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D1555982 stringlengths 2 8	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071007114826AAwCFvR stringlengths 14 573	The hot glowing surfaces of stars emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.? stringlengths 1 39.2k ⌀	Science & Mathematics Physics The hot glowing surfaces of stars emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.? It is a good approximation to assume that the emissivity e is equal to 1 for these surfaces. Find the radius of the star Rigel, the bright blue star in the constellation Orion that radiates energy at a rate of 2.7 x 10^32 W and has a surface temperature of 11,000 K. Assume that the star is spherical. Use σ =... show more Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the energy flux by radiation is proportional to the forth power of the temperature: q = ε · σ · T^4 The total energy flux at a spherical surface of Radius R is Q = q·π·R² = ε·σ·T^4·π·R² Hence the radius is R = √ ( Q / (ε·σ·T^4·π) ) = √ ( 2.7x10+32 W / (1 · 5.67x10-8W/m²K^4 · (1100K)^4 · π) ) = 3.22x10+13 m Source (s):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_bolt...schmiso · 1 decade ago0 18 Comment Schmiso, you forgot a 4 in your answer. Your link even says it: L = 4pi (R^2)sigma (T^4). Using L, luminosity, as the energy in this problem, you can find the radius R by doing sqrt (L/ (4pisigma (T^4)). Hope this helps everyone. Caroline · 4 years ago4 1 Comment (Stefan-Boltzmann law) L = 4piR^2sigmaT^4 Solving for R we get: => R = (1/ (2T^2)) sqrt (L/ (pisigma)) Plugging in your values you should get: => R = (1/ (2 (11,000K)^2)) sqrt ( (2.710^32W)/ (pi (5.6710^-8 W/m^2K^4))) R = 1.609 10^11 m? · 3 years ago0 1 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Want to build a free website? Interested in dating sites? Need a Home Security Safe? How to order contacts online? stringlengths 2 1.32M ⌀
D2718263	http://www.whosdatedwho.com/dating/sidharth-malhotra	Sidharth Malhotra Indian Actor	Sidharth Malhotra Indian Actor51 5edit Rank6886-1382Age33years old Zodiac Capricorn Who is he dating right now? According to our records, Sidharth Malhotra is possibly single. Relationships We have no records of past relationships for Sidharth Malhotra. About Sidharth Malhotra is a 33 year old Indian Actor. Born Siddharth Malhotra on 16th January, 1985 in India, he is famous for Student of the year. His zodiac sign is Capricorn. More about Sidharth Malhotra
D3391545	http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/evolution-down-under.html	Evolution Down Under	share Evolution Down Under By Peter Tyson Posted 05.01.07 NOVAThe animal kingdom as developed in Australia presents us with anomalies and peculiarities perhaps even more remarkable than are exhibited by the plants. Alfred Russel Wallace, Australasia, 1893Australia, the smallest of the seven continents, is the world capital of two of the three types of mammal on Earth: the marsupials, like the kangaroo and koala, which nourish their young in pouches, and the monotremes, featuring the platypus and the echidnas, which nourish their young in eggs. (The third variety, placentals, include all the rest of us—from mice to whales to people—which nourish their young in an advanced placenta. )How did this happen? Why did Australia get a preponderance of pouched and egg-laying mammals? And, at the same time, precious few of the kind of mammal that dominates every other land in the world? The story is a long one—say, 100 million years or more—and for decades was missing key sections. Only in recent years have paleontologists succeeded in filling in some of those gaps to their satisfaction, enabling them to draw a reasonably detailed portrait of Australia's unique evolutionary history.ÂMammals with pouches, like this red kangaroo, didn't originate in Australia, but they have prospered there like nowhere else on the planet. Why? Enlarge Photo credit: istockphoto.com/Â© Michelle Allen/Web Stuff.biz Pty LtdÂTooth Be Told Two long-standing questions were answered, remarkably enough, by a single fossil tooth. Or two single fossil teeth actually, unearthed on opposite sides of the globe, both in 1992. Until sometime in the Cretaceous Period (146 to 65 million years ago), Australia, Antarctica, and South America all abutted one another in the southern supercontinent Gondwana. While they were attached, experts believe a single belt of forest likely stretched from southeastern Australia, through Antarctica, and into southern South America, and they know that early versions of all three mammal models existed at the time. Yet today no monotremes exist outside of Australia (and New Guinea), and no placental mammals that didn't fly or swim there—for example, bats or dugongs—exist in Australia except for rodents (which arrived only about five million years ago) and mammals that were introduced by people (who arrived by 60,000 years ago). Why didn't monotremes use the connection to leave Australia? And why didn't placentals use it to enter Australia? One of the teeth, uncovered in Argentina from deposits 63 to 61 million years old, answered the first question. Monotremes had lived elsewhere, for paleontologists determined that the tooth belonged to a platypus, an extinct species now known as the Patagonian platypus. (Which way the monotremes originally crossed the Antarctic bridge—from or to Australia—remains a mystery.) The second tooth, meanwhile, answered the second question. Placentals had come to Australia, for some experts believe the tooth, dug out of Queensland deposits radiometrically dated to at least 55 million years ago, belonged to a primitive, nonflying placental known as a condylarth. More recent discoveries hint that other early placentals lived in Australia, even before marsupials turn up in the fossil record. But the monotremes in South America, and the placentals in Australia, didn't last.ÂThe nature of Australia's solo northward journey once it parted from the remnants of Gondwana is a big part of the reason it is rife with pouched and egg-laying mammals. Here, the Three Sisters at Katoomba in New South Wales. Enlarge Photo credit: Â© Linda & Colin Mc Kie/istockphotoÂRace Results Another nagging mystery involved the marsupials. While Australia is their capital, marsupials also occur in the Americas. South America, in particular, has a host of species, from the dwarf fat-tailed mouse opposum to the yapok, an aquatic marsupial. Paleontologists long wondered, When did the marsupials cross between Australia and the Americas, and which way did they go? That is, where did they originate? The big animals Down Under walked an ecological tightrope. It turns out the most "primitive" known marsupials come from early Cretaceous deposits in China ( Sinodelphys genus), implying that the pouched mammals arose there. Recent studies suggest, however, that all or most of Australia's marsupials derive from an order of early North American marsupials of which today just a single representative exists, a sprightly, mouse-sized critter native to southern Chile known as the monito del monte, or "small monkey of the mountains." Paleontologists believe that the common ancestor that gave rise to the monito del monte, and the kangaroo and most or all other Australian marsupials, scurried from South America to Australia (through the intervening Antarctica) sometime before about 60 million years ago. While Australia teems with marsupial species, North America north of Mexico has just one, the common opossum Enlarge Photo credit: istockphoto.com/Â© Rex Lisman: Wild Planet PhotographyÂThe Australian mammalogist and paleontologist Tim Flannery likens the evolutionary history of the three mammal varieties in Australia and South America to a race. All three began the race in both places. Monotremes, which have the lowest metabolisms and energy needs of the three, thrived in Australia but lost the race in South America. Placentals, which have the highest metabolisms and energy needs of the three, thrived in South America but lost the race in Australia. Marsupials, whose metabolic rate and energy requirements lie between those of the other two, didn't lose on either continent but clearly prevailed in Australia. Why? Focusing solely on Australia now, what accounts for its singular evolutionary path? Dry Run The answer has everything to do with what happened to Australia after it broke away from Antarctica—its final tie to Gondwana—between about 45 and 38 million years ago. And what didn't happen to it. First, what happened. After its severance, Australia began a long, slow drift north, which continues today. During its drift, the continent's climate changed repeatedly, from warm, wet "greenhouse" conditions to cold, dry "icehouse" conditions and back again. Between about 23 and 15 million years ago, the continent witnessed one of its lushest greenhouse phases, and marsupial diversity exploded, as did that of flamingoes and thunderbirds—giant, flightless herbivores that competed with the "elephants" and "rhinos" of the marsupial world, the big-bodied, wombat-like Diprotodon species. After 15 million years ago, rainfall and temperatures began to drop, a trend that has continued to the present day. Over this time, Australia dried out significantly, transforming the continent's great northern and central forests into semi-arid grasslands. A lack of geologic upheaval over recent eons has left Australia with very poor soil, such as this distinctively ocher-colored earth near Uluru. Enlarge Photo credit: istockphoto.com/Â© Matej PribelskyÂNow for what didn't happen. During its drift north over those roughly 40 million years, Australia eased into tropical waters even as the globe began a general cooling. One result was that the climate in Australia, notwithstanding those flips between greenhouse and icehouse, remained relatively stable during those 40 million years. Antarctica, meanwhile, traveled south and froze solid, and North America and Europe suffered repeated ice ages. In fact, during its drift Australia kept just north of latitudes where glaciers form, so it was never glaciated in a substantial way. On top of that, over the past 60 million years the continent has enjoyed a degree of geologic restfulness not experienced by any other continent. Without glaciers, active volcanoes, and earthquakes stirring everything up, Australia's soils didn't get renewed, leaving it with the poorest-quality earth of any of the large landmasses. Walking A Tightrope All these things that happened and didn't happen, particularly in the past 15 million years, had a significant effect on Australia's wildlife. Because of their lower resting metabolic rate, marsupials could survive using less energy than similar-sized placental mammals, and they flourished. (Other creatures, including the thunderbirds and flamingoes, suffered extinctions as their lakes dried up and the luxuriant vegetation in the continent's midriff became grasslands.) Eventually the survivors began to grow in size, probably because larger-bodied animals were able to eat more of the progressively lower-quality vegetation. By the time humans arrived around 60,000 years ago, an impressive suite of megafauna roamed the landscape. Paleontologists preserve a half-million-year-old specimen of Australia's feline-like carnivore, Thylacoleo, shortly after its discovery in an Australian cave in 2002. Enlarge Photo credit: Â© NOVA/WGBH Educational FoundationÂEven as marsupials succeeded in Australia, however, they faced restrictions forced on them by the harsh environment. One concerned size. Despite their name, the megafauna in Australia never boasted any extremely large members. The biggest marsupial that ever lived, a Diprotodon, weighed about 4,400 pounds, or only about a third as much as an elephant. The largest kangaroo, now extinct, may have reached 440 pounds; the largest antelope, its closest counterpart in Africa, can weigh 2,200 pounds or more. All told, one-quarter of all native Australian mammals have disappeared since Homo sapiens first came ashore. Another restriction was in the diversity of top-level carnivores. Australia had only one cat-like meat-eater, Thylacoleo, the marsupial lion, and one dog-like meat-eater, Thylacine, the Tasmanian tiger. There was also a carnivorous kangaroo. Three top-order mammalian carnivores out of 60 or so large mammal species before humans turned up is paltry compared to the number on all other continents (save the usual exclusion, Antarctica). The paucity of mammalian meat-eaters left room for the rise of reptilian carnivores, including land crocodiles and the Komodo dragon-like giant goannas—all of which eventually disappeared. Indeed, if the extinct megafauna shared one characteristic, it was vulnerability. Ultimately because of the poor soils, animals evolved low rates of reproduction and the ability not only to live on nutrient-poor flora but to opportunistically exploit the good times and withstand the bad. Australia is the only continent whose climate is largely dictated by the El Niíño phenomenon, a non-annual event, and scientists see no reason why this wasn't the case when the megafauna were alive. The big animals Down Under, in short, walked an ecological tightrope. Australia's extant marsupials and monotremes, represented here by a kangaroo and an echidna, squeaked past the last multi-species extinction. If it comes to it, can they do so again? Enlarge Photo credit: Â© Reuters/CORBISÂGone and Here Sadly, they fell off that tightrope not long after the initial arrival of the smartest placental ever to walk the Earth—us. Sometime between 50,000 and 45,000 years ago, most megafaunal species, whether carnivore or herbivore, went extinct. The giant rat kangaroo, the thunderbirds, the giant goannas—all gone. These animals had ridden the Australian ark successfully through millions of years of natural change, but the change brought about by people was more than they could handle, and they succumbed. All told, one-quarter of all native Australian mammals, for one, have disappeared since Homo sapiens first came ashore on the continent. Fortunately, some megafaunal species survived, including the largest living marsupial, the red kangaroo, and Australia remains marsupial and monotreme central. The trick now is to figure out how to ensure that those that pulled through the last mass extinction—wombats and bandicoots, dingos and emus—pull through the current one we humans have triggered worldwide. Peter Tyson is editor in chief of NOVA Online. Sources
D775237	http://uwf.edu/jgould/Critical%20Thought%20Guidelines.pdf	404 - Page Not Found	404 - Page Not Found The page you are looking for no longer exists, has been moved, or is temporarily unavailable. Please try the following: Click the Back button to try another link. Use the search form at the top of this page. Go to the University of West Florida Homepage.
D2840984	https://www.liveabout.com/how-to-shampoo-your-hair-3517865	How to Shampoo Your Hair	Hairstyles How to Shampoo Your Hair Lather, Rinse, Repeat Share Pin Email Atli Mar Hafsteinsson / Getty Imagesby Kendra Aarhusupdated July 14, 2017I'm sure you recognize "Lather, Rinse, Repeat" as the infamous and widely misunderstood directions on the back of the shampoo bottle. I've often wondered why the directions are so elusive, and can only imagine that those who haven't sat in a class about proper shampooing must be even more confused. What does "lather, rinse, repeat" mean? Is it really that hard to shampoo your hair? You may be surprised to learn that you've been doing it all wrong for years. To Lather or Not to Lather The idea of the first step is not to wash your hair, but rather to clean your scalp and remove the sebum (oil) and product that has accumulated since your last shampoo. Emulsify a quarter-sized amount of shampoo in your hands by rubbing the product between your palms. Apply the shampoo to your scalp using your fingertips and work the shampoo vigorously into your scalp for about 30 seconds. Make sure you work the shampoo into your entire scalp. Especially the back. A lot of people wash the tops of their heads but neglect the back. It can get awfully gunky back there if miss it a few times. If your hair is very long, try bending over and tip your head upside down for easier access to the back (you may need a little more shampoo when you do this). It is important to know that the shampoo will likely not produce a lot of lather during this first step. The type of shampoo you use will determine the amount of lather that you achieve. Professional shampoo brands and sulfate free shampoo will lather less than drugstore brands, as drug store brands typically include more "bubble making" agents to create lather. We like lather. Lather = clean in our minds, right? Try to focus less on lather and more on really working the product onto your scalp. Find out why today's shampoos are sulfate free and produce less lather. Rinse It, Rinse It Good!Although rinsing your hair seems simple enough, the fact is that most people do not rinse properly, leaving hair with unwanted sebum, product build-up, and left over shampoo. A good rule of thumb is to rinse for approximately 30 seconds (try singing your ABC's twice), working your fingertips through your hair while rinsing. ICan You Repeat That? Now it's time to re-shampoo and rinse the remainder of your hair. Emulsify a minimal amount of shampoo in your hand. The amount you need depends on the length and density of your hair and the brand of shampoo that you are using. Professional shampoos are more concentrated and allow you to use less. Drug store shampoos, which are more watered down, will require more product. Work the shampoo into your hair from scalp to ends for at least 30 seconds. You will notice that the shampoo should lather up more than it did in the first step (however, some professional products are so concentrated and sulfate-free that they do not ever create significant lather). Rinse the shampoo well for at least 30 seconds. If you have extremely long or thick hair, you may need to rinse longer. It's very important that no shampoo remains in your hair. When shampoo is not properly rinsed from your hair, it's like a dirt and oil magnet on your scalp. Not good. Repeat, Again? If your hair is extremely oily or if you have a lot of product build up, it may be necessary to repeat the repeat step. I shampoo my hair every three to four days, so I usually repeat twice, or as many times as it takes until my hair and scalp feel clean. If you wash your hair daily, you will likely only need to repeat only once, or maybe not at all. Follow up with a conditioner that's appropriate for your hair type.
D3064383	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080617120127AABdeyB	How many gallons are in a tank of a Focus?	Cars & Transportation Other - Cars & Transportation How many gallons are in a tank of a Focus? How many gallons of gas can the tank of an 01 Ford Focus hold? Follow 7 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Fuel Fuel Tank Capacity: 13.5 gal. EPA Mileage Estimates: (City/Highway) Manual: 24 mpg / 35 mpg Automatic: : 24 mpg / 33 mpg Range in Miles: (City/Highway) Automatic: 324 mi. / 445.5 mi. Manual: 324 mi. / 472.5 mi.oklatom · 10 years ago0 0 Comment Asker's rating Ford Focus Gas Tank Source (s):https://shrinks.im/a8Ntjpires · 1 year ago0 0 Comment Ford Focus Gas Tank Size Source (s):https://shrink.im/a0G1Vvorholt · 1 year ago0 0 Comment I have an 07 Ford Focus SE and my gas tank holds 14 gallons 10 gallons are for regular fuel consumption and the last four gallons are reserve for when your light comes on. Anonymous · 10 years ago1 0 Comment Your Owner's Manual will contain that information. Any Ford dealer can tell you that also.........my Toyota, Corolla, 2004, has a 50 liter tank, (about 11.5 gallons) so I suppose your Focus would be similar in size....logicalgal · 10 years ago0 0 Commentall of themmartinmm · 10 years ago0 0 Comment13.2Dave S · 10 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? VPN options for your computer Need debt consolidation loans? Masters of marketing online The Best Crossover's
D409915	https://priceonomics.com/dare-the-anti-drug-program-that-never-actually/	DARE: The Anti-Drug Program That Never Actually Worked	DARE: The Anti-Drug Program That Never Actually Worked By Rosie Cima · 109,532 views · More stats Share Tweet DARE, the popular drug education program, had no measurable effect on drug use. ( me and the sysop)If you went to grade school in the 1980s or 90s, chances are good you were publicly offered drugs at school by a uniformed police officer.“Hey,” he might have said, “Want to meet up behind the gym after school and get high?”Luckily for you, you were savvy enough to understand that this wasn’t an earnest offer. It was an exercise in resistance.“No thanks!” you’d say. “I have homework to go do.”“Come on,” he’d retort. Impressed with your delivery, he’d decided to step up the simulated peer pressure. “I thought you were cool.”“Not doing drugs is cool,” was your reply. Your classmates might have applauded, at the officer/teacher’s prompting. Then you went back to your seat, and the officer would go over the things you did well in the exercise, so the class could learn by your example. In addition to teaching the other students, the officer was also building up your self esteem. Self esteem and resistance were two major cornerstones of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program, also known as DARE. Through the 1980s and the 1990s, DARE swelled from a tiny local program to a massive, and massively expensive, national campaign against drugs in schools. At its peak, DARE was practiced in 75% of American schools, and cost hundreds of millions of dollars to run. It had spiffy, 90s branded swag, and a baritone-voiced mascot, “Daren the Lion.”There was just one problem: DARE didn’t work. Students who went through DARE weren’t any less likely to do drugs than the students who didn’t. In fact, there’s some well-regarded research that some groups of students were actually more likely to do drugs if they went through DARE. Scientists knew DARE was ineffective relatively early on, but the program grew anyways. The program’s eventual reform was the result of a long and hard battle between evidence-based research, and popular opinion. DARE’s Humble Beginnings The original “Officer DARE”: DARE’s founder, LAPD Chief Daryl Gates, later became infamous for his handling of the Rodney King Riots DARE got its beginnings in the city of Los Angeles in the early 1980s. Daryl Gates, the LA Police Department (LAPD) Chief of Police, helped create the program, and became its first figurehead. The story goes that when Gates noticed that the number of drug busts on school campuses was increasing, he had the idea to focus on preventative education instead of punishment. As Gates told the L. A. Times in 1993:"We had 'buy programs' in the schools where undercover officers would buy drugs from students. We kept buying more and more. It was appalling, depressing. I finally said: 'This is crazy. We've got to do something.' "The LAPD, in conjunction with the local rotary club and the LA Unified School District (LAUSD), came up with the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program, DARE (also, incidentally, a pun with Chief Daryl Gates’ first name.)Dr. Ruth Rich, the district’s health education specialist, was tasked with selecting the first curriculum. Research on drug prevention education was already underway at USC, under the title “SMART.” But there was a catch -- Gates wanted DARE to be taught by police officers themselves, not doctors or teachers. Rich agreed with him, on the grounds that cops are more familiar with criminal culture. As she told the LA Times, "There’s a gap between the street and the classroom. Police officers are believable on this subject. When it comes to drugs, they're more credible than a teacher. "The idea of police officers in the classroom turned off some of SMART’s original authors, including the head of the research team, Andy Johnson. Reason Magazine reported, “Though sympathetic to Rich's dilemma, Johnson had serious objections to handing an experimental educational program over to the local police.”Without Johnson’s oversight, Rich took the SMART curriculum and patterned her own off of it. In 1993, there were two main versions of SMART: one that focused on developing personal goals and self esteem, and another that focused on resisting things like peer pressure and advertisements. Rich combined the two approaches. A DARE course taught by Naval officers When the school opened in September 1983, the LAPD took to the classroom to both teach kids about the dangers of substance abuse, boost their self-esteem, and help them practice “just saying no” (a la Nancy Reagan ). Within a few years, DARE was a regular fixture in LA schools. By the mid-nineties, it was a national organization with multi-million dollar annual revenue. The program was popular among parents and students from its inception. It was also popular among politicians and bureaucrats, who saw DARE as a way to be proactive about, “The Drug Problem.” From the Reason Magazine:" [People were] eager to find an easy solution to the problem of juvenile drug abuse. DARE became 'a rallying symbol to do something positive about the drug abuse problem. '"This political status carried DARE far. In 1986, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) published the first independent review of DARE, reporting that the program had short-term results. Although it drew criticism from the scientific community, DARE earned NIJ funding as a result of the study. DARE also soon won a $140,000 grant from the Department of Justice to expand the program to the national level. And Congress passed the “Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1986,” which set aside 10% of State Grants to Governors for police-staffed, in-school, drug education programs, and mentions DARE by name. Like that, DARE became a national, nationally funded movement. In 1988, U. S. presidents started recognizing National DARE Day, a practice that continued into the Obama administration. By 1992, the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act money accounted for almost $10 million nationally. By 1995, DARE estimated its own costs at $200 million. DARE vs. The Research, IThis pencil thing actually happened. That first independent review of DARE, which found that it had an effect on drug use, quickly started to look like an extreme anomaly. By 1991 there were already more than a dozen published studies claiming that DARE had absolutely no measurable effect on drug use. This negative finding proceeded to bear out through another two decades of research. This came as no surprise to the social scientists behind DARE’s original curriculum, the SMART program. A few years after DARE started, the USC researchers made an alarming discovery about SMART: early versions of the program didn’t work. In fact, some of them had a “boomerang effect,” by which participation correlated to higher rates of drug use. But by the time of this discovery, the LAUSD had grown “distant”, according to SMART researcher, Bill Hansen. Hansen and Johnson claim they reached out to DARE to help revise the curriculum, but were rejected.“What they took was the prototype,” Hansen has said, “we went through thirty versions of the curriculum, so a lot of the stuff they lifted was antiquated, in our view.”The problem was that, to a lot of people, it seemed like common sense that DARE would just work. “Everyone believed that if you just told students how harmful these substances and behaviors were—they'd stay away from them," Frank Pegueros, the current president and CEO of DARE. America, has said. This deep-seated, folksy belief in DARE’s ability to combat a publicly reviled problem gave it a decades-long stranglehold on the American education system. ''We suspect that there are gaping holes in the program and that it may not be cost-effective, but legislators are politicians,'' a legislator told the New York Times in 2004, on the condition that his name not be used. ''No one's going to risk their political future by doing anything other than standing up with the parents. Parents vote. ''Drug use in high schools went down nationally in the 1980s and early 1990s. Some people who observed this trend in their local community might have misattributed it to DARE. (Via Kruse Kronicle)Some of the battle between DARE and its scientific critics played out in public. Research was met with anecdotes, or with pleas that the program was changing too fast for studies of old curricula to be relevant, or that DARE was so widespread, its effects so particular, that it couldn’t be tested. "I don't have any statistics for you. Our strongest numbers are the numbers that don't show up,” a DARE official once told a newspaper. DARE supporters would regularly accuse critics of being in bed with drug cartels, or selfishly interested in taking over the drug resistance education industry. Negative media would inspire letters to the editor, supporting the program and calling for more funding. DARE executives often pointed to the program’s popularity as evidence of its credibility. As Glenn Levant, the former LAPD officer who directed DARE in the early 1990s, told the LA Times in 1993, "Knocking DARE is like kicking your mother or saying that apple pie doesn't taste good.”He went on, “For 10 years, I've been living and breathing DARE, and it's all been about helping kids. That's our program, and that's what we're going to keep on doing.”DARE vs. The Research, IIThe NIJ commissioned a study from the prestigious Research Triangle Institute, and then refused to publish it There was also a behind-the-scenes battle that played out between DARE and scientific research. While DARE was doing its best to publicly combat and distract the scientific naysayers, they also tried to silence critics before they reached the public spotlight at all. In the early 90s, the NIJ hired the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) to do a meta-analysis of the existing evaluations of DARE’s efficacy. In 1994, RTI concluded the study, announcing that DARE had no measurable effect on drug use, and that other, existing programs, seem to do better. DARE could be improved, and if it refused to improve, it could be replaced. From the study’s conclusion:"DARE’s limited influence on adolescent drug use behavior contrasts with the program’s popularity and prevalence. An important implication is that DARE could be taking the place of other, more beneficial drug use curricula that adolescents could be receiving. "Then, despite positive peer review, and despite the fact that the NIJ had closely reviewed the study throughout its development, the NIJ refused to publish the results. They did not elaborate on their refusal, beyond claiming the work did not meet their, “high standards of methodological rigor.” The NIJ then issued a press release, reporting on the unpublished study, including the positive findings that DARE is popular, and growing, and omitting the claims of ineffectiveness.“Not only is DARE widespread and popular, but demand for it is high," it read. " [DARE’s] appeal cuts across racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic lines [with] considerable support for expansion of the program. "A DARE class in 2005 -- 11 years after the RTI paper was published ( Marion Doss)When RTI sought publication in an independent journal -- the American Journal of Public Health -- DARE pressured the journal against publishing. The Journal’s editor, Sabine Beisler, told USA Today, "DARE has tried to interfere with the publication of this. They tried to intimidate us." The paper, which flew through peer review, was published anyways. The paper’s lead author commented on the fact that the concerns over methodological rigor were particularly problematic because the paper was a meta-analysis of existing research. RTI did not conduct any new experiments. As they told Reason:"The results of all the studies used in the meta-analysis were consistent; it's not like the conclusions of these different studies were all over the place. We did not find any support for [a statistically significant] impact on drug use, and they show DARE has no effect at all on marijuana use. "When asked how the NIJ reviewers refused an article that the American Journal of Public Health reviewers “uniformly appraised” as “first-rate,” a DARE spokesperson told Reason, "It was hot and sexy for Public Health to criticize DARE. "Makin’ it REALHot and sexy or not, the RTI study was by no means the last to find DARE completely ineffective. No matter how researchers sliced it -- by observing students exposed to more up-to-date versions of the curriculum, or who had taken DARE for multiple years -- they could not find any evidence that DARE reduced drug use. There was some evidence that it temporarily improved students’ self-esteem, or gave them negative attitudes towards drugs. But there wasn’t any evidence that it actually had an effect on the behavior it was supposed to target. But these reports themselves seemed ineffective at reaching the public in a meaningful way. Nor were they effective at slowing DARE’s growth. Then, nearly 20 years after DARE launched with a faulty curriculum, things started to change. In 2000, the Department of Education did an audit of drug education programs. Only evidenced-based programs would be eligible for funding out of the Department of Education’s drug education budget. DARE did not make the cut. In 2001, the Surgeon General did its own evaluation, concluding, " [D. A. R. E.'s] popularity persists despite numerous well-designed evaluations and meta-analyses that consistently show little or no deterrent effects on substance use. "The flag of the Government Accountability Office Then, in 2003, another government organization evaluated DARE. This time, it was the Government Accountability Office (GAO) -- a federal watchdog on government spending of taxpayer money. GAO’s interest in DARE was obvious. DARE was funded with federal, state, and local taxes. In 2003, DARE’s cost was estimated at between $200 million and $2 billion. GAO selected six long-term evaluations for review -- studies that looked at kids 5 to 10 years after the DARE program and evaluated its effect. All of the studies found “no significant differences in illicit drug use,” between the DARE group and the control group. Five of the six reported on students attitudes towards drugs and found, “no significant differences between the [DARE] and control groups over the long term.”Although GAO left the detail out of its report, some of the research it included in its review found that DARE had the dreaded “boomerang” effect on some students. As the authors of the original paper wrote, “Suburban students who were D. A. R. E. graduates scored higher than suburban students in the Control group on all four major drug use measures.”Rocky Anderson The DARE money finally started to ebb. Cities and districts started shutting down their DARE programs -- Rocky Anderson, as mayor of Salt Lake City, famously called the program a “fraud on the people of America.” Threatened with extinction, the shrinking DARE got serious about reforming itself into an evidenced-based practice. Suddenly, they needed and wanted the scientific community’s help.“It was state of the art when we launched it,” Levant said in 2001, when he announced the planned curriculum overhaul. “Now it’s time for science to improve upon what we’re doing.”It might have been too little, too late. By 2010, DARE’s revenue was $3.7 million, down from $10 million in 2002. It plunged into debt in 2009 and 2010. *keepin’ it REAL is DARE’s long-awaited answer to evidenced-based programming. Today’s DARE promotes an education program that has a stamp of approval from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The replacement program, titled “keepin’ it REAL,” launched in 2011. Its developers say it’s “not an anti-drug program,” but is more centered on decision-making skills, “things like being honest and safe and responsible.” But, unlike DARE, it’s been demonstrated in a handful of studies to reduce the risk of drug abuse:“The reports from students who completed keepin’ it REAL indicated that they sampled these substances less than those in a control group, and used a wider variety of strategies to stay sober. Their antidrug attitudes were also more likely to stick over time.”After two and a half decades of research, and the threat of extinction by defunding, DARE is finally friends with science. It’s been a long hard road, but America’s most popular drug resistance education program finally actually teaches kids to resist drugs. *For our next post, we investigate Donald Trump's misadventures in professional football. To get notified when we post it → join our email list. A version of this article was originally published October 1, 2015. 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D152133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracotomy	Thoracotomy	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Thoracotomy ICD-9-CM 34.02Me SH D013908 [ edit on Wikidata]A thoracotomy is an incision into the pleural space of the chest. [1] It is performed by surgeons (or emergency physicians under certain circumstances) to gain access to the thoracic organs, most commonly the heart, the lungs, or the esophagus, or for access to the thoracic aorta or the anterior spine (the latter may be necessary to access tumors in the spine). A thoracotomy is a major surgical procedure—it is the first step in many thoracic surgeries including lobectomy or pneumonectomy for lung cancer —and as such requires general anesthesia with endotracheal tube insertion and mechanical ventilation. Thoracotomies are thought to be one of the most difficult surgical incisions to deal with post-operatively, because they are extremely painful and the pain can prevent the patient from breathing effectively, leading to atelectasis or pneumonia. Contents [ hide ]1 Approaches2 Complications3 VATS4 See also5 References Approaches [ edit]There are many different approaches to thoracotomy. The most common modalities of thoracotomy follow. Median sternotomy provides wide access to the mediastinum and is the incision of choice for most open-heart surgery and access to the anterior mediastinum. Posterolateral thoracotomy is an incision through an intercostal space on the back, and is often widened with rib spreaders. It is a very common approach for operations on the lung or posterior mediastinum, including the esophagus. When performed over the fifth intercostal space, it allows optimal access to the pulmonary hilum ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein) and therefore is considered the approach of choice for pulmonary resection ( pneumonectomy and lobectomy ). Anterolateral thoracotomy is performed upon the anterior chest wall; left anterolateral thoracotomy is the incision of choice for open chest massage, a critical maneuver in the management of traumatic cardiac arrest. Anterolateral thoracotomy, like most surgical incisions, requires the use of tissue retractors —in this case, a "rib spreader" such as the Tuffier retractor. Bilateral anterolateral thoracotomy combined with transverse sternotomy results in the "clamshell" incision, the largest incision commonly used in thoracic surgery. The Ashrafian or Aztec thoracotomy was devised to give rapid access to the heart and pericardium through an incision that consists of an anterior thoracic incision followed in a vertical direction along the costo-chondral (rib-cartilage) junction. [2]Upon completion of the surgical procedure, the chest is closed. One or more chest tubes —with one end inside the opened pleural cavity and the other submerged under saline solution inside a sealed container, forming an airtight drainage system—are necessary to remove air and fluid from the pleural cavity, preventing the development of pneumothorax or hemothorax. Complications [ edit]In addition to pneumothorax, complications from thoracotomy include air leaks, infection, bleeding and respiratory failure. Postoperative pain is universal and intense, generally requiring the use of opioid analgesics for moderation, as well as interfering with the recovery of respiratory function. Paraplegia complicating thoracotomy is rare but catastrophic. [3] [4]In nearly all cases a chest tube, or more than one chest tube is placed. These tubes are used to drain air and fluid until the patient heals enough to take them out (usually a few days). Complications such as pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, or subcutaneous emphysema can occur if these chest tubes become clogged. Furthermore, complications such as pleural effusion or hemothorax can occur if the chest tubes fail to drain the fluid around the lung in the pleural space after a thoracotomy. Clinicians should be on the look out for chest tube clogging as these tubes have a tendency to become occluded with fibrinous material or clot in the post operative period, and when this happens, complications ensue. In the long term, post-operative chronic pain can develop, known as thoracotomy pain syndrome, and may last from a few years to a lifetime. Treatment to aid pain relief for this condition includes intra-thoracic nerve blocks/opiates and epidurals, although results vary from person to person and are dependent on numerous factors. VATS [ edit]Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is a less invasive alternative to thoracotomy in selected cases, much like laparoscopic surgery. Like laparoscopic surgery, its applications are rapidly expanding. Robotic surgery is a new but rapidly growing alternative that uses advanced technology with proven advantages. See also [ edit]List of surgeries by type References [ edit]^ " thoracotomy " at Dorland's Medical Dictionary^ Ashrafian, H.; Athanasiou, T. (2010). "Emergency prehospital on-scene thoracotomy: A novel method". Collegium antropologicum. 34 (4): 1449–1452. PMID 21874737.^ Attar, S.; Hankins, J. R.; Turney, S. Z.; Krasna, M. J.; Mc Laughlin, J. S. (1995). "Paraplegia after thoracotomy: Report of five cases and review of the literature". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 59 (6): 1410–1415; discussion 1415–6. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975 (95)00196-R. PMID 7771819.^ Brodbelt, A. R.; Miles, J. B.; Foy, P. M.; Broome, J. C. (2002). "Intraspinal oxidised cellulose (Surgicel) causing delayed paraplegia after thoracotomy--a report of three cases". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 84 (2): 97–99. PMC 2503802. PMID 11995773. [ hide]v t e Tests, surgery and other procedures involving the respiratory system ( ICD-9-CM V3 21–22, 30–34, ICD-10-PCS 0B)Upper RTnose Rhinoplasty Septoplasty Alarplasty Rhinectomy Rhinomanometry Acoustic rhinometrysinus Sinusotomylarynx Laryngoscopy Laryngectomy Laryngotomy Thyrotomy Laryngotracheal reconstruction Lower RTtrachea Cricothyrotomy Tracheoesophageal puncture Tracheotomybronchus Bronchoscopylung Pneumonectomy Lobectomy Wedge resection Lung transplantation Decortication of lung Heart–lung transplant Chest wall, pleura, mediastinum, and diaphragmpleura / pleural cavity Thoracentesis Pleurodesis Thoracoscopy Thoracotomy Chest tubemediastinum Mediastinoscopy Nuss procedure Medical imaging Bronchography CT pulmonary angiogram High-resolution computed tomography Spiral CTVentilation/perfusion scan CPRs Pneumonia severity index CURB-65Lung function test Body plethysmography Spirometry Bronchial challenge test Capnography Diffusion capacity Cytology Sputum culture Bronchoalveolar lavage Respiratory therapy / intubation Artificial respiration CPR Hyperbaric medicine Decompression chamber Heliox Mechanical ventilation Nebulizer Negative pressure ventilator Oxygen therapy Positive pressure ventilation Postural drainage Surgical airway management
D307216	https://www.reference.com/science/calvin-cycle-84bd503faae2198	What Is the Calvin Cycle?	Full Answer The Calvin cycle occurs in three phases. During the first phase, carbon fixation, carbon dioxide enters the cycle. An enzyme called Ru BP carboxylase fixes carbon into ribulose biphosphate, which is a five-carbon sugar abbreviated as Ru BP. This reaction produces a six-carbon molecule that splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. The 3-phosphoglycerate acts as a metabolic intermediate. During the second phase of the cycle, called reduction, NADPH2 and ATP are used to convert 3-phosphoglycerate to a carbohydrate precursor to glucose and other types of sugars. This three-carbon precursor is called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Finally, the cycle begins the regeneration phase. During this third phase, ATP is used to convert some of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to Ru BP. Not all of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to Ru BP, however. The remaining molecules are used to produce fructose diphosphate, which is used to make starch, sucrose and other sugars. Although the Calvin cycle is a light-independent reaction, it relies indirectly on light reactions because these reactions produce the NADPH2 and ATP needed to complete the cycle. Learn more about Botany Sources: bio.umass.edu science.smith.edu hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
D3561734	http://www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/celts.html	Celts	( The ), or The Kelts. This family of nations includes the Irish, Erse, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Low Bretons. According to historic fable, Celtina was the daughter of Britannus. She had a son by Hercules, named Celtus, the progenitor of the Celts. Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894Cemetery Celt A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZRelated Content Allusions Foreign Words and Phrases Latin and Greek Word Elements Names: Their Origins and Meanings Old Testament Names Mythology Ancient Greek Literature & Mythology The Bible (King James version)The Koran (translation by J. M. Rodwell)Shakespeare's Plays Tales from Shakespeare (Charles and Mary Lamb)Frequently Misspelled Words Frequently Mispronounced Words Easily Confused Words Writing & Language
D728849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s	1990s	1990s From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"The Nineties" redirects here. For the CNN documentary, see The Nineties (miniseries). From left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope orbits the earth after it was launched in 1990; American F-16s and F-15s fly over burning oil fields in Operation Desert Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War; The signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993; The World Wide Web gains a public face during the start of decade and as a result gains massive popularity worldwide; Boris Yeltsin and followers stand on a tank in defiance to the August Coup, which leads to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell; The funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales, who dies in 1997 from a car crash in Paris, and is mourned by millions; Hundreds of Tutsi people are killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries:19th century 20th century 21st century Decades:1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years:1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999Categories: Births Deaths By country By topic Establishments Disestablishments The 1990s (pronounced "nineteen-nineties" and abbreviated as the " Nineties ") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1990, and ended on December 31, 1999. Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 Politics and wars2.1 Wars2.2 Coups2.3 Terrorist attacks2.4 Decolonization and independence2.5 Prominent political events2.6 Notable world leaders3 Assassinations4 Disasters4.1 Natural disasters4.2 Non-natural disasters5 Economics6 Technology and science6.1 Technology6.2 Science7 Environment8 Society8.1 Third-wave feminism9 Additional significant worldwide events10 Popular culture10.1 Architecture10.2 Fashion10.3 Film10.4 Music10.5 Sports10.6 Television10.7 Video games11 Literature12 See also12.1 Timeline13 References14 Further reading Overview [ edit]Culturally, the 1990s are characterized by the rise of multiculturalism and alternative media, which continued into the 2000s. Movements such as grunge, the rave scene and hip hop spread around the world to young people during that decade, aided by then-new technology such as cable television and the World Wide Web. In the absence of world communism which collapsed in the first two years of the decade the 1990s was politically defined by a movement towards the right-wing, including increase in support for far-right parties in Europe [1] as well as the advent of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party [2] and cuts in social spending in the United States, [3] Canada, [4] New Zealand, [5] and the UK. [6] The United States also saw a massive revival in the use of the death penalty in the 1990s, which reversed in the early 21st century. [7] During the 1990s the character of the European Union and Euro were formed and codified in treaties. A combination of factors, including the continued mass mobilization of capital markets through neo-liberalism, the thawing of the decades-long Cold War, the beginning of the widespread proliferation of new media such as the Internet from the middle of the decade onwards, increasing skepticism towards government, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a realignment and reconsolidation of economic and political power across the world and within countries. The dot-com bubble of 1997–2000 brought wealth to some entrepreneurs before its crash between 2000 and 2001. The 1990s saw extreme advances in technology, with the World Wide Web, the first gene therapy trial, and the first designer babies [8] all emerging in 1990 and being improved and built upon throughout the decade. New ethnic conflicts emerged in Africa, the Balkans, and the Caucasus, the former two which led to the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides, respectively. Signs of any resolution of tensions between Israel and the Arab world remained elusive despite the progress of the Oslo Accords, though The Troubles in Northern Ireland came to a standstill in 1998 with the Good Friday Agreement after 30 years of violence. [9]Politics and wars [ edit]Wars [ edit]Main article: List of wars 1990–2002The most prominent armed conflicts of the decade include: International wars [ edit]The Congo wars break out in the 1990s: The First Congo War takes place in Zaire from 1996 to 1997, resulting in Zairian dictator Mobutu Sese Seko being overthrown from power on 16 May 1997, ending 32 years of his rule. Zaire is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Second Congo War starts in 1998 in central Africa and includes 50 different cultures and 7 different nations. It continued until 2003. The Gulf War. The Gulf War – Iraq was left in severe debt after the 1980s war with Iran. President Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of flooding the market with oil and driving down prices. As a result, on 2 August 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and conquered Kuwait. The UN immediately condemned the action, and a coalition force led by the United States was sent to the Persian Gulf. Aerial bombing of Iraq began in January 1991 (see also Gulf War ), and a month later, the UN forces drove the Iraqi army from Kuwait in just four days. In the aftermath of the war, the Kurds in the north of Iraq and the Shiites in the south rose up in revolt, and Saddam Hussein barely managed to hold onto power. Until the US invasion in 2003, Iraq was cut off from much of the world. The Chechen wars break out in the 1990s: The First Chechen War (1994–1996) – the conflict was fought between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. After the initial campaign of 1994–1995, culminating in the devastating Battle of Grozny, Russian federal forces attempted to seize control of the mountainous area of Chechnya but were set back by Chechen guerrilla warfare and raids on the flatlands in spite of Russia's overwhelming manpower, weaponry, and air support. The resulting widespread demoralization of federal forces, and the almost universal opposition of the Russian public to the conflict, led Boris Yeltsin 's government to declare a ceasefire in 1996 and sign a peace treaty a year later. The Second Chechen War (1999 – ongoing) – the war was launched by the Russian Federation starting 26 August 1999, in response to the Invasion of Dagestan and the Russian apartment bombings which were blamed on the Chechens. During the war Russian forces largely recaptured the separatist region of Chechnya. [10] The campaign largely reversed the outcome of the First Chechen War, in which the region gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. The Kargil War (1999) – In May 1999, Pakistan sent troops covertly to occupy strategic peaks in Kashmir. A month later the Kargil War with India results in a political fiasco for Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, followed by a Pakistani military withdrawal to the Line of Control. The incident leads to a military coup in October, in which Sharif is ousted by Army Chief Pervez Musharraf. This conflict remains the only war fought between two declared nuclear powers. The Kosovo War (1998–1999): War between Albanian separatists and Yugoslav military and Serb paramilitary forces in Kosovo begin in 1996 and escalates in 1998 with increasing reports of atrocities taking place. In 1999, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) led by the United States launched air attacks against Yugoslavia (then composed of only Serbia and Montenegro) to pressure the Yugoslav government to end its military operations against Albanian separatists in Kosovo due to accusations of war crimes being committed by Yugoslav military forces working alongside nationalist Serb paramilitary groups. After weeks of bombing, Yugoslavia submits to NATO's demands and NATO forces occupy Kosovo and later UN peacekeeping forces to take control of Kosovo. Bosnian parliament building burns after being hit by Bosnian Serb artillery. The Yugoslav Wars (1991–1995) – The breakup of Yugoslavia beginning on 25 June 1991 after the republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia which was followed by the subsequent Yugoslav wars. The Yugoslav Wars would become notorious for numerous war crimes and human rights violations such as ethnic cleansing and genocide committed by all sides. Ten-Day War (1991) – a brief military conflict between Slovenian TO ( Slovenian Territorial Defence) and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) following Slovenia 's declaration of independence. Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) – the war fought in hegh town Croatia between the Croatian government, having declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and both the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb forces, who established the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) within Croatia. Bosnian War (1992–1995) – the war involved several ethnically defined factions within Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats as well as a smaller Bosniak faction led by Fikret Abdić. The Siege of Sarajevo (1992–1995) marked the most violent urban warfare in Europe since World War II at that time as Serb forces bombard and attack Bosniak controlled and populated areas of the city. War crimes occur including ethnic cleansing and destruction of civilian property. The final fighting in Croatian and Bosnian wars ends in 1995 with the success of Croatian military offensives against Serb forces and the mass exodus of Serbs from Croatia in 1995; Serb losses to Croat and Bosniak forces; and finally the signing of the Dayton Agreement which internally partitioned Bosnia and Herzegovina into a Republika Srpska and a Bosniak-Croat federation. Civil Wars and guerrilla wars [ edit]Rwandan Genocide: Genocide victims in Murambi Technical School. Estimates put the death toll of the Rwandan Genocide as high as 800,000 people. The Rwandan Genocide – between 6 April 1994 until mid-July 1994 a mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwanda 's Tutsis and Hutu political moderates occurred by the Hutu dominated government under the Hutu Power ideology. Over the course of approximately 100 days, at least 500,000 people were killed. [11] Estimates of the death toll have ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000, [12] or as much as 20% of the total population of the country. It resulted in serious criticism of the United Nations and major countries for failing to stop the genocide. In Algeria a long period of violence in the north African country starts by the cancellation of the first ever held democratic elections by a group of high-ranking army officers. The Ethiopian Civil War ends in 1991, ending over twenty years of internal conflict. The end of the war coincides with the establishment of a coalition government of various factions. Oka Crisis takes place in 1990 involving an armed standoff between people of the Mohawk nation (North American indigenous peoples in Canada), and the Canadian military over a dispute involving land held via treaty to the Mohawk people. A large number of the Zapatista indigenous people of Mexico join the Zapatista Army of National Liberation that begins armed conflict with the Mexican government in 1994 and continues through the 1990s. The Taliban seize control of Afghanistan in 1996. The 1992 Los Angeles riots occurred, with 53 deaths and 5,500 property fires in a 100-square-mile (260 km 2) riot zone. The riots were a result of the state court acquittal of three White and one Hispanic L. A. police officers by an all-white jury in a police brutality case involving motorist Rodney King, but in 1993, all four officers were convicted in a federal civil rights case. The Somali Civil War (1991 – present) and the Battle of Mogadishu. Severe political deadlock between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the Supreme Soviet (Russia's parliament at this time) result in Yeltsin ordering the controversial shelling of the Russian parliament building by tanks in 1993. The Tajikistan civil war, which pits the Tajikistan government against the United Tajik Opposition, lasts from 1992 until 1997 and results in the death of 50,000 to 100,000 people. After over 30 years of fighting, The Troubles in Northern Ireland end on 10 April 1998 when the Good Friday Agreement is signed. Coups [ edit]Main article: List of coups d'état and coup attempts § 1990–1999Terrorist attacks [ edit]Main article: List of terrorist incidents § 1970s–2000s Oklahoma City bombing. The 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the Oklahoma City bombing leads to awareness in United States of domestic and international terrorism as a potential threat. Markale market massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994 involving soldiers of the Army of Republika Srpska deliberately targeting Bosniak (then known as "Bosnian Muslims") civilians. Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995 involving soldiers of the Army of Republika Srpska and members of Serbia's Scorpions paramilitary group committing mass murder of Bosniak civilians. The Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killed 168. Bombing suspect Timothy Mc Veigh claimed he bombed the building in retaliation for the 1993 Waco massacre. After the bombings of United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania by Al-Qaeda militants, United States naval military forces launch cruise missile attacks against Al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan in 1998. The Omagh bombing in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland which killed 29 civilians and injured hundreds more. Ahmed Ressam, an Islamist militant associated with Al-Qaeda is arrested when attempting to cross from Canada to the United States at the Canada-United States border on 14 December 1999; it is discovered that he intended to bomb Los Angeles International Airport during millennium celebrations. This is the first major attempted terrorist attack by Al Qaeda on United States soil since the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and marked the beginning of a series of attempted terrorist attacks by Al Qaeda against the United States that would continue into the 21st century. On 18 July 1994 an unknown terrorist targeting Argentina's Jewish community plants a car-bomb in the AMIA Headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina killing 85 people and injuring hundreds, making it the first ethnically targeted and deadliest bombing in Argentine historyon 15 June 1996, the IRA set off a bomb in Manchester, England. The bomb, placed in a van on Corporation Street in the city centre, targeted the city's infrastructure and economy and caused widespread damage, estimated by insurers at £700 million (£1 billion as of 2011 ). Two hundred and twelve people were injured, but there were no fatalities. Decolonization and independence [ edit]Namibia gains independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990. Walvis Bay, initially retained by South Africa, joins Namibia in 1994. The republics of Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia. The Slovak Republic adopts the Declaration of Independence from the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic ( Czechoslovakia ). Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia (1993). Palau gains independence from the United Nations Trusteeship Council. United Kingdom hands sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. East Timor breaks away from Indonesian control in 1999, merely a year after the fall of Suharto from power, ending a 24-year guerrilla war and genocide with more than 200,000 casualties. The UN deploys a peace keeping force, spearheaded by the Australian armed forces. The United States deploys police officers to serve with the International Police element, to help train and equip an East Timorese police force. Portugal hands sovereignty of Macau to the People's Republic of China on 20 December 1999. The republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan declared independence from the USSR. Prominent political events [ edit]The 1990s was an era of spreading capitalism. [13] The former countries of the Warsaw Pact moved from single-party socialist states to multi-party states with private sector economies. [13] The same wave of political liberalisation occurred in capitalist countries, such as Taiwan, Chile, South Africa, and Indonesia. Market reforms made great changes to the economies of socialist countries like China and Vietnam. The ethnic tensions and violence in the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s create a greater sense of ethnic identity of the nations in the new countries, especially involving increased popularity of nationalism. Africa [ edit]South Africa [ edit]Nelson Mandela. The release of African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela from jail in February 1990 after thirty years of imprisonment for opposing apartheid and white-minority rule in South Africa. This would resolve with the end of Apartheid in South Africa in 1994. Nelson Mandela is elected President of South Africa in 1994, becoming the first black President in South African history ending a long legacy of apartheid white-rule in the country. North America [ edit]Canada [ edit]Canadian politics is radically altered in the 1993 federal election with the collapse of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, (a major political party in Canada since 1867) from being in government to only 2 seats and the New Democratic Party collapsing from 44 seats to 9. The Liberal Party of Canada is the only genuine national political party that remains while the regionally based parties such as the Quebec-based Bloc Québécois and the almost entirely Western Canada-based Reform Party of Canada rise from political insignificance to being major political parties. After the collapse of the Meech Lake constitutional accord in 1990, the province of Quebec in Canada experienced a rekindled wave of separatism by francophone Québécois nationalists, who sought for Quebec to become an independent country. In 1995, during a referendum on Quebec sovereignty, Quebec voters narrowly reject the vote for independence. The 1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty is held in the predominantly francophone province of Quebec in Canada, a majority anglophone country. If accepted Quebec would become an independent country with an economic association with Canada. The proposal is narrowly rejected by Quebec's voters by 50.4% no, and 49.6% yes. Haiti [ edit]Jean-Bertrand Aristide becomes the first democratically elected President of Haiti in 1990. United States [ edit]United States President Bill Clinton was a dominant political figure in international affairs during the 1990s known especially for his attempts to negotiate peace in the Middle East and end the ongoing wars occurring in the former Yugoslavia; his promotion of international action to decrease human-created climate change; and his endorsement of advancing free trade in the Americas. Lewinsky scandal – US president Bill Clinton was caught in a media-frenzied scandal involving inappropriate relations with a White House intern Monica Lewinsky, first announced on 21 January 1998. After the United States House of Representatives impeached Clinton on 19 December 1998 for perjury under oath, following an investigation by federal prosecutor Kenneth Starr, the Senate acquitted Clinton of the charges on 12 February 1999 and he finished his second term. California voters passed Proposition 215 in 1996, to legalize cannabis for medicinal purposes. The debate over legalization of marijuana in the United States goes on today. The enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on 1 January 1994, creating a North American free trade zone consisting of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Asia [ edit]Middle East [ edit]Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, United States President Bill Clinton, and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat during the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993. In 1990, the ending of the civil war and the return to political normalcy in Lebanon began. With the peace among all factions in Lebanon, the rebuilding of Lebanon and its capital, Beirut, started. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian Prime Minister Yasser Arafat agree to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process at the culmination of the Oslo Accords, negotiated by the United States President Bill Clinton on 13 September 1993. By signing the Oslo accords, the Palestine Liberation Organization recognize Israel's right to exist, while Israel permitted the creation of an autonomous Palestinian National Authority consisting of the Gaza Strip and West Bank which was implemented in 1994. Israeli military forces withdraw from the Palestinian territories in compliance with the accord, which marked the end of the First Intifada (a period of violence between Palestinian Arab militants and Israeli armed forces from 1987 to 1993). The Palestinian National Authority is created in 1994 in accordance with the Oslo Accords, giving Palestinian Arab people official autonomy over the Gaza Strip and West Bank, though not official independence from Israel. In 1994, a peace treaty is signed between Israel and Jordan. North Yemen and South Yemen merge to form Yemen in 1991. Far East [ edit]Lee Kuan Yew relinquished prime-ministership of Singapore on 28 November 1990, a position he held since 1959, to Goh Chok Tong. He remained in the cabinet as Senior Minister. In July 1994, North Korean leader Kim Il-sung died, having ruled the country since its founding in 1948. His son Kim Jong-il succeeded him, taking over a nation on the brink of complete economic collapse. Famine caused a great number of deaths in the late '90s, and North Korea would gain a reputation for being a large source of money laundering, counterfeiting, and weapons proliferation. The country's ability to produce and sell nuclear weapons became a focus of concern in the international community. Aung San Suu Kyi 's National League for Democracy in Burma wins a majority of seats in the first free elections in 30 years in 1990, yet the Burmese military junta refuses to relinquish power, beginning an ongoing peaceful struggle throughout the 1990s to the present by Aung San Suu Kyi and her supporters to demand the end of military rule in Burma. In the Philippines two Presidents were elected, Fidel V. Ramos in 1992 and Joseph Estrada in 1998. Indonesian president Suharto resigned after ruling for 32 years (1966–1998). Europe [ edit]The improvement in relations between the countries of NATO and the former members of the Warsaw Pact ended the Cold War both in Europe and other parts of the world. German reunification – Germany reunified on 3 October 1990 as a result of the fall of the Berlin Wall and after integrating the economic structure and provincial governments, focused on modernization of the former communist East. People who were brought up in a socialist culture became integrated with those living in capitalist western Germany. Margaret Thatcher who had been the United Kingdom's Prime Minister since 1979 resigned as Prime Minister on 22 November 1990 after being challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Michael Heseltine because of widespread opposition to the introduction of the controversial Community Charge and the fact that her key allies such as Nigel Lawson and Geoffrey Howe resigned over the deeply sensitive issues of the Maastricht Treaty and Margaret Thatcher's resistance to Britain joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. Less than two years later on the infamous Black Wednesday of September 1992, the pound sterling crashed out of the system after the pound fell below the agreed exchange rate with the Deutsche Mark. John Major replaces Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister in 1990. The restructuring of the Soviet Union destabilizes, as nationalist and separatist demagogues gain popularity. Boris Yeltsin, then chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia, resigns from the Communist Party and becomes the opposition leader against Mikhail Gorbachev. The Communist Party loses its status as the governing force of the country and is banned after a coup attempt by Communist hardliners attempted to revert the effects of Gorbachev's policies. Yeltsin's counter-revolution is victorious on 25 December 1991 with the resignation of Gorbachev from presidency and the dissolution of the USSR. Yeltsin became president of the successor Russian Federation and presided over a period of political unrest, economic crisis, and social anarchy. On 31 December 1999, Yeltsin resigned leaving Vladimir Putin as acting president. The European Union forms in 1992 under the Maastricht Treaty. The Downing Street Declaration 15 December 1993 by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, John Major, and the Taoiseach of Ireland, Albert Reynolds at the British Prime Minister's office in 10 Downing Street. It affirmed both the right of the people of Ireland to self-determination, and that Northern Ireland would be transferred to the Republic of Ireland from the United Kingdom only if a majority of its population was in favour of such a move. It included, as part of the prospective of the so-called "Irish dimension", the principle of consent that the people of the island of Ireland, had the exclusive right to solve the issues between North and South by mutual consent. [14] [15] The latter statement, which later would become one of the points of the Good Friday Agreement, [16] was key to produce a positive change of attitude by the republicans towards a negotiated settlement. The joint declaration also pledged the governments to seek a peaceful constitutional settlement, and promised that parties linked with paramilitaries (such as Sinn Féin) could take part in the talks, so long as they abandoned violence. [17]The IRA agreed to a truce in 1994. This marked the beginning of the end of 25 years of violence between the IRA and the United Kingdom, and the start of political negotiations. Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister in 1997 following the United Kingdom general election, 1997. The Belfast Agreement (a.k.a. the Good Friday Agreement) is signed by U. K. and Irish politicians on 10 April 1998, declaring a joint commitment to a peaceful resolution of the territorial dispute between Ireland and the United Kingdom over Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum, 1998 was held on 22 May 1998. There was a large majority of 'Yes'. A total of 1,738 ballots were spoiled. Turnout, at 81.1% was very high for a developed country where voting is not compulsory. [18] Turnout in the equivalent referendum in the Republic of Ireland was average for a constitutional referendum but returned almost universal approval (94.39%). The National Assembly for Wales established following the Welsh devolution referendum, 1997 was held on 18 September 1997 in which voters approved the creation of the National Assembly for Wales by a majority of 6,712 votes, or 50.3% of the vote. [19] The following year the Government of Wales Act was passed by the United Kingdom parliament, establishing the Assembly The Scottish Parliament established following a referendum in September 1997, the 1997 Scottish devolution referendum was put to the Scottish electorate and secured a majority in favour of the establishment of a new devolved Scottish Parliament, with tax-varying powers, in Edinburgh. [20] An election was held on 6 May 1999, and on 1 July of that year power was transferred from Westminster to the new Parliament. [21]South America [ edit]Peru [ edit]Due to the Internal conflict in Peru and the economic crisis, Alberto Fujimori rises to power in Peru and remains in office for eleven years. His administration is marked by economic development but also by numerous human rights violations ( La Cantuta massacre, Barrios Altos massacre ), and a rampant corruption network set up by Vladimiro Montesinos. Notable world leaders [ edit]Note: Names of world leaders shown below in bold remained in power continuously throughout the decade. This list needs to be alphabetized. See Help: Sorting. Bill Clinton Boris Yeltsin Mikhail Gorbachev Jiang Zemin Helmut Kohl John Major Jacques Chirac Pope John Paul IICarlos Menem Bob Hawke Paul Keating John Howard Itamar Franco Fernando Henrique Cardoso Jean Chrétien Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle Fidel Castro Václav Havel Hosni Mubarak François Mitterrand V. P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P. V. Narasimha Rao H. D. Deve Gowda I. K. Gujral Atal Bihari Vajpayee Suharto B. J. Habibie Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Mohammad Khatami Saddam Hussein Yitzhak Rabin Shimon Peres Benjamin Netanyahu Silvio Berlusconi Lamberto Dini Romano Prodi Massimo D'Alema Toshiki Kaifu Ryutaro Hashimoto Keizō Obuchi Kim Il-sung Kim Jong-il Roh Tae-woo Kim Young-sam Kim Dae-jung Muammar Gaddafi Mahathir Mohamad Joaquim Chissano Ruud Lubbers Yasser Arafat Fidel Ramos Joseph Estrada Lech Wałęsa Aleksander Kwaśniewski Ion Iliescu Emil Constantinescu François Couchepin Goh Chok Tong Wim Kok Frederik Willem de Klerk Nelson Mandela Felipe González José María Aznar Carl Bildt Ingvar Carlsson Lee Teng-hui Anand Panyarachun Chuan Leekpai Süleyman Demirel Tansu Çiller Võ Văn Kiệt Deng Xiaoping Chen Yun Jean-Luc Dehaene Slobodan MiloševićFahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Tony Blair George H. W. Bush Assassinations [ edit]Yitzhak Rabin. The 1990s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts:9 September 1990 – Samuel Doe, the President of Liberia, is captured by rebels and is tortured and murdered. The spectacle was videotaped and seen on news reports around the world.19 September 1990 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army tries to assassinate Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Terry at his home near Stafford, England. Hit by at least 9 bullets, the former Governor of Gibraltar survives.21 May 1991 – In Sriperumbudur, India, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated.7 August 1991 – Shapour Bakhtiar, former prime minister of Iran, is assassinated.23 May 1992 – A remote car bomb causes the death of Judge Giovanni Falcone, a hero in the fight against organized crime. Less than two months later, on 19 July, Falcone's co-worker and friend, magistrate Paolo Borsellino was killed by a car bomb in via D'Amelio, Palermo, in front of his mother's house.29 June 1992 – A bodyguard assassinates President Mohamed Boudiaf of Algeria. April 1993 – The Kuwaiti government claims to uncover an Iraqi assassination plot against former United States President George H. W. Bush shortly after his visit to Kuwait. Two Iraqi nationals confess to driving a car-bomb into Kuwait on behalf of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. [22]1 May 1993 – A Tamil Tigers suicide bomber assassinates President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka.21 October 1993 – Burundian President Melchior Ndadaye is killed during an attempted military coup.2 December 1993 – Pablo Escobar also known as "The King of Cocaine" was killed by Members of Colonel Hugo Martínez's Search Bloc in Medellín, Colombia23 March 1994 – Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta was assassinated at a campaign rally in Tijuana during the Mexican Presidential campaign of 1994.6 April 1994 – The airplane carrying Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira is shot down as it prepared to land in Kigali, Rwanda, sparking the Rwandan Genocide and eventually, the First Congo War. The perpetrators have never been identified.2 July 1994 – Colombian football player Andrés Escobar was shot by Humberto Castro Muñoz in Medellín, Colombia29 August 1995 – Eduard Shevardnadze, the Georgian head of state, survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi.4 November 1995 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated at a peace rally in Tel Aviv by a radical Jewish militant who opposed the Oslo Accords.31 March 1995 – Tejano pop singer Selena is shot by fan club president Yolanda Saldívar over financial problems and missing records. 2 weeks after death, her birthday is named Selena Day in Texas.21 April 1996 – Dzhokhar Dudayev, the President of Chechnya, is killed by two laser-guided missiles, after his location was detected by a Russian reconnaissance aircraft, which intercepted his phone call.2 October 1996 – The former prime minister of Bulgaria, Andrei Lukanov, is assassinated.13 September 1996 – Rapper/Actor Tupac Shakur was shot multiple times in a drive-by shooting on September 7, 1996, at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, where he died six days later.9 March 1997 – Rapper Christopher Wallace also known as The Notorious B. I. G. was killed by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. Wallace's SUV stopped at a red light at the corner of Wilshire Blvd & South Fairfax Ave 50 yards (46 m) from the museum. A dark colored Chevrolet Impala SS pulled up alongside Wallace's SUV. The driver of the Impala, a black male dressed in a blue suit and bow tie, rolled down his window, drew a 9mm blue-steel pistol and fired at the SUV. Four bullets hit Wallace.15 July 1997 Gianni Versace was shot dead, aged 50, on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion as he returned from a morning walk on Ocean Drive. He was murdered by Andrew Cunanan, who used the same gun to commit suicide on a boat several days later. Police have said they do not know why Versace was killed. [ dubious – discuss]9 February 1998 – Eduard Shevardnadze, the Georgian head of state, survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi.16 February 1999 – In Uzbekistan, an apparent assassination attempt against President Islam Karimov takes place at government headquarters.23 March 1999 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguay 's Vice President Luis María Argaña.9 April 1999 – Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, president of Niger, is assassinated. Disasters [ edit]Natural disasters [ edit]See also: Category:1990 natural disasters The 1999 İzmit earthquake which occurred in the northwestern of Turkey killed 17,217 and injured 43,959. The most prominent natural disasters of the decade include: Hurricane Andrew striking South Florida in August 1992, the crippling super storm of March 1993 along the Eastern Seaboard, the devastating 1994 Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles, the Great Hanshin earthquake in Kobe, Japan in January 1995, the Blizzard of 1996 in the eastern United States, the US drought of 1999, the deadly Hurricane Mitch which struck Central America in October 1998, and the destructive Oklahoma tornado outbreak in May 1999, the August 1999 İzmit earthquake in Turkey, and the September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. A magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit the Philippines on 16 July 1990 and killed around 1000 people in Baguio City. After 600 years of inactivity the Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines was erupted and vasted Zambales and Pampanga on June 1991. July 1995 – Midwestern United States heat wave – An unprecedented heat wave strikes the Midwestern United States for most of the month. Temperatures peak at 106 °F (41 °C), and remain above 94 °F (34 °C) in the afternoon for 5 straight days. At least 739 people died in Chicago alone. Hurricane Georges made landfall in at least seven different countries (Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Cuba and the United States) and Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth of the United States – more than any other hurricane since Hurricane Inez of the 1966 season. The total estimated costs were in the $60 billion (present day $100 billion). September 1996 – Hurricane Fran made landfall in North Carolina causing significant damage throughout the whole state. Hurricane Iniki hits the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands on 11 September 1992, making it one of the costliest hurricanes on record in the eastern Pacific. A flood hits the Red River Valley in 1997 becoming the most severe flood since 1826. Non-natural disasters [ edit]The crash site of El Al Flight 1862 in 1992. Gulf War oil spill – Resulting from actions taken during the Gulf War in 1991 by the Iraq military, the oil spill caused considerable damage to wildlife in the Persian Gulf especially in areas surrounding Kuwait and Iraq. On 11 July 1991, a Nationair Douglas DC-8, chartered by Nigeria Airways, caught fire and crashed in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing 261. On 15 December 1991, The Egyptian ferry Salem Express sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450. On 4 October 1992 – El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing 747 cargo airplane heading to Tel Aviv, suffered physical engine separation of both right-wing engines (#3 and #4) just after taking off from Schiphol and crashed into an apartment building in the Bijlmer neighbourhood of Amsterdam while attempting to return to the airport. A total of 43 people were killed, including the plane's crew of three and a "non revenue passenger". Several others were injured. On 26 July 1993, Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashed into Mt. Ungeo in Haenam, South Korea killing 68. On 26 April 1994, China Airlines Flight 140, an Airbus A300, crashed just as it was about to land at Nagoya Airfield, Japan, killing 264 and leaving only 7 survivors. On 8 September 1994, USAir Flight 427 crashed near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, killing 132. On 28 September 1994 – The car ferry MS Estonia sinks in the Baltic Sea, killing 852. On 29 June 1995, the Sampoong Department Store collapses in Seoul, South Korea, killing 502. On 20 December 1995, American Airlines Flight 965, a Boeing 757, hit a mountain in Colombia at night, killing 159. On 17 July 1996 Trans World Airlines Flight 800, a Boeing 747–131, exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, killing 230. On 12 November 1996 a Saudia Boeing 747 and a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 collided over the town of Charkhi Dadri, outside New Delhi, India, killing 349. On 6 August 1997, Korean Air Flight 801, a Boeing 747-300, crashed into a hill on the island of Guam, killing 228. On 26 September 1997, Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 crashed in bad weather, killing 234. On 2 September 1998, Swissair Flight 111, a Mc Donnell Douglas MD-11, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off Nova Scotia near the towns of Peggys Cove and Bayswater, killing 229. On 31 October 1999, Egypt Air Flight 990, a Boeing 767, crashed off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing 217. Economics [ edit]Many countries, institutions, companies, and organizations were prosperous during the 1990s. High-income countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and those in Western Europe experienced steady economic growth for much of the decade. However, in the former Soviet Union GDP decreased as their economies restructured to produce goods they needed and some capital flight occurred. GATT update and creation of the World Trade Organization and other global economic institutions, but opposition by anti-globalization activists showed up in nearly every GATT summit, like the demonstrations in Seattle in December 1999. The anti-globalization protests at the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 in Seattle, Washington began on 30 November 1999. This marks the beginning of a steady increase in anti-globalization protests which occurred in the first decade of the 21st century as well as increasing hostility to neoliberalism. North America The Dow Jones Index of the 1990s. The decade is seen as a time of great prosperity in the United States, largely due to the unexpected advent of the Internet and the explosion of technology industries that came with it. The United States economy experiences its longest period of peace time economic expansion during the decade beginning in 1991. Personal incomes doubled from the recession in 1990, and there was higher productivity overall. The Wall Street stock exchange stayed over the 10,500 mark from 1999 to 2001. After the 1992 booming of the US stock market, Alan Greenspan coined the phrase " irrational exuberance ". The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which phases out trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada is signed into law by U. S. President Bill Clinton. Asia The government of the People's Republic of China announces major privatization of state-owned industries in September 1997. China entered the '90s in a turbulent period, shunned by much of the world after the Tiananmen Square Massacre and controlled by hard line politicians who reigned in private enterprise and attempted to revive old-fashioned propaganda campaigns. Relations with the United States deteriorated sharply, and the Chinese leadership was further embarrassed by the disintegration of communism in Europe. In 1992, Deng Xiaoping travelled to southern China in his last major public appearance to revitalize faith in market economics and stop the country's slide back into Maoism. Afterwards, China recovered, and would experience explosive economic growth during the rest of the decade. In spite of this, dissent continued to be suppressed, and CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin launched a brutal crackdown against the Falun Gong religious sect in 1999. Deng Xiaoping himself died in 1997 at the age of 93. Relations with the US deteriorated again in 1999 after the bombing of the Chinese embassy during the bombing of Serbia by NATO forces, which caused three deaths, and allegations of Chinese espionage at the Los Alamos Nuclear Facility. Financial crisis hits East and Southeast Asia in 1997 and 1998 after a long period of phenomenal economic development, which continues by 1999. This crisis begins to be felt by the end of the decade. In Japan, after three decades of economic growth put them in second place in the world's economies, the situation worsened after 1993. The recession went on into the early first decade of the 21st century, bringing an end to the seemingly unlimited prosperity that the country had hitherto enjoyed. Less affluent nations such as India, Malaysia, and Vietnam also saw tremendous improvements in economic prosperity and quality of life during the 1990s. Restructuring following the end of the Cold War was beginning. However, there was also the continuation of terrorism in Third World regions that were once the "frontlines" for American and Soviet foreign politics, particularly in Asia. Boris Yeltsin and Bill Clinton share a laugh in October 1995. Europe By 1990, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev 's reforms were causing major inflation and economic chaos. A coup attempt by hard-liners in August 1991 failed, marking the effective end of the Soviet Union. All its constituent republics declared their independence in 1991, and on Christmas, Gorbachev resigned from office. After 73 years, the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. The new Russian Federation was headed by Boris Yeltsin, and would face severe economic difficulty. Oligarchs took over Russia's energy and industrial sectors, reducing almost half the country to poverty. With a 3% approval rating, Yeltsin had to buy the support of the oligarchs to win reelection in 1996. Economic turmoil and devaluation of the ruble continued, and with heart and alcohol troubles, he stepped down from office on the last day of 1999, handing power to Vladimir Putin. Russian financial crisis in the 1990s results in mass hyperinflation and prompts economic intervention from the International Monetary Fund and western countries to help Russia's economy recover. The first Mc Donald's restaurant opens in Moscow in 1990 with then-President of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR and future Russian President Boris Yeltsin attending, symbolizing Russia's transition towards a capitalist free market economy and a move towards adopting elements of western culture. Oil and gas were discovered in many countries in the former Soviet bloc, leading to economic growth and wider adoption of trade between nations. These trends were also fueled by inexpensive fossil energy, with low petroleum prices caused by a glut of oil. Political stability and decreased militarization due to the winding down of the Cold War led to economic development and higher standards of living for many citizens. Most of Europe enjoyed growing prosperity during the '90s. However, problems including the massive 1995 general strikes in France following a recession and the difficulties associated with German reunification lead to sluggish growth in these countries. However, both the French and German economies improve in the latter half of the decade. Meanwhile, the economies of particularly Spain, Scandinavia and former Eastern Bloc countries accelerate at rapid speed during the decade although unemployment being mild due to many having experienced a deep recession for the start of the decade. After the early 1990s recession, the United Kingdom and Ireland experience rapid economic growth and falling unemployment that continues throughout the decade. Economic growth would continue until the Late 2000s recession marking the longest uninterrupted period of economic growth in history. Some Eastern European economies struggled after the fall of communism, but Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania saw healthy economic growth rates in the late 1990s. With the creation of the EU there is freedom of movement between member states, such as the 1992 and 1995 free trade agreements. The Euro is adopted by the European Union on 1 January 1999, which begins a process of phasing out national currencies of EU countries. South America The sluggish economies of Brazil, by a new emphasis on free markets for all their citizens, and Mexico, under economist president Ernesto Zedillo elected in 1994, were in their best shape by the late 1990s. Technology and science [ edit]Main article: 1990s in science and technology Technology [ edit]See also: Timeline of computing 1990–1999The 1990s were a revolutionary decade for digital technology. Between 1990 and 1997, individual personal computer ownership in the US rose from 15 to 35%. [23] Cell phones of the early-1990s and earlier ones were very large, lacked extra features, and were used by only a few percent of the population of even the wealthiest nations. Only a few million people used online services in 1990, and the World Wide Web had only just been invented. The first web browser went online in 1993 [24] and by 2001, more than 50% of some Western countries had Internet access, and more than 25% had cell phone access. Electronics and communications [ edit]The "historical" World Wide Web project logo designed by Robert Cailliau. The logo created by The President's Council on the Year 2000 Conversion, for use on Y2K.gov On August 6, 1991, CERN, a pan European organization for particle research, publicized the new World Wide Web project. [25] Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost two decades, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s. Driven by mass adoption, consumer personal computer specifications increased dramatically during the 1990s, from 512 KB RAM 12 MHz Turbo XTs in 1990, [26] to 25–66 MHz 80486 -class processor at the start of the popularization of the World Wide Web mid-decade, [27] to over 1 GHz CPUs with close to a gigabyte of RAM by 2000. Y2K spread fear throughout the United States and eventually the world in the last half of the decade, particularly in 1999, about possible massive computer malfunctions on January 1, 2000. As a result, many people stocked up on supplies for fear of a worldwide disaster. After significant effort to upgrade systems on the part of software engineers, no failures occurred when the clocks rolled over into 2000. Advancements in computer modems, ISDN, cable modems, and DSL lead to faster connections to the Internet. The first Pentium microprocessor is introduced and developed by the Intel Corporation. Email becomes popular; as a result, Microsoft acquires the popular Hotmail webmail service. Instant messaging and the buddy list feature becomes popular. AIM and ICQ are two early protocols. Businesses start to build e-commerce websites; e-commerce-only companies such as Amazon.com, e Bay, AOL, and Yahoo! grow rapidly. The introduction of affordable, smaller satellite dishes and the DVB-S standard in the mid-1990s expanded satellite television services that carried up to 500 television channels. The first MP3 player, the MPMan, is released in late spring of 1998. It came with 32 MB of flash memory expandable to 64 MB. By the mid-2000s, the MP3 player would overtake the CD player in popularity. The first GSM network is launched in Finland in 1991. Digital single-lens reflex cameras and regular digital cameras become commercially available. They would replace film cameras by the mid-2000s. IBM introduces the 1-inch (25 mm) wide Microdrive hard drive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities. Apple introduces the i Mac all-in-one computer, initiating a trend in computer design towards translucent plastics and multicolor case design, discontinuing many legacy technologies like serial ports, and beginning a resurgence in the company's fortunes that continues to this day. CD burner drives are introduced. The CD-ROM drive became standard for most personal computers during the decade. The DVD media format is developed and popularized along with a plethora of Flash memory card standards in 1994. Pagers are initially popular but ultimately are replaced by mobile phones by the early-2000s. Hand-held satellite phones are introduced towards the end of the decade. The 24-hour news cycle becomes popular with the Gulf War between late 1990 and early 1991 and CNN's coverage of Desert Storm and Desert Shield. Though CNN had been running 24-hour newscasts since 1980, it was not until the Gulf War that the general public took large notice and others imitated CNN's non-stop news approach. [28]Portable CD players, introduced during the late 1980s, became very popular and had a profound impact on the music industry and youth culture during the 1990s. A 1990s Personal Computer made by Packard Bell An early portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade. Pagers became widely popular Software [ edit]Microsoft Windows operating systems become virtually ubiquitous on IBM PC compatibles. Microsoft introduces Windows 3.1, Windows 95, and Windows 98 to the market, which gain immediate popularity. Macintosh System 7 was released in 1991. For much of the decade, Apple would struggle to develop a next-generation operating system, starting with Copland and culminating in its December 1996 buyout of Ne XT and the 1999 release of Mac OS X Server 1.0. The development of web browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer makes surfing the World Wide Web easier and more user friendly. The Java programming language is developed by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle ). In 1991, development of the free Linux kernel is started by Linus Torvalds in Finland. Eurostars [ edit]The opening of the Channel Tunnel between France and the United Kingdom saw the commencement by the three national railway companies of Belgium, France and the United Kingdom, respectively SNCB/NMBS, SNCF and British Rail of the joint Eurostar service. Eurostar logo 1994–2011On 14 November 1994 Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels South in Brussels. [29] [30] [31] In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end-to-end speed of 171.5 km/h (106.6 mph) between London and Paris. [32] On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened. [33] Journey times between London and Brussels were reduced by the opening of HSL 1 on 14 December 1997. A pair of Eurostar trains at the former Waterloo International since moved to St Pancras International railway station. The trains are based on the TGV and are British Rail Class 373. Automobiles [ edit]The 1990s began with another recession that dampened car sales. General Motors continued to suffer huge losses thanks to an inefficient structure, stale designs, and poor quality. Sales improved with the economy by the mid-1990s, but GM's US market share gradually declined to less than 40% (from a peak of 50% in the 1970s). While the new Saturn division fared well, Oldsmobile declined sharply, and attempts to remake the division as a European-style luxury car were unsuccessful. Cars in the 1990s had a rounder, more streamlined shape than those from the 1970s and 1980s; this style would continue early into the 2000s and to a lesser extent later on. Chrysler ran into financial troubles again as the 1990s started. Like GM, the company too had a stale model lineup (except for the best-selling minivans) that was largely based on the aging K-car platform. In 1992, chairman Lee Iacocca retired, and the company began a remarkable revival, introducing the new LH platform and "Cab-Forward" styling, along with a highly successful redesign of the full-sized Dodge Ram in 1994. Chrysler's minivans continued to dominate the market despite increasing competition. In 1998, Daimler-Benz (the parent company of Mercedes-Benz) merged with Chrysler. The following year, it was decided to retire Plymouth, which had been on a long decline since the 1970s. Ford continued to fare well in the 1990s, with the second and third generations of the Ford Taurus being named the best selling car in the United States from 1992 to 1996. However, the Taurus would be outsold and dethroned by the Toyota Camry starting in 1997, which became the best selling car in the United States for the rest of the decade and into the 2000s. Ford also introduced the Ford Explorer, 1991 being the first model year. Fords Explorer became the best selling SUV on the market; out selling both the Chevy Blazer and Jeep Cherokee Japanese cars continued to be highly successful during the decade. The Honda Accord vied with the Taurus most years for being the best-selling car in the United States during the early part of the decade. Although launched in 1989, the luxury brands Lexus and Infiniti began car sales of 1990 model year vehicles and saw great success. Lexus would go on to outsell Mercedes-Benz and BMW in the United States by 1991, and would outsell Cadillac and Lincoln by the end of the decade. SUVs and trucks became hugely popular during the economic boom in the second half of the decade. Many makes that had never built a truck before started selling SUVs. Car styling during the 1990s became gradually more round and ovoid, the third-generation Taurus and Mercury Sable being some of the more extreme examples. Safety features such as airbags and shoulder belts became mandatory equipment on new cars. Science [ edit]Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. Hubble Space Telescope. Physicists develop M-theory. Detection of extrasolar planets orbiting stars other than the sun. In the United Kingdom, the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was confirmed by the Roslin Institute, and was reported by global media on 26 February 1997. Dolly would trigger a raging controversy on cloning and bioethical concerns regarding possible human cloning continue to this day. Human Genome Project begins. DNA identification of individuals finds wide application in criminal law. Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 and revolutionized astronomy. Unfortunately, a flaw in its main mirror caused it to produce fuzzy, distorted images. This was corrected by a shuttle repair mission in 1993. Protease inhibitors introduced allowing HAART therapy against HIV; drastically reduces AIDS mortality. NASA 's spacecraft Pathfinder lands on Mars and deploys a small roving vehicle, Sojourner, which analyzes the planet's geology and atmosphere. The Hale–Bopp comet swings past the sun for the first time in 4,200 years in April 1997. Development of biodegradable products, replacing products made from styrofoam; advances in methods for recycling of waste products (such as paper, glass, and aluminum). Genetically engineered crops are developed for commercial use. Discovery of dark matter, dark energy, brown dwarfs, and first confirmation of black holes. The Galileo probe orbits Jupiter, studying the planet and its moons extensively. Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2, nicknamed String of Pearls for its appearance) was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of solar system objects.. The Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes fully operational. Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is discovered by Andrew Wiles. Construction started in 1998 on the International Space Station. Environment [ edit]NASA satellite observation of deforestation in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. The transformation from forest to farm is evident by the paler square shaped areas under development. At the beginning of the decade, sustainable development and environmental protection became serious issues for governments and the international community. In 1987, the publication of the Brundtland Report by the United Nations had paved the way to establish an environmental governance. In 1992 the Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, in which several countries committed to protect the environment, signing a Convention on Biological Diversity. The prevention of the destruction of the tropical rainforests of the world is a major environmental cause that first came into wide public concern in the early 1990s, and has continued and accelerated. The Chernobyl disaster had significant impact on public opinion at the end of the 1980s, and the fallout was still causing cancer deaths well into the 1990s and possibly even into the 21st century. [ citation needed] All along the 1990s, several environmental NGOs helped improve environmental awareness among public opinion and governments. The most famous of these organizations during this decade was Greenpeace, which did not hesitate to lead illegal actions in the name of environmental preservation. These organizations also drawn attention on the large deforestion of the Amazon Rainforest during the period. Global warming as an aspect of climate change also became a major concern, and the creation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) after the Earth Summit helped coordinate efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. From 1995, the UNFCCC held annual summits on climate change, leading to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, a binding agreement signed by several developed countries. Society [ edit]The 1990s represented continuing social liberalization in most countries, though coupled with an increase in the influence of capitalism, which would continue until the Great Recession of the late 2000s/early 2010s. Youth culture in the 1990s responded to this by embracing both environmentalism and entrepreneurship. Western world fashions reflected this by often turning highly individualistic and/or counter-cultural, which was influenced by Generation X and Generation Y/Millennials: tattoos and body piercing gained popularity, and "retro" styles inspired by fashions of the 1960s and 1970s were also prevalent. Some young people became increasingly involved in extreme sports and outdoor activities that combined embracing athletics with the appreciation of nature. Those born in the 1990s are usually considered part of the Millennial Generation, along with those born in the late 1970s and 1980s. However, dates vary, with many demographers considering those born from 1995 onward as part of Generation Z, the post-Millennial generation. [34]The slacker and Valley Girl cultures were prevalent, and the decade was heavily influenced by Californian culture. In 1990, the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from its list of diseases. Increasing acceptance of homosexuality occurred in the western world, slowly starting in the early 1990s. [35]Third-wave feminism [ edit]Women's rights demonstration in Paris, November 1995Anita Hill and other women testify before the United States Congress on being sexually harassed by Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Thomas was narrowly confirmed by the United States Senate, but Hill's testimony, and the testimony of other harassed women, begins a national debate on the issue. Record numbers of women are elected to high office in the United States in 1992, the " Year of the Woman ". Violence against women takes center stage as an important issue internationally. In the United States the Violence Against Women Act was passed, which greatly affected the world community through the United Nations. The law's author, Joe Biden, and UN Ambassador and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, and Hillary Clinton (see below) become vocal advocates of action against violence against women. Women reach great heights of power in the United States government. Hillary Clinton, leading policy proposals, traveling abroad as a State Department representative to 82 nations, advising her husband, and being elected a Senator (in 2000), is the most openly empowered and politically powerful First Lady in American history; Madeleine Albright and Janet Reno take two of the cabinet 's top jobs as United States Secretary of State (#1), and United States Attorney General (#4), respectively. Sheila Widnall becomes head and Secretary of the Air Force and Ruth Bader Ginsburg joins Sandra Day O'Connor as the second woman on the U. S. Supreme Court. More nations than ever before are led by elected women Presidents and Prime Ministers. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto 's 1988 victory in Pakistan makes women leaders in Muslim states unextraordinary. In Turkey, Tansu Çiller became the first female prime minister in 1993 (till 1996). In popular culture, pop group the Spice Girls also played a part in the feminist movement, boosting popularity with their slogan "Girl Power! ", while country music superstar Shania Twain declared female dominance in her hit song " Any Man of Mine . "Additional significant worldwide events [ edit]Worldwide New Year's Eve celebrations on 31 December 1999 welcoming the year 2000. Europe Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, 1997.1991 – Soviet Union military troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius. Killed 14 people and wounding 1000. In Paris, Diana, Princess of Wales and her friend, Dodi Al-Fayed, were killed in a car accident in August 1997, when their chauffeured, hired Mercedes-Benz S-Class crashed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel. The chauffeur, Henri Paul died at the scene, as did Al-Fayed. Diana and an Al-Fayed bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the accident. The former Princess of Wales died at a Paris hospital hours later. The bodyguard, Rees-Jones, is the sole survivor of the now infamous accident. Mother Teresa, the Roman Catholic nun who won the Nobel Peace Prize, dies at age 87. The birth of the "Second Republic" in Italy, with the Mani Pulite investigations of 1994. The Channel Tunnel across the English Channel opens in 1994, connecting France and England. As of 2007 it is the second-longest rail tunnel in the world, but with the undersea section of 37.9 km (23.5 mi) being the longest undersea tunnel in the world. The resignation of President Boris Yeltsin on 31 December 1999 resulting in Prime Minister Vladimir Putin 's succession to the position. North America The Columbine High School massacre occurred on 20 April 1999, in Columbine, Colorado, when Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 12 students and a teacher before committing suicide, making it the deadliest high school shooting in United States history. O. J. Simpson murder case – O. J. Simpson 's trial, described in the United States media as the " trial of the century " and enormous United States media attention is focused on the trial. On 3 October 1995, Simpson was found "not guilty" of double-murder of ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman. With help from clinical fertility drugs, an Iowa mother, Bobbie Mc Caughey, gave birth to the first surviving septuplets in 1997. There followed a media frenzy and widespread support for the family. John F. Kennedy, Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette are killed when Kennedy's private plane crashes off the coast of Martha's Vineyard in July 1999. Debate on assisted suicide highly publicized by Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian, charged with multiple counts of homicide of his terminally ill patients through the decade. Beer keg registration becomes popular public policy in United States The 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus ' discovery of the Americas in 1992 was popularly observed in the United States, despite controversy and protests against the victimization of Native Americans by Columbus' expeditions. The holiday was labeled by some as racist, in view of Native American experiences of colonialism, slavery, genocide, and cultural destruction. Matthew Shepard is murdered near the University of Wyoming for being gay. This sparks intense national and international media attention and outrage. He becomes a major symbol in the LGBT rights movement and the fight against homophobia. Shanda Sharer was a murdered on 11 January 1992. She was lured away from her house and held captive by a group of teenage girls. She was tortured for hours and burned alive. She died from smoke inhalation. Those that were found guilty and sentenced to prison were Melinda Loveless, Laurie Tackett, Hope Rippey, and Toni Lawrence. According to Melinda, she was jealous of the relationship that her former partner Amanda Heavrin had with Shanda Sharer. This senseless murder shocked the nation. Karla Homolka was arrested with her husband, Paul Bernardo in 1993. Both sexually tortured and killed their victims. Their first victim was Karla's fifteen-year-old sister Tammy Homolka. The second and third victims were Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French. Karla told the investigators that she unwillingly did what Paul told her to do because he was abusive and was given a deal. She was sentenced to only 12 years in prison (10 years for Mahaffy and French but only 2 years for Tammy). Later, investigators discovered videotapes of the crimes which proved that Karla was a willing participant. But by that time the deal had already been made. In 1995, Paul was sentenced to life in prison. Karla was released from prison in 2005. Polly Klaas (3 January 1981 – October 1993) was kidnapped by Richard Allen Davis from her home during a sleepover party. She was later strangled to death. After her death, her father, Marc Klaas, established the Klaas Kids Foundation. Jonbenet Ramsey (6 August 1990 – 25 December 1996) was a child beauty pageant contestant who was missing and found dead in her Boulder, Colorado, home. The crime horrified the nation and the world. Her parents were initially considered to be suspects in her death but were cleared in 2003 when DNA from her clothes were tested. To this day, her murderer has not been found and brought to justice. In one of the most bizarre cases of the 20th Century, Lorena Bobbitt was charged with malicious wounding for severing husband John Bobbitt 's penis after she was repeatedly sexually assaulted by Bobbitt, in which he was charged with sexual assault. Both parties were acquitted of their respective charges. Scandal rocked the innocent world of figure skating when skater Nancy Kerrigan was attacked during practice by an assailant hired by Jeff Gillooly, husband of skater Tonya Harding. The attack was carried out in attempt to injure Kerrigan's leg to the point of being unable to compete in the upcoming 1994 Winter Olympics, thereby securing Harding a better spot to win a gold medal. Asia Massive immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel – With the end of the Soviet Union, Israel faced a mass influx of Russian Jews, many of whom had high expectations the country was unable to meet. Israel also came under Iraqi missile attack during the Gulf War, but acquiesced to US pressure not to militarily retaliate, which could have disrupted the US-Arab alliance. The US and Netherlands then rushed anti-missile batteries to Israel to defend the country against missile attacks. Vizconde massacre – On June 30, 1991 Three members of the Vizconde Family: Estrellita, Carmela and Jennifer were found dead inside of their house in BF Homes, Parañaque City, Metro Manila, Philippines. it was described in the Philippines as the " trial of the century ". in 2010 Hubert Webb and his men were later acquitted by the Supreme Court for failure of the prosecution to prove their guilt beyond reasonable doubt. The Spratly Islands issue became one of the most controversial in Southeast Asia. The closing Mass of the X World Youth Day 1995 was held in Rizal Park on January 15, 1995, attended by more than 5 million people. This is the record gathering of the Roman Catholic Church. The Philippines celebrates the 100th Anniversary of Philippine Independence in 1998 with its theme: Kalayaan: Kayamanan ng Bayan. Popular culture [ edit]Architecture [ edit]Further information: Category:1990s architecture The Petronas Twin Towers were the world's tallest buildings when completed in 1999. The Petronas Twin Towers became two of the tallest man-made structures ever built after they officially opened on 31 August 1999. Fashion [ edit]Main article: 1990s in fashion Grunge -style flannel shirt and curtained hair Significant fashion trends of the 1990s include: The Rachel, Jennifer Aniston 's hairstyle on the hit show Friends, became a cultural phenomenon with millions of women copying it worldwide. The Curtained Haircut increased in popularity in fashion and culture among teenage boys and young men in the 1990s, mainly after it was popularized in the film Terminator 2: Judgment Day by the actor Edward Furlong. The model 1300 Wonderbra style has a resurgence of popularity in Europe in 1992 which kicks off a multinational media sensation, the 1994 re-introduction of "The Wonderbra" brand, and a spike in push-up, plunge bras around the world. Additional fashion trends of the 1990s include the Tamagotchi, Rollerblades, Pogs and Dr. Martens shoes. Bleached Blond hair became very popular in the late '90s, as was men with short hair with the bangs "flipped up". Beverly Hills 90210 sideburns also became popular in the early and mid-1990s. Slap bracelets were a popular fad among children, pre-teens and teenagers in the early 1990s and were available in a wide variety of patterns and colors. Also, popular among children were light-up sneakers, jelly shoes, and shoelace hair clips. The Grunge hype at the beginning of the decade popularized flannel shirts among both sexes during the 1990s. Film [ edit]Main article: 1990s in film The 1990s were an eventful time for film. Dogme 95 becomes an important European artistic motion picture movement by the end of the decade. The first full-length CGI movie, Pixar 's Toy Story, is released, revolutionizing animated films. Titanic becomes a cultural phenomenon throughout the world, and eventually becomes the highest-grossing film of all time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide. It would hold this record for over a decade until 2010 when director James Cameron had another one of his films take the title, that being Avatar. [36]The films produced by the Walt Disney Animation Studios became popular once more when the studio returned to making traditionally animated musical family classics such as Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and The Lion King. This era was known as the Disney Renaissance. Best Picture Academy Award winners: Dances with Wolves (1990)The Silence of the Lambs (1991)Unforgiven (1992)Schindler's List (1993)Forrest Gump (1994)Braveheart (1995)The English Patient (1996)Titanic (1997)Shakespeare in Love (1998)American Beauty (1999)The 25 highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): Titanic Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace Jurassic Park Independence Day The Lion King Forrest Gump The Sixth Sense The Lost World: Jurassic Park Men in Black Armageddon Terminator 2: Judgment Day Ghost Aladdin Twister Toy Story 2Saving Private Ryan Home Alone Pretty Woman The Matrix Mission: Impossible Tarzan Mrs. Doubtfire Dances with Wolves The Mummy The Bodyguard. [37]Music [ edit]Main article: 1990s in music Spice Girls became one of the biggest global pop acts of the decade. Nirvana performing at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards. Mariah Carey at Edwards Air Force Base during the making of " I Still Believe " video in 1998. The 1990s were a decade that saw marketing become more segmented, as MTV gradually shifted away from music videos beginning in 1992 and radio splintered into narrower formats aimed at different niches. [38] [39] [40] [41] However, they are perhaps best known for grunge, gangsta rap, R&B, teen pop; eurodance, electronic dance music, the renewed popularity of punk rock mainly because of the band Green Day (which would also help create a new genre pop punk) and for being the decade that alternative rock became mainstream. U2 was one of the most popular 1990s bands, their groundbreaking Zoo TV and Pop Mart tours were the top selling tours of 1992 and 1997. Glam metal dies out through its own accord in the music mainstream by 1991. [42] Grunge became popular in the early 90s due to the success of Nirvana's Nevermind, Pearl Jam 's Ten, Alice in Chains ' Dirt, and Soundgarden 's Badmotorfinger. [43] Pop punk also becomes popular with such artists as Green Day, Blink-182, Weezer, Social Distortion, The Offspring, Bad Religion, NOFX and Rancid. [44] Other successful alternative acts included Red Hot Chili Peppers, R. E. M., Nickelback, Creed, Radiohead, Gin Blossoms, Soul Asylum, Third Eye Blind, Stone Temple Pilots, Faith No More, The Smashing Pumpkins, Live, Everclear, Bush, Alice in Chains, Screaming Trees, and Ween. [45]Dr. Dre 's 1992 album The Chronic provided a template for modern gangsta rap. [46] Due to the success of Death Row Records, West Coast gangsta rap commercially dominated hip hop during the early 1990s, along with The Notorious B. I. G. on the East Coast. [47] Hip hop became the best selling music genre by the mid-1990s. [48] [49]In the United Kingdom, the uniquely British alternative rock Britpop genre emerged as part of the more general Cool Britannia culture, with Blur, Oasis, The Verve, Supergrass, Pulp, Manic Street Preachers, Suede, Elastica, Ride and Shed Seven. The impact of boy band pop sensation Take That lead to the formation of other boy bands in the UK and Ireland such as East 17 and Boyzone. Female pop icons Spice Girls took the world by storm, becoming the most commercially successful British group since The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin. [50] [51] Their global success brought about a widespread scene of teen pop acts around the world [52] [53] such as All Saints, Backstreet Boys, Hanson, N Sync, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera who came to prominence into the new millennium. [54] 1991 also saw the death of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury from AIDS-related pneumonia. Contemporary R&B and quiet storm continued in popularity among adult audiences, which began during the 1980s. Popular American contemporary R&B artists included Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, D'Angelo, Lauryn Hill, Whitney Houston, Brandy, Sade, En Vogue, TLC, Destiny's Child, Toni Braxton, Boyz II Men, Dru Hill, and Vanessa L. Williams. The Tibetan Freedom Concert brought 120,000 people together in the interest of increased human rights and autonomy for Tibet from China. Freddie Mercury, Kurt Cobain, Selena, Tupac Shakur, and The Notorious B. I. G. are the most publicized music-related deaths of the decade, in 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 respectively. Richey Edwards of the Manic Street Preachers was publicized in the media in 1991 following an incident involving Steve Lamacq backstage after a live show, in which Edwards carved '4 Real' into his arm. Edwards disappeared in 1995, which was highly publicized. He is still missing, but was presumed dead in 2008. Controversy surrounded The Prodigy with the release of the track " Smack My Bitch Up ". The National Organization for Women (NOW) claimed that the track was "advocating violence against women" due to the lyrics of that song. The music video (directed by Jonas Åkerlund) featured a first-person POV of someone going clubbing, indulging in drugs and alcohol, getting into fist fights, abusing women and picking up a prostitute. At the end of the video the camera pans over to a mirror, revealing the subject to be a woman.1994 became a breakthrough year for punk rock in California, with the success of bands like Bad Religion, Social Distortion, Blink-182, Green Day, The Offspring, Rancid, and similar groups following. This success would continue to grow over the next decade, the 2000s. The 1990s also became the most important decade for ska punk / reggae rock, with the success of many bands like Buck-O-Nine, Goldfinger, Less Than Jake, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Murphy's Law, No Doubt, Reel Big Fish, Save Ferris, Sublime and Sugar Ray. The rave movement that emerged in the late 1980s rose. Rave spawned genres such as Intelligent dance music and Drum and bass. The latter is an offshoot of jungle techno and breakbeat. Popular artists included Moby, Fatboy Slim, Björk, Aphex Twin, Orbital (band), The Orb, Chemical Brothers, Basement Jaxx, Todd Terry, 808 State, Primal Scream, The Shamen, The KLF and The Prodigy. The rise of industrial music, somewhat a fusion of synthpop and heavy metal, rose to worldwide popularity with bands like Godflesh, Nine Inch Nails, Rammstein, Ministry and Marilyn Manson. Groove metal was born through the efforts of Pantera, whose seventh studio album Far Beyond Driven (1994) was notable for going number one on Billboard 200. Another heavy metal subgenre called nu metal, which mixed metal with hip hop influences, becomes popular with bands like Korn, Slipknot and Limp Bizkit selling millions of albums worldwide. Metallica 's 1991 eponymous album Metallica is the best-selling album of the Sound Scan era, while extreme metal acts such as Death, Mayhem, Darkthrone, Emperor, Cannibal Corpse and others experienced popularity throughout the decade. In the 1990s, country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to Billy Ray Cyrus, Shania Twain, and Garth Brooks. [55] [56] [57] The latter enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history, breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade. The RIAA has certified his recordings at a combined (128× platinum ), denoting roughly 113 million United States shipments. [58] Other artists that experienced success during this time included Clint Black, Sammy Kershaw, Aaron Tippin, Travis Tritt, Suzy Bogguss, Alan Jackson, Lorrie Morgan and the newly formed duo of Brooks & Dunn; George Strait, whose career began in the 1980s, also continued to have widespread success in this decade and beyond. Female artists such as Reba Mc Entire, Faith Hill, Martina Mc Bride, Deana Carter, Le Ann Rimes, and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum selling albums in the 1990s. The Dixie Chicks became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album Wide Open Spaces went on to become certified 12x platinum while their 1999 album Fly went on to become 10x platinum. Sports [ edit]Fireworks in the Sky Dome after Joe Carter 's World Series -winning home run, as the Canadian Toronto Blue Jays won their second straight World Series title in 1993 against the US' Philadelphia Phillies. Major League Baseball players went on strike on 12 August 1994, thus ending the season and canceling the World Series for the first time in 90 years. The players' strike ended on 29 March 1995 when players and team owners came to an agreement. American NBA basketball player Michael Jordan became a major sports and pop culture icon idolized by millions worldwide. He revolutionized sports marketing through deals with companies such as Gatorade, Hanes, Mc Donald's and Nike. His Chicago Bulls team won six NBA titles during the decade ( 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997 and 1998 ). He was loved outside basketball thanks to his self-portrayal in the film Space Jam with the Looney Tune characters. The National Hockey League would expand from 21 to 30 teams. During the expansion years, several teams would relocate to new cities: the Winnipeg Jets moved to Phoenix, Arizona and became the Phoenix Coyotes, the Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver and became the Colorado Avalanche, the Hartford Whalers moved to Raleigh, North Carolina and became the Carolina Hurricanes, and the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas and became the Dallas Stars. The NHL's 1990s expansion saw new teams in cities that previously never had NHL hockey: San Jose ( San Jose Sharks ), Anaheim ( Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ), Nashville ( Nashville Predators ), Miami ( Florida Panthers ), and Tampa ( Tampa Bay Lightning ). The NHL also returned to Atlanta with the expansion Atlanta Thrashers. Two of the NHL's Original Six teams, the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings would end long Stanley Cup championship droughts; the Rangers in 1994 after 54 years, and the Red Wings would win back to back Cups in 1997 and 1998 after 42 years. Canadian hockey star Mario Lemieux led the Pittsburgh Penguins, one of the original NHL expansion teams, to back-to-back Stanley Cup championships in 1991 and 1992. In addition to the Pittsburgh Penguins, three other NHL expansion teams went on to earn their first Stanley Cup championships: the New Jersey Devils in 1995, the Colorado Avalanche in 1996, and the Dallas Stars in 1999. Canadian hockey star Wayne Gretzky announced his retirement from the NHL in 1999. Upon his final game on 18 April, he held forty regular-season records, fifteen playoff records, and six All-Star records. He is the leading point-scorer in NHL history, as well as the only NHL player to total over 200 points in one season – a feat he accomplished four times. In addition, he tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons, 14 of them consecutive. He played for four teams during his NHL career: the Edmonton Oilers, the Los Angeles Kings, the St. Louis Blues, and the New York Rangers. American cyclist Lance Armstrong won his first Tour de France in 1999, less than two years after battling testicular cancer. In professional wrestling, the boom period of the WWF from the late 1980s continued until 1993, led by such stars as Hulk Hogan and The Ultimate Warrior. A second boom period of the decade was introduced during the Monday Night Wars between the WWF and WCW from the middle of the decade to spawn the WWF's Attitude Era, home to some of the biggest names in Wrestling history such as The Undertaker, who would go on to have an undefeated streak at Wrestle Mania that would go on until Wrestle Mania XXX in April 2014, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock and the highly popular n Wo group, along with Sting and Goldberg who brought WCW major success. Manchester United won an unprecedented treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and Champions League after defeating Bayern Munich 2–1 in May 1999. The United States hosted the 15th staging of the World Cup in 1994. To this day, it holds the record for largest attendance per game during the World Cup finals (even after the tournament's expansion to 32 teams and 64 matches). Additionally, this led to the creation of the MLS. In motor racing, triple Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna is fatally injured in a crash at San Marino in 1994. Michael Schumacher enters into the sport – winning his first two championships in 1994 and 1995. Dale Earnhardt wins the 1998 Daytona 500 and the NASCAR Winston Cup championship in 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994. Indy Car racing delves into an organizational "Split". In the NFL, the San Francisco 49ers and the Washington Redskins showed promise of continuing their 80s glory by each team winning another Super Bowl at the beginning of the decade; but it was the Dallas Cowboys who made a gradual return to dynasty status, winning three Super Bowls ( 1992, 1993 and 1995) in a four-year span after a 14-year NFL championship drought. The Nebraska Cornhuskers led by head coach Tom Osborne won three national championships in college football in a four-year span (1994, 1995, 1997)Led by head coach Jim Tressel, The Youngstown State Penguins claimed to be the "team of the '90s" by winning four national championships (1991, 1993, 1994, 1997) in division I-AA college football [59]The Ultimate Fighting Championship (1993) and Pride Fighting Championship (1997) debut and evolve into the modern sport of Mixed Martial Arts. Major League Baseball added four teams, Miami Marlins (as Florida Marlins), Colorado Rockies, Tampa Bay Rays (as Tampa Bay Devil Rays), and the Arizona Diamondbacks, and moved one ( Milwaukee Brewers) into the National League. In 1998, Canada wins gold metals for the first time in Disc ultimate at the WFDF World Ultimate Championship in Open, Mixed and Masters. Television [ edit]Main article: 1990s in television Friends which premiered on NBC in 1994 became one of the most popular sitcoms of all time. TV shows, mostly sitcoms, were popular with the American audience. Series such as Roseanne, Coach, Empty Nest, 227, Cheers, The Cosby Show, Growing Pains, Night Court, The Hogan Family, A Different World, Amen, Mr. Belvedere, ALF, Perfect Strangers, Family Matters, Charles in Charge, Saved by the Bell, Newhart, Dear John, Designing Women, The Golden Girls, Who's