy C.; Unwin, Catherin; Hull, L.; Wessely, S. (2004). "Screening for depleted uranium in the United Kingdom armed forces: who wants it and why?". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 58: 558–561. doi: 10.1136/jech.2003.014142. Iversen, Amy; Chalder, Trudie; Wessely, Simon (2007). "Gulf War Illness: Lessons from medically unexplained symptoms". Clinical Psychology Review. 27 (7): 842–854. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.006. PMID 17707114. Lagorio, S.; Grande, E.; Martina, L. (2008). "Review of epidemiological studies of cancer risk among Gulf War and Balkans veterans". Epidemiologia e Prevenzione. 32 (3, number 3): 145–155. PMID 18828552. Livengood, David R. (1996). "Introduction to the Problem". In David R. Livengood,. Health Effects of Embedded Depleted Uranium Fragments (PDF). Bethesda, Maryland: Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute. pp. 3–6. Macfarlane, Gary J.; Biggs, Anne-Marie; Maconochie, Noreen; Hotopf, Matthew; Doyle, Patricia; Lunt, Mark (2003). "Incidence of cancer among UK Gulf War veterans: cohort study". BMJ. 327: 1373–1375. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7428.1373. JSTOR 25458017. Mc Diarmid, Melissa A. (2001). "Depleted uranium and public health: Fifty years' study of occupational exposure provides little evidence of cancer". BMJ. 322: 123–124. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7279.123. JSTOR 25466001. PMC 1119402. PMID 11159557. Miller, A. C.; Mc Clain, D. (2007). "A Review of Depleted Uranium Biological Effects: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies". Reviews on Environmental Health. 22 (1): 75–89. doi: 10.1515/REVEH.2007.22.1.75. PMID 17508699. Miller, A. C.; Stewart, M.; Brooks, K.; Shi, L.; Page, N. (2002). "Depleted uranium-catalyzed oxidative DNA damage: absence of significant alpha particle decay". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 91 (1): 246–252. doi: 10.1016/S0162-0134 (02)00391-4. PMID 12121782. Mitsakou, C.; Eleftheriadis, K.; Housiadas, C.; Lazaridis, M. (2003). "Modeling of the dispersion of depleted uranium aerosol". Health Physics. 84 (4): 538–544. doi: 10.1097/00004032-200304000-00014. PMID 12705453. Moszynski, Peter (2003). "Royal Society warns of risks from depleted uranium". BMJ. 326: 952. doi: 10.1136/bmj.326.7396.952. JSTOR 25454350. PMC 1125878. PMID 12727744. Mould, Richard F. (2001). "Radiation dose from depleted uranium can now be measured". BMJ. 322: 865–866. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7290.865/a. JSTOR 25466697. Murphy, Frances M. (1999). "Gulf war syndrome: There may be no specific syndrome, but troops suffer after most wars". BMJ. 318: 274–275. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7179.274. JSTOR 25181681. Murphy, Dominic; Greenberg, Neil; Bland, Duncan (2009). "Health concerns in UK Armed Forces personnel". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 102 (4): 143–147. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2009.080387. Patel, Amit (2006). "No strong link between depleted uranium and cancer". BMJ. 333: 971. doi: 10.1136/bmj.333.7575.971-b. JSTOR 40700763. PMC 1633807. PMID 17082557. Pattison, John E.; Hugtenburg, Richard P.; Green, Stuart (2010). "Enhancement of Natural Background Gamma-radiation Dose around Uranium Micro-particles in the Human Body". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 7 (45): 603–611. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0300. Peragallo, M. S.; Urbano, F.; Sarnicola, G.; Lista, F.; Vecchione, A. (2011). "Cancer incidence in the military: an update". Epidemiologia e Prevenzione. 35 (5-6, number 5–6): 339–345. PMID 22166781. Royal Society Working Group on the health hazards of depleted uranium munitions (2001). "The health hazards of depleted uranium munitions: Part I". London: The Royal Society.——— (2002a). "The health hazards of depleted uranium munitions: Part II". London: The Royal Society.——— (2002b). "The health effects of depleted uranium munitions: a summary". Journal of Radiological Protection. 22 (2): 131–139. Bibcode: 2002JRP....22..131T. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/22/2/301. Squibb, Katherine S.; Mc Diarmid, Melissa A. (2006). "Depleted uranium exposure and health effects in Gulf War veterans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 361: 639–648. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1823. JSTOR 20209667. PMC 1569622. PMID 16687268. Stott, Robin; Holdstock, Douglas (1999). "WHO should undertake full inquiry into Gulf war illness". BMJ. 318: 1422. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7195.1422a. JSTOR 25184732. Zwijnenburg, Wim (2012). Hazard Aware: Lessons learned from military field manuals on depleted uranium and how to move forward for civilian protection norms (PDF). Utrecht: IKV Pax Christi. ISBN 978-9-070-44327-6. External links [ edit]Look up depleted uranium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Depleted uranium. Scientific bodies US Health Physics Society United Nations"Human rights and weapons of mass destruction, or with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering" (The UN 2002 report)Depleted Uranium and the IAEAScientific reports ATSDR – Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM): Uranium Toxicity U. S. Department of Health and Human Services"Depleted Uranium in Bosnia and Herzegovina – Postconflict Assessment" by UN Environment Programme"Radiological Conditions in Areas of Kuwait With Residues of Depleted Uranium" by International Atomic Energy Agency"Technical Report on Capacity-building for the Assessment of Depleted Uranium in Iraq" by UN Environment Programme"A Review of the Scientific Literature As It Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses" by RANDDepleted Uranium article from the Royal Society An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study by Sandia National Laboratories Depleted Uranium Human Health Fact Sheet by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Assessment Division Depleted uranium (DU) normative value pilot study: levels of uranium in urine samples from the general population by AD Jones, BG Miller S Walker, J Anderson, AP Colvin, PA Hutchison, CA Soutar. IOM Research Report TM/05/03A normative study of levels of uranium in the urine of personnel in the British Forces by BG Miller, AP Colvin, PA Hutchison, H Tait, S Dempsey, D Lewis, CA Soutar. IOM Research Report TM/05/08Opinion on the environmental and health risks posed by depleted uranium by the Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) [ show]v t e Nuclear technology Categories: Aftermath of war Depleted uranium Nuclear materials Vehicle armour Medical controversies Element toxicology Environmental impact of war Suspected teratogens Uranium
D3515715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_syringe	Gas syringe	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A gas syringe showing its components separated and assembled A gas syringe is a piece of laboratory glassware used to insert or withdraw a volume of a gas from a closed system, or to measure the volume of gas evolved from a chemical reaction. [1] A gas syringe can also be used to measure and dispense liquids, especially where these liquids need to be kept free from air. [2]A gas syringe has an inner syringe chamber which has a ground glass surface. The syringe barrel also has a ground glass surface. The ground surface of the barrel moves freely within the ground glass surface of the syringe chamber with very little friction. The close mating of these ground glass surfaces also gives a reasonably gas-tight seal. [3] Like a ground glass stopcock, the two parts of a gas syringe should preferably not be interchanged with another gas syringe of the same volume, unless told otherwise by the distributor. [3] Gas syringes come in various sizes from 500 ml to 0.25 ml and tend to be accurate to between 0.01 and 1 ml, depending on the size of the syringe. [4]Gas Syringe use [ edit]A gas syringe can be used to measure gaseous products from a reaction. [1]When using a gas syringe to measure gases it is important to keep the syringe free from liquids. As gases can dissolve in liquids, especially under any resulting pressure, this may result in inaccurate measurements ( Henry's law ). [5]The amount of gas in moles formed in a reaction can be measured by measuring the volume of gas evolved at standard (or known) pressure conditions ( gas law, PV=n RT). [1]Accordingly, it is important that the syringe barrel should move freely within the syringe chamber, if one assumes that the measured gas is at standard temperature and pressure. Any friction would result in a pressure build-up in the syringe and would lead to an inaccurate measurement, that is, a lower amount of gas would be determined, than really obtained. [6]Liquid use [ edit]Glass syringes are also conveniently used to measure and dispense solvents and other liquids. They are often used in air-free techniques to take solvents after they have been purified in stills, or from containers sealed with septa, to prevent gas entering the solution. They can also be use for transportation of substances that react spontaneously with air (pyrophoric reagents). [7]Liquids drawn up into a gas syringes can optionally be sparged with inert gas before dispensing into a reaction vessel such as a Schlenk flask. This is done by drawing the liquid into the syringe via a needle, inserting the needle into the septum sealing a flask under a positive pressure of an inert gas, removing the glass plunger, and allowing the gas to bubble through the liquid in the syringe for several minutes. The glass plunger is then re-inserted and the liquid is added to the reaction flask. [2] Other techniques such as cannulation can also be used to transfer liquids instead. [ show]v t e Laboratory equipment References [ edit]^ a b c Mattson, Bruce. Microscale Gas Chemistry: Determination of the Molar Mass of Gas. Microscale Gas Chemistry. Bruce Mattson, 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. < http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~micschem/emanual/Expt%205-Molar_Volume%20final-english.pdf >.^ a b UCLA, comp. Procedures for Safe Use of Pyrophoric Liquid Reagents. Procedures for Safe Use of Pyrophoric Liquid Reagents. UCLA Chemistry & Biochemistry, Sept. 2009. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. < http://www.chemistry.ucla.edu/file-storage/publicview/pdfs/SOPLiquid Reagents.pdf >.^ a b VICI. "Pressure Lok® Glass Syringe Features." Valco Instruments Company Incorporated. Valco Instruments Company Incorporated, Jan. 2011. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. < http://www.vici.com/syr/pres_lok.php >.^ Valco. "Gas/Liquid Syringes." Valco Instruments Company Incorporated. Valco Instruments Corporation In., Jan. 2011. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. < http://www.vici.com/syr/gasfeatures.php >.^ Plambeck, James A. "Introductory University Chemistry I. Henry's Law and the Solubility of Gases." D. W. Brooks Site. James A. Plambeck, 03 Nov. 1995. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. < http://dwb.unl.edu/teacher/nsf/c09/c09links/www.chem.ualberta.ca/courses/plambeck/p101/p01182.htm >.^ Schmid, H. P. "Pressure and Gas Laws." Indiana University. Indiana University, 18 Sept. 1997. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. < http://www.indiana.edu/~geog109/topics/10_Forces >.^ Norton, Jack. "The Safe Use of Pyrophoric Reagents." Pyrophoric Reagents. Columbia University, May 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. < http://ehs.columbia.edu/pyrophorics.pdf >. Categories: Laboratory glassware
D1072980	http://physics.clas.wayne.edu/why/PhysicsSalaries.php	Starting Salaries in Physics	Starting Salaries in Physics Physics Majors Pull In High Starting Salaries Students with a bachelor’s degree in physics make a good living!Physics graduates receive some of the top starting salaries after graduating from college. A survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers of starting salaries offered by campus recruiters shows that students graduating with a bachelors in physics can make up to $64,000 per year when starting right out of school. More commonly, the survey found that physics graduates can expect a starting salary between $46,000 and $58,000 per year. This generally exceeds the starting salaries of graduates in most other science fields. The mean starting salary for a physicist is higher that of graduates who majored in chemistry, psychology or biology. Graduates with physics degrees also tend to outpace other fields outside of the sciences, including those graduating with degrees in marketing, accounting and even finance. A larger version of this graph is available at the AIP website. Find more statistical data about physics graduates on the website of the American Physical Society.
D1479561	https://www.milliondollarjourney.com/rrsp-deadline-march-1.htm	RRSP Deadline & Contribution Limit 2017/2018	RRSP Deadline & Contribution Limit 2017/2018by FT on September 1, 2017RRSP Deadline/Contribution Limit For those of you coming here through Google search looking for the RRSP deadline for tax year 2017, the deadline is: March 1, 2018 . Basically 60 days into the new year. There is an abundance of choice out there for RRSP accounts, but here is a review of the best online brokers for RRSPs . If you’re not sure if RRSPs are right for you, check out my article on “ Who Should Contribute to an RRSP? “. Also note that your RRSP contribution limit should be on last years Notice of Assessment (NOA) or 18% of your last years earned income up to a maximum contribution of $26,010 (for 2017 tax year). If you don’t have your NOA, then you can call Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and they will determine your limit after a bunch of security questions. CRA also has a free online service that enables you to access your RRSP contribution limit information online. Remember that unused contribution room from previous years can be carried forward. Here are the RRSP contribution limits for other tax years:2014 – $24,2702015 – $24,9302016 – $25,3702017 – $26,010If you want to calculate your tax savings based on your RRSP contribution, here is what you do: Determine your marginal tax rate based on your income and province. For me personally, my marginal tax rate is: 39.3% (try taxtips for your tax rate)Multiply your total contribution for the year by your marginal tax rate and voila, you will have your approximate RRSP tax refund. Example: In 2014, I contributed around $6,000 to my RRSP, so I should get approximately: $6,000 x 39.3% = $2,358Or, you can forget the math and use an RRSP calculator that is easily found online. Before you go running to the bank, remember, you don’t have to rush into an investment immediately. You can simply deposit money into your RRSP account, park it in a money market fund, then decide which investments to go with later. Now.. run to the bank. :)Also note that you can carry forward your tax deduction, so even if you are in a low income year, you can invest now and claim the deduction during years when income is higher. For those who have contributed to your RRSP, but don’t have enough to maximize, check out my RRSP loan strategy. Basically borrow enough so that your tax refund can pay off the loan balance. One strategy is to use a 12 months 0% interest credit card to fund the RRSP loan, then use the tax refund to pay back the credit card. You might also be interested in the articles: Who Should Contribute to an RRSP? RRSP vs. Mortgage How Spousal RRSPs Work How the RRSP Home Buyers Plan (HBP) Works TFSA vs RRSPIf you would like to read more articles like this, you can sign up for my free newsletter service below (we will not spam you). MDJ Wealth Building Newsletter ( We respect your privacy and you can unsubscribe at any time)Name Email Million Dollar Journey.com \| PO Box 21428 St. John's NL A1A 5G6\| newsletter [at]milliondollarjourney [dot]com Related Posts: Financial Checklist to Start the Year (2016)How SPOUSAL RRSPs Work New TFSA Contribution Limit for 20157 Smart Ways to Spend your Tax Refund How Much TFSA Contribution Room Do I Have? Tweet Share 13 +1 Pin Share13About the author: FT is the founder and editor of Million Dollar Journey (est. 2006). Through various financial strategies outlined on this site, he grew his net worth from $200,000 in 2006 to $1,000,000 by 2014. You can read more about him here . Top Credit Card Bonuses This Month:$100 gift card, no annual fee, and 3% cash back at Loblaws!Best AIR MILES M/C, 3,000 Mile Bonus, plus first year free. NEW AMEX 5x Points on Groceries/Restaurants + 40k Bonus Points (worth up to $700).-> Free Tool to Compare 154 Canadian Credit Cards in Minutes!
D1192398	https://www2.ed.gov/pubs/OR/ConsumerGuides/perfasse.html	A r c h i v e d I n f o r m a t i o n	A r c h i v e d I n f o r m a t i o n Number 2September 1993Performance Assessment WHAT IS IT? Performance assessment, also known as alternative or authentic assessment, is a form of testing that requires students to perform a task rather than select an answer from a ready-made list. For example, a student may be asked to explain historical events, generate scientific hypotheses, solve math problems, converse in a foreign language, or conduct research on an assigned topic. Experienced raters--either teachers or other trained staff--then judge the quality of the student's work based on an agreed-upon set of criteria. This new form of assessment is most widely used to directly assess writing ability based on text produced by students under test instructions. HOW DOES IT WORK? Following are some methods that have been used successfully to assess performance: Open-ended or extended response exercises are questions or other prompts that require students to explore a topic orally or in writing. Students might be asked to describe their observations from a science experiment, or present arguments an historic character would make concerning a particular proposition. For example, what would Abraham Lincoln argue about the causes of the Civil War? Extended tasks are assignments that require sustained attention in a single work area and are carried out over several hours or longer. Such tasks could include drafting, reviewing, and revising a poem; conducting and explaining the results of a science experiment on photosynthesis; or even painting a car in auto shop. Portfolios are selected collections of a variety of performance-based work. A portfolio might include a student's "best pieces" and the student's evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of several pieces. The portfolio may also contain some "works in progress" that illustrate the improvements the student has made over time. These methods, like all types of performance assessments, require that students actively develop their approaches to the task under defined conditions, knowing that their work will be evaluated according to agreed-upon standards. This requirement distinguishes performance assessment from other forms of testing. WHY TRY IT? Because they require students to actively demonstrate what they know, performance assessments may be a more valid indicator of students' knowledge and abilities. There is a big difference between answering multiple choice questions on how to make an oral presentation and actually making an oral presentation. More important, performance assessment can provide impetus for improving instruction, and increase students' understanding of what they need to know and be able to do. In preparing their students to work on a performance task, teachers describe what the task entails and the standards that will be used to evaluate performance. This requires a careful description of the elements of good performance, and allows students to judge their own work as they proceed. WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH SAY? Active learning. Research suggests that learning how and where information can be applied should be a central part of all curricular areas. Also, students exhibit greater interest and levels of learning when they are required to organize facts around major concepts and actively construct their own understanding of the concepts in a rich variety of contexts. Performance assessment requires students to structure and apply information, and thereby helps to engage students in this type of learning. Curriculum-based testing. Performance assessments should be based on the curriculum rather than constructed by someone unfamiliar with the particular state, district or school curriculum. This allows the curriculum to "drive" the test, rather than be encumbered by testing requirements that disrupt instruction, as is often the case. Research shows that most teachers shape their teaching in a variety of ways to meet the requirements of tests. Primarily because of this impact of testing on instruction, many practitioners favor test reform and the new performance assessments. Worthwhile tasks. Performance tasks should be "worth teaching to"; that is, the tasks need to present interesting possibilities for applying an array of curriculum-related knowledge and skills. The best performance tasks are inherently instructional, actively engaging students in worthwhile learning activities. Students may be encouraged by them to search out additional information or try different approaches, and in some situations, to work in teams. WHAT DOES IT COST? These positive features of performance assessment come at a price. Performance assessment requires a greater expense of time, planning and thought from students and teachers. One teacher reports, "We can't just march through the curriculum anymore. It's hard. I spend more time planning and more time coaching. At first, my students just wanted to be told what to do. I had to help them to start thinking. "Users also need to pay close attention to technical and equity issues to ensure that the assessments are fair to all students. This is all the more important as there has been very little research and development on performance assessment in the environment of a high stakes accountability system, where administrative and resource decisions are affected by measures of student performance. What are examples of successful strategies and programs? Charlotte Haguchi is a third- and fourth-grade teacher at Farmdale Elementary School in Los Angeles. Regarding assessment and instruction as inseparable aspects of teaching, Ms. Haguchi uses a wide array of assessment strategies to determine how well her students are doing and to make instructional decisions. She uses systematic rating procedures, keeps records of student performances on tasks, and actively involves students in keeping journals and evaluating their own work. Ms. Haguchi can be seen in action along with other experts and practitioners in the videotape Alternatives for Measuring Performance by NCREL and CRESST. (See Jeri Nowakowski and Ron Dietel, below. )William Symons is the superintendent of Alcoa City Schools in Alcoa, Tennessee. Seeking higher, more meaningful student standards through curriculum reform, Dr. Symons works with school staff and the community to create a new curriculum focused on standards and an assessment linked to the curriculum. Comments and advice from Dr. Symons and other practitioners and experts are available on the audiotape Conversations About Authentic Assessment by Appalachia Educational Laboratory. (See Helen Saunders, below. )Richard P. Mills is the comissioner of education in the Vermont Department of Education. Vermont is assessing fourth- and eighth-grade students in writing and mathematics using three methods: a portfolio, a "best piece" from the portfolio, and a set of performance tasks. Other states that have been very active in developing and implementing performance assessments include: California, Arizona, Maryland, New York, Connecticut, and Kentucky. (See Ed Roeber and state officers, below. )Where can I get more information? Richard P. Mills Commissioner Vermont Department of Education Montpelier, VT 05602 (802)828-3135Carolyn D. Byrne Division of Educational Testing New York State Education Department Room 770 EBA Albany, NY 12234 (518)474-5902Dale Carlson California Department of Education 721 Capitol Mall Sacramento, CA 95814 (916)657-3011Don Chambers National Center for Research in Mathematical Sciences Education University of Wisconsin at Madison 1025 West Johnson Street Madison, WI 53706 (608)263-4285Ron Dietel National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST)/UCLA 145 Moore Hall 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024-1522 (310)206-1532Steven Ferrara Program Assessment Branch Maryland Department of Education 200 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201 (410)333-2369James Gilchrist New Standards Project Learning, Research and Development Center 3939 O'Hara Street Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (412)624-8319Paul Koehler Arizona Department of Education 1535 West Jefferson Phoenix, AZ 85007 (602)542-5754Kate Maloy National Research Center on Student Learning/LRDC 3939 O'Hara Street Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (412)624-7457Joe Mc Donald Coalition of Essential Schools Brown University Box 1969 Providence, RI 02912 (401)863-3384Jeri Nowakowski North Central Regional Educational Laboratory (NCREL) 1900 Spring Road, Suite 300 Oak Brook, IL 60521 (708)571-4700Edward Reidy Office of Assessment and Accountability Kentucky Department of Education 19th Floor Capital Plaza Tower 500 Mero Street Frankfort, KY 40601 (502)564-4394Douglas Rindone Division of Research, Evaluation and Assessment Connecticut Department of Education Box 2219 Hartford, CT 06145 (203)566-1684Ed Roeber Council of Chief State School Officers 1 Massachusetts Avenue NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20001-1431 (202)336-7045Larry Rudner ERIC Clearinghouse/AIR 3333 K Street NW Suite 300 Washington, DC 20007 (202)342-5060Helen Saunders Appalachia Educational Laboratory 1031 Quarrier Street P. O. Box 1348 Charleston, WV 25325 (304)347-0400An Open-Ended Exercise in Mathematics: A Twelfth Grade Student's Performance Reprinted by permission, from A Question of Thinking: A First Look at Students' Performance on Open-ended Questions in Mathematics, copyright 1989, California Department of Education, P. O. Box 271, Sacramento, CA 95812-0271.by David Sweet This is the second Education Research CONSUMER GUIDE --a new series published for teachers, parents, and others interested in current education themes. OR 92-3056r ED/OERI 92-38 Editor: Jacquelyn Zimmermann This Consumer Guide is produced by the Office of Research, Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) of the U. S. Department of Education. Richard W. Riley, Secretary of Education Sharon P. Robinson, Assistant Secretary, OERI Joseph C. Conaty, Acting Director, OR-###-
D3050365	https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100715013929AAoxbUm	Does kakashi die in naruto shippuden.?	Entertainment & Music Comics & Animation Does kakashi die in naruto shippuden. ?if he does die tell me what episode Follow 8 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Yes... I he did... But then came back to life!... He somehow died in fighting one of the Pain's bodies... But then after Naruto's speech, Pain (the real one)...believed in him and brought back lives to those who died in that Konoha attack.... I don't know about the episode though...haven't watch it for months!... But I guess around 157 or something.... Source (s):www.narutocentral.com Anonymous · 8 years ago1 1 Comment Asker's rating Well in the most recent chapter it is seen that kakashi has one of Tsunade's healing slugs on him, meaning he may be alive or he just is dead and it's the effort. Also, when Choji asks about his father Tsunade says she could save him, but when he asks about kakashi, she doesn't answer him and gets angry. He may be dead, about 66% chance dead. Barbara · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Kakashi dies in Shippuden 159, but there is a twist later on that involves him that i don't want to spoil : ONaruto_Kurosaki · 8 years ago1 1 Comment Yes & No. He does die, but is later brought back to life. The episode he dies in is 159. The episode where he is brought back to life hasn't premiered yet, but it should be coming up pretty soon.animegeek ♥ · 8 years ago0 2 Comment YEHH he does die when he uses his chakra against pein but pein will bring back kakashi alive and he also brings hinata alive but unfortunatly he cant bring JIRAYA back :' (? · 8 years ago0 0 Comment He does die, but don't worry, he comes back alive. No way would they kill off Kakashi.yunaofparadise · 8 years ago0 3 Commentyes he does he uses up all his chakra in a battle against Akatsuki. I think it is episode 159Unknown · 8 years ago0 2 Comment************SPOILER ALERT************* He almost dies because he uses up his chakra. However, in the manga, he, as well as everyone else who were killed in the Leaf Village, is brought back to life because Nagato had a change of heart. Nagato is able to bring people he just killed back to life. It was pretty ... what's the word? Source (s): I never know how to use cheesy or corny. Anonymous · 8 years ago0 1 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Find Moving Container Services Need an electronic signature? Looking for a psychic reading? Need a Small Business Loan?