the Boss?, Head of the Class, and Seinfeld, which premiered in the eighties, and Frasier, a spin-off of the 1980s hit Cheers were viewed throughout the 1990s. These sitcoms, along with Friends, That '70s Show, Ellen, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Full House, Murphy Brown, The Wonder Years, Living Single, Step by Step, News Radio, Blossom, The Norm Show, The Hughleys, Love & War, Dave's World, The King of Queens, Hearts Afire, Major Dad, Zoe, Duncan, Jack and Jane, Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher, Fired Up, The Steve Harvey Show, Grace Under Fire, Mad About You, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, The Naked Truth, The Jeff Foxworthy Show, The Jamie Foxx Show, The Wayans Bros., Malcolm & Eddie, Clueless, Moesha, Two Guys and a Girl, The Parent 'Hood, Unhappily Ever After, Roc, Martin, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Sister, Sister, Boy Meets World, Ned and Stacey, Becker, Veronica's Closet, Two Guys and a Girl, The Drew Carey Show, Wings, The John Larroquette Show, Caroline in the City, Sports Night, Home Improvement, Will & Grace, Married... with Children, Evening Shade, Cosby, Spin City, The Nanny, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Suddenly Susan, Cybill, Just Shoot Me!, Everybody Loves Raymond, and Dharma and Greg turned TV in new directions and defined the humor of the decade. In early 1993, one of the last westerns ever to air on television was Walker, Texas Ranger, a crime drama which also starred Chuck Norris as the title character. Lasting for 9 seasons, the show tackled a wide variety of subjects, and was one of the few shows ever to perform karate.1993 also saw its debut of the medical – mystery drama, Diagnosis Murder, a comeback vehicle for Dick Van Dyke, who guest-starred on an episode of its sequel, Jake and The Fatman, where the show got off to a rocky start, and became one of television's long-running mysteries, that lasted until its cancelation in 2001. Medical dramas started to come into television in the '90s. One show stood out as a critical and ratings success for NBC. In 1994, ER, which starred Anthony Edwards and George Clooney, was a domestic and international success, lasting until 2009 and spawning series such as Grey's Anatomy (2005–present). It made NBC the most watched channel in the United States. [ citation needed] This show launched the career of George Clooney. That same year, Chicago Hope, that starred Héctor Elizondo, Mandy Patinkin and Adam Arkin, was also a popular series for CBS, lasting between 1994 and 2000. Beverly Hills, 90210 ran on Fox from 1990 to 2000. It established the teen soap genre paving the way for Dawson's Creek, Felicity, and other shows airing in later years. The show was then remade and renamed simply 90210 and premiered in 2008. Beverly Hills, 90210 spun-off Melrose Place, a popular TV show that dominated throughout the '90s as well. Baywatch, a popular TV show that dominated throughout the '90s, became the most watched TV show in history and influenced pop culture. Sex and the City ' s frank portrayal of relationships and sexuality caused controversy and acclaim, leading to a new generation of sexually progressive television shows that would be seen in the 2000s. Fantasy was popular on television, with CBS airing Touched By an Angel, beginning in 1994. The series was intended as the comeback vehicle of Della Reese, and also launched the career of Roma Downey. It wasn't an immediate hit, and was canceled the following year, but revived the following year, thanks to die hard fans who approached a letter-writing campaign, where it ran for 8 more seasons. Crime drama and police detective shows returned after soap-operas died down. After the successful debuts of Law & Order, NYPD Blue and Homicide: Life on the Street, Nash Bridges, a comeback vehicle for Don Johnson, lasting 6 seasons (1996–2001) which also dealt with escapist entertainment, rather than tackling issues. [60]Reality television began on MTV; this would grow in importance in the western world into the next decade. During the mid-1990s, two of the biggest professional wrestling companies: World Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation were in a ratings battle that was dubbed the Monday Night Wars (1995–2001). Each company fought to draw more viewers to their respective Monday night wrestling show. The "War" ended in 2001 when WWE bought WCW. In November 2001, there was a Winner Takes All match with both companies in a Pay-Per-View called Survivor Series. WWF won the match; putting a final end to WCW. As an animated sitcom, The Simpsons, debuted in December 1989, became a domestic and international success in the 1990s. The show has aired more than 600 episodes and has become an institution of pop culture. It has spawned the adult-oriented animated sitcom genre, inspiring racier shows such as Beavis and Butt-head (1993–1997), Daria (1997–2001), along with South Park and Family Guy, the latter two of which began in 1997 and 1999 respectively and continue to air new episodes through the 2000s and into the 2010s. Anime was popular in the 1980s, and expanded to a worldwide audience by the 1990s, for its expansive spectrum of story subjects and themes not limited to comedy and superhero action found in the US, and well produced, and well written, visual and story content, that held emotional and intellectual depth and integrity to its viewers, and which also expanded to older and adult ages in the medium of animation. TV shows such as Sailor Moon, Digimon, Pokémon, Tenchi Muyo!, Dragon Ball Z, Gundam Wing, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Ranma 1/2, Dirty Pair, Slayers, Rurouni Kenshin, Gunsmith Cats, to anime movies such as Akira, Vampire Hunter D, My Neighbor Totoro, Princess Mononoke, Castle in the Sky, The Castle of Cagliostro, and imports by various distributors such as Viz, Anim Eigo, Central Park Media, A. D. Vision, Pioneer Entertainment, Media Blasters, Manga Entertainment, and Celebrity, helped begin the mid to late 1990s and early to mid-1900s introductory anime craze in the US, and the Cartoon Network anime block Toonami in 1997. Nickelodeon's first animated series ( Doug, Rugrats, The Ren & Stimpy Show) debuted in 1991. One of Nickelodeon's most popular and longest running series, Sponge Bob Square Pants, started in 1999 and became a huge success. American animated children's programs went through a renaissance during the decade with studios producing many critically acclaimed shows. Examples include Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Phantom 2040, Batman: The Animated Series, and Superman: The Animated Series. The late 90s also saw the evolution of a new TV genre: primetime game shows, popularized by the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, hosted by Regis Philbin on ABC, as well as other first-run game shows aired in primetime on the newly launched Game Show Network. Video games [ edit]Main article: 1990s in video gaming The Play Station was released in the mid-1990s and became the best-selling gaming console of its time. Popular notable video games of the 1990s include: Metal Gear Solid, Super Mario World, Donkey Kong Country, Pokémon Red and Blue Versions, Pokémon Yellow Version, Golden Eye 007, Super Mario 64, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, Gran Turismo, Mario Kart 64, Half-Life, Super Mario Kart, Star Fox (series), Tomb Raider series, Final Fantasy, Sonic the Hedgehog series, Crash Bandicoot series, Resident Evil series, Street Fighter II, Spyro the Dragon series, Commander Keen series, Test Drive series, Monkey Island series, Dune series, Mortal Kombat series, Warcraft series, Duke Nukem 3D, Tekken series, and Star Craft. Sony's Play Station becomes the top selling game console and changes the standard media storage type from cartridges to compact discs in consoles. Crash Bandicoot is released on 9 September 1996, becoming one of the most successful platforming series for the Sony Play Station. Tomb Raider ' s (Play Station) Lara Croft became a video game sex symbol, becoming a recognizable figure in the entertainment industry throughout the late 1990s.3-D graphics become the standard by end of decade. Although FPSs had long since seen the transition to full 3D, other genres begin to copy this trend by the end of the decade. Most notable first shooter games in the 1990s are Golden Eye 007 and Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six. The console wars, primarily between Sega (Mega Drive, marketed as the Sega Genesis in North America, introduced in 1988) and Nintendo ( Super NES, introduced in 1990), sees the entrance of Sony with the Play Station in 1994, which becomes the first successful CD-based console (as opposed to cartridges ). By the end of the decade, Sega's hold on the market becomes tenuous after the end of the Saturn in 1999 and the Dreamcast in 2002. Mario as Nintendo 's mascot finds a rival in Sega 's Sonic the Hedgehog with the release of Sonic the Hedgehog on the Genesis in 1991. Arcade games rapidly decrease in popularity. [61]Fighting games like Capcom 's Street Fighter II, Sega 's futuristic Virtua Fighter, and especially the more violent Mortal Kombat from Midway prompted the video game industry to adopt a game rating system. Hundreds of knock-offs are widely popular in the mid-to-late 1990s. Doom (1993) bursts onto the world scene, and instantly popularizes the FPS genre, and even how games are played, as Doom is among the first games to feature multiplayer capabilities. It isn't until Quake (1996), however, that game developers begin to take multiplayer features into serious consideration when making games. Half-Life (1998) features the next evolutionary step in the genre with continual progression of the game (no levels in the traditional sense) and an entirely in-person view, and becomes one of the most popular computer games in history. The real-time strategy (RTS) genre is introduced in 1992 with the release of Dune II. Warcraft: Orcs & Humans (1994) popularizes the genre, with Command & Conquer and Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness in 1995, setting up the first major real-time strategy competition and popularizing multiplayer capabilities in RTS games. Star Craft in 1998 becomes the second best-selling computer game of all time. It remains among the most popular multiplayer RTS games to this day, especially in South Korea. Homeworld in 1999 becomes the first successful 3d RTS game. The rise of the RTS genre is often credited with the fall of the turn-based strategy (TBS) genre, popularized with Civilization in 1991. Final Fantasy debuted (in North America) in 1990 for the NES, and remains among the most popular video game franchises, with many new titles to date and more in development, plus numerous spin-offs, sequels, films and related titles. Final Fantasy VII, released in 1997, especially popularized the series. Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) see their entrance into the computer game world with Ultima Online in 1997, although they don't gain widespread popularity until Ever Quest and Asheron's Call in 1999. MMORPGs go on to become among the most popular genres in the first decade of the 21st century. Pokémon enters the world scene with the release of the original Game Boy Pokémon Red and Pokémon Green games in Japan in 1996, later changed to Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue for worldwide release in 1998. It soon becomes popular in the United States, spurring the term Pokémania and is adapted into a popular anime series and trading card game, among other media forms. Resident Evil is released in 1996. It becomes the most popular survival-horror series in video gaming well into the next decade and inspires several films. Crash Bandicoot is released in September 1996, becoming an innovative platformer for the Play Station. Literature [ edit]The hugely successful Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling debuted in 1997. The series would go on to become the best-selling book series in world history with only seven main novels. John Grisham was the bestselling author in the United States in the 1990s, with over 60 million copies sold of novels such as The Pelican Brief, The Client, and The Firm. [62]Other successful authors of the 1990s include Stephen King, Danielle Steel, Michael Crichton, and Tom Clancy. [62]Goosebumps by R. L. Stine, the second highest-grossing book series in the world, debuted in 1992 and remained a dominant player in children's literature throughout and after the decade. See also [ edit]1990s portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1990s.1990s in music1990s in fashion1990s in television1990s in science and technology1990s in video gaming1990s in literature Generation X – Members of this generation would have been young adults or teenagers during this decade, while the oldest members were nearly 40 as the decade closed. Millennials – Members of this generation were still being born throughout the 1990s, the older members would have been reaching their early 20s. History of the United States (1980–91)Timeline [ edit]The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 • 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999References [ edit]^ Merkl, Peter; Leonard, Weinberg (2 August 2004). "Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century". Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-76421-0.^ "India – The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism".^ ROSEN, RUTH (27 December 1994). "Which of Us Isn't Taking 'Welfare'? : Poor children rank low in government largess; why is the comfortable class so mean?" – via LA Times.^ Séguin, Gilles. "Provincial Welfare Reforms in the 1990s – Canadian Social Research Links".^ Maloney, Tim (1 May 2002). "Welfare Reform and Unemployment in New Zealand". Economica. 69 (274): 273–293. doi: 10.1111/1468-0335.00283 – via Wiley Online Library.^ "Policy Exchange – Shaping the Policy Agenda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2014.^https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/19/report-us-executions-dipped-in-2013^ Handyside, AH; Kontogianni, EH; Hardy, K; Winston, RM (1990). "Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification". Nature. 344 (6268): 768–70. doi: 10.1038/344768a0. PMID 2330030.^ Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2004). The Roaring Nineties. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32618-5.^ Global Security.org, Second Chechnya War – 1999–?? ?^ Des Forges, Alison (1999). Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-171-8. Retrieved 12 January 2007.^ See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, 1 April 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide Archived 25 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine ., Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of every 10 Tutsis were killed.^ a b Sorin Antohi and Vladimir Tismăneanu, "Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution" in Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath, Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-71-9. p.85.^ Peatling, Gary (2004). The failure of the Northern Ireland peace process. Irish Academic Press, p. 58. ISBN 0-7165-3336-7^ Cox, Michael, Guelke, Adrian and Stephen, Fiona (2006). A farewell to arms? : beyond the Good Friday Agreement. Manchester University Press, p. 486. ISBN 0-7190-7115-1^ Clark, Desmond and Jones, Charles (1999). The rights of nations: nations and nationalism in a changing world. Palgrave Macmillan, p. 168. ISBN 0-312-22595-4^ Cox & Guelke, pp. 487–488^ ARK: Northern Ireland Elections, The 1998 Referendums^ Politics 97 by Joshua Rozenberg: BBC website. Retrieved 9 July 2006.^ "Past Referendums – Scotland 1997". The Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006.^ Morgan, Bryn (8 October 1999). "House of Commons Research Paper – Scottish Parliament Elections: 6 May 1999" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Retrieved 17 November 2006.^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 October 2002. Retrieved 2016-02-07.^ "Computer Ownership Up Sharply in the 1990s" (PDF).^ "Did 1993 Change Everything? – New York Magazine".^ Grossman, Lev (31 March 2003). "How the Web Was Spun". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009. Berners-Lee's computer faithfully logged the exact second the site was launched: 2:56:20 pm, 6 August 1991.^ Info World Jan 8 1990.^ "Blast from the Past: Buying a Computer in 1995".^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.^ "Our history". Eurotunnel. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2009.^ "Official Waterloo 'Goodbye' video, useful statistics and numbers shown". You Tube.com. 20 December 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2010.^ "Waterloo International: 1994–2007". The Guardian. London. 13 November 2007.^ Takagi, Ryo (March 2005). "High-speed Railways: The last ten years" (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review (40): 4–7.^ "Eurostar celebrates 10 years at Ashford International" (Press release). Eurostar. 9 January 2006.^ Generations Defined. Mark Mc Crindle^ Dish, The Daily. "What Happened In 1990? ".^ "Titanic (1997)". Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2009.^ All-Time Worldwide Box Office Archived 26 November 2011 at Web Cite^ Leopold, Todd (22 August 2002). " ' Like, Omigod!' It's the return of the '80s". New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.^ Leopold, Todd (21 July 2005). "Return of the '90s". Return of the '90s. Retrieved 22 March 2013.^ De Curtis, Anthony (5 October 1999). "The Ball Drops on the Music Industry". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 December 2012.^ Leeds, Jeff (13 February 2005). "We Hate the 80s". New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2013.^ Eddy, Chuch (10 November 2009). "MYTH No. 2: Nirvana Killed Hair Metal". SPIN. Retrieved 17 September 2011.^ Pareles, Jon (14 June 1992). "POP VIEW; Nirvana-bes Awaiting Fame's Call". New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2011.^ "Music Genres". All Music.^ Wilson, Carl (4 August 2011). "My So Called Adulthood". New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2011.^ Mc Gee, Allan (3 January 2008). "The missing link of hip-hop's golden age". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 17 September 2011.^ Caramanica, Jon (9 November 2009). "MYTH No. 4: Biggie & Tupac Are Hip-Hop's Pillars". SPIN. Retrieved 4 September 2011.^ Batey, Angus (7 October 2010). "The hip-hop heritage society". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 8 November 2011.^ Martinez, Michael (9 February 2011). "The music dies for once popular 'Guitar Hero' video game". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.^ "BBC – Press Office – New Spice Girls documentary on BBC One".^ "1998: Ginger leaves the Spice Girls". BBC News. 31 May 1998. Retrieved 29 March 2010.^ "Teen Pop Music: A Guide". Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2009.^ "Teen Pop". All Music. Retrieved 17 February 2017.^ Ashthana, Anushka (25 May 2008). "They don't live for work ... they work to live". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 21 July 2011.^ "Country is No. 1 musical style". Reading Eagle. 19 August 1992. Retrieved 26 July 2010.^ "Country music reflects the time". Herald-Journal. 27 September 1992. Retrieved 26 July 2010.^ Hurst, Jack (25 November 1993). "Country music is making waves across the seas". thestar.com. Retrieved 26 July 2010.^ "RIAA.com". RIAA.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2011.^ "Football Traditions".^ Mc CABE, HEATHER (25 April 1996). "With a New Beat and Attitude, the 'Vice' Man Cometh" – via LA Times.^ Wolf, Mark J. P. (2008). "Arcade Games of the 1990s and Beyond". The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Play Station and beyond. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-313-33868-7. OCLC 154776597. Retrieved 19 July 2009. The decline of arcade video games would come back in the 1990s, despite attempts to redefine the arcade experience and attract players back to the arcade.^ a b "Grisham ranks as top-selling author of decade". CNN. 31 December 1999. Retrieved 8 May 2015. Further reading [ edit]Ash, Timothy Garton. History of the Present: Essays, Sketches, and Dispatches from Europe in the 1990s (2009) excerpts Bender, Thomas. "'Venturesome and Cautious': American History in the 1990s." Journal of American History (1994): 992–1003. in JSTORBentley, Nick, ed. British Fiction of the 1990s (Routledge, 2007)Cornia, Giovanni Andrea, Ralph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkandawire. Africa's recovery in the 1990s: from stagnation and adjustment to human development (St. Martin's Press, 1992)Harrison, Thomas (2011). Music of the 1990s. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313379437. O'Neill, William. A Bubble in Time: America During the Interwar Years, 1989-2001 (2009) Excerpt Parratt, Catriona M. "About Turns: Reflecting on Sport History in the 1990s." Sport History Review (1998) 29#1 pp: 4–17. Sierz, Aleks. Modern British Playwriting: The 1990s: Voices, Documents, New Interpretations (A&C Black, 2012)Stiglitz, Joseph E. The roaring nineties: A new history of the world's most prosperous decade (Norton, 2004), economic history Turner, Alwyn. A Classless Society: Britain in the 1990s Aurum Press (2013)van der Hoeven, Arno. "Remembering the popular music of the 1990s: dance music and the cultural meanings of decade-based nostalgia." International journal of heritage studies (2014) 20#3 pp: 316–330. Yoda, Tomiko, and Harry Harootunian, eds. Japan After Japan: Social and Cultural Life from the Recessionary 1990s to the Present (2006) [ hide]v t e History of the 20th century Events Timeline Decades1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Topics Arttheatre Christianity Literature Musicclassical Philosophy Science Lists State leaders: 1901–1950 1951–2000 Earthquakes Lunar eclipses Solar eclipses Volcanic eruptions Categories:1990s 20th century
D1065202	http://www.governmentregistry.org/criminal_records/warrants/federal_warrants.html	Federal Warrants	Federal Warrants A federal warrant is issued when a federal law enforcement officer or U. S. Attorney, presents a statement of facts to a federal judge or federal magistrate setting forth the probable cause for the arrest. If the judge or magistrate agrees with the circumstances set forth in the warrant application they will sign it and it will become a valid executable warrant. Federal warrants list and search is available in Government Registry.org. It is worthwhile to make sure that you are not in the federal warrant list. Generally Federal Warrants are issued by FBI. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the investigative arm of the US Department of Justice. The Motto of FBI is "Fidelity, Bravery and Integrity". The Mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal and International agencies and partners. The FBI will strive for excellence in all aspects of its mission and for that the employees of FBI will be true to adherence to the rule of Law. Most searches by the police require a search warrant based on a probable cause although there are exceptions. One can have a federal warrant search in Government Registry.org to check the details of federal warrants against them. A search warrant provides a law enforcement officer with the authority required by law to gain access to a premise, conduct a search, and seize property. An arrest warrant permits a law enforcement officer to make a lawful arrest of a specific person. Arrest warrant and search warrants are issued by judges and only available to law enforcement agents (including the FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation - and DEA - Drug Enforcement Agency), but neither are available to private citizens. To obtain a federal warrant, an officer must first prove that probable cause exists before a magistrate or judge, based upon direct information (personal observation) or Information that can even be obtained by oral testimony given over a telephone, or through an anonymous or confidential informant, so long as probable cause exists based on the totality of the circumstances. Both property and persons can be seized under a search warrant. The rationale is that the evidence that can be collected without a search warrant may not be sufficient to convict, but may be sufficient to suggest that enough evidence to convict could be found using the warrant. The federal warrant for arrest is a court order given by the Judge or magistrate to take action against a person who has been declared as a criminal or a person involved in crime and it is an authority given to the officials of police/cops to take action against him/her. The police have a right to search the property if he thinks that there is any illegal means of activity taking place in a particular area with the help of search warrant issued by the court. In the United States the officials of the police department must always have a search warrant if they want to enter into any person house or any other property of the public they must always require a search warrant issued by the court. In certain cases the US people don't require a search warrant like checking a vehicle on the road, to search a person or enquiry if a person is in non-residential area and if he thinks that there is a chance of crime. Federal Warrant List Searches Federal warrants search is now available to everyone with Government Registry.com. This site provides a free search on Federal Warrants. One can check whether any federal warrant is issued against anyone. Generally large organizations do a background check about an applicant before recruitment of that applicant for the job. Government Registry.org helps them to have an Idea of the preliminary background check of the applicant as the employer can make a free Federal warrant check If the applicant has been ever issued a federal warrant. If you are applying for a job or prepared for a background check, then the best thing to do is to check whether any Federal Warrants is issued against you by checking on the site. This is useful if you are thinking of changing the employer and going to a new employer who provides you with higher remuneration. Generally the bigger organizations outsource the background check to private agencies. So it is better to check on the site if any federal warrant is issued against you before applying for a job.
D123410	http://www.muskegonhealth.net/programs/health/tb.htm	.	Home >> Services >> Tuberculosis (TB) Program & Services Tuberculosis (TB) Program & Services Tuberculosis Skin Testing Skin testing (PPD) for tuberculosis (TB) is available at the public health department. Testing is available Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday between noon and 4:30 pm by appointment. Clients receiving a TB test must return to the public health department within 48-72 hours to have the test results checked. Cost for a TB test is currently $21 (subject to change). Medicaid can be billed for the cost of the test, otherwise the fee is due at the time of service. For more information on TB testing, please call the Immunization program at (231) 724-1220. Positive TB Test Results Positive TB tests are reported to the client's health care provider for appropriate follow-up. A public health nurse is available for questions, education and guidance. Active Tuberculosis Disease Case Management Services The public health department provides case management, treatment, direct observed therapy and contact investigation for client's diagnosed by their health care provider with active TB disease. About Tuberculosis TB is a disease caused by the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis. The m. tuberculosis bacteria can infect any part of the body, but usually attacks the lungs. These germs contaminate the air when a disease infected person coughs or sneezes. For infection to occur, the germs must be inhaled into the lungs. Infection from inhaling the TB germs usually requires prolonged or frequent exposure to the bacteria. Very few people actually get TB disease from such exposure. Symptoms of TB disease can include a bad cough lasting longer than 2 weeks, coughing up blood or sputum, pain in the chest, night sweating, weakness or fatigues, weight loss, no appetite, fever, and chills. If you are experiencing such symptoms, notify your medical provider. Most persons who are exposed to TB over time and become infected develop what is called Latent TB Infection (LTBI). In LTBI, the body's immune cells surround the TB bacteria and prevent germs from multiplying. The immune cells keep these germs in a latent, dormant, sleeping state, thus the name. A person who has LTBI, is not sick or contagious, in fact most people are not even aware that they even have latent TB until they have a TB test done and the results are positive. Nine out of ten individuals with LTBI will remain healthy but one in ten will likely develop TB disease. Individuals with weakened immune systems due to health conditions or medications have an even greater chance of developing TB disease. Antibiotic medication can significantly lower this chance. Because of this, it is important to have all positive TB tests evaluated by a health care provider. For more information, call (231) 724-4723. Tuberculin Skin Testing (TST) Workshops for Health Care Workers For all available Michigan workshops and online registration please visit www.tstmichigan.com. This is a four-hour workshop for health care workers covering all aspects of TB including: history, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnoses, treatment and prevention. In addition, the participant will learn how to properly administer and interpret a TB skin test (TST). Participants who successfully complete this class will be qualified to perform TSTs. Candidates for the TST Workshop are health care workers who have experience with infections, universal precautions, sterile technique and who are responsible for assessing risk of TB.
D1357600	http://www.thefreedictionary.com/caviar	caviar	caviar Also found in: Thesaurus, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia .cav·i·aralso cav·i·are (kăv′ē-är′, kä′vē-)n. The roe of a large fish, especially sturgeon, that is salted, seasoned, and eaten as a delicacy or relish. [Alteration of earlier caviarie (probably from obsolete Italian caviari, pl. of caviaro) or from French caviare, both from Turkish havyar, from Persian khāviyār, probably from a Caspian Iranian dialect variant of Persian khāya-dār, egg-holding (as in māhī-i khāya-dār, egg-holdingfish) : khāya, egg (from Middle Persian xāyag; see awi- in Indo-European roots) + -dār, holder; see zamindar . ]American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.caviar ( ˈkævɪˌɑː; ˌkævɪˈɑː) orcaviaren (Cookery) the salted roe of sturgeon, esp the beluga, usually served as an hors d'oeuvre [C16: from earlier cavery, from Old Italian caviari, plural of caviaro caviar, from Turkish havyār]CAVIAR ( ˈkævɪˌɑː) n acronym for (Film) Cinema and Video Industry Audience Research Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014cav•i•aror cav•i•are (ˈkæv iˌɑr, ˌkæv iˈɑr)n.the roe of sturgeon, salmon, etc., eaten esp. as an appetizer. [1585–95; akin to the source of Italian caviaro, Turkish havyar caviar]Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.caviar The salted roe (eggs) of sturgeon. Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group Copyright © 2008 by Diagram Visual Information Limited Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. caviar - salted roe of sturgeon or other large fish; usually served as an hors d'oeuvrecaviarehard roe, roe - fish eggs or egg-filled ovary; having a grainy texturebeluga caviar - roe of beluga sturgeon usually from Russia; highlyvalued Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Translations Select a language:caviarcaviare [ˈkævɪɑːʳ] N → caviar m Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © Harper Collins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005caviar (e) ( ˈkӕviaː) , ( (American) kaviˈa:) nounthe pickled eggs (roe) of a certain large fish, used as food. caviar Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter
D718180	https://www.careerwise.mnscu.edu/careers/classifications.html	Military Career Classifications	Military Career Classifications Thinking about a career in the Armed Services? See if you're a good candidate to become an enlisted personnel or officer. There are three types of military occupations: Enlisted personnel carry out the fundamental operations of the military. Warrant officers (Army, Navy, and Marines) are the technical experts in the military. They are generally selected from enlisted personnel in a competitive selection process. Officers are the leaders of the military, similar to corporate executives or managers. Enlisted personnel and officers usually advance along separate career paths. Take the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) to explore which military career might be right for you. Becoming an Enlisted Personnel and Warrant Officer Enlisted personnel carry out the main operations of the military. Their roles are like those of company employees and supervisors. Enlisted supervisors (E-4 rank and above) are responsible for the well being of other enlisted members. They also oversee the care of the military equipment and property under their control. High school graduation is a requirement for enlisted personnel. They must be between 17 and 35 years of age. Individual service age requirements may vary. Each service of the military has different enlistment programs. The five services offer training and employment in more than 2,000 enlisted specialties. Recruiters can explain eligibility differences based on what training and assignments match the applicant's interests. A local recruiter performs the initial processing of applicants. Then applicants are sent to the Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) for a physical exam. Finally, they take the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). The results of the physical and the ASVAB determine basic eligibility and training program qualifications. Recruits then go to basic training (also known as recruit training) for physical conditioning. They also learn essential knowledge and skills to become able military members. Recruits are trained by other enlisted personnel in groups of 35 to 80. Daily routines are rigorous. Most days start at 5 a.m. and last until 9 p.m. Days include classes, meals, athletics, and field training. Little free time is available, and travel time is limited. Vacation time is not allowed until the recruit has completed basic training and enters advanced training. Active duty enlisted personnel — with at least 12 months remaining in active duty — as well as interested civilians can apply to become a warrant officer. Once accepted into the program, personnel receive specialized advanced training in their technical area. Becoming an Officer Military officers usually begin their careers learning a chosen occupational field. Working closely with more senior officers, they supervise small groups of enlisted people. As they gain experience and advance in responsibility and rank, they direct more enlisted personnel and begin to lead other officers. They may eventually become the senior leaders and managers of the military. Commanding officers are responsible for every detail of U. S. ground and naval forces, ships, flying squadrons, and amphibious assault forces. Officers are generally college graduates. The minimum age to enter officer training varies by service. Officer Candidate School (OCS) enrollees must be between the ages of 19 and 29. The National Guard may choose to enroll soldiers up to age 35. Those attending a service academy (e.g., U. S. Naval Academy) must be between the ages of 17 and 22. Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) enrollees must be between the ages of 17 and 21. Source: Today's Military online guide of the U. S. Department of Defense.
D132716	http://www.zipdatamaps.com/29063	Zip Code 29063 Map and Profile	Zip Code 29063 Map and Profile Map of Zip Code 29063 Border Map data ©2018 Google Terms of Use Map Satellite Zip Code 29063 Profile Data Official Zip Code Name Irmo Zip Code State South Carolina Zip Code Type Non-Unique Primary County: Richland Secondary County: Lexington Area Code 803Current Population: 32717Racial Majority: White 67.95%Public School Racial Majority: White 60.5%Unemployment Rate: 5.86%Median Household Income $76742Average Adjusted Gross Income $67690School Test Performance: Excellent Average Commute Time 23.2 Minutes Curent Temperature:56°FCurrent Time: 03:43:38 AM EDTTime Zone: Eastern Daylight Time Elevation Range 226 - 397 ft. Area 44 Sqm. Coordinates (Y,X) 34.14028168, -81.20893860
D2753726	https://www.justice.gov/ust/eo/bapcpa/20070201/bci_data/median_income_table.htm	.	(Cases Filed Between February 1, 2007, and October 14, 2007, Inclusive)The following table provides median family income data reproduced in a format designed for ease of use in completing Bankruptcy Forms B22A and B22C. The State Median Family Income by Family Size data is available for download in MS Excel format. [ XLS - 20 kb]. FAMILY SIZESTATE 1 EARNER 2 PEOPLE 3 PEOPLE 4 PEOPLE Alabama $33,709 $43,205 $48,007 $55,424Alaska $47,538 $62,953 $70,239 $79,033Arizona $38,703 $50,201 $53,241 $63,076Arkansas $31,788 $40,738 $45,242 $53,904California $44,499 $59,086 $64,118 $72,996Colorado $42,886 $60,782 $63,609 $72,571Connecticut $53,553 $65,930 $78,828 $95,183Delaware $46,641 $59,238 $65,373 $78,752District of Columbia $36,491 $55,427 $56,392 $56,392Florida $37,985 $46,914 $52,648 $64,280Georgia $37,588 $50,376 $55,293 $66,508Hawaii $46,769 $55,005 $69,733 $81,799Idaho $36,025 $47,056 $50,453 $54,165Illinois $42,995 $54,599 $64,184 $74,705Indiana $38,765 $48,841 $57,289 $66,649Iowa $37,265 $50,432 $58,764 $67,693Kansas $37,814 $50,244 $55,862 $67,026Kentucky $33,701 $41,560 $50,772 $56,768Louisiana $33,001 $40,565 $48,596 $57,752Maine $36,853 $47,228 $60,054 $66,899Maryland $50,509 $65,820 $78,211 $92,502Massachusetts $51,543 $60,368 $75,099 $88,179Michigan $42,596 $50,665 $61,052 $73,853Minnesota $44,147 $57,125 $70,908 $79,895Mississippi $29,299 $38,143 $42,964 $49,268Missouri $36,567 $46,246 $56,248 $65,909Montana $32,789 $46,005 $50,307 $57,438Nebraska $37,305 $50,374 $58,832 $66,893Nevada $40,682 $55,585 $57,303 $63,772New Hampshire $47,081 $57,089 $72,867 $84,155New Jersey $53,557 $63,357 $80,239 $93,176New Mexico $32,695 $44,498 $44,498 $49,781New York $42,896 $51,994 $62,815 $74,501North Carolina $34,339 $46,066 $52,160 $61,402North Dakota $38,146 $48,555 $58,684 $61,862Ohio $39,746 $47,874 $58,475 $68,890Oklahoma $34,072 $43,327 $48,423 $54,854Oregon $41,458 $50,455 $55,104 $63,946Pennsylvania $41,706 $48,612 $62,168 $70,863Rhode Island $43,805 $56,605 $67,787 $80,826South Carolina $33,147 $45,063 $49,846 $59,803South Dakota $31,605 $45,741 $56,685 $63,289Tennessee $34,670 $43,487 $52,380 $58,711Texas $34,418 $48,849 $51,678 $59,369Utah $42,244 $49,107 $54,948 $59,872Vermont $39,651 $52,008 $65,812 $73,688Virginia $46,601 $58,815 $69,692 $79,931Washington $45,516 $56,126 $60,597 $74,432West Virginia $34,607 $38,704 $47,613 $53,981Wisconsin $39,919 $52,774 $63,266 $73,359Wyoming $38,003 $51,498 $60,795 $64,966For cases filed on or before March 31, 2007, add $6,300 for each individual in excess of 4. For cases filed on or after April 1, 2007, add $6,900 for each individual in excess of 4. COMMONWEALTH OR U. S. TERRITORY FAMILY SIZE1 EARNER 2 PEOPLE 3 PEOPLE 4 PEOPLE Guam $33,634 $40,214 $45,828 $55,457Northern Mariana Islands $22,586 $22,586 $26,278 $38,650Puerto Rico $19,200 $19,200 $21,955 $26,788Virgin Islands $26,686 $32,075 $34,197 $37,467For cases filed on or before March 31, 2007, add $6,300 for each individual in excess of 4. For cases filed on or after April 1, 2007, add $6,900 for each individual in excess of 4.
D2414805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_jurisdiction	Original jurisdiction	The original jurisdiction of a court is the power to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction, when a higher court has the power to review a lower court's decision. Contents [ hide ]1 France2 India3 United States4 See also5 References France [ edit]The lowest civil court of France, the tribunal de première instance (literally, "Court of First Instance"), has original jurisdiction over most civil matters except areas of specialist exclusive jurisdiction, those being mainly land estates, business and consumer matters, social security, and labor. All criminal matters may pass summarily through the lowest criminal court, the tribunal de police, but each court has both original and limited jurisdiction over certain separate levels of offences:juge de proximité ("Magistrate Court"): petty misdemeanors and violations;tribunal de police ("Police Court"): gross misdemeanors or summary offences (jurisdiction);tribunal correctionnel ("Criminal Court"): felonies or indictable offences generally;cour d'assises ("Court of Sessions"): capital and first-degree felonies or major indictable offences, high crimes, crimes against the State. For the administrative stream, any administrative court has original jurisdiction. However, while the Council of State has supreme appellate jurisdiction for administrative appeals, it also has original jurisdiction on a number of matters brought against national governmental authorities including cases against statutory instruments (executive and ministerial orders) and certain types of administrative decisions. These decisions are made up out of 2/3 Congress's vote. India [ edit]In India, the Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. [1] Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to all cases between the Government of India and the States of India or between Government of India and states on one side and one or more states on other side or cases between different states. Original jurisdiction is related to cases which are directly brought to the Supreme Court. Cases which require the interpretation of the constitution or cases relating to the denial of fundamental rights are heard In the supreme court. In case there is a dispute between two or more states or between the union and the states, the Supreme Court decides such cases. In addition, Article 32 of the Constitution of India grants original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court on all cases involving the enforcement of fundamental rights of citizens. [1] It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be invoked by a certificate granted by the High Court concerned under Article 132 (1), 133 (1) or 134 of the Constitution in respect of any judgement, decree or final order of a High Court in both civil and criminal cases, involving substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court has special advisory jurisdiction in matters which may specifically be referred to it by the President of India under Article 143 of the Indian Constitution. United States [ edit]This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Big unwikified block (possible copy and paste) Please help improve this section if you can. (June 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)In the United States, courts having original jurisdiction are referred to as trial courts. In certain types of cases, the U. S. Supreme Court has original jurisdiction concurrently with lower courts. The original jurisdiction of the U. S. Supreme Court is governed by Article III, Section 2 of the United States Constitution and Title 28 of the United States Code, section 1251. Most commonly, original jurisdiction cases involve suits between states as parties, usually over territorial or water rights disputes. The United States Constitution defines Original Jurisdiction thusly: In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. United States Constitution Article III, § cl. 2The Federalist Papers of Hamilton clearly reveal that the purpose of Original Jurisdiction before the SCOTUS was to address cases either involving (1) Ambassadors, with no mention of limiting the cases to Ambassadors of other Nations and/or cases including (2) one of the States of the union including instances where individual citizens were involved. As organic law, statues are secondary to the U. S. Constitution, the intended meaning of which can be found in the discussions of those who were responsible for formulating the Constitution and its Amendments. These reasons seem sufficient to satisfy a candid mind, that the want of such a power would have been a great defect in the plan. Let us now examine in what manner the judicial authority is to be distributed between the supreme and the inferior courts of the Union. The Supreme Court is to be invested with original jurisdiction, only "in cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which A STATE shall be a party. Public ministers of every class are the immediate representatives of their sovereigns. All questions in which they are concerned are so directly connected with the public peace, that, as well for the preservation of this, as out of respect to the sovereignties they represent, it is both expedient and proper that such questions should be submitted in the first instance to the highest judicatory of the nation. Though consuls have not in strictness a diplomatic character, yet as they are the public agents of the nations to which they belong, the same observation is in a great measure applicable to them. In cases in which a State might happen to be a party, it would ill suit its dignity to be turned over to an inferior tribunal. Though it may rather be a digression from the immediate subject of this paper, I shall take occasion to mention here a supposition which has excited some alarm upon very mistaken grounds. It has been suggested that an assignment of the public securities of one State to the citizens of another, would enable them to prosecute that State in the federal courts for the amount of those securities; a suggestion which the following considerations prove to be without foundation. It is inherent in the nature of sovereignty not to be amenable to the suit of an individual WITHOUT ITS CONSENT. This is the general sense, and the general practice of mankind; and the exemption, as one of the attributes of sovereignty, is now enjoyed by the government of every State in the Union. Unless, therefore, there is a surrender of this immunity in the plan of the convention, it will remain with the States, and the danger intimated must be merely ideal. The circumstances which are necessary to produce an alienation of State sovereignty were discussed in considering the article of taxation, and need not be repeated here. A recurrence to the principles there established will satisfy us, that there is no color to pretend that the State governments would, by the adoption of that plan, be divested of the privilege of paying their own debts in their own way, free from every constraint but that which flows from the obligations of good faith. The contracts between a nation and individuals are only binding on the conscience of the sovereign, and have no pretensions to a compulsive force. They confer no right of action, independent of the sovereign will. To what purpose would it be to authorize suits against States for the debts they owe? How could recoveries be enforced? It is evident, it could not be done without waging war against the contracting State; and to ascribe to the federal courts, by mere implication, and in destruction of a pre-existing right of the State governments, a power which would involve such a consequence, would be altogether forced and unwarrantable. (The Federalist Papers: No. 81) However, the U. S. Congress and the SCOTUS have established that the 14th Amendment, passed subsequent to the 11th Amendment, so limits the 11th. Respondents do not have immunity from Original Jurisdiction suit before this Court. “The Eleventh Amendment does not bar … the principle of state sovereignty … limited by the enforcement provisions of § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, … the substantive provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment, which themselves embody significant limitations on state authority.”…"The prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment are directed to the States, and they are to a degree restrictions of State power. … Congress is empowered to enforce, and to enforce against State action, however put forth, whether that action be executive, legislative, or judicial. Such enforcement is no invasion of State sovereignty. Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U. S. 445, 446 96 S. Ct. 2666, 49 L. Ed. 2d 614 [1976]In the federal court system and those of most U. S. states, there are several types of trial courts. That is, there are several specialized courts with original jurisdiction over specific types of matters, and then a court with original jurisdiction over anything not reserved to more specialized courts. Not all "trial courts" exclusively exercise original jurisdiction. Indeed, in both the federal and most state court systems, the trial courts of " general jurisdiction " hear appeals from trial courts of limited original jurisdiction; many states call these courts " superior courts " for this reason. For example, United States district courts hear appeals from their Bankruptcy Courts (which operate as quasi-independent units of district courts but are constitutionally separate Article I tribunals ). Similarly, the Law and Chancery Divisions of the Superior Court of New Jersey hear appeals from New Jersey County Courts; the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas, besides hearing major trials, hear appeals from the minor trial courts (Magistrate Courts in most counties; Philadelphia and Pittsburgh have unique systems) and from certain agencies of local (e.g., zoning board) and state governments (e.g., Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board ). See also [ edit]Court of first instance (disambiguation)References [ edit]^ a b "Jurisdiction of The Supreme Court". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 2012-06-23. Wex APFNThe Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
D2006735	https://www.sapling.com/8026282/tax-deduction-married-couples	Tax Deduction for Married Couples	Getting married affects many aspects of life, including income and income taxes. Married couples in the United States have the option of filing joint tax returns or separate tax returns. The filing status couples choose can impact overall tax liability; couples who file joint returns are afforded different tax deductions than other taxpayers which may reduce tax liability for some couples. Married couples may file taxes jointly or separately. Standard Deduction for Joint Filers When you file an income tax return with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), you must choose to use a standard tax deduction or to itemize deductions. Tax deductions reduce the total pool of income that is subject to tax. For example, if you made $40,000 last year and you had $5,000 in tax deductions, only $35,000 would be subject to income taxes. According to the IRS, married couples filing joint returns have a standard deduction of $11,900 for 2012 returns. Joint filers will be better off taking the standard deduction unless itemized deductions exceed that amount. Standard Deduction for Separate Filers Married people sometimes choose to file separate tax returns. The IRS states that the standard deduction for married couples filing separate returns is $5,950 for 2012 returns, which is the same as the deduction for single filers and half that of joint filers. If both partners earn a similar amount of income, there may be little difference between filing joint and separate returns in terms of total taxes owed. Other Tax Deductions Aside from the standard deduction, marriage can impact a variety of other tax deductions and credits. The IRS often offers higher limits on certain tax incentives to married couples filing joint returns than to single filers. For example, Turbo Tax states that there is a $250,000 tax exclusion (essentially a deduction) for profits gained from selling a home, but married couples filing joint returns are granted a $500,000 exclusion. Considerations Married couples face different tax brackets in addition to different tax deductions. This means married couples can potentially pay more or less in taxes as a result of marriage. When married couples end up paying more after getting married, it is known as the "marriage penalty." According to Turbo Tax, filing separate tax returns when married rarely works to a couple's advantage and if one partner chooses to itemize deductions, the other partner cannot take the standard deduction on a separate return.
D2183091	https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg552991.aspx	SQL Q & A: Bottlenecks and Transaction Logs	SQL Q & A: Bottlenecks and Transaction Logs Sometimes it’s easy to determine the nature of a performance bottleneck—other times, not so much. The same goes with configuring transaction logs. Paul S. Randal Storage Bottleneck Q: I’m trying to determine the nature of my system’s performance bottleneck. I’m convinced it’s the storage layer as I’m seeing the disk queue lengths go higher than two. I’ve read this is a good way to prove that SQL Server is overloading the storage. Is this true? If so, what can I do about it? A: Unfortunately, what you’ve read is an urban legend. SQL Server is designed to use asynchronous IO and will happily push the disk queue length above two. Each thread that issues an IO then continues doing something else (potentially) until the IO is complete. SQL Server tries to maximize throughput from the IO subsystem by issuing concurrent asynchronous IOs. It will also perform operations like read-ahead when scanning large volumes of data. In fact, some operations like DBCC CHECKDB will saturate the IO subsystem. It’s not uncommon to see disk queue lengths of several hundred. You can read more about this urban legend of disk queue lengths in this blog post. The question then becomes, “What do you look at to determine if there’s an IO subsystem bottleneck?” There are two performance counters in the Physical Disk performance object. You should pay attention to these: Avg. Disk sec/Read Avg. Disk sec/Write These give the time in milliseconds it takes to complete an IO. If these numbers are consistently higher (or have regular higher spikes) than the norm (which should be between 5ms and 12ms), then the physical disk is the IO bottleneck. Of course, that physical disk may be a SAN LUN, but you can’t dig deeper from Windows. If you have multiple SQL Server data and log files on that physical disk, you may need to determine which files are causing the IO load. Use the dynamic management view (DMV) sys.dm_io_virtual_file_stats and perform some simple time-series analyses on the results. If the DMV results don’t indicate a heavy load on that physical disk, a storage administrator may have placed files from other applications on that part of the IO subsystem. That workload could be what’s monopolizing the IO bandwidth. In that case, you’ll need to ask that particular administrator to move the SQL Server files to a dedicated portion of the IO subsystem. If it’s purely SQL Server files on the subsystem and you can identify which ones are causing the excessive IO, consider these strategies: Look at the database query workload and determine if it’s performing excessive table scans because of an incorrect indexing strategy, or bad query plans caused by out-of-date statistics. Move some of the files to a different portion of the IO subsystem. Add more memory to the server to allow for a larger SQL Server buffer pool (in-memory cache of data file pages) and avoid so much read IO. If none of these work, and it’s really just a case where the workload has outstripped the IO subsystem, move to a more capable IO subsystem. You could also consider enterprise-class flash-memory storage like Fusion-io. Size Matters Q: I’m laying out the storage requirements for some new servers and I’m having trouble determining how large to make the transaction logs. In the past, I’ve tried to base it on transaction size. Sometimes, though, it seems to double. Can you explain how I can arrive at a decent estimate? A: There’s no easy formula for calculating the optimal transaction log size. Unfortunately, it’s also difficult to prevent transaction log growth unless you’ve turned off auto-grow for the log file. However, turning off auto-grow is never advisable. The transaction log should always be able to auto-grow. This is particularly true for emergencies when your log file size monitoring fails. For example, say you have a SQL Server Agent alert on the Percent Log Used performance counter going higher than 90 percent, but the emergency contact notified by e-mail/pager is out sick. If the log can’t grow, all currently running transactions modifying the database will stop and roll back. This translates into downtime for your workload. However, saying there’s no easy formula is a bit misleading. There are numerous operations that take up transaction log space. You can use the size of these operations to estimate your transaction log requirements. These may be operations occurring as part of your day-to-day workload, or more infrequent actions like database maintenance. You have to consider them all. The operation list includes: The largest single insert/update/delete transaction your workload performs (whether a single-statement implicit transaction affecting millions of table rows, or an explicit transaction that performs many operations). The largest bulk-operation your workload performs, such as a BULK INSERT. If you’re using the FULL recovery mode, you may be able to reduce the amount of transaction log generated by using the BULK_LOGGED recovery model. If you use the BULK_LOGGED recovery model for minimal-logging for some operations, it can impact your ability to recover after a disaster. See my blog post, “ A SQL Server DBA myth a day: BULK_LOGGED recovery model .”An index rebuild of your largest clustered index. You may be able to use BULK_LOGGED here as well. With all these operations, it’s not just the amount of transaction logs you need to consider, you also need to take into account the space the transaction log management system will “reserve” to allow for proper transaction rollback. If a transaction generates 100MB of transaction log records, the system will reserve approximately 100MB of empty space in the transaction log to guarantee it can abort the transaction and correctly roll back. It’s a safety mechanism to prevent a database becoming inconsistent. This is why you may have seen the transaction log grow, even though you think you’ve given it enough space for the largest transaction. Another thing to consider is whether there are any reasons why transaction log records must remain in the log. This could lead to a growing transaction log having to grow still more. Some of the potential reasons include: The database is using the FULL or BULK_LOGGED recovery models and not performing transaction log backups (or performing them infrequently). You must backup log records before discarding them. There’s an unusually long-running transaction. This will prevent discarding all transaction log records generated since the long-running transaction started. Database mirroring is in use and some transaction log records haven’t been sent from the principal server to the mirror server. You can’t discard these until they’ve been sent. Transactional replication (or peer-to-peer replication) is in use and there are some transaction log records the Log Reader Agent job hasn’t processed. If you’re seeing the transaction log growing and you’re not sure why it’s happening, ask SQL Server. Issue the query: SELECT [log_reuse_wait_desc] FROM sys.databases WHERE [name] = 'dbmaint2008'; GOThe result will be the reason you can’t discard some log records and reuse the log space (called either “clearing” or “truncating” the log). As you can see, there are quite a few things that can affect the size of the transaction log, even more if you’re considering the tempdb database as well. You can read a bit more on this topic in my blog post, “ Importance of proper transaction log size management ,” and in the Tech Net Magazine article “ Understanding SQL Server Logging and Recovery .”Logging Mandatory Q: Can you explain why I can’t make SQL Server operations non-logged? I’ve read that table truncation is non-logged—why can’t there be a setting to make all operations non-logged so SQL Server runs faster? What if I don’t care about being able to recover after a disaster? I’d especially like to be able to ignore the tempdb transaction log. A: What you’ve read about a TRUNCATE TABLE operation is not true. All operations on all databases are logged to some degree. Some are “minimally logged,” such as table truncation. Simply stated, a minimally logged operation is one where only the allocation and de-allocation of data file pages is logged. Any operations on table/index records on the pages aren’t logged. This speeds up operations and means less transaction log is generated—but there’s still some logging. A table truncation is always minimally logged in all recovery models. The other minimally logged operations (such as index build/rebuild and bulk loads) are only minimally logged when using the SIMPLE or BULK_LOGGED recovery models. The only truly non-logged operations in SQL Server are those affecting the version store in tempdb, which supports features like snapshot isolation and online index operations. These can be non-logged because there’s never a need to roll back a version store operation or run crash-recovery on the tempdb database. This gets to the crux of your question. Why can’t operations in SQL Server be non-logged? SQL Server always has to be able to roll back an operation if something goes wrong. If there was no description (like the transaction log records) of what the operation had done, how would SQL Server know what to do during rollback? You can only achieve this through logging. Even if you don’t care about crash-recovery, SQL Server still has to be able to roll back operations if the database runs out of space or encounters a corrupt sector, or if the query runs out of memory. If SQL Server can’t roll back an operation, the database becomes unusable and the workload stops. This also applies to the tempdb database. Although logging is simplified and reduced in tempdb, you can never remove it entirely for the same reasons. Also, SQL Server has to be able to run crash-recovery after every crash to ensure each database is consistent. Otherwise the database is unusable. Bottom line: There’s no way to make operations non-logged in SQL Server and I wouldn’t expect that to change. Paul S. Randal is the managing director of SQLskills.com, a Microsoft regional director and a SQL Server MVP. He worked on the SQL Server Storage Engine team at Microsoft from 1999 to 2007. He wrote DBCC CHECKDB/repair for SQL Server 2005 and was responsible for the Core Storage Engine during SQL Server 2008 development. Randal is an expert on disaster recovery, high availability and database maintenance, and is a regular presenter at conferences worldwide. He blogs at SQLskills.com/blogs/paul, and you can find him on Twitter at Twitter.com/Paul Randal. Related Content Maintaining Logs and Indexes Distributed Transactions, Performance Counters, and SQL Backups Large Transaction Logs, When to Use Repair, and More
D3254012	https://www.reference.com/science/cell-wall-fungus-made-2000709c60ae33be	What Is the Cell Wall of a Fungus Made From?	Science Biology Zoology Q: What Is the Cell Wall of a Fungus Made From? A: Quick Answer The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin and other polymers, especially glucans, which are long chains of glucose. Chitin plays the same role in fungal cell walls as cellulose does in plant cell walls. It provides strength, structure and defense to cell contents within. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Are the Cell Walls of Fungi Made Of? What Is Fungus? Do Fungi Have Cell Walls? Full Answer Fungal cell walls are made up of intertwined fibers. Most of those fibers are long chains of chitin, the same tough compound found in the exoskeletons of animals such as spiders, beetles and lobsters. Although chitin is tough, it is also flexible. The chitin in fungal cells is entangled with glucans and other wall components, such as proteins, forming a mass that protects the cell membrane behind it. The fibrous wall is dynamic and able to reform itself as the fungus grows and changes. Learn more about Zoology Sources:ucmp.berkeley.edu mic.sgmjournals.org els.net antoine.frostburg.edumedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Related Questions Q: Where Does Fungus Come From? A: The basic morphology of a fungi takes place in two different methods: the release of spores, and by individual cells that multiply by a process known as bu... Full Answer >Filed Under: Biology Q: What Is a List of Decomposers in the Ocean? A: Some decomposers in the ocean include fungi in the genera Lindra and Lulworthia, the bacteria Vibrio furnissii, shipworms, nematodes and amoebas. Decompose... Full Answer >Filed Under: Zoology Q: What Are the Members of the Kingdom Protista? A: Kingdom Protista includes mostly unicellular, eukaryotic life forms that behave similar to animals, plants and fungi based upon how the organisms obtain nu... Full Answer >Filed Under: Zoology Q: What Are the Characteristics of Zygomycota? A: Zygomycota are about 900 different species of land fungi with very diverse lifestyles, which are defined as a group by their use of zygospores, a particula... Full Answer >Filed Under: Zoology You May Also Like Q: Which Is Stronger, an Anaconda or an Alligator? Q: What Are Some Animals That Are Carnivores, Herbivores and Omnivores? Q: What Are the Functions of Amoebocytes in Sponges? Q: What Are Some Career Options in the Field of Animal Science? Q: What Are the Kingdom, Phylum, Class and Order of the Cockroach? Q: What Are Some Adaptations of the Fennec Fox?