D1457180	https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpe_diem	Carpe diem	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Carpe diem. Carpe diem is a famous phrase from one of the poems of Horace. It means "seize the day" in Latin. What it means [ change \| change source]Especially during the Baroque era, the phrase was important. In the 17th century there was the Thirty Years' war, which lasted roughly from 1618 to 1648. For the people of the time, death was present almost everywhere. To compensate for that there were the concepts of Carpe diem (There is little time left, use it as best you can), Vanitas (Vanity; things are not what they seem), and Memento mori (Remember you will die). The poem is originally from Odes 1.11. It is given in Latin and English below. The poem in Latin and English [ change \| change source]Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quem tibi Ask not — it's forbidden to know —finem di dederint, Leuconoe, nec Babylonios what end the gods will give us. Don't play with Babyloniantemptaris numeros. ut melius, quidquid erit, pati. fortune-telling either. Better just deal with whatever comes your way.seu pluris hiemes seu tribuit Iuppiter ultimam, Whether you will see several more winters or whether the last one Jupiter gives you isquae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare the one even now pelting the rocks on the shore with the waves Tyrrhenum: sapias, vina liques et spatio brevi of the Tyrrhenian sea — be smart, drink your wine. Life is short.spem longam reseces. dum loquimur, fugerit invida Even as we speak, envious timeaetas: carpe diem quam minimum credula postero. has slipped away. Seize the day, trust not the future. Better translation [ change \| change source]A better translation of the phrase would probably be pluck the day (as a fruit might be plucked from a tree). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carpe diem. This short article can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it. Category: Latin phrases
D2475084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_guard	Point guard	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Point guards Bob Cousy (left) and Bob Mc Neill (right) chase after the ball. Cousy won six NBA championships with the Boston Celtics. The point guard ( PG ), also called the one or point, is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game. A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position. Point guards are expected to run the team's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right players at the right time. Above all, the point guard must totally understand and accept their coach's game plan; in this way, the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football or a playmaker in association football (soccer). While the guard must understand and accept the coach's gameplan, he must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing, and he also must control the pace of the game. A point guard, like other player positions in basketball, specializes in certain skills. A point guard's primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for his/her team, or sometimes for themselves. Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor, who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates. This involves setting up plays on the court, getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score, and controlling the tempo of the game. A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets. Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders. A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock, the score, the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams, etc. Among the taller players who have enjoyed success at the position is Magic Johnson, who was 6' 9" (2.06 m) and won the National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award three times in his career. Other point guards who have been named NBA MVP include Russell Westbrook, Bob Cousy, Oscar Robertson, Derrick Rose and two-time winners Steve Nash and Stephen Curry. In the NBA, point guards are usually about 6' 4" (1.93 m) or shorter, and average about 6' 2" (1.88 m) whereas in the WNBA, point guards are usually 5' 9" (1.75 m) or shorter. Having above-average size (height, muscle) is considered advantageous, although size is secondary to situational awareness, speed, quickness, and ball handling skills. Shorter players tend to be better dribblers since they are closer to the floor, and thus have better control of the ball while dribbling. After an opponent scores, it is typically the point guard who brings the ball down court to begin an offensive play. Passing skills, ball handling, and court vision are crucial. Speed is important; a speedy point guard is better able to create separation and space off the dribble, giving him/herself room to work. Point guards are often valued more for their assist totals than for their scoring. Another major evaluation factor is Assist-to- Turnover ratio, which reflects the decision-making skills of the player. Still, a first-rate point guard should also have a reasonably effective jump shot. Contents [ hide ]1 Offense2 See also3 References4 External links Offense [ edit]Steve Nash led the NBA in assists five times. The point guard is positioned on the perimeter of the play, so as to have the best view of the action. This is a necessity because of the point guard's many leadership obligations. Many times, the point guard is referred to by announcers as a "coach on the floor" or a "floor general". In the past, this was particularly true, as several point guards such as Lenny Wilkens served their teams as player-coaches. This is not so common anymore, as most coaches are now solely specialized in coaching and are non-players. Some point guards are still given a great deal of leeway in the offense. Even point guards who are not given this much freedom, however, are still extensions of their coach on the floor and must display good leadership skills. Along with leadership and a general basketball acumen, ball-handling is a skill of great importance to a point guard. Generally speaking, the point guard is the player in possession of the ball for the most time during a game and is responsible for maintaining possession of the ball for his team in the face of any pressure from the opponents. Point guards must be able to maintain possession of the ball in crowded spaces and in traffic and be able to advance the ball quickly. A point guard that has enough ball-handling skill and quickness to be able to drive to the basket in a half-court set is also very valuable and considered by some to be a must for a successful offense. After ball-handling, passing and scoring are the most important areas of the game for a point guard. As the primary decision-maker for a team, a point guard's passing ability determines how well a point guard is able to put his decision into play. It is one thing to be able to recognize the player that is in a tactically advantageous position, but it is another thing entirely to be able to deliver the ball to that player. For this reason, a point guard is usually, but not always, more skilled and focused on passing than shooting. However, a good jump shot and the ability to score off a drive to the basket are still valuable skills. A point guard will often use his ability to score in order to augment his effectiveness as a decision maker and play maker. In addition to the traditional role of the point guard, modern teams have found new ways to utilize the position. Notably, several modern point guards have used a successful style of post play, a tactic usually practiced by much larger centers and forwards. Working off of the fact that the opposing point guard is in all probability an undersized player with limited strength, several modern point guards have developed games close to the basket that include being able to utilize the drop step, spin move, and fade away jump shot. Stephen Curry is one of the best scoring point guards in the NBA. In recent years, the sport's shift from a fundamental style of play to a more athletic, scoring-oriented game resulted in the proliferation of so-called combo guards at the point guard position. More explosive and athletic point guards focus on scoring as opposed to play-making, forgoing assists and ball-movement, and often defense, for higher scoring numbers. Young players who are relatively short are now developing the scoring aspects of their skill-sets, whereas previously these players would find it difficult to enter the NBA without true point guard skills. These combo point guards can surprise defenses. Instead of passing after bringing up the ball they quickly drive to the basket or step back for an outside shot. There are some disadvantages to this style of play. A point guard often controls the offense and he also controls who gets the ball and who doesn't, as this type of controlling style of play is necessary to control the tempo of a game. Scoring point guards typically look to score first, thus preventing teammates from getting the ball. This can cause other players to become dis-involved in the offense. Even so, combo guards still require above-average passing skill, but not as much as possessed by "pure" point guards (which is what those in the traditional mold of a point guard are referred to). Gary Payton, a point guard known for defensive prowess. A point guard primarily defends on the perimeter, just as he primarily plays on the perimeter on offense. On defense, the point guard is tasked with making the opposing point guard as ineffective as possible. A defensive point guard will try to accomplish this with constant pressure on the ball, making it difficult to maintain possession. A defensive point guard will also pressure opponents in passing lanes in an attempt to generate steals and scoring opportunities for his own team. See also [ edit]Bob Cousy Award – An annual award given to the nation's top NCAA male point guard Nancy Lieberman Award – The counterpart to the Cousy Award; given to the top NCAA female point guard References [ edit]The Basketball Handbook (pg 14) (2004). Lee H. Rose ISBN 0-7360-4906-1External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Point guards. FOXSports.com - Best all-time point guards at the Wayback Machine (archived July 12, 2005), accessed 2008-02-09 [ hide]v t e Basketball positions Guards1 (Floor general)Point guard (PG)Combo guard (PG/SG)2 (Wing)Shooting guard (SG)Guard-forward / Swingman / Wing (SG/SF)Forwards3 (Wing)Small forward (SF)Point forward (PG/SF or PG/PF)4 (Post)Power forward (PF)Combo forward / Cornerman / Stretch four (SF/PF)Center5 (Pivot)Center (C)Forward-center / Bigman / Big (PF/C)Backcourt Frontcourt Tweener Captain Head coach Referees and officials Categories: Point guards Basketball positions Basketball terminology
D3256116	https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/blisters-topic-overview	Blisters - Topic Overview	Blisters - Topic Overview Articles On Blisters Topic Overview Check Your Symptoms Home Treatment Prevention Preparing For Your Appointment Credits Blisters are fluid-filled bumps that look like bubbles on the skin. You may develop a blister on your foot when you wear new shoes that rub against your skin or on your hand when you work in the garden without wearing gloves. Home treatment is often all that is needed for this type of blister. Other types of injuries to the skin that may cause a blister include: Continue Reading Belowyou might like Burns from exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation from the sun, or friction. Cold injuries from being exposed to cold or freezing temperatures. Some spider bites, such as a bite from a brown recluse spider. Symptoms of a brown recluse spider bite include reddened skin followed by a blister that forms at the bite site, pain and itching, and an open sore with a breakdown of tissue (necrosis) that develops within a few hours to 3 to 4 days following the bite. This sore may take months to heal. Pinching the skin forcefully, like when a finger gets caught in a drawer. A blood blister may form if tiny blood vessels are damaged. Infection can cause either a single blister or clusters of blisters. Chickenpox (varicella) is a common contagious illness that is caused by a type of herpes virus. Chickenpox blisters begin as red bumps that turn into blisters and then scab over. It is most contagious from 2 to 3 days before a rash develops until all the blisters have crusted over. Shingles, often seen in older adults, is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. Shingles blisters look like chickenpox, but they usually develop in a band on one side of the body. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, another type of viral infection, most often occurs in young children. Symptoms include a rash of small sores or blisters that usually appear on the hands and feet and in the mouth. Cold sores, sometimes called fever blisters, are clusters of small blisters on the lip and outer edge of the mouth. They are caused by the herpes simplex virus. Cold sore -type blisters that develop in the genital area may be caused by a genital herpes infection. Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection. Its blisters, which often occur on the face, burst and become crusty (honey-colored crusts). Infected hair follicles ( folliculitis) cause red, tender areas that turn into blisters at or near the base of strands of hair. A scabies infection, which occurs when mites burrow into the skin, may cause tiny, itchy blisters that often occur in a thin line or curved track. Bedbugs can cause tiny, itchy blisters anywhere on the body.1 2 View All Next In Blisters Check Your Symptoms
D2852976	http://www.nidoqubein.com/aboutnidoqubein.cfm	About Nido Qubein	About News & Events Contact Us Speaking & Consulting Meeting Planners Self Development Online Store Free Learning Resources Additional Business Ventures When one’s words are no better than silence, one should stay silent. Dr. Nido Qubein About Nido Qubein Dr. Nido Qubein came to the United States as a teenager with little knowledge of English and only $50 in his pocket. His journey has been an amazing success story. The Biography Channel and CNBC aired his life story titled "A Life of Success and Significance . "As an educator, he is president of High Point University, an undergraduate and graduate institution with 5,200 students from 40 countries and 50 states. He has authored two dozen multilingual books and audio programs distributed worldwide. As a business leader, he is executive chairman of the Great Harvest Bread Company with 220 stores in 43 states. He serves on the boards of several national organizations including BB&T (a Fortune 500 company with $235 billion in assets), the La-Z-Boy Corporation (one of the largest and most recognized furniture brands worldwide), and n Thrive (a healthcare industry organization). As a professional speaker, Dr. Qubein has received many distinctions including the Golden Gavel Medal, induction into the International Speaker Hall of Fame, and the Cavett (considered to be the Oscar of professional speaking). He has been the recipient of many honors including The Ellis Island Medal of Honor (along with four U. S. presidents), The Horatio Alger Award for Distinguished Americans (along with Oprah Winfrey and Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas), the DAR Americanism Medal, the Order of the Long Leaf Pine, Sales and Marketing International's Ambassador of Free Enterprise, Leadership North Carolina Governor's Award, and Citizen of the Year and Philanthropist of the Year in his home city of High Point, North Carolina. Take a Virtual Tour of High Point University now >To download more information about Nido Qubein's speaking, click here. Nido R. Qubein \| A Life of Success and Significance \| High Point University Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 27:13Self Development Store Speaking and Consulting Meeting Planners Free Learning Resources How to Succeed in Business and in Life (Six CD Set) visit our online store My good friend Nido Qubein is one of America's top talents and consultants. His zest for life mesmerizes audiences all over the world.-Art Linkletter, Beverly Hills, California Speaking & Consulting For Meeting Planners Self Development Online Store Free Learning Resources Additional Business Ventures Home About News & Events Contact Us Policies Have a Question? Book Dr. Nido Qubein© 2018, Copyright Dr. Nido Qubein
D1536229	https://homewyse.com/costs/cost_of_seamless_gutters.html	Cost of Seamless Gutters	Cost of Seamless Gutters Item Buy Qty Low High Material 170 ft $266.94 $328.13Labor 7.8 hrs $241.79 $722.91Supplies, Tools $37.81 $43.01Total $546.54 $1,094.04Installed Length 160 linear feet Material Quality Basic - contractor grade Labor Roofing vendor Roof Layout* Low slope, common shape Zip Code Get an instant, no-obligation estimate of Seamless Gutter options and costs in your zip code. Our calculators have been updated for 2018 to reflect current fair costs and options for Seamless Gutters. Just enter your options and zip code above - then select "Update".
D2421261	https://www.thoughtco.com/famous-chemists-4133583	Famous Chemists and their Achievements	Science, Tech, Math ›Science Famous Chemists and their Achievements Sometimes understanding the people behind the science is just as important as knowing its principles. Discover the chemists who built modern science with these biographies. Chemistry Basics Chemical Laws Molecules Periodic Table Projects & Experiments Scientific Method Biochemistry Physical Chemistry Medical Chemistry Chemistry in Everyday Life Famous Chemists Activities for Kids Abbreviations & Acronyms Biology Physics Geology Astronomy Weather & Climate Article Biography of Linus Pauling Article J. J. Thomson Atomic Theory and Biography Article Who Is the Father of Chemistry? Article Robert Hooke Biography (1635 - 1703)Article2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Molecular Machines Article How to Measure Volume & Density - A Tale of Archimedes Article Pierre Curie - Biography and Achievements Article John Dalton Biography and Facts Article Dmitri Mendeleev Biography and Facts Article John Dalton's Atomic Model Article Marie Sklodowska Curie Biography List Pictures of Famous Chemists Article Who Was the First Chemist? Article Nobel Prize in Chemistry Article Famous Chemists Article Glenn T. Seaborg Biography List Pictures of Women in Chemistry Article Johan August Arfwedson Biography Article Women in Chemistry - Famous Female Chemists Article Amedeo Avogadro Biography Article Biography of Ernest Rutherford Article Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers Article Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier Biography Article Famous Black Scientists Article Famous Scientist Pictures - E Names Article Robert Boyle Biography (1627 - 1691)Article Famous Scientist Pictures - A Names View More Learn more about Science Chemistry Biology Physics Geology Astronomy Weather & Climate
D2663822	http://iowafc.org/blog/2016/02/29/legislative-alert-subcommittee-vote-hearing-protection-act/	LEGISLATIVE ALERT: Subcommittee vote â Hearing Protection Act	LEGISLATIVE ALERT: Subcommittee vote – Hearing Protection Act Subcommittee vote Hearing Protection Act Tuesday 3/1/2016House File 2279, the Hearing Protection Act is expected to see its first action in the Iowa Senate tomorrow (Wednesday) afternoon. A Senate Judiciary subcommittee is expected to vote on the bill. The three person subcommittee consists of the following senators: Steve Sodders – [email protected] Kevin Kinney – [email protected] Brad Zaun – [email protected] Please contact them and encourage them advance this bill with its original language and without amendment. You can also call the Senate switchboard during business hours to leave a message with the Senate Judiciary Committee. The number is: 515-281-3371. We’ll be sharing the outcome on our Facebook and Twitter pages as soon as we get word. While you’re taking action don’t forget to hit our latest Advocacy Campaign urging your Senator to do their part to advance each of the five pro-gun owner bills that recently passed out of the House of Representatives. Iowa Firearms Coalition is an entirely volunteer, grassroots, Second Amendment advocacy group. Responsible for bringing uniformity to Iowa’s Concealed Weapons Permitting process, IFC’s members work to protect and enhance Second Amendment rights in Iowa. An affiliate of the National Rifle Association, the IFC actively seeks to foster and promote the shooting sports. Sign up for our email list for the latest on Second Amendment issues in Iowa. You can support our work by becoming a member, or making a donation. Share this: Tweet Email More Posted by Kurt Liske on February 29, 2016 - No Comments Tags: Ban, Bill, Brad Zaun, Coalition, Concealed, Crime, Democrat, Everytown for Gun Safety, Firearms, Grassroots, Gun, Gun Control, Gun Free Zone, Gun Safety, Guns, Hearing Protection Act, HF2279, IFC, IGO, Iowa, Iowa Firearms Coalition, Iowa Gun Owners, Kevin Kinney, Law, MDA, Moms Demand Action, National Rifle Association, NRA, Owners, Police, Senate, Senate Judiciary, shooting, Silencer, State, Steve Sodders, Subcommittee, Suppressor, Universal Background Checks
D3273177	https://www.quora.com/What-does-pinoy-mean	What does pinoy mean?	Wei Shen, Image Consultant/manager, Image Matters; Teacher, Musician Answered Sep 4, 2015 · Author has 668 answers and 1.4m answer views Here is the meaning of Pinoy and it's origin. Google makes a faster search for word terms than quora. Pinoy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi..."Pinoy is an informal demonym referring to the Filipino people in the Philippines and overseas Filipinos around the world. [1] [2] Filipinos usually refer to themselves as Pinoy or sometimes the feminine Pinay. [1] The word is formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino and adding the diminutive suffix -y in the Tagalog language (the suffix is commonly used in Filipino nicknames: "Ninoy" or "Noynoy" for Benigno ( Jr. and III respectively), "Totoy" for Augusto, etc.). Pinoy was used for self-identification by the first wave of Filipinos going to the continental United States before World War II and has been used both in a pejorative sense as well as a term of endearment similar to Chicano. [3] [4] Although Pinoy and Pinay are still regarded as derogatory by some Filipinos, the terms are widely used and gaining mainstream usage. [5]Pinoywas created to differentiate the experiences of those immigrating to the United Statesbut is now a slang term used to refer to all people of Filipino descent. [1]Mainstream usages tend to center on entertainment (Pinoy Big Brother) and music (Pinoy Idol) which has played a significant role in developing national and cultural identity. Pinoy music impacted the socio-political climate of the 1970s and was employed by both Philippine president Ferdinand Marcosand the People Power Revolutionthat overthrew his regime. It is more positive than the slang term "flip" "2.7k Views Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date?
D3037193	http://www.smartmobilephonesolutions.com/content/how-to-check-internal-memory-samsung-android-jelly-bean	How to check the memory on Samsung Android 4.2	Submitted by James Bond on Fri, 02/14/2014 - 12:49am Looking for instructions on how to check the memory on your Android smartphone? Look no further. This article shows how to check the current internal memory and available storage remaining on your Samsung smartphone. Why check the available storage space? Inadequate memory on a smartphone can cause all kinds of annoying problems including sluggishness, freezing, crashing, rebooting, and constant error messages to name just a few. If you are having any of these issues and it turns out that your phone is short on internal storage then you’ll have one more reason to consider investing in some external storage space, like a memory card, to help your phone not only run smoother but also provide better safety for your information should your phone get damaged or seriously malfunction. How to check the storage Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean How to check the memory on Android 4.2: Quick Instructions Settings > More > Storage How to check the memory on Android 4.2: Detailed Instructions with pictures These instructions use screenshots taken with a Samsung Galaxy S4 smartphone running on Android 4.2 and will show how to check the storage on an Samsung Galaxy S4 mobile phone but should also apply to many other Samsung devices running on Android Jelly Bean. If you have a different device or your electronic operates on a different version of Android then these instructions might be slightly different for your device. Start by accessing your phones Settings. On smartphones this can be done by going to the Home screen (the screen that you see when you first turn on your cell phone), tapping the Menu key (bottom left under the display), and then taping the Settings option. Tap the More tab shown on the top of the display. Tap on Storage“Device memory” will be shown at the top of this page and the “Total space” will display the total internal storage capacity that comes with your phone. Take note that to see the “Available space” you will have to scroll down a little bit. The Available space will show how much storage you have left on your Samsung smartphone. These Storage Settings can be a powerful tool This screen can be a powerful instrument in determining what you can do to free up space on your phone as well. Since Pictures, Videos, and Audio files like music, ringtones, podcasts, etc. can be moved to a memory card if these files consume the majority of your phones memory then a memory card would be a good idea as it can free up some of your phones internal storage and allow your phone to run at an optimal speed and maintain a high performance. Look out for low storage space If your “Available space” is low then you might want to consider doing some cleaning by either deleting some data or moving some of your phones information to a memory card, a computer, or even an online backup. An important thing to look out for is less than a GB (Gigabyte) of free space available on the internal storage. If your phone’s “Available space” is showing a MB (megabyte) or worse a KB (Kilobyte) instead of a GB (Gigabyte) then your phone is almost out of free space and to avoid problems you will need to look into freeing up some of that occupied space. Buying a memory card If your phones internal memory is low then investing in a memory card to add some external storage to your smartphone may be one of the best options available. If you would like some advice in choosing a memory card for your Samsung then I recommend reading How to choose the best memory card for your Android smartphone. It recommends some things to consider including its type, size, speed, durability, and many things commonly overlooked when choosing a new SD card which should get you on the right track in picking the best memory card for your device. Freeing up some space on your phones storage Moving data to an SD card If you have an SD card, just got an SD card, or are about to get an SD card then your phone won’t automatically move your information from your phone to the memory card, you will have to manually do it yourself. Samsung phones have a very friendly file management system built in which will allow you to transfer your data and it’s actually quite easy once you know how to do it. If you would like some detailed instructions with pictures then you can review How to move pictures and videos to an SD card Samsung Android 4.2 and you’ll be able to transfer your information in no time at all. Recap and Conclusion So now you know that to check the memory and storage space on your Samsung Android 4.2 device all you need to do is access the Settings, tap on More, and select the Storage option. I hope that you found this guide helpful. There are many useful features and settings on Android devices but sometimes you just got to know where to look in order to access them. If you have any questions or would simply like to leave a friendly remark then don’t hesitate to do so in the comment section below. If you found this article informative or helpful then you can let me know you enjoyed it by pressing the Facebook Like button Google + button or sharing it through any of the options below. Thanks for visiting the site and reading this article. Don’t forget to checkout some of the other content on the site and to enjoy and get the most out of your Samsung device. Tags: Memory, Internal Memory, Internal Storage, Phone Storage, Storage, Samsung, Android 4.2, Jelly Bean Add new comment2 Comments Sd storage Submitted by bidan L. (not verified) on Sat, 08/16/2014 - 2:38pmthanks 4 your contributions,av a techno p3 phone with 8GB sd card bt recently when dowmloading anything,it displays "insufficient space available".wot do i do to make it functional? cause av formated everything using a computer n added some music etc bt now downloading anything of 30mb is a problem.phone storage 20.50 mb,sd space 5.29 GB,some help pliz.reply The internal memory is the problem Submitted by James Bond on Sun, 08/17/2014 - 2:04am Hello Bidan,The problem is that your phone has no more space available to store information on. The Tecno P3 only comes with 512 MB of storage space, barely half a gig! That’s an insanely low amount of storage space and very easy to fill, which you have unfortunately but not unexpectedly done. By downloading a few applications you can fill up the internal memory on that phone fairly quickly and it’s going to be difficult to keep everything on your external memory card and off of the internal storage. As far as what you can do to try and make your phone functional again… visit How to try and fix an insufficient space available message on an Android and consider all of the advice listed on that guide. You might have to continually clean out your phones internal storage during its use but with such a limited amount of space to begin with its kind of all you can do.reply Add new comment Your name E-mail The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. Homepage Subject Comment *More information about text formats No HTML tags allowed. Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically. Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
D872559	http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/boehner-opts-wine-cigs-white-house-article-1.1590070	John Boehner opts for wine and cigs over the White House	John Boehner opts for wine and cigs over the White House BY Leslie Larson NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Friday, January 24, 2014, 9:30 AMfacebook Tweet email Rep. John Boehner (R-Ohio) says he won't ditch his vices to please the American people and ascend to the White House. (NBC/Paul Drinkwater/NBC)John Boehner says give me wine and cigs or give me death. He fessed up that the "chain-smoking, merlot-slurping, perma-tan and ever-golfing" label given him by writer Robert Draper all rings true.“I do drink red wine. I smoke cigarettes. And I'm not giving that up to be the President of the United States,” the Republican House Speaker told Jay Leno on Thursday, about his unwillingness to ditch his vices for higher office. On the perma-tan charge, he insists he doesn’t get any artificial help.“I play golf, ride a bike, cut my own grass,” Boehner (R-Ohio) said, denying ever using tanning beds or spray.“Not once ever.”He also discussed how his last name has been butchered over his various campaigns but despite the sometime X-rated version that gets thrown around, “thank God my name wasn’t Weiner.”Boehner had served with former Rep. Anthony Weiner (D) in the House before the New Yorker’s fall from grace over a sexting/tweeting scandal in 2011. Thursday marked the Republican’s first time on Leno 's "Tonight" show. The pol, who has been dubbed the “Weeper of the House” for his penchant for crying, did come prepared with a handkerchief in case he shed a tear, but Leno managed to keep it [email protected] ON A MOBILE DEVICE? CLICK HERE TO WATCH THE VIDE O. Sign up for BREAKING NEWS Emailsprivacy policy Send a Letter to the Editor Join the Conversation: facebook Tweet
D699036	https://www.mounts.org/	DECEMBER 2, 2017-JUNE 3, 2018MEET THE SEA WASHED ASHOREART TO SAVE THE SEALearn MoreWASHED ASHORE What's In Bloom? Winter Classes Plant-A-Palooza	DECEMBER 2, 2017-JUNE 3, 2018MEET THE SEA WASHED ASHOREART TO SAVE THE SEALearn More
D2261201	https://www.clevelandbrothers.com/caterpillar-history	Caterpillar: A Long and Storied History of Heavy Equipment Innovation	Caterpillar: A Long and Storied History of Heavy Equipment Innovation Cleveland Brothers is proud of its long and successful relationship with Caterpillar, the worldwide leader in heavy industrial equipment manufacturing headquartered in Peoria, Illinois. Since opening our first Caterpillar dealership in Central Pennsylvania in 1948, we’ve proudly carried on the Caterpillar tradition of excellence and service. It’s a tradition that dates back more than 85 years to Caterpillar’s inception in 1925. The Caterpillar History Begins with the Name While the Caterpillar Tractor Company was originally formed in 1925 as the result of a merger between the Holt Manufacturing Company and C. L. Best Tractor Company, the Caterpillar name originated years earlier. In the early 1900s, seeking for a way to improve the mobility and traction of his company’s steam tractors, Benjamin Holt replaced the wheels with wooden tracks bolted to chains. The innovation worked so well that one bystander was said to have remarked that the machine crawled along much like a caterpillar. Holt agreed, and dubbed his new machine “Caterpillar,” a name he eventually trademarked in 1910. In 1986 Caterpillar officially changed the company name from Caterpillar Tractor Company to Caterpillar, Inc. The Early Caterpillar History is Filled with Achievement While Benjamin Holt was instrumental in the development of the industrial tractor well before the official launch of Caterpillar, a series of noteworthy accomplishments continued to occur after the formation of the new company in 1925. In the 1930s, for instance, Caterpillar machines played a significant role in the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge, the Grand Coulee Dam, and the Mississippi Levee construction project. Caterpillar heavy equipment supported U. S. military efforts during World War II, and the company was able to ramp up its stateside production to manufacture more than 51,000 track-type military tractors. International Expansion in the 1950s Caterpillar history includes expansion into a variety of foreign markets following the war. In the early 1950s CAT machines helped to build a 10.5 mile superhighway that greatly facilitated transportation through the Andes Mountains in Venezuela. In 1953 the Indian government purchased 93 CAT machines to aid in the country’s road development projects. CAT machines also contributed to the completion of event sites for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. CAT even supplied equipment for use in the most environmentally challenging locations in the world, as evidenced by the use of CAT machines by the U. S. military during Operation Deep Freeze III in Antarctica in the latter part of the decade. Continued Growth through Acquisition In addition to improving and increasing its manufacturing efforts over the years, Caterpillar history is highlighted by a process of growth through a series of acquisitions. In 1965 CAT expanded its forklift line through the acquisition of the Mentor, Ohio-based Towmotor Corporation. In 1981 CAT made a foray into the world of industrial gas turbines by acquiring the solar and turbomach divisions of International Harvester Company. Significant international acquisitions include Perkins Limited, a United Kingdom manufacturer of small diesel engines in 1998, and MWM Holding Gmb H, a German producer of gas and diesel powered generator sets in 2010. A Thriving Partnership with an Eye on the Future Today, Caterpillar continues as the leading manufacturer of heavy industrial equipment in the world. Always seeking ways to increase its footprint and provide even more services to its customer base, the company has also entered into new arenas, such as the sale of financial products and insurance. Cleveland Brothers is looking forward to continuing its strong and enduring partnership with a worldwide leader well into the future, as well as delivering a wide range of quality CAT machines and equipment to our customers for years to come.
D1164547	http://www.bestinspector.com/ACLearning	.	AIR CONDITIONING SIZE AND YEAROF MANUFACTUREWhat year and size is the Air Conditioning system? Let me show you how YOU the Realtor can determine that on your own. Remember that these dates are NOT installation dates, but they are the manufacture date and typically these dates are close to each other. First let us understand “Tonnage” is: Tonnage The unit of measure used in air conditioning to describe the cooling capacity of a system. One ton of cooling is based on the amount of heat needed to melt one ton (2000 lbs.) of ice in a 24 hour period. One ton of cooling is equal to 12,000 Btu/hr. This size of an Air Conditioning Unit is based up many factors, such as composition of the building, which way it faces, the number of windows, the amount of insulation..... Basic Principals of Air Conditioning: The basic principals of the Air Conditioning System used for Florida. An AC system is used as a dual purpose. One is to allow warm air to be pulled into the system, filter this air and then flow across the cold coils and blow cold air into the building. The other purpose is to pull the humidity out of the air. This is VERY important. So with this information – BIGGER IS NOT BETTER! A house with to large an AC system will always be damp and contain that “bone chilling” cold. If in doubt call a Professional and licensed Heating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) contractor. How to determine the age and size of the AC unit: The age or manufacture date of an AC compressor is usually coded under the serial number portion of the data plate that is present on the side of the compressor (Outside AC portion of the AC system)The red boxed area is the Serial Number for this type of unit. The “L” indicates the month of the manufacture. “L” being the 12 th letter of the alphabet and the ‘01” being the last 2 numbers of the year, thus meaning this is a December 2001 manufacture date. This is the area where the data or information from above was obtained. The exterior portion of the AC system called the compressor. Congratulations on learning how to determine the age of an Air Conditioning Compressor. The air handler’s age is determined much the same way. The air handler is located within the interior of the residence most of the time it is in a closet, garage or attic area. This applies to the MAJORITY of AC units in SW Florida. Other types are present, but this will allow you to determine the age of many of the AC systems. How to determine the size (called tonnage) of an Air Conditioning system: First of all the size of an AC unit is called a ton or tonnage. A recap of tonnage is Tonnage The unit of measure used in air conditioning to describe the cooling capacity of a system. One ton of cooling is based on the amount of heat needed to melt one ton (2000 lbs.) of ice in a 24 hour period. One ton of cooling is equal to 12,000 Btu/hr. The number to remember is 12,000 BTU’s or more simply 12. If 12,000 BTU’s is equal to 1 (one) ton of AC then 18,000 is equal to 1.5 tons and 24,000 is equal to 2 tons and so on. Look at the model number (Located on the data plate stamped on the actual side of the compressor) on the compressor and there should be a number divisible by 12. It should start at 18 and not be more than 60 for residential AC units. 18 to equal 1.5 tons and 60 to equal 5 tons of cooling. Look at the model number below and you determine the AC compressor size. The 36 in the model number in the first picture above it means that the AC compressor is equal to 3 tons of cooling. Once again, size is very important and detrimental to the proper operational status of an Air Conditioning System.
D2801813	http://www.rhinobldg.com/faq/	FAQ	How long has RHINO Steel Building Systems been in the steel building business? RHINO Steel Building Systems has been in business since 1998. Our management and sales consultants have decades of experience in all phases of construction of prefabricated steel buildings. RHINO has delivered thousands of buildings to all 50 states, Canada, and Mexico. We invite you to check the Better Business Bureau and compare our A+ rating against the competition. In the last year over 39% of our business has been generated by satisfied repeat clients or those referred to RHINO by our customers. Does RHINO erect the buildings that it sells? RHINO does not have its own construction crews, but we know many independent erectors who can construct our buildings for you. Commercial, storage, or farm building contractors can be recommended in your area for steel building erection. Can I put the building up myself? How long does it take? A large percentage of our metal buildings are erected by the buyers themselves. The building has been prefabricated at the factory with the steel components cut, welded, and drilled for easy bolt-together installation. It’s basically a big kid’s erector set. RHINO has people on staff with years of steel building erection experience. We have encountered almost every building situation conceivable over the years, so we are well equipped to answer your every question and handle your every need. If you have a question during the construction process, we are just a toll free call away. The average time to erect the framing for a 40′ x 60′ x 14′ building with a three-man crew is about five days. A 60′ x 100′ x 16′ normally takes about seven days to erect. What type of equipment do I need to erect this structure? Besides the normal everyday tools, you would require lifting equipment to raise the columns and rafters. For example, a typical agricultural building will have a 16′ tall column which weighs 200-250 pounds; the rafter would weigh 500-700 pounds for a 60′-wide rafter. A rented forklift, track loader, or a front-end loader will work if it reaches your height requirements. Screw guns will be required to install the self-drilling screws. The guns should have an adjustable clutch that will disengage the driver, so as not to strip out the neoprene washer on the screws as it tightens. The cost of a new screw gun from Dewalt or Black and Decker is around $130. How about shipping costs? Your shipping costs will be determined by the overall weight, number of trucks needed, and the driving distance from the plant nearest to your location. RHINO offers multiple shipping points all across the country to keep the overall shipping costs to a minimum. What is included in a "standard" RHINO steel building package? Standard steel metal buildings includes: Prefabricated steel framing, factory-formed and identified for easy job site assembly, with clips already welded to frames for girt and purlin attachment Steel building trim High-strength bolts with nuts and cast zinc self-drilling screws26-gauge high-tensile PBR steel color roof and wall panels and color trim Closures and mastic for the base, top of the wall panel, and underneath the roof at the eave to completely seal the building Die-formed ridge caps conforming to the standard roof panels for a waterproof seal Steel formed base trim to eliminate rust A framed opening for an overhead door up to 30′ wide Base trim and cover trim for overhead doors Cover trim for all doors and windows3 sets of Engineer-Stamped Prints with a Letter of Certification Anchor bolt plan49-page Installation Manual and Construction DVDBill of Lading listing all parts purchased Does my building come with anchor bolts? Can I buy them from you? Anchor bolts secure your steel building frames to the slab foundation. RHINO does not furnish anchor bolts, but they are easily obtained locally. What makes a RHINO steel building unique? How do you compare with your competition? Simply put, we provide more high-quality standard items than our competitors and give our customers unbeatable service. Unlike most other steel building companies, we provide PBR roof and wall panels, zinc cast self-drilling screws with Galvalume ® panels, standard closures, overlapping purlins, a 25-year written warranty for color panels, clips already welded to frames for the attachments of girts and purlins (making the erection process easier and faster), all AISC certified manufacturing plants, plus standard base trim and cover trim for all overhead door framed openings. We are determined to offer the best customer service in the industry. Our sales team has decades of experience in the metal building industry and the average tenure of our RHINO building consultant is 10.3 years. RHINO has earned an A+ rating with the Better Business Bureau. Over 39% of our business in the last twelve months has been generated by satisfied repeat clients or those referred to RHINO by our customers. We deliver the highest quality metal building product possible and provide the most helpful and friendly service in the industry. Who provides the design for concrete slabs? The building comes with a complete anchor bolt design providing the building dimensions and reactions (or KIPS). From this information an engineer (hired by the customer) will design the proper foundation. What kind of foundation is required? A RHINO structure can be built on piers or a perimeter foundation, with or without a concrete slab. If a slab is poured, it is normally poured at the same time as the perimeter foundation. Many farm building plans, for instance, only require piers. If only piers are used, we delete the base angle and use a base girt. The base girt is larger and of thicker metal. It will support the sidewall sheathing without the use of a concrete foundation. The advantage of perimeter foundations is the way the building would be sealed. A closure strip exactly fitting the corrugation of the panels is inserted between the bottom of the wall panel and the base angle around the entire perimeter. This seals the building in a way that cannot be matched by a base girt or by dirt pushed up against it, as sometime used on farm buildings. What is a RHINO Steel Building? RHINO sells prefabricated steel buildings with components manufactured in an AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) certified plant. All steel building frames and other materials for a complete structure are delivered to the customer’s job site. Each building is designed to meet the wind, snow, seismic, and local building codes of the county in which the building will be constructed. All metal buildings are designed to meet or exceed the recommendations of the MBMA (Metal Building Manufacturers Association). You will receive three sets of engineer-stamped plans, a Letter of Certification, and a 49-page Installation Manual and Construction Video with your structure. How can I be sure that all parts are delivered to my location? A Bill of Lading that lists all parts arrives with the order. We suggest that as you offload you check everything off the list (one by one) until you have accounted for all materials. Any missing parts must be immediately reported to RHINO headquarters via our toll free number: 888.320.7466. With RHINO’s prefab steel buildings, all framing pieces are cut to length, welded to shape, and drilled for easy job site assembly. The framing systems is delivered in factory-produced components designed to go together only one way…the right way. What if I want to insulate my steel metal building? RHINO Steel Building Systems offers two basic insulation choices: We offer fiberglass insulation (from 3″ to 8″ thick) supplying R-10 to R-30 ratings. This insulation has a reinforced back that eliminates the need for chicken wire supports, saving both time and money, while creating a more attractive interior. The ultimate insulation system is the RHINO Pro-Value Insulation Package. This system includes R-19 to R-30 fiberglass insulation for walls and R-20 to R-40 insulation for the roof. This system also includes steel retainer straps, a fabric barrier fabric 300% stronger than plain vinyl facing used by our competitors, uncompressed insulation for full energy efficient effectiveness, and a foam thermal break. The Pro-Value system can slash energy bills as much as 50%. (See the Pro-Value Page for more details. )Many farm building contractors, commercial fabricators, and do-it-yourselfers appreciate the convenience of having the insulation materials and other options delivered with the steel building. How long does it take to deliver a RHINO metal building? With multiple shipping locations all across the nation, RHINO steel metal building customers save big on delivery costs. Typical delivery time is six to seven weeks from receipt of order, but some standard buildings can be delivered in as little as four weeks. Talk to a RHINO steel building specialist for details. Can I receive help in determining the type of building that will best suit my needs? This is where RHINO shines the brightest. Whether you require a farm building, aircraft hangar, commercial building, agricultural metal building, manufacturing plant, industrial building, a simple storage building, or any other type of metal-framed structure, RHINO’s experienced and knowledgeable staff members are well equipped to help you decide the size, framing type, and amenities you’ll need, plus provide any other technical assistance you require. Each RHINO building is customized, prefabricated, and manufactured individually for your unique requirements and for your specific location. What if I want windows and doors? Various types of windows and doors for your steel building may be ordered from RHINO. Framed openings for the doors and windows can be factory-located in your framing at the location of your choosing. This saves time and labor in the erection process. Larger openings can be designed to accommodate virtually any size door, including large bifold doors or slide doors for aircraft hangars or specialized farm building plans. RHINO metal buildings provide more flexibility and options. (For more details, see our Openings and Doors Page . )What other amenities are offered by RHINO? Other accessories available to be shipped with your RHINO building order include skylights (which match the panel profile to your roof panel), wall lights, gutters and downspouts, canopy kits, and overhead doors. Interior panels may also be ordered to provide a true “finished out” look to your building. Many farm building plans and other rural applications require ventilation units. RHINO offers two types of standard vents. See our Options and Accessories Page for more details.
D1403683	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130128200924AAarnpF	WOT World Of Tanks how to convert XP into Free Xp?	Games & Recreation Video & Online Games WOT World Of Tanks how to convert XP into Free Xp? So I've been playing WOT Lately, and I noticed that the tanks I sold have XP on them, and that there is something called Exchange Free Experience. I tried to exchange my experience, but it doesn't work, I typed in the total experience I have which was 50,000 [At an estimate] And it just went back to 0. I... show more Follow Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Only tanks that have achieved elite status can have their remaining XP converted to free XP. Also, it costs 1 gold for every 25 XP that you want to convert. If you don't have gold, then you cannot convert - and if you have gold, then it's a very expensive thing to do. Jens · 5 years ago0 0 Comment World Of Tanks Free Experience Source (s):https://shrinke.im/a0kx9earline · 1 year ago0 0 Comment Wot Free Experience Source (s):https://shrinks.im/baxlqcanfield · 1 year ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Explore Digital Home Security Looking for a psychic reading? Online education an option? Interested in dating sites?
D1201482	https://www.native-instruments.com/en/products/komplete/effects/vintage-compressors/about-compression/	ABOUT COMPRESSION	ABOUT COMPRESSIONWHAT IS A COMPRESSOR? A compressor is a special kind of amplifier, used to reduce dynamic range. It's basically an automatic volume control, making the quiet parts of a track louder and reducing over-loud peaks for a more consistent, even sound. The most basic parameters of a compressor are gain, threshold, ratio, attack and release: GAINThe gain control lifts the gain level across the whole track. The quiet parts become louder and more present, and the peaks, which are now even louder, get taken care of later. THRESHOLD AND RATIOThe threshold is the point where the compressor starts working. Any incoming signal louder than specified threshold gets compressed, making it quieter. How much quieter depends on the ratio. For example: if an incoming signal exceeds the threshold by 10 db, and you have a ratio of 10:1 (ten to one), the signal at the output will be 1 db higher than the threshold. ATTACKThe attack time determines how fast the compressor starts working after the incoming level exceeds the threshold. Beware of overly short attack: this can shave off the transients,* creating a dull, lifeless sound. If the attack is too long, though, the compressor responds too late. Use your ears, not your eyes, to set attack time. *Transients are non-harmonic material at the onset of the sound. They add character and brightness. RELEASEThis is the time it takes the compressor to stop working after the incoming level has fallen below the threshold. It typically ranges from 20 ms up to a few seconds — the faster the release, the harder the compression. Overly short release times can result in undesirable 'breathing' or 'pumping' effects. Every source needs a different release time, so experimentation is required. TIPS AND TRICKSAs a great man once said: if it sounds good, it is good. Nothing beats experimentation, so take time to try out the different settings of the three VINTAGE COMPRESSORS and see what works for you. Here are some additional techniques to try... CHAINING COMPRESSORSIf you use a 'slow' compressor on very dynamic material, such as vocals with big peaks, it can lead to breathing or pumping effects. To avoid this, put a fast compressor, such as the VC 76, before the slow compressor in a chain. The faster compressor is there to reduce the big peaks, so set threshold and ratio high, with a relatively fast attack and release. Then the smoother compressor — with the threshold and ratio low, medium/slow attack and release — can operate better. SIDECHAIN DUCKINGThis is often used by radio DJs for reducing the volume of a track while they talk. The compressor is on the music, and a control signal — in this case the DJ's microphone — is assigned to the sidechain input. When the DJ starts talking, the signal triggers the compressor, which reduces the volume of the track — the music 'ducks' out of the way. In music production, this function is often used to duck synth pads using the kickdrum for a characteristic 'pumping' sound, or to duck a bassline via the kickdrum to keep the bottom 'clean'. Put the compressor on the track to be ducked, assign the kick drum as control signal sidechain input. FREQUENCY-ADAPTIVE COMPRESSIONThis is useful for controlling specific problematic frequencies in an instrument, or for compressing a selected frequency range only. Put the compressor in an insert on the track you want to compress, and send the signal from this track to an auxiliary bus. Insert an EQ effect on the auxiliary bus, then route the 'out' of auxiliary bus to the sidechain input on the compressor. Now adjust the EQ in the auxiliary bus until only the problematic frequencies are heard, and these frequencies will then trigger the compression.
D3414497	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070105073355AAh2luV	What Causes Hydrogen Sulfide Burps?	Science & Mathematics Chemistry What Causes Hydrogen Sulfide Burps? I posted this in the wrong place, I just figured out what I'm doing, sorry. So here is is again. This is a good one. There are several of us that are inflicted with the dreaded Sulfur Burps, we have gotten together here at yahoo to try to find an answer, the Dr's think we are crazy and tell us it will go... show more Update: The only thing I've found that helps a bit is Pepto Bismal, but it always come back, I need to know what is causing it so as to try to avoid it even happening or people resulting to some stupid surgey they don't need.. Thanks for responding, I'm looking forward to hearing what everyone thinks, thanks show more Update 2: I also posted this under allergies and got one really good response there so far if you want to take a look there, still waiting for you chemist to come up with something good.. Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: It sounds like you and your friends have giardia. There may be some other explanation, but the sulphur burps and abdominal pressure are pretty specific symptoms. I've had giardia and other parasites through lots of travel. Have you been tested for this? Parasite tests are tricky. The best testing facility is the Great Smokies lab. You still need a local doc to order the tests. They can test for many other gastro-intestinal issues too, which your local hospital may miss. I'll let someone else answer the academic bio chemistry question. I'd find it interesting too. But the most important thing is to be healthy. The usual treatment for giardia is flagyl, or one of the -azole anti-biotics. In the case of giardia, this is usually pretty effective. In the case of other parasites, the treatment can be a lot more tricky. Doctors will argue about this, and argue with naturopaths and others. If you want to consider alternative herbal treatments, you can Google it, or ask me. I've tried many. Pneuma · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Asker's rating Thank you all for talking about this embarrassing subject. I have never known what triggers this but now i can keep an i out for foods that cause this. I too have had attacks that would last for days each day getting worse and worse My stomach hurts for days and I would also get diarrhea. after a few days the pain would be so bad that i would throw up. then I would feel better. I also tried to make my self throw up to get it over with sooner but that would not work as it would not completely empty my stomach. So one time i tried drinking vinegar as it neutralizes acid. Well low and behold it worked I did not have to go days in pain and did not get the diarrhea or throw up. It has not worked every time but as soon as I have that first burp I drink a shot of vinegar and it often times stops it. I hope this helps someone else not have to go through the pain all the time like I have. And not to have to be band from friends and family till you feel better. Nancy · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Would this be something like a "sour stomach"? I always thought it was the presence of too much acid in the gut causing the reaction and you usually need something to neutralize it. But I'm guessing this doesn't work either huh? Good question... I'll be watching to see what answers you find.... Wonder Twit · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Sulfur burps are caused by food that contains sulfur. Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussel sprouts onions, peppers,, There are many cruciferous vegetables. Beans also cause gas. It is often because the bacteria that are helping them digest produce the gas. My nutrition book lists cheese ,clams and lentils as sources for sulfur. (Sulfur is found in every cell in the body). Lentils are those beans that cause gas. Source (s):nutritionistscience teacher · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Time for a Caribbean cruise? Find Moving Container Services Train To Be a Project Manager Interested in Life Alert?
D2014735	http://www.dictionary.com/browse/independent--clause	main clause	main clausenoun, Grammar.1. a clause that can stand alone as a sentence, containing a subject and a predicate with a finite verb, as I was there in the sentence I was there when he arrived. Expand Also called independent clause. Expand Compare subordinate clause. Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018. Cite This Source Examples from the Web for independent clause Expand Historical Examples Sentence form—putting into an independent clause what is most important—has already been discussed under clearness. News Writing M. Lyle Spencer And last, if it deserves such a distinction, the thought may demand an independent clause or a sentence for itself. English: Composition and Literature W. F. (William Franklin) Webster A complex sentence is one containing an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Plain English Marian Wharton There is no independent clause or sentence which prohibits the States from exercising it. The Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison Subordinate, joining a subordinate or dependent clause to a principal or independent clause. An English Grammar W. M. Baskervill and J. W. Sewell A principal, main, or independent clause is one making a statement without the help of any other clause. An English Grammar W. M. Baskervill and J. W. Sewell The complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause. Public Speaking Clarence Stratton British Dictionary definitions for independent clause Expandindependent clausenoun1. ( grammar) a main or coordinate clause Comparedependent clausemain clausenoun1. ( grammar) a clause that can stand alone as a sentence Compare subordinate clause Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © Harper Collins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Sourceindependent clause in Culture Expandindependent clause definition A clause that can stand alone as a sentence. The following sentence consists of two independent clauses joined by but: “The farmers complained of the low price of food, but the office workers did not complain.” ( Compare dependent clause . )The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Cite This Source Discover our greatest slideshows Six words that can ruin your...10 Of The Saddest Words (Or... The Oldest Words In The English...10 Words That Will Show Your Age Browse more topics on our blog What Is the Difference Between Discreet and Discrete? Learn the correct uses of these two commonly confused homophones. What Character Was Removed from the Alphabet? What mistaken pronunciation gave this character its name? Apostrophes 101This small mark has two primary uses: to signify possession or omitted letters. How Do I Get a Word into the Dictionary? People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it?
D2127678	http://www.wikihow.com/Remove-Oil-Stains	How to Remove Oil Stains	Edit Article How to Remove Oil Stains Three Methods: Removing Oil Stains from Clothing and Fabric Removing Oil Stains from Carpet Removing Oil Stains from Hard Surfaces Community Q&AWhether you're cooking a gourmet meal, tuning up your car, or just doing work around the house, oil stains are a seriously annoying possibility. Compared to most other stains, oil stains can be stubborn and tricky to treat, especially if they're on something that can't be placed in the wash. Even on pieces of clothing that can make it into the wash, oil stains can require substantial effort to remove. Luckily, if you're dealing with an oil stain that just won't go away, all is not lost. With a few simple tricks, it's easy to make progress against even the most persistent stains.