D2002500	http://www.post-gazette.com/local/west/2014/01/26/Bad-news-on-US-Airways-a-recurring-theme/stories/201401260180	Friday, April 06, 2018 8:42AM \| 36Â°Obituaries PG Store Archives ClassifiedsMENUSUBSCRIBE LOGIN REGISTERHome News Local Sports Opinion A&E Life Business Contact Us	The hub is gone, thousands of jobs and hundreds of flights have departed, and now what little is left is going, too. What exactly does US Airways have against Pittsburgh? It's a logical question after Friday's bad news involving the carrier and the city. American Airlines, which merged with US Airways last month, decided to close the flight operations control center in Moon and transfer the 600 jobs to Dallas-Fort Worth, its corporate home. It's just the latest in a series of haymakers that has left the region as punch drunk as any prize fighter. From the closing of a reservations center in Green Tree to the loss of flight simulation training in Moon to the shutdown of the flight crew base to the abandonment of its hub at Pittsburgh International Airport -- it seems that nearly every decision the airline has made over the last decade has gone against the region. "How many wake-up calls do we need from US Airways to see that we're not part of their strategic plan?" asked Kent George, former executive director of the Allegheny County Airport Authority. The upheaval has cost the region jobs and flights. Employment has tumbled from a peak of about 12,000 jobs to 1,800 today. Pittsburgh will lose another 600 with the loss of the operations center and 53 more in a maintenance "rebalancing" expected to take effect in March. The number of US Airways daily flights has plunged from a high of 542 in September 2001 to an average of 41 today. Stripped of its hub in 2004, Pittsburgh has lost service to cities large and small, from London to Harrisburg. "You look back on it, at every opportunity to diminish the significance of an asset, to reduce it, or to withdraw it, the corporate decision has been in favor of eradication, elimination, or diminishment," said William Lauer, an Allegheny Capital Inc. principal who has followed the airline industry for years. But don't take it personally. While the repeated cutbacks might convince some that US Airways -- and now American, through its merger with the carrier -- has it out for the city, that's not the case, experts say. It's the cold calculus of business, not a chip on the shoulder, that has done in Pittsburgh, they assert. "As it stands, everything the airline has done has got a firm grounding in economics. It's got a firm rational basis. It's not like the airline is conducting itself for the purpose of punishing southwestern Pennsylvania," Mr. Lauer said. William Swelbar, a MIT airline researcher and executive vice president of Intervistas Consulting, an aviation consulting firm, said that Pittsburgh fell victim to the upheaval in the airline industry after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Mid-continent hubs used primarily for connecting traffic like Pittsburgh became less profitable and the emergence of low-cost airlines like Southwest caused profit margins to erode and forced legacy carriers like US Airways to be more cost conscious. "We have an industry today that is much more profit focused than at any time since the industry was deregulated," he said. At the same time, airlines concentrated their hubs to bigger cities to take advantage of larger numbers of originating and destination traffic. What happened in Pittsburgh through much of the last decade is happening in cities like Cincinnati and Memphis today, where hubs are being shut down. "I don't think any amount of money could have been spent to keep the hub [in Pittsburgh]. It's an unfortunate story and a geography that didn't work in the new airline map," Mr. Swelbar said. The struggles after Sept. 11 forced US Airways into bankruptcy twice and into a merger with America West Airlines, whose leader, Doug Parker, became head of US Airways and now the new American. Mr. Swelbar and Mr. Lauer said the decision to close the state-of-the-art flight operations control center, the latest blow to the region, appeared to be rational, at least from the business standpoint. American intends to consolidate the work in Dallas-Fort Worth, where it has its own flight operations center, over the next 18 months. It said that all Pittsburgh workers who want to transfer will be able to do so. Those that don't will receive severance packages. Built for US Airways Like the $1 billion midfield terminal that opened in 1992, the $32 million Moon flight operations center was built specifically for the needs of US Airways. It opened in November 2008 after the region beat out Charlotte, N. C., and Phoenix to retain the work. US Airways has been operating the facility through a 20-year lease with the airport authority under which it pays $1 a year. Mr. Lauer said the American center in Dallas-Fort Worth is much larger than the one in Moon and is part of a campus that includes the airline's headquarters and flight training facility. "I think it's less about Pittsburgh and more about the fact that it just makes sense for them to have an operations control center in one place," Mr. Swelbar said. "You guys just take another punch for consolidation. "But Mr. George, formerly of the county Airport Authority, questioned the decision. He pointed out that the Moon center handled all US Airways domestic and international traffic even though Pittsburgh wasn't a hub and the airline's headquarters was in Phoenix. "I don't understand what they're doing. It's a brand-new facility that I would think is capable of handling the entire new airline," he said. "It has not a thing to do with the location of the dispatch center. That all can be handled by the available current technology. You do not have to be at their corporate headquarters. "County Executive Rich Fitzgerald said he hopes to market the facility to another user who can "put a lot of jobs into that building." While he also saw the closing as a business decision given the larger center in Texas, he couldn't help but notice a pattern. "I think this whole region the last 10 to 12 years, things have not gone well with that airline. Not everything that was supposed to be done has been done," he said. Neither Mr. George nor former county executive Jim Roddey believe anything could have saved the hub in Pittsburgh. But what they take issue with is what they claim was a lack of forthrightness in the airline's dealings with them. They cited as one example the decision by the airline to reject its leases at the airport right before emerging from bankruptcy in 2003. They insisted that the airline had told them in the weeks prior that it would honor the leases. "I don't fault US Airways for how they are establishing their route structure and where they're going to put their focus cities. What I fought them on was the way they did it," Mr. George said. When US Airways complained about high landing fees at the airport being an impediment to doing business in Pittsburgh, Mr. Roddey said he pressed the airline to give him a number on the kind of reductions it wanted, but never heard back. He saw it as a "smokescreen. "But one former top US Airways official who asked not be identified said that while he does not know if the airline would have kept the hub if fees were reduced, he believes it would have maintained a larger presence here than it has now. He said that all of the decisions the airline made were based on what was happening in the industry, from the competition from low-cost carriers to airline consolidations to Pittsburgh's relatively weak originating and destination traffic. "The economics didn't add up," he said. Todd Lehmacher, an American spokesman who has served in the same capacity for US Airways, said all decisions past and present have been purely "business decisions. ""We're a company and we have to do what's right for our shareholders and what makes financial sense for our company and what's better for our employees long term," he said. Saving the maintenance base With Friday's announcement, Mr. Fitzgerald and the local congressional delegation have turned their attention to trying to save the last big piece of former US Airways work in Pittsburgh -- the heavy maintenance base that employs more than 900 people. The lease for the base, which primarily services narrow-body Airbus jets, expires at the end of 2015. U. S. Rep. Mike Doyle, D-Forest Hills, said US Airways told him that no decision has been made. "I think we at least have a shot at that one. There's other places they can go, obviously, but I don't think it's as clear a choice as Dallas," he said. While Mr. Doyle conceded that dealings with US Airways have been "very frustrating in the past," he said he wanted to focus on trying to attract more airline to Pittsburgh, particularly with the Marcellus Shale payments now available to the airport. "We've got to move forward. We can't ruminate about the past and who wronged who. What we have to do is try to bring more carriers into this region and that's where our focus is," he said. But Mr. Roddey said there's a reason some people might feel betrayed by the decisions the airline, whose roots in Pittsburgh go back more than 50 years, has made over the years leading to the loss of so many jobs and flights. "I think we feel the pain more than we might otherwise because we built the airport to US Airways' specifications and we sort of felt US Airways was a Pittsburgh company," he said. "We ended up with a lot of expectations, a lot of promises, and a lot of disappointment."
D3470124	https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Transposon	Transposon	Transposonnavigation search Definitionnoun, plural: transposons A small segment of DNA that is capable of replicating and inserting copies of DNA at random sites in the same or a different chromosome Supplement Transposons are DNA segments that are mobile. They can replicate and insert copies at sites within the same or a different chromosome. They can therefore alter the genetic constitution of an organism. Transposons have two types according to the genes they code for: (1) simple transposons and (2) complex transposons. The simple transposons consist of genes needed for insertion, particularly the gene coding for transposases, which are enzymes that catalyze their insertion. The complex transposons are those consisting of other genes apart from those needed for insertion. Transposons are the genetic elements associated with antibiotic resistance in certain bacteria. For instance, the Tn5 that codes for transposase Tn5 as well as those for antibiotic resistance to kanamycin. 1In eukaryotes, there are two classes of transposons. The first class is a group of transposons that are bacterial-like in a way that the DNA sequences move directly. The second class, called retrotransposons, move by producing RNA that is transcribed by reverse transcriptase into DNA that is then inserted at a new site. Also called:transposable elementjumping gene See also:transpositiontransposase Tobacco mosaic virus replicase Neomorphic mutation Fold-back elements Related term (s): Retrotransposons Composite transposon Reference (s):1 Reznikoff, William S. (2003). "Tn5 as a model for understanding DNA transposition". Molecular Microbiology 47 (5): 1199–1206.
D888566	http://www.getnetworth.com/tag/jim-thompson-oregon-representative/	Jim Thompson Oregon Representative	Jim Thompson Oregon Representative· In Billionaires, Businessmen Read more... Jim Thompson Jim Thompson Net Worth is $1 Billion.. James Myers Thompson (September 27, 1906 ??? April 7, 1977) was an American author and screenwriter, known for his pulp crime fiction. Thompson wrote more than thirty novels, the majority of which were original paperback publications by p... Jim Thompson Net Worth is $1 Billion. Jim Thompson Net Worth is $1 Billion. James Myers Thompson was an American author and screenwriter, known for his pulp crime fiction. Thompson wrote more than thirty novels, the majority of which were original paperback publications by pulp fiction houses, from the late-1940s through mid-1950s. Despite some positive critical notice, notably by Anthony Boucher in The New York Times, he was little-recognized in his lifetime. Only after death did Thompson's literary stature grow, when in the late 1980s, several novels were re-published in the Black Lizard series of re-discovered crime fiction. Thompson's writing culminated in a few of his best-regarded works: The Killer Inside Me, Savage Night, A Hell of a Woman and Pop. 1280. In these works, Thompson turned the derided pulp genre into literature and art, featuring unreliable narrators, odd structure, and surrealism. A number of Thompson's books became popular films, including The Getaway and The Grifters. The w... Read more about jim thompson oregon representative Jim Thompson Latest News Free from prison, former Illinois governor creates group to fight death penalty“We are now awaiting federal approval.” Ryan says former Illinois Gov. Jim Thompson is “on board,” along with Rob Warden, the former executive director of Northwestern University’s Center on Wrongful Convictions. Ryan and Thompson were both ... Posted: July 9, 2015, 10:46 am Succession plans underpin oldest businesses Now in the hands of the seventh generation, it produces poppies, cereals, peas and livestock. Jim Thompson was part of the sixth generation to farm the land. He credits convict William Lamprill?, in the second generation, for a large part of the farm's ... Posted: July 20, 2015, 10:56 am Bridge Scores - July 16Nan Moran, 5660: Florence De Long, 5390; Dale Dickie, 4930. North/South: Pat Montgomery and Clarice Renschler, 126.5; Jim Thompson and Tom Mc Grath, 124.5; Enga Wodziak and Jean Freytag, 120.0 East/West: Don and Sharon Berglund; 134.0, Dale Dickie and Bruce ... Posted: July 15, 2015, 1:55 pm Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok Offers Nostalgic Jim Thompson Package In commemoration of the 45th anniversary of the disappearance of the world famous “Thai Silk King,” Jim Thompson, Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok is launching a nostalgic Jim Thompson 45th Anniversary Package designed to reveal some of the secrets of the ... Posted: December 19, 2012, 1:04 pm Just calling to confirm...the state of accountability today Jim Thompson, formerly of Marshall, is a graduate of Hillsboro High School and the University of Cincinnati. He resides in Duluth, Ga., following decades of wandering the world, and is a columnist for The Highland County Press. Posted: July 20, 2015, 8:27 am Related Topics: How Much Is Jim Thompson Income, How Much Is Jim Thompson Net Worth, How Much Is Jim Thompson Salary, How Much Is Jim Thompson Worth, Jim Thompson, Jim Thompson Age, Jim Thompson Amazon, Jim Thompson Arborist, Jim Thompson Atlanta, Jim Thompson Attorney, Jim Thompson Attorney Kansas City, Jim Thompson Author, Jim Thompson Bags,Jim Thompson Bangkok,Jim Thompson Bibliography,Jim Thompson Bio,Jim Thompson Biography,Jim Thompson Books,Jim Thompson Clothing,Jim Thompson Crown,Jim Thompson D&d,Jim Thompson Dallas Oregon,Jim Thompson Date Of Birth,Jim Thompson Disappearance,Jim Thompson Ethnicity,Jim Thompson Fabrics,Jim Thompson Fabrics Nyc,Jim Thompson Governor,Jim Thompson Height,Jim Thompson House,Jim Thompson House Bangkok,Jim Thompson Illinois,Jim Thompson Images,Jim Thompson Income,Jim Thompson Insurance,Jim Thompson Job,Jim Thompson Marine Carpentry,Jim Thompson Mass General,Jim Thompson Mgh,Jim Thompson Net Worth,Jim Thompson Networth,Jim Thompson News,Jim Thompson Nyc,Jim Thompson O'briens On Wells,Jim Thompson Ogilvy,Jim Thompson Oregon,Jim Thompson Oregon House,Jim Thompson Oregon Legislature,Jim Thompson Oregon Politician,Jim Thompson Oregon Representative,Jim Thompson Orix,Jim Thompson Outlet,Jim Thompson Pca,Jim Thompson Positive Coaching Alliance,Jim Thompson Qualcomm,Jim Thompson Quotes,Jim Thompson Salary,Jim Thompson San Diego,Jim Thompson Scarf,Jim Thompson Showroom,Jim Thompson Showroom Atlanta,Jim Thompson Silk,Jim Thompson Silks,Jim Thompson Singapore,Jim Thompson Stanford,Jim Thompson Thai,Jim Thompson Thailand,Jim Thompson Ties,Jim Thompson Videos,Jim Thompson Wallpaper,Jim Thompson Weight,Jim Thompson Wiki,Jim Thompson Writer,Jim Thompson Youth Sports,Who Is Jim Thompson,
D2320157	http://www.topix.com/city/coahoma-tx	Coahoma News	Topix › Texas › Howard County › Coahoma › Coahoma News Coahoma News Local news for Coahoma, TX continually updated from thousands of sources on the web. Tell me when there are new stories Wegner wins first ever Great Shake Tuesday Mar 27 \| Big Spring Herald \| Comment? Driver of fatal Howard Co. crash identified Monday Mar 12 \| KXXV-TV Waco \| Comment? Local government offices, schools closed for Presidents Day Feb 15, 2018 \| Big Spring Herald \| Comment? Two running for county Republican chair Feb 15, 2018 \| Big Spring Herald \| Comment? Coahoma's 'The Academy' now taking applications Feb 15, 2018 \| Big Spring Herald \| Comment? Coahoma news is powered by News Rank ®Get our daily news updates
D2351818	http://www.wisegeek.com/should-i-see-a-dermatologist-for-hair-loss.htm	Should I See a Dermatologist for Hair Loss?	You should consider visiting a dermatologist for hair loss if you notice that you are losing more than 50 to 100 strands of hair in a day, if you observe your hairline receding, or begin to notice bald patches. The importance of seeing a dermatologist for hair loss cannot be overstated, as hair loss can sometimes be a symptom of a more serious health condition. In addition, by seeking medical help early, you may be able to significantly slow down or even reverse hair loss that might otherwise be permanent without appropriate medical intervention. Dermatologists are physicians who specialize in the treatment of the skin as well as nails and hair. Qualifications to become a dermatologist vary by jurisdiction, but dermatologists typically must complete a residency in dermatology after completing medical school. Many go on to further specializations through completing medical fellowships. As dermatologists are medical doctors, they are qualified to evaluate the the overall health of their patients. This can be very helpful in understanding the underlying reasons for hair loss. If your dermatologist suspects that your hair loss is caused by a significant hormonal problem, malnutrition, or stress, he may refer you to other specialists for further diagnosis and treatment. Ad When you contact a dermatologist for hair loss, be prepared for him to ask for a detailed medical history as well as information about your current lifestyle and symptoms. In some cases, hair loss may be caused by certain behaviors, such as the way you comb, style, or wear your hair. A dermatologist can ask you about your hair care and styling habits and point out ways in which your grooming may be affecting your hair. By learning how to protect your hair, you can stop doing what may be permanent damage to your hair follicles and stop the hair loss you are experiencing. In other cases, your hair loss may be the result of an underlying condition that can be treated with medications or even laser devices. If you have already suffered significant hair loss that the dermatologist believes to be permanent, he may be able to recommend treatments, such as hair transplants, that can improve your appearance. Once again, by seeing a dermatologist for hair loss early, you may be able to reduce the amount of surgical intervention necessary to restore the way you look. Many dermatologists perform hair restoration procedures, and your dermatologist can advise you as to which, if any, are appropriate for you. Ad
D1966115	https://www.emirates.com/english/destinations/flights-to-durban.aspx	null	Home Find flights to Emirates destinations Flights to Africa Flights to South Africa Flights to South Africa Flights to Durban (DUR)Flights to Durban have increased in popularity as it grows to rival Africa’s top destinations in the beauty and culture stakes. Search flights to Durban Log in to earn and spend Skywards Miles Advanced search Departure airport Arrival airport Departing Returning Passengers Class Show more Emirates destinations Flights to Durban Downtown Durban is a metropolis, but it's easy to escape the bustle when you want to; all it takes is a stroll down the Golden Mile that hugs the beach. Breathing in that fresh sea air while watching surfers and sunbathers is the perfect tonic. Sporty types and lovers of the outdoors board flights to Durban, or Durbs, as the locals refer to it, for its beaches and golf courses. You can also dive into the Indian Ocean with a scuba school and explore the deep. Durban has plenty of family-friendly activities too, from exploring the surrounding wildlife or visiting an attraction such as u Shaka Marine World, one of the world’s largest aquariums. Durban is also one of the best places to experience Zulu food and culture, with Zulus making up more than half the population of the city. It makes for an eclectic experience and it's great for unique gift shopping. Plus, thanks to its large Indian population, you can easily find great culinary treats such as the Durban specialty ‘bunny chow’ – a fast food dish consisting of a hollowed out loaf of bread filled with curry. The suburbs of Durban are worth exploring as they showcase the colonial whitewashed buildings with charming balconies in leafy surroundings. Here, you will find hidden gems such as community cafes and delis. For example, head to the gentrified area of Morningside for its restaurants, entertainment and Edwardian and Victorian period homes. With a vibrant music and arts scene, there are also plenty of places to catch a variety of live performances across Durban, although the majority of nightlife venues are located by the Golden Mile. Many Durban theatres stage local and national productions; in particular, check out the National Playhouse on Smith Street. What to do in Durban Watch sport at Moses Mabhida Stadium This impressive stadium was built for the 2010 FIFA World Cup and now hosts concerts, T20 cricket matches as well as football matches. You can take a tour or, if you’re in town when they are playing, watch Premier Soccer League team Ama Zulu, which uses the stadium as its base. 44 Isaiah Ntshangase Road 4001 +27 31 582 8242Explore the Indian quarter Durban boasts one of the largest Indian communities outside of the subcontinent. Notable for being the place where Gandhi spent part of his life, the Indian Quarter in Durban is full of great shops selling spices and clothes, especially the Victoria Street Market. The impressive Juma Masjid Mosque is also worth visiting while you're in the neighbourhood. Victoria Street Market 151/155 Victoria Street 4037 +27 31 306 4021Stroll or bike the Golden Mile The Golden Mile is always packed with walkers, runners and cyclists taking advantage of the wide walkway and the views, with beach lovers making the most of the Indian Ocean. Located on the edge of the city’s business district, there are places to grab a drink or snack. You can also take a tour with a bike rental company. Golden Mile St Helena Bay 7390Where to eat in Durban Glenwood Bakery (Bakery)Boasting some of the best bread and pastries in the city, Glenwood Bakery is the place to hang out on a Saturday morning with the locals. Their creative loaves sell out quickly though, so get there early to claim yours. Sit back with a coffee and enjoy their extra special cheese croissants. 398 Esther Roberts Road Glenwood 4001 +27 31 205 0217Earthmother Organic (Vegan)If you're vegan or vegetarian, you'll be delighted by this natural concept where the flavours do all the talking. Wraps, raw desserts and fresh juices fill a menu that fits nicely with the relaxed garden seating. 482 Lilian Ngoyi Road (Windermere) Morningside 4083 +27 31 202 1527Butcher Boys (Steakhouse)Locals flock here to sample the best steak in the city. The Butcher’s Combo section of the menu is ideal if you're feeling indecisive, while the toppings, sauces and sides are another reason to rejoice in this meat eater’s haven. 170 Florida Road Morningside 4001 +27 31 312 8248Places to stay in Durban Browns B&BIdeal for an extended stay, this four-star bed and breakfast has four beautifully appointed and spacious suites. It’s also useful for short business trips when you need a more personal touch. The owners arrange intimate boutique weddings at the property. 132 Gladys Mazibuko Road Berea 4001 +27 31 208 7630The Concierge Boutique Bungalows Tucked away in the suburbs, this property is full of surprises. Beneath the listed 1920s facade are 12 modern and well-designed rooms. Try the Freedom Cafe in the leafy courtyard, which serves lovely eggs benedict for breakfast. 36-42 St Mary's Avenue Morningside Greyville 4001 +27 31 309 4453African Pride Audacia Manor African Pride is a restored colonial mansion with views of the ocean and the Golden Mile. Hang out at the impressive pool or choose a room with a Jacuzzi to unwind. With its old-school charm and service, plus modern facilities like the Ascot Conference Room, this is South African hospitality at its best. 11 Sir Arthur Road Morningside 4001 +27 31 303 9520Find cars The minimum age for a driver is 21. Please check the terms and conditions of your car hire for extra charges for drivers under the age of 30. Pickup location Pickup Pickup time: Drop-off Drop-off time: Drop off at a different location. Our destinations in South Africa South Africa Flights to Cape Town From awe-inspiring beaches to five-star hotels, and gourmet cuisines to thrilling adventures, a visit to Cape Town won’t disappoint. South Africa Flights to Johannesburg Exceptional restaurants, world-class museums and buzzing nightlife venues await you in the up and coming city of Johannesburg. Most popular destinations from Durban (DUR)Emirates offers flights to Durban (DUR) and 141 other destinations. Below you’ll find a selection of our flight destinations to spark your interest. Get inspired and plan and book your next flight or holiday. With Emirates you’ll experience the most comfortable flight across our cabin classes. And we continually get the best reviews for onboard service. Whether you fly Economy Class, Business Class or First Class, fly with us for a great way to travel. Flights to Dubai Flights to London Flights to Mumbai Flights to Manchester Flights to Delhi Flights to Bangkok Flights to Birmingham Flights to Phuket Flights to New York Flights to Dublin See all destinations Most popular destinations from South Africa Get inspired and plan and book your next flight or holiday. Flights to Dubai Flights to London Flights to Mumbai Flights to Amsterdam Flights to New York Flights to Delhi Flights to Frankfurt Flights to Beijing Flights to Manchester Flights to Munich See all destinations Most popular routes to Durban (DUR)Get inspired and plan and book your next flight or holiday. Flights from Dubai to Durban Flights from London Heathrow to Durban Flights from London Gatwick to Durban Flights from Mumbai to Durban Flights from Manchester to Durban Flights from Medina (Madinah) to Durban Flights from Birmingham to Durban Flights from New York to Durban Flights from Bangkok to Durban Flights from Amsterdam to Durban See all routes
D2912292	http://www.theswedishtiger.com/10-scotts.html	.	MENU STAMP IDENTIFIER PURCHASE SCOTTS CATALOG QUICK NAVIGATE ABOUT1851 3¢ - #103¢ - Orange brown TYPE I, Deep Orange Brown 20,000,000 - Imperf - Scott #10 - 1851Prices are for four margin copies WITH gum Deduct 40% for pen cancels for three margins, deduct 40% of three margins, 60% for two margins and for no margins deduct 80%Value (with 4 margins around the design) Used: $15-$35 No postmark with gum (MH): $350-$700 Full perfect gum, no postmark, no trace of stamp hinge mark (MNH): $35,000-$50,000CAUTION! Items sold as #10 on ebay are rarely a true #10, they are more usually number 11. A certificate is a must, for this issue. This stamp can be easily confused with the less valuable experimental orange brown used for number 11. Notice the stamp above has a cleaned pen cancel, as can be seen by the faint brown line across the face. This stamp is advertised on ebay by Anthonysstamps as MH..3¢ - Copper brown, Orange Brown, TYPE II 20,000,000 - Imperf - Scott #10A - 1851 Prices are for four margin examples Statistics Issued: July 1st, 1851Earliest Date of Use: Plate 1E, July 1st, 1851, Plate 1i July 12th 1851, Plate 2E July 23rd 1851, Plate 5E July 19th 1851, Plate 0 September 1851A first day covery of #10Plate Size: Sheets of 200 subjects (2 panes of 100). A pane of 100 of the 3¢ Imperf (Plate 3)A reconstruction of plate 2 early, right pane Printer: Toppan, Carpenter, Casilier & Co. using the die-to-relief-to-plate transfer process. Watermark: None Quantity Issued: 20 Million (Seventeen times more scarce than #11). Use: Not until April 1st 1855 did it become compulsory to pre-pay (via a stamp or stamped envelope) to have your letter mailed. The three cent stamp paid the ordinary letter rate, and two or more would be required on double, triple, etc., letters. The single postage to California was six cents which was the double letter rate. There was also the double rate to California supplied by four three cent stamps, etc. Double rate was defined as a distance exceeding 3,000 miles. A letter weighing less than ½ an ounce was single rate. Each additional ½ ounce was charged an additional single stamp (with the exception of CA, where it would an additional two stamps). The foriegn rate was supplied by the 10 and 20¢ rate, so strips or singles of the 3¢ can be found on these as well. At this time pre payment of envelopes was optional. Many chose to have the letter paid for by recipient at the foreign destination. What you should look for Identifying #10Rather than recreate an excellent web page that explains the difference between Scotts #10 and #11 I shall refer you the actual web page. I recommend it highly.#10 originates from Plates 1e, 1i, 2e, 5e, and 0. Plate Identification USING INNER LINES TO ID PLATESPlate 1 Inner Lines always recut Plate 2 (E) Both outer and inner lines heavily recut Plate 2 (L) Both outer and inner lines heavily recut (sometimes fainter)Plate 3 Clearly cut Plate 4 Rarely recut Plate 5 Faintly recut except 8 positions show inner line lightly recut Plate 6 No recut except 1 position Plate 7 No recut except 1 position Plate 8 No inner lines USING COLOR TO ID PLATESPlate 1 Experimental orange brown, brown, brownish carmine, clarets, dull red, rose red, orange red Plate 2 (E) Orange brown only Plate 2 (L) All colors except orange brown and yellowish rose red Plate 3 All colors except orange brown and yellowish rose red Plate 4 All colors Plate 5 All colors Plate 6 All colors Plate 7 All colors Plate 8 All colors NOTES ON PLATESPlate 1 Recut gouged out at top except two stamps not recut Plate 2 (E) Recut by one straight line at top except one stamp gouged out Plate 2 (L) As 2 (E) Plates 2 and 3 can only be told apart by plating Plate 3 As 2 (E) Plates 2 and 3 can only be told apart by plating. Lines are sometimes fainter than 2 (L)Plate 4 Left line usually recut or split and close to design Plate 5 More lightly recut than 2LPlate 6 Bottom frame lightly recut except bottom row positions. Plate 7 As plate 6, cannot be told apart from plate 6 except by plating. Plate 8 Never recut Spacing The distance between the stamps varies considerably in different plates. In some, they are only 7/10 mm. apart between the tops and bottoms, in others a little over 1mm. In some they are only 9/10 mm. apart between the side lines, in other fully 1 2/10 mm. apart. Specimens with broad, white margins show the the paper to have extended, sometimes 15mm. beyond the stamps. The vertical lines are then 6mm. or 2 ½, 3 and 3 ½ mm. from the center rows. The makers imprint is about 1 ½mm. from the outer rows, but varies slightly in different sheets. What exactly does position 6RIE, 8RIE etc mean excactly? The first indicator is a number indicates its position on the plate, so 3RIE would have come from the third stamp on the plate. The number can range from 1 to 100, there being 100 stamps on each plate. The second indicator is either the letter R or L, R indicates the stamp came from the right pane, L for the left pane. The stamp was printed in sheets of 200, each sheet was further divided into two panes of 100. Hence 3RIE would have come from the right pane as the second indicator in 3R1E is the letter R. The third indicator can be from numbers I (1) to XII (12). This indicator is always shown in roman numerals. There were twelve plates, there are no stamps from plate VI (6) as it was destroyed before printing began (no doubt it was flawed). For example stamp 4RIL would have come from plate one (1). The last or fourth indicator is either the letter E or L. The letter ' E ' indicate an early state of the plate, the letter ' L ' indicates the late state of the plate. How many plates were there? There were nine plates of the 3¢ imperforate Washington made. Plates 0 and 1 through 8. Plate 0 was so called because the plate was not marked with a plate number. Plate 1 had three states, early, intermediate and late. Plates 2 and 5 had two states, early and late. Color Varieties The value of the stamp varies according to its color, Plum being the rarest color. For a guide see below. Rescources available Dr Carroll Chase, The 3¢ Stamp of the United States 1851-1857. The U. S. 1851-1857 3 Cent Imperforate Stamp The Inspiration for the Design George Washington Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828) Marble, 25" high Mount Vernon, Virginia The design was based off Jean-Antoine Houdon's bust, for more detail on the bust click here. The painting shows the studio of French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon with Houdon working on a bust. Varieties to look for RECUTSIdentification of these stamps is aided by the fact that this issue was recut extensively, with all of the possible 1800 position being recut at least twice. There are some recutting errors to look for 1) A frame line extending beyond the corner or not reaching the corner 2) A crooked frame line 3) A split frame line 4) The label block and either one of the adjacent decorative diamond blocks joined 5) Inner line running up and down too far Spotting these is fairly easy and it makes collecting a mundane stamp much more interesting. The stamp was very rarely bisected, only about a dozen examples exist. The bisects range from the stamp being cut by a third (to represent 1¢) to a being cut in half (in those days there was a half cent coin to pay for this!). The Essay's and Proofs The process of making these plates is said to have been ;first to mark out on a soft plate of steel the points at which the right vertical line of each vertical row of stamps was to come, by a dot at the top and bottom of the plate. These dots were sometimes too large and too heavily put in, and may be found in some specimens at or near, the upper or lower right hand corner of the stamp. The lines however were not always accurately drawn so that the dot appears (on the top or bottom line, at a distance to the left of the corner, or, above the line, or below the line, or entirely outside of the stamp to the right. These lines having been drawn, the next step in the process was to put in the body of the design, which had been engraved on a soft steel punch or die, and then hardened, by placing the die successively in the position to be occupied by each stamp on the plate, and " rocking" it back and forth under pressure. As this process was not as perfect as that now employed, the die was not always placed in exactly the proper position, not infrequently being too near or too far from the vertical side lines, or the die was not rocked far enough, and the edges were left imperfect. In the design, it was evidently intended that the outside lines should be equally distant from the top and bottom labels, and the side edges of the block, and that the corners should be exactly mitered. The top and bottom lines are practically always at the same distance from the labels, and one engraver maintains that they were engraved on the die. But specimens are plentiful in which the top and bottom line projects beyond the side line, or does not touch it, or rarely is double or split, or again the side line projects beyond the top or bottom line, or does not touch it. Again, instead of the side line being at the proper distance from the corner blocks, it is not infrequently too far from one or more of them, or too near one or more of them, or touches one or more of them. Again, the side line is found connecting with the next stamp above or below, and occasianally there is a second line near this between two stamps. In the die itself it will be noticed that the lower left block is almost always a little further to the left than the top one, in fact, that the distance from the right of the right block to the left of the left block is about 1/4 of a mm. greater at the bottom than at the top of the stamp. The lower right rosette is a little too far also to the right, ordinarily at least. The blocks vary in size in the same and different stamps, as well as the diamonds in them, which are not of uniform shape or size. The labels above and below are crowded upon the rosettes. The sides of the groundwork should terminate in a straight line, formed by the bases of the little colored triangles, which touch each other. But this line is often broken in appearance as parts of it are too finely cut, or the die was not rocked far enough. In some cases this seems to have been remedied by re-engraving this line. The essays for this stamp are indeed numerous. To view the essays click here Vignette of George Washington Imperf essay on laid india paper Color Identification Reds Bright Rose Red Printed from Plates: 1L, 2L, and 3 Mar 1853 - Jan 1855 Rose Red Printed from Plates: 1L, 2L, and 3 Mar 1853 - Jan 1855Dull Red (#11) Printed from Plates: 1L, 2L, and 3 Oct 1852 - Dec 1853 Yellow Rose-Red Printed from Plates: 4, 5L, 6, 7, and 8 Nov 1855 - Jan 1856Browns Brownish Carmine Printed from Plates: 1L, 2L, and 3 (1851 - 1852), 2L, 3, 4, 5L, 6, 7, 8 (1856 - 1857) Nov 1851 - Nov 1852, Jul 1856 - Dec 1856, and Jul 1857 - Dec 1857 Brownish Claret Brown Brownish Orange Brown Copper Brown Yellow Brown Printed from Plates: 1L, 2L, and 3 ( 1852), 2L, 3, 4, 5L, 6, 7, 8 (1856 - 1857)Clarets Claret Printed from Plates: 1L, 2L, and 3 (1851 - 1852), 2L, 3, 4, 5L, 6, 7, 8 (1856 - 1857) Nov 1851 - Dec 1852 and Oct 1856 - Jun 1857 Deep Claret Printed from Plates: 2L, 3, 4, 5L, 6, 7, and 8 1857Purplish Claret Claret Printed from Plates: 2L, 3, 4, 5L, 6, 7, and 8 1857Pinks Pinkish Deep Pink Plum Plum (scarce) Printed from Plates: 2L, 3, and 4 1857Orange Browns Orange Brown Printed from Plates: 0, 1e, 1i, 2e, and 5e Jul - Dec 1851 Experimental Orange Brown Printed from Plate: 1L Oct - Nov 1851
D3301048	https://www.ispot.tv/ad/AkD9/quaker-oats-off-you-go-song-by-dylan-charbeneau	About Quaker Oats TV Commercial, 'Off You Go' Song by Dylan Charbeneau	About Quaker Oats TV Commercial, 'Off You Go' Song by Dylan Charbeneau A little girl is eating a bowl of Quaker Oats and her mom brings her a pink plaid backpack with a butterfly patch. As the commercial zooms in on the butterfly patch, she hops on the bus for school. The shot zooms out and the young girl is suddenly in her first day of college. She says goodbye to her mom and shuts the door to her dorm room and the next time it opens, she's graduating college in a blue and gold gown. As she begins her career, she still starts with a bowl of oatmeal at her desk. And when she has a little girl of her own? She feeds her Quaker Oats. Advertiser Quaker Advertiser Profiles Facebook, Twitter, You Tube Products Quaker Old Fashioned Oats Tagline “Off You Go”Songs - Add Off We Go - Dylan Charbeneau ( i Tunes) Mood Active Actors - Add Sarah Carson ... Woman feeding her daughter, Stephanie Halber ... College graduate Characters College Student, Kids Screenshots Previous Next More Quaker Commercials Quaker Oats TV Spot, 'How Do You Overnight Oats?' Quaker Oats TV Spot, 'Helper of Hearts'Quaker Chewy Granola Bars TV Spot, 'Welcome Wagon' Song by Andy Grammer Quaker Oats TV Spot, 'Energy Is Everything'Related Commercials Quaker Oats TV Spot, 'Off You Go' Song by Dylan Charbeneau Hershey's Spreads TV Spot Haribo Gold Bears TV Spot, 'Factory' Vicks Zzz Quil TV Spot, 'Sleep Like the Kids are Away'Related Advertisers Cheerios Special KCinnamon Toast Crunch Pebbles Cereal Pop-Tarts Related Products Quaker Oats Quaker Real Medleys Apple Walnut Oatmeal Quaker Original Instant Oatmeal Quaker Instant Oatmeal Regular Quaker Apples and Cinnamon Comments
D1773019	https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Thames	Thames	Thames Also found in: Thesaurus, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to Thames: themes Thames (tĕmz)1. A river of southern England flowing about 340 km (210 mi) eastward to a wide estuary on the North Sea. Navigable for large ships as far as London, it is the principal commercialwaterway of the country. In its upper course above Oxford it is often called Isis.2. A river, about 260 km (160 mi) long, of southeast Ontario, Canada, flowing southwest to Lake St. Clair. In the War of 1812 Gen. William Henry Harrison defeated British and Native American forces in the Battle of the Thames (October 5, 1813). Word History: The Roman name for the River Thames was Tamēsa or Tamēsis, and thisname doubtless has its origins in the Celtic languages originally spoken in Great Britain,languages that were later widely replaced by Old English after the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The first mention of the Thames in the surviving literature of Old English occurs in a work fromaround 893, an abridged translation of the work of the late Roman historian Paulus Orosius. This translation is traditionally attributed to Alfred the Great, who translated many classicsfrom Latin himself, but it was probably made by others as part of the ambitious program of translations that the king organized in order to further the spread of knowledge in his realm. In Alfred's time, the Old English name of the river was spelled Temese or Temes. The spellings of the name of the river with an h, such as Thamyse and Thames, are much later and firstbegin to appear in the early 1500s. Such spellings are examples of the kind of "learned"respelling that went on in English from the late Renaissance through the Enlightenment, whenthe prestige of Latin and Greek prompted scholars to "correct" the form of many Englishwords. The a in Thames is etymologically correct, since the Latin forms had that vowel, butthe h is a "learned" error, added in the mistaken belief that Thames derived from a Greekword, such as the name of a Greek river called the Thyamis. Such errors were common, andmany words that had nothing to do with Greek were respelled to make them look Greek. In many cases, the pronunciations of these words changed accordingly, yielding what linguistscall a spelling pronunciation; for example, author, from Latin auctor and not from a Greekword, is now pronounced with a (th), even though we would strictly expect it to be pronouncedwith a (t) instead. The pronunciation of Thames remained unchanged, however, providing an etymologically explicable example of the notorious discrepancy between English spelling andpronunciation. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Thamesn1. (Placename) a river in S England, rising in the Cotswolds in several headstreams andflowing generally east through London to the North Sea by a large estuary. Length: 346 km (215 miles). Ancient name: Tamesis2. (Placename) a river in SE Canada, in Ontario, flowing south to London, then southwest to Lake St Clair. Length: 217 km (135 miles)Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014Thames (tɛmz; for 3 also θeɪmz, teɪmz)n.1. a river in S England, flowing E through London to the North Sea. 209 mi. (336 km) long.2. a river in SE Canada, in Ontario province, flowing SW to Lake St. Clair. 160 mi. (260 km)long.3. an estuary in SE Connecticut, flowing S past New London to Long Island Sound. 15 mi. (24 km) long. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. Thames - the longest river in England; flows eastward through London to the North Sea River Thames, Thames River England - a division of the United Kingdom Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Translations Select a language: Thames [temz] N the Thames → el Támesis Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © Harper Collins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter
D714284	http://www.answers.com/Q/How_do_Mexicans_celebrate_the_Day_of_the_Dead	How do Mexicans celebrate the Day of the Dead?	Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories History, Politics & Society Society and Civilization Holidays and Traditions Day of the Dead How do Mexicans celebrate the Day of the Dead? Flag How do Mexicans celebrate the Day of the Dead? Answer by Kara XXX Confidence votes 76Most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas, or offerings, which often include yellow or orange marigold flowers thought to attract souls of the dead. Toys are brought for dead children (los angelitos, or little angels), and bottles of tequila, mezcal, pulque or atole for adults. Families will also offer trinkets and the deceased's favorite candies (dulces) on the grave. Ofrendas (offerings) are also put in homes, usually with foods such as candied pumpkin, pan de muerto ("bread of the dead") or sugar skulls and beverages such as atole. The ofrendas are provided in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased. Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the "spiritual essence" of the ofrenda food. Additionally, pillows and blankets are left out so that the deceased can rest after their long journey. In some parts of Mexico, such as the towns of Mixquic, Pátzcuaro and Janitzio, people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives. Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes. These altars usually have the Christian cross, statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary, pictures of deceased relatives and other persons, and scores of candles. Traditionally, families spend time around the altar praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased. In some locations, celebrants wear shells on their clothing so when they dance the dead will wake up because of the noise. Some will dress up as the deceased.9 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No How do Mexicans celebrate Day of the Dead?louie is dead On what date is the Mexican holiday the day of the dead celebrated? November 1Why do Mexicans celebrate Day of the Dead? Mexicans celebrate day of the daed or El Dia de los Muertos so they can celebrate the day their family members died Why do Mexicans celebrate the day of the dead?they celebrate the day of the dead in honor of those who have past. it takes one day to prepare and on oct. 30th they celebrate the pasted children. on oct. 31st they celebrat …Willardjor95 5 Contributions Why do Mexican people celebrate day of the dead? To honor their dead relatives and show people that death is not the end. Why do mexican people celebrate the day of the dead?because they have celebrated the death of their loved ones who have died Actually, they commemorate their loved ones or celebrate their lives. Everac99 75,402 Contributions What do Mexicans honor when they celebrate day of the dead? Relatives and friends who have passed away. When do mexicans celebrate day of the dead? Wikipedia says "The celebration takes place on November 1-2, in connection with the Catholic holidays of All Saints' Day (November 1) and All Souls' Day (November 2)." Say t …On which day of the year do Mexicans celebrate the Day of the Dead? October 31 through November 3. Derrick Armenta 1 Contribution Why does Mexicans celebrate the day of the dead?they celebrate the day of the dead because they want to thank and tell their loved ones they miss them and love them and will join them soon. mexican people celebrates the day …When is the Mexican day of the dead celebrated? November 1st and 2nd Everac99 75,402 Contributions Are Mexicans the only culture to celebrate day of the dead? No. Besides Mexico, there are also many other places where the All Saints Day (November 1) is celebrated: In Portugal and Spain, ofrendas (offerings) are made on this day. In …Answered In Day of the Dead When do the Mexicans celebrate the day of the dead?they celebrate November 2Everac99 75,402 Contributions Answered In Day of the Dead Would it be insulting to Mexicans if Americans celebrated the day of the dead? Of course not; it is a matter of personal choice. Besides, many other cultures celebrate Day of the Dead, such as Spain, the Philippines and Portugal. Answered In Day of the Dead How do Mexican people celebrate the day of the dead? The mexican's celebrate the day of the dead, because it makes them feel closer to there loved one's that have died. Everac99 75,402 Contributions Answered In Day of the Dead Is the day of the Dead strictly a Mexican celebration? No. Most catholic countries (Spain, France, Portugal and all of Latin America) have celebrations related to the Day of the Dead. Answered In Day of the Dead On Which day do Mexicans celebrate the day of the dead?2 de noviembre pendejo
D2550421	http://www.inthe70s.com/generated/lyricsmeaning.shtml	.	Meaning of Lyrics From Songs of the Seventies These are the meanings behind the song lyrics from various songs of the 70s. In particular, we're looking for songs that aren't immediately obvious. We also have pages on this topic devoted to the 80s and 90s0.shtml's ""Fleetwood Mac's "Rhiannon"This is a song anbout the Welsh witch-goddess and seducer Rhiannon James Taylor's "I Seen Fire And I Seen Rain"What i interpet the song is when he sings susanna the plans they put an end to you. Sweet dreams and flying machines in peices on the ground represent when his girlfriends plane crashed. Susanna was in sweet dreams and she was in a plane and it sadly crashed. Steely Dan's "Everyone' Gone to the Movies"A song about a guy who shows dirty movies in his den on his own old movie projector to kids. Key Lines "Soon it will be to late..bobbing for apples can wait. I know you're used to 16 or more, sorry we only have 8" That last line is a reference to the size of the film, 16mm or larger would be a pro film...8mm is amateur. The song sounds happy and upbeat, but this hides the character's seedy hobby. Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl"It is a song about his love for heroin. To prove this to you I will mention a couple of facts. The word "girl" in drug culture is used for drugs that work on the brains hypothalamus region; this is the same area one feels pleasure during sexual activity. The drugs that pleasure this area are cocaine, heroin, and ecstasy. In the song he says, "slipping and a sliding" which is a description of using a needle for injection. He uses brown because heroin is normally found as a brown powder (china brown). So, before you start to make a reference to a song please research it before you put description into an artists work. -Professor Stylee Steely Dan's "Kid Charlemagne"This is a tough song to decipher..as are many Steely Dan Songs. Its about Stanley Owsley III, a chemist who was well-known in the San Francisco drug culture. He made millions of tablets of strong LSD in his day, and then dissapeared. Key points: "Just by chance you crossed the diamond with the Pearl..you turned it on the world..thats when you turned the world around" And..."All your low-rent friends are dead..life can be very strange...those test-tubes and the scales, just get em all out of here.....is their gas in the car? Yes, there is gas in the car. I think the people down the hall, know who you are.." Its a great lyric, although hidden..like most-all of their lyrics. Phil Collins's "In The Air Tonight"Real Meaning, Phil and his best friend were swimming at the beach and his mate began to drown so Phil asked a man to help and he said no "Thinking it was a joke" so phil watched his best friend as a kid drown and die. So later on Phil whilst on tour tracked this guy down and sent him front row seat tickets and first class air fair ticket to his tour and limosoine and everything, then when he started singing this song he put the spot light on the guy, and started singing, a few weeks later due to all the humiliation and publicity the guy commited suicide. James Taylor's "Fire and Rain"... After a little research, I find it was suicide, not cancer that killed Susan. All the more reason not to tell someone in detox or rehab. America's "A Horse With No Name""A Horse With No Name" was a song meant to compare the similarities and the beauty of the ocean to the desert. It gives a sense of a peaceful state of mind and was written to describe the artist's passion for xenophobic landscapes (as one of the members liked to visit the area around Vandenburg Air Force Base, California). America Sang, "The ocean is a desert with its life underground and a perfect disguise above", to explain that the ocean was much like a desert in the sense that both are barren, exposed to the sun, and uninhibited by (drinkable) water. The artist explicitly describes what he had seen on his �journey�, to convey the idea of wide open peacefulness, �A sky with no clouds.�the Doors's "People Are Strange"About a bad LSD trip. "Faces look ugly when you're alone Women seem wicked when you're unwanted Streets are uneven when you're down When you're strange Faces come out of the rain When you're strange No one remembers your name" no doubt about that Harry Chapin's "Cat's In The Craddle"According to Harry himself, his wife Sandy Chapin wrote the lyrics for Cat?s In The Cradle, while she was pregnant with their first child as a warning to Harry not to miss his child growing up. Bad Company's "Shooting Star"According to the lead singer, Paul Rodgers, the song is a story, and it's almost a warning. He wrote the song about the casulaties of making it in the music business and then dying of a drug overdose. At time he wrote it, he had Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin in mind along with other "superstars" that didn't make it. America's "Horse With No Name"Actually this song is about using heroin. In the 70's this song was banned from many radio stations because "horse" is a street name for heroin. If you listen to the lyrics in the chorus they say "In the desert you can remember your name. 'Cause there ain't no one for to give you no pain." Not only does heroin cause severe memory loss but it is also used as a pain killer. I think this is proof enough of what this song really means. The Eagles's "Hotel California"Actually, the most accepted theory is that Hotel California talks about "high life" in So. California during the time the song was written. It talks about a being trapped in the high life, and having to deal with many obsessions - especially drugs. Many of the lines mentioned in the other review of this song present on this site are a direct reference to drugs: "We are all prisoners here of our own device" - you choose to live the high life, and then are stuck to them; "You can check out any time you like, but you can never leave" - as an artist, you can always step away from the spotlight, but you'll always be stuck to it somehow; "this could be heaven or this could be hell" - once more, a reference to the high life, and also to the high during a drug run, and the low afterwards; "And in the master's chambers, They gathered for the feast The stab it with their steely knives, But they just can't kill the beast" - a reference to buying drugs for someone, doing the drugs, and still wanting more. "The Eagles's "Hotel California"Actually...after talking to members of the band...the song is about a gang in california...the line "you can check out anytime you like, but you can never leave" symbolises the fact that once your in...your in for life.. the girl mentioned in the story is like a metaphor for the gang itself... anyway... thats all The Eagles's "Hotel California"After listening to the song, the first time around, I thought it was about the heavy drug use in the 70's. But after READING the lyrics myself, I gathered it was about the Satanic Church. PLEASE, correct me if I am wrong, somebody out there. Creeped me out!Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"After see faust (a theatrical play), I now believe that Bohiemian Rhapsody is about the lives of faust,the band's lead singer. The play faust is about a man who sold his soul to the devil in return for fame. after some time the devil comes to take faust's soul (which is why at the end of bohemian rhapsody you hear him saying "will you let me go". also, i've heard that the lead singer was diagnosed with HIV. This is pure speculation, but maybe he had a sexual relationship with someone and transmtited the diease. That would explain why he say's " momma I just killed a man". which doesn't imply he's a homosexual (artistic license) but who knows? maybe... Rush's "The Trees"Agree with most previous posts but being a big Rush fan in england in 1977 remember geddy lee (lead singer) getting grief off Radio Tees DJ Alistair Pirrie about it all being about British Colonialism as in oaks traditional english tree and maples guess. Geddy had clearly got a lot of grief over this from lots of other sources and said okay it was but since they were touring it wasn't a good time to get into the discussion Eagles's "Hotel California"All that is said is very interesting about the satanists and drugs but, I read where the Eagle's themselves said that the song lyrics are a tribute to their good friend Jackson Browns wife Phyllis who committed suicide as they were composing the songs for the album. That lends so much to the line "you can checkout anytime you like, but you can never leave. "Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"Alright..enough with about how this song is just about syd barret...only half of the song probley not even half is about syd...i believe that this song is talking about roger waters X-wife...hence the line..."were just two lost souls swimming in a fish bowl year after year..running over the same old ground, but have we found the same old fears? wish you were here!" that is talking about his X-wife and how he wisshed things would have gone better and every year thungs are the same and same..and same old fears are fears of loosing one another...this is not about syd barret...its about roger waters X-Wife...but then again..some parts do talk about syd..but not in the lyrics such as when the song starts on the am radio and some1 plays along that represents the distance he has with other ppl...such as his x-wife and syd...its all simple just think Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"Also a tribute to Syd Barrett. It was a message to their former bandmate that they wished he was still a member of the band. Boom Town Rats's "I Don't Like Mondays"Also the girl who shot the people was asked in court why she did it and she replied "I don't like Mondays" or something along that lines! !The Eagles's "Hotel California"Althoguh many would argue that this is about the bands addictions, jail time, etc etc. i think that this song is a lot of what it means to you. In a way i like to think that Hotel California is simply a tribute to the bands love for California, all the members moved from somwhere else to go to California; so perhaps its just a song about home; the line "you can check out any time you'd like...but you can never leave" doesnt have to mean an addiction, what if its just that once the love of a place, or person is in you, you can break up, or leave the place, but it will never really leave you; interpret this as you will... songs werent meant for 1 person only The Eagles's "Hotel California"Although I think many of you have hit upon some very interesting ideas about the lyrics here (and justifiable ones at that -- especially the "in limbo" entries, as that is my 2nd choice regarding the meaning), nobody as yet has suggested that the song is about an alien abduction (yes, I believe in UFOs). [* Note well - the aliens' UFO/planet/people have apparently recreated the look of earth and earthlings to gain confidence and complicity by the abductees.] Here are arguments regarding my theory. 1) First off, the very opening lines certainly point to an abduction -- "On a dark desert highway, cool wind in my hair; Warm smell of colitas rising up through the air. Up ahead in the distance I saw a shimmering light -- My head grew heavy, and my sight grew dim; I had to stop for the night." Dissecting these lines, we find the following: 2) 'On a dark desert highway' = aliens nearly always take and perform their experiments at night, and pick remote areas to do so. 3) 'UP' (ahead...) suggests he saw something 'ABOVE' another thing (his car)-- i.e., in this case, the "something" being the spacecraft. 4) smell of colitas = some abductees report a strange odor emanating from the aliens or in the craft itself (possibly a formaldehyde-like substance??). 5) 'I saw a shimmering light' = well, we all know by now that them thar extraterrestrials like to flash their lights when flying/landing. 6) '...head grew heavy...sight grew dim...' = a hypnotic trance that aliens subject humans to, so that they do not resist abduction. Now on to the rest of the song - the alien mentions are more implicit than explicit, yet there are still clues: 7) 'There she stood in the doorway...this could be Heaven or this could be Hell... And she showed me the way; There were voices down the corridor - I thought I heard them say Welcome ...such a lovely place.' = The 'she' in the lines above can be looked upon as the (remember, in human guise) leader of the abductees in their doomed exile, like the farmer leading lambs to the slaughter (illustrated in the fact that "you can never leave"). 8) The extraterrestrial's realm will soon take control now, as the humans are brainwashed, repeating, like a mantra: Such a lovely place, Such a lovely face. 9) 'And still those voices are calling from far away; Wake you up in the middle of the night' = as in a dream /abductions occur at night and many victims say they thought it was only a nightmare. 10) This next segment, '...her mind is... (through)... Some dance to forget’ = is the narrator being lead on/enticed by the woman at the doorway, to comfort him before any predictably sinister goings on befall him. 11) 'bring your alibis' = hard to come by any witnesses to abductions – since there were nine for the narrator, despair may be setting in. 12)'Welcome to the Hotel California... Were all just prisoners here' = welcome to a prison-like existence where there is no leaving. 13) 'They gathered for the feast; they stab it with their steely knives, but they just can't kill the beast. Last thing I remember I was running for the door' = These lines are highly indicative of alien experiments, and this newcomer (not yet brainwashed) is still desperate to survive --> the beast /and/ to leave --> running for the door. 14) 'We are programmed to receive' = 'programmed' suggests something non-human. Hence, an alien. "You can check out any time you like But you can never leave." = 'Check out' represents a mental suppression of the abduction, yet the abductee's memory will 'never leave.' ~~~ Well folks, that's my interpretation (with limbo as close runner-up.) ~~ AJH, Aug. 2006Rush's "The Trees"Although i do agree with the other posts in the means that this song deals with oppression, i disagree with the other posters implied meanings of this song. First, a reasonable conclusion can be that it is obvious this song deals with oppresion "as the maple's scream Oppresion" (regarding the oak's natural stature.) But before immediatly jumping to the idea that all oppresion is bad you need to consider the fact that the forest represents nature, therefore the "oppresion" is a natural oppresion. Listening to other rush songs one can cleary identify that Peart is heavily influenced by the transcendental romantic era of literature. One of the main belifs of this era was the sence that nature was an "all pervading goodness", and society was corrupt. therefore because this oppresion is a natural oppresion, it must be good. Enter the hatchets, axes, and saws. Givin the fact that Niel has brought the "human Society element" to the inanimate forrest suggests that the forrest has been pervaded, making this whole song a pervasion, aka sarcastic. when the Maples formed a union and enforced it's "rules" upon the oaks it does so in a harmful way, attacking the oaks Natural presence. this i belive to be an attack on the Canadian Socialist movement (symbolized be the maple tree [canadian national symbol] which although it has a noble intent=equality, the means it uses to get there are corrupt=destroying others natural rights). In the end the lyrics alone are only half the song, one must truly listen to the tone in which it is presented to pick up the intent of the song. Beatles's "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds"Although it is obvious that this song (along with a majority of Beatles songs)is about a hallucinagenic, it was not LSD, but rather Angel Dust. Dust being the Diamonds (as stars look scattered across the sky). In the 70's when you took this drug, you believed you could fly. Several deaths were caused by trying. Yes's "South Side Of The Sky"Although it's rather ambiguous, it appears as though this song is about the Chapter from Fellowship of the Ring called The Ring Goes South from The Lord of the Rings. The fellowship is faced with a huge storm in the mountains and proctiaclly freeze to death. "Move forward, was my friends only cry, in deeper, to somewhere we could lie..." You really have to read the chapter and listen to the song. VERY close fit. Elton John's "Daniel"Although the lyrics suggest the song is about the singer's younger brother flying off to Spain (Europe), they are actually about a real life U. S. marine called Daniel, who was injjured by a landmine in Vietnam. He was left wheelchair bound and blind. The military of the day used him for PR perposes, "A BRAVE AMERICAN, WHO GAVE FOR HIS COUNTRY", sort of thing. Television pictures showed Daniel receiving a medal in Washington, waving goodbye before boarding an aeroplane bouned for Spain (Texas). (Note: to the site creater, I was trying to find out Daniel's full name when I happened upon your web page. Should you ever find out who he is I'd appreciate if you'd let me know. )Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"American Pie By Don Mc Lean (BTW - the person who said t was about the JFK assassination... the ONLY part of the song that Mc Lean will decipher is that theopening is about Buddy Holly and the plane crash.) A long, long time ago I can still remember how that music used to make me smile And I knew if I had my chance That I could make those people dance And maybe they'd be happy for a while. 