D3100796	https://quizlet.com/73755906/ch-10-flash-cards/	Ch 10	48 terms jackh1693Ch 10Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets are long-term, revenue producing assets. TSales tax paid on equipment acquired for use in the business is not capitalized. FDemolition costs to remove an old building from land purchased as a site for a new building are considered part of the cost of the new building. FThe initial cost of property, plant, and equipment includes all the identifiable expenditures necessary to bring the asset to its desired condition and location for use. TA distinguishing characteristic of intangible assets is the degree of uncertainty about when or if they will provide future benefits. TCosts incurred after discovery of a natural resource but before production begins are reported as expenses of the period in which the expenditures are made. FThe relative fair values are used to determine the valuation of individual assets acquired in a lump-sum purchase. TThe fair value of the asset, debt, or equity securities given in a noncash acquisition should determine the value of the consideration received. TUnder current GAAP, fair value is used to measure the components of all nonmonetary exchanges. FThe interest capitalization period for a self-constructed asset ends either when the asset is substantially complete and ready for use or when interest costs no longer are being incurred. TThe FASB's required accounting treatment for research and development costs often understates both net income and assets TAccording to International Financial Reporting Standards, all research and development expenditures are expensed in the period incurred. FA company that prepares its financial statements according to International Financial Reporting Standards must calculate amortization of capitalized software development costs in the same way as under U. S. GAAP. FA company that prepares its financial statements according to International Financial Reporting Standards accounts for a government grant by recognizing revenue for the amount of the grant. FThe successful efforts method of accounting for oil and gas exploration costs allows costs incurred in searching for oil and gas within a large geographical area to be capitalized. FProperty, plant, and equipment and intangible assets are: A. Created by the normal operation of the business and include accounts receivable. B. All assets except cash and cash equivalents. C. Current and long-term assets used in the production of either goods or services. D. Long-term revenue-producing assets. DThe acquisition costs of property, plant, and equipment do not include: A. The ordinary and necessary costs to bring the asset to its desired condition and location for use. B. The net invoice price. C. Legal fees, delivery charges, installation, and any applicable sales tax. D. Maintenance costs during the first 30 days of use. DGoodwill is: A. Amortized over the greater of its estimated life or 40 years. B. Only recorded by the seller of a business. C. The excess of the fair value of a business over the fair value of all net identifiable assets. D. None of the above. CProductive assets that are physically consumed in operations are: A. Equipment. B. Land. C. Land improvements. D. Natural resources. DAn exclusive 20-year right to manufacture a product or use a process is a: A. Patent. B. Copyright. C. Trademark. D. Franchise. AThe exclusive right to benefit from a creative work, such as a film, is a: A. Patent. B. Copyright. C. Trademark. D. Franchise. BThe exclusive right to display a symbol of product identification is a: A. Patent. B. Copyright. C. Trademark. D. Franchise. CThe capitalized cost of equipment excludes: A. Maintenance. B. Sales tax. C. Shipping. D. Installation. AAsset retirement obligations: A. Increase the balance in the related asset account. B. Are measured at fair value in the balance sheet. C. Are liabilities associated with the restoration of a long-term asset. D. All of the above are correct. DIf a company incurs disposition obligations as a result of acquiring an asset: A. The company recognizes the obligation at fair value when the asset is acquired. B. The company recognizes the obligation at fair value when the asset is disposed. C. The company records the difference between the fair value of the asset and the obligation when the asset is acquired. D. None of the above. AWhen selling property, plant, and equipment for cash: A. The seller recognizes a gain or loss for the difference between the cash received and the fair value of the asset sold. B. The seller recognizes a gain or loss for the difference between the cash received and the book value of the asset sold. C. The seller recognizes losses, but not gains. D. None of the above. BWhich of the following does not pertain to accounting for asset retirement obligations? A. They accrete (increase over time) at the company's credit-adjusted risk-free rate. B. They must be recognized according to GAAP. C. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7 is applied when adjusting cash flow obligations for uncertainty. D. All of the above pertain to accounting for asset retirement obligations. DAssets acquired under multi-year deferred payment contracts are: A. Valued at their fair value on the date of the final payment. B. Valued at the present value of the payments required by the contract. C. Valued at the sum of the payments required by the contract. D. None of the above. BAssets acquired by the issuance of equity securities are valued based on: A. Their fair values. B. The fair value of the equity securities. C. A or B, whichever is more reasonably determinable. D. A or B, whichever is smaller. CDonated assets are recorded at: A. Zero (memo entry only). B. The donor's book value. C. The donee's stated value. D. Fair value. DThe fixed-asset turnover ratio provides: A. The rate of decline in asset lives. B. The rate of replacement of fixed assets. C. The amount of sales generated per dollar of fixed assets. D. The decline in book value of fixed assets compared to capital expenditures. CThe balance sheets of Davidson Corporation reported net fixed assets of $320,000 at the end of 2013. The fixed-asset turnover ratio for 2013 was 4.0, and sales for the year totaled $1,480,000. Net fixed assets at the end of 2012 were: A. $470,000. B. $370,000. C. $420,000. D. None of the above. C $1,480,000 ÷ Average fixed assets = 4.0 Average fixed assets = $370,000, therefore net fixed assets at the end of 2012 must be $420,000 [ ($320,000 + x) ÷ 2] = $370,000; $320,000 + x = $740,000; x = $420,000The basic principle used to value an asset acquired in a nonmonetary exchange is to value it at: A. Fair value of the asset (s) given up. B. The book value of the asset given plus any cash or other monetary consideration received. C. Fair value or book value, whichever is smaller. D. Book value of the asset given. AIn a nonmonetary exchange of equipment, if the exchange has commercial substance, a gain is recognized if: A. The fair value of the equipment received exceeds the book value of the equipment received. B. The book value of the equipment received exceeds the fair value of the equipment given up. C. The fair value of the equipment surrendered exceeds the book value of the equipment given up. D. None of the above is correct. CInterest may be capitalized: A. On routinely manufactured goods as well as self-constructed assets. B. On self-constructed assets from the date an entity formally adopts a plan to build a discrete project. C. Whether or not there is specific borrowing for the construction. D. Whether or not there are actual interest costs incurred. CInterest is eligible to be capitalized as part of an asset's cost, rather than being expensed immediately, when: A. The interest is incurred during the construction period of the asset. B. The asset is a discrete construction project for sale or lease. C. The asset is self-constructed, rather than acquired. D. All of the above are correct. DIn computing capitalized interest, average accumulated expenditures: A. Is the arithmetic mean of all construction expenditures. B. Is determined by time-weighting individual expenditures made during the asset construction period. C. Is multiplied by the company's most recent financing rates. D. All of the above are correct. BInterest is not capitalized for: A. Assets that are constructed as discrete projects for sale or lease. B. Assets constructed for a company's own use. C. Inventories routinely and repetitively produced in large quantities. D. Interest is capitalized for all of these items. CAverage accumulated expenditures: A. Is an approximation of the average debt a firm would have outstanding if it financed all construction through debt. B. Is computed as a simple average if all construction expenditures are made at the end of the period. C. Are irrelevant if the company's total outstanding debt is less than total costs of construction. D. All of the above are true statements. AThe cost of self-constructed fixed assets should: A. Include allocated indirect costs just as they are for production of products. B. Include only incremental indirect costs. C. Include only specifically identifiable indirect costs. D. Not include indirect costs. AResearch and development costs for projects other than software development should be: A. Expensed in the period incurred. B. Expensed in the period they are determined to be unsuccessful. C. Deferred pending determination of success. D. Expensed if unsuccessful, capitalized if successful. ASoftware development costs are capitalized if they are incurred: A. Prior to the point at which technological feasibility has been established. B. After commercial production has begun. C. After technological feasibility has been established but prior to the product availability date. D. None of the above is correct. CResearch and development (R&D) costs: A. Generally pertain to activities that occur prior to the start of production. B. May be expensed or capitalized, at the option of the reporting entity. C. Must be capitalized and amortized. D. None of the above is correct. AResearch and development expense for a given period includes: A. The full cost of newly acquired equipment that has an alternative future use. B. Depreciation on a research and development facility. C. Research and development conducted on a contract basis for another entity. D. Patent filing and legal costs. BAmortization of capitalized computer software costs is: A. Either the percentage-of-revenue method or the straight-line method at the company's option. B. The greater of the percentage-of-revenue method or the straight-line method. C. The lesser of the percentage-of-revenue method or the straight-line method. D. Based on neither the percentage-of-revenue nor the straight-line method. BUnder International Financial Reporting Standards, research expenditures are: A. Expensed in the period incurred. B. Expensed in the period they are determined to be unsuccessful. C. Capitalized if certain criteria are met. D. Expensed if unsuccessful, capitalized if successful. AUnder International Financial Reporting Standards, development expenditures are: A. Expensed in the period incurred. B. Expensed in the period they are determined to be unsuccessful. C. Capitalized if certain criteria are met. D. None of the above is correct. CIn accounting for oil and gas exploration costs, companies: A. May not use the full-cost method. B. May use the successful efforts method. C. May use the slippery slope method. D. All of the above are correct. B
D1694020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Box_Derby	Soap Box Derby	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)1984 Augusta, Georgia Champion An official Soap Box Derby racer from 1967, including a " Snoopy as the flying ace" picture. Senior Seifenkiste - Deutsches Seifenkisten Derby e. V. - soap box car from Germany The Soap Box Derby is a youth soapbox car racing program which has been run in the United States since 1934. World Championship finals are held each July at Derby Downs in Akron, Ohio. Cars competing in this and related events are unpowered, relying completely upon gravity to move. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Modern soapbox racing3 Ultimate Speed Challenge4 Scandals4.1 1973 scandal5 References6 Literature7 Further reading8 External links History [ edit]In the wake of the first car races, local youth auto races took place in the US at a very early stage. In 1914 the motion picture Kid Auto Races at Venice starring Charlie Chaplin was shown in the cinemas. [1]In 1933 Myron Scott, a photographer for Dayton, Ohio newspaper Dayton Daily News, put together an impromptu race for 19 boys. There was so much interest that Scott arranged a bigger race, with prize money for August 19. "An amazing crowd of 362 kids showed up with homemade cars built of orange crates, sheet tin, wagon and baby-buggy wheels...." [2]The following year, the first All-American race was held on August 19, 1934. The national winner was Robert Turner of Muncie, IN, who made his car from the wood of a saloon bar. [2] [3]In 1935, the race was moved from Dayton to Akron because of its central location and hilly terrain. [4] An accident in 1935 captured the public's interest, and boosted the event's profile. A car went off the track and struck NBC 's top commentator and sportscaster Graham Mc Namee while he was broadcasting live on the air. Despite a concussion and other injuries (which resulted in a two-week hospital stay), Mc Namee described the collision to his listeners and finished his broadcast. In 1936, Akron civic leaders recognized the need for a permanent track site for the youth racing classic, and through the efforts of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), Derby Downs became a reality. In 1946, the town of Mission, British Columbia acquired the rights to the Western Canada Soapbox Derby Championships and the Mission Regional Chamber of Commerce, previously named the Mission City & District Board of Trade, organized the event annually until 1973. [5]During the All American Soapbox Derby's heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, when Chevrolet was a sponsor and famous TV and movie stars made guest appearances, as many as 70,000 people gathered in August to eat snow cones and cheer hundreds of youthful racer/builders (boys only in early years) ages 11–15 who were the champions of local races around the nation and from several foreign countries. In 1947, actor James Stewart was appearing in the Broadway play Harvey; in order to attend the event, he cancelled a weekend's worth of performances and refunds were issued to ticketholders. At its peak, the Derby was one of the top five sporting events in terms of attendance. John De Lorean ended the 35-year Chevrolet sponsorship in 1972, claiming that the Derby was outdated and too expensive to hold. [6]Starting in 1993, the All-American Soap Box derby began the Rally World Championship. The Rally derby is a grand prix style of race in which each district, ten in all, sends back a number of champions based on number of racers and races in each district. Today there are broader categories that extend the age range to younger racers and permit adults to assist in construction. This is especially helpful for younger children who cannot use power tools, as well as to provide an outlet for adults. Modern soapbox racing [ edit]Modern Derby Cars Using standardized wheels with precision ball bearings, modern gravity -powered racers start at a ramp on top of a hill, attaining speeds of up to 35 miles per hour. Rally races and qualifying races in cities around the world use advanced timing systems that measure the time difference between the competing cars to the thousandth of a second to determine the winner of a heat. Each heat of a race lasts less than 30 seconds. Most races are double elimination races in which a racer that loses a heat can work their way through the Challenger's Bracket in an attempt to win the overall race. The annual World Championship race in Akron, however, is a single elimination race which uses overhead photography, triggered by a timing system, to determine the winner of each heat. Approximately 500 racers compete in two or three heats to determine a World Champion in each divisions. There are three racing divisions in most locals and at the All-American competition. The Stock division is designed to give the first-time builder a learning experience. Boys and girls, ages 7 through 13, compete in simplified cars built from kits purchased from the All-American. These kits assist the Derby novice by providing a step-by-step layout for construction of a basic lean forward style car. The Super Stock Car division, ages 10 through 17, gives the competitor an opportunity to expand their knowledge and build a more advanced model. Both of these beginner levels make use of kits and shells available from the All-American. These entry levels of racing are popular in race communities across the country, as youngsters are exposed to the Derby program for the first time. The Masters division offers boys and girls, ages 10 through 20, an advanced class of racer in which to try their creativity and design skills. Masters entrants may purchase a Scottie Masters Kit with a fiberglass body from the All-American Soap Box Derby. Ultimate Speed Challenge [ edit]Winning 2011 AAUSC Car AAUSC winners and record holders The Ultimate Speed Challenge [7] is an All American Soap Box Derby sanctioned racing format that was developed in 2004 to preserve the tradition of innovation, creativity, and craftsmanship in the design of a gravity powered racing vehicle while generating intrigue, excitement, and engaging the audience at the annual All-American Soap Box Derby competition. The goal of the event is to attract creative entries designed to reach speeds never before attainable on the historic Akron hill. The competition consists of three timed runs (one run in each lane), down Akron’s 989-foot (301 m) hill. The car and team that achieve the fastest single run is declared the winner. The timed runs are completed during the All American Soap Box Derby race week. The open rules of the Ultimate speed Challenge have led to a variety of interesting car designs., [8] [9] Winning times have improved as wheel technology has advanced and the integration between the cars and wheels has improved via the use of wheel fairings. Wheels play a key role in a car's success in the race. Wheel optimization has included a trend towards a smaller diameter (to reduce inertial effects and aerodynamic drag), the use of custom rubber or urethane tires (to reduce rolling resistance), and the use of solvents to swell the tires (also reducing rolling resistance). There is some overlap in technology between this race and other gravity racing events, including the buggy races race at Carnegie Mellon University. [10]In 2004, during the inaugural run of the Ultimate Speed Challenge, the fastest time was achieved by a car designed and built by the Pearson family, driven by Alicia Kimball, and utilizing high performance pneumatic tires. The winning time achieved on the 989-foot (301 m) track was 27.190 seconds. Jerry Pearson returned to defend the title with driver Nicki Henry in the 2005 Ultimate Speed Challenge beating the 2004 record time and breaking the 27.00 second barrier with an elapsed time of 26.953 seconds. Second place went to the DC Derbaticians with a time of 27.085 while third went to Talon Racing of Florida with a time of 27.320. [11]John Wargo, from California, put together the 2006 Ultimate Speed Challenge winning team with driver Jenny Rodway. Jenny set a new track record of 26.934 seconds. Jenny's record stood for 3 years as revisions to the track and ramps after the 2006 race caused winning times to rise in subsequent races. Team Pearson finished 2nd with a time of 26.999 seconds and team Thomas finished 3rd with a time of 27.065. [12]Team Eliminator, composed of crew chief and designer Jack Barr and driver Lynnel Mc Clellan, achieved victory with a time of 27.160 in the 70th (2007) All-American Soap Box Derby Ultimate Speed Challenge. Jenn Rodway finished 2nd with a time of 27.334 while Hilary Pearson finished 3rd with a time of 27.367. [13]Jack Barr returned in 2008 with driver Krista Osborne for a repeat team win with a 27.009 second run. Crew chief Tom Schurr and driver Cory Schurr place second with a time of 27.023 while crew chief Mike Albertoni and driver Danielle Hughes were 3rd after posting a time of 27.072. [14]In the 72nd (2009) AASBD Ultimate Speed Challenge, Derek Fitzgerald's Zero-Error Racing team, with driver Jamie Berndt, took advantage of a freshly paved track, [15] [16] and set a new record time of 26.924 seconds. Cory Schurr placed second with a time of 26.987. Laura Overmyer of clean sheet racing finished third with a time of 27.003. In 2010, Mark Overmyer’s Clean Sheet/Sigma Nu team (CSSN) and driver Jim Overmyer set the track record at 26.861 seconds in the first heat of the opening round. Several minutes later, driver Sheri Lazowski, also of CSSN, lowered the record to 26.844 seconds, resulting in victory by 0.005 seconds over 2nd-place finisher Jamie Berndt of Zero Error. Competition was tight in 2010, with the top 3 cars finishing within a span of 0.017 seconds. [7] [17]In 2011, advancements in wheel technology and car design, coupled with ideal track conditions, lead to significantly lower times in the Ultimate Speed Challenge. Driver Kayla Albertoni and crew chief Mike Albertoni broke the record in heat 2 or the opening round with a 26.765, taking 0.079 seconds off the 2010 record. One heat later, driver Jim Overmyer and crew chief Mark Estes of team CSSN racing lowered the record a further 0.133 with a 26.632 run. Jim improved to 26.613 in round 2 to secure 2nd place. In heat 5, of the opening round, driver Kristi Murphy and crew chief Pat Murphy secured 3rd place with a run of 26.677. In the next heat, driver Sheri Lazowski and crew chief Mark Overmyer (of CSSN racing) took the victory with a blistering run of 26.585 seconds. Sheri's record time was 0.259 seconds under her 2010 record and 0.339 seconds below the 2009 record. Her improvement in 2011 is the largest year-to-year change in the record in the history of the AAUSC race. [18] [19] By winning in both 2010 and 2011, Sheri became the first repeat USC winner. In 2012, revised starting ramps and a re-sealed track with a softer road surface, led to significant increases in finishing times. The 2012 winner, Laura Overmyer of CSSN racing, with crew chief Mark Estes, posted a winning time of 26.655 seconds, 0.070 seconds slower than the track record set by her team the prior year. Kristi Murphy, of Zero Error racing, finished in 2nd with a time of 26.769, 0.114 seconds back. Jamie Berndt, also of Zero Error racing, finished in 3rd place with a time of 26.827. Competition was not as close as in recent years, with the top 3 cars covering a span of 0.172 seconds. This is roughly double the span in 2009 and 2011 and 10 times the span in 2010. The 2012 results mark the 3rd consecutive win by CSSN racing and the 4th consecutive win by wheel expert Duane Delaney. [20] [21]The 2013 race was run under wet conditions which necessitated a format change. Each car was given a single run from lane 2 to determine the winner. The running order was randomly determined. CSSN Racing's Anne Taylor with crew chief Jerry Pearson won with a time of 26.929. Jillian Brinberg and crew chief Mark Estes, also of CSSN Racing, finished 2nd with a time of 26.978. Catherine Carney with crew chief Lee Carney finished 3rd with a time of 27.162. [22]In 2014, CSSN's Anne Taylor with crew chief Jerry Pearson won with a time of 26.613. Anne's time improves on the prior best time for the new gate configuration but falls short of the 2011 record. This marks Anne's 2nd consecutive win and the 5th consecutive win for CSSN racing in this event. CSSN's Tucker Mc Claran with crew chief Mark Estes finished second with a time of 26.667. Catherine Carney with crew chief Lee Carney finished 3rd with a time of 26.750. Scandals [ edit]1973 scandal [ edit]1973 Boulder, Colorado Disqualified Racer Electromagnet Electrical Wiring within Headrest In 1973, 14-year-old Jimmy Gronen of Boulder, Colorado was stripped of his title two days after winning the national race. Suspicions were running high even before the finals, and Gronen was actually booed by many spectators. The unusual dimensions of Gronen's margins of victory and heat times tipped off derby officials to illegal circumstances surrounding Gronen's racer. Subsequent X-ray examination of his car revealed an electromagnet in the nose. When activated at the starting line, the electromagnet pulled the car forward by attracting it to the steel paddle used to start the race. Gronen activated the electromagnet by leaning his helmet against the backrest of his seat, which activated its power source. This became very evident as Gronen's heat times progressively slowed down as the race wore on, because the electromagnet lost strength each time it was activated. Usually, heat times get faster each time a racer completes a heat. Videotape of the race also showed a suspiciously sudden lead for Gronen just a few feet after each heat began. The margin of victory for a race heat is normally no more than 1 to 3 feet (0.30 to 0.91 m). Gronen's early heat victories were in the 20 to 30 feet (6.1 to 9.1 m) range. (Aluminum insulator plates were added to the starting ramps in 1974 to render an electromagnetic system useless.) [23]Midway through the 1973 race, Derby officials also replaced Gronen's wheels after chemicals were found to be applied to the wheels' rubber. The chemicals caused the tire rubber to swell, which reduced the rolling resistance of the tire. In the final heat, Gronen finished narrowly ahead of Bret Yarborough. Within two days, Yarborough was declared the 1973 champion. Gronen's uncle and legal guardian at the time, wealthy engineer Robert Lange, was indicted for contributing to the delinquency of a minor and paid a $2,000 settlement. [24]Lange's son, Bob Lange Jr. (and Jimmy Gronen's cousin) had won the previous 1972 Derby using a car considered to be indistinguishable from the vehicle used by Gronen. References [ edit]^ The Internet Movie Database November 11, 2009^ a b "History". All-American Soap Box Derby. Retrieved August 19, 2011.^ Archdeacon, Tom. "HISTORY OF THE SOAP BOX DERBY IN DAYTON". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 19, 2011.^ Bailey, Mary (August 25, 1996). "The All-American Soap Box Derby". The Detroit News. Retrieved August 19, 2011. With multiple historical photos.^ Cherrington, John (1974). Mission on the Fraser, Patterns of a small city's progress, p. 33,172. Mitchell Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada. ISBN B0006CL344^ Price, Mark J. (July 16, 2017). "Local history: Auto executive John De Lorean cut Chevrolet's ties with Soap Box Derby in 1972 and expected it to fail". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved July 17, 2017.^ a b [1] [ dead link]^ http://www.wr-racing.com/id39.html^ http://www.wr-racing.com/id21.html^ "separated at birth \| CMU Buggy Alumni Association". Cmubuggy.org. Retrieved 2018-01-25.^ [2] [ dead link]^ [3] [ dead link]^ [4] [ dead link]^ [5] [ dead link]^ [6] [ dead link]^ [7] [ dead link]^ "ISBD". Aasbd.net. Retrieved 2018-01-25.^ "Huge Domains.com - Aa Race.com is for sale". Aa Race. Retrieved 2018-01-25.^ [8] [ dead link]^ "2012 Ultimate Speed Challenge Heat Results.pdf - Google Drive". Docs.google.com. Retrieved 2018-01-25.^ [9] [ dead link]^ http://aaraceweek.com/?page_id=616^ "Anything to Win: The All-American Soap Box Derby Scandal" (episode 6 of the GSN documentary series)^ Eric Dexheimer (2004-08-05). "Uphill Racer". Westword. Retrieved 2018-01-25. Literature [ edit]Payne, Melanie: Champions, cheaters, and childhood dreams : memories of the soap box derby, Akron, Ohio : University of Akron Press, 2003 ISBN 1-931968-05-5 Library of Congress Further reading [ edit]"Soap Box Racers Test Skill Of Boy Engineers" Popular Mechanics, July 1935 photos and drawing of original official rules and specification of racers"How To Win the Soap Box Derby" Popular Mechanics, April 1936, pp.540-543 articles by VP of General Motors and by engineer for B. F. Goodrich External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soap Box Derby. Official website Categories: Racing Recurring events established in 1934 1934 establishments in Ohio
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D3562571	https://countrydigest.org/miami-dade-population/	Miami-Dade Population 2016	Miami-Dade Population 2016The Miami-Dade County population is 2,693,117 (US Census Bureau Data 2015). This makes Miami-Dade the largest county in Florida by population, and the 7th largest county in the US. Miami-Dade County is located on the coast, at the South-East tip of Florida. Despite being home to a grand total of 34 incorporated cities including Miami, the largest city in the county, Miami-Dade is only the fourth most densely populated county in Florida. Largest cities in Miami-Dade County Miami is the largest city in Miami-Dade County. It is also the second most populous city in Florida (click here to see a full list of Florida cities by population) and the 44th most populous city in the United States. Latest estimates from the US Census Bureau (2015) put the population of Miami at 441,003 people. In total, there are 34 incorporated cities in the county of Miami-Dade. Only three have a population of more than 100,000 people – Miami (441,003), Hialeah (237,069) and Miami Gardens (113,187). There are five other Miami-Dade cities with a population of more than 50,000 people – Miami Beach (92,312), Homestead (60,512) and North Miami (62,435), Doral (56,035) and Coral Gables (51,117). City Population (2015)Miami 441,003Hialeah 237,069Miami Gardens 113,187Miami Beach 92,312Homestead 60,512North Miami 62,435Doral 56,035Coral Gables 51,117Source: US Census Bureau American Fact Finder 2015. Ethnicity / Race in Miami-Dade County Unsurprisingly for a city so close to Cuba, Hispanic or Latino is the largest single ethnic or racial group in Miami-Dade. As of 1 July 2015, 66.8% of residents are reported to be Hispanic or Latino. The second largest group in Miami-Dade is Black or African American (18.7%), followed by White non-Hispanic (14.4%). The percentage share of population for each of these groups is falling. Hispanic or Latino 66.8%Black or African American 18.7%White non-Hispanic 14.4%More than half (54%) of Latinos in Miami are Cuban-Americans. A further 13% are from Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic or Mexico and the remaining 32% are from elsewhere in Central or South America. Cuba 54%Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic or Mexico 13%Elsewhere in Central or South America 32%More than half (52%) of the people who live in Miami-Dade were born outside of the USA. Miami-Dade languages Because of its high Hispanic and Latino population, almost two thirds of the population speaks Spanish as their mother tongue. Census data from 2010 shows that 63.8% of people in Miami-Dade speak Spanish as their primary language, 28.1% speak English and 4.2% speak French Creole. Spanish 63.8%English 28.1%French Creole 4.2%Of those people in Miami-Dade whose first language is Spanish, more than half are not fluent in English. Almost all of the county’s English speakers are fluent only in English. Economy and Income Per capita income in Miami-Dade County is $22,957. This is lower than the US average of $27,334, and places Miami-Dade 33rd out of 67 in the Florida state rankings. Miami-Dade County $22,957US average $27,334Data on household income (2013) shows that each household earned on average $41,913. This puts Miami-Dade 242nd out of 263 US counties with a population of more than 250,000 people. Almost two-thirds of households earned less than a living income, demonstrating that poverty is an important issue in the county. Miami-Dade County Population Density Miami Dade is the third largest county in Florida by area, and the fourth most densely populated. The county’s total area is 2,431 square miles (6,296 km²). This means that, as of 2015, 1,378.9 people live in each square mile – that’s 532 people per km². MIami-Dade County Population Growth Miami-Dade was founded (as Dade County) in 1840 and, almost immediately its population of 446 began to shrink. Between 1840 and 1860 it fell to just 83 people. This drop in the Miami-Dade County population is probably due in part to the ongoing conflict between the US Army and the Seminoles, known as the Seminole Wars, which were fought between 1816 and 1858. Since then, however, growth has been steady – as high as 475% per decade in the late 19th century. Today growth hovers between 10-20% per decade. The table below details the population of Miami-Dade county at the time of each US census. Census Year Population Percentage change1840 446 n/a1850 159 -64.3%1860 83 -47.8%1870 85 2.4%1880 257 202.4%1890 861 235.0%1900 4,955 475.5%1910 11,933 140.8%1920 47,753 258.3%1930 149,955 234.4%1940 267,739 87.3%1950 495,084 84.9%1960 935,047 88.9%1970 1,267,792 35.6%1980 1,625,871 28.2%1990 1,937,094 19.1%2000 2,253,362 16.3%2010 2,496,435 10.8%Sources and Further Reading Unless otherwise noted, data in this article about how many people live in Miami-Dade County comes from the US Census Bureau. Other resources we recommend are the Miami Dade government’s Regulatory and Economic Resources page and Miami Dade Matters, which is provided by the Health Council of South Florida. You may also like Catalonia Population (2017)October 27, 2017The population of Catalonia is 7,522,596 (source: Idescat). The Catalonian parliament declared independence from Spain on 27 October 2017. The Spanish... Largest cities in Illinois (2017)June 13, 2017The table below lists the 221 largest cities in Illinois by population – every city with a population of more than 10,000 people. Chicago is the largest... Largest cities in Kansas (2017)June 6, 2017The table below lists the 300 largest cities in Kansas – every city with a population of more than 476 people. Wichita is the largest city in Kansas, and... Largest Cities in Florida (2017)June 4, 2017The table below lists the largest cities in Florida – every city, town or village with a population of more than 5,000 people. Jacksonville is the... Maui Population May 30, 2017The latest US Census Bureau estimate for the population of Maui County, Hawaii, is 165,386. Maui, known as the Valley Isle, is second largest island in Hawaii... Portland Population (2017)April 25, 2017The population of Portland, Oregon is 632,309 (latest US census data). Portland is the largest city in the US state of Oregon, and the 26th largest city in the... Population of Edinburgh 2017January 4, 2017Latest data puts the population of Edinburgh at 498,810. Although official data for Edinburgh’s 2017 population is not yet available, it is believed that the... Population of Glasgow 2017January 1, 2017The population of Glasgow is 606,340. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, the fourth largest city in the United Kingdom and the 40th largest city in the... Table of Contents Largest cities in Miami-Dade County Ethnicity / Race in Miami-Dade County Miami-Dade languages Economy and Income Miami-Dade County Population Density MIami-Dade County Population Growth Sources and Further Reading
D1303181	http://www.thefreedictionary.com/manual	manual	manual Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to manual: Manuelman·u·al (măn′yo͞o-əl)adj.1.a. Of or relating to the hands: manual skill.b. Done by, used by, or operated with the hands.c. Employing human rather than mechanical energy: manual labor.2. Of, relating to, or resembling a small reference book.n.1. A small reference book, especially one giving instructions.2. Music A keyboard, as of an organ or harpsichord, played with the hands.3. A machine operated by hand.4.a. A manual transmission.b. A vehicle having a manual transmission.5. Prescribed movements in the handling of a weapon, especially a rifle: the manual of arms.6. A maneuver in certain board sports, such as skateboarding, in which all of the boardexcept one end is lifted off the ground, especially when the tip of the board is kept frommaking contact with the ground. [Middle English, from Old French manuel, from Latin manuālis, from manus, hand; see manus . ]man′u·al·ly adv. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.manual ( ˈmænjʊəl) adj1. of or relating to a hand or hands2. operated or done by hand: manual controls.3. physical, as opposed to mental or mechanical: manual labour.4. by human labour rather than automatic or computer-aided means5. of, relating to, or resembling a manualn6. a book, esp of instructions or information: a car manual.7. (Music, other) music one of the keyboards played by hand on an organ8. (Military) military the prescribed drill with small arms [C15: via Old French from Latin manuālis, from manus hand]ˈmanually adv Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014man•u•al (ˈmæn yu əl)adj.1. operated by hand rather than mechanically or automatically: a manual gearshift.2. involving or requiring human effort; physical: manual labor.3. of or pertaining to the hands.n.4. a book easily held in the hand, esp. one giving information or instructions.5. a typewriter whose keys and carriage are powered solely by the typist's hands.6. the prescribed drill in handling a rifle: military manual of arms.7. a musical keyboard, esp. one of several belonging to a pipe organ. [1400–50; (< Middle French) < Latin manuālis that can be held in the hand, derivative of manushand]man′u•al•ly, adv. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. manual - a small handbookenchiridion, handbook, vade mecum - a concise reference book providing specificinformation about a subject or locationconsuetudinal, consuetudinary - a manual describing the customs of a particulargroup (especially the ceremonial practices of a monastic order)grimoire - a manual of black magic (for invoking spirits and demons)book of instructions, instruction manual, instructions, operating instructions - a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate itreference manual - a manual containing information organized in a summarymannersex manual - a manual containing instruction in sexual techniques; intended to enhance the reader's sexual life2. manual - (military) a prescribed drill in handling a riflemanual of armspractice session, practice, drill, exercise, recitation - systematic training by multiple repetitions; "practice makes perfect"order arms - a position in the manual of arms; the rifle is held vertically on the rightside with the butt on the ground; often used as a commandarmed forces, armed services, military, military machine, war machine - themilitary forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the militarymachine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker"Adj. 1. manual - of or relating to the hands; "manual dexterity"2. manual - requiring human effort; "a manual transmission"automatic - operating with minimal human intervention; independent of externalcontrol; "automatic transmission"; "a budget deficit that caused automatic spending cuts"3. manual - doing or requiring physical work; "manual labor"; "manuallaborer"blue-collar - of or designating manual industrial work or workers Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.manualadjective1. physical, human, done by hand semi-skilled and unskilled manual work2. hand-operated, hand, non-automatic There is a manual pump to get rid of water.noun1. handbook, guide, instructions, bible, guidebook, workbook, enchiridion (rare) theinstruction manual Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © Harper Collins Publishers 1995, 2002Translations Select a language:manualmanual [ˈmænjʊəl]A. ADJ → manualmanual labour or > labor ( US) → trabajo m manualmanual training → enseñanza f de artes y oficiosmanual worker → trabajador (a) m/f manual B. N1. (= book) → manual m2. ( Mus) → teclado m Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © Harper Collins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005manual ( ˈmӕnjuəl) adjective1. of the hand or hands. manual skills/labour. manual2. working with the hands. a manual worker. manual3. worked or operated by the hand. a car with a manual gearbox. manualnoun1. a handbook eg of technical information about a machine etc. an instruction manual. manual2. a keyboard of an organ etc. tecladoˈmanually adverbby hand. You have to operate this sewing-machine manually – it is not electric. manualmente Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd.manual→ manual Multilingual Translator © Harper Collins Publishers 2009manuala. manual, manuable. English-Spanish Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012A standard transmission, please (US) A manual, please (UK) → Un carro manual, por favor Collins Multilingual Translator © Harper Collins Publishers 2009manualadj manual English-Spanish/Spanish-English Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2006 by The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter
D2935018	http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/tree.html	A tree converts disorder to order with a little help from the Sun	A tree converts disorder to order with a little help from the Sun The concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics suggests that systems naturally progress from order to disorder. If so, how do biological systems develop and maintain such a high degree of order? Is this a violation of the second law of thermodynamics? Order can be produced with an expenditure of energy, and the order associated with life on the earth is produced with the aid of energy from the sun. The building materials are in a highly disordered state - gases, liquids and vapors. The tree takes in carbon dioxide from the air, water from the earth as well as a small amount from water vapor in the air. From this disordered beginning, it produces the highly ordered and highly constrained sugar molecules, like glucose. The radiant energy from the Sun gets transferred to the bond energies of the carbons and the other atoms in the glucose molecule. In addition to making the sugars, the plants also release oxygen which is essential for animal life. The leaves use the energy from the sun in tiny energy factories called chloroplasts. Using chlorophyll in the process called photosynthesis, they convert the sun's energy into storable form in ordered sugar molecules. As an example of the scope of this process, consider a mature maple tree. It may have 500 pounds of green leaves employed in the process of photosynthesis. Having a leaf surface area of several hundred square meters, it is capable of making some 2 tons of sugar. The process of photosynthesis in plants stores energy in the plants which can be used for accomplishing work. Some of the energy is used for the synthesis of carbohydrates. These carbohydrates may be simple sugars like glucose or complex combinations of sugars. Some of the common carbohydrates are: Cellulose Long chains of glucose molecules which are fairly linear. They help maintain the plant structure - the wood of trees is primarily cellulose. Starch More highly branched chains of glucose molecules. They are produced by plants and serve as energy resources for the plants. They can be metabolized by humans and other animals for energy. Glycogen Even more highly branched chains of glucose, but similar to starches. Used by plants and animals for energy storage. For animals, this glycogen storage is primarily in the muscles. In animal systems there are also small structures within the cells called mitochondria which use the energy stored in sugar molecules from food to form more highly ordered structures. Order and disorder in biological systems.
D950751	https://study.com/academy/lesson/glycocalyx-definition-function.html	Glycocalyx: Definition & Function	Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds Add to Timeline Autoplay 57K views Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days!Create An Account Recommended Lessons and Courses for You Related Lessons Related Courses Endospore: Definition, Formation & Structure Basal Lamina: Definition & Function Peptidoglycan: Definition, Function & Structure Amphitrichous Flagella: Definition & Example Lesson Transcript Instructor: Amanda Robb This lesson is about the glycocalyx, which is an important outer covering of all kinds of cells, from humans to bacteria. In this lesson, you'll learn what it does in our bodies and for bacteria. We'll also cover medical applications of the glycocalyx. What Is the Glycocalyx? How many times have you tried to scrub your bathtub and you just can't get that slime off? It takes a lot of manpower and some serious cleaners to get it looking white again. Well, unfortunately, that slime is bacteria, and the reason you can't get it off is because of the glycocalyx! To get started, let's talk a little about cell structure. Later, we'll learn what happens with that stubborn slime. Cells have an outer covering called the plasma membrane. This structure is a thin layer that separates the cell from the environment. Some cells live in more challenging environments with physical stress on the surface. These cells need some extra padding outside their membrane. This is where the glycocalyx comes in. The glycocalyx is a thick outer covering of the plasma membrane. It is composed of strands of sugars and proteins bound together. The result is a thick, sticky layer that helps cells stay put in environments with lots of physical stress. Think of it as an ultra-sticky tape. If you had an object and you wanted it to stay put on the wall, you wouldn't just use regular Scotch tape, like our plasma membrane. We would have to bring in some thick duct tape, which is like the glycocalyx. The following is the glycocalyx, labeled number 6. Glycocalyx in Humans Although bacteria are notorious for a great glycocalyx, humans have their own version that is important to both vascular function and the digestive system. Your blood vessels are actually tiny tubes made of cells. The cells on the very inside of the tube are called endothelial cells and have to withstand the stress of blood flowing over them constantly. The following is a diagram of blood flowing through an artery. The innermost layer is the endothelial cells. In order to do this, these cells make a glycocalyx. The glycocalyx helps important vascular cells adhere to blood vessels, such as leukocytes and thrombocytes, which are involved in blood clotting. The second example of a glycocalyx in humans is found in the digestive system. Our small intestine is responsible for absorbing all the nutrients that come through our digestive system. In order to do this, they have many tiny folds called microvilli. The microvilli help the small intestine absorb nutrients. The following is a diagram of the surface of the microvilli. Each of the cells that make up the microvilli are covered with a glycocalyx. The physical stress of liquid food, called chyme, flowing through the digestive tract, means the cells need extra protection. Also, the chyme is acidic since it is coming from the stomach, again indicating these cells need some extra padding on the surface. The glycocalyx also contains important enzymes to keep breaking down food for absorption. Glycocalyx in Bacteria Next is the bacterial glycocalyx. This is the reason we just can't get that slime off the bathtub. Most bacteria make a glycocalyx, but some are experts. These expert bacteria make a very thick glycocalyx that helps them to adhere to each other and surfaces in extreme environments. Think of all the water pounding against your shower each day, and yet somehow, those bacteria stay put. They stay put even with extreme scrubbing and chemicals!Bacteria use the glycocalyx to make thick films of bacteria in nature as well, called a biofilm. Biofilms have important applications in breaking down toxic chemicals in our ecosystems and have been used to clean up petroleum spills, as well as contamination in water supplies. The bacteria in the biofilm break down the toxic chemicals, allowing the ecosystem to return to normal. Some bacteria can even make an extra-thick glycocalyx, called a capsule. These capsules protect bacteria in very harsh environments and can even be pathogenic to humans. The capsule prevents the bacteria from being engulfed in our immune cells. Here, the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is shown in a biofilm, which is potentially dangerous to humans. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student I am a teacher
D700257	http://www.frbsf.org/education/publications/doctor-econ/2007/november/oil-prices-impact-economy/	What are the possible causes and consequences of higher oil prices on the overall economy?	What are the possible causes and consequences of higher oil prices on the overall economy? November 2007What a daunting question! With oil prices increasing rapidly in the recent past, it is hard not to wonder what has caused it and just what effect it might have on the rest of the economy. Let me begin by discussing the evolution of oil prices over time. How have oil prices behaved in recent decades? Figure 1 shows the history of the price of oil since the early 1950s. The price shown is the monthly average spot price of a barrel of West Texas intermediate crude oil, measured in U. S. dollars. The gray bars in this and all the following figures represent recessions, as defined by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Figure 1. Spot Oil Price ($ Barrel)As you can see from Figure 1, a long period of oil price stability was interrupted in 1973. In fact, the 1970s show two distinct jumps in oil prices: one was triggered by the Yom Kippur War in 1973, and one was prompted by the Iranian Revolution of 1979. Since then, oil prices have regularly displayed volatility relative to the ’50s and ’60s. Figure 2 shows the “real” oil price, calculated by dividing the price of oil by the GDP deflator. 1 This removes the effect of inflation and thus gives a more accurate sense of what is happening to the price of the commodity itself. In essence, the “real” measure allows you to compare oil prices over time in a way that you can’t when inflation is also part of the change in price. You can see that real oil prices have varied a lot over time, and large fluctuations tend to be concentrated over somewhat short periods. You can also see that by the spring of 2008, as this posting was prepared, the real price of oil has easily exceeded that of the late 1970s. Figure 2. Real Oil Price Why are oil prices rising? It is likely that both increases in demand and fears of supply disruptions have exerted upward pressure on oil prices. 2 Global demand for oil has been increasing, outpacing any gains in oil production and excess capacity. A large reason is that developing nations, especially China and India, have been growing rapidly. These economies have become increasingly industrialized and urbanized, which has contributed to an increase in the world demand for oil. In addition, in recent years fears of supply disruptions have been spurred by turmoil in oil-producing countries such as Nigeria, Venezuela, Iraq, and Iran ( Brown 2006 ). The breathtakingly sharp increase in the price of oil in the last half of 2007 and first half of 2008 has led many to argue that increased speculation in commodity markets has played a role, and indeed there is evidence of increased activity in these markets. However, whether speculation is playing a role in high oil prices is open to debate ( Krugman 2008 ). It is also useful to remember that both the demand for and the supply of oil react sluggishly to changes in prices in the short run, so very large changes in prices can be required to restore equilibrium if demand should move even modestly out of line with supply. As far as the implications of higher oil prices, there are both microeconomic and macroeconomic answers to that question. I will address both of these aspects in turn. How do high oil prices affect the economy on a “micro” level? As a consumer, you may already understand the microeconomic implications of higher oil prices. When observing higher oil prices, most of us are likely to think about the price of gasoline as well, since gasoline purchases are necessary for most households. When gasoline prices increase, a larger share of households’ budgets is likely to be spent on it, which leaves less to spend on other goods and services. The same goes for businesses whose goods must be shipped from place to place or that use fuel as a major input (such as the airline industry). Higher oil prices tend to make production more expensive for businesses, just as they make it more expensive for households to do the things they normally do. It turns out that oil and gasoline prices are indeed very closely related. Figure 3 plots average monthly oil prices from 1990 through early 2008, using the spot oil price for West Texas intermediate (right scale, thin blue line, measured in dollars per barrel) and the U. S. retail gasoline price (left scale, thick red line, measured in cents per gallon). The two series track each other very closely over time: increases in oil prices are accompanied by increases in gasoline prices. As shown in the graph, the correlation coefficient (denoted “r”) for the two series is 0.98. Moreover, the monthly changes in oil prices and gasoline prices (not shown) also are very highly and positively correlated. Figure 3. U. S. Gasoline and Oil Prices So, when oil prices spike, you can expect gasoline prices to spike as well, and that affects the costs faced by the vast majority of households and businesses. What effects do oil prices have on the “macro” economy? I’ve just explained how oil prices affect households and businesses; it is not a far leap to understand how oil prices affect the macroeconomy. Oil price increases are generally thought to increase inflation and reduce economic growth. In terms of inflation, oil prices directly affect the prices of goods made with petroleum products. As mentioned above, oil prices indirectly affect costs such as transportation, manufacturing, and heating. The increase in these costs can in turn affect the prices of a variety of goods and services, as producers may pass production costs on to consumers. The extent to which oil price increases lead to consumption price increases depends on how important oil is for the production of a given type of good or service. Oil price increases can also stifle the growth of the economy through their effect on the supply and demand for goods other than oil. Increases in oil prices can depress the supply of other goods because they increase the costs of producing them. In economics terminology, high oil prices can shift up the supply curve for the goods and services for which oil is an input. High oil prices also can reduce demand for other goods because they reduce wealth, as well as induce uncertainty about the future ( Sill 2007 ). One way to analyze the effects of higher oil prices is to think about the higher prices as a tax on consumers ( Fernald and Trehan 2005 ). The simplest example occurs in the case of imported oil. The extra payment that U. S. consumers make to foreign oil producers can now no longer be spent on other kinds of consumption goods. 3Despite these effects on supply and demand, the correlation between oil price increases and economic downturns in the U. S. is not perfect. Not every sizeable oil price increase has been followed by a recession. However, five of the last seven U. S. recessions were preceded by considerable increases in oil prices ( Sill 2007 ). 4Is the relationship between oil prices and the economy always the same? The two aforementioned large oil shocks of the 1970s were characterized by low growth, high unemployment, and high inflation (also often referred to as periods of stagflation). It is no wonder that changes in oil prices have been viewed as an important source of economic fluctuations. However, in the past decade research has challenged this conventional wisdom about the relationship between oil prices and the economy. As Blanchard and Gali (2007) note, the late 1990s and early 2000s were periods of large oil price fluctuations, which were comparable in magnitude to the oil shocks of the 1970s. However, these later oil shocks did not cause considerable fluctuations in inflation (Figure 4), real GDP growth (Figure 5), or the unemployment rate. Figure 4. Oil Prices and CPI Inflation Figure 5. Oil Prices and Real GDP Growth A caveat is in order, however, because simply observing the movements of inflation and growth around oil shocks may be misleading. Keep in mind that oil shocks have often coincided with other economic shocks. In the 1970s, there were large increases in commodity prices, which intensified the effects on inflation and growth. On the other hand, the early 2000s were a period of high productivity growth, which offset the effect of oil prices on inflation and growth. Therefore, to determine whether the relationship between oil prices and other variables has truly changed over time, one must go beyond casual observations and appeal to econometric analysis (which allows researchers to control for other developments in the economy when studying the link between oil prices and key macroeconomic variables). Formal studies find evidence that the link between oil prices and the macroeconomy has indeed deteriorated over time. For example, Hooker (2002) suggests that the structural break in the relationship between inflation and oil prices occurred at the end of 1980s. Blanchard and Gali (2007) look at the responses of prices, wage inflation, output, and employment to oil shocks. They too find that the responses of all these variables to oil shocks have become muted since the mid-1980s. Why might the relationship between oil prices and key macroeconomic variables have weakened? Economists have offered some potential explanations behind the weakening link between oil prices and inflation. Gregory Mankiw (2007) suggests increases in energy efficiency as one explanation. Indeed, as shown in Figure 6, energy consumption per dollar of GDP has gone down steadily over time. This means that energy prices matter less today than they did in the past. Blanchard and Gali (2007) suggest additional explanations. They find that increased flexibility in labor markets, monetary policy improvements, and a bit of good luck (meaning the lack of concurrent adverse shocks) have also contributed to the decline of the impact of oil shocks on the economy. Finally, how monetary policymakers treated the economic shocks caused by rising oil prices also may have played a role in the impact of the shocks on economic growth and the inflation rate. Specifically, some have argued policymakers tended to worry more about output than inflation during the oil shocks of 1970s and did not adequately take into account the inflationary aspect of the oil shocks when fashioning a policy response to them (see, for example, Clarida, Gali, and Gertler 2000). In the case of the U. S., since households and firms sensed that the Fed was not going to pay a lot of attention to inflation, they probably realized that the oil shocks would lead to substantially higher future inflation and adjusted their expectations accordingly. By contrast, the Fed in the 2000s is more committed to fighting inflation, the public knows it, and the result has been that, even though headline inflation has risen noticeably because of the direct effects of oil and commodity shocks, core inflation and inflation expectations remain contained. The lack of major output effects of oil price shocks since the 1970s calls into question what role they played during the two recessions of that period. In other words, one possible reason why oil shocks seem to have noticeably smaller effects on output now than they did in the 1970s is that the world has changed. Another is that the effects of oil shocks were never as large as conventional wisdom hold, and that the slow growth of that decade had to do with other factors. Figure 6. U. S. Energy Consumption Endnotes1. Note that there are many possible ways to measure real oil prices, depending on which measure of inflation you use.2. To read more about supply and demand pressures on the world market for oil, consult the Short-Term Energy Outlook provided by the U. S. Energy Information Administration.3. Trade does complicate matters here, because some of the U. S. consumption expenditures would have been made on imports, so that doesn’t affect the domestic economy. Second, oil producers will use some of their income to buy goods from the U. S., so that income is not lost to the U. S. Even so, there is a loss here, because they can buy more U. S. exports for each barrel of oil.4. At the time this response was written, the NBER had not made an official pronouncement on whether the economy had entered a recession in early 2008. References Blanchard, Olivier, and Jordi Gali. 2007. “The Macroeconomic Effects of Oil Shocks: Why Are the 2000s So Different from 1970s.”NBER Working Paper No. 13368. Brown, Stephen P. S. 2006. “Making Sense of High Oil Prices: A Conversation with Stephen P. A. Brown.” FRB Dallas Southern Economy, Issue 4, July/August, pp. 8-9. Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali, and Mark Gertler. 2000. "Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability: Evidence and Some Theory." Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 147-180. Fernald, John, and Bharat Trehan. 2005. “Why Hasn’t the Jump in Oil Prices Led to a Recession?” FRBSF Economic Letter 2005-31. Hooker, Mark. 2002. “Are Oil Shocks Inflationary? Asymmetric and Nonlinear Specifications versus Changes in Regime.” Journal of Money Credit and Banking, Vol. 34, Issue 2, pp. 540-561. Krugman, Paul. 2008. “Fuels on the Hill.” New York Times, June 27, 2008. Mankiw, Gregory. 2007. “Where Have All the Oil Shocks Gone?”Sill, Keith. 2007. “The Macroeconomics of Oil Shocks.” FRB Philadelphia Business Review, 2007: Q1.