1 But February made me shiver With every paper I delivered, Bad news on the door step, I couldn't take one more step, 2 I can't remember if I cried When I read about his widowed bride 3 But something touched me deep inside, The day, the music, died. 4 So... Refrain: Bye, bye Miss American Pie 5 Drove my Chevy to the levee but the levee was dry 6 Them good ol' boys were drinkin' whiskey 'n' rye 7 Singin this will be the day that I die. This will be the day that I die. 8 Did you write the book of love 9 And do you have faith in God above, If the bible tells you so. 10 And do you believe in rock 'n' roll? Can music save your mortal soul? 11 And can you teach me how to dance real slow? Well I know that you're in love with him Cuz I saw you dancin' in the gym. 12 You both kicked off your shoes 13 And I dig those rhythm and blues. 14 I was a lonely teenage bronkin' buck With a pink carnation and a pick up truck 15 But I knew I was out of luck, The day, the music, died. I started singin... Refrain Now for ten years we've been on our own 16 And moss grows fat on a rollin stone 17 But that's not how it used to be, When the jester sang for the king and queen In a coat he borrowed from James Dean 18 And a voice that came from you and me. 19 Oh and while the king was looking down, The jester stole his thorny crown 20 The courtroom was adjourned; No verdict was returned. 21 And while Lennon read a book on Marx, 22 The quartet practiced in the park 23 And we sang dirges in the dark, 24 The day, the music, died. We were singin'... Refrain Helter Skelter in a summer swelter 25 The birds flew off with a fallout shelter, Eight miles high and fallin' fast. 26 It landed foul on the grass. 27 The players tried for a forward pass 28 With the jester on the sidelines in a cast. 29 Now the half-time air was sweet perfume 30 While the sergeants played a marching tune. 31 We all got up to dance Oh but we never got the chance. 32 As the players tried to take the field The marching band refused to yield. Do you recall what was revealed, 33 the day, the music, died? We started singin'... Refrain Oh and there we were all in one place, 34 A generation lost in space With no time left to start again. 35 So come on, Jack be nimble, Jack be quick. 36 Jack Flash sat on a candle stick 37 Because fire is the devils only friend.38 Oh and as I watched him on the stage, My hands were clinched in fists of rage, No angel born in hell Could break that Satan's spell. 39 And as the flames climbed high into the night To light the sacrificial rite I saw Satan laughing with delight,40 The day, the music, died. He was singin'... Refrain I met a girl who sang the blues 41 And I asked her for some happy news But she just smiled and turned away. 42 I went down to the sacred store Where I'd heard the music years before But the man there said the music wouldn't play. 43 And in the streets the children screamed, 44 The lovers cried, and the poets dreamed. 45 But not a word was spoken, The church bells all were broken. 46 And the three men I admire most, The Father, Son, and the Holy Ghost, 47 They caught the last train for the coast, 48 The day, the music, died. And they were singin'... Refrain They were singin'... Bye, bye Miss American Pie Drove my Chevy to the levee but the levee was dry Them good ol' boys were drinkin' whiskey 'n' rye Singin' this will be the day that I die. Go to Jerry's Jukebox ________________________________________ Possible Interpretation of Lyrics The following represents a combination of some of the more popular interpretations of the meaning of the "American Pie" lyrics. Mc Clean has remained silent on the meaning, except to say that the song was dedicated to Buddy Holly and that his death is referenced in the first verse. He has left it up to others to figure out what he really meant. 1. The song is about the history of rock and roll music and how it changed after Buddy Holly's death. It is also, however, about Mc Lean's growing up, and his love of the pure rock and roll of the '50s. Mc Lean was a musician. He wanted to make people dance. Most 50's music was meant for dancing and in general upbeat and happy, in contrast to 60's music. Back to Verse 2. Mc Lean was a paperboy on February 3, 1959 when Buddy Holly's plane crashed. He was devastated by the news, since Holly was his idol. Back to Verse 3. Holly's recent bride was pregnant when the crash took place; she had a miscarriage shortly afterward. Back to Verse 4. The same plane crash that killed Buddy Holly also took the lives of Ritchie Valens ("La Bamba") and The Big Bopper ("Chantilly Lace"). Since all three were so prominent at the time, February 3, 1959 became known as "The Day The Music Died." Back to Verse 5. Goodbye to the music of America, the Rock 'n' Roll and dance music of the '50s. It's interesting how Mc Lean has feminized 50's rock music here, the fact that it's a virgin (Miss) form of music that's as American as apple pie. Back to Verse 6. Chevy represents America. The Levee is the bar where Mc Lean and his friends hung out in his hometown of New Rochelle, NY. It closed down. Back to Verse 7. This line is a play on words. Rye is a city in New York near where Mc Lean grew up. When the Levee closed, the "good ol' boys," Mc Lean and his friends, fled to drink in Rye where together they mourned the deaths of the trio. Back to Verse 8. One of Holly's hits was "That'll be the Day"; the chorus contains the line, "That'll be the Day that I Die." Back to Verse 9. "The Book of Love" by the Monotones; hit in 1958. Back to Verse 10. In 1955, Don Cornell did a song entitled "The Bible Tells Me So." This line could also refer to the sense of disparity that maybe God let us down after the assassination of John Kennedy and the general disillusionment of the early '60s. It is also likely that these lines are meant to garnish rock 'n' roll with religious imagery, because most of the early musicians, including Holly, got their start in church choirs or by singing hymns. An old children's hymn called "Jesus Loves Me" has the line "the Bible tells me so" in the lyrics. Back to Verse 11. This is a lament of the decline of the dance music of the '50s. It might also be a reference to The Lovin' Spoonful's hit in 1965 with John Sebastian's "Do You Believe in Magic?" Or, Mc Lean might be questioning the integrity of music and its worth after the plane crash Back to Verse 12. Dancing slow was an important part of early rock and roll dance events -- but declined in importance through the 60's as things like psychedelia and the 10-minute guitar solo gained prominence. Back then, dancing was an expression of love, and carried a connotation of commitment. Dance partners were not so readily exchanged as they would be later. Allegorically, the "him" is probably all the young, handsome teen idols that were common in the late '50s and early '60s. The "you" represents all the teenage girls who swooned over those idols. Back to Verse 13. A reference to a "sock hop," generally held in gymnasiums. Back to Verse 14. Mc Lean is letting us know he prefers the R&B music of the '50's to the sock hop music. Back to Verse 15. "A White Sport Coat (And a Pink Carnation)," was a hit for Marty Robbins in 1957. Mc Lean was lonely because his music was out of style. Back to Verse 16. It was roughly 10 years after the death of Buddy Holly that Mc Lean started writing "American Pie." Back to Verse 17. The "rolling stone" is a reference to Bob Dylan, since "Like a Rolling Stone" (1965) was his first major hit; he was busy writing songs extolling the virtues of simple love, family and contentment while staying at home and raking in the royalties. It also is a reference to The Rolling Stones, and a symbolic reversal of the aphorism, "A rolling stone gathers no moss." To Mc Lean, the music of the '60s was gathering moss--growing stale. "That's not how it used to be" refers to the early days of Dylan. Back to Verse 18. The jester is Bob Dylan. The king could refer to Elvis. The Queen is probably the Queen of England, whom Dylan performed for. In the movie "Rebel Without a Cause", James Dean has a red windbreaker that holds symbolic meaning throughout the film. In one particularly intense scene, Dean lends his coat to a guy who is shot and killed; Dean's father arrives, sees the coat on the dead man, thinks it's Dean, and loses it. On the cover of "The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan", Dylan is wearing just such as red windbreaker, and is posed in a street scene similar to one shown in a well-known picture of James Dean. Bob Dylan played a command performance for the Queen and Prince Consort of England. He was not properly attired, so perhaps this is a reference to his apparel. Back to Verse 19. A reference to Dylan's style of music, folk music, from the people (you and me). Back to Verse 20. This could be a reference to Elvis's decline and Dylan's ascendance. (i.e. Presley is looking down from a height as Dylan takes his place.) The thorny crown might be a reference to the price of fame, or another religious metaphor. Back to Verse 21. This could be the trial of the Chicago Seven. It could also refer to the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination, which really had no "verdict," and is still open to speculation. Most likely, it is a reference to the fact that there really is no true "king" of rock 'n' roll during this period. For even though Dylan has grabbed (stolen) the mantle of rock's spokesman, the verdict is still out. Back to Verse 22. This is a play on words. Literally, John Lennon reading about Karl Marx; figuratively, the introduction of radical politics into the music of the Beatles. Both Lennon and Lenin (Soviet dictator) believed in Marxist philosophy. Back to Verse 23. Allegorically, this line probably refers to the time when the Beatles were still playing in England and Europe. They were still "practicing" because they had not come to America yet. Back to Verse 24. A "dirge" is a funeral or mourning song, so perhaps this is meant literally, mourning the death of Holly or his music...or, perhaps, this is a reference to some of the new "art rock" groups which played long pieces not meant for dancing. It's likely just a reference to Mc Lean's unhappiness with the way music was going. Back to Verse 25. "Helter Skelter" is a Beatles song which appears on the "White Album." Charles Manson, claiming to have been "inspired" by the song led his followers in the Tate-La Bianca murders. The "summer swelter" might be a reference to the "Summer of Love" or perhaps to the "long hot summer" of Watts. Back to Verse 26. The Byrd's "Eight Miles High" was on their late 1966 release "Fifth Dimension". It was one of the first records to be widely banned because of supposedly drug-oriented lyrics. Back to Verse 27. One of the Byrds was busted for possession of marijuana. Back to Verse 28. The football metaphor could be the Rolling Stones, i.e. they were waiting for an opening which really didn't happen until the Beatles broke up. Or it could refer to attempts of other musicians to come into the limelight while Dylan was laid up. Back to Verse 29. On July 29, 1966, Dylan crashed his Triumph 55 motorcycle while riding near his home in Woodstock, New York. He spent nine months in seclusion while recuperating from the accident. Back to Verse 30. Drugs, or the hidden messages about drugs in some of the songs of the mid-'60s (half-time in the decade). Back to Verse 31. A clear reference to Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, the Beatles 1967 album that changed rock 'n' roll forever. It was the first theme album, the first to put lyrics on the cover, the first to use synthetic sounds. It had no hit singles, another new concept in album production. It had purported hidden messages, mostly drug messages, allegedly, in songs like "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (LSD). Mc Lean liked it (sweet perfume). Back to Verse 32. All the youth got into this album. They didn't get the chance to dance because the Beatles had now pushed rock music away from its dance roots. They used orchestras. They wrote long, slow songs with ponderous rhythms. Or it could also refer to the fact that the Beatles' 1966 Candlestick Park concert lasted only 35 minutes. Back to Verse 33. No one could compete against the Beatles. Some folks think this refers to either the 1968 Democratic Convention or Kent State. What was "revealed" was the dark underlying messages of rock music: the Marxism that was alluded to in the previous verse, the avocation of drug use, the overly self-obsessed quality of the lyrics. Back to Verse 34. The "place" was Woodstock. Back to Verse 35. Perhaps this is a reference to "hippies", who were sometimes known as the "lost generation", partially because of their particularly acute alienation from their parents, and partially because of their presumed preoccupation with drugs. It could also be a reference to the '60s TV show, "Lost in Space," whose title was sometimes used as a synonym for someone who was rather high. Perhaps, their preference for psychedelia had pushed rock and roll so far from Holly's music that it couldn't be retrieved. Back to Verse 36. Probably a reference to Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones; "Jumpin' Jack Flash" was released in May, 1968. Back to Verse 37. The Stones' Candlestick park concert? Candlestick Park was also the venue for the Beatles' final performance--the end of the rock 'n' roll era. Back to Verse 38. It's possible that this is a reference to the Grateful Dead's "Friend of the Devil". Back to Verse 39. While playing a concert at the Altamont Speedway in 1968, the Stones appointed members of the Hell's Angels to work security (on the advice of the Grateful Dead). In the darkness near the front of the stage, a young man named Meredith Hunter was beaten and stabbed to death -- by the Angels. Public outcry that the song "Sympathy for the Devil" had somehow incited the violence caused the Stones to drop the song from their show for the next six years. This incident is chronicled in the documentary film "Gimme Shelter". It's also possible that Mc Lean views the Stones as being negatively inspired (remember, he had an extensive religious background) by virtue of "Sympathy for the Devil", "Their Satanic Majesties' Request" and so on. Back to Verse 40. This could be a reference to Jimi Hendrix burning his Stratocaster at the Monterey Pop Festival, or simply the bonfires that were lit at the outside concerts. It could be a reference to Jagger dancing and prancing while the murder was happening. Mick Jagger is Satan, the murder provided the sacrifice. Back to Verse 41. Janis Joplin Back to Verse 42. Janis died of an accidental heroin overdose on October 4, 1970. Back to Verse 43. The "sacred store" might be Bill Graham's Fillmore East, one of the great rock and roll venues of all time. Alternatively, this refers to record stores, and their longtime (then discontinued) practice of allowing customers to preview records in the store. It could also refer to record stores as "sacred" because this is where one goes to get "saved". (See above lyric "Can music save your mortal soul?") The music "wouldn't play" means that nobody is interested in hearing Buddy Holly et.al. 's music anymore. Or, as above, the discontinuation of the in-store listening boot Rolling Stones's "Angie"Angie was the wife of David Bowie, with whom Mick Jagger was having an affair...well, I think affairs with Bowie AND the wife. Cher's "Dark Lady"Another 'somebody done somebody wrong song' featuring a newlywed couple who goes to see a mysterious gypsy fortune teller. When the "dark lady" predicts stormy weather for their marriage, the married woman (Cher) becomes suspicious. She discovers her husband and the gypsy woman in bed together. As soon as the man dumps his wife, she buys a guns and kills both the cheating husband and the gypsy lover. At the end, the murderess carries no remorse. Jackson Browne's "Rosie"Another great song about masturbation, it describes the band's sound mixer falling in love with a girl he meets at a concert. But the girl ditches him for the drummer, and the unhappy sound mixer goes home alone. But he still has Rosie (Rosie Palm, that is.) "But Rosie, you're alright, you wear my ring. When you hold me tight, Rosie that's my thing. When you turn out the light, I got to hand it to me. Looks like it's me and you again tonight, Rosie. "Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"Appearing simple at the first glance (a song about a boy who kills a man, the emotional pain that he endures as he faces the consequences, following the operatic section where his fate appears to be decided, and finally the rebelliousness against his fate, before resigning himself to it), Bohemian Rhapsody is a painstrucking, emotional (and very likely an autobiographical) song about searching for identity and being misunderstood as an artist or not accepted as a human being with personal, seemingly unconventional views on life - hence the title 'Bohemian' Rhapsody, as the primary meaning of 'bohemian' is 'artist' - both in literal and metaphorical sense. Bohemian Rhapsody sweeps form sweetly harmonised confusion through melodramatic upheavals as fleeing death, horror, persecution, betrayal, to a final acceptance of all doubts and fears, resigned but sorted. Mercury made the song capable of thousands of interpretations and thus universal. Daria Kokozej www.mercury-and-queen.com The Eagles's "Hotel California"Are you guys smoking something? Hotel California was written with PARTICULAR emphasis with herion and cocaine in mind.... (silver spoon anyone). The fact that your dad thinks that Hotel California is about a love story.....dear god people Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone"As Dylan says, the song meaning comes only from how the listener/reader sees it. Personally, I believe it's talking about the higher in society that a person gets, the harder they fall. Also, it's about our general human characteristic of looking down on others who we consider below us, and how quickly we can find ourselves to be just like them. Steely Dan's's "'Kid Charlemagne'"As I understand it, the "gas in the car" lyric is related to the "LA on a dare and you go it alone" lyric in the sense that they both refer to car travels outside of San Francisco to sell LSD in LA. On one such occasion, Owsley is rumored to have run out of gas while in pursuit by the law. Similarly, the "people down the hall know who you are" refers to neighbors who have figured out that their neighbor is the acid kingpin publicly known as Kid Chalemagne. I won't ruin it for you as the rest of the puzzle should fall into place nicely now. Simon and Garfunkel's "Bridge Over Troubled Water"As a DEVOTED Simon and Garfunkel fan I must right your wrong and tell you what the REAL meaning behind the "silvergirl" lyric is! I've seen countless interviews w/Paul Simon and he explains it as follows: "My girlfriend at the time was particularly saddened upon finding a few grey hairs in her brush, lamenting that she was getting older. I wrote that lyric as a tribute and inside joke to her. I don't know how the heroin connection rumor got started. The song is basically about friendship." Also, Mother and Child Reunion-the title was taken from a dish Paul Simon had in chinese restaraunt of chicken and eggs (Mother and Child Reunion.) And the song of "I can't for the life of me remember a sadder day." was inspired by the death of his dog. Abba's "Dancing Queen"As a little sister of a HUGE Abba Fan & a Swede herself, I have to add that Abba's "Dancing Queen" was also performed by Abba to the King of Sweden and his new bride, Queen Sylvia. I believe it was played at their wedding reception, but I'm not 100% certain; but anyway I think the song has a double meaning - for the groovy 70s chick, and also for the royal couple. John Lennon's "Imagine"As a person with a Ph D in music history I just wanted to point out that I really enjoyed the communist idea in the lyrics. If you think the song is simply approaching the idea of imagination than you are only generating obvious and simple observations but approaching through an interpretation such as communism reveals a great deal of discussion as well as in depth knowledge of the cultural and political issues arising in the time period!Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"As the title cut from the album, "Wish You Were Here" sets the tone for the entire album. As tensions were running high between members Roger Watters and David Gilmour, both members felt the entire album was missing something. This fact is illustrated by the various album covers, each which left out one the elements, Earth, Air, Fire and Water. Because of all the in-fighting, Watters has been known to remark that the name of both the song and album could have been "Wish We Were Here". So, what is the missing element depicted in the song? Many say the missing ingredient is the actual founder of Pink Floyd Syd Barrett. The point is made even clearer on others cuts off the album such as "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", parts one and two. Jimi Hendrix Experience's "The Wind Cries Mary"At the time Jimi wrote the song he had had a huge fight with his girlfriend. When it says "Somewhere a queen is weeping, somehwere a king has no wife." he means his girlfriend is crying and he is loveless. Also, he talkes about clownes and jack-in- the boxes that have gone away, which means there is no more happiness. The Eagles's "Doolin Dalton"Bill Dalton was a train robber in the 1880's Along with his gang of brothers; Bill, Bob, and Emmett. When the song quotes "Two brothers lying dead in coffeeville" its talking about the time in 1884 when the dalton gang robbed the condon bank in their hometown of coffyville and the law men were waiting for them as they walked out. Bob, and Emmit Dalton were killed, but Bill escaped to later on join the doolin gang hjints Doolin' Dalton. Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean"Billie Jean is a very disputed song. The true meaning of the lyrics are best told by Jackson himself, from an interview for VH1 a while back. The question was, "Does the real Billie Jean know about the song and if she did what was her reaction?" and Jackson replied, "There is a girl named Billie Jean, but it's not about that Billie Jean. Billie Jean is kinda anonymous. It represents a lot of girls who used to - they used to call them groupies in the '60s - they would hang around backstage doors and any band that would come to town they would have a relationship with. And I think I wrote this out of experience with my brothers when I was little. There were a lot of Billie Jeans out there. Every girl claimed that their son was related to my brothers. "Kiss's "Black Diamond"Black diamond was actually written by Paul Stanley,the lead singer. It was inspired by The Rolling Stones' Brown Sugar, which is a song about and african american prostitute. so Paul stanley wanted to write his own version. ps. Angus young was not a member of kiss, he is the AC/DC's lead guitarrist, "jailbreak" is also a acdc album, and a Thin Lizzy's as well. Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"Bohemian Rhapsody is about a boy (most likely a teenager) who shoots a man in the head. The boy is sentenced to death. While he's on death row, he wishes that he was never born. He begs his mother to try and get him out ("Mama mia mama mia let me go"). There's also apparently other people who want him released as well, but there are others who want him dead ("Let him go, Don't let him go, Let him go, Don't let him go"). The word "Bismillah" appears before the aforementioned lines. In fact, it appears a few more times shortly after that. Bismillah is used in Islamic prayer. Bismillahir-Rahmanir-Rahim means "In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful". Bismillah appears at the beginning of every chapter of the Holy Qur'an (excluding the ninth chapter). This would all suggest that religion has something to do with the decision to let the boy live or not. On that same subject, the boy feels that he's going to Hell when he dies ("Beezlebub has a devil put aside for me") Eventually, it appears that the boy is to be executed anyway. He feels his mother has betrayed him by not getting him out ("So you think you can love me and leave me to die?") In the end, the boy feels that it doesn't matter anymore. He has apparently excepted his coming death. Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"Bohemian Rhapsody is an extremely well written, and beautifully composed song which is NOT about AIDS for two reasons: number one- because as someone already stated Bo Rhap was released in '75 and AIDS didn't gain it's notorioty until '81 and number two- Freddie, if he had contracted the disease prior, or during the develpoment of this song, would most likely not have known about the disease. and the biggest point i want to make is the fact that Freddie (RIP) specifically told virtually anyone who asked that the song had no "hidden meaning" or "underlying message" or "story behind it". so honestly, anyone can say it's about whatever they want, but the real truth is that no one in this world knows or ever will know if it does in fact have a "hidden meaning". if anything, we should just simply take Freddie's word and stop trying to "interpret" it and just enjoy it. that's what it's there for, enjoyment. Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"Bohemian Rhapsody was written, recorded, and released in the mid 70s, well before AIDS spread beyond Africa so it's not about anybody infecting somebody. I've read that Freddy Mercury simply wanted to write an operatic rock song, and that a lot of the references (such as Visballah, or however it's spelled) are just allusions to literature. Van Morrison's "Brown-eyed Girl"Brown-eyed girl was orginally titled Brown-skinned Girl. V. M. had to change it due to institutional racism. Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"Buddy Holly, Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, The Byrds, The Beatles' Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band.... that's all you need to know. Funny that a song that celebrates the music of the 50s and pretty much disses the 60s and 70s makes so many "best of the seventies" lists. America's "Horse With No Name"C'mon guys, the song doesn't even begin to describe doing heroin. Sometimes it's just better if you take the song at face value. Listen to the music, and the lyrics and if that doesn't describe a very human reaction to austerity that both the desert and the ocean represent to the human psyche, then what is it? Eagles's "Hotel California"The California Rehabilitation Colony (CRC) in Norco originally was a luxury hotel that was converted to a military base in WWII. After the war it was acquired as California's narcotics rehabilitation prison. Addicts can check in voluntarily, but discharge is determined by their progress. Blind spots are monitored by mirrors on the ceilings. The guard captain prevents prison-brewed wine 'pruno' from being used. Many, many other parallels in the lyrics. Billy Joel's "Captain Jack"Captain jack was slang for heroin. "just a little PUSH and you'll be smiling" its obvious Carly Simon's "You're So Vain"Carly Simon's "You're So Vain" has been one of the most mysterious songs of the 70's. To date, Carly has never revealed the identity of the vainee. The names that have been tossed around are, Warren Beatty, Mick Jagger, Kris Kristofferson and of coarse former husband James Taylor. In a 1973 interview with "Rolling Stone", Simon said the song was definitely not about James Taylor. Carly has always voided the idea that "You're So Vain" was written about a specific person. Carly said that she had about three or four people in mind, and specifically thought about a couple of people when she wrote it, but the examples of what they did was a fantasy trip. Will we ever know who "You're So Vain" was writtn about? James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Claim: The lyrics of "Fire and Rain" chronicle James Taylor's reaction to the death of his girlfriend in a plane crash. Status: False. Example: [Collected on the Internet, 2000] The real story behind 'Fire and Rain,' as I understand it, is that some friends of James were going to surprise James by bringing his girlfriend, Suzanne, to one of his concerts -- unbeknownst to James. According to the story, Suzanne's plane crashed ('sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground') on her way to see the concert and Suzanne dies ('Suzanne the plans they made put an end to you'). Origins: Gentle, plaintive, and compelling, "Fire and Rain" was the hit that launched the career of James Taylor, one of the 1970's premier singer-songwriters. The song's mournful lyrics of loss and redemption were enigmatic, and many listeners tried to make sense of the words by reading literal meaning into them. Just yesterday morning, they let me know you were gone. Suzanne, the plans they made put an end to you. I walked out this mornin', and I wrote down this song; I just can't remember who to send it to. I've seen fire, and I've seen rain. I've seen sunny days that I thought would never end. I've seen lonely times when I could not find a friend, But I always thought that I'd see you again. Won't you look down upon me Jesus? You gotta help me make a stand. You just got to see me through another day. My body's achin', and my time is at hand. I won't make it any other way. [repeat chorus] Been walkin' my mind to an easy time, My back turned towards the sun. Lord knows when the cold wind blows, it'll turn your head around. Well there's hours of time on the telephone line to talk about things to come: Sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground. [repeat chorus] Taylor's audience collectively developed an autobiographical story line for his "Fire and Rain" lyrics: Suzanne, the girl who was now "gone," had been Taylor's girlfriend. They were frequently separated as he travelled on tour, but they kept in close touch, spending "hours of time on the telephone line" and talking about the good "things to come" when Taylor finally established himself as a musician. Seeing how disconsolate Taylor was at being away from his love, his friends arranged for Suzanne to fly out to meet him at his next tour stop. Suzanne joyfully accepted, but the flight carrying her to a reunion with her beloved crashed, and she was killed. Both the "flying machine" and Taylor's "sweet dreams" were now "in pieces on the ground," and he had lost the woman he "always thought" he'd "see again." Although James Taylor's song is indeed autobiographical, it doesn't match the heart-wrenching story line of popular legend. By the time "Fire and Rain" established Taylor as an international pop star at the tender age of twenty-two, he'd experienced plenty of psychological and physical pain upon which he could draw in crafting his lyrics. He already had a long history of depression and substance abuse for which he'd been hospitalized twice (his first hospital experience was the basis of the song 'Knockin' Around the Zoo' on his Apple debut album), and he'd also spent several months recuperating from a near-fatal motorcycle accident. All of this was fodder for his songwriting, as he explained in a 1972 interview with Rolling Stone: "Fire and Rain" has three verses. The first verse is about my reactions to the death of a friend. The second verse is about my arrival in this country with a monkey on my back, and there Jesus is an expression of my desperation in trying to get through the time when my body was aching and the time was at hand when I had to do it . . . And the third verse of that song refers to my recuperation in Austin Riggs which lasted about five months. Taylor hasn't spoken publicly about the identity of or the nature of his relationship with the 'Suzanne' referred to in the first verse of the song. In his recent James Taylor biography, Ian Halperin writes: Privately, however, Taylor has admitted to friends that Suzanne was a girl he met when he was in the Austin Riggs mental hospital. They became close friends because they shared many interests and goals . . . He was deeply saddened when he found out Suzanne committed suicide several months after he left the hospital. At first, Taylor didn't find out about Suzanne's death for several weeks, because his friends were afraid that that if they told him he might do a lot of drugs or something drastic to escape the reality of his friend's death. So they waited until he was finished recording before to break the news to him. Even if Taylor's friends are right about how Taylor met 'Suzanne,' they're still wrong about when he met her. Taylor entered Austin Riggs psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, a few months after his October 1968 return to the United States from England, where he had recorded his debut album for the Beatles' Apple lable. Yet the liner notes from the CD re-issue of that album indicate that among the unreleased tracks recorded by Taylor was an early version of "Fire and Rain," which means the song clearly antedates his stay at Austin Riggs. If 'Suzanne' was an acquaintance from one of Taylor's hospital stays, it had to have been from his 1965 stay at Mc Lean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, when he was seventeen. The mention of the "flying machines in pieces on the ground" is not about an airplane crash; it's an allusion to a group called The Flying Machine that Taylor had formed with his friend Danny Kortchmar. The group disbanded in 1967 when Taylor's drug problems led him to leave New York and return to his parents' home in North Carolina. Last updated: 17 December 2000 The URL for this page is http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/firerain.htm Please use this URL in all links or references to this page Click here to e-mail this page to a friend Urban Legends Reference Pages ? 1995-2000 by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sources: Halperin, Ian. Fire and Rain: The James Taylor Story. New York: Citadel Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55972-533-8 (pp. 93-97). Werbin, Stuart. "The Rolling Stone Interview: James Taylor and Carly Simon." Rolling Stone. 4 January 1973. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Phil Collins 's "In the Air Tonight"Collins saw a man drowning yet was too far away to do anything, but the man closest, could have saved but didn't do anything. Phil was outraged at the fact the man was not even making an attemp to help his friend who was struggling. "I was there and I saw what you did saw it with my own two eyes"Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb""Comfortably Numb" tells a part of the story of Pink, the album's protagonist. Pink, feeling completely isolated from society, cannot stand the pressures of life as a rock star and collapses in his hotel room before leaving for his concert. A doctor is sent into the room and gives Pink an injection that gives him the energy he needs to perform. The lyrics are written as a conversation, with Waters voicing the doctor and Gilmour voicing Pink. The Undertones's "Teenage Kicks"Correction to the previous post. The lyric is actually "I wanna hold HER, wanna hold HER tight..". It's not about masturbation, but simply about being a teen and not having the guts to ask a girl out you really wanna be with. ABBA's "Dancing Queen"Dancing Queen is about a girl in the disco scene who loves sex and is seeking out men. "You come in to look for a King/Anybody could be that guy." She's out everynight looking for a different man. She's also spreading something to the men she sleeps with, "You're a teaser, you turn 'em on/Leave them burning and then your gone." The Dancing Queen sleeps with the man, passes on an STD and then leaves. While it sounds like a pleasant song, and it has an awesome beat...its really about being a slut in the Disco Clubs. ABBA's "Dancing Queen"The Dancing Queen is about a girl who absolutely loves disco. When she goes to a disco club, the music fills her, and she becomes the dancing queen. Anyone can be her guy, the night is young and the music is high, she's getting in the groove, she's in the mood for dance. And when she gets the chance, she is the dancing queen, young and sweet only seventeen. And Stephanie is also seventeen. Therefore, Stephanie is the Dancing Queen. Deep Purple's "Child In Time"Dear People, I am so surprised to see one of the most obvious songs not on this page. In 1972, Deep Purple came up with the beautiful psychedelic ballad named "Child in Time". It refers to a horrific moment, when the singers daughter was shot by some blind lunatic in the street ("See the blind man shooting at the world, bullets flying taking toll.") During this song, his voice covers almost every frequency, and - to be honest - I tried imitating him, and my throat hurt real bad! I think this song was his way to deal with the situation. Jefferson Airplane's "White Rabbit"Definitely about hallucinogenic drugs. The lyrics--go ask Alice, when she's 10 feet tall. They even mention one pill making you larger and one pill making you small. Classic!Fleetwood Mac's "Sara"Don Henley has said that he believes this is about an abortion of Stevie Nick's child, whom she named Sara, after he got her pregnant. They dated for about 2 years, and Henley thinks it is a tribute to the unborn child. He claims he was building a house at the time, and the line, "When you build your house, call me home" is a message to him. Queen's "Fat Bottomed Girls"Fat Bottomed Girls, written by Brian May, was, as the author himself put it, a way to have fun with writing, and pull away from his serious side. It was just meant to be a silly song. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Fire and Rain has nothing to do with someone dieing in a plane crash. It's about herion and depression. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Fire and Rain was accually not about a plane crash in which his girlfriend died in, its not even about a plane crash. When he was in the mental hospital he met a girl named Susan and they began dating. He was later released from the hospital suddenly and did not get a chance to say goodbye to her and she assumed that he had deserted her and killed herself. Thats what the line "Susan the plans they made put an end to you"means, the plans of letting him out but not letting her know where he was. His friends did not want to upset him while on tour so they opted not to tell him until he was done touring for the year, thus "Just yesterday morning they let me know you were gone" The part of the the song about the "plane crash" is accually about his former band that failed. It was called FLying machine Coven's "One Tin Soldier"First I would like to describe the only irony I see in this song. Coven since the 1600's (look up coven on wikipedia)has described a sect of witches that meet (usually 13 witches). The word eventualy gave rise to the english word "convene" which means to gather. However since this song was written in the 70's, the modern translation of the word "coven" is directly related to witch craft and wicca. When I read the lyrics to this song I see a battle between good and evil. Let me begin: "The Mountain" - The last line of this song states the phrase "peace on earth", which is most well known as the song the angels sung to herald Christ's birth. I believe the mountain could most likely represent heaven, or more likely, Christians, (of the true kind) since the song also spoke about the "people of the mountain". (people is the active word) "The Valley Folk" - I believe the valley folk could be the general population of the world, enticed by thoughts and rumors of treasure, mankind would do anything to have this useless yet primarilly rich element. The valley people represents mankind and the demons that surround them. "The Treasure" - "Peace on earth" was the treasure in this song, and peace can only be accomplised by loving one another. Only when you care for eachother as if you cared for yourself would this world be a peaceful place, which is why I say if anyone alive is waiting to see a peaceful earth, you may as well kill yourself, or realize the truth about life. Now I will narrate the song in a scence. The valley people heard a rumor about tons of treasure that the mountain people were "hoarding" for themselves, and because of their jealousy they decided to ask for the treasure to be given to them under penalty of death. The mountain people replied to them, "With our brothers we will share all the secrets of our mountain and all the riches buried there." But the valley people were stupid (like God said the men of the earth would be) and did not understand the meaning of the letter. (The valley folk were their brothers, if they chose to be) The valley people armed themselves and whent up the mountain to slay the people living there (those who live in God's glory are the mountain dwellers) when they found the rock that rumored to house the tons of gold that would make them rich, they found nothing, except a small inscription that read "peace on earth" The greedy valley people had destroyed the treasure before they even got to see it. The treasure was the peace that the valley people enjoyed with the mountain people and the mountain peoples brothers were indeed the valley people. The chorus of the song seems to explain the mentality of the valley people which directly reflects on the greater majority of man. hate your neighbor, cheat a friend, that you can justify all these thigs in the end. It seems that the valley people, like most of mankind, just doesnt beleive a judgment day will ever come, and that their actions will hold for them no consequence at all. Judgement day will be a terrifying day indeed for most men, as the bible says, "there will be much gnashing of teeth" For those still wondering, the truth about life is that we arent flukes of science, and that we were most definitly created to operate the way we do (if you cant understand that, we have a problem email me at [email protected])the purpose, and meaning of life is to endure the stupor of the world while seeking the glory of God. its not hard to understand, but it is very hard to successfully do. people are lazy, and that is why we do not have peace on earth today, because very few people are willing to put the effort into love, forgiveness and Christ. If you read all of this, you have too much time on your hands for one, and two, go buy yourself a Bible, and start reading. Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"Freddie Mercury wrote this song just to make an operatic song. He simply plucked out some notes on the piano, wrote them down, wrote some words to it, and added the operas. In truth, it was expected to be a great failure. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"From http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/firerain.htm: [James Taylor] explained in a 1972 interview with Rolling Stone: "Fire and Rain" has three verses. The first verse is about my reactions to the death of a friend. The second verse is about my arrival in this country with a monkey on my back, and there Jesus is an expression of my desperation in trying to get through the time when my body was aching and the time was at hand when I had to do it . . . And the third verse of that song refers to my recuperation in Austin Riggs which lasted about five months. Taylor hasn't spoken publicly about the identity of or the nature of his relationship with the 'Suzanne' referred to in the first verse of the song. In his recent James Taylor biography, Ian Halperin writes: Privately, however, Taylor has admitted to friends that Suzanne was a girl he met when he was in the Austin Riggs mental hospital. They became close friends because they shared many interests and goals . . . He was deeply saddened when he found out Suzanne committed suicide several months after he left the hospital. At first, Taylor didn't find out about Suzanne's death for several weeks, because his friends were afraid that that if they told him he might do a lot of drugs or something drastic to escape the reality of his friend's death. So they waited until he was finished recording before to break the news to him. Even if Taylor's friends are right about how Taylor met 'Suzanne,' they're still wrong about when he met her. Taylor entered Austin Riggs psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, a few months after his October 1968 return to the United States from England, where he had recorded his debut album for the Beatles' Apple label. Yet the liner notes from the CD re-issue of that album indicate that among the unreleased tracks recorded by Taylor was an early version of "Fire and Rain," which means the song clearly antedates his stay at Austin Riggs. If 'Suzanne' was an acquaintance from one of Taylor's hospital stays, it had to have been from his 1965 stay at Mc Lean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, when he was seventeen. The mention of the "flying machines in pieces on the ground" is not about an airplane crash; it's an allusion to a group called The Flying Machine that Taylor had formed with his friend Danny Kortchmar. The group disbanded in 1967 when Taylor's drug problems led him to leave New York and return to his parents' home in North Carolina Madtown Boyz's "The Gator Chomp"The Gator Chomp is about a young boy who can not stop this crazy girl from calling him. So he has to do drugs to ease the pain that the girl inflicts upon him!The Eagles's "Hotel California"Guys this song is about getting high and deaqling with withdrawals...plain and simple Billy Joel's "Captain Jack"Hate to burst the drug bubbles...or at least in the context of the song. Billy grew up on Long Island (NY). There used to be a "fishing" rowboat rental place (Capt. Jacks) on the south shore and little islands to row out and party till morning...these were days. Queen's "'39"Here's one I didn't see discussed: '39 by Queen. Rich with musical complexity, it is an acoustic folk-rock song about a group of space travelers who take a voyage to explore and perhaps colonize a new world and, due to time dilation, find a more aged Earth upon their return. It was written and sung by Brian May, who received a degree in physics and was working on an advanced degree in astronomy at the time he composed the song. The volunteers leave in a starship in one year of '39 and return from the blue (sky) in another year of '39 ... the kicker being that it is a century (or more?) later! This is significant for the protagonist, who arrives home to a world which is some multiple of 100 years older, but because of the slowing of time for a traveler at near-light speeds, he has only aged one year, as though it is for him still perhaps the original year of '39 ("oh so many years have gone though I'm older but a year"). His loved ones have passed away, causing his heart and the hearts of the other volunteers to "so heavily weigh ... for the Earth is old and grey," but he can see the resemblance of a woman (surely a love from the world of so long ago - perhaps his wife) in the eyes of her younger relative. In this light, the line "your mother's eyes from your eyes cry to me" is quite poignant. He comes home to find his love long dead but imagines her calling to him as he looks into the eyes of her descendant, and the love this rekindles in him can no longer be. We are asked to pity him for his life that is still ahead. Rolling Stones's "Paint It Black"His girlfriend/wife/lover dies and he is watching the funeral from afar, because in his grief, he cannot attend it. he wants to see the entire world painted black and in the end contemplates suicide. cheerful song for the masses. :-)Gennesis's "Home By The Sea"Home By The Sea is a huanting piece of music with lyrics that take on the view of someone that has died and is stuck in this house. The house seems to hold many that have passed on. They are able to move around, touch things, even pick them up, but something doesn't feel quite right. Always loved the images that come to mind when I hear these lyrics. "Help me someone, let me out of here then out of the dark we suddenly heard welcome to the Home by the Sea" "shadows with no substance, in the shape of men round and down and sideways they go"The Eagles's "Hotel California"The Hotel California = The Beverly Hills Hotel. Eg: John Belushi OD'd while staying at a BHH bungalo. Janis Joplin OD'd after leaving the BHH. The names of the nearly and/or dearly departed go on..ad infinitum. Check in..no check out. Alotta rockers rock-ed. On gurney wheels they roll-ed. Eagles's "Hotel California"The Hotel California is a drug fee community where hopeless drug addicts would check in indefinitely. You Can check in but never leave. The beast within is the addiction. Some would dance to remember what it was like to be on the outside well other would dance to forget. We haven't had wine here since this place became a drug & alcohol free community in 1969. Would it be heaven or hell to have to live like this? The Eagles's "Hotel California"Hotel California is about the old Camarillo State Hospital. It's where all the old time jazzers and silent screen folk would go to dry out or kick heroin. Charlie Parker also has a famous song about it. Technically, you COULD never leave, as it was a mental hospital/rehab facility. Eagles's "Hotel California"Hotel California is purgatory and the song is about the goings on there. "you can check in but can never leave". The recent Soprano's episode has the song playing in the background when Tony is in a coma and stuck in purgatory. FLEETWOOD MAC's "Rhiannon"I READ A LETTER BY STEVIE NICKS, SHE SAID RHIANNON WAS A TERMINALLY ILL LITTLE GIRL WHO HAD TOUCHED HER HEART BEING SO BRAVE FACING HER DESTINY. THIS LETTER WAS POSTED AT THE N. Y. N. Y. HARD ROCK WHEN HER SIGNATURE SHIRT WAS BEING SOLD. Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb"I always think this song is about the experiance of being sunk in the very deepest miasma of depression. Also referring to others descriptions: "Pink" is not a character, nor is it JUST the name of their band. They ferived their name frome too jazz greats, Pink Anderson and Floyd Council. Basically the whole song is about a man receeding further into himself as he gets more and more depressed. It is not about an illness, as it says in the chorus: There is no pain, you are receeding. The person mentioned in the song is alienated from everyone (is there anybody home, a distant ship's smoke on the horizon, only coming through in waves etc), including himself (this is not how i am, i have become comfortably numb)..... Im pretty sure what the song's about, its either about being depressed, or some depressed guy.girl has taken painkillers or sleeping pill to numb him/herself from the pain and the world outside. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"I always thought this song was about vietnam veterans and how they seemed distant and "somewhere else" when they returned from war. After witnessing a war such as vietnam, perception is changed and that's where the lyric "do you think you can tell.." and "cold comfort for change" ect comes from. Also, the "wish you were here" implied that the vetran was physically there, but not mentally or emotionally. "two lost souls" and "the same old fears" also imply the emptiness within the retired soldier ect. What do ya think? James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"I believe I've read that each stanza in "Fire and Rain" is about a different topic. The woman he sings of was indeed with him at Mc Lean Psychiatric Hospital in Belmont, MA, and she killed herself. The reference to "flying machines in pieces on the ground" is a reference to his original band--they were known as "James Tayor and the Original Flying Machine." But the the band and the dreams of success that went with it broke apart, "in pieces on the ground. "Bread's "Everything I Own"I believe many people like myself thought this song was boyfriend-girlfriend love song. It wasn't until years later that I read that David Gates wrote and recorded this song in memory of his father. Listening to the words of this song give it a whole new meaning when you put yourself in David Gate's place and think of your loved ones that have passed on. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"I believe that the song Fire and Rain is about his significant other whose name is Susanne, who died in a plane crash, and James Taylor wrote down how he is suffering from his loss and is looking for guidance. James Taylor is one of the best musicians to bless the earth. Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"I believe this old song is describing a "Dark Age" for the United States. The day the music died means the day John F. Kennedy was shot and "I can’t remember if I cried When I read about his widowed bride, But something touched me deep inside The day the music died" is Jacky Kennedy. Also the verse where he talks about the Jester and the King represents the US defeat in Vietnam and the courtroom is the United Nations. "Oh, and while the king was looking down, The jester stole his thorny crown. The courtroom was adjourned; No verdict was returned". "And while Lenin read a book of Marx (communist manifesto), The quartet practiced in the park, And we sang dirges in the dark. the day the music died." This is showing the communist influence in Vietnam and pretty much all over the world. Also one last thing when he says the good old boys are saying this is the day that I die, is representing the young GI soldiers drafted into Vietnam Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone"I don't know which idiot wrote the comment about Like A Rolling Stone, but he/she should keep their comments to things they understand. The song is about the changing of America through the troubled times of the 60's and 70's. It's about the loss of innocence and the fall from grace that accompanied Vietnam and the Civil Rights Movement. About BD's generation waking up and smelling the coffee..... a little to late. Simon And Garfunkel's "Bridge Over Troubled Water"I don't know why it was so difficult to understand the song. I have no idea how the drugs got in there, but it is more of friendship. S&G are trying to say to their friend I will be your bridge over trouble water. The point is that you can't cross a very rapid water without a bridge. " When tears are in your eyes, I will dry them all; I'm on your side. When times get rough And friends just can't be found, Like a bridge over troubled water I will lay me down." He's saying I'm there for you when you need me. I'll be your bridge over trouble water. Warren Zevon's "Werewolves Of London"I dont' find much meaning in it. I just think it is a great karaoke song for howling. You could argue that it is about stylish werewolves stalking and dancing around London. Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"I doubt the lyrics to Bohemian Rhapsody were written with AIDS in mind. Bohemian Rhapsody was written at least 6 years before any type of AIDS related deaths occured. The Queen album "A Night at the Opera" (in which Bohemian Rhapsody appeared) was released in 1975, while AIDS was first recognized in 1981. Simon and Garfunkle's "Bridge Over Troubled Water"I enjoyed the other people's interpretation of the lyrics, including Paul Simon's, but the beauty of poetry is that we can all have our personal interpretation, even if it differs from the author's. I feel that the softly sung early verses seem to be that of a father speaking to his baby / daughter, showing that no matter what trials and tribulations she will go through, he will always be there for her. Sail on Silvergirl, which seems to be sung with more vigour, gives me the impression that he is sadly, yet gladly, releasing her to the world ( college, independence, etc.) for her to achieve her independence; yet no matter what happens, he will no longer control her directtly, but always be there for her. (I will ease your mind)Hot Chocolate's "Everyone's A Winner"I feel most people think that this song is about each and every person being special and unique in their own way, particularly the way he's singing about his lover in the song. I think he's singing about every orgasm that he gets and how his lover satisfies him each time they have an intimate encounter. "Every one's a winner baby, that's the truth. (that's the truth) "Makin' love to you is such a thrill." "Every one's a winner baby, that's no lie" (that's no lie) "you Never fail to satisfy" (satisfyyyyy)The Eagles's "Hotel California"I feel this song is about a drug overdose death. First he sees the light,"Up ahead in the distance, I saw shimmering light" "Then she lit up a candle and she showed me the way" He sees the devil. "in the master's chambers, They gathered for the feast" His life flashes before him, he ultimately winds up in Hell. 'We are all just prisoners here, of our own device' "You can check-out any time you like, But you can never leave! 'Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"I had a professor who saw Don Mc Lean in concert in the late 70s. According to my professor, Mc Lean made the following comment. "A lot of people have asked me what this next song is all about, what it means. It means I don't have to work anymore." He then started singing American Pie. As DH Lawrence said, "Never trust the teller; trust the tale.”Phil Collins's "In The Air Tonight"I had heard the popular explanation about the friend drowning and Phil tracking the non-helpful witness years later and seating him front and center at the concert. Later, I heard the more plausible explanation that it was Phil's bitter ode to his ex-wife. Simon and Garfunkel's "Bridge over Troubled Water"I hate to destroy the power of this song, but the line "Like a bridge over troubled water/ I will lay me down" and the subject matter for the first two choruses are taken from a poster that Simon saw where a black couple were standing together and the man said to the girl "like a bridge over troubled water I will lay me down". He built the rest of the song on this premise. So it is not spiritual in the least and was going to be even more boring. Paul wanted just himself and a piano to perform it, but Garfunkel protested and made him throw in the extra lines and add his voice and the orchestra. James Taylor's "Fire and Rain"I hate to tell you this (no I don`t - if I did I wouldn`t!) but you`ve slightly missed the point: Fire and Rain was written while James Taylor was undergoing treatment for his own addiction but it`s really about how he heard that an old girlfriend of his (Suzanne) had died as a result of her addiction - hence the refrain 'I`ve seen fire and I`ve seen rain..... but I always thought I`d see you again.' ! I actually found this site `cos I`ve intended for years to find out a bit more about the 'Funky Claude' in Deep Purple`s Smoke on the Water - thanks for the extra info, I`m off to websites about the Montreaux Jazz Festival to see what else I can find....... Simon And Garfunkle's "Mrs. Robinson"I have always heard that this song is aout a teacher who has a realtionship with on e of her students, and even though she has sinned, heaven still holds a place for her. Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb"I have heard a hundred different things that people think this song is about. It doesn't really matter who wrote it or what it was written for because niether of those effect the meaning of the song very much. The inspiration effects the meaning. And the inspiration for this song was some type of opiate. Whether it was morphine or heroin, I don't know but it was some kind of injected opiate. Try some one day and listen to this song, it will be hard to disagree. This song is entirely too "fitting" with that feeling to be about anything else. Or just look at some of the lyrics: I can ease your pain, there is no pain you are receding, ...two ballons now I've got that feeling once again (the strange bodily feeling, not a happy childhood memory), just a little pin prick, you may feel a little sick, and the major one... I have become comfortably numb. I really want to say its more about morphine than heroin because of "we need some information first, just the basic facts, can you show me where it hurts" doctors don't give out heroin. Some of the lyrics show that the writer feels confused: you are only coming through in waves, your lips move but I cant hear what youre saying, when I was a child.... I cannot put my finger on it now. Morphine/Heroin will make you confused. Of course if a person hasn't experienced the feeling of this drug firsthand they might think this song is about something else and I dont recommend anyone go out and shoot up so just trust me. It's definitely not about racism. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"I have read the other entries made about this song and i understand that it is easy to percieve it as talking about war,drugs and people dying as i used to think that myself but trust me,i've read a lot of stuff by Water's on this song, and it is not. Yes, there are refrences to Syd Barrett in there and yes the whole album is about people being vague and not there mentally and phisically (mainly due to the affect that the music industry has had on them)but the main theme running through the song is a schizophrenic one written by Waters about himself. If you break the song down every sentance has a positive claim exchanged for a negative claim. I. E Heaven,blue skies,green field,smile,hero's,trees,cool breeze,change,walk on part in the war. - The negative side reads hell,pain,cold steel rail,a veil,ghosts,hot ashes,hot air,cold comfort,lead role in a cage. (This is why it is a schizophrenic song). The whole song has a metaphor meaning, it is one side of Waters character crying out to the other side. One side of his personality has a selfish,uncaring and thoughtless persona where as the other has a caring,generous and giving side (Waters explains in many books that this is how the music industry had made him feel at the time) In the line 'did THEY get you to trade', the THEY he is referring too is the music industry. The've made him trade all his good points for his bad points. As the chorus enters we see that it is his bad side singing to his good side 'how i wish ,how i wish you were here.' The lines 'we're just two lost souls swimming in a fish bowl year after year is both his persona swimming around in his body. Then the lines are followed by 'running over the same old ground,what have we found,the same old fears,wish you were here' This is waters stating that he wishes his good side would always prevail over his bad side but over the years this has not been the case thus finishing off the whole song 'wish you were here'. Very deep stuff I know but it's accurate. Anyone that is really intersted in the Floyd's music and lyrics should read - Which one's Pink by Phil Rose, The Pink Floyd encyclopedia by Vernon Fitch and Echoes the stories behind every Pink Floyd song by Cliff Jones. They make great reading for the Floyd fanatic. Sorry to dissapoint anyone's theory as i was pretty dissapointed myself when i first read about it, i used to think it was a cry for his father ( Eric Fletcher Waters ) who died on the beaches at Anzio in World War 2. Simon and Garfunkle's "Mrs. Robinson"I heard it was about a retired teacher who had an affair with her student. She is now being put in an institution for drug dealing, retired, mentally insane tramps. Thats what my dad said. Eagles's "Hotel California"I heard somewhere that this song was about a gambling addiction. But I think it's really how you percive the song and what you think you think it means. If we keep on over analising these legendary songs we really end up missing the point altogether. They are meant to be enjoyed and that's what i am going to keep on doing no matter what other people try to tell me what they think. The only people that will ever know the truth are the song writers. and sometimes they might not even be clear on it. Van Morrison's "Brown-Eyed Girl"I heard that Van Morrison titled this song about a black woman he was inspired by and the song was originally titled Brown-Skinned Girl but the radio would not play it and he was convinced to change the name. I am not sure if this is true but I have heard this from several sources. Can you add any thoughts to this? Simon and Garfunkel's "Blessed"I know that many of these songs including this one was written about the Vietnam war and all the insidents revolving around them. I believe that this one is probably about how the US was being to aggressive and will basically rot in hell because we were not meek at all....just dictatorship wise. Eagles's "Hotel California"I love this song! No matter what its meaning, I think you could & obviously have given it many meanings & isn't that what song writing is all about? Unless you actually wrote it - how can you guess. When I was in Puerto Vallarta, I was told Hotel California was written about the Hotel that used to be there at the time that the Eagles were staying there. (which when I was there, the said hotel was dwindling down to rubble). I was also told Tequila Sunrise was written there, too. From what the "locals" were telling all of us North Americans at the "round table", was that the meaning behind the song Hotel California was exactly what became of the hotel, each floor harbouring it's own addictions & the people who had whatever addiction of choice always seemed to be drawn to those specific floors, be it opium, cocaine, heroin, alcohol, etc & never really being able to leave, but that's pretty much the effect Mexico has on people - who wants to leave? (as it's said before...addiction never leaves) The nurse would come everyday to help those in overdoses, or whatever. Made for an entertaining story night - but hey, it was Mexico. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"I read an interview by either Waters or Gilmour that this song is actually about the writer of the song's father, who died as a bomber crewman in WW2 leaving the future Pink Floyd member to grow up fatherless in postwar England. This WW2 loss is a very personal and reocurring theme that also influenced several other songs by the same writer. The Eagles's "Hotel California"I read some time ago in an interview with one of the Eagles that this song was written about their record label, who they felt was holding them hostage in the slavery of a terrible contract. All those lyrics about "you can check out any time you like, but you can never leave" and "they stab it with their steely knives but they just can't kill the beast" are references to the greedy record execs and the contract they couldn't get away from. The Hotel California itself I guess was representative of the entire music industry, where artists are lured by the promise of fame and riches, but then they are snared by legal contracts, so that they can never get away. They were "all just prisoners here... of their own device" because they themselves actually DID sign the contracts after all. I don't think the song is about Satanists. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"I read two different descriptions of it. I heard somewhere it was written about Vietnam war with Fire and Rain referring to the the weather and explosives that are seen during war. It made sense to me. Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"I really think this is just a compiliation of things that make sense, and things that dont. The things that dont probably came to them when they were completley drugged up, and as for the other things, some of the things mentioned above sound pretty accurate. Remember, some of the best songs from Rock and Roll came from drug-induced minds. S&G's "Bridge Over Troubled Water"I remember hearing a paul simon interview back in the 70 when he said the line "sail on silver girl" was about an ex-girlfiend. America's "Horse With No Name"I saw an interview with one of the gys in America (I don't even know their names actually but it was a primary memeber - guitar player or lead singer) where he says that Horse With No Name is in fact not about drugs at all. He said something like: "It's really just a very simple song about the desert. All these people came up with interpretations that its about drugs and so on, but it isn't." I don't claim that's a 100% word for word accurate quote but that's roughly what he said. Hopefully that settles the debate here - sorry to all you drug interpretation proponents. Don Mc Lean's "American Pie "I say the Jester is Buddy Holly, not Dylan. "The Coat he borrowed from James Dean" refers to Holly's rebel, rockabilly image. Doesn't work for Dylan. Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone"I think It's about a young college girl who was rich but she spent all her money on drugs and cigarettes and became poor. Eagles's "Hotel California"I think it is about drug addiction,heroin/coke. The girl with the benz,is the attraction to the high life. As she lite up a candle and she showed me the way,meaning mealting the dope down. Preparing for the feast stealy knives (syringes) but they just cant kill the beast. (addiction)The Undertones's "Teenage Kicks"I think it's all too eays to right off this song by saying it's just about masturbation. Not only is it fantastic in that it got a chart position with a song about self-abuse, but it also addresses an issue too often skirted over in songs and popular culture - too often in reality there are people who are 'untouchable' and fantasies are the only ways we can come close to them. Eagles's "Hotel California"I think that everyone who is trying to pin down what this song really means is COMPLETELY missing the main point of this song. To understand the meaning of something, you have to first relate back to who made it (in this case, the writers). Considering the amount of metaphore that is used in this song, the writers did not ever clearly state what they were refering to (wheather it's a whore house, drug addiction, satan, death, gambling, etc...), but as confusing and puzzling as this sounds, it's what makes this song so amazing. The riddle of not knowing exactly what the song is refering to gives the listener the experience to relate this song to their own experiences. This makes the song, and experience a much better one, and gives it a lot of value Blue Oyster Cult's "I Love The Night"I think that you are missing the boat with your interpretaion of "I love the night". It's pretty much a wacky "romantic poetry" vampire song that humerously melds corny vampire stories with a quasi-subtle love song. Th elements are all there. The lady in white (pale, wrapped in a grave shroud) comes to him while he is alone and he can't look away (mesemerism). She loves the night (sun kills vampires...but the moon often stillshows when the sun is still up.) She offers to share and show something with him if he will only "welcome her." (enter freely and of your own will: Dracula to Harker.) He mentions "wonder" that "no mortal was meant to know". (the enthrallement and ecstasy associated with having vampires suck your blood ever since stories like Dracula and Camilla were written). Afterwards he learns what has become of him with "one look in the mirror". In other words he is no longer a mortal having known the previously mentioned wonder. He tells the woman that he is leaving that he is a creature of the night now and plans to go off with the vampiress who changed, possibly in a cryptic way so as to not scare her. Simon And Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson"I think this song is about Mrs. Robinson being in an intervention (if you have ever seen the A & E show you know what I'm talking about). The Koo koo ca Choos being a sudden blitz of drugs into her system she can't control so she fades out from the intervention. Joe Di Maggio being a random childhood memory brought on by being around her family and wondering where he is. This person is obviously messed up in some respect. Simon and Garfunkel's "Scarborough Fair"I think this song is about a soldier going off to war, and the one voice (Simon's)is nostalgic, and the other voice (Garfunkel's)is the chilling reality. The Eagles's "Hotel California"I think this song is all about love. There are so many metaphors in this song that seem to resemble it. And I was thinking to myself, 'this could be heaven or this could be hell' --> This is referring to someone that has never fallen in love before. They are in love with the idea of falling in love, but have known so many people that have been broken down by it. But then again, they have seen couples that are truely and completely in love, and if they were to discover that with someone it would be heaven. "How they dance in the courtyard, sweet summer sweat. Some dance to remember, some dance to forget" -->Some dance to remember, some dance to forget... Some people take up hobbies, or activities to remember or forget certain things. When you were with someone and were really in love and everything was perfect, but you lost them for some reason or another, you would want to remember them. If you were someone and your relationship was not so good, and you had your heart broken, you would be trying to forget. And still those voices are calling from far away, Wake you up in the middle of the night Just to hear them say... --> This one is a little harder to explain. Unless you were in a difficult relationship, you might not be able to understand, but I will do my best to explain. Sometimes when you are in a relationship where you are being mistreated, you tend to try to justify and fix things. You replay things over and over agian in your head after it has all ended trying to figure what you did and where everything went wrong. You cant sleep, you cant eat, it just drains you. So this is where the "still those voices calling from far away" part comes into play. Its the sound of the conversations and arguments replaying over and over again in their head. "wake you up in the middle of the night, just to hear them say.." is about them not being able to sleep, they are just laying their awake liestening to the conversations in their head. And she said 'we are all just prisoners here, of our own device' --> This is referring the the fact that people make up excuses for their partners behavior. If we would stop making excuses and face reality we wouldnt be stuck in the position that we were in, we would not be prisoners in the relationship. The stab it with their steely knives, But they just can't kill the beast --> This again is trying to get rid of the love feeling, because you know you are not loved in return. You want to not feel the way you do, but you cant help it, or change it. I had to find the passage back To the place I was before --> He wants to get back to the carefree, undamaged emotional state that he was in, before he was in love. He doesnt want to be in love anymore. You can checkout any time you like, But you can never leave! --> Meaning you can leave the person anytime you want, but once you truely love someone, you can not escape that feeling, you will always care about that person, even after you move on, so to say. Blue Oyster Cult's "I Love The Night"I think this song is biographical in origin, from the experience of Donald "Buck Dharma" Roeser. After a traumatic breakup, he walks out at night and is enchanted by a perfect clear starry night, and then the moon rises. Enchanted by the vision and perfection of the night, he envisions the moon as a woman... and the final irony is that the perfect beauty of the night that brings him some surcease from his heartache brings it back in full force, for the final lines are "If only you had been there my dear, We could have shared this together..."Eagles's "The Hotel California"I think this song talks about a Hotel in wich orgies took place. When it says "there she stood on the doorway" it probably means some whore stood on the doorway. This Hotel involved drugs too. This is the kind of life it describes I believe, the kind of life you can never get away form "You can check out any time you like but you can never leave" and also these poor women cannot get away too as they can get away from the pimps that will haunt them and maybe kill them afterwards "they stab it with their steely knives but they just can't kill the beast"Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band's "Thunder Road"I think this song was a song about a young couple...the boy being ready to face the world and the girl a little scared of the relashionship and where it might lead. The boy comes to the girls house and basically says we are ready for the world so climb on board. It also kind of talks about just getting out and living. Simon & Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson"I thought it was about a woman going to a nursing home, my boyfriend thinks it's about the neighborhood tramp who also sold marijuana. He got that info from his dad!The Eagles's's "Hotel California"I thought that this song was talking about the 2 biggest problems of the time, Heroin and cancer. Although no one related to cancer, but i see things like you can check out any time as you can die at any time but you can never live as you can never be cured. The mirrors on the cieling is the operations room and the beast is the tumor and they try to cut it off with their knives but they can't kill the beast. The device they are all attached to is again relating to hospitals. What do you think? James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"I was told just the other day by my music appriciation teacher that James Taylor had himself commited because he had a phobia, Suzanne was a woman who had the same one, being alone with someone of the opposite sex. They met at the mental hospital and cured eachother of the phobia, fell in love and planned to marry. They would get out of the hospital on Friday morning and marry Saturday afternoon. James Taylor signed himself out and left with no problem, but Suzanne couldn't leave, they didn't have her insurance release forms, the nurse called her doctor who said, let her leave, she's finally happy, I'll take care of the paperwork Monday, but the nurse lied and said she couldn't leave till Monday. Suzanne kept trying to leave but gave up and hung herself. Harry Chapin's "Cats In The Cradle"I would like to revise the earlier description of Harry Chapin's "Cat's in the Cradle." The discrepancy lies is in the last statement. Formerly written, "In the end the father realized that his son had grown up to be a work-a-holic just like his dad..." If you listen to the lyrics, you'll see that just as the father had no time for his son when he was growing up, the son had no time for his father when he grew up. "...he came from college just the other day, so much like a man I just had to say, son I'm proud of you can you sit for awhile, he shook his head and he said with a smile, what I'd really like dad is to borrow the car keys, see you later can I have them please... ... I've long since retired, my son's moved away, I called him up just the other day, I said I'd like to see you, if you don't mind, he said I'd love to dad if I could find the time, you see my new job's a hassle and the kid's with the flew, but it's sure nice talking to you dad, it's been sure nice talkin' to you.. and as I hung up the phone it occured to me, he'd grown up just like me, my boy was just like me... It's about it all coming back around, not the son becoming a workaholic... Simon and Garfunkle's "Bridge Over Troubled Water"I'm aware of the drug interpretation and the author's actual interpretation but depending on when the boat people incidents in the 1970's occured, this song could be a sort of welcome song for them. The "silver girl" in the song could also be a reference to a girl who has been lying in the sea for so long her skin has become a pale grey. Now this interpretation might not be the most accurate but if you look at these lyrics and the events of the Indochinese refugees there is an ominous connecion that binds them. If this song was written before these events then in could mean that Paul Simon is psychic!Queen's "Killer Queen"I'm not exactly sure why I think this, but the lyrics of this song, in my opinion, have nothing to do with a high-class prostitute, like Wikipedia claims. I've researched various sites on the lyirics and there are a few that I just do not agree with (meaning it doesn't sound to me like that is what is being sung). Personally, from everything I've so far read, this song to ME sounds like it's about a female assassin, or a spy perhaps? "gunpowder, gelatine (one part I disagree with) dynamite with a laser beam" meaning the laser cites on hand guns, perhaps?? Doesn't keep the same address... Rolling Stones's "Horse With No Name"I'm not getting drugs in this song... I always thought it was about the a man and the effects of fame on the brain. Desert has turned to sea...life is like the ocean with its life under ground and the perfect disguise above...people fake and false...putting forward their plastic smiles when really inside its pain and ugly Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"I'm not sure if this explanation has been posted, but after listening to the song hundreds of thousands of times, and never knowing what it meant, I finally had an idea. I then listened to the song, possibly confirming my ideas. After this, I did a reasonable amount of research on mythology, especially females in mythology. According to my analysis, Stairway is about a powerful and righteous female warrior. She is finally killed and battle, but doesn't know that she is dead. She feels, before her death, that there is good in all things. The entire world, according to myth, is in the palm of this lady's hand. Many signs point to her death, but she can understand or comprehend that she has been killed. Her spirit continues to wonder through the heavens, and she sees the other spirits going about their heavenly lives. As stated in the Bible, spirits in heaven can see those in hell and on Earth. The warrior can still see the battle raging, which leads her to believe that she is alive. She meets one of the spirits that has been in heaven for no telling how long, and he explains what is happening. She finds out that the inhabitants of heaven have been waiting on her arrival, due to her righteousness in life. Throughout the song, which is merely an interpretation of the epic poem, she realizes that she has died and gone to heaven. After this realization, she begins to be an encouragement to those with whom she can communicate on Earth. She is a guiding spirit, if you will. Her presence, and her legacy, are a model for people to follow to get into heaven. In conclusion, I state that Stairway to Heaven is a narrative. Not an abstract creation of Robert Plant, but a brilliant discovery of an epic story that he paraphrased and, with the help of the great Jimmy Page, put to music. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"I'm sorry but anyone who thinks it's about war (especially American based wars - Vietnam) is clearly missing the point. It IS about Syd Barrett, creative force of Pink Floyd until LSD screwed him up. Syd Barrett actually turned up at the studio when Pink Floyd were recording this album about him. He was a shadow of the man he used to be. I'll say it again; it is NOT about war. No. No. NOOOOO!The Eagles's "Hotel California"If anyone out there doesn't know this yet, though I think you all should, this song is about drug addiction. (especially cocaine) "They stab it with their steely knives but they just can't kill the beast". And of course the final line before that great dual guitar solo between Don Felder and Joe Walsh, "You can check out anytime you like , but you can never leave". Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"If this song does have a meaning it's not about AIDS, Freddy didn't know he had AIDS when he wrote it, I think the boy on death row is far more likely. John Lennon's "Imagine"Imagine is about communism, and is by no means the greatest song ever made. Infact it's a completely naive song presented into society's common left wing views by Lennon to increase his popularity and how liked he was by the people. Lennon was a fraud. His own son even says so. He didnt care about world peace and harmony, he just knew what people liked to hear about, (peace and harmony) and he fed them. Sure it's a great sounding song, but Lennon was by no means a wondrous guy . He was just an idealist, and a phony one at that (and God only knows we have enough idealist morons around these days). He was a musician with an alright voice and a knack at writing nice songs. In any case, left wing views -especially communism- are crap and always will be. Marx was an idiot and has caused millions of deaths and anyone who promotes communism in turn promotes the state in which so many third world contries are and the deaths that occur daily in the communiste and dictated (becasue really, theyre the same thing) world. To sum up Lennon was a good musician with a knack at impressing the populace with his phony ideas of world peace and love and whatnot and spreading this crap through all the millions of idiots who think that we could possibly ever achieve anything close to the world described in Imagine, and who believe that if we did we'd be better off, which we wouldn't, but that's another argument for anyother day. Pink Floyd's "Shine On You Crazy Diamond"In Actuality this song was about Syd Barretts' rise and fall in fame Carly Simon's "You're So Vain"In January of 1973, You're So Vain was the # 1 hit song on the radio. Carly had just married fellow pop-superstar James Taylor a month before, so when You're So Vain hit the airwaves, it stirred intense curiosity about which one of her previous lovers was the subject of this wry nod to the male ego. Was it Mick Jagger? Cat Stevens? Warren Beatty? Kris Kristofferson? It was common knowledge that she had been involved with each of them in the past. Carly has never revealed who she had in mind when she wrote You're So Vain, and over 30 years later interviewers are still asking her this same question.................................... The Washington Post - 1983 WP: Who was ? You?re So Vain about? Mick Jagger? Carly: No. WP: Warren Beatty? Carly: It certainly sounds like it was about Warren Beatty. He certainly thought it was about him - he called me and said thanks for the song?. WP: You had gone with him? Carly: Hasn?t everybody? "Clouds in my coffee" are the confusing aspects of life and love. That which you can't see through, and yet seems alluring...until. Like a mirage that turns into a dry patch. Perhaps there is something in the bottom of the coffee cup that you could read if you could (like tea leaves or coffee grinds). Carly Simon 5/17/01Yes's "'Southside of the Sky'"In a recent interview, Jon Anderson mentioned that the song describes a group of climbers who were lost, and about the euphoria that comes to one as one freezes to death..'Of warmth when you die'...though I do like the comment about the scenario being specifically about the Fellowship. Debbie Boone's "'You Light Up My Life'"In a talk show interview Debbie Boone revealed that this is a "praise song." "You" refers to God. Praise songs are a devotional type of Christian Music separated from Hymns and general popular Christian music. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"In an interview with Howard Stern, James describes the meaning of the song a little differently. James' friends didn't tell him about the death of his friend from cancer because, at the time, he was still trying to overcome his addiction when it happened, and they didn't want to add any additional stress to his situation. The lyrics regarding "the plans" probably describe how he felt. That is, the cancer (or whatever illness it was) actually killed her, but in his mind she was still alive until the planned disclosure of his friends ended that. The Clash's "Atom Tan"In death people have a look which is referred to as an atom tan..by the clash. People die in various ways- described in the song, and get an even atom tan! !Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"In response to the kid who said that he did his so called "research" on this song, Wikipedia does not count as a source at all. Do some real research and then tell us about it. First Freddie was born on the island of Zanibar, second the song has absolutely nothing to do with AIDS. The song was written 11 years before he was diagnosed. No one will ever know the true meaning of the song (if there even is one). The only song that Freddie wrote which he explained the meaning to was Bicycle Race, no one knows the meaning of this one. Stop arguing about it. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"In the literal sense, the song is directed to a dead friend or family member at a funeral in a cemetery. The singer is possibly one of the pallbearers. Until recently, I had no idea where it was taking place and only a vague idea of who the intended recipient was. Only after shooting a video of a family cemetery and setting it to the music of Pink Floyd did it hit me. In the middle of a big green field is a small cemetery plot surrounded by a white, wrought-iron fence. The only trees nearby were the ones inside. It was a hot summer day and a cool breeze was blowing. Inside the fence were several markers. Among the lead role were the headstones of the few who had died in battle -- the heroes. The fence is a cage, our planet is a fishbowl, coffins have cold steel rails, and the veil hides the face of the widow. The clincher for me was this inscription on one of the headstones: "Stranger CAN YOU TELL is this where individuality ceases or does it exist beyond. "Lynard Skynard's "Sweet Home Alabama"In the song Mr. Vanzant not Van Dam (he's the karate guy) Sings about Neil Young because he "generalized" the South. Who needs a guy like that around starting trouble during the still very volatile time in the South! Another quote listed the lyrics wrong as well... "Watergate, it does not bother me Does your conscience bother you? Tell me true." is actually "Watergate,does not bother me! Does your conscience bother you? Tell "THE TRUTH." Also the post about Lynard Skynard's "All I Can Do Is Write About It"...quote "This song is about Mr. Van DAm growing up in the south, and the natural beauty of the country. It is so odd how he says," Lord take me and mine before the concrete creeps in." And how he dies not that much longer." Funny you get the idea but have it twisted some. He actually says "I can see the concrete a' slowly creepin' Lord take me and mine before that comes." So yankees... I'm not tryin' to put down no big cities But the things they write about us is just a bore!! How you gonna know about it unless you do it suuun! Hoooray Dixie!! !Coven's "One Tin Soldier"In the song the mountain people say "With our brothers we will share all the secrets of the mountain, all the riches buried there," but the valley people are greedy and want the entire treasure not just part of it so they then start the war to take it. Ironic, isn't it. Pink Floyd's "Welcome To The Machine"Interpretation of this song is varied. In one sense it appears to be a father's message to his son. This is a recurring theme in Floyd songs and is visually available in "The Wall" movie. Roger Water's father was killed during World War II. It can also be said that this song is about a young rock star living within the confines of the rock and roll world. He experiences the lesser sides of stardom and all the evils that go with it. Paul Mccartney And Wings's "Band On The Run"Interpreted to mean different things by the rock press at the time, one being that the song was possibly about outlaws (in the Eagles' "Desperadoes" vein) but more likely about flight, escape and freedom. It was postulated at the time that Paul's having written the theme song for the James Bond movie "Live and Let Die' several months earlier may have inspired him to do "Band". Paul's solo output prior to "Band" was dismissed by critics as lightweight and overstylized (ie. AM radio fluff) so the lyrics on "Band" suggested a man who had been imprisoned by the critics' (and sometimes public) criticism of his work and then suddenly breaks out of the chains and goes free from all that. The song and album of the same name actually welcomed Paul back into the good graces of the rock critics and minds of the public, who felt he put out a confident, well-constructed album after four mediocre ones. Raydio's "You Can't Change That"It is a song about a stalker... stalking his girlfriend. Simon And Garfunkle's "Mrs. Robinson"It is a song about alcohol addiction in housewives from the '60s in the USA where alcoholism was considered a mental disease and they were locked up in mental institutions instead of addiction hospitals. The sympathetic eyes are those of the hospital staff, they 'want to know a little more about you for our files' (mental health files), take a walk around the grounds until you feel at home, and the stuff that they are hiding in the pantry with the cupcakes is the bottle of booze and always keep alcoholism from the children. Marmalade's "Reflections"It is about a person who thinks the world is a bad place, a terrible place to live, and he dont want to die..it is from 1970... Marvin Gaye's "What's Going On"It is about the Vietnam war, and how it wasn't the answer. It also relates to what was going on here in America at the time and how tha hippies were discriminated against because they said how they felt and expressed themselves freely. (some with long hair, which he mentions. )Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"It means nothing. according to Queens drummer it means 'Theres just a little bit of chaos in the middle' It snot abut AIDs, its not about Freddies sexuality, its just a crazy song about nothing Blue Oyֹster Cult's "Don't Fear The Reaper"It seems to be a common misinterpretation (due to the line "Romeo and Juliet are together in eternity") that this song is about suicide. As Albert Bouchard, one of the band members, stated on several occasions, the song writer Buck Dharma, didn't have exactly that in mind, but merely the idea of not to fear death, probably because it is inevitable and also part of our life. There are also rumors that say that Buck thought at the time he was writing the song that he was dying, but I if that is true, I can't say. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"It seems to me that all of the comments made on pink floyds song 'wish you were here' are most intriguing and certainly interesting, but unfortunately wrong,people are reading far too deep into the song,or not deep enough as i will explain - I am a huge floyd fan and have read many a book on this subject trying to extend my knowledge and appreciation for the band/song as it is a complicated tune to understand. If you listen to the song you will realise that every sentence has a good/happy lyric in exchange for a bad/sad lyric,so when broken down it reads - heaven,blue skies,green field,smile,hero's,tree's,cool breeze,change,lead role in a cage. THUS - hell,pain,cold steel rail,veil,ghosts,hot ashes,hot air,cold comfort,walk on part in the war........ Deep stuff i know, I used to think it was about war myself, but trust me it's not, and i only know this because i've read so so so much about the band. It's a schizophrenic song written by waters about himself, on one side of his personality is the good,caring and giving part of his character and on the other side is the selfish, unforgiving and greedy side. It is a song about one side singing to the other....... The bad side is calling to the good side saying how i wish, how i wish you were here. This is made evident by the lyric..'We're just two lost souls swimming in a fish bowl'........ The fish bowl being his outer body exterior and the two lost souls being his inner. The inner souls are swimming around 'the fish bowl', one side is crying to the other 'i wish you were here',but unfortunately for waters the bad side previels hence the lyric 'we're just two lost souls swimming a fish bowl year after year, running over the same old ground,what have we found,the same old fears,wish you were here.'............ Basically it's saying that the good side of waters character will never exceed the bad side,and unfortunately for him, he knows it. I hate to say it but i was dissapointed myself to find out that the song actually meant this, I had studied the song for a long time and come up with a very strong theory about it being a cry for his father dying in world war 2 but i was wrong. If you are really interested on extending your current appreciation for the band then i strongly suggest reading - 'which ones Pink?' AUTHOR Phill Rose. 'Echoes; the stories behind every Pink Floyd song' AUTHOR Cliff Jones. 'The Pink Floyd encyclopedia' AUTHOR Vernon Fitch....... Happy Reading. Spinners's "Love Don't Love Nobody"It takes a fool to learn that love don't love nobody Max Webster's "Let Go The Line"It's about death and the thought of doing it by way of hanging hence let go the line. It envisions a lifeless body in a casket (caskets are lined with satin)"i see you there in your satin shirt unfocused eyes on the ceiling fluorescent lips on a painted face i think i know what you're feeling. This tightrope begins to feel like home as the wind comes rising from the distant storm and all I know is that tonight I might let go the line.."Bachman Turner Overdrive's "You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet"It's about venerial disease. "Cause any love is good love so I took what I could get" and "She took me to her doctor for a cure". James Taylor's "Fire and Rain"It's long been established and confirmed by James Taylor that the song was about his fight to free himself from heroin addiction! "sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" is the key lyric. yes, he was bi-polar and fought that, but his career was nearly destroyed by his addiction (as was his relationship with Carly Simon). Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"It's not about AIDS. AIDS was only in Africa until the 80s. So even if Freddie did have AIDS at the time, it couldn't have been diagnosed beacuse it had never been seen in India (where he was born) or England and the States. Roger Taylor (drummer of Queen)is the only person who knows what this song is about, as Freddie only told him. Harry Chapin's "Cat's In The Craddle"It's song about a man who didn't have any time for his son and how this man had missed important events in this young man's life. In the end the father realized that his son had grown up to be a work-a-holic just like his dad. Queen's "Killer Queen"It?s a sing from their third album, released in 1974, called Sheer Heart Attack, maybe the song is about Cocaine, or about a high class prostitute, or about both things, it?s really interesting, the lyrics are great. Thank you!Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"Its a song of salvation... many think it was a devil worshiping song... look closely at lyrics and it shows clearly that zep used abstract scenteces to bring out true meanings of christianity... Cat Stevens's "Cat's In The Cradle"Its about a man who never had time for his son and once the son grew up, he did not have time for his father. The Beatles's "Let It Be"John Lennon once said in an interview that this song was written after Paul had been listening to Paul Simon's Bridge Over Troubled Water. This was Paul's inspiration after listening to that song. Queen's "Bohiemian Rhapsody"Just to clear it up. Freddie Mercury wasn't born in India... He was born and grew up in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"K everyonebody listen up this is exactly what this song is about, it has nothing to do what-so-ever with any war at all, or at one guy said "a hallucinated conversation with a toilet from drugs" any true fan knows that Wish You Were Here is clearly about Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett, the founded of Pink Floyd and was with the band from 1965-68 when he became way to involved with acid (lsd) and could not perform anymore. In 1975 Roger Waters, David Gilmour, Richard Wright, and Nick Mason decided that after their huge success from Dark Side of the Moon (where some of the songs are still about syd) in 1973 the band deciced to make an entire album dedicated just to the founded of the band... Syd Barrett, when they were recording this song Syd actually showed up when they were recording Shine On You Crazy Diamond, no one in the band recognized Syd at all since he was basically a new person, Syd told they band that he wishes them all failure and that was the last the saw Syd. Syd was the main inspiration of the band Pink Floyd, and even occured in The Wall in 1979. K but back to Wish You Were Here...if you guys dont beleive me then go watch some of Pink Floyd concerts live, or Roger Waters or David Gilmour live and most of the time right before they play this song they say a little something about Syd...not about no Vietnam War...enough said Steely Dan's "Kid Charlemagne"Ken Kesey was one of the original people to introduce acid to the california scene. He started his acid tests, which were events that consisted of people getting high at rented out music, or large halls, and they would get stoned out of their gords listening to the Grateful dead live, and with state of the art equiptment in lighting, and sound. this refers to the Part where they sing about Sanfrancisco and LA, two big test areas, that turned hundreads upon hundreads of people on to LSD. He and his Merry Pranksters drove around California in a day-glo painted bus that was called furthur, they all lived and slept on that bus, mainly getting high. in the song, Steely Dan refers to the technicolored motor home. Kesey was real big, and a lot of heads at the time really looked up to him. Kesey got in trouble with California. He had gotten charged with two possesions of Marajuana, Kesey not wanting to go to court, fled to Mexico. I believe that there is a part in the story "The Electric Kool ade acid test" (which is the true story of Kesey) When Kesey is being sneaked across the border, and before hand he askes the driver, "Is there gas in the car?" The Feds are on his tail in Mexico and California, and Kesey is a fugitive. The problem is that Kesey is also getting his friends in trouble as well, and there is a good chance that if he gets caught, he will spend a whole lotta time in jail. The feds would do anything to get him behind bars, because Kesey was the main provider of acid, other than close friend Owesly, and Leary. His Prankster friends dressed in day glo clothes, and the whole hippie day glo thing was starting to wean out, "Day glo freaks that painted the face, have joined the human race." Get along, Ken Kesey Kesey also wrote "One Flew over the Kokoos nest"Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"The King is not Elvis, it is a reference to folk King, Woody Guthrie. Guthrie was dying from a chronic illness. Dylan would visit him in a NJ State Hospital while stealing the crown of folk hero. This was before he "went electric." Dylan clearly appropriated much of Guthrie's style in his early folk work. Some other references in the song: Eight Miles High refers to the Byrds' song of the same name. Helter Skelter in the summer swelter refers to both the Manson murders and the Beatles song, probably making the point that art and life mirror each other. The levee and the good ole boys is a reference to the murders of civil rights workers Schwerner, Goodman and Chaney in Mississippi. Their bodies were found in a levee. The sacred store is the Fillmore East. Interestingly, the official lyrics to the song included the line "Lennin read a book on Marx" which apparently intentionally combined John Lennon with Lenin, both of whom studied Marx, to some differning extents. Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"Led Zeppelin was heavily influenced by the occult, especially Jimmy Page. Stairway was about demons (Pan in paticular). Stairway to Heaven", makes a clear reference to not only the music of Pan and his pipes, but his ability to spiritually influence and guide those who fall under his spell. Lyricist and singer, Robert Plant, begins with the thought that "The piper will lead us to reason." Pan is the Piper. The rest of the lyrics simply explore the Gods of old, or the evil side of spirituality and mythical figures. Page was a great admirer of Aleister Crowley who was indeed a devout and famous satanist. "Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the law" was enscribed in one of Zeppelin's albums. This is a verse from the satanic bible. Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone"Like a Rolling Stone is a song about New York socialite and model Edie Sedgwick, who left Andy Warhol's factory scene for the chance of a record deal with Dylan's manager. Things went sour when she discovered Dylan's marriage and she left to go into rehab. The song is about how she lived a fast-paced life, primarily on speed, and then crashed later in life. Other songs that Bob Dylan wrote, presumably, about Edie include Leopard-skin Pillbox Hat and Just Like a Woman. Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone"Like a Rolling Stone is about a model named edie sedgewick. She did hang with Andy Warhol's crowd and Dylans crowd. It's a song slammer her. It's not a metaphor about a group of people it's a specific person who Dylan was disguisted with and went back and forth from dylan's people and warhol's people. Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone"Like a Rolling Stone is about someone who had it all, all the while people told him that he was gonna lose it, then one day he did. now hes on his own on the streets. the song is about having it all, then losing it, just like that. Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone""Like a Rolling Stone" is one of the great lyrical ballads (and poems)of contemporary American thought.. If you have never read the lyrics side - by side - with the song, then don't judge the poetry of the work until you have done so. Before it was "cool" to be a drug - using hippy in the sixties, there was a small counterculture of real hippies in places like New York and San Francisco. Dylan was part of that very small late fifties/ early sixties movement. "Like a Rolling Stone" is a poem about all the presumptous types (once upon a time you dressed so fine) that made fun of people like him (and the rags that he wore and the language that he used). Now, those same snobs, in the lyrics of the poem - a young woman that he knew - have adopted the counterculture as their own. However, she can't handle it, and her drug use has turned her into something far below the people that she once made fun of. She's an out of control rolling stone tumbling with absolutely nothing; "when you got nothing, you got nothing to lose. Your're invisble now, you got no secrets to conceal." And the catch is, she was already a rolling stone back at Harvard before she became a psuedo-hippy ("You've gone to the finest school all right, Miss Lonely, But you know you only used to get juiced in it"Fleetwood Mac's "Go Your Own Way"Lindsey Buckingham wrote this song in a Holiday Inn in 1976 after Stevie Nicks kicked him out. It is like a plea and a blow off at the same time - "If I could, baby, I'd give you my world...open up, everything's waiting for you.... You can go your own way! You can call it another lonely day!" So, basically the message is: I still love you... Come back to me...oh, you won't? OK, be that way, then! You'll be sorry, babe!Rolling Stones's "Paint It Black"Listen closely to the lyrics! He wants to commit suicide because a loved one has died. One line that I found particularly profound was "Just like a new born baby it happens every day. "Jimi Hendricks's "Hey Joe"Listening to hey joe by jime hendricks i hear a double ententre. the gun could be a hypodermic needle. the lady could be a drug. and he caught it from some guy downtown. could be his dealer. He shot her down could infer that he took the drug. to me this loose interpretation makes more sense. i also think that the performers where aware of this. sort of an inside inside thing. Harry Chapin's "Cats In The Cradle"The Lyrics are actually a poem that his wife had written to him because he was always on the road and spent no time with his son. Don Mclean's "American Pie"Many people who have tried to interprit this song have missed interpreted the chorus completely. The actual way it goes is "So bye bye Ms. American Pie. Drove me Chevy to the Levy but the Levy was dry, and them good old boys were drinking whisky in Rye singing this will be the day that I die". The song does not refer to a levee at all, but a bar/pub, The Levy, which was in the town of Rye... Just thought I should point that out... As I do not have time for a full analization of this song right now I'll just explain the brief outlines of it. Obviously the beginings of the song refer to the Febuary plane crash that killed Holly, the Big Bopper, and Valens. But more then just the crash itself, it refers to the death of rock and roll the people could dance to. The song specifically refers to the Beatles, Bob Dylan, and The rolling stones. At first it commends Bob Dylan for singing with a "voice that came from you and me." The King in this song is Elvis. The jester, Dylan. It then goes on to talk about "while the King was looking down, the jester stole his thorny crown". This refers to the song Bob Dylan wrote that took Eliv's place as number one. Bob Dylan became a sell out as he began to use the electric guitar. References to the Stones include "Moss grows fat on a rolling stone". For lack of time I won't continue to anyalize the song. But you get the jist. This song is about the end of American Rock and Roll that one could dance to as the big bands from England introduced their version of music. It talks about great american artists selling out and making songs that aren't dancable to. And it mourns the loss of the old ways. I apoligize for how fragmented my writing probably was... I am working on a paper that anylizes ever line... When thats done I'll post it here... with spell check. Pink Floyd's "Mother"Mother is a song based on a little boy who lost his father in the war. Ever since his mother has been over protective and caring. This boy is living with his over protective mother and being shunned by the men surrounding him Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"Music can be interpreted differently by everyone, thats the freedom that it brings. Indeed there is usually an underlying meaning for most songs but each person who listens to a piece of music will take what they like from it. For me this song is perhaps talking to the listener more than being about something or someone. I feel the vibes about drugs and more importantly the psychological effects of them are too apparent in this song to dismiss. I have experienced most psychoactives and when you go where you want to go on drugs it is somewhere you love to be, hence wish you were here. You cannot interpret drugs until you have experienced them, 'so you think you can tell'. Drugs offer an insight into the simpler and more complex things in life and i believe that is something the Floyd were getting at here. Bob Marley And The Wailers's "Burnin And Lootin"My interpretation of this song is about when Marley remembers during a curfew probably about the racial wars going on in Jamaica at the time and then how black people would be blamed for crimes they didnt commit and then they had to burn and loot to get the money to repay the policeor get out of jail. Or Burnin and Lootin could mean how the black people would have to work like slaves for the police or whiteman. thats just my opinion anyway, i mean im only thirteen. Rush's "The Trees"My personal belief is that The Trees by Rush is an soulfully deep meaning of life and death... "the maples and oaks" can be applied to any division of human beings... race, color, creed, financal background, etc... but in the end, "they were all kept equal by hatchet, ax and saw"... (ie: death)... God, in the end ultimately gives and takes life, and even though some of us seemingly "take up all the light" it is all for not, for as the trees, from dust we came, and to dust we shall return. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"NPR picked this song as one of the The 100 most important American musical works of the 20th Century (http://www.npr.org/programs/specials/vote/list100.html). Each verse has a different meaning. The first is about a friend who committed suicide, the second is about his battle with heroin addiction, the third refers to a mental hospital and a band he started called "The Flying Machine." With Real Audio, listen to the story here: http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/20000626.atc.06.ram ZZ Top's "Jesus Just Left Chicago"No, they ain't talking about the son of God. The song is about a drug runner. "You may not see him in person, but he'll see you just the same." You may not actually buy from him, but it's likely that whatever you got came from him. Taking care of business is his game. Phil Collins's "In The Air Tonight"OK, enough of this crap about the lyrics to this song being true with 'drowning' and 'saving' and 'revenge' and 'spotlights' and 'suicide'. Here's a link: http://www.answers.com/topic/in-the-air-tonight And here's the truth from PHIL COLLINS HIMSELF! : (Phil) Collins commented on the legends about the song in a BBC World Service interview: “ I don't know what this song is about. When I was writing this I was going through a divorce. And the only thing I can say about it is that it's obviously in anger. It's the angry side, or the bitter side of a separation. So what makes it even more comical is when I hear these stories which started many years ago, particularly in America, of someone come up to me and say, 'Did you really see someone drowning?' I said, 'No, wrong'. And then every time I go back to America the story gets Chinese whispers, it gets more and more elaborate. It's so frustrating, 'cos this is one song out of all the songs probably that I've ever written that I really don't know what it's about, you know. "The Eagles's "Hotel California"OK,... Hasn't anyone here who has been explaining these meanings even noticed that the original album cover was a colour print of The First United Satanic Church of America? If you search the history, alleged as well as documented you'll find the meaning of the song,...or maybe just us old-timers would know that,.... The Eagles's "Hotel California"Oh, for God's sake, "Hotel California" is NOT about Satanism, it's about the insane and hidious life behind the rock life in southern California. The "Stab with their steely knives, but they just can't kill the beast" was a volley back to Steely Dan and that song that went "Turn up the Eagles, the neighbors can hear us." Otherwise, it's just a song about the "Fast Lane"Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"Ok i was always told the jester was Bob dylan. obvious the day the music died was buddy holly. The quartet the beatles. The girl who sang the blues Janice joplyn. the devil mick jagger because of the hells angelsthing. The king elvis hence dylan steeling his crown.queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"Ok no more aids!!! haha! anyways Is this the real life- "Is this just fantasy- Caught in a landslide- No escape from reality- Open your eyes Look up to the skies and see- Im just a poor boy,i need no sympathy- Because Im easy come,easy go, A little high,little low, Anyway the wind blows,doesnt really matter to me, To me" This is a common carless teen who is just living his life day by day and doesn't care what happens to him, or to anyone else. "Mama,just killed a man, Put a gun against his head, Pulled my trigger,now hes dead, Mama,life had just begun, But now Ive gone and thrown it all away- Mama ooo, Didnt mean to make you cry- If Im not back again this time tomorrow- Carry on,carry on,as if nothing really matters-" He is thinking to him self this, this isn't really him telling his mom anything if you think about it. "Too late,my time has come, Sends shivers down my spine- Bodys aching all the time, Goodbye everybody-Ive got to go- Gotta leave you all behind and face the truth- Mama ooo- (any way the wind blows) I dont want to die, I sometimes wish Id never been born at all" This is his guilt, because he finally has feeling in him, and he is affraid of dieing. (death penalty was pretty common in the 70's) "I see a little silhouetto of a man, Scaramouche,scaramouche will you do the fandango- Thunderbolt and lightning-very very frightening me- Galileo,galileo, Galileo galileo Galileo figaro-magnifico- But Im just a poor boy and nobody loves me- Hes just a poor boy from a poor family- Spare him his life from this monstrosity- Easy come easy go-,will you let me go- Bismillah! no-,we will not let you go-let him go- Bismillah! we will not let you go-let him go Bismillah! we will not let you go-let me go Will not let you go-let me go Will not let you go let me go No,no,no,no,no,no,no- Mama mia,mama mia,mama mia let me go- Beelzebub has a devil put aside for me,for me,for me-" ok so this versus does have demon written all over it... he see's a silhouetto of man, not really a man ( which would point out demon) and the way the demon comes to him scares him. And basically the kid is praying to get out... when he says no WE will not let you go. it is talking about satan and his demons. also this song could also talk about a kid selling his soul. but either or is a pretty close interpetation. also belzebub is the second in comand of satan. "So you think you can stone me and spit in my eye- So you think you can love me and leave me to die- Oh baby-cant do this to me baby- Just gotta get out-just gotta get right outta here-" Ok so this versus is directed to the mom. either she is ashamed because the son either sold his soul or killed a man. and she emotionaly stones him, as in beats him emotionaly... which is used back in the days for punishments for your sins. And then the mom just leaves him there and doesn't care. "Nothing really matters, Anyone can see, Nothing really matters-,nothing really matters to me, Any way the wind blows...." Thats to remind you why he is where he is. and thats a good meaning for the song ;-)John Lennon's "Imagine"Ok the song Imagine is all about communism. I mean listen to it people. "Imagine there's no heaven its easy if you try, no hell below us above us only sky" Communism eliminates religion since according to them religion seperates people. "Imagine no possesions I wonder if you can no need for greed or hunger a brother hood of man" Communism states that everybody has an equal share of wealh therefore no need for greed or hunger. "Imagine all the people sharing all the world" this one is self-explanatory. Well there you go!! !Van Morrison's "Brown Eye Girl"Ok, who ever wrote that brown eye girl is about heroin doesn’t known Van worth a damn. First off it’s from 1967 and not the seventies. The song is about Van’s first guitar and the joy of just jamming out and not worrying about selling records. He wrote this song when he was living in Boston with his wife and her child from another marriage in a one room apartment with just a fridge. He was depressed because he could not support them and was longing to find the joy again in music. The song is about the joy he had when he was a young boy up until he was a teen. One section and shows this perfectly is “Whatever happened, to Tuesday and so slow Going down to the old mine with a, transistor radio. Standing in the sunlight laughing Hide behind a rainbow's wall, Slipping and a-sliding, all along the waterfall ,With you, my brown-eyed girl, You, my brown-eyed girl.” The “slipping and sliding” in the song is him having trouble learning the guitar. Van would bring the radio because he would try and copy the blues music from the radio station in Belfast. It also gave him a chance to “jam” with his favorite guitarists like Muddy Waters and John Lee Hooker. John Lennon's "Imagine"Ok. I won't be surprised if they edit some of my beginning comments, and that's no problem, based on their "unfriendly tones". Communism!!?? Are you serious? That has got to be one of the most idiotic interpertations of anything I have ever heard in my life. That's right up there with believing that is says in the bible that one race is superior to another. Which, after reading such a retarded statement, I wouldn't be surprised if you belivied. Anyway, the song "Imagine" from John Lennon is the greatest song ever written, (no matter what anybody thinks), unless of course Jesus ever wrote a song. What he asks the listener to do is absolutely amazing because it is something that anyone and everyone, with maybe the exception of people with severve mental disabilities (and I mean that seriously), can do. "IMAGINE". If you need help look up the definition of the word. "IMAGINE". He's not saying that things HAVE to be a certain way. "IMAGINE". He's not saying that the way he sees things are the way that everybody else has to see them. "IMAGINE". What he's saying is...... (drum roll please) I M A G I N E. And if you're wondering how it is that this song is the greatest song ever written... "Imagine all the people, living life in peace". Thank you John and God bless. Pink Floyd's "Welcome To The Machine"Okay, this song is about the constant change of the music industry. Pink Floyd is probably the most unique bands out there. Their odd yet masterful since of music can be touched by no one. They define PSYCHADELIC. The Wish You Were Here album is all devoted to former member Syd Barret, who was forced out of the band due to his overwhelming drug use. I really like Wish You Were Here because each song can be used in similarity to Syd. Especially this song, not liked by most Pink Floyd fans "Welcome To The Machine" uses their earlier sound, the psychadelic keyboard and eerie noises much like Syd had used with the band earlier in their careers. Mostly of all though if you truly want to understand the lyrics its about being a rebel and not conforming to others music. Much like Pink Floyd always did in their amazing career in the music industry. I'm sick of you Floyd fans that only like Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, and the Wall. Open up to their earlier work. Meddle, Piper At the Gates of Dawn, Saucerful of Secrets, and Ummagumma. "Those of would sacrifice liberty for security deserve neither." - Ben Franklin Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama"Okay... enough with the whole "it was a response to Neil Young"; the fact that Neil Young did "Southern Man" had nothign to do wiht the song. Artists like to play with songs, and to be honest if vanzampt were around him and neil young would still be laughing thatp eople think that they were acutally mad. In fact, they were great friends and loved each others songs, Neil loved Sweet HOme Alabama as much as Vanzampt loved Southern Man, there was no conflict. People over look that this song is about a guy missing his home. Skynyrd were a couple of southern boys who just missed home Boomtown Rats's "I Don't Like Monday"On 29 January 1979, 16-year-old Brenda Ann Spencer opened fire on children arriving at Cleveland Elementary School in San Diego from her house across the street, killing two men and wounding eight students and a police officer. Genisis's "In The Air Tonight"On VH-1's show cant emember the name but it was when the artists told the real meanings of the song Phil Collins tells the story behind "in the air tonight" He says it is about being on the road and coming home to find his wife was cheating on him and how it destryed their marriage. He laughed about the whole "drowning" story! !The Doors's "The End"One of the most sacred songs till date. It clearly reflects the inside of a disturbed mind. Written by a person who always wanted to challenge the authority, this song can have many meanings. The haunting music can always reverbrate in ur ears. Eagles's "Hotel California"The Only mental patients are the ones describing it's meaning!! It's not intended to be analyzed too closely 'cos it was Henley/Frey's attempt at more Steeley Dan type lyrics (Steeley knives). It's meant to be a 'twilight zone' type of story where every turn/room introduces weird characters to stimulate the imagination. By '76,Henley/Frey were so adept at writing, they could write about a personal experience but make it sound like a universally understood subject (see: After the thrill is gone.. which sounds like a couples love fading, but is actually about the pressure of writing better hit songs ("Empty pages and a frozen pen")and being unable to rest on their laurels ("you don't care about winning..but you don't wanna lose"). In 'Hotel', they point out the excesses of L. A. To outsiders,L. A does seem like an asylum. Generally (this is fact)each line of the song is meant to be L. A 'Heaven' or L. A 'hell' depending on the listener's perception. The opening lines describe the welcoming lights of the promised land (L. A) at the end of the desert (or a beckoning asylum waiting to drain the subject's spirit) . Then, the subject finds that instead of a wonderful,spanish influenced (..'mission bell')city of promise and wonder that as it was in the late 60s, it's now a fake,shallow city where 'Tiffany's','Mercedes-worship' and 'meaningless love' have taken over from the 'spirit of '69'. The chorus describes how 'The Hotel' (L. A) will always take in more dreamers ('Plenty of room')..and will always have whatever vice you need ('Any time of year..you can find it here). In the line..'so I called up the captain..bring me my wine' ..the eagles used to call there their drug dealer 'The count'.. I'm guessing..'Captain'/'Count'..'Wine'/'Coke',that's opinion only..not fact. The last verse refers to constant drink and drugs..'mirrors..champagne' and how regardless of self-destruction, it's their '.. Own device'. The 'masters chamber' is a nod to the superficial 'music industry critic's constant back-stabbing of The Eagles, but the 'Beast'.. (The Eagles ever-improving popularity and record sales) couldn't be killed. The end is a metaphor for the subject (..in this case Henley & Frey), looking back to better days,the early magic and spirit of late 60s LA, but knowing it's now a spiritual graveyard where,no matter how much you bitch, It's the only place that offers you 'Heaven & Hell' at the same time. Although the '.. Check out any time' line is also a nod to Jackson Browne's wife's suicide. The reason for the 'Beverly hills hotel' being ot the album cover, is that the Spanish architecture fitted in with the 'simple roots' of LA as suggested in the song, but also to imply L. A city,with all it's super rich and 'wannabe's' as being somewhat of a soul-less asylum. incidentally, Felder (..noted as co-writer) wrote every musical part of the song incuding the bass-line and end solo, before Henley & Frey got their hands on it. - (No.1 Eagles fan) Ian CCat Stevens's "Father And Son"Orginally, this song was written for the film, Revolussia, which is about a young man who leaves home for the first time to join the Russian Revolution. But the film never took off! The song, Father and Son, by Cat Stevens is sortof, in part, a dialog between a father and his son, with Cat playing both parts! The father is trying to talk his son out of doing something which he considers to be fool heartedly, but to settle down and have a family, as the father is getting on in age and wants to have grandchildren!Beatles's "Let It Be"Paul Mc Carthney's mother, Mary, had died when he was young. In spite of his success in music he was going through a period of loneliness and dispair. One night his mother, Mary, came to him in a dream and told him that he would find his way and everything would be OK, that he just had to let it be. Not long after, he met his wife, Linda, and wrote the song to express his thanks to his mother. The Who's "Behind Blue Eyes"Pete claims to be a victim of sexual assualt. He wrote this from the perpetrator's perspective. Phil Collins's "In The Air Of Tonight"Phil was touring in Florida, and he needed some "alone" time. He took a walk on a nearby beach. He looked out over the water and saw a man in a boat. The man wouldn't help a person drownding in the water right next to him. The person drowned. Phil didn't know what to do. He wrote this song, and through boat registration he figured out who the man was. Phil sent him front row tickets to a concert. When the song about the man came up, Phil sang it staring at the guy the whole time. After the show, the guy turned himself in. Good story huh? It's true!Phil Collins's "In The Air Tonight"Phil was with his fiancee on a beach one night when two men approached them. One man raped Phil's fiancee while the other held Phil and forced him to watch. Five years later, Phil went back to the same beach. He doesn't know why, but he was drawn to that same spot where the rape happened. Suddenly, he hears a man in the ocean calling for help. He swims out to save him, but when he gets close, he recognizes him as the man who raped his wife. So he lets the man drown. It's all in the lyrics: "I can feel it coming in the air tonight, oh lord. Ive been waiting for this moment, all my life, oh lord." -- Phil finally gets vengeance. "if you told me you were drowning. I would not lend a hand. Ive seen your face before my friend, But I dont know if you know who I am. Well, I was there and I saw what you did. I saw it with my own two eyes." -- He reminds the drowning man about what he did. Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb""Pink" is the name of the character from Pink Floyd's album The Wall. It's telling the story of Pink and his addiction to heroin. America's "Horse With No Name"Pleeeease. You guys don't realize what most if not all of America's songs were about. Drugs. Horse is slang for Heroin. Viola! Now I have never done heroin so it's rather difficult for me to connect these lyrics but the song is in fact about Heroin. Deep Purple's "Child In Time"Putting this up as someone's else's post was completely wrong. According the Ian Gillan - Deep Purple's singer and the one responsible for the lyrics: It was 1969 and the band was rehearsing at a Community Centre in West London; it was either Southall or Hanwell. Jon Lord was dicking around (or 'extemporising on a theme' as it's known in the trade) with a tune from the new album by 'It's a Beautiful Day', it was 'Bombay Calling'. I started singing and the words came easily because we were all aware of the nuclear threat which hovered over us at this time which was probably when the 'cold war' was at it's hottest. Through the medium of Radio Free Europe this song and many others reached the ears and hearts of like minded people behind the 'Iron Curtain' and as I found out many years later, it was of a great comfort to them when they understood that there were some peace loving friends out there somewhere. Elton John's "Someone Saved My LIfe Tonight"Quoted from http://www.eltonlinks.com: "The song "Someone Saved My Life Tonight" is about an episode in Elton's life. In the late sixties, he almost got married to a woman who didn't even like his music and what he was doing. He wanted to get out of that situation, but was too confused, and also didn't want to face her. So one night he got drunk, then left his friends at the bar and went home. When Bernie got back, he found Elton lying on the kitchen floor, his head on a pillow for comfort, the oven open letting gas fill the room. But there was also a window open. So Bernie started to laugh. This suicide attempt was in fact a cry for help. The line "Paying your H. P. demands forever" refers to installment payments. I've been told that the letters H. P. stand for Hire-Purchase or Hire-Pay. It means that he would have had to pay for her expenses all of their married life. He saw this marriage as a neverending chore. In the lines "You almost had me roped and tied, altar-bound, hypnothized", he speaks to her, saying, wow, I almost got caught in your web! It's Bernie who wrote the words, so he had kind of an outsider view of this relationship. He thought she was a Prima Donna, and that Elton was "just a pawn out-played by a dominating queen". So anyway, after having been "saved" by Bernie, and also by Long John Baldry, the blues singer whom the band Bluesology was backing at the time, who talked Elton into getting out of this relationship, his friends came in the morning with a truck to take Elton home. Those lyrics are really great. They tell the story in a very poetic way, in my opinion. In 1974, when Elton recorded the song, it had been a couple of years since it happened. But Elton was still shaken by this experience and he was very emotional in the studio. The producer made him redo the vocals time and time again until they were just the way he wanted them, and Elton found that to be very painful. "Carly Simon's "You're So Vain"Recently, Dick Ebersol paid several thousand dollars at a charity auction to find out who the song was about. Carly Simon offered the information in order to help the charity. She whispered it in his ear. She also dropped a few hints this year. The name has an e, a, and an r in it. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"References to "Flying Machine" are references to a band which James Taylor formed in the late 60's. The band didn't do well and therefore the reference to "Sweet dreams and 'Flying Machines" in pieces on the ground. Fleetwood Mac's "Rhiannon (Will You Ever Win)"The Rhiannon myth was not the inspiration for the song "Rhiannon (Will You Ever Win)". Rather, Stevie Nicks read the name in a romance novel during a flight, liked the name, and wrote the song in 10 minutes. She later learned of the Welsh myth and was shocked to learn that her song also fitted the myth. Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"Robert Plant has been a friend and neighbour of mine for several years. I once asked him about the meaning of the lyrics to "stairway" he told me that because it was only written in 20 minutes, there was no great thought put into the lyrics - other than it refers to a rich woman who feels she can buy anything or buy her way out of any trouble. Eventually, though, we all have to 'pay the piper' - or pay for our misdeeds/ excesses in life. If an explanation by one of the authors to a friend is not enough to put an end to all those other theories and weird interpretations (satanism?? ) then I don't know what is. Lena Horne's "Stormy Weather""Rock and rye" is an alcoholic drink. "Rye whiskey, rye whiskey, rye wiskey, I cry. If I don't get rye whiskey I surely will die." Check out "Cowboy Songs" by Michael Martin Murphey, cowgirl. Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"SIMPLY----I have heard SO MANY different interpretations, but it all leads down to the main idea that Holly, Valens and the Big Bopper were killed in a plane crash on February 2nd, 1959. Many lyrics allude to this like "But february made me shiver" and "With every paper [news about the crash] I’d deliver". Another main idea is the history of music (and world) from the 60s from the viewpoint of Mc Lean. Thats all u need to know Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven""STH" has been named the Millennium Song (1000 years). IMHO, STH is likened to a fine literature/poetical Zenith. "Stairway" is the spiral staircase/ladder of physical and spiritual DNA. (so this puts LZ ahead of their time). "glitters is gold": an idealist (it's ok to follow yr ideals) or the barring away of rose-coloured glasses/clarity; "buying a stairway": 2nd contract, we are born into our 1st agreement when we come here; we may choose to make our 2nd agreement/path if we desire to follow a higher purpose ("those who stand long") (for the highest good of All); "stores": the 'storehouse' in the hereafter we're now building to draw upon,-a kind of karma or Akashic Record; "word": we are a/our 'word', our 'word' has energy/life/love -- 'go, create, as you have been created! '; 'all roads lead to happiness'-- (Buddha); "spirit...leaving": liberation from the bonds of life/death; also, the transcending of the limitations of our ego. {re: STH, this might help a little...a poem by George Darley (1795-1846) called, ""Sylvia or The May Queen""..."Gently! gently! down! down! From the starry Courts on high, Gently step adown, down The Ladder of the sky, Sunbeam steps (staircase) are strong enough For such airy feet; Spirits blow your trumpets rough (the trumpets are round, blowing rings meaning celestial harmony) So as they be sweet!, Breathe them loud,- (instrumental voices),-The Queen descending (the May Queen who comes down and presents clarity of mind "spring clean"), Yet a lowly welcome breathe (whisper), Like so many flowerets (a flower in her breath/hair?) bending Zephry's (Greek god of the "west" wind) breezy foot beneath".}. "rings" could be as in smoke signals/a sign/look for signs in the skies/on the walls of your heart/the rings of time as seen as circular not linear, sychronicity, etc; "voices": The Watchers/the Listeners of Earth's thoughts, and also meaning 'us'; "humming"...a somewhat low vibration or buzzing sound some Lightworkers and others hear in their head "hedgerow" signalling their resonance with the Source/the Piper "on the whispering wind"...the Pipeline/focus. (In "Going To Cal"...an Affinity Line..."throw me a line") who according to George Darley is "Apollo's (Greek god of the West, Sun, and Reason) winged bugleman". May Queen,-Lady Of The Flowers,-Lady Of the Lake/Luck,-The Maiden,Goddess Of Spring,-Flower Bride,-Faerie Queen,-Elf Queen: "in the forests she ruled" (...when the children (us) sings-the new world begins...). Two paths: the ego or/ the Higher Self connected to All; the "whispering wind" of spirit/yearning/intuition. "shadow": our Higher Self who is concerned with our sp. development, not ego/material matters...we align and merge with it. "shines white light": in the universe and dimensions we are a shining mark/Light; we can live in and expand this Light while here... (ie. "turn on your Love Light, shine it all around" -- Robert, from cd "Mighty Rearranger"). "everything still turns to gold": alchemy, the gradual changing from our dross of material world/self to reveal in us a 'golden' Lightbody of higher and wider consciousness...'a rebirth with new eyes' (as in "Going To California"). "listen": listen twice, speak once. "listen" as in: 'to pray' is to ask, 'to meditate' is to listen. (Meditation is not about giving up anything, it's about opening up to what is here in the Now moment...which one can do in silence, & one can do this in some music, eg. STH itself - a meditation.) (Apparently "rock and roll" is an English term.) Regarding STH reverse side which I've heard (it really does sound like Robert's beautiful voice-I couldn't bring myself to listen to it all : ( but you play the reverse of STH going forward not backwards??? huh! ...there are some people who have determined/theorized that when something as lovely as STH is produced there must be a counterbalance, yin/yang, hence the (collective) sub/unconscious hearing of a reverse meaning to STH. Indeed, when listening to some of our government 'Leaders' speeches, one can hear a word like 'peace' reversed to a war-like word like 'bomb'; and a word like 'evil' reversed to 'live' -- but as an immortal Soul, this won't hurt you. Re: "Kashmir", which Jimmy says most closely defines his beloved Led Zep, it is not about the physical place Kashmir but rather about a metaphysical journey. Also, for 'Going To California', etc., google 'astral projection/voyage/trip/OBE'. P. S: 'zep' means 'time' (ha ha, is it possible LZ was a subconscious Name?...nah but it's a fun possibility!! ); pls google 'Zep Tepi' (Time Travel,The Watchers)./// "...and they shall 'beat' their swords into guitars and their spears into pruning 'hook's...". (bluesforpeace.com)/// TTFN :)Judy Collins's "Send In The Clowns""Send in the CLowns". I know the song came from "Eine Kleine Nacht Musik" abd was written by Stephen Sondheim, and what the expression itself implies. Does anyone know how it related to Judy Collins? Jimi Hendrix's "Hey Joe"Several people in this forum have speculated on the meaning of the song Hey Joe as pertaining to Jimi Hendrix. Problem is, this song was originally recorded by a group called The Leaves, so where do we go from here? Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody""So you think you can love me and leave me to die?" Absolutely an AIDS reference Max Webster's "Let Go The Line"Someone else mentioned that this song is about someone thinking of hanging themselves. I don't get that feeling. This song sounds too casual and laid back for something as serious as that. For me, this song is about people getting burned out by doing too much partying and too much drugs in the late 1970s. "This tight rope just begins to feel like home" implies that the person in the song has gotten used to living on the edge but is thinking about changing his life. The tight rope is the stress that the lifestyle causes... "but tonight I might let go the line"... he's thinking of letting go of his current lifestyle and 'the line' could refer to the line of cocaine (or whatever drug) that he wants to stop doing. And this person must have a friend that he does this stuff with (or maybe it's a roommate or girlfriend) and he comes upon this person lying down, staring into space, completely stoned. And with one look, he can pretty much tell that this person is high as a kite, and will eventually come down. And this repetitive cycle of ups and downs and living on the edge is losing its allure and he's getting to the point where he can take it or leave it. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Someone here wrote that "Fire and Rain" was about JT's girlfriend dying in a plane crash. According to http://www.james-taylor.com/albums/firerain.shtml she committed suicide: Who is Suzanne? Susie Schnerr was a friend from JT?s Greenwich Village days. She committed suicide while he was in London recording his debut album but his friends didn?t want to bring him down during his big break, so they kept it from him until later. "You've just got to see me through another day" The phrase "another day" here and in the song of the same name both refer to recovery from addiction. "Sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" The Flying Machine was the name of JT?s first band, which broke up when he left for England and his eventual solo debut. Stories claiming the line refers to an actual plane crash are just urban legends. James Taylor's "Fire and Rain"Someone put on this page that this song was about a woman who was with him in the mental ward. Although he was in a mental ward (1970's answer to heroin rehab) and he did write a song about that ("Knockin Round the Zoo"), this song is not about that. Here is the real story: When James Taylor went off to record his first album shortly after he was signed, his girlfriend Susan had to stay at home. They could not afford a ticket for her, and since it was 1970 and he was a new artist, the label did not front the money. As a surprise, as he was finishing up on the album, his friends and the label pitched in to fly Susan to be with him. Tragically, the airplane crashed and she was killed. Since it was a surprise, he did not hear about it until after he finished the album and the label told him what had happened. Isn't that sad? Here are the lyrics. Read them for yourself: Fire and Rain James Taylor Just yesterday morning they let me know you were gone Susan, the plans they made put an end to you I walked out this morning and I wrote down this song I just cant remember who to send it to Ive seen fire and ive seen rain I seen sunny days that I thought would never end I saw lonely times when I could not find a friend But i always thought that id see you again Wont you look down upon me Jesus you got to help me make a stand You just got to see me through another day My bodies aching and my time is at hand An' I wont make it any other way (chorus) Been walking my mind to an easy time my back turned towards the sun Lord knows when the cold wind blows itll turn you head around Well there's hours of time on the telephone line to talk about things to come Sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground Queen's "Killer Queen"Someone said they were usure of the lyrics "Gunpowder, gelatine, dynamite with a laser beam." I believe it's "Gunpowder, Guillotine..." that would fit with the whole 'ways of killing' thing it seems to have going for it. Raydio's "You Can't Change That"Song about a stalker stalking a woman. "You can change the color of your hair, you can change the clothes you wear... You can change your telephone number, you can change your address too, but that won't stop me from loving you, no you can't change that" - kinda creepy huh... James Taylor's "Fire and Rain"Song is about being bi-polar and James Taylors relationship with a bi-polar female who was with him in a mental ward //ups and downs that come with the disease and suicide being a real danger that bi-polars deal with John Lennon's "Imagine"Sorry, but this song is about comunisum! If you've ever read a book like 1984 (you probably havent if you live in the states) then you would see it is all about comunisum. He is talking about having a completly perfect world that is only a dream "you may say i'm a dreamer" as in comunisum is only an idea. He goes on to sing "imagine no possesions, i wonder if you can" as in equalless among people. He then says "imagine all the people, sharing all the world" and goes on to say how he is a dreamer. If that doesn't spell comunisum then how about this. After John Lennon wrote that song he was red flaged by the CIA for being a possible an-achist and comunist. Don't believe it?? Have you ever seen John Lennon? I haven't but honestly the guy was a big hippy and probably thought the idea of comunisum was great, and really it is ... but it was just his dreaming ... and that all comunisum is, works on paper but not in real life. America's "A Horse With No Name"Sounds like a good story,"as one of the members liked to visit the area around Vandenburg Air Force Base, California". The was a song about drugs. First part of the journey taking the drug (horse) be involved and move from reality (There was sand and hills and rings)to (Cause there ain't no one for to give you no pain)alone. After prolonged exposure (Made me sad to think it was dead)a choice is made (let the horse run free)and back to the living (there was sand and hills and rings) but is it where we want to be (But the humans will give no love)and back to despair. The cycle of hate will repeat as herion is want to do. Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"Stairway To Heaven the greatest rock song of all time has many diferent theories as to what it means. Some say its about drugs. "Gold" was a term for marijuana in the 70s and "rings of smoke throuhg the trees and the voices of those who stand looking" means marijuana smoke came up throught the trees and the people around the smoke were talking about the girl smoking it. There are lines meaning things like that throughout the song. Some say it has no meaning and Robert was stoned when he wrote the lyrics. Some say it means whatever you want it to mean. Paige has said that is what it means and that it is a song of hope. A lot of people have heard the rumor about the lines in the song. that go "If there´s a bustle in your hedgerow don´t be alarmed now. It´s just a spring clean for the May-Queen. Yes there two paths you can go by. But in the long run. There´s still time to change the road you´re on." Many people say that when played backwards those lines say a satanic message. My freinds and I have tried this and unfortunately the record I have has a big scratch on it, and the only one who has the record besides me out of my group of freinds lost it. So I don't know if its true or not. Every website, person, etc. who says there is a satanic message says it is something different. There is another rumor that says some really creepy stuff. Jimmy and Robert wrote stairway in a really old mansion where most of the album was made. It goes that while sitting by the fire in this mansion Jimmy was playing an acoustic while Robert hummed to it and at one point while he was starting to write he felt that "Something was moving my pen...". He has said that several interviews. Jimmy Page says that Robert "...had come up with 90% of the lyrics right there on the spot! We were all stunned...". I know that this in another entry, but I heard this rumor long before visiting this website. Some other websites I can give out to help people with Staiway To Heaven are: http://www.durangocoloradousa.com/stairwaytoheaven.html http://www.reversespeech.com/music_reversals.htm http://experts.about.com/q/501/3526313.htm I am a 12 year old zeppelin fan who has been workingon the meaning of Stairway since he was 11. If you feel I was wrong or needed to add things please enlighten me and put them on this website and all over the web. May this song be played forever. Led Zepellin's "Stairway To Heaven"Stairway To Heaven was recorded at Headly Grange in England. Most of the 4th Album was recorded there. Headly Grange was a huge, hundred year old mansion that was cold and drafty and had limited privileges. It was perfect. Stairway was literally recorded in front of a roaring fireplace with Robert Plant & Jimmy Page sitting cross-legged on the floor. Jimmy came in with the intro intact. After a small while of "humming" from Plant, Robert starting to write the lyrics right then and there. "Something was moving my pen..." he has been quoted to say on many an interview. Jimmy Page admitted that Robert "...had come up with 90% of the lyrics right there on the spot! We were all stunned..."Led Zepplin's "Stairway To Heaven"Stairway to Heaven is the old Christian sermon which says you don't have to pay to pray, you are saved by the love of God, not by your deeds, and it's never too late to be saved. The Piper is Jesus. You can read line by line and see how it's about Christianity by visiting here: http://www.sunsetwestproductions.com/forever/stairway.htm For the very intriging words of the greatest rock song of all time to be written on the fly, they must have been inspired by God. Remember the music was written by a band called 'Spirit' but they couldn't come up with any words so they gave it Zepplin. Makes you wonder???? Singer Lena Horne's "Stormy Weather"Stormy weather is I think a song of the 40s sung by Lena Horne. Wanting to know the meaning of 'rock and rye' Your site seems to be the most hopeful. Thanks Helen Cramer Nancy Sinatra's "Sugar Town"Sugar Town by Nancy Sinatra in a song about being totally out of your head having a great buzz on cocain , but remember folks for every high there's a come down. Don Henley, ex Eagles's "The Boys Of Summer"Supposedly a nostalgic love song on the surface, this song is about post-WW2 racism in the US. The "Boys of Summer" were the American troops who went to Europe in the latter stages of WW2 to expedite the end of the war on the German Nazis. The story-teller returns to the US after the war, only to discover that racism is just as evident in the US. He laments, "I'm driving by your house though I know you're not home" - the house is the Whitehouse and the story-teller refers to the emptiness or lack of spirit in the Whitehouse - it's a place that tolerates or fosters racism, too. A black man is also seen down the barrel of a gun as the gunman says to himself, "I can see you, your brown skin shining in the sun". James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Susan didn't die in a plane crash!! She was a girl Taylor knew in a mental institution (where he was being treated for heroin addiction). This was after the release of his debut album on Apple Records. Susan suffered from depression and committed suicide. The line "sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" refers to Taylor's band, The Flying Machine, which split due to his drug problems. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Suzanne was the name of a woman he befriended while in rehab for heroin addiction. She committed suicide after she got out. Flying Machines was the name of JT's former band which had broken up. Remember this was the song that made him a star so he was lamenting the loss of his band. It's not a completely literal song and that what makes it so touching. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain""Sweet dreams and flying machines..." refers to the breakup of his band, The Original Flying Machine. See http://www.acousticmusic.com/fame/p00456.htm The Eagles's "Hotel California"THIS SONG IS ABOUT A BUDDHIST HOTEL IN TEXAS. THE EAGLES USED TO LIVE THERE AND WORSHIP BUDDHA, AND THEY MADE THIS SONG. John Denver's "Take Me Home, Country Road""Take Me Home, Country Road" is a classic ode to the speaker's home state (though not of the singer or the songwriters). On another level, though a line in the last verse hints at another possible meaning to the song "I should have been home yesterday, yesterday..." It is quite possible that the speaker has missed his mother before she died, is making his way home and all his memories of her come flooding back to him, teardrop in his eye. Jason Suggs, Notre Dame, Indiana James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Taylor's hit song "Fire and Rain" is about the suicide of a woman he became close to while in rehab and about getting off heroin itself. There is an amusing myth about the meaning of the song. According to the myth, the song tells the story of Taylor's girlfriend, Suzanne, being killed in an airplane crash on her way to meet him at a concert. The myth is very popular among Taylor fans, and this is why I find it particularly pathetic. The idea of the plane crash comes from the line, "Sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground." One would think that fans would know the history of their idols. "The Flying Machine" was the name of a band Taylor had in New York--a band that broke up ("in pieces") in large part because of Taylor's drug use. There is an excellent discussion of this Urban Legend on the Snopes Web Site. Be warned, however, that the article makes an assumption about when Taylor met Suzanne by not taking into account the common practice of changing song lyrics drastically over time. Otherwise, the article is dead-on. Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge Over Troubled Water"Technically, they were a band of the 60's, but this album was released Jan. 26, 1970. My dad told me that this song was about "shooting up" or IV drug use. He said the part where they say "Sail on Silver Girl, sail on by, you're time has come to shine...." is about the needle. I don't know how true this is but when you listen to the rest of the lyrics you could see how they might be singing about using drugs to escape the pain of the world. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"That is not accurate, the story that JT told was that Susan was a girl he had met and befriended while in rehab. She commited suicide while on the inside.... America's "A Horse With No Name"That was a nice little concept about comparing the ocean to the desert although extremely naive. A Horse with no name has long been known as a pet name for Heroin. The singer is obviously crooning about the ups and downs of the drug. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain""The Flying Machines" was the first band Taylor played in. The reference in that line is refering to his hopes as a youth and the break-up of the band. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"There are a few errors from the previous posts. Susanne was a friend of James. The song is about Susanne's suicide while James Taylor was recording his debut album. She did NOT die in a plane crash. The line "sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" refers to James Taylor's first band. The "Flying Machines" were not successful, and the line refers to their demise. If you listen to the lyrics, you will realize that he is speaking of things he spoke about with Susanne. The song also deals with his come back from addiction. (the below is from www.james-taylor.com) "Fire And Rain" James Taylor Who is Suzanne? Susie Schnerr was a friend from JT?s Greenwich Village days. She committed suicide while he was in London recording his debut album but his friends didn?t want to bring him down during his big break, so they kept it from him until later. "You've just got to see me through another day" The phrase "another day" here and in the song of the same name both refer to recovery from addiction. "Sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" The Flying Machine was the name of JT?s first band, which broke up when he left for England and his eventual solo debut. Stories claiming the line refers to an actual plane crash are just urban legends. Steely Dan's "Everyone's Gone To The Movies"There are other possible interpretations here. This man is a pedophile. He doesn't just show dirty movies, he's after other things. He wants to show kids a "new game to play." Mmmm...wonder what that is? There's another reference to him welcoming the kids with open arms. Also, the lyric, "I know you're used to 16 or more, sorry we only have 8" can also have entirely pedophilic and different meanings - not 16 year olds, who in many states are legal, but 8 year olds. The man likes little kids. Anyway, a different way to think about it... Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean"There was a lot of speculation as to who "Billie Jean" was when this was released, and the speculation only increased when it became clear that the only way Michael could have children at all was to pay lots of money to a nurse to act as a surrogate. However, it is now clear that the song refers to tennis champion Billie Jean King, with whom Michael had an affair in the early 1980s, and who tried to trick him that the child she was carrying was his, when in fact she was actually pregnant by Demis Roussous, a then-popular Greek singer and Michael Jackson look-alike. Whether Billie Jean thought that Demis was actually Michael at the time of conception is not clear. Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"There's actually a grand interpretation of every lyric in this song, but what it's basically about is the grand scope of years after the plane crash that killed Buddy Holly, Richie Valens, and the Big Bopper (i.e. the "Father, Son, and the Holy Ghost"). It goes from the pop-music sockhops and the popular spurning of original R&B music, to the popularity war between Elvis (the King) and Bob Dylan (the Jester who sang folk music, "a voice that came from you and me"), to the British Invasion, to hard rock and the crudeness that it brought. "The day the music died", in a way, is both the day in February that Buddy's plane crashed, and the decade from his death to the end of the 60's in which rock'n'roll as Don Mc Lean knew it faded away. In a way, it's about the death of innocence, too, and the death of 50's America. The 60's changed everything, and in a way it killed the world that existed before it. "American Pie" is a sort of eulogy for that old way of life, and way of music; it's a ballad for what we all lost, for better or worse, the day the music died. The Eagles's "Hotel California"They said it in an interview themselves that I read a while ago. The entire song, although it is rumored to be about death is about fame and greed.. "Her mind is Tiffany twisted She's got the Mercedes bends She's got a lot of pretty, pretty boys That she calls friends." "Materialism's" mind is twisted by Tiffany's and Mercedes: Tiffany's for expensive jewelry, Mercedes for the expensive cars. People's perspectives get distorted by these things, which explains another fun play on works with "Benz" or bends and twisted. "So I called up the Captain. Please bring me my wine. He said, we haven't had that spirit here since 1969." The Captain's response is interesting, they haven't had that wine since 1969. Since the summer of love, the summer of freedom from possessions. They haven't had the ability to give you that since... Woodstock. "Mirrors on the ceiling, The pink champagne on ice And she said 'We are all just prisoners here, of our own device'" Ceiling Mirrors are a great reference for our adult audience while Pink champagne is certainly another symbol of luxury. The last line gives up hope and hopelessness in that we are trapped of our own will. In pursuit of wealth we created our lifestyle. "'Relax,' said the night man, We are programmed to receive. You can checkout any time you like, but you can never leave!" The night man, the guard, or society, tells us to relax, this is what we're all about, it is normal to desire things. We are brought up and conditioned by society to be receptive to messages about status and wealth. Of course, we can "check out", go on vacation, head to the mountains and get away for a while but, we will never pull ourselves from greed. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"This Taylor classic is about the death of a friend of James' called Suzanne (Susie) Schnerr,who he and a couple of friends were friendly with in New York around the mid 60's and who committed suicide while Taylor was in London cutting his debut album on the Beatles 'Apple' label. He wasn't told about her death until six months after it happened because his own mental health was so delicate. The opening line 'just yesterday morning they let me know you were gone' is about how he felt on learning of her death. The line 'won't you look down upon me Jesus, you gotta help me make stand'is about him making a plea to help him through his drug abuse. She was not a girl-friend and did not die in a plane crash. Jefferson Airplane's "White Rabbitt"This is Grace Slick's effort from the band she was in prior to Airplane with her husband (The Great Society), written to scorn the use of extraordinary tales such as Alice in Wonderland, when raising children and expecting them to scorn psychdelia and open minded thinking. Elton John's "Daniel"This is a song about A brother or a friend or someone with a close relationship to a someone, "Daniel." Quite basically, Daniel is leaving home and the songwriter does not want him to leave. On the journey, something happens which kills Daniel. What a song!KISS's "Beth"This is a song about Peter Criss' wife being lonely because he and the band are always on the road and never home. the key line is 'me and the boys will be playing all night'Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start the Fire"This is a song that describes the influences that WWII had on America, and the reality of post-war America. It's up-beat tune is extremely catchy, distracting mnay listeners from the true meaning: life and times of post-war America. Black Sabbath's "Hand Of Doom"This is a staight up anti-heroin song. "push the needle in, face that sickly grin, holes are in your skin, caused by deadly pins. "Guess Who's "American Women"This is about Canada's frosty relations with the US during the Vietnam War. "I don't want your war machines, I don't want your ghetto scenes." "American woman, get away from me." I always thought it was kinda funny; did they think our part of the continent could pick itself up and float away? Eric Clapton's "Layla"This is about Clapton's affair with Beatle George Harrison's wife. To obscure who he was referring to, Clapton used the name "Layla" which was the name of a woman in a book he had just read...wish I could remember the name of the book. The Who's "Behind Blue Eyes"This is about Pete Townshend's then-closeted bi-sexuality. "No one knows what it's like to be hated, to be fated to telling only lies", etc. Deep Purple's "Smoke On The Water"This is about a fire in the Casino at Montreux, Switzerland. The water is Lake Geneva, which the casino overlooked. The band was going to record Machine Head there right after a Frank Zappa concert, but someone fired a flare gun at the ceiling which set the place on fire. The band was relocated to another hotel and recorded the album in the Rolling Stones mobile studio. Deep Purple and Frank Zappa lost all his equipment in the fire. "Funky Claude" is Claude Nobs, a man who helped rescue some people in the fire was the person responsible for relocating the band to the Grand Hotel and arranging for themm to use the Rolling Stones mobile studio. Elton John's "All The Girls Love Alice"This is about a young lesbian in town who provides "entertainment" for the women in her neighborhood. Jackson Browne's "Rosie"This is about masturbation with Rosie Palm and her five sisters. "Rosie you're all right, you wear my ring; when you hold me tight, Rosie that's my thing." It's sung from the viewpoint of a musician who had hopes of picking up a groupie one night, but she goes off with the drummer instead. "Looks like it's me and you again tonight, Rosie. "Brownsville Station's "Smokin' In The Boys' Room"This is about sneaking out of class to smoke in the bathroom and then getting caught. Kiss's "Black Diamond"This is an early Kiss song written by their original guitarist Angus Young. It's about his cat Diamond who was white but would go out on the streets of London at night and come back home black and dirty. This was on Kiss's first album Jailbreak. Pink Floyd's "Any Colour You Like"This is any instrumental from dark side of the moon... the title comes from an old english saying at the markets near where roger waters lived, when selling cutlery people would say, you can have any colour you like as long as its blue.. metaphorically this is offering a choice when there really isn't any Rush's "The Trees"This is clearly a play on Ayn Rand's philosophy which Rush has given credit to on at least one of their albums. Rand's philosophy is survival of the fittest and individualism. The oaks are the best, they deserve what they have, they earned it based on their ability to grow taller. The end result of the weaker individuals grouping together to create "equality" is that everybody loses (kept equal with hatchet ax and saw). Instead, they should strive to be better as an individual and become like oaks. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"This is one of my favorite songs ever written. I believe that it pertains to the horrors of the Vietnam War. It describes a soldiers confusion with reality in the lyric "can you tell heaven from hell". Many of the soldiers had emotional troubles due to this war. The lyric "trade your heroes for ghosts" was also about the thousands of soldiers killed. And one other lyric "did you exchange a walk on part in the war, for a lead role in a cage?" is about draft dodging and being put in jail which some thought better than walking onto the horrors of war. The point is this song definetly is about the times of the Vietnam War, case closed. Tubeway Army's "Everyday I Die"This is yet another song about masturbation and alienation. It's about unfulfilled fantasies, and is pretty graphic: "The problem of need, I need you. Obscene dreams in rusty beds. No one came here tonight. I pulled on me, I need to. I unstick pages and rear. I look at pictures of you. I smell the lust on my hand...everyday I die. "Warren Zevon's "Werewolves Of London"This might be rumor...but as I understand it this song is about the gangs portrayed in Clockwork Orange, who ran around london killing and raping. Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"This must be one of the two most contested songs of all time (the other being Stairway). I did a thesis on this song for a contemporary poetry class, and what I have written is the result of many hours of research. The best way to understand it is to go line by line, noting the references, and then allowing people to draw their own conclusions. "But February made me shiver, With every paper I'd deliver, Bad news on the doorstep... I couldn't take one more step." February 2nd, 1959 was the date of the plane crash which killed Holly, Valens and the Big Bopper. At the time Don Mc Lean was a paperboy, and on Feb 3rd would have delivered the papers carrying the news of Holly's death. "So... Bye bye Miss American Pie..." The word "so" suggests that the next lines are connected to the previous ones. "Drove my Chevy to the levy but the levy was dry" This is reminiscient of a Chevrolet ad slogan of the 50's which ran: “Drive your Chevrolet/through the USA…On a highway or a road along a levee…” "That'll be the day that I die" was one of Buddy Holly's most famous songs. The next line "Did you write the book of Love, and do you faith in God above/ if the bible tells you so" "The Book of Love" was a 1958 hit song by The Monotones. "If the Bible tells you So' was a song by Don Cornell, 1955. "Now do you believe in rock 'n roll?" This hints at the change in setting from the 50's to the 60's, as a well known 60's song by the Lovin Spoonful called "Do you beleive in Magic?" which reads "…I’ll tell you ‘bout the magic to free your soul, but it's like trying to tell a stranger 'bout rock and roll." The song goes on for a while longer, but you get the idea. Don Mc Lean has admitted to the Holly references in the first lines, but prefers to leave the rest to the listener's imagination. Email me if you have any more questions. Eagles's "Hotel California"This one really speaks to alot of things going on at the time. Both Henley and Frey have hinted to drug addiction, sex and the excesses of fame. California was the perfect example of all of these things taking place, but it was actually about the US as a whole. Sex-"There she stood in the doorway, I heard the mission bells. And I was thinking to myself, this could be heaven or this could be hell". A little known fact is that Henley was arrested for harboring a young girl (not sure of the age but definitely not 18) Drugs-Mercedes Bends (not Benz, like the car) is a code name for a heroin overdose. "Steely Knives" is their way of mentioning Steely Dan, who had mentioned the Eagles in a song. The theory about Satan worshipping may come more from the inside of the album than from the song itself, supposedly a devilish figure stands in the balcony being crucified. You can check out any time you like, but you can never leave. Has there ever been a more analyzed line in music? This could be about alot of things, drug addiction or sex, but I want to think it's about their rising popularity-that they could never go back to being the good ol' boys that hung out at the Troubadour, drank and smoked and tried to get layed every night without the whole world knowing. This is one of the greatest songs ever written, if nothing else to keep us all guessing. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"This song (as any Floyd fan would know) is about The Floyd's rise to superstardom, because of the album Dark Side of the Moon, and becoming trapped in the world of being a super star thus "Wish You Were Here"...because they weren't... The Beatles's "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds"This song IS NOT ABOUT LSD as some folks would have you believe. John Lennon's son Julian had come back from school one day with a drawing. When John Lennon asked his son what it was, Julian told him that it was a girl he liked "Lucy" who appeared to be floating in the sky with diamonds that he drew around her that he had hoped one day to give her. If you belive that Lucy in the sky with diamonds is about LSD use, then you probably believe the rumors that Paul Mc Cartney had also died back in the 1960's and that we are still listening and being fooled by his perfect double "Billy Sheers". Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama"This song also refers to recordings the band did in the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Alabama where the guys there took them under their wing and showed them how to record in a studio. Ronnie Van Zant affectionately dubs them the "Swampers" and states "they pick me up when I'm feeling blue." The majority of the Skynyrd band hails from Jacksonville FL and no members were from Alabama. Also the recordings made in Alabama lead to the success of their first album. Neil Young and Van Zant were friends, Young thought the song was funny, he even did it in concert on occasion. Ronnie was also known to wear a Neil Young t-shirt during concerts. Also alot of people think the band were racists, they were not. Why else would they "boo" governor Wallace, who was for segregation at the time. The confederate back drop for the band was drummed up by the record company to promote them as a Southern Rock band. The band thought it was a good idea at the time and eventually stopped using the flag later in their career. Skynyrd Rocks!Styx's "The Grand Illusion"This song basically says that we shouldn't follow the rest of world in fads but show our-selves for who we are. The line "America spells compitition" says that we are obsessed with beating other countries. Pink Floyd's "Have A Cigar"This song deals with the record company man who promises the world to a would be star. "The band is just fantastic, that is really what I think. Oh, by the way, which one is Pink?" reveals disdain for the record company man who fakes enthusiasm for the band while not knowing anything about the band. The "gravy train" is the riches that success in the music world can bring. In short, the music business is all about making money, regardless of artistic creativity, which is the foundation of Floyd's music. Queen's "Death On Two Legs"This song has a lot of meaning, is is a very degrating song, and it is directed to one of Queens managers, who in the 80's took a bunch of "Royalty" money from them and left, So they thought the only thing fit for them to do is right a song about him. The Eagles's "Hotel California"This song has been argued over for a long while now that this song is about a drug addiction and the hotel is a metaphore for a rehab facility, but in fact the hotel is the Las Angeles county morgue. This song is about a car accident and many people died and they ended up with there souls trapped in the morgue. I quote ' We are all prisoners here of our own device'. I qoute 'You can check out any time you like, but you can never leave'. In those sayings is cleary makes a point of death. This song is clearly about a morgue I quote 'this could be heaven or this could be hell.' before those lines are spoken he talks about seeing a light.... (the light of death).......he talks about pink shampane on ice (AKA emablming fluids) the mirrors on the ceiling ( the mirrors the docters see from in the ceiling. "And in the master's chambers, They gathered for the feast The stab it with their steely knives, But they just can't kill the beast " He talks about the table were his body lies they cut him open with teh knives they try to kill his spirit but it still lingers. "Last thing I remember, I was Running for the door I had to find the passage back To the place I was before 'Relax,'said the night man, We are programmed to receive. You can checkout any time you like, but you can never leave! " He talks about his spirit trying to erase this dream and wake up and the nightmen says he can die anytime he likes but his spirit can never leave. And he says we are programmed to recieve,is that they are programmed to recieve spirits and bodys because they are the LA morgue. Simon and Garfunkel's "Bridge Over Troubled Water"This song has definately been known as relating to drugs but is no where close to that. My marching band is playing it now in our show and we sat down and our director, a very big S&G fan, told us about the song and its meaning. He said we are using it as a sign of our relationship towards eachother and thats why he picked it in the first place. The song is definately in no way related to drugs. Rush's "The Trees"This song has so much meaning. To me, it is describing how you can fight back and if you stand together you can overcome anything. "the maples formed a union, and demanded equal rights" Just because a group of people have more money, a better car, house, ext. this DOES NOT mean that they are better than you in any way shape or form. Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"This song has various meanings. On the surface it appears to be about the 1959 plane crash that killed Buddy Holly. However, the song is also about the death of the innocence of the 1950's and 1960's. If you wish to over-analyse American Pie you may find connections to other bands but the main thing here is to find the essence of the song. John Lennon's "Imagine"This song is NOT about communism, may sound like it, but no.. It's about how much better the world would be with out religion, seeing as religion causes wars, racism, hate.. putting mankind against eachother.. when in fact it should be the opposite. Beatles's "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds"This song is NOT about LSD. Initially, the Beatles did nothing to dspel the misconception behind the lyrics. As we all know, controversial lyrics make for a more popular song. It was later told by John Lennon that he got the idea for the song from a drawing his son Julian had done. He asked Julian what it was a picture of and he said "Lucy in the sky with diamonds." Not as intrigueing as a song about LSD, huh? But, still, it was, in my opinion, one of their best. Coven's "One Tin Soldier"This song is a story about a group of people that lived high on a mountain who had a treasure buried under a stone and another group down in the valley that wanted the buried treasure and swore they'd have it one day. First they go and ask the mountain people to turn over their treasure, but they refused. The valley people then mount horses and draw swords and kill all the mountain people in order to claim this treasure. The treasure turns out to be nothing they expected. They turn the stone and look beneath it and, ironically, it says 'Peace on Earth' and nothing more. I beleive the meaning of this is that you have to share such a treasure as peace. Otherwise, it leads to more conflict. The war in this story would never have happened if the mountain people had just shared their treasure. David Bowie's "Heroes"This song is about "old life" meeting "new life". Bowie describes it through the lovelife of his characters. In the beginning, everything seems "king and queen", then .. he can be mean, but they are still together, the process of living in love is not the issue, rather than the result. Later in the song,in modern life, love is different. It has become "epic" .. (in a music way) and also described in the "dolphin verse". In Freudian, water equals the unknown, and the sexual frustration. Standing by the wall, he has been caught with his love (a man), but he regrets nothing. Those who love all, they are nothing, and nothing will help them. Maybe they lie, so be carefull, they are men, men have lead world wars. ! The meaning is, that love is more than just sex between sexes, men and women. It is a universal thing, and if You can be accused of being wrong in that respect, who do You have to answer for then ? The judge on earth will stand to answer someone ... We can be heroes .. we can beat them .. Just for one day .. Maybe not for as long as we are here, but in eternety .. ! That is the message ! Pete .. Jefferson Airplane's "White Rabbit"This song is about ALice and Wonderland. The book not the Disney movie, but u can still match most of the lyrics to the Disney movie. Don Mc Clean's "American Pie"This song is about Buddy Holly dying in a plane crash ("the day the music died. It is full of allusions to the 60's and 70's. I was surprised it wasn't on this site, and if anybody knew more about it they could post a longer entrie. Eagles's "Hotel California"This song is about CULTS........being lured in, joining, and (trying to) leave them.... Harry Nilsson's "1941"This song is about Harry's early life growing up as a child. Harry was born in 1941. In 1941 happy father had a son. And by 1944 the father walke right out the door. This is when his parents divorced. By 1945 mom and son were still alive but who could tell by 46 if the two could still survive. He refers to when the circus comes to town as meaning to his life being a circus as a child. Not knowing what was going to happen next. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"This song is about James Taylor's sister, Susan, who died in a house fire. Lynard Skynard's "All I Can Do Is Write About It"This song is about Mr. Van DAm growing up in the south, and the natural beauty of the country. It is so odd how he says," Lord take me and mine before the concrete creeps in." And how he dies not that much longer. Heart's "Magic Man"This song is about Nancy Wilson, who fell under the spell of Charles Manson and for a short time, became a follower. Her mother tried to bring her back home, but she believed he was a "magic man," because she first experienced drugs while with him. Eventually, it was her sister Ann who managed to pull her away from the cult. She arrived at the Manson compound and kidnapped Nancy in the middle of the night. Ann and her mother managed to "de-program" Nancy before it was too late. The Eagles's "Hotel California"This song is about Satan. there are few pieces of evidence to support this claim. first off the first church of satan is located on california st, hence the title "Hotel California." The line that goes "So I called up the Captain, 'Please bring me my wine' He said,'We haven't had that spirit here since nineteen sixty nine." It is interesting to know that wine is the blood of christ and Anthony Lavey the founder of the church of satan wrote the 1st satanic bible in 1969...... Coinicidence???? of course the satanic bible would condemn "Wine." Now listen to the song and think about the descriptions they give especially at the beginning Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"This song is about a chick who uses heroin. At the end she dies, and climbs the "stairway to heaven"James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"This song is about a couple in a mental institution. The couple was separated by those in charge, and as a result, the man committed suicide. Garth Brooks's "Unanswered Prayers"This song is about a guy who dated a girl along time ago. They broke up and he wanted her back very badly. He would pray to God every night that God would make her his again. He then met and married someone else, and ran into his old flame, he introduced the two and realized that she and he both had changed. He then looked at his wife and Thanked God for the way he answered that very prayer...with someone else, not the original girl. The Rolling Stones's "Paint It Black"This song is about a guy's girlfriend or wife dying. "I see a red door and I want it painted black"- some churches- have red doors. "I see a line of cars and they're all painted black. With flowers and my love both never to come back" as in a funeral procession. Vicki Lawrence's "The Night The Lights Went Out In Georgia"This song is about a man who is a long haul truck driver and is sung from the perspective of his little sister. After a few days out of town he is on his way back home when he stops at a bar and runs into his best friend Andy. Andy tells him that his wife has been sleeping around and that he has been with her too. The Trucker is angry about the betrayal and decides to do something about it. He heads home to get his gun "the only thing papa had left him" while Andy is making his way home, wondering what is going to happen now that he lost one of his only friends. When the brother/trucker is sneaking through the woods to get to Andy's house he comes across some small footprints, too small to be a man's. When he looks into the house and sees Andy dead he knows that his sister must have killed him, so he fires his gun into the air to draw the attention of the officers in the area on patrol. It doesnt say so but I think that he confessed to the crime to protect his sister and she is bitter because they didnt even bother to investigate and prove he was telling the truth. "The judge said 'guilty' at a make-believe trial". When she refers to the "lights in Georgia" I think that it is a reference to truth and justice, that the actions of the court in her brothers case were so blind that they were working in the dark, railroading her brother to get the best outcome for themselves, even if it wasnt the truth. Boomtown Rats's "I Don't Like Mondays"This song is about a school shooting. A woman who didn't like the day Monday came into a classroom and shot heaps of children. Not very blatant meaning, maybe except for "I want to shoot the whole day down. "Eagles's "Hotel California"This song is about a whore house. The "Captin" is the pimp. "Her mind is Tiffany-twisted" means how shes whore whos addicted to the life of sex drugs and money.... She got a lot of pretty, pretty boys she calls friends" means her 'johns' or 'clients.' "Mirrors on the ceiling, The pink champagne on ice" what high class whore house dosen't come with mirrors on the ceilings and booze. "You can check-out any time you like, But you can never leave" is talking about how the hookers can stop being hookers but it will never leave them. America's "Horse With No Name"This song is about drug use and the horse with no name represents heroin. Everything is a metaphor in this song. The journey through the desert represents the initial happiness and eventual horror that will "drown" you in an ocean of despair. Pink Floyd's "Wish You Where Here"This song is about former band mate Syd Barrett. This 1975 album is mostly based around Syd. It is not about the bands drug use or a father lost in World War 2. A Pink Floyd song named "Mother" is about a father who was a casualty of World War 2. Billy Paul's "Me & Mrs Jones"This song is about heroin. "Jonesing" is slang for heroin use. What Billy Paul is talking about his love affair with H. Neil Young's "Down By The River"This song is about heroine. Hence when he says, "down by the river" (his arm), "i shot my baby" (his heart) "she could drag me over the rainbow" ( the high) "its so hard standing here being all alone" (the addiction)James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"This song is about how he was in a mental institution and the only thing that kept him going was a girl. When he left the institution he found out that she had killed herself a day before he got out. Rush's "The Trees"This song is about labor unions and how they may help the workers but in the end everyone will be brought down. Phil Collins's "In The Air Tonight"This song is about nothing. Phil Collins was setting to go out on a solo tour and had just purchased new equipment. In getting set up and testing the equipment out, he started singing just anything that came to mind. He later added melody and that's the real meaning behind the song. I heard Phil Collins himself tell the story on a late night radio show. Elton John's "Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word"This song is about someone who is desperately seeking the love of another someone, and how they would do anything to have their love returned by that person. Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb"This song is about what Roger Waters perceived as a near death experience. As a child, he experienced an illness which brought on a high fever which he felt would lead to his death. It is a song about drifting in and out of consciousness--both as an ill child, and later as an adult on drugs. The Eagles's "Hotel California"This song is actually about a drug rehab facility in New England which was ironically referred to as "The Hotel California" in part as a means of maintaining discrection while discussing it and in part as a reference to the celebrities and wannabes who spent time there. The narrator is refused wine for obvious reasons. "We are all just prisoners here of our own device" is a reference to addiction. "You can check out any time you like but you can never leave" is another reference to addiction, which can be dealt with but never cured. Once you know what it's about, all the pieces fall into place rather easily with this one. Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"This song is almost like a bard's tale about folk/pop rock between the fiftys and the seventys. The actual "day the music died" is most commonly believed to mean that dread day in 1958 when a small airplane carrying Buddy Holly, Richie Valens and the Big Bopper crashed killing them all. The first verse covers the beginning of the end with the death of Mclean's idol and the song continues to progress as did the music of the day. We go through the rise and fall of: Dylan, and folk music; the Beatles and modern pop; the Stones and thier perversion of what rock once had been. The song reads almost like a history book of the social and political semiment and events of the 10 or so years between the writing of the song and the death of Buddy Holly. The lyrics also greatly reflect Mc Lean's first introduction to music in the form of Gospel. We could go on four hours about this song and we promise a line by line break down by verse in the future (when it's not 5:39 in the morning). Coven's "One Tin Soldier"This song is an allegory of what non-natural American's did to the Native Americans. The Native Americans were nearly destroyed by a different people's ignorance of the difference between material wealth and wealth of the greater things in life, like peace (or spirituality). The One Tin Soldier represents the single and only person who stood up for what was right. Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb"This song is based on roger waters. he had a problem with his hand and on the day of a concert he took something to numb the pain. When he was playing he could not feel his hand but still felt comfortable and as if he was able to play even better, hence the title comfortably numb Simon And Garfunkel's "Bridge Over Troubled Water"This song is basically about a person who is there for his friend self-sacrificially, he is always there to provide a shoulder to lean on no matter what the situation, with little or no regard for him/herself. Jethro Tull's "Crossfire"This song is clearly about a hostage situation that occured in London. It states "Spring light in a hazy May" of course stateing the time of year in which this happened. "A man with a gun at teh door" describes one of the six gunman as they enter the building. "Someone's crawling on the roof above-- all the media here for the show" is describing the SAS (similar to our SWAT or Green Beret) as they wait on the roof for orders. The media is clearly stated as the media...duh... "I've been waiting for our friends to come Like spiders down ropes to free-fall" also describing the SAS as there getting ready to move in on the gunman. "admit one to the embassy ball" which is where it happened (the Iranian embassy in Londan). "Caught in the crossfire on Princes Gate Avenue" Is the street on which the embassy was on. "In go the windows and out fo the lights" describe when the SAS break in threw the windows and gun fire goes off thus making light. "Everyone's tried to talk it through but they can't seem to get the deal right" is talking about a nagociation that neither the gunman nor the government was able to agree on. "Somewhere there are Brownings in a two-hand hold--- cocked and locked, one up the spout" describes the SAS and possible a sharp shooter on the roof waiting for the orders to fire. This is a very interesting store i suggest you look it up and listen to the song. Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl"This song is not about heroin. Van MOrrison wouldnt make a song like this about heroin. Its about a guy remembering old times with a girl who had brown eyes not every song is in code, alot of them are obvious, like this one, it is a beutiful song with a beutiful meaning not about drugs!Rush's "The Trees"This song is not about life/death or God as the other poster stated. It's about proletariat uprisings. "The maples want more sunlight but the oaks ingnore their pleas." "... The maples screamed OPRESSION!" "... So the maples formed a union, and demanded equal rights." The themes here pretty blatanly Marxist with the maples representing the working class and the oaks representing the aristocrats or upper classes. The line about all being kept equal with hatchet, axe, and saw is an obvious reference to the tools of the working class, which become their weapons in a revolution. Much like the hammer and sickle are the representation of the Bolshevik revolution. Warren Zevon's "Werewolves Of London"This song is not about literal werewolves. It's about the good-looking men of London or anywhere else for that matter. You can spot a werewolf anywhere. (A goodlooking guy dressed to kill teeming with confidence with just one thing on his mind) Thus the verse, "I saw a werewolf drinking a pinacoloda at Tradervicks and his hair was perfect, hmm I'd like to meet his tailor." There are werewolves out there, you girls should know that. Billy Joel's "Captain Jack"This song is not about specifically heroin like most people think, but rather the drug dealer in Billy's old neighborhood. Everyone in the neghborhood called the drug dealer "Captain Jack". Starland Vocal Band's "Afternoon Delight"This song is not only about quickies for lunch. It is also about an appetizer served at Clyde's of Georgetown (Washington, DC). Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb"This song is often misunderstood. The lyrics were written by Roger Waters who is a notorious racist. This lyrics are misunderstood as comfortably numb when in fact the lyrics are comfortably dumb. Waters is writing about the way a black lives and thinks in a sarcastic, comical sense. "Hello. Is there anybody in there? Just nod if you can hear me. Is there anyone home?" This line is talking about what goes on inside a black persons head, implying that black people do not think they simply act. The other part of the song is about a dumb black person going to the doctor because he is in pain but is so dumb he cant explain to the doctor what is wrong. " Relax. I need some information first. Just the basic facts, can you show me where it hurts? There is no pain, you are receding." In the end the doctor tells the dumb nigger hes not even hurt hence the last line. In the ending of the song the doctor injects the nigger with some poison that kills him. "Just a little pinprick. There'll be no more ... Aaaaaahhhhh! But you may feel a little sick." comment or email me on your reactions The Who's "Behind Blue Eyes"This song is part of Townshend's failed lifehouse project, and it's from the bad guy in the storys point of view to show that even they have emotions like the rest of us Bob Marley And The Wailers's "Burnin' And Lootin"This song is really about the segregation and hatred that was taking place in America during the 60's. He wrote the song after he moved to Delaware and witnessed the violence against the blacks. When Bob says "Could not recognize the faces standing over me, they were all dressed in uniforms of brutality" he is singing about the KKK. Debbie Boone's "You Light Up My Life"This song is really good emotional song itself and it revails a person's of life. Every heart it shines a bright light in you just if it does God will have a smile in heaven once more. You always light up my life. Pink Floyd's "'Comfortably Numb'"This song is talkin about how drugs bring you back to the feeling of being a small child and help adults cope with life and the harsh world. The verses are the drug, heroin, talkin to "Pink" and the chorus is his response. The verses describe how the drug will make him feel, "Well i can ease your pain, get you one your feet again." "Just a little pinprick. There'll be no more Ahhhhhh! But you may feel a little sick," describes the effects of heroin on "Pink. "The Beatles's "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds"This song is talking about the halucinations while on LSD. Hence the name, Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (which spells out LSD). Such as distorted colors and the size of things. Which are also in the movie Alice in Wonderland. Lynard Skynard's "Sweet Home Alabama"This song is, in part, the boys from the deep south getting stuck into Neil Young for urging the South to consider civil rights for blacks, in his song "Southern Man". It is an extraordinary attack by one artist on another -- by name! "I heard Mr Young sing about her (i.e. Alabama), I heard ole Neil put her down I hope Neil Young will remember A Southern Man don't need him round anyhow!" The song goes on to show the band's political leanings to the right: "Watergate, it does not bother me Does your conscience bother you? Tell me true. "Warren Zevon's "Werewolves Of London"This song isn't really about "good looking men" as much as it's amking fun of the young men of London who, at the time the song was written were sporting a specific hair-do. The look was ridiculously similar to Lon Cheney's make-up in "The Werewolf" (combed back, feathered and parted in the middle). Since it was a trend of the times in London, every male of a certain age seemed to be wearing the 'do creating a clone-like atmosphere. It's actually one of the greatest slams of all time in it's ability to make fun of the "stylish" Brits. John Lennon's "Imagine"This song portrays qualities similar to that of communism, but I have to say it was definitely NOT his intention. John Lennon was simply throwing out an idea of how the world could be--IMAGINE. The part that some of you seem to take as supporting communism "Imagine there's no heaven its easy if you try, no hell below us above us only sky" is just the realization that religion (and Im not atheist) with its intricate beliefs systems and propensity toward ignorance and unacceptance has actual created a greater portion of all the wars ever fought. The world might be better off if there was no religion at all, but just the idea of a higher power. The part about people sharing the world is a socialistic idea, but I believe it was meant to counter the culture in America with the large rift between rich and poor and especially the greatest rift between first and third world countries. No this song is definitely not about communism. John Lennon was a dreamer and I respect him for that. To diminish him as a pinko commie is just downright ignorant and retarded Pink Floyd's "Time"This song tells of how people can spend thier whole lives just wasting time when they are young. 