D1801756	https://www.repairtoolbox.com/wordrepair.html	How to repair Word document file?	Home Buy Now Buy Renewal How it works? Screenshots Video Manual Errors How to repair Word document file? Word Repair Toolbox helps to restore text from corrupted .doc, .docx, .dot, .dotx and *.rtf files. Word Repair Toolbox designed for recovering text from damaged Microsoft Word and Rich Text documents. Main capabilities of the Word doc repair tool include: Restore data from Microsoft Office Word 95/98/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013/2016 and RTF documents. Repair docx file of Office 2007-2016Repair doc file of Office 95-2003Repair Word documents with ASCII formatting Repair corrupt Word document with Unicode formatting Export data to MS Word. Save data to disk as a new file. Intuitive, easy-to-use interface of .docx repair tool. MS Word file repair software works with Windows 98/NT 4.0/2000/Me/XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10. How to repair Word files that are infected by virus? Word doc repair tool read and extract text without helps of Microsoft Word. It exclude infection by VBA scripts or viruses. Requirements: You should have Microsoft Word installed on your computer (though this is not essential)Note: Software cannot recover password protected or encrypted documents. The software team development of Word Repair Toolbox do not require donate. This application is not distributed under GNU General Public License (GPL) and similar agreements so it is not open source or free tool. Free version of specified Word Repair Toolbox is available to anyone, without some kind of limitations, get it right now and check the efficiency in your personal case. System requirements: Windows 98 and above
D287411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skateboarding_tricks	Freestyle skateboarding tricks	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (May 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)A freestyle skateboarding trick is a trick done on a skateboard while freestyle skateboarding. Some of these tricks are done in a stationary position, unlike many other skateboarding tricks. The keys to a good freestyle contest run are variety, difficulty, fluidity, and creativity. It should also be noted that this is a partial list, and a full list would never be possible, because new tricks and new combinations are always being created. Notes:"fakie" means "riding backward""nose of the board" means "the part of the board that is usually in the riding direction""tail of the board" means "the part of the board that is usually opposite of the riding direction""pivot" means "kickturn", or "spin", or "turn the board horizontally""tailstop" means "standing stationary with the tail of the board on the ground""frontside" means "facing to the outside of the turn""backside" means "facing to the center point of a turn"Contents [ hide ]1 360 Spin2 Bigspin3 Broken Fingers4 Butter Flip5 Calf Wrap (Flamingo/Figure Four)6 Casper7 Casper Disaster8 Carousel9 Coconut Wheelie, Coco Slide10 Daffy11 End-Over12 Fan Flip13 Fingerflip14 Gazelle15 G-Turn16 Gingersnap17 Godzilla Flip18 Gymnast Plant19 Handstand20 Helipop21 Impossible22 Jaywalk23 Kickback24 M-8025 Manual26 Monster Walk27 Multiple-board tricks28 No Comply29 Nosehook Impossible30 Old School Kickflip31 Ollie32 Ollie Airwalk33 Pogo34 Pressure Flip35 Primo Slide36 Railstand37 San Francisco Flip38 Saran Wrap/Wrap Around39 Scarewalk40 Shove-It/Shuvit41 Sidewinder42 Spacewalk43 Street Plant44 Switchfoot Pogo45 TV Stand46 Walk The Dog47 Yo Yo Plant48 Yo Ho Plant49 Varial kickflip/heelflip50 References360 Spin [ edit]1970s skate competitions such as the ones shown in Lords of Dogtown would often have an event to see who could do the most consecutive 360 spins on a skateboard. Variations include one foot spins (on the nose or tail, or grabbing the foot while spinning), two feet spins (on the nose or tail), crossfoot spins, 2-board spins, etc. Bigspin [ edit]A trick in which the board rotates 360-degrees while the skateboarder turns 180 degrees in the same direction above it. If the skateboarder rotates in the opposite direction of the skateboard it is called Anti-Bigspin. Can be done in any direction from any position, and is often seen done out of a Casper in freestyle. Higher rotations are possible, with the rotation of the board noted before the name of the trick; a 540 Bigspin combined a 540 Shove-It and a 180 turn of the body, for example. Once the body turns another 180 degrees, the trick becomes a Gazelle. Broken Fingers [ edit]This is a Half Truckhook Impossible caught in a 50/50. The rider stands on the tail, puts his front foot under the board and starts to jump backwards, while also scooping the board in front of him. This will cause the board to flip over and get upside-down. The rider catches the tail of the board with the front hand and lands with the foot which was under the board on the truck. The reason this trick got the name "Broken Fingers" is because how dangerous it can be; if you do not jump high enough or don't lean back enough on the landing, there's a good chance you are going to crush your own fingers. There is also a no handed version of this trick – a crossfooted Half Truckhook Impossible caught into a No Handed 50/50. Butter Flip [ edit]This trick was invented by Keith Butterfield. To do the Butter Flip, you stand in Heelside Railstand, and hop both feet to one side of the board. Both feet are side by side with no gap larger than an inch or two between them. The rider puts pressure onto the end of the board, using the foot that is not on the wheel. It pops the board up and you grab it with your hand on the same side of your body as the foot that was on the wheel. This trick is the method used to go from Heelside Railstand to a Pogo or 50/50. You can catch the board with your foot as well rather than your hand making it a Butter Flip to a No Handed 50/50. Calf Wrap (Flamingo/Figure Four) [ edit]A trick where the skater using one foot wraps the board around their other leg which is planted on the ground, then unwraps it to land back in a riding position. Mike Vallely helped bringing popularity to the trick. "Flamingo or Figure Four" was the original way of doing it because it looks like a Flamingo or the number 4 – where the board is touching the inside knee/thigh. This trick had little use till later faster versions were perfected (to accommodate the backside 180 re-entry on banks and ramps)Thus "wrapping your calf" instead of your knee. Invented by Derek Belen, made popular by Rey Gregorio, then perfected by Dorian Tucker, and Kris Markovich. Casper [ edit]Main article: Casper (skateboarding)A freestyle stance where the skateboard is upside down and balanced on the point of the tail. The skater's back foot is on the underside of the tail and the board maintains its angled position by the skater's front foot being hooked under the deck. It is important to note that having the front foot on the floor is considered cheating, and not a proper casper. On the other side, you could try to drop the front part of the board and then catch it with the front foot repeatedly, which is a real crowd pleaser (because of the rhythm) and attention-grabber (because of the noise). Casper Disaster [ edit]Also invented by Bobby "Casper" Boyden, this trick has nothing to do with the Casper stance. While rolling fakie or nollie, enter a Heelside Railstand one footed. The foot that's not touching the wheel will point down and nudge the griptape side of the skateboard while the rider spins 180 degrees towards the direction of the trucks. After the board and rider have rotated 180 degrees, the feet work together to nudge the skateboard down into a rolling position. Carousel [ edit]This is a specific Truck-To-Truck Transfer. Think of it as a half Impossible from a 50/50 to a switch 50/50 – still standing on the back foot. The rider starts from a 50/50, "throws" the board over the foot that stands on the truck and jumps up. When the board has done the "half wrap", the rider lands on the truck and catches the nose of the board with the same hand he used to flip it. Marco Sassi became the first person in the world to do a 360 Carousel in 2014, successfully completing a full impossible around the foot to land back in the original 50-50 position. To date (July 2015), only two other freestylers have managed to do the same. Coconut Wheelie, Coco Slide [ edit]This trick was invented by Vince W the teacher and coache. A Coconut Wheelie or Coco Slide is like a Primo Slide but the deck never touches the ground, so you hold it in a Wheelie on the side. [1]Variations include handstands, grabs, transfer to spacewalk, etc. Daffy [ edit]This trick is done with two boards, one foot in a tailwheelie on one board and another foot on the second board in a nosewheelie. [2] This trick was seen in the Girl Skateboards video Yeah Right!, Gus Van Sant's film Paranoid Park, and the Lords of Dogtown movie. The Tony Hawk's Underground game calls this a "Yeah Right Manual". It's one of the oldest freestyle tricks. Variations include rollerskate-like double-board tailwheelies and double-board nosewheelies, but also crossfoot wheelies and spins, or a one-foot double-board daffy, possibly invented by Kilian Martin (2010). It's also possible to "lose" one of the boards and continue with a one-foot wheelie. End-Over [ edit]A series of 180-degree pivots. Can be done both ways but both start on the nose (or on the tail while rolling fakie). While rolling forward, pressure is placed on the nose just enough to lift the back wheels. Once the back wheels are lifted, the rider turns either frontside or backside 180 degrees with the nose acting as a pivot point. This is all done quickly – you do not stall on any part. When the 180 pivot is done, you quickly do another in reverse. If you originally did a 180 Frontside Pivot, you will now do a 180 Backside Pivot. When these 180 pivots are done in consecutive lines, they are considered End-Overs (End Over End). It is not uncommon for freestyle skateboarders to throw in harder pivots in to the mix of 180 pivots. A rider may do a string of 180 pivots where every two 180 pivots he follows with one 360 pivot, or alternate between two-footed and one-pivots. Fan Flip [ edit]Fan Flip is the name give to a Pogo Fingerflip back to Pogo. The rider does a regular pogo, fingerflips (typically with his front hand), jumps up and kicks his legs to the side. After the board completes the flip he catches the board on the truck, usually landing back on the side he started from. It can be also be done from or to a no-handed pogo (still using a fingerflip), or from a no-handed 50-50 back to a no-handed 50-50 using just the feet, in which case it is called, unsurprisingly, a no-handed Fan Flip. Fingerflip [ edit]A Fingerflip can be considered an umbrella term for a series of tricks involving the use of a flick of the fingers to flip the skateboard. The rider rolls forward, grabs the nose of the board with the front hand and flips the board while simultaneously jumping up in the air. The rider will come down on the board or catch the board in mid-air. Many variations have been done including the Double Fingerflip, Varial Fingerflip, Backhand Fingerflips, and 360 Fingerflips. There are fakie versions of all the Fingerflips. Ollie Fingerflip variations are typically considered to be harder than regular fingerflip variations because the rider must Ollie first before initiating the Fingerflip. Professional freestyler Darryl Grogan is known for his Ollie 360 Fingerflip, and Rodney Mullen is known to use an Ollie Varial Fingerflip in many of his runs and video footage. Note that fingerflips are different from handflips, which involve grabbing along the edge of the board and use the full hand to throw the board into a flip. Gazelle [ edit]A 540-degree rotation of the board while the rider spins 360 degrees in the same direction above it. Usually done off the front end of the board and spun backside while travelling forwards, but can be done in any direction and combined with flips. Effectively, this is the next step up from a Bigspin. G-Turn [ edit]This is a Nose Manual, but without facing the riding direction. The rider increases speed, then places the front foot on the nose while keeping the back foot over the back wheels. While riding, the board tends to turn frontside or backside, ending with a spin. Variations: One-Wheeled, Backward, Hang Ten (two feet on the nose)Gingersnap [ edit]While in a Hang Ten position, the skater pops down on the Nose, causing the board to do a Nollie Hardflip motion, traveling vertically between the riders legs and landing back in normal position. If the half flip is done with a Nosegrab, the trick is referred to as a Hazze Flip, named for Hazze Lindgren. Godzilla Flip [ edit]This trick involves standing on the board in Tailstop with just one foot and spinning the board in an Impossible around that foot with your lead or back hand. You can use either foot and either hand, but both feet must not touch the ground. Not to be confused with the Godzilla Railflip, which is a Triple Varial Railflip with a Body Varial. Gymnast Plant [ edit]A One Handed Handstand, where one hand is planted on the floor and the other hand holds the board in the air. This trick can be done from Tailstop or a Railstand. There are many variations of this trick, because you can do every kind of Fingerflip with the other hand. You can also do "Varials" by grabbing the wheel of your board and spin it. The trick can be landed straight, in Tailstop, in a Casper or even in a 50/50 or pogo. Handstand [ edit]A Handstand on a skateboard. Many variations evolved from this, including One Handed Handstands, Headstands, Frogstands, Handstand Wheelies, Handstand Pivots, and Handstand Handflips/Fingerflips. The Handstand was taken to the other stances too such as Railstand Handstands, with the Single, Double, Varial and 360 Flips out of them and flips which were landed in Railstands again. Also TV Stands, which are Handstands done in 50/50s. Helipop [ edit]A Backside 360 Nollie, invented by Rodney Mullen. It is done by placing your front foot on the nose of the board and your back foot in Nollie Heelflip position. Then right before you begin the Nollie start to pivot just a little. Then begin your Nollie. If you cannot get a full Nollie 360, try landing it in a 270 and pivot the rest of the way. Once you learned it good enough going 270, then go for the full 360. If you want to pivot at the end, never pivot on the nose, always do it on the back wheels. Variations: grabs, frontside, flips out. Trying Backside 360 Nollie (or 270 and pivot to 360). Alameda Central, Mexico City, 2015. Impossible [ edit]A trick originally invented by Rodney Mullen where the board wraps vertically over the back foot in a 360 degree rotation. The original Impossible involved hooking the front foot under the nose to lift the board before the back foot began its scoop; later, Mullen would figure out how to "ollie" into the trick by simply popping from a regular riding position. There are many variations of both the Nosehook Impossible and Ollie Impossible that have been created over the years, and Darryl Grogan in particular is known for doing many different variations. He was the first to land Impossibles Crossfooted, Halfcab, and to one foot landing. Rodney Mullen has done many variations off the nose, also known as "Nollie" Impossibles. Jaywalk [ edit]Another freestyle footwork trick. Set up with your one foot, or your other foot, on the tail of the board, put your one foot on the nose of the board. Two things will happen now, and both must be done at the same time. Pressure is applied to the nose and you pivot 180 degrees on the tail to the side your other foot's heel was facing. Your one foot is also removed prior to the 180 degree pivot and brought to where your board will end up after the 180 degree pivot. It is an advanced version of the End-Over or 180 pivot on the nose or tail because your other foot is detached from the board. Invented by: Brian Remmer Kickback [ edit]The Kickback is a really old freestyle trick, involving a half flip backwards and then a one and a half flips forwards. It is done by placing your front foot on the front bolts and the toes of the back foot along the heelside edge in the middle of your board. You start pushing down on the toes of the back foot and when the board catches your toes, you jump, kick the board forwards, and catch it on the grip tape. M-80 [ edit]Flip an "Old School" Kickflip and turn your body in the air, catching the board with the back foot on the nose, and pivot 180 degrees on the front wheels before the back wheels hit the ground. Invented by Matt Barden in 1980, the trick has since spawned countless variations; some people omit the body varial, landing with their front foot on the nose (a "nose M80"), some start rolling fakie, some do a double flip instead of a single one, and some replace the pivot with a fakie bigspin. Other variations include doing the turn in a casper or casper disaster or following the pivot with an immediate spacewalk. Manual [ edit]A trick similar to a bicycle wheelie where the rider balances with the front or back wheels off and without the tail or nose on the ground. Manuals can be done with both feet, with one foot or on one wheel. In One Foot Manuals the rider places one foot parallel to the board and balances on the nose or tail. A Manual in which both feet are straight on the nose is called a Hang Ten; its tail counterpart is called a Heelie. The rider can also do English Manuals, by keeping the back foot somewhere where the back bolts are and the front foot underneath the nose and hooks the board up until he manuals. The most difficult variation is the Swedish Manual, most likely named after Swedish pro Stefan "Lillis" Akesson. This is the same as the English Manual, except you place your front foot on the nose pointing forward and use your back toes to hook the board up until you Nose Manual. One of the most difficult manual maneuvers is the Hang Ten Nosemanual, where the skater places both of his feet on the nose of the board and performs a nose manual by balancing on the front two wheels. A crossfoot variation is also possible. Monster Walk [ edit]Another type of End-Over. Rather than a rider doing a 180 pivot on the nose frontside and then doing one backside or doing one backside first and then frontside after, the rider pivots backside and backside or frontside and frontside giving the rider the appearance that he/she is taking very large steps forward or backward. The frontside variation has the rider always facing forward, and for the fakie version the rider always twists blind or backside. Multiple-board tricks [ edit]Multiple-board tricks expand the versality in the height. Balancing on two, three or more boards placed upon each other may increase the freestyle experience for some novice skaters. However, it is possible to increase the difficulty by making real tricks out of them: Multiple-Board Handstand, Multiple-Board Handstand Flip-out, Ollie-To-Multiple-Board, Rock'n Roll-To-Multiple-Board "Slide", Multiple-Board Wheelie, etc. No Comply [ edit]In this trick the front foot slides off the side of the board, with the body weight on the back foot over the tail, the board 'snaps' up and can be guided with the back leg/knee. To ride away the rider jumps with his/her front foot back on. The No Comply was commonly used by street skaters in the mid to late 1980s, most commonly being done off parking blocks by bumping the tail off them. This trick has many variations, including 180, 360, Varials, Flips, Fingerflips, Impossibles, etc. Ray Barbee is noted as a master of No Comply variations to many who have watched the earlier Powell videos. Nosehook Impossible [ edit]The original Impossible, this is a trick that flips in the same fashion as the Ollie Impossible, but done with the assistance of the other foot. In its most basic form, the rider starts in tailstop before hooking their front foot under the nose of the board and pulling the board upwards until it is in a vertical position, allowing the back foot to push "through" the board and continue with the standard end-over-end Impossible wrapping motion. This can also be done crossfooted, with the front foot hooked under the truck (a "Truckhook Impossible"), or rolling (typically done backwards with a 180-degree turn before the Impossible). Old School Kickflip [ edit]Originally just called the Kickflip and also known as the "Classic Flip", this trick dates back to the 1970s and was invented by Curt Lindgren. You stand in the middle of your board with your feet side-by-side, pointed towards the nose. One foot – typically the back foot, although either is acceptable – is hooked around the edge of the board, and as the other foot pushes down, the hooked foot kicks sideways as the rider jumps upwards, turning his body to land back into a normal riding position. Many variations – such as Doubleflips, Varial Flips, 360 Flips and M-80s – have been invented over the years, and more continue to be invented today. Note that your feet should never touch the ground in the trick, and turning the hooked foot so that it points directly at the other foot is technically an underflip and considered bad form. Ollie [ edit]This trick was what allowed flatland skateboarding to reach a vertical height and has given rise to obstacles to the merger of freestyle street creating a completely new style of skateboarding: skateboarding streetstyle. Skateboarding streetstyle made it possible for tricks so they could be done on obstacles. The Ollie was originally developed by Alan "Ollie" Gelfand in a bowl, but was bought to flat ground by Rodney Mullen. He understood that with the proper positioning of the foot, the board could pop into the air. While standing still, the rider taps the board fast down on the tail with the back foot and then the front foot changes the upward move into a slightly forward move, thus leveling the board horizontally. In the air, the rider bends his knees and allows the skateboard to launch. This trick can be done standing still or moving forward or backward. It can be done in an impressive number of variations including all kinds of combinations of spins, jumps and combined rotations of the body. Ollie Airwalk [ edit]This trick involves the combination of an Ollie with an Airwalk. The rider initiates an Ollie and grabs the board with the front hand. While this is being done the rider kicks the front foot forward (diagonal on the riding direction) and kicks the back foot backwards (diagonal on the riding direction). Like many others, this trick was invented by Rodney Mullen, and comes with an array of variations, including fingerflips and 180 spins. Pogo [ edit]Done with the board straight up against your legs, this move uses the skateboard as a pogo stick. One foot is on the bottom truck, and one or both hands grab the nose to help lift the board up as the rider hops. It can also be done by squeezing the board between both legs in a no-handed variant, or stood with one foot on the truck and the other crossed over behind it with the toes of that foot pushing against the griptape for a cross-footed pogo. Pressure Flip [ edit]This is basically a flip using only one foot (back foot or front foot), where the board is both launched into the air and flipped with one motion. Like Ollie Flips, Pressure Flips can be done nollie or fakie in any combination of flipping and rotational directions. The most common Pressure Flip spins backside, flipping in a heelflip direction – resulting in something very similar to an Inward Heelflip. Primo Slide [ edit]This is a Railstand but done while moving, so you slide along the ground on the side of your board. Invented by Primo Desiderio. The original Primo Slide involved sliding backside 180 degrees, but many skaters now hold them in a straight line, flipping into and out of them. Railstand [ edit]A Railstand is when one edge of your board is on the ground and you are standing on the other, usually with your feet also on the wheels. From this position you can do many tricks, including Flips, 180s, 360 Spins and combinations of the above (landing into another railstand if you wish), landing into Casper, into 50/50, etc. The railstand and many variations were invented in the 1970s by Bobby "Casper" Boyden. A Heelside Railstand is to stand on the board in railstand, with your griptape facing your back, and toeside is the reverse. There are several ways to get into Heelside Railstand as opposed to the limited ways, if not just one way of getting into Toeside Railstand. A common variation of a Railstand is a Cooperstand, which is a Railstand with one foot on a wheel, and the other on the nose. While in Railstand, the limit to what you can do is almost non existent. You do not have to just flip. You can kick the board under you so it spins without flipping while you stand on one wheel, you can walk along the rail in a series of cross-stepping maneuvers, or you can spin a 360 on one wheel while the board remains in place. San Francisco Flip [ edit]The San Francisco Flip is a type of a Truck-To-Transfer where the rider enters a No-Handed 50/50 and does a "No-Handed Carousel" to a Crossfoot No-Handed 50/50. Invented by Guenter Mokulys in the 1980s, and very rare. Saran Wrap/Wrap Around [ edit]Invented by Rodney Mullen, and usually done from a Pogo or a 50-50, this trick involves the front leg tracing a circle around the nose of the board without touching the ground. Experienced skaters can do several Saran Wraps continuously. Scarewalk [ edit]Not, contrary to popular belief, merely an Airwalk with the legs kicked in the other direction, a scarewalk is a back handed Airwalk, resulting in the board being held worryingly close to the rider's crotch – hence the name. Shove-It/Shuvit [ edit]A Shove-It is a 180 degree spin (instead of a flip) of the board. Which direction it spins is usually described in the name, such as frontside or backside. When called just a "Shove-It", it is assumed it is only a 180 degree Shove-It. If it is any higher in degrees, it is stated. For example, a 360 Shove-It must have the 360 stated or it should be assumed to only be 180 degrees of spin. In freestyle, Shove-Its are usually done off the front end of the board while riding forwards, as this combination helps ensure flat and fast spins. In streetstyle, Shove-Its are often popped (unsurprisingly called a Pop Shuvit) and can be done from either end of the board. In both styles, frontside or backside rotations are possible. Sometimes Shove-Its are passed off as Impossibles; it's worth mentioning that a Shove-It should spin totally flat, and a good Impossible should spin totally vertical, with the foot pushing it around during the vertical rotation. A Shove-It where the back foot stays with it throughout the spin is not an Impossible. Sidewinder [ edit]A truck-to-truck transfer where the rider switches from a pogo on one truck to a pogo on the other truck where the board remains upside down throughout; during the trick, the board turns over about 90 degrees. Variations: switch foot, same foot and flips. Spacewalk [ edit]Another kind of "Walk" in freestyle skateboarding. The rider enters a Manual on two wheels and swings the other end of the board from side-to-side; the wider the swing, the better the Spacewalk looks. The front wheels cannot touch the ground while the Spacewalk is being done. Many variations exist including Nose Spacewalks, Hang Ten Spacewalks, Backward Spacewalks, One-Knee-Kneeled Spacewalks (invented by Günter Mokulys) and many more. Street Plant [ edit]An Old School Hand plant trick in which one holds the board in one hand, does a One Handed Handstand, puts the board under the feet, then comes back down. It is used as a fancy way to get onto one's board. This is like an Invert on Vert, but done on flatground. This trick was one of the first street tricks. Switchfoot Pogo [ edit]A trick invented by Rodney Mullen. To do the trick, get into a Pogo and then continuously switch from on foot to the other, with one "bounce" of the pogo to keep your balance for each step. The trick should look like you were "walking" on the truck. TV Stand [ edit]A Handstand done in a 50/50. While in a 50/50 or Pogo the rider grabs the bottom truck (the one with the back foot on) hops up into a Handstand with the other hand holding the nose of the board. Land the trick by doing a half flip out of it. If you grab the top truck it is called a "Jawbreaker", which was invented by Primo Desiderio. Walk The Dog [ edit]A classic footwork step in which you put one foot in the middle of the board, step to the nose with the back foot, and bring the nose to the back, spinning the board 180 around the center foot. With practice this move can be done quite fast and many times in a row – or even backwards – but it is generally better to do it slower while maintaining balance to create an illusion of speed. Yo Yo Plant [ edit]Considered as one of the most difficult tricks, it was invented by Joachim "Yo Yo" Schulz (Yo Yo is his nickname) in the early 1980s. This is the same as the Street Plant but done without the feet touching the ground. Usually done by rolling fakie and with one hand planted on the ground as the other is grabbing the board. Schulz has invented numerous variations of this trick, like very stylish One-Foot Yoyo Sadplants. Yo Ho Plant [ edit]Terry Synnott is often seen doing this trick which is a cross between the Yo Yo Plant and the Ho Ho Plant. The Ho Ho Plant involves a Handstand with both hands on the ground and the board resting on your feet while the skater is upside down. The rider starts to roll fakie into the Yo Yo Plant with one hand on the ground and one on the board, and once he is in the Yo Yo Plant, he removes his hand from the board to enter the Ho-Ho position. Varial kickflip/heelflip [ edit]A kickflip or heelflip with a twist; the kickflip is combined with a backside shove-it, and a heelflip is combined with a frontside one. References [ edit]^ Dixon, F. W.; David, M. (2017). A Skateboard Cat-astrophe. Hardy Boys Clue Book. Aladdin. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4814-8871-6. Retrieved February 11, 2018.^ Cuthbertson, T. (1976). Anybody's Skateboard Book. Bantam Books. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-553-10485-1. Retrieved February 11, 2018. [ hide]v t e Skateboarding Skateboarding styles Freestyle skateboarding Street skateboarding Vert skateboarding Slalom skateboarding Skateboarding tricks900 1080 Aerials Benihana Casper Flip tricks Freestyle tricks Grabs Grinds Heelflip Kickflip Lip tricks Ollie No comply Pole jam Shove-it Slides Skateboard variations Brakeboard Caster board Fingerboard Flowboard Freeboard Longboard Snakeboard Street luge Other Skate punk Skate shoes Skateboarders / Female skateboarders Skatepark Sponsorship Terminology Skateboarding companies Skatestopper Skateboarding at the Summer Olympics Categories: Freestyle skateboarders Skateboarding tricks
D2451783	http://www.ukarea51.com/608/names-stars-aries	What Are The Names of The Stars That Make Up Aries?	Space What Are The Names of The Stars That Make Up Aries? March 19, 2009 admin Leave a comment Aries constellation is formed in the zodiac among Pisces to its west and Taurus to its east but what are the names of the stars that make up Aries? The title is Latin for ram, through its symbol the Aries constellation represents the horns of a ram. The group of stars does not have a singular bright star to assist observers in identifying it within the night sky and therefore making it considerably difficult to view with the naked eye although two of them are considerably brighter than the remainder within the constellation. Nevertheless if you possess patience and are persistently self-controlled, you sure can discover them in the sky without any visual assistance needed. In the second century BC, the Greek stargazer Hipparchus determined the method for assessing locations of stars and additional fixed objects in the celestial sphere. He demonstrated as his originating spot the position of one of two positions where the Sun traversed the “heavenly equator,” an extension of Earth’s equator in the sky. Accordingly, the youthful equinox, where the Sun remained at the commencement of spring, came to be the reckoning point for the skies. Throughout Hipparchus’ period this was found in the group of stars Aries, the Ram. This reality of history gave eternal prominence to one of the tiniest and dimmest constellations of the zodiac. As of that time, even though the vernal equinoctial point steadily drifts alongside the ecliptic, it has been related to as the “Original Point of Aries.” This may well be difficult to understand if we overlook its historical source, for the “Original Point of Aries the youthful equinox is at this time in the constellation Pisces, the Fishes, almost west of Aries. What Are The Names of The Stars That Make Up Aries? The names of the stars which make up Aries are in fact Botein (Delta), Hamal (Alpha), Sheratan (Beta) and Mesasthim (Gamma) and given that Aries has none of the brightest stars, a little endurance and persistence are needed to learn to pinpoint it. Look to the east after nightfall and locate the dull assembled stars of the Pleiades and, below them, the comrade group in a “V” form, the Hyades. The bright red star at the very end of the “V” is named Aldebaron, which is the clearest star in Taurus constellation, also known as the Bull. Let this position be the commencement of an curve and draw it out through the Pleiades. Carry on going about 25 degrees where the two clearest stars of Aries, close with each other, will shape the West End of the curve. You will hopefully now notice the less bright star positioned just past the second star of the set of two in Aries let this dim star be the very point of the curve we have just illustrated. Now, backwards along the curve, about midway among the Pleiades and the clearest star of Aries, there is however another very dim star association to Aries. The 4 stars you have discovered, 2 of them substantially clearer than the others, are all there is to view of Aries without a telescope. From mid April until mid May the Sun is wandering under the stars of Aries that we have just illustrated. Consequently, they are not perceivable throughout spring. We start to pick them up in the early morning in summer, and they rise in the twilight through autumn. In summary therefore the names of the stars which make up Aries are Botein, Hamal, Sheratan and Mesasthim. The image in this post illustrates the positioning of this constellation which may assist you in identifying this exceptional array in the night sky.position of stars with respect to aries java script solar system Space stars the ram of aries name came fromwhat stars make up aries
D2737006	http://www.businessinsider.com/why-nurse-anesthetists-make-150000-a-year-2014-9	Here's Why Nurse Anesthetists Earn Over $150,000 A Year	Here's Why Nurse Anesthetists Earn Over $150,000 A Year Aaron Taube Sep. 15, 2014, 1:44 PM 154,876Brian Del Grosso completed more than nine years of training before becoming a nurse anesthetist. Brian Del Grosso Turns out doctors aren't the only medical professionals bringing home fat paychecks. Nurse anesthetists make a whopping $157,690 per year, on average, according to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. We first discovered this while compiling our recent list of the 13 highest-paying jobs for people who don't want to sit at a desk all day. Nurse anesthetist, a job in which people safely put patients to sleep for surgery — and one that most of us know very little about, ranked second. To learn more, we spoke with Brian Del Grosso, a nurse anesthetist at Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, about his day-to-day routine, how he became a nurse anesthetist, and what differentiates his work from the even more lucrative job of anesthesiologist (average annual salary: $235,070). Del Grosso tells Business Insider that patients put their lives in his hands every day, a fact that makes the nurse anesthetist job valuable on the marketplace, fulfilling for its practitioners, and at times, extremely stressful. "If something's going bad, we're going to be one of the first ones to know," Del Grosso says. "It's an incredible responsibility. "On a typical day, he meets with anywhere between one and 10 patients prior to their surgeries to gauge how they are feeling and determine which anesthesia drugs to apply and in what doses. He also meets with the patients' families to provide emotional support. Of course, he's also responsible for administering anesthesia, a process that can take place before, during, or after surgery. Alongside the surgeon, Del Grosso stays in the operating room for the entire procedure, monitoring the patient's vital signs and making sure they are responding to the anesthetics appropriately. As a result, Del Grosso says, his is a profession best suited for people with "type-A personalities" who are capable of paying attention to details and thinking on their feet. In fact, he says a good nurse anesthetist develops a sort of sixth sense that allows them to immediately infer that something's not right with the patient simply from hearing a heart tone on a monitor. "You need to be highly motivated, highly educated, and extremely detail-oriented — and on top of that you need to be extremely personable," he says. "You have anywhere from 5-15 minutes to get to know your patient such that they are willing to entrust their lives to you. "Prior to beginning his current job in Charlotte in 2010, Del Grosso completed more than nine years of study: four years getting a bachelor's degree in nursing from Northeastern University, three years of critical care training in the intensive care unit at Boston Medical Center, and nearly two and a half years getting his master's in nurse anesthesia at Northeastern University/Tufts Medical Center. As an undergraduate, he'd been waffling between going to medical school and becoming a chiropractor until an experience accompanying his sick father to surgery made an impact on him. There, he was struck by the way the nurse anesthetist took time to sit down with his father and explain the process he was about to undergo. "That compassion really stuck out to me, and I decided to ask a little about the nurse anesthetist job and what I needed to do to become one," Del Grosso tells Business Insider. It's this level of commitment that makes nurse anesthetists so upset when they are unfavorably compared to anesthesiologists, a group of doctors who perform many of the same functions but have completed four years of medical school and a four-year hospital residency on top of their undergraduate degrees. Tensions between the two professions have grown as states consider whether to eliminate laws requiring supervision from physicians as a means of reducing health care costs. While anesthesiologists say the process is safer when there's a physician involved, nurse anesthetists point to a recent study finding that the care they provide is just as good. "It's hard when you have a job you love and someone you don't even know is saying they could do your job better," Del Grosso says, adding that both physicians and nurses provide great anesthesia care. Otherwise, the hardest part of his job is emotional drain caused by the relationships he develops with patients, many of whom are sick and suffering. But while these relationships, combined with the stress of high-pressure surgery situations, can be taxing, Del Grosso says they are also the best part of the job. "It's extremely gratifying to walk up to a patient's family after a procedure and say, 'Hey the patient did great after the anesthesia we gave' and to see the family relieved like they've had a weight taken off their shoulders," he says. "Every day I know that I have to be on my toes and if I'm off at all, I could harm somebody's loved one. So I love having the knowledge and the know-how, and facing those challenges every day. "SEE ALSO: The 13 Highest-Paying Jobs For People Who Don't Want To Sit At A Desk All Day More: Nurses Jobs Work Experience Work Lifefacebook linkedin twitter Recommended For You Powered By Sailthru
D1680955	https://www.babycenter.com/404_how-many-times-a-day-does-a-breastfed-baby-normally-poop_8832.bc	How many times a day does a breastfed baby normally poop?	Home / Baby / Baby Diapering & Bottom Care / Baby Poop 101How many times a day does a breastfed baby normally poop? Susan Condonlactation consultant What goes in must come out, so just about every feeding in the early weeks following birth should produce a bowel movement. The number and type of movements your baby has will indicate whether he's getting enough to eat. During the meconium phase (the first few days after birth), your baby may have four or five tarry, dark, greenish-black stools spread out over two or three days. As your colostrum develops into mature milk, he should have at least two to five bowel movements in a 24-hour period for the first six weeks. He may even have had a bowel movement every time you change his diaper throughout the day. After six weeks, it's normal for some babies to have fewer bowel movements, though others may continue having frequent ones. Don't be alarmed if your baby has a bowel movement only once a week. He's not constipated unless his stools are hard and dry. If your baby's producing loose, unformed stools with a pea soup consistency and cottage cheese-like curds, he's getting a good balance of foremilk and hindmilk. Don't be concerned if his diaper overflows!Once your exclusively breastfed baby begins eating solids (between 6 and 8 months of age), his stools will get firmer and have a stronger odor. Baby poop guide: 11 types of baby poop An unanticipated problem was encountered, check back soon and try again Error Code: MEDIA_ERR_UNKNOWNSession ID: 2018-04-10:e1be86cd8642b40e39c60ca1 Player Element ID: body Video0OK2:18 min What should your baby's poop look like? Learn about different types of baby poop, what's normal, and when to call the doctor. See all videos Show sources Discuss this topic Comments (7)advertisement Featured video An unanticipated problem was encountered, check back soon and try again Error Code: MEDIA_ERR_UNKNOWNSession ID: 2018-04-10:58642be7fe7e415d7fd7fae Player Element ID: featured Video Player OKHow to change a diaper See all pregnancy, parenting, and birth videos
D1696895	https://www.liverdoctor.com/selenium-the-immune-system-mineral/	Selenium â The Immune System Mineral	Facebook Selenium – The Immune System Mineral Over my more than 35 years of practicing medicine I have continually been impressed by the ability of selenium to help immune function. Let me tell you a little story about my new bull mastiff puppy Harley who is the cutest little black faced puppy I acquired in September 2011. Well much to my horror, this perfect specimen of a puppy caught the mange from another dog. The local vet did not realize Harley had mange, as it became infected with bacteria. Harley was then treated with antibiotics and got an allergy, which made his rash worse. I scoured the Internet with Google scholar and made the diagnosis my self – Harley had the dreaded mange!I was away from home for 7 days and so I called a wonderful vet Dr Ian Billinghurst who is a holistic vet who has written a book titled Give Your Dog a Bone. Dr Billinghurst told me to purchase the liquid treatment for mange called Advocate, which I could not apply to Harley until I returned home. In the meantime I called my uncle Robert who lives with Harley and I and I told Robert to give Harley 2 selenium tablets with his meal, each selenium tablet containing 100mcg of selenium. Well Robert misunderstood my directions and gave Harley 2 selenium tablets, three times daily with his meals, which provided a total daily dose of 600mcg of selenium. Now Harley is 4 months old and weighs 60 pounds, so that’s a large dose of selenium. Well I finally arrived back home and Harley bounded into my arms and we had a cuddle! I examined his skin and was delighted – his mange was 90% gone! When I discovered Robert’s mistake and realized that Harley had been taking 600mcg of selenium daily for 7 days I understood the connection. The stubborn rash and sores caused by the mange had been almost eliminated by the selenium, as Robert had not been giving Harley anything else that was different. What had happened is that the selenium had strengthened Harley’s cellular immune system quickly and it had eradicated most of the infection. Harley was a very happy little man but just to be sure we applied the Advocate liquid. My uncle Robert has also been a recipient of the benefits of selenium. Robert had suffered with a large plantar wart for 6 months, which had been causing him to limp around, as being on the sole of his foot, it was very painful. He also had numerous other warts on his body. Warts are caused by the wart virus, which is a papilloma virus that infects the skin. After 8 weeks of high dose selenium Robert was wart free and said to me why don’t you produce a product containing selenium and label it the WART CURE. I explained to Robert that although I had cured hundreds of cases of all types of warts with selenium, such a label claim was not allowed by health authorities. Selenium is the most important mineral for the immune system and the liver to function at their optimal level; indeed without adequate selenium in your body, your immune system and liver will remain vulnerable to attack. It’s amazing to think that despite the profound importance of selenium to human health many people remain deficient in this life saving mineral. Selenium deficiency is a widespread and serious problem in people of all age groups from the very young to the very old. Unfortunately there is a misconception that selenium deficiency rarely occurs in developed countries. However studies have shown that selenium deficient soils exist in large areas of the USA, New Zealand and Australia and dietary intake of selenium is steadily decreasing in many European countries. There is also a serious deficiency of selenium in the soils of sub-Saharan Africa, Russia and China. What are the consequences of selenium deficiency?• Higher morbidity rates in people with chronic viral hepatitis • Higher morbidity and mortality rates in people with AIDS • Higher viral loads • Increased incidence of many different types of cancer, especially lymphoma, breast, prostate, colon, lung, skin and liver cancer • Frequent colds and flu • Increased susceptibility to infections of all types • Persistent infection of the cervix with the human papilloma virus (HPV) • Incurable warts on the skin or genitals • Severe and/or recurrent infections with the herpes virus – cold sores, genital herpes and shingles • Increased severity of many types of liver disease • Increased risk of thyroid disease, including thyroid cancer • Increased allergies and chemical sensitivities • Increased incidence of inflammatory problems • Increased incidence of autoimmune diseases The above consequences seem very serious; indeed most people get a shock that something as simple as the mineral selenium can be associated with such a diverse and significant range of common health problems. Let me assure you that medical doctors don’t learn this at medical school ! But the healing power of selenium is not really that surprising if you understand how selenium works in the body and how it can even protect the deepest part of your body’s cells – the nucleus which contains your genes (DNA). Selenium has been shown to stimulate death (apoptosis) in tumor cells, and a low selenium status predicts a poorer outcome in those with certain cancers. Geographic studies have shown that people who live in areas with selenium deficient soils and have a low selenium intake, have higher cancer mortality rates. A key cancer study conducted over 7 years found that selenium treatment was associated with reductions in total cancer mortality and in the incidences of lung, colorectal and prostate cancers. Research has shown that men consuming the most dietary selenium develop 65% fewer cases of advanced prostate cancer than men with the lowest selenium intake. Encouragingly, for cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy, selenium supplementation can reduce the side-effects of these drugs. After 2-3 months of selenium supplementation, the frequency of chemotherapy-induced hair-loss, nausea, abdominal pain, weakness and appetite loss are significantly lower than in those who do not receive selenium treatment. Studies have shown that low serum selenium levels are associated with higher risks of various types of cancer, including liver cancer. Selenium supplementation is vital in those with all types of chronic liver disease, as it reduces the risk of liver cancer. Selenium helps to detoxify your liver Selenium is a great detoxifier – this is because it is required for the production and action of glutathione peroxidase in the liver. Glutathione peroxidase is an antioxidant enzyme necessary for detoxification and protection of the liver against free radical damage. This is why we have included selenium in the Livatone Plus formula. Some studies have shown that selenium levels appear to be severely depleted in patients suffering with liver disease, especially cirrhosis and hepatitis. How much selenium should you take? Safe and beneficial doses of selenium in adults range from 100mcg to 400mcg daily. Many people will need to take more than 100mcg daily to get the best results, and many of the studies done on selenium used a daily dose of 200mcg to achieve good outcomes. The recommended daily intake (RDI) of 65-80mcg daily is contentious and many nutritionists argue that the RDI should be raised to 200mcg for adequate immune function. Selenium supplements are not expensive. Can you get enough selenium from food? The selenium content of food is directly related to how much selenium was in the soil where the food was grown. Normally selenium is found in Brazil nuts, organ meats, seafood, whole grains, brewer’s yeast, garlic, kelp, molasses, onions and medicinal mushrooms (reishi and shitake mushrooms). Although seafood caught in its natural habitat is higher in selenium, much seafood sold for human consumption is raised in fish farms and fed pellets. Selenium levels in the soil are unreliable; thus it is virtually impossible to obtain enough selenium through diet alone, especially if you are battling a nasty virus. Apart from deficient soils and poor diet, other factors that may make you selenium deficient include –Exposure to heavy metals, such as mercury and lead Prior use of chemotherapy drugs to fight cancer Diseases of the intestines such as gastritis, Crohn’s disease, colitis and celiac disease etc Can selenium become toxic? Generally speaking, selenium is very safe, as it is an essential nutrient for all humans and animals; however just because it’s good for you, does not mean the more you take the better off you will be. Like all nutrients we do not need to overdose and if you overdose on selenium, you can get side effects. It is not easy to become toxic from selenium and the toxic dose is generally considered to be 900mcg daily over a period of time – there is no reason to take these huge amounts! Generally speaking selenium overdose comes from industrial pollution. Tests to see if you have enough selenium in your body The amount of selenium in a person can be measured by selenium plasma and urine levels and the selenium content of a hair sample. Human plasma should not contain less than 100 to 150 of selenium per millilitre of plasma. Urine levels should be 50 to 100 nanograms of selenium per millilitre of urine. Hair selenium levels should be more than 27 micrograms per gram of hair. The best measure of a person’s long term selenium status is found by assessing the amount of selenium in their toe nails. This requires clippings of toe nails and is not a commonly performed laboratory test, except in research studies. It is however, a valuable test. The above statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat or cure any disease. References for selenium Beck MA, et al, Dietary oxidative stress and the potentiation of viral infection Annual Rev Nutr 1988; 18:93-116 Beck MA, et al, Host nutritional status and its effect on a viral pathogen. J Infect Dis 2000; 182 (Suppl): S93-6 Domingo E, RNA virus evolution, population dynamics and nutritional status. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997;56 (1):23-30 Stehbens W E. Oxidative stress in viral hepatitis and AIDS. Exp Mol Path 2004; 77 (2):121-32 Selenium may slow the march of AIDS. Press Release – The Pennsylvania State University. December 9, 2008. Kalantari P et al. Thioredoxin Reductase-1 Negatively Regulates HIV-1 Transactivating Protein Tat-dependent Transcription in Human Macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 28; 283 (48):33183-90. Garlend M. et al, The epidemiology of selenium and human cancer. San Diego, CA; Academic Press; 1994;263-281 Levander OA et al, Selenium and viral virulence, British med Bull 1999; 55 (3): 528-533 Nelson HK, et al. Host nutritional selenium status as a driving force for influenza virus mutations. FASEB J 2001;15:1846-1848 Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, et al. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jan 22; 167 (2):148-54. Selenium Monograph – Alternative Medicine Review. Volume 8, Number 1. 2003 Beck MA et al, Selenium deficiency and viral infection. J Nutr 2003;133 (5 Suppl 1):1463S-7S Rayman MP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000; 356:233-41 Rayman MP, Dietary selenium; time to act, British Medical Journal, Vol. 314, 387, Feb 1997Yu SY Zhu YJ, Li WG. Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021 and Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Jiangsu, PR China.www.surrey.ac.uk/SBMS/ACADEMICS_homepage/rayman_margaret/ http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=selenium+anti-viral www.laucke.com.au/health/Se AVEffects.htm No related posts.
D1461449	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071216103259AAJxdNN	What type of government/rulers does Jamaica have?	Travel Caribbean Jamaica What type of government/rulers does Jamaica have? Follow Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Democratic system of elections,in which a ballot is cast and vote is made [Citizen] ,one person one vote, for Parliamentarian member,first pass the psot system,base on number of seats. Jamaica dose not have a president which is found in the United Sates,however there is a prime minister and an opposition leader,so too because of its resemblance of the british gov system we have a Governer general instead of the the queen. Jamaica is a constitutional monarchy with the monarch being represented by a Governor-General. [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-Ge... All the members of the Cabinet are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister. Jamaica's current Constitution was drafted in 1962 by a bipartisan joint committee of the Jamaican legislature. It came into force with the Jamaica Independence Act, 1962 of the United Kingdom Parliament, which gave Jamaica political independence. The Parliament of Jamaica is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives (Lower House) and the Senate (Upper House). Members of the House (known as Members of Parliament or MPs) are directly elected, and the member of the House of Representatives who, in the Governor-General's best judgement, is best able to command the confidence of a majority of the members of that House, is appointed by the Governor-General to be the Prime Minister. Senators are appointed jointly by the Prime Minister and the parliamentary Leader of the Opposition. Jamaica has traditionally had a two-party system, with power often alternating between the People's National Party and Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). However,over the past decade a new political party called the National Democratic Movement [NDM] emerged in an attempt to challenge the two party system. However, the NDM has almost become irrelevant in the two party system as it garnered only 540 votes of the over 800,000 votes cast in the September 3 elections. Source (s): Internate and experience Jamaicanjoe · 1 decade ago1 1 Comment Jamaica Type Of Government Source (s):https://shrinke.im/a9i Mhsommerfeld · 1 year ago0 0 Comment This Site Might Help You. RE: what type of government/rulers does Jamaica have? Source (s):type government rulers jamaica have: https://shorturl.im/8r Kvw Maryland · 3 years ago0 0 Comment Parliamentary democracy on the English model. Omer · 1 decade ago2 2 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Considering an online college? Get an MBA while working Need a Small Business Loan? Want to build your own website?