'Ticking away the moments that make up a dull day.' Later on in the song, it says that these people who waste their lives can try to make up their wasted youth but you can't. "And you run adn you run to catch up with the sun, but its sinking And racing around to come up behind you again The sun is the same in a relative way, but you're older Shorter of breath and one day closer to death.' The song is basically saying, in a way that you should cherish the time you have and make the most of it because when you're older and you realize that you have wasted most of your life, it's too late and there's nothing you can do about it. Psychedielic Furs's "Pretty In Pink"This song was a minor "new wave" hit in the very early 80s. It later became the theme tune (re-worked and re-recorded) for a feelgood Hollywood movie of the same name. The band (and others) have laughed about the fact that the movie makers were totally unaware of the songs true meaning. It is not complementing a girl on how attractive she looks in her pink dress or outfit - it's about a girl who was routinely used by insincere lovers who obviously thought she loked "pretty in pink" (ie, in her birthday suit, totally naked). Yes's "South Side Of The Sky"This song was at least in part inspired by a documentary of BBC1 that was aired around 1970/1971. The documentary was about various attempts to climb the infamous north face of the Eiger mountain. It featured one particulary moving interview with the survivor of a pair of British climbers; the other was injured and died during the climb. The surviving climber described the hours he spent on the mountainside with his dying friend as his `proudest', and it had clearly been a devastaing yet at the same time spiritual experience for him. This part of the documentary made a deep impression on me. The first time I heard this song a couple of years later, I was certain that Jon had to have been inspired by that same interview. The initial and final sections convey the awesome loneliness and cold of the climb, while the gentle middle section is the night time vigil and the death of the climbing companion. The clue is also in the title: the `south side of the sky', is an alternative way of describing the north side of the Eiger. I was lucky enough to meet Jon a couple of years ago, and he confirmed that the song had indeed been inspired by the same interview that I recalled. AC/DC's "Highway To Hell"This song was not a devilish song it was mainly about the bands life on the road and what they went through Paul Simon And Art Garfunkle's "Scarborough Fair"This song was not written by Simon. He borrowed part of it from a poem that is in the Oxford Book of Poems pusblished in England and the author is anonymous. The poem is much longer than the song. Bread's "Everything I Own"This song was originally written by David Gates (lead singer) for his father who had just recently passed away. thank you. jay Coven's "One Tin Soldier"This song was the feature of the moive Billy Jack, about a school on a mountainside, which the people of the valley wanted to close down. (I think they were American Indians?) The valley folk are frightened of the people, and can get away with murder if its one of the Indian folk. Billy Jack, the main character, protects the school and its students because he thinks they are precious, and therefore the 'treasure'. There is a shootout, the 'mount your horses, draw your swords' and eventually, to protect the others, Billy gives himself up 'Then one tin soldier rides away'... Its a great movie - I reccomend watching it. Lynard Skynard's "Sweet Home Alabama"This song was written because when the band were on the bus going through Alabama they though it was quite beautiful so they wrote a song about it. Although they did write "a southern man don't need him around anyhow" in response to Neil Young's "southern man" but actually had no dislike toward Neil Young at all. I saw this on a bio of Skynard. Eagles's "Already Gone"This song was written by Bob Strandlund and Jack Tempchin, who were friends of the band members. It is about ending a long term friendship/relationship on a happy note. Around the time that this song was written, Frey ended a long-term relationship with his girlfriend. He thought it would be a great song, because most people could relate to it. The song is also about not letting anyone control your life. "So often times it happens, that we live our lives in chains and we never even know we have the keys" That line means that sometimes people can take over our lives, but there is always a way to escape from it. BTO's "You Aint Seen Nothing Yet"This song was written by CF Turner to make fun of one of his brother or the manager or someone close to him who had a stuttering problem. It was never meant to be recorded and put on an album but later one became known as one of their best known songs The Beatles's "Let It Be"This song was written by Paul after a session of meditation. While in his trance The Beatles road manager George Martin appeared before him stating the words "Let It Be". This is what Paul has said about the song. The Bouys's "Timothy"This song was written by Rupert Holmes who had a hit with the Pina Colada song. What follows is a blurb I'd found again just recently on another web site: He found a group out of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania named The Buoys, and somehow Scepter Records, which was the label of Dionne Warwick and BJ Thomas, agreed to release one single that they would record. Michael knew the label would not promote the song, but wanted to make the most of the opportunity. Rupert suggested they record a song that would get banned. That way, there would at least be some controversy about the group and another label might sign them and promote them. So Rupert tried to write a song that would get banned. Holmes: "At the time, I was working on an arrangement of '16 Tons,' the Tennessee Ernie Ford hit from the '50s, for an artist named Andy Kim. While I was working on the arrangement, there was a cooking show on the TV in the kitchen. It was called The Galloping Gourmet with Graham Kerr. It's on in the background and I'm singing the lyrics to '16 Tons,' playing it to a kind of vamp sort of like 'Proud Mary,' and I sing 'Some people say a man is made out of mud, a coal man's made out of muscle and blood. Muscle and blood and skin and bones, a mind that's weak and a back that's...' and I think, you know, that almost sounds like a recipe - muscle and blood and skin and bones, bake in a moderate oven for 2 hours, top with Miracle Whip. I had seen the movie Suddenly Last Summer about a week earlier on TV, and it had a revelation about cannibalism in it, and I thought, If it's good enough for Tennessee Williams, it's good enough for The Buoys. So I thought, Cannibalism during a mining disaster, that'll get banned. It's not like I'm really telling people to go out and eat someone, this is just this dark, horrible thing that happened in this story. So I write this lyric: 'Timothy, Timothy, where on Earth did you go?' It's about three boys who are trapped in a mine with water but no food for maybe a week. When they're pulled free, they don't remember what happened, but they know they're not hungry. One of them is missing, and that's Timothy. We record this on the weekend and I don't think about it again." When this was released, some little radio stations played it and kids would hear it and figure out what it was about. They would call and request the song, and the radio stations, surprised by the phone response, would then listen to the song to find out what it was about. Says Holmes: "They played the song originally because it had a nice rhythm, kind of like a Creedence Clearwater Revival feel. It was catchy enough, but then they'd hear what the song was about and say 'We can't be playing this, it's about cannibalism!' and they'd pull the song off the air. The kids would call in and say 'Why'd you pull the song off the air,' and they'd say, 'Because it's disgusting, you shouldn't be listening to stuff like that.' Well, all you have to do is tell a teenage kid that he shouldn't be listening to something because it's disgusting and vile and loathsome, and he'll demand it. So the record, unlike "Pina Colada," which vaulted up the charts, went up like one or two digits every week. It was on the charts forever. Stations were playing it, kids were clamoring for it, it would move up the charts, then the station would pull it, the kids would clamor more and some other station would go on it to satisfy that demand. It just kept going up the charts." Holmes: "Scepter Records in the beginning did not even know it was on their label. The promotion men for Scepter Records, who were trying to break a Beverly Bremers single, would say, 'We couldn't get it on that station, they went with this stupid song called Timothy.' Finally, someone said, 'You idiot, it's on our label.' Now they have a problem, because now they're getting up towards the top 20, and they know there are some big stations that are simply not going to play this record. WABC-AM, the biggest station at the time, they never played it. Scepter Records started a rumor that Timothy was a mule to try to get the taint of cannibalism out of the picture and try to make it a Top-10 record. Someone called me and said, 'Was Timothy a mule? You wrote it.' And I said 'No, what can I tell you, they ate him.' Holmes: "It did better than we intended it to do. It was supposed to just start the controversy, instead it actually was a hit. I was a 20 year old kid hungry not for human flesh, but hungry to do something successful in the music business. I think I diagnosed a dilemma that a friend of mine had and found an effective way of solving his problem." This was the only Top 40 hit for the Buoys. They did get an LP deal from Scepter Records out of it, they had a couple of other records that placed in the Top-100. Queen's "Fat Bottomed Girls"This song was written during the period where Freddie Mercury was confused about his sexuality. He was infatuated with women with large buttoxes. He was quoted with saying "I love women with a pear shaped figure." They make his world go round...ie they rock his bed Elvis Costello's "Veronica"This song was written for Elvis' grandmother, who suffered from alshiemers9spellig sucks), and was in a nursing home. Not sure if her name was really Veronica, but that's what the song is really about. The Ramones's "I Don't Want to Live This Life (Anymore)"This song was written in the early 80's or late 70's is talks about Sid Vicious and his girl friend Nancy Spungen, that he was accused of killing under the influence of heroine. Afther Visious was release from prison under bail he overdosed on heroine, and this was said to be a suicide. He wrote a poem for his beloved Nancy and it was "You were my little baby girl, And I shared all your fears. Such joy to hold you in my arms and kiss away your tears. But now you're gone, there's only pain and nothing I can do. And I don't want to live this life, If I can't live for you. To my beautiful baby girl. Our love will never die..." The Ramones had a bumpy relationship with the Sex Pitols but when Sid died they knew that they had to write a song about the great performer. This song is rare and few people have heard it. Alot of the line used in this song are realated to Sid's poem. Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start The Fire"This song wasn't written in the 70s but the late 80s and not just about WWII but just about the problems in America from 1940 something to 1980 something. The Undertones's "Teenage Kicks"This song, Im afraid, is about masturbation. The chorus was originally going to be "I wanna hold it, wanna hold it tight...", the teenage kicks in question. The song describes how the singer fancies the new girl in the neighbourhood, but cant bring himself to do anything about it, apart from getting teenage kicks right through the night. The Beatles's "'let It Be'"This song, the last song of the Beatles legend, was released in 1970. The meaning is simple really, you need to learn to just let it be. Billy Paul's "Me And Mrs. Jones"This was a song about a steamy extramarital affair. The Buoys's "Timothy"Three boys are trapped in a cave after the entrance collapses. But only two of them are rescued. The third boy, named Timothy, was sacrificed as food for the survivors. Recently, The Bouys' members denied any cannibalism, insisting that a donkey was "Timothy". Dawn's "Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Ole Oak Tree""Tie a yellow ribbon round the old oak tree is a song based on a true story. A man who had served three years in prison for writing bad checks was returning home on a bus headed South on U. S. 17 in Georgia. He had written his wife a letter saying that he would understand if she didn't wait for him, but if she loved him, she could let him know by tying a yellow ribbon around the old oak tree in the city square of their hometown. As the bus rolled in to White Oak, Georgia, the driver slowed down so the man, and all the passengers, could see if she had signalled her intentions. When the yellow ribbon was spotted, the man broke down and cried as the passengers cheered. Wire services picked up the inspiring story and song writers Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown fashioned it into "Tie a yellow ribbon round the ole oak tree. "The Eagles's "Hotel California"To start off, this song can have many interpretations, my personal interpretation is that the Hotel California was once an Inn run by canibals. These cannibals would bring some guests in and invite them into their grotesque ways or simply eat them. "You can check out any time you like but you may never leave" can be once you are a cannibal you can never change and go back. Read the rest of the lyrics and you will notice it. Another thing, when the captain doesn't have wine means that they don't drink that anymore, they drink blood. This has been portrayed in the famous Xbox game "Jade Empire" as there is an Inn that is run by cannibals. John Sebastian's "Darlin' Companion"Two lovers are symbolic "horses." The lyric in question is "a little bridling down from you is what I need." A female friend of mine seems to think that there is something sinister or negative being expressed. I do not agree. Johnny Cash and June Carter sang this song once. Kindly advise. Roling Stones's "Wild Horses"Two songs for the price of one! The first stanza was written by Keith Richard in tribute to his son Marlon: "Childhood living is easy to do. The things you wanted, I bought them for you." But Keith couldn't think of any more lines, so Mick Jagger stepped in ,and turned it into a song about his ruptured relationship with Marianne Faithfull:"I watched you suffer, a dull, aching pain; now you've decided to show me the same." Ironically, when the albulm "Sticky Fingers" came out in 1971, featuring this song, Marianne sued Jagger, claiming she had written another cut on the LP, "Sister Morphine", without being credited. The whole mess was later settled out of court. Hell hath no fury like an ex-girlfriend junky!Dimmu Borgir's "Indoctrination"Uh. Another example of a metalband writing useless lyrics. or isn?t it? Indoctrination, in my opinion, deals with the negative sides of religion, firmed in the view that people relinquished from any religious believe are more free concerning their mind, their attitude and their thoughts. Furthermore i see some pictures of the modern media society in front of me while reading the lyrics. The band simply spits out their anger against intolerance and stupidity in common. Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"Um- has anyone else noticed Robert Plant's fixation with JRR Tolken? (ahem, "The Battle of Evermore" being a very direct referance to LOTR, and in "Ramblin'" Golem and Mordor are mentioned. )So listen to the song, and you'll notice a few referances to Tolken. Plus, Plant had, infact, been reading a book about Celtic Magic, as has already been mentioned. He said in an interveiw that he was hurt that people thought it ment nothing, because he really was feeling philisophical when writing it. Anyone who's ever wwritten a poem knows how criptic they can come out. I also think that if Plant ment us tho know the full meaning of this song, he wouldn't have been so cryptic!James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Unfortunately the second commentary is a widely-believed myth. Taylor did meet Suzanne during one of his stays at Austin Riggs mental institution (though it is unclear which). She committed suicide shortly after he left the institution and his friends did not tell him of her death until a time later because they did not wish to put a damper on his success. The line refferring to the flyinh machine was an allusion to the name of his band that broke up before he went to england. here are a couple sites supporting what i added: http://www.james-taylor.com/albums/firerain.shtml http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/firerain.htm Eagles's "Hotel California""Warm smell of colitas, rising up from the air." Often misinterpreted lyric, "colitas," is the technical term for the smell of fresh cannibis. The song is indeed about death, more specifically purgatory. Buffalo Springfield's "I Am A Child"Well I will paste it here. http://lyrics.rare-lyrics.com/B/Buffalo-Springfield.html Hmmm....it wouldn't paste. If you look it up, "the man" is the one I want to figure who it might be. "you are a man" to me might mean big brother or the government, and is rhetorical in Neil Young's questioning of his relationship/involvement in his life. Covens's "One Tin Soldier"Well someone stated earlier about this one saying that the war in this song would have never occured if the mountain people had just shared their treasure with the Valley people. Problem with their thoughts on this song is the Mountain people WERE sharing their treasure. They were a peaceful bunch who did not bother the valley people. When they were given the message from the valley people that they wanted what treasure it was that was held under the stone in the mountain the mountain people agreed completely by saying "with our brothers we will share, all the secrets of the mountain, all the riches buried there" They were correct in saying though that the valley people were greedy and could not settle with simply sharing but had to have it for their very own. The song to sum it up as simply as possible is that the song is about irony first and foremost. But ideally it's about peace. Being patient and sharing what is offered. If they had just accepted the offer the mountain people had given them, peace would have been obtained and the treasure would have belonged to everyone. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"What great imaginations you all have! I heard JT interviewed in NPR when they chose Fire and Rain as one of the "100." He explained the first part of the song is about his close friend's suicide while he was recording over in England. They informed him of it a week later, once the albumn was a wrap, because they didn't want the news to interupt the studio sessions. The middle part is about when he hit bottom with his heroin habit and almost died. The last part is about his surviving the first two and moving forward with his life. So there you have it from the artist himself... The Busboys / Thin Lizzy's "The Boys Are Back In Town"When I was at The Citadel, I was in Tango Company. We were called "The Boys" We were told that "The Boys are Back in Town" was about "The Boys". Cadets most popular bars were Dino's Bar and Grill and Big John's Place. Friday nights "The Boys" would go drinking wearing their Friday Dress Parade uniform and it was not out of the norm for a fight to break out. When "The Boys" were back in town from spring break it wasn't long until summer came. The Citadel is The Military College of South Carolina, located in Charleston, SC. It may be by chance that so many of the lyrics fit "The Boys". I'd appreciate it if you would check into this story. Thank you very much. Matt - Jacksonville, FLBlack Sabbath's "Sweet Leaf"When I was teen I naively thought this song from Masters of Reality was about a remarkable person who had helped open the writer's mind. After meeting a girl who did just that for me I referred to her as Sweet Leaf and was horribly embarrassed by being told that the song was merely about marijuana. America's "Horse With No Name"When this song was originally released, it was banned in several cities due to "drug references"; i.e., "horse" is a street name for heroin. Surprisingly (? ), it has been noted that the song accurately describes going on, and coming down off of, a drug binge. I don't want to bore readers with details, but many college theses have been written about this song and it's accuracy in describing the psychological and physiological effects of heroin use. Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"Where do You folks get Your information from? Research people research, dont believe everthing You're told by Your worthless peers. Aids was unheard of in the mid 70's, at least in the UK and USA, and Freddy was from Pakistan anyway, wasn't aids there either... Bohemian Rhapsody by the rock band Queen is Freddy Mercury's take on an old classical opera... La bohème [1] is an opera in four acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa, based on Scènes de la vie de Bohème by Henri Murger. The world première of La bohème was performed in Turin on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio (now the Teatro Regio Torino) and conducted by the young Arturo Toscanini. In 1946, fifty years after the opera's premiere, Toscanini conducted a performance of it on U. S. radio, and this performance was eventually released on records and on compact disc. It is the only recording of a Puccini opera led by its original conductor. La bohème is Puccini's most famous and popular opera as well as one of the most performed operas in the repertoire. Leoncavallo composed an opera of the same name and based on the same story, but with his own libretto. His La bohème, which was premiered in 1897, focuses more on the Musetta and Marcello relationship, rather than that of Mimì and Rodolfo as in Puccini's. Leoncavallo's La bohème is almost never played anymore, while Puccini's is, in North America, the second most performed opera, second only to Madama Butterfly, also a masterpiece by Puccini. I found this on Wikapedia the free online encyclopedia. It's called "RESEARCH". I knew it was there because I heard the original a long time ago. I'm so sick of mis-information on this site, sorry...venting, I'm ok now. Tank Stillton was here. Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb"While members of Pink Floyd were involved in the drug culture, the song actually refers to Roger Walter's experience before a concert (in Philadelphia) when he was ill and given treated by a physicain with an injection to "get you on your feet again". James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Whoever wrote the interpretation of this song to be about a girlfriend of Taylor's who died in a plane crash is just spreading an urban legend. James taylor describes this song in a Rolling Stone Interview in 1972: "Fire and Rain" has three verses. The first verse is about my reactions to the death of a friend. The second verse is about my arrival in this country with a monkey on my back, and there Jesus is an expression of my desperation in trying to get through the time when my body was aching and the time was at hand when I had to do it . . . And the third verse of that song refers to my recuperation in Austin Riggs which lasted about five months. When Taylor talks of "Sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" he is giving reference to a group called The Flying Machine that Taylor had formed with his friend Danny Kortchmar. The group disbanded in 1967 when Taylor's drug problems led him to leave New York and return to his parents' home in North Carolina. Taylor never spoke pubicly about "Suzanne", but it is fact that she was never a girlfriend who died tragically in a plane crash. The Eagles's "Tequila Sunrise"Written about a guy whose girl left him and wakes up every morning after heavy drinking without her. About drinking to try and forget about the one that got away but every time you awake, "this ol' world still looks the same...another frame". John Lennon's "Imagine"Yes this may be the best song in the world but that doesn't mean it can't be about communism. Thats not a bad thing to say about the song, John was an idealist and communism is an idealist order. It was Johns dream and it's brilliant. Billy Joel's "Captain Jack"You aren't entirely correct about your meaning. I have read on several other sites that "Captain Jack" was the neighborhood drug dealer in the neighborshood where Billy grew up. Yes he would 'get you high tonight', but not necessarily one particular drug. Undertones's "Teenage Kicks"You described the '70s punk song BEAUTIFULLY. You couldn't have made it sound any more better and convincing. Did you know that the Who's, "Pictures of Lily" is also about masturbation? ;)Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"You kids are giveing me a heart attack. One of the founders of the band had a serious drug adiction, and left before they were huge. It's about him. Take it from someone who's going through a similar predicament- the song describes it perfectly. You feel like you're in a whole different dimention from someone you used to know very well, and you wish that they were there with you. Harry Chapin's "Cats In The Cradle"You mistakenly credit Cats in the Cradle to Cat Stevens, but this #1 hit was by Harry Chapin. His wife, Sandy Chapin wrote the lyrics when he was on the road as a message to him to spend more time with his kids. Harry Chapin played over 200 dates a year, most of them for charity. Paul Mccartney And Wings's "Silly Love Songs""You'd think that people would have had enough of silly love songs, but I look around me and I see it isn't so; some people want to fill the world with silly love songs, and what's wrong with that, I'd like to know, 'cause here I go again; " I Love You...". This 1976 quasi-disco smash hits' lyrics on the face of them were certainly innocent enough as well as ultra-catchy but apparently there was more to them than met the eye. Long a target for derision by rock critics, Mc Cartney and Wings' music was dismissed as petty, lightweight, and trivial by the critics, with none of the social or artistic relevance of John Lennon's work at the time. Just about all of his solo excursions (with the exception of "Band On The Run") were harshy panned, so the lyrics to "Silly Love Songs" were seen by rock critics as a gesture of defiance toward themselves. Apparently, the seemingly lightweight, innocent lyrics bear a double-edged sword in that they communicate a message that Paul doesn't have to turn out super-sophisticated Beatle product , he can write lightweight pop if he chooses to. The above lyrics seem to reflect that. The Eagles's "Hotel California"You're wrong... I know the meaning of this song because someone in my family dated a member of the band and they themselves said this song is about an insane asylum. You can check out anytime you like, but you can't never leave...you can leave the asylum but not the sickness. They stab it with their steely knife, But they just can’t kill the beast, the beast are the voices within. "we are all just prisoners here, of our own device" Their own device again is the sickness within your head. Think about you'll see that I am right!James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"Your write-up about Fire and Rain is incorrect. James Taylor's friend Suzanne died as a result of a suicide. "Sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" refers not to a plane crash, but to the break-up of his original band, The Flying Machine, as a result of his former heroin addiction. Suzanne did not die in a plane crash. James Taylor has explained the origins of the song a number of times. First part: Learning about the death of his friend Suzanne after the fact (friends refrained from telling him, because he had just signed with Apple Records and they feared he wouldn't make his debut album if he learned of her death.) Second part: Dealing with drug addiction and depression, and searching for the strength to carry on. Third part: Beating his addiction and coming to grips with newfound success...putting it all in perspective. John Lennon's "Imagine"Yup, it sure sounds like communism. We read Orwell in the states! Were not total apes, lol. love Orwell. Read animal farm, then listen to the lyrics. I'd say, though, that what Lennon had in mind was a Utopia, no? Skynard's "Sweet Home Alabama"` being from alabama myself might help....... Van Zant lived in alabama in his younger years. look at the connection with muscle shoals & the sturdio there he used so much. muscle shoals is called swampland. the muscle shoals studio band used so much then was called "the swampers". listen to the song. then try swamp music form second helpings.. ya'll come now . ya hear Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"The accual meaning of the song was discussed in an original interveiw with rodger waters. when the reporter asks the quetstion waters goes into an elaborate story of how the whole album was written while they were using many drugs and because of the drugs he could not discharge for weeks with the extra stree of the band not being a whole anymore and the album deadline he used more and more drugs and came to hallucinate and have conversations with his toilet the song was written in hopes the deadly constipation would go away and releif would come Rolling Stones's "Paint It Black"actually...the song if you listen to the words is about a soldier returning from Nam. How the soldier, having seen such terrible things, wants to "paint his memory "black". Listen to the words and how the man is going crazy...at least that's the way it was explained to me. Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb"The author of the description does realize Pink Floyd is the name of a band. Not a solo person itself. He refers to "Pink" as if its the first name of a person. Also many of the songs on this website where created far before 1970 such as White Rabbit - Jefferson Airplane and Hey Joe - Jimi Hendrix Deep Purple's "Smoke On The Water"The band originally wrote the song as a filler for the album, the all thought it was a simple little ditty they didnt want it realeased and didnt think it would amount to much, they said on the radio that they watched aplaced burning down near water and that was that Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody "bohemian rhapsody by queen is a suicide note left to a mans mother basically apologizing. Don Mc Clain's "American Pie"the day the music dies when buddy holly, big bopper and richie vallens dies in a plane crash Deep Purple's "Smoke On The Water"deep purple= puplre haze= weed. and if you are familiar with the configurations of a bong, the smoke collects on the water while the weed burns (fire) above in the piece (in the sky) SIMPLE. Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"The entire aong is a huge metaphoe for AIDS. Listen closely to the lyrics. He refers to, :...just killed a man, put a gun against his head, pulled MY trigger now he's dead"> That is a direct reference to knowingly spreading the disease. Many other references within the song. "Spare him his life from this monstrocity"?!?! And. "We will not let him go! :, refers to the disease and how it grips you. The list is too long to go into here Eagles's "Doolin' Dalton"The entry about this song mentioning Bill Dalton being part of the Dalton Gang has some severe errors -- that being one of them. Having grown up in the town where the Dalton Gang died (Coffeyville, Kansas), I once wrote a very in-depth article about the Dalton Gang based on factual information gathered from the town's museum dedicated to the citizens killed during the Dalton Raid. Here are the facts: Bill Dalton was a brother of Bob, Grat and Emmett Dalton. Bill was a laywer in California in the 1880's (reference line: "Lay down your law books now, they're no damn good"). Bill never rode with Bob, Grat and Emmett. Bob, the oldest was a big fan of Jesse James (as well as the Daltons being cousins to Frank and Jesse). It was Bob's ambition to "do one better" than Jesse. He conceived the idea of robbing two banks in broad daylight in the same town at the same time. There were five members of the Dalton Gang: Bob, Grat and Emmett Dalton, Dick Broadwell and Bill Power. The robbery was planned for the town of Coffeyville because they had grown up around there and knew the town. Since the Daltons grew up near Coffeyville, they wore disguises of facial hair and business suits, however, the disguises weren't good enough. A local recognized Bob in the Condon Bank and alerted the people as to what was going on. Also, the date in the original entry is wrong. The raid occurred on October 5, 1892, not 1884. Grat and Emmett went into the First National Bank and Dick, Bill and Bob were in the Condon Bank. When the shooting started, none of the bandits were in the street. When they tried to escape, all of the bandits except for Emmett were killed as were four citizens, including the town marshall, who had obtained long arms from a local hardware store. Bob and Grat Dalton are buried in Coffeyville's Fairview Cemetery (reference line: "two brothers lying dead in Coffeyville") along with Bill Power. All three graves are across the road from another Dalton brother, Frank, a lawman from Arkansas. On the stone marking the graves, Bill Power's name is misspelled: it is listed as "Powers". Dick Broadwell's body was taken to Hutchinson, Kansas and is buried there (although some accounts of the raid indicate that Dick Broadwell was not really his name). Emmett Dalton survived the raid but was badly wounded. He wasn't expected to make it through the night, but he did and was sentenced to Kansas State Penitentiary in Lansing, KS. He was pardoned later by the governor of Kansas. Emmett moved to Hollywood to try his hand at acting. Bill Dalton left his law practice and did ride with Bill Doolin for a while (reference line: "'til Bill Doolin, met Bill Dalton"). It seemed that every Dalton boy with the exception of Frank eventually turned to thievery as a way of life (reference line: "Go down Bill Dalton, it must be God's will"). As a side note, every year around October 5, the town of Coffeyville, KS holds a festival to remember the four citizens who died in that raid and a re-enactment of the raid is performed in the town's plaza area, where the original Condon Bank building still stands to this day. The Beatles's "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds"The final fact is: The song idea came from a drawing from his son (http://www.beatlesagain.com/bpix/lsdpic.jpg is the link to the actual picture). Obviously, the lyrics from the song are inspired by Lennon's drug use, but the idea for the song came from his son's picture. Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone"The first 3 people that commented on what Dylan's song"Like a rolling stone" is about were on the right track...the 4th one is reading way too much into it. It is based on the saying "A rolling stone gathers no moss" and it is, in fact, about Warhol "Superstar" Edie Sedgwick, and what Dylan thought about her at that time (though he seems to want to keep this a secret). The secret is out now though, thanks to Jean Stein and everyone that she interviewed. Check out the URL below. It includes a photo of Warhol with the Siamese cat on his shoulder. The "finest school" is Harvard, The "chrome horse" is the limo that she always rode around in (before she blew her inheritance), He refers to Warhol as a "diplomat" because his studio was a 2 minute walk from the UN, The "Siamese cat" comment is explained w/ the photo (Warhol loved them), The "Go to him now he calls you, you can't refuse" is about how she wanted to get away from Warhol when she realized he was using her, but she had to go back because she had no more money... so she did, actually, go crawling back, but it was a disaster. Let's see, oh, and the "after he took from you everything he could steal" is because, for many years, Warhol never paid anyone that was in his movies! He used people, which made Dylan sick enough to write this song. It seems that, when he wrote this at least, she annoyed him too. She was an interesting character, but somewhat oblivious...suffice it to say, she had a lot on her mind. Sorry Bob, the cat is out of the bag. :-I http://www.angelfire.com/ny2/ediesedgwick/ Too bad Sienna Miller is playing Edie in the upcoming movie, she's all wrong for that part. Hot Chocolate's "Emma"The first entry for Emma incorrectly cites a car accident causing Emma's death. How someone weaves a "car" into this song is puzzling. Anyone hearing/reading the actual lyrics knows that the singer finds Emma dead on her bed, presumably from suicide (depression). The song also makes clear that Emma was expected by all who knew her to be a huge success. When success in the movies (silver screen) did not arrive for her, depression set in and she took her own life (I would presume sleeping pills). The lyrics aren't complicated on Emma. Hot Chocolate's "Emma"The first reviewer is confusing this song with Joe Walsh's "Song For Emma", which he wrote for his 3-year-old daughter Emma after she was killed in a car accident. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"The first verse of this song is about suzanne, the second verse is about his drug addiction and the third verse is about his rehab..."sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground' refers to a band he once was in called The Flying Machine in which the band was broken up due to James' drug addiction/rehab. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"follow this link and it will tell you the REAL story behind the lyrics. It is basically a combo of the above mentioned meanings without the gossipy rubbish. http://www.james-taylor.com/albums/firerain.shtml Abba's "Voulez-vous"A girl (perhaps with some of her friends) wants to have good night after a little hangout in the bar/club. She likes one-night stands and she did it before; perhaps she's kinda tired of the whole thing, as she knows what's going to happen next. She only asks him "voulez-vous", which means "do you want?" and both of them know everything without farther words... (I actually thought before that they sang "we have no bathing suits" and "masters of the sea" ...oops)James Taylor's "Fire & Rain"The girl in the song is Suzanne, and she was his sister and they took her to a hospital and that's what he's referring to when he said they took her away. Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody "The has the feel of a mini opera with seven acts. The play starts with an overture and then sings about the murder that changes the young man's life. The next acts (verses) of the opera are the five stages of grief. I'll attempt The first is depression as shown by the lyrics as "Goodbye everybody-I've got to go" and "sometimes wish I'd never been born at all." The second verse shows Denial/Isolation as he he slides into madness. "Scaramouch, Scaramouch will you do the fandango?" The next verse is Bargaining as seen by "I'm just a poor boy and nobody loves me... spare him his life from this monstrosity". Next comes anger with "So you think you can stone me and spit in my eye.... Just gotta get right outta here!" and then the last verse/act is Acceptance with "Anyway the wind blows". There are the five stages of grief and they seem to fit pretty well in the overall theme of the song. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/firerain.htm I had always always assumed that the song was about some girl "Suzanne" that he had known who committed suicide. The above confirms that. Looks like precisely who Suzanne is, how they met, and what the plans made that put an end to her were. However, the account you have on your site is wrong. snopes.com is a site devoted to debunking urban legends, and I presume they did their homework. Jimi Hendrix's "Hay Joe"i dont know how no one else added this, i know its early than the 70,s but the song hay joe is about relationshiop problems and the wifer cheating on the husband so he ended it. "i heard you shot ure lady down, down to the ground" it says. Led Zeppelin's "Black Dog"i dont know why people just make stuff up about this song but the title has nothing to do with the song THE TITLE of the song refers to a black lab that walked into their studio while they were recording. Eagles's "Hotel California"i heard it was about whorehouse "she has a lot of pretty boys that she calls friends"refers to the regular customers. "some dance to remember , some dance to forget" . dance is a euphamism for sex. "you can check out anytime you like but you can never leave" means you will always come back. Pink Floyd's "Goodbye Blue Sky"The innocent young boy at the begining is the start to the deeply chilling tale of losing tranquility to war. "Did you see the frightened ones? Did you hear the falling bombs?" means: did you notice that what your government was hiding from you? "Did you ever wonder why we had to run for shelter when thepromise of a brave new world unfurled beneath a clear blue sky?" means: citizens must protect themselves even though the government is telling them that everthing is safe and alright. "The flames are all gone but the pain lingers on" means: the war may end but the death, suffering, and family loss will remain. It also being in a easy, soft tone adds to its subliminal, haunting nature. Van Der Graaf Generator's "A House With No Door"it is about lonelyness and how unbearable it is and the only thing to break the loneliness is someone to love The Eagles's "My Man"it was written by bernie leadon for tho on the border album 4th track on the 1st side i think it was written about gram parsonsjames taylor's "Fire And Rain"it wasnt because he was bi polar or anyhting like it. it was because his wife and kid died in a plane accidnet Mark Lindsay's "Arizona"it's a song that sang in the early 70's. It's all talking about Arizona. Arizona take off your rainbow shades, Arizona have another look at the world, Arizona cut off your Indian braids, Arizona hey won't you go my way. And that is the chorus. I really need this meaning of the song, i need it for my project that is do next week. So please can you send it to me Eagles's "Hotel California"its about addiction and also the fact it is a whore house. We could through all the lyrics and the things. THC is the active hallucinagenic in marijuana. Refer to, stab it with steely knives but just can't kill the beast, we haven't had that spirit her since 1969 etc. the whore house part - lots of pretty girls we call friends. some dance to remember and some dance to forget. Mirrors on the ceiling, pink champagne on ice Also, there are obviously two meanings when he says: We are all just prisoners here of our own device. So there has to be two meanings. Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb"k, This song also has nothing to do with Rogers Waters expierences, on the album The Wall it is largley credited to Roger Waters since most of the album is about him n how he felt he was being excluded from everyone by building an imaginary "wall" around him, which he realized this in a 77 Animals tour when he spit on someone in the crowd...but this song was one of the 3 on the whole album that was written by David Gilmour, Comfortably Numb, Young Lust, and Run Like Hell, were all written by David Gilmour, and Comfortably Numb was originally going to be used in David Gilmours solo album, but this song fit right in with the topic of The Wall, so they used it for The Wall...enough said The Eagles's "Hotel California"The last entry is correct. The Hotel California is a metaphor for Southern California. I've heard either Henley or Frey describe the song as such. One other interesting aside, the "steely knives" line was a tip of the hat to Steely Dan, whose song "Everything You Did," a song about an arguing couple which includes the line "Turn up The Eagles, the neighbors are listening. "Don Mc Lean's "American Pie"The line "Oh, and as I watched him on the stage, My hands were clenched in fists of rage. No angel born in hell Could break that satan’s spell. And as the flames climbed high into the night To light the sacrificial rite, I saw satan laughing with delight The day the music died" talks about the Rolling stones concert at Altomont. The stones hired the Hells Angles for security. While the Stones were playing "Sympathy for the Devil" a man was beaten to death by the Hells Angles. The Stones had to be air lifted off the stage because of this. They made a huge mess. James Taylor's "Fire & Rain"The line about Susanne- she was Susanne Schnerr of Greenwich Village, NYC. Friends, don't think they were "involved". She committed suicide, don't know where JT was at the time. Flying Machine- J. T.'s first band in Greenwich Village. I guess that ruins your wonderful urban legend fodder. AC/DC's "Highway To Hell"a lot of people think highway to hell is a satin worship song but it not. teh band jsut made the song because it had a good rythem. a lot of the other bands at this time like the song because of the cords the angus used. most people like teh song for the ythem anyways. so all the parents that think they are satin worshipers tehre not Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water"The lyrics actually tell the story of the recording of Machine Head . Deep Purple were originally all set to record the album at the Casino in Montreux, Switzerland. They were just awaiting a Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention concert to be held before the recording could begin. But the Casino burnt down during the concert, after some stupid had fired a flare gun into the Casino's ceiling. (Purple were in the audience. The actual Zappa concert has turned up on one of the Beat the Boots discs, I think.) They ended up at the Grand Hotel, closed for the winter season, where the recording eventually commenced during December 1971. They recorded the album with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio, also mentioned in the lyrics. Who's "Funky Claude" ? Funky Claude in the lyrics is Claude Nobs, who helped them out. He's still involved in the Montreux Jazz Festival, and seems to be a very important man in the music business in the Swiss town. As stated in the lyrics, he helped saving some kids during the fire at the Casino. He was also the man who found the Grand Hotel for them. There's a picture on him on the gatefold sleeve on the original LP release of the album. "Break a leg , Frank!" Actually, these were troubled times for Frank Zappa, who first lost all of his gear in the fire in Montreux. A couple of days later, when he played in London, a fan tore him off stage, and Zappa broke his leg as he fell into the orchestra pit. This, again, led to Ian Gillan dropping the comment "Break a leg, Frank!" near the ending of Smoke on the Water at a March 1972 concert recorded for the BBC, available on the excellent EMI 2CD set Deep Purple in Concert. The song itself was created more or less spontaneously; Roger Glover had the picture of the smoke spreading over the Lake Geneva in his head, and the line Smoke on the Water eventually stuck. He suggested to Ian Gillan that they should use it as a song title, but Ian shrugged it off, saying people would believe it was a drug song. Then Ritchie suddenly came up with the later hierostratically famous (and notorious!) riff, and things fell into place. Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"The lyrics, written by Led Zeppelin vocalist Robert Plant next to an evening log fire, were inspired by his search for spiritual perfection. A seminal influence was the book Magic Arts in Celtic Britain by Lewis Spence, which Plant had recently read; it contained references to May Queens, pipers, and "bustling hedgerows." The line, "In my thoughts I have seen rings of smoke through the trees," could be a reference to William Wordsworth's poem Tintern Abbey: "...and wreaths of smoke / Sent up, in silence, from among the trees!" The line "There's a feeling I get when I look to the west / And my spirit is crying for leaving" may be a reference to the Elves in the works of Tolkien The May Queen is also known as The Maiden, the goddess of spring, flower bride, queen of the faeries, and the lady of the flowers. The May Queen is a symbol of the stillness of nature around which everything revolves. She embodies purity, strength and the potential for growth, as the plants grow in May. She is one of many personifications of the energy of the earth. She was once also known as Maid Marian in the medieval plays of Robin Hood and of the May Games - she is the young village girl, crowned with blossom, attended by children with garlands and white dresses. Some folklorists have drawn parallels between her and Maia, the Roman Goddess of Springtime, of Growth and Increase whose very name may be the root of "May". Also Jimmy Page Bought Allister Crowley's Castle and The May Queen is a poem written by Allister Crowley. I saw a documentary on the band and it said they were in to the occult which is the reason for their individual symbols, which I'm not going to get into because of the many different opinions on those symbols, some say they are of evil and some say they are of divinity, samething if You ask Me, symbolism is evil anyway You slice it, and so is divinity of self, if You're a Christian. Page won't even fly on a plane anymore because he's afraid of his past in the occult, not My opinion, it was documented. Sad though... John Bohnom was the one that died and He in My opinion was the lesser of the 4 evil's, other than being a drunken doper He was just a sheep hearder and farmer. Anyway the band would not go on after His death because they were afraid of the very thing that made them..."Evil". (Let Us not forget about them ripping of all those old blues songs from Howlin Wolf and others, and then crediting themselves for the work, I believe that is plajorism.) To sacrifice the band was to save them from death so to speak... at least for now. Lyric> "Yes there are two paths you can go by but in the long run There's still time to change the road you're on Your head is humming and it won't go because you don't know The piper's calling you to join him Dear lady can't you hear the wind blow and did you know Your stairway lies on the whispering wind" The two paths I believe are Gods Path and Satans path, The Piper led the rats to their death because of their lemminghood and free will,The whispering wind might be her faith, because You can't buy Your way into Heaven. Ancient people's (Mayan's and Egyptian's) believed that the great pyramid is the stairway to heaven as well as any pyramid with stairs (Most Mexican Pyramid's have stair's). Some of this is opinion and some documentation, nevertheless I think it was a great song till people started picking it apart... it's just poetry to Me, Poetry can mean what ever the reader or listener wants it to mean... So there. What are You gonna annalize next? Freebird? Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone"The main theme behind the song is about those on the outside of society being ignored or not taken seriously by main society and being looked down on for their views and way of life by those who don’t questions and just go along with what the Government tells them what is best for them. Now some of these people begin to realise that have been duped by the Govt. and that they don't have to act like sheep. So now they are on the outside - and know they now how if feels to be on your own like a rolling stone i.e. a thinker some who is active and not just going along with popular view and apathy but it's lonly when your against the popular view that's why most people go along with the flow. Dylan uses people around him at the time as a conduit for his metaphors. Eagles's "Hotel California"A man in santa barbera, california who once worked at the California Hotel told me to tru meaning behing "hotel california" It was a half-way house for post rehab, post prision parolees. A cheap place to stay while on parole and a pit stop before returning to "civiisation". Eventually, because of cut backs, all "half-way" houses where abolished. But the "California Hotel", through donations managed to keep it's doors open for a few lost souls that didn't have anywhere else to go. "You can check out anytime...but you can never leave", is refering to the theory that "once an addict always an addict", and "you can take the man out of prison..but you can never take prision (or the experience of being in prision) out of the man. "Led Zeppelin's "Black Dog"The name black dog refers to a jackel...the jackel refers to Anubis who is the Egyptian God Of the Dead. The song is about a woman who makes Robert Plant very happy, and a big legged woman has no soul. Vicki Lawrence's "The Night The Lights Went Out In Georgia"The narrator is the sister of a hard luck man. She tells about how her brother was told by his best friend that his wife was cheating on him, and the friend was one of her paramours. Outraged, the brother purchases a gun and plans to kill his now ex-friend. He finds his friend already slain. When the police arrive, the man is arrested, tried by a kangaroo court, and hanged. We find out towards the end that the real killer is the man's sister, who has also killed his wife and claims "that's one body that'll never be found". Hot Chocolate's "Emma"The narrator pines for his only love named Emma. At the end of the song, we find out that Emma was killed in a car accident. The Boomtown Rats's "I Don't Like Mondays"oh my god the Song from Boomtown Rats from I Don't Like Mondays is a reality Song. The Boomtown rats singing over the girls school is shooting dead from a school personality. The Murder say "I Don't Like Mondays" and i shoot a massaka. great greencar of Germany The Boomtown rats's "I Don't Like Mondays"oh my god the Song from Boomtown Rats from I Don't Like Mondays is a reality Song. The Boomtown rats singing over the girls school is shooting dead from a school personality. The Murder say "I Don't Like Mondays" and i shoot a massaka. great greencar of Germany Led Zepplin's "Stairway To Heaven"ok firstly why is it that when a song writer mentions jesus, god, angels or anything that vaguely resembles satanism people immediately think that the poor writer is religious... why dont you all stop usingperfectly decent songs to justify your own beliefs believe it and leave the artist alone.i believe stairway to heaven is about a drug induced vision its nothing to do with satanism, or going to heaven its just a beautiful song its not really about anything just beauty, wonder at small things being able to just experiance things in a new way. Eagles's "Hotel California"ok geniouses you are all wrong. the person who cane the closest is the guy who was talking about a half way house. but the truth is there use to be an insame asylum where the current Cal state univercity chanell islands is. the song was written about that place. the line "you can check out anytime but you canot leave" means you can metally check out anytime but you can never leave the place. if you ever get a chance to drive by it you will see the old spanish style of the place which has "corridores and church bells". the part which they say "And in the master’s chambers, They gathered for the feast The stab it with their steely knives, But they just can’t kill the beast" they are talking about in their cells or rooms they try and fight of their dreams and and insane hullicinasions but they cannot. so there ya go. do all the research you want this is right. Carly Simon's "You're So Vain"The person Carly is referring to is... Mick Jagger... If you listen to Janet Jackson's song... Son of A Gun (I Betcha Think This song...)which Carly Simon collaborated with Janet on this track.. Carly says it in the song..."the apricot scarf is worn by Mick..."Rolling Stones's "Angie"The person who said this song was about Mick Jagger and David Bowie's wife. It wasn't even written by Mick. Keith Richards wrote it about Anita Pallenberg. HE said meant "Anita I Need Ya". The Steve Miller Band's "The Joker"The "pompatus of love" actually means....... Nothing. He needed a 3 syllable word to fit into that line of the song, and that was the first thing that came to his mind. That is straight out of an interview with him. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"A quote from James Taylor himself, to set the record straight: THE ROLLING STONE INTERVIEW: JAMES TAYLOR AND CARLY SIMON by STUART WERBIN Rolling Stone #125 January 4, 1973 ... CARLY: I am wondering what connotation Jesus had for you. JAMES: Rhymes with cheeses, Jesus, pieces actually, in "Fire and Rain" - "look down upon me, Jesus." "Fire and Rain" has three verses. The first verse is about my reactions to the death of a friend. The second verse is about my arrival in this country with a monkey on my back, and there Jesus is an expression of my desperation in trying to get through the time when my body was aching and the time was at hand when I had to do it. Jesus was just something that you say when you're in pain. I wasn't actually looking to the savior. Some people look at it as a confirmation of belief in Christ as the one true path and the one sole way, which I don't believe in, although he can certainly be a useful vehicle. And the third verse of that song refers to my recuperation in Austin Riggs [a Massachusetts hospital] which lasted about five months. ... The Who's "Behing Blue Eyes"The real meaning behind the song is because they were in a war and their drill sargent had blue eyes and it was the vieatnam war Drupi's "Vado Via"a really slow but with a stong rock back beat.sung in italian and i would like the lyrics in both english and italian and the meaning Beatles's "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds"The reason I think this song has to do with LSD is because of a couple of reasons. First off, the excuse that some little kids drawing inspired all those wierd lyrices is very curious. 2- When you listen to the song and it says - 'pastercian (sp) porters, with looking glass eyes'., this is not a child's imagination, but this is something you would see if you were halucinating on some drug. Also, everyone knows, beatles were experimenting with diff. drugs. Now the reason they had to give this song an 'innocent' excuse, was because earlier they said they were more popular than Jesus Christ. They obviously did not want to create another negative stir. The Who's "Behind Blue Eyes"A recent radio station gave this "fact" before playing this song. The song is about the Nazi regime of WWII and how Hitler desired and blonde hair blue eyed society but at what cost? This song was about the anguish that the Nazi soldiers felt about the death/concentration camps "no one knows what it's like to be the bad man to be the sad man behind blue eyes". Knowone could know how badly the soldiers felt that were carying out these orders given to them by a ruler trying to create a blonde hair blue eyed perfect society. Simon & Garfunkle's "Bridge Over Troubled Water"The rumor about the song being about drug use appeared in a book by Brian Wilson Key titled Subliminal Suduction. This book and its sequel Media Sexploitation where pop culture icons in the early 70's The book talks about various songs and there hidden messages. The "sail on silver girl" line was specifically mentioned. Steely Dan's "Kid Charlemagne"some posters have said that this is based on Ken Kesey. Good guess, since he was a good friend of Bear (Stanley Owsley III). According to the web Site: http://www.steelydan.com/bbc.html, it was as follows: Question: was "Kid Charlemagne" based on a real person? Walter: "I would say it was very loosely inspired by a character named Owsley. His name was actually Augustus Stanley Owsley. He was a well-known psychedelic chef of the day. Later a sound man for the Grateful Dead. I believe he's still alive." Bear did not dissappear, he moved to Australia. He is an incredible genius, and one day more will be written about his influence on modern culture and modern Music. Until then, you can find out more about Bear at http://www.thebear.org/Black Sabbath's "The Writ"The song "Hard Road" was off Black Sabbath's "Sabotage" album. The song was about the band's trouble with record management. They had switched management 2 or 3 times when this album was recorded. They were handed lawsuits on stage and in the studio for breech of contract. One of the lines of the song says "Just who do you think we are? Just another rock and roll star for you, just for you?" Eventually Black Sabbath would get out of the trouble and switch to much better management, but by that time, only Tony Iommi would remain of the orginal lineup. Don Henley's "The End Of The Innocence"The song Talked about the war & government in a meathaphor England Dan & John Coley's "'it's Sad To Belong '"a song about finding the right one when you are already taken James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"The song actually had 3 parts in the verses: the first verse was about the death of a girl he knew during his stay at Mc Lean Hospital in the 60s, the 2nd was about his battle w/depression, the 3rd was about the goings-on around him during his stay at Austin Riggs, most notably the breakup of his former band, The Flying Machines ("...sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground"). Don Mclean's "American Pie"the song american pie was about Buddy holland,Big bopper and Richie vallens.. "But february made me shiver" buddy holland,big bopper and richie vallens were on a plane that crashed on february 3 1959. With every paper I’d deliver. "Bad news on the doorstep;I couldn’t take one more step" the only other full time job Don had was a paper boy. "I can’t remember if I cried when I read about his widowed bride" Buddy's wife was pregnant when he died, and had a miscarriage not long after he died. "But something touched me deep inside the day the music died" after the plane crash febuary 3 1959 was called "The day the music died". "So bye-bye, miss american pie" rumour had it that the plane that had Buddy holland on it was called American pie. Jackson Browne's "Shape Of A Heart"The song describes Browne's relationship with Daryl Hannah Led Zeppelin's "Four Sticks"The song foursticks was named four sticks because John Bonham the drummer of led Zeppelin would play this song with four sticks. Cream's "White Room"the song has a lot of lines that lead me to believe they are talking about jail or "the nut house" white room, with black curtains, they prisoner colors...in the station, police station. where the sun never shines, another way to show jail. you said no strings could secure you...meaning you said you wouldnt be held back. good bye windows, you dont have many windows in jail, now do you?with the lonly crowd means your icolated from everyone else.if you ask me...its aboutjail and solotary confinement The Eagles's "Hotel California"The song has nothing to do with Satanism and in fact discuses the decadence of the music industry in California during the 70s - Don Mc Lean actually discussed this in an interview in the mid 90s. Simon & Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson"The song is about America and how it has lost its culture and patriotism. Led Zeppelin's "Black Dog"the song is about a girl robert plant met tha made him extrmeley happy, and in an interview jimmy page said they couldnt think of a name for the song and while recording the song there was always a black dog hanging around the studio.....so there you go Black Sabbath's "Snowblind"The song is about cocain and how it can freeze the soul once you've gone snowblind. Which snowblind means you're on the verge of over dosing. Beatles's "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds"the song is about delirations while on LSD, as well as "I am the walrus". the beatles did LSD they were not saints, you cannot tell the mening of those lyrics. The Who's "Behind Blue Eyes"the song is about inward reflection and outward violence. Being an intelligent being on the inside, feeling pain, and emotions like any other human. But appearing as a cold, aggressive brute on the outside, physically and mentally injuring others when not really wanting to, the inside thoughts collide with the outside actions. It’s a quite sad scene, because really, only the person behind the eyes knows the emotional serenity that lies dormant. Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird"The song is about that everybody has to be free, and we must help ourself and others around us to get free.. there is nothing as free as a bird ("I am free as a bird now, and a bird you cannot change") the ironic thing is that they sing "if I leave here tommorow, would you still remember me?" and only a year after, the band died in a flightcrash, in Florida.. But we still remember them today. Thank you for holding the music alive, and remember: Lynyrd Skynyrd is not only a band, it's a lifestyle, a way of living. Psychedelic Furs's "Heaven"The