D3212390	http://www.city-data.com/city/Aubrey-Texas.html	Aubrey, Texas	Follow city-data.com founder on our Forum or@Lech Mazur Aubrey, Texassee 27 more add your Submit your own pictures of this city and show them to the World See promotion details and to upload your Aubrey, Texas photos OSM Map General Map Google Map MSN Map Current weather forecast for Aubrey, TXPopulation in 2014: 2,814 (93% urban, 7% rural). Population change since 2000: +87.6%Males: 1,306 (46.4%)Females: 1,508 (53.6%)Median resident age: 35.4 years Texas median age: 34.5 years Zip codes: 76227, 76258. Aubrey Zip Code Map Estimated median household income in 2016: $62,094 ( it was $41,131 in 2000)Aubrey: $62,094TX: $56,565Estimated per capita income in 2016: $25,900 ( it was $19,176 in 2000) Aubrey city income, earnings, and wages data Estimated median house or condo value in 2016: $157,332 ( it was $82,700 in 2000 )Aubrey: $157,332TX: $161,500Mean prices in 2016: All housing units: $147,720; Detached houses: $151,805; Mobile homes: $55,467Median gross rent in 2016: $1,225. Aubrey, TX residents, houses, and apartments details Profiles of local businesses Champion Bookkeeping Service DFW Shirts Train Up A Child Daycare & Preschoollia sophia Simplee abc child development and Learning Center Smart Burst LLCGolden Rule Property Inspections Amor Ranch Put your B&M business profile right here for free. 50,000 businesses already created their profiles!Options XUser-defined colors Preset color patterns Most recent value% change since 2k Data: Options Get link Loading data... Based on 2000-2016 data Loading data...123Hide US histogram Races in Aubrey, TX (2016)2,68483.7%White alone32610.2%Hispanic772.4%Two or more races652.0%American Indian alone110.3%Black alone100.3%Asian alone Races in Aubrey detailed stats: ancestries, foreign born residents, place of birth Mar. 2016 cost of living index in Aubrey: 94.1 (less than average, U. S. average is 100)Recent articles from our blog. Our writers, many of them Ph. D. graduates or candidates, create easy-to-read articles on a wide variety of topics. The return of the vinyl: a period of constant growth in sales Apr 2Police officer fatalities: facts and figures Mar 29The vegan lifestyle: Is it healthy or not? Mar 26Measuring seasonality in new housing starts Mar 23U. S. economic growth: gross domestic product Mar 20Recent posts about Aubrey, Texas on our local forum with over 2,000,000 registered users. Aubrey is mentioned 424 times on our forum: Moving to Aubrey - High-Speed Internet Recommendations? (4 replies)Post Office Question - Aubrey / Krugerville area (1 reply)public transit from close to Aubrey to Dallas? (7 replies)Opinions on Savannah Housing Development in Aubrey (7 replies)Moving to Mc Kinney area from California, need helpful opinions :) (27 replies)Roanoak, TX (10 replies)Latest news from Aubrey, TX collected exclusively by city-data.com from local newspapers, TV, and radio stations Denton County hunter admits to poaching record deer WFAA com Travis Johnson, of Aubrey, Texas pleaded no contest to illegally taking the buck that measured 278 inches near Pilot Point, Texas. Investigators said Johnson hunted the deer after legal (wfaa.com)Wednesday December 13 2017 WCMessenger com Miller, 74, of Newark is noon today at Belew Cemetery in Aubrey. Hawkins-Boyd is handling arrangements. (wcmessenger.com)Study says Denton County fails when it comes to driving behavior in school zones News Denton Record-In Aubrey, the Zendrive study gives three schools a C: the Appleseed Preschool and Daycare, Brockett Elementary School and Aubrey High School. Aubrey Middle School (dentonrc.com)Ancestries: American (17.3%), German (14.2%), Irish (6.8%), European (6.3%), English (5.7%), Italian (2.0%). Current Local Time: 2:18:31 PM CST time zone Elevation: 691 feet Land area: 2.08 square miles. Population density: 1,351 people per square mile (low). For population 25 years and over in Aubrey: High school or higher: 86.1%Bachelor's degree or higher: 19.4%Graduate or professional degree: 7.9%Unemployed: 2.6%Mean travel time to work (commute): 26.5 minutes For population 15 years and over in Aubrey city: Never married: 28.1%Now married: 54.5%Separated: 1.9%Widowed: 5.3%Divorced: 10.2%84 residents are foreign born (2.3% Latin America ). This city: 2.6%Texas: 16.7%According to our research of Texas and other state lists there were 31 registered sex offenders living in Aubrey, Texas as of April 10, 2018. The ratio of number of residents in Aubrey to the number of sex offenders is 103 to 1. Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2016: $3,119 (1.9%) Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2016: $1,864 (1.7%)Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Denton, TX (10.5 miles, pop. 80,537). Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Plano, TX (22.5 miles, pop. 222,030). Nearest city with pop. 1,000,000+: Dallas, TX (36.9 miles, pop. 1,188,580). Nearest cities: Krugerville, TX (1.3 miles ), Cross Roads, TX (2.3 miles ), Lincoln Park, TX (2.4 miles ), Paloma Creek, TX (2.5 miles ), Pilot Point, TX (2.5 miles ), Savannah, TX (2.7 miles ), Paloma Creek South, TX (2.7 miles ), Oak Point, TX (2.9 miles ). Single-family new house construction building permits:1997: 9 buildings, average cost: $77,8001998: 27 buildings, average cost: $65,1001999: 34 buildings, average cost: $74,3002000: 32 buildings, average cost: $85,0002001: 40 buildings, average cost: $107,5002002: 55 buildings, average cost: $115,9002003: 81 buildings, average cost: $123,4002004: 40 buildings, average cost: $110,8002005: 54 buildings, average cost: $118,3002006: 61 buildings, average cost: $111,6002007: 32 buildings, average cost: $145,7002008: 21 buildings, average cost: $102,9002009: 19 buildings, average cost: $131,6002010: 9 buildings, average cost: $108,6002011: 1 building, cost: $175,0002012: 4 buildings, average cost: $121,8002013: 30 buildings, average cost: $117,8002014: 47 buildings, average cost: $133,600Number of permits per 10,000 residents Average cost (in $1000s)Latitude: 33.31 N, Longitude: 96.98 WArea code: 940Property values in Aubrey, TXCrime rates in Aubrey by Year Type 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Murders0 0 0 0 0 0per 100,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Rapes2 2 1 2 0 0per 100,000 75.5 73.2 36.6 72.9 0.0 0.0Robberies0 0 1 0 0 0per 100,000 0.0 0.0 36.6 0.0 0.0 0.0Assaults2 5 4 6 0 8per 100,000 75.5 183.1 146.5 218.8 0.0 226.8Burglaries13 11 10 6 15 8per 100,000 490.6 402.8 366.3 218.8 523.7 226.8Theft50 49 46 31 21 11per 100,000 1,886.8 1,794.2 1,685.0 1,130.6 733.2 311.9Auto thefts3 1 1 0 8 1per 100,000 113.2 36.6 36.6 0.0 279.3 28.4Arson0 1 2 0 0 0per 100,000 0.0 36.6 73.3 0.0 0.0 0.0City-data.com crime index (higher means more crime, U. S. average = 244.7) 194.3 198.1 165.6 162.7 88.3 76.0 (click on a table row to update graph)City-data.com crime index counts serious crimes more heavily. It adjusts for the number of visitors and daily workers commuting into cities. Crime rate in Aubrey detailed stats: murders, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, thefts, arson Full-time law enforcement employees in 2016, including police officers: 6 (6 officers ). Officers per 1,000 residents here: 1.70Texas average: 1.80This city's Wikipedia profile Unemployment in September 2015: Here: 3.4%Texas: 4.4%Unemployment by year (%)Population change in the 1990s: +355 (+31.0%). Most common industries in 2016 (%)Males Females Manufacturing (17%)Retail trade (13%)Construction (13%)Accommodation and food services (9%)Professional, scientific, and technical services (8%)Public administration (8%)Administrative and support and waste management services (6%)Health care and social assistance (22%)Educational services (13%)Retail trade (12%)Professional, scientific, and technical services (11%)Public administration (7%)Accommodation and food services (7%)Manufacturing (5%)Most common occupations in 2016 (%)Males Females Production occupations (13%)Construction and extraction occupations (13%)Sales and related occupations (11%)Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (9%)Computer and mathematical occupations (7%)Food preparation and serving related occupations (6%)Management occupations (6%)Office and administrative support occupations (24%)Health technologists and technicians (11%)Sales and related occupations (10%)Food preparation and serving related occupations (8%)Personal care and service occupations (7%)Management occupations (7%)Education, training, and library occupations (6%)Work and jobs in Aubrey: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute Average climate in Aubrey, Texas Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations Tornado activity: Aubrey-area historical tornado activity is above Texas state average. It is 148% greater than the overall U. S. average. On 6/12/1966, a category F3 ( max. wind speeds 158-206 mph) tornado 1.1 miles away from the Aubrey city center. On 3/12/1971, a category F3 tornado 10.2 miles away from the city center. Earthquake activity: Aubrey-area historical earthquake activity is slightly below Texas state average. It is 77% smaller than the overall U. S. average. On 6/16/1978 at 11:46:54, a magnitude 5.3 (4.4 MB, 4.6 UK, 5.3 ML, Class: Moderate, Intensity: VI - VII) earthquake occurred 219.8 miles away from the city center On 9/6/1997 at 23:38:00, a magnitude 4.5 (4.5 LG, 4.2 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi, Class: Light, Intensity: IV - V) earthquake occurred 98.7 miles away from Aubrey center On 1/18/1995 at 15:51:39, a magnitude 4.2 (4.0 LG, 4.2 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 107.4 miles away from the city center On 4/28/1998 at 14:13:01, a magnitude 4.2 (3.9 MB, 4.2 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 130.9 miles away from the city center On 4/14/1995 at 00:32:56, a magnitude 5.7 (5.6 MB, 5.7 MS, 5.7 MW, Depth: 11.1 mi) earthquake occurred 429.6 miles away from Aubrey center On 11/15/1990 at 11:44:41, a magnitude 3.9 (3.6 LG, 3.9 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi, Class: Light, Intensity: II - III) earthquake occurred 106.3 miles away from the city center Magnitude types: regional Lg-wave magnitude (LG), body-wave magnitude (MB), local magnitude (ML), surface-wave magnitude (MS), moment magnitude (MW)Natural disasters: The number of natural disasters in Denton County (17) is greater than the US average (13). Major Disasters (Presidential) Declared: 7 Emergencies Declared: 9 Causes of natural disasters: Storms: 6, Fires: 5, Floods: 5, Hurricanes: 5, Tornadoes: 5, Wind: 1, Other: 1 (Note: Some incidents may be assigned to more than one category). Hospitals and medical centers in Aubrey: EMERUS HOSPITAL (Proprietary, provides emergency services, 26791 HIGHWAY 380)Other hospitals and medical centers near Aubrey: PREMIER GOLDEN HEART HEALTH CARE SERVICES (Home Health Center, about 7 miles away; DENTON, TX)SUNDIAL MANORS NURSING HOME INC (Nursing Home, about 7 miles away; PILOT POINT, TX)ABSOLUTELY ANGELS INC (Home Health Center, about 8 miles away; PILOT POINT, TX)COUNTRYSIDE NURSING AND REHABILITATION LP (Nursing Home, about 8 miles away; PILOT POINT, TX)PILOT POINT NURSING CENTER (Nursing Home, about 8 miles away; PILOT POINT, TX)DENTON OSTEOPATHIC HOSP INC (Hospital, about 9 miles away; DENTON, TX)SANDY OAKS I I (Hospital, about 9 miles away; DENTON, TX)Political contributions by individuals in Aubrey, TXAirports and heliports located in Aubrey: Venable Airpark Airport (5XA9) ( Runways: 1, Local Ops: 52)Campbell Field Airport (06XS) ( Runways: 1)Mustang Community Airfield Airport (XS60) ( Runways: 2)Weems Farm Airport (2TE3) ( Runways: 1)Emergency Room At Magnolia Heliport (30XA)See details about Airports and heliports located in Aubrey, TXColleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Aubrey: Texas Woman's University ( about 11 miles; Denton, TX; Full-time enrollment: 11,837)University of North Texas ( about 12 miles; Denton, TX; FT enrollment: 31,694)Collin County Community College District ( about 23 miles; Mc Kinney, TX; FT enrollment: 18,044)North Central Texas College ( about 24 miles; Gainesville, TX; FT enrollment: 6,550)De Vry University-Texas ( about 26 miles; Irving, TX; FT enrollment: 4,098)The University of Texas at Dallas ( about 26 miles; Richardson, TX; FT enrollment: 16,777)Brookhaven College ( about 28 miles; Farmers Branch, TX; FT enrollment: 6,868)Public high schools in Aubrey: AUBREY H S ( Students: 484, Location: 510 SPRING HILL RD, Grades: 9-12)DENTON CO J J A E P ( Location: 415 TISDELL LN, Grades: 11)Public elementary/middle schools in Aubrey: NAVO MIDDLE ( Students: 952, Location: 1701 NAVO RD, Grades: 6-8)PROVIDENCE EL ( Students: 820, Location: 1000 FM 2931, Grades: PK-5)PALOMA CREEK EL ( Students: 549, Location: 1600 NAVO RD, Grades: PK-5)SAVANNAH EL ( Students: 515, Location: 1101 COTTON EXCHANGE DR, Grades: PK-5)HL BROCKETT ( Students: 512, Location: 900 CHESTNUT ST, Grades: KG-5)JAMES A MONACO ( Students: 404, Location: 9350 CAPE COD BLVD, Grades: PK-5)AUBREY MIDDLE ( Students: 384, Location: 815 SHERMAN DR, Grades: 6-8)See full list of schools located in Aubrey Library in Aubrey: AUBREY AREA LIBRARY ( Operating income: $206,309; Location: 226 COUNTRYSIDE; 17,791 books; 448 audio materials; 1,110 video materials; 50 state licensed databases; 57 print serial subscriptions)Click to draw/clear city borders Notable locations in Aubrey: Aubrey Fire Department Station 1 (A), Aubrey Area Ambulance (B). Display/hide their locations on the map Churches in Aubrey include: First Baptist Church (A), Church of Christ Aubrey (B), Methodist First United Church (C). Display/hide their locations on the map Park in Aubrey: Chaparral Stadium (1). Display/hide its location on the map Denton County has a predicted average indoor radon screening level less than 2 p Ci/L (pico curies per liter) - Low Potential Air pollution and air quality trends (lower is better)AQI NO 2Ozone PM 2.5Pb Air Quality Index (AQI) level in 2013 was 99.6. This is worse than average. City: 99.6U. S.: 74.7Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2016: 3.3% (3.3% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 4.7% for Hispanic or Latino residents)Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Aubrey, TXAverage household size: This city: 2.8 people Texas: 2.8 people Percentage of family households: This city: 76.2%Whole state: 69.9%Percentage of households with unmarried partners: This city: 5.1%Whole state: 6.0%Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)Lesbian couples: 0.8% of all households Gay men: 0.1% of all households Banks with branches in Aubrey (2011 data): Pointbank: Aubrey Branch at 423 Tisdell Lane, branch established on 1987/02/09. Info updated 2006/11/03: Bank assets: $325.7 mil, Deposits: $287.2 mil, headquarters in Pilot Point, TX, positive income, Commercial Lending Specialization, 9 total offices, Holding Company: Pilot Point Bancorp, Inc. Esop First Security Bank, National Association: First Security Bank N. A. Aubrey Bran at 958 Hwy 377 South, branch established on 2003/07/07. Info updated 2006/11/03: Bank assets: $156.3 mil, Deposits: $129.9 mil, headquarters in Flower Mound, TX, positive income, Commercial Lending Specialization, 3 total offices, Holding Company: First Graham Bancorp, Inc. First Texoma National Bank: Magnolia Crossing Branch at 26797 East Highway 380, branch established on 2006/06/26. Info updated 2006/11/03: Bank assets: $169.7 mil, Deposits: $151.9 mil, headquarters in Durant, OK, negative income in the last year, Commercial Lending Specialization, 7 total offices, Holding Company: Fnb Financial Services, Inc. Educational Attainment (%) in 2016School Enrollment by Level of School (%) in 2016Education Gini index (Inequality in education)Here: 11.4Texas average: 14.3Presidential Elections Results1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 20161996 Presidential Elections Results2000 Presidential Elections Results2004 Presidential Elections Results2008 Presidential Elections Results2012 Presidential Elections Results2016 Presidential Elections Results Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results Religion statistics for Aubrey city (based on Denton County data)Religion Adherents Congregations Evangelical Protestant 167,945 321Catholic 44,615 8Mainline Protestant 33,340 56Other 18,928 42Black Protestant 1,354 8Orthodox 120 1None 396,312 -Source: Clifford Grammich, Kirk Hadaway, Richard Houseal, Dale E. Jones, Alexei Krindatch, Richie Stanley and Richard H. Taylor. 2012. 2010 U. S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study. Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. Jones, Dale E., et al. 2002. Congregations and Membership in the United States 2000. Nashville, TN: Glenmary Research Center. Graphs represent county-level data Food Environment Statistics: Number of grocery stores: 52Denton County: 0.85 / 10,000 pop. Texas: 1.47 / 10,000 pop. Number of supercenters and club stores: 10This county: 0.16 / 10,000 pop. State: 0.14 / 10,000 pop. Number of convenience stores (no gas): 35Denton County: 0.57 / 10,000 pop. Texas: 1.11 / 10,000 pop. Number of convenience stores (with gas): 164Denton County: 2.67 / 10,000 pop. State: 3.95 / 10,000 pop. Number of full-service restaurants: 301Here: 4.90 / 10,000 pop. State: 6.13 / 10,000 pop. Adult diabetes rate: This county: 8.5%Texas: 8.9%Adult obesity rate: Denton County: 28.4%Texas: 26.6%Low-income preschool obesity rate: This county: 13.8%State: 15.7%Health and Nutrition: Healthy diet rate: This city: 46.0%Texas: 48.0%Average overall health of teeth and gums: Aubrey: 41.3%Texas: 46.4%Average BMI: Here: 28.6State: 28.5People feeling badly about themselves: This city: 23.3%State: 21.2%People not drinking alcohol at all: This city: 10.6%Texas: 10.4%Average hours sleeping at night: This city: 6.8Texas: 6.8Overweight people: Aubrey: 31.5%Texas: 33.0%General health condition: Aubrey: 54.5%Texas: 55.5%Average condition of hearing: Aubrey: 78.3%State: 80.4%More about Health and Nutrition of Aubrey, TX Residents Local government employment and payroll (March 2012)Function Full-time employees Monthly full-time payroll Average yearly full-time wage Part-time employees Monthly part-time payroll Other Government Administration 5 $18,559 $44,542 0 $0Police Protection - Officers 8 $42,608 $63,912 0 $0Firefighters 5 $16,068 $38,563 30 $19,566Health 2 $6,021 $36,126 0 $0Sewerage 4 $14,948 $44,844 0 $0Water Supply 4 $12,304 $36,912 0 $0Local Libraries 2 $8,758 $52,548 7 $8,653Other and Unallocable 1 $4,227 $50,724 0 $0Totals for Government 31 $123,493 $47,804 37 $28,219Expenditure Revenue Debt Water Utilities Fire Protection Solid Waste Management Police Protection Sewerage Financial Administration Regular Highways Libraries General - Other Health Services - Other Current Operations Interest on Debt General Fire Protection Libraries Police Protection ... Other Capital Outlay Total Salaries & Wages Total Salaries & Wages Water Utilities Aubrey government finances - Expenditure in 2002 (Click on an item to get a detailed view for the given category)Aubrey government finances - Expenditure in 2002 (per resident): Current Operations - Water Utilities: $366,000 ($130.06) Fire Protection: $238,000 ($84.58)Solid Waste Management: $162,000 ($57.57)Police Protection: $155,000 ($55.08)Sewerage: $122,000 ($43.35)Financial Administration: $73,000 ($25.94)Regular Highways: $56,000 ($19.90)Libraries: $51,000 ($18.12)General - Other: $38,000 ($13.50)Health Services - Other: $8,000 ($2.84)General - Interest on Debt: $148,000 ($52.59)Other Capital Outlay - Fire Protection: $45,000 ($15.99) Libraries: $42,000 ($14.93)Police Protection: $31,000 ($11.02)Financial Administration: $2,000 ($0.71)Total Salaries & Wages: $571,000 ($202.91)Water Utilities - Interest on Debt: $16,000 ($5.69)Aubrey government finances - Revenue in 2002 (per resident): Charges - Solid Waste Management: $232,000 ($82.44) Sewerage: $95,000 ($33.76)All Other: $49,000 ($17.41)Miscellaneous - General Revenue, NEC: $180,000 ($63.97) Interest Earnings: $33,000 ($11.73)Revenue - Water Utilities: $285,000 ($101.28)Tax - Property: $216,000 ($76.76) Total General Sales: $95,000 ($33.76)NEC: $77,000 ($27.36)Public Utilities: $69,000 ($24.52)Aubrey government finances - Debt in 2002 (per resident): Long Term Debt Beginning Outstanding - Water Utilities: $267,000 ($94.88)Long Term Debt Beginning Outstanding, NEC: $2,141,000 ($760.84)Long Term Debt Issue, Unspecified - Other NEC: $1,071,000 ($380.60) Water Utilities: $10,000 ($3.55)Long Term Debt Outstanding - Full Faith & Credit - Other, NEC: $3,160,000 ($1122.96)Long Term Debt Outstanding Nonguaranteed - Water Utilities: $262,000 ($93.11)Long Term Debt Retired Unspecified - Other, NEC: $52,000 ($18.48) Water Utilities: $15,000 ($5.33)Aubrey government finances - Cash and Securities in 2002 (per resident): Bond Fund - Cash & Deposits: $1,071,000 ($380.60)Other Funds - Cash & Deposits: $29,000 ($10.31)Sinking Fund - Cash & Deposits: $6,000 ($2.13)10.86% of this county's 2011 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2010 ($52,907 average adjusted gross income)Here: 10.86%Texas average: 7.14%0.05% of residents moved from foreign countries ($619 average AGI)Denton County: 0.05%Texas average: 0.08%Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2010 and 2011:from Dallas County, TX 2.86% ($46,374 average AGI)from Collin County, TX 1.52% ($54,277)from Tarrant County, TX 1.35% ($50,595)9.44% of this county's 2010 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2011 ($48,544 average adjusted gross income)Here: 9.44%Texas average: 6.69%0.07% of residents moved to foreign countries ($418 average AGI)Denton County: 0.07%Texas average: 0.10%Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2010 and 2011:to Dallas County, TX 2.43% ($39,830 average AGI)to Collin County, TX 1.52% ($59,155)to Tarrant County, TX 1.20% ($44,939)Strongest AM radio stations in Aubrey: KTNO (1440 AM; 12 k W; DENTON, TX; Owner: MORTENSON BROADCASTING COMPANY)KRLD (1080 AM; 50 k W; DALLAS, TX; Owner: TEXAS INFINITY BROADCASTING L. P.)KZMP (1540 AM; 50 k W; UNIVERSITY PARK, TX; Owner: ENTRAVISION HOLDINGS, LLC)KBIS (1150 AM; 25 k W; HIGHLAND PARK, TX; Owner: DALLAS AM RADIO PARTNERS, L. P.)WBAP (820 AM; 50 k W; FORT WORTH, TX; Owner: WBAP-KSCS OPERATING, LTD.)KESS (1270 AM; 50 k W; FORT WORTH, TX; Owner: KESS-AM LICENSE CORP.)KFXR (1190 AM; 50 k W; DALLAS, TX; Owner: CLEAR CHANNEL BROADCASTING LICENSES, INC.)KAHZ (1360 AM; 50 k W; HURST, TX)KXEB (910 AM; 1 k W; SHERMAN, TX; Owner: AMIGO RADIO, LTD.)KSKY (660 AM; 20 k W; BALCH SPRINGS, TX; Owner: BISON MEDIA, INC.)KAAM (770 AM; 10 k W; GARLAND, TX; Owner: DONTRON, INC.)KLIF (570 AM; 5 k W; DALLAS, TX; Owner: KLIF LICO, INC.)KMKI (620 AM; 5 k W; PLANO, TX; Owner: ABC, INC)Strongest FM radio stations in Aubrey: KESN (103.3 FM; ALLEN, TX; Owner: WBAP-KSCS OPERATING, LTD.)KSOC (94.5 FM; GAINESVILLE, TX; Owner: RADIO ONE LICENSES, LLC)KTPW (89.7 FM; SANGER, TX; Owner: RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC)KNOR (93.7 FM; HEALDTON, OK; Owner: AM & PM BROADCASTERS, LLC)KNTU (88.1 FM; MCKINNEY, TX; Owner: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS)KTCY (104.9 FM; PILOT POINT, TX; Owner: ENTRAVISION HOLDINGS, LLC)KPLX (99.5 FM; FORT WORTH, TX; Owner: KPLX LICO, INC.)KHYI (95.3 FM; HOWE, TX; Owner: METRO BROADCASTERS - TEXAS, INC.)KMEO (96.7 FM; FLOWER MOUND, TX; Owner: ABC, INC.)KKDL (106.7 FM; MUENSTER, TX; Owner: ENTRAVISION HOLDINGS, LLC)KZMP-FM (101.7 FM; AZLE, TX; Owner: ENTRAVISION HOLDINGS, LLC)KRNB (105.7 FM; DECATUR, TX; Owner: SERVICE BROADCASTING I, LTD.)KDKR (91.3 FM; DECATUR, TX; Owner: CSN INTERNATIONAL)KHCK-FM (99.1 FM; DENTON, TX; Owner: KHCK-FM LICENSE CORP.)KLUV-FM (98.7 FM; DALLAS, TX; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING CORPORATION OF DALLAS)WRR (101.1 FM; DALLAS, TX; Owner: CITY OF DALLAS, TEXAS)KESS-FM (107.9 FM; LEWISVILLE, TX; Owner: KECS-FM LICENSE CORPORATION)KLLI (105.3 FM; DALLAS, TX; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING CORPORATION OF DALLAS)KWRD-FM (100.7 FM; HIGHLAND VILLAGE, TX; Owner: INSPIRATION MEDIA OF TEXAS, L. L. C.)KRBV (100.3 FM; DALLAS, TX; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING CORP. OF FORT WORTH)TV broadcast stations around Aubrey: KLDT ( Channel 55; LAKE DALLAS, TX; Owner: JOHNSON BROADCASTING OF DALLAS, INC.)KTVT ( Channel 11; FORT WORTH, TX; Owner: CBS STATIONS GROUP OF TEXAS L. P.)KXAS-TV ( Channel 5; FORT WORTH, TX; Owner: STATION VENTURE OPERATIONS, LP)KDTN ( Channel 2; DENTON, TX; Owner: NORTH TEXAS PUBLIC BROADCASTING, INC.)KSTR-TV ( Channel 49; IRVING, TX; Owner: TELEFUTURA DALLAS LLC)KMPX ( Channel 29; DECATUR, TX; Owner: WORD OF GOD FELLOWSHIP, INC.)KTXA ( Channel 21; FORT WORTH, TX; Owner: VIACOM TELEVISION STATIONS GROUP OF DALLAS/FORT WORTH L. P.)KUVN ( Channel 23; GARLAND, TX; Owner: KUVN LICENSE PARTNERSHIP, L. P.)KPXD ( Channel 68; ARLINGTON, TX; Owner: PAXSON DALLAS LICENSE, INC.)KXII ( Channel 12; SHERMAN, TX; Owner: KXII LICENSEE CORP.)WFAA-TV ( Channel 8; DALLAS, TX; Owner: WFAA-TV, L. P.)KLEG-LP ( Channel 44; DALLAS, TX; Owner: DILIP VISWANATH)KERA-TV ( Channel 13; DALLAS, TX; Owner: NORTH TEXAS PUBLIC BROADCASTING, INC.)KDFW ( Channel 4; DALLAS, TX; Owner: KDFW LICENSE, INC.)KXTX-TV ( Channel 39; DALLAS, TX; Owner: TELEMUNDO OF TEXAS PARTNERSHIP, LP)KDTX-TV ( Channel 58; DALLAS, TX; Owner: TRINITY BROADCASTING OF TEXAS, INC.)KDAF ( Channel 33; DALLAS, TX; Owner: TRIBUNE TELEVISION COMPANY)KTAQ ( Channel 47; GREENVILLE, TX; Owner: MIKE SIMONS)KDFI ( Channel 27; DALLAS, TX; Owner: NEW DMIC, INC.)KJJM-LP ( Channel 46; DALLAS/MESQUITE, TX; Owner: JANE Mc GINNIS)Aubrey, Texas Fatal accident count 18Vehicles involved in fatal accidents 25Fatal accidents involving drunken persons: 1Fatalities 19Persons involved in fatal accidents 48Pedestrians involved in fatal accidents 2Texas average Fatal accident count 192Vehicles involved in fatal accidents 293Fatal accidents involving drunken persons 58Fatalities 211Persons involved in fatal accidents 509Pedestrians involved in fatal accidents 30See more detailed statistics of Aubrey fatal car crashes and road traffic accidents for 1975 - 2014 here National Bridge Inventory (NBI) Statistics4 Number of bridges4m13ft Total length24,500 Total average daily traffic2,080 Total average daily truck traffic FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers:1 ( See the full list of FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers in Aubrey)FCC Registered Antenna Towers:26 ( See the full list of FCC Registered Antenna Towers)FCC Registered Private Land Mobile Towers:72.3 Mi N ( Lat: 33.308444 Lon: -96.986389), Call Sign: KNCH875 Assigned Frequencies: 152.960 MHz Grant Date: 09/30/1997, Expiration Date: 08/14/2002, Cancellation Date: 12/15/2002 Registrant: Wilson Construction Co Inc, Aubrey, TX 76227, Phone: (817) 365-20851.5 Mi N ( Lat: 33.325944 Lon: -96.986944), Structure height: 105 m, Call Sign: WNJI278, Licensee ID: L00265137 Assigned Frequencies: 451.275 MHz Grant Date: 07/13/1997, Expiration Date: 07/13/2002, Cancellation Date: 11/17/2002, Certifier: R Dean Meiszer Registrant: Lb Tower Company LLC, 441 Vine Street, Suite 3900, Cincinnati, OH 45202-3011, Phone: (513) 381-7775, Fax: (513) 381-12921.0mi W City On N Side Of Fm 428 ( Lat: 33.198167 Lon: -97.106667), Call Sign: WGT541, Licensee ID: L00004077 Assigned Frequencies: 173.237 MHz Grant Date: 07/27/2000, Expiration Date: 08/28/2005, Cancellation Date: 06/15/2005 Registrant: Brazos Electric Power Cooperative Inc, Waco, TX 76702-2585, Phone: (817) 750-6500Lat: 36.270556 Lon: -96.966944, Call Sign: WPSI682 Assigned Frequencies: 451.150 MHz Grant Date: 05/10/2001, Expiration Date: 05/10/2011, Cancellation Date: 07/16/2011, Certifier: D. H Cork Registrant: United Telecom Council, 1140 Connecticut Ave. Nw #1140, Washington, DC 20036, Phone: (202) 872-0031, Fax: (202) 318-4623BLACK ROCK WSC 2, End Of Harmon Rd ( Lat: 33.325278 Lon: -96.980278), Type: Tank, Structure height: 10.7 m, Call Sign: WQNP628 Assigned Frequencies: 219.625 MHz Grant Date: 04/11/2011, Expiration Date: 04/11/2021, Certifier: Michael Sloggett Registrant: Data Flow Systems, Inc., 605 N. John Rodes Blvd, Melbourne, FL 32934, Phone: (321) 259-5009, Fax: (321) 259-4006, Email:[email protected] L1, Lat: 33.304556 Lon: -97.000222, Call Sign: WQVD962 Assigned Frequencies: 152.937 MHz, 152.997 MHz Grant Date: 01/13/2015, Expiration Date: 01/13/2025, Certifier: Johnny Miller Registrant: Bearcom Operating LP, Dallas, TX 75355-9001, Phone: (214) 765-7328, Fax: (214) 355-4971, Email:[email protected] Springhill Road ( Lat: 33.294028 Lon: -96.981250), Call Sign: WQWH759 Assigned Frequencies: 451.487 MHz, 456.487 MHz, 452.087 MHz, 457.087 MHz, 457.162 MHz Grant Date: 08/26/2015, Expiration Date: 08/26/2025, Certifier: Jim Monaco Registrant: Aerowave Technologies, 129 Mustang Creek Dr, Waxahachie, TX 75165, Phone: (214) 222-2376, Fax: (214) 222-2010, Email: [email protected] FCC Registered Microwave Towers:20 ( See the full list of FCC Registered Microwave Towers in this town)FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses:53 ( See the full list of FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses in Aubrey)FAA Registered Aircraft:12 ( See the full list of FAA Registered Aircraft in Aubrey )Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Aggregated Statistics For Year 2009 (Based on 1 partial tract)A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA Home Purchase Loans B) Conventional Home Purchase Loans C) Refinancings F) Non-occupant Loans on < 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)Number Average Value Number Average Value Number Average Value Number Average Value LOANS ORIGINATED 6 $140,925 2 $162,515 6 $168,672 1 $79,300APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED 0 $0 0 $0 1 $135,340 0 $0APPLICATIONS DENIED 1 $159,020 0 $0 2 $219,585 0 $0APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN 1 $129,360 0 $0 2 $125,685 0 $0FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0Choose year:
D2466115	http://study.com/academy/lesson/stratified-random-samples-definition-characteristics-examples.html	Stratified Random Sampling	Random sampling isn't always simple! There are many different types of sampling. In this lesson, you will learn how to use stratified random sampling and when it is most appropriate to use it. Stratified Random Sampling Jackie is the president of the party planning committee of her school. Right now, the party planning committee is planning a winter formal. She is researching the different DJs that are available to work at the winter formal. Each DJ has a different percentage of music that he or she is able to play. Jackie needs to find the right DJ for the winter formal so that the students of her school are happy with the music choices. Jackie can't ask every member of the school his or her music preferences. How can she figure out which DJ to hire? In this lesson, you will learn about stratified random sampling, what it is, and how to use it. What Is Stratified Random Sampling? Stratified random sampling is a random sampling method where you divide members of a population into 'strata,' or homogeneous subgroups. Take a look at this chart: Chart for example This is the percentage of each music genre that each DJ will play. DJ Thunder Cat will only play 60% rock, 20% pop, 15% hip hop, and 5% country. DJ Xtreme Mix will only play 75% hip hop, 20% pop, 5% rock, and no country. DJ Midnight will only play 50% pop, 35% country, 10% hip hop, and 5% rock. Each of these genres is an example of a strata, or a homogeneous subgroup. The group or population is music, while the strata is each kind of music. Stratified random sampling works the same way. Jackie doesn't have the ability to question every student in the school. However, she can use stratified random sampling to get an understanding of the music tastes of the students in the school. Jackie can divide the student body into different strata, or subgroups, and then ask each of these subgroups what types of music they prefer. Stratified random sampling is different from other types of sampling because you are separating the population into groups first. You must be very familiar with the demographics of your population if you intend on using stratified random sampling. Let's discuss how to use stratified sampling and the ways you can use this sampling in an experiment. Using Stratified Random Sampling Jackie decides that a stratified random sample may be the best way to collect her information. When dividing the school into stratified random samples, she must keep two things in mind: Stratified random samples cannot have crossover. Stratified random samples must include all members of a population. Stratified random samples cannot have crossover. In other words, each of the strata must be mutually exclusive. In Jackie's case, she must choose some type of group in which each student is a part of one group but not more than one. Jackie could use something like age or school classification, such as freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior. Jackie decides the simplest way to collect her data is to divide her subgroups by school classification, like this: Subgroups by school classification Stratified random samples must also include all members of a population. In Jackie's case, she has included all members of the population because all students must be under one of the four classifications. Stratified random samples are best used when the researcher is familiar with the demographics of the population and the proportion of the demographics are important to the data being collected. With that said, it is important to have a small amount of strata when collecting data. No more than four to six strata is recommended, but you can theoretically have as many strata as you want. You want to keep the sample proportionate to the experiment. Take a look at this chart: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student I am a teacher
D937085	https://www.maximumyield.com/definition/132/umbel	Umbel	Umbel Definition - What does Umbelmean? An umbel is a cluster of flowers that consists of short flower stalks, or pedicels, that spread from a common point. This cluster closely resembles the ribs or spokes of an umbrella. Umbels can be made up of compound or simple clusters. The size of these clusters can vary, and the shape can range from spherical to flat-topped. This arrangement of flowers is a major characteristic of the plant family Umbelliferae. Maximum Yield explains Umbel There are two types of umbels: Compound umbel - A flower cluster that has multiple flowers on the tip of each pedicel. Simple cluster - An umbel that only has one flower growing from the tip of a single pedicel. Umbels, like all flowers and flower clusters, serve as a means of reproduction. Flowers also facilitate pollination, which is important for the health and longevity of a plant. However, the purpose of flowers and flower clusters like umbels are not limited to plant biology. Umbels also play a very important horticultural role in the lives of humans. Some vegetables like carrots and herbs like fennel, parsley, and dill are all considered umbels. Additionally, umbels are popular as ornamental plants because of their attractive flower clusters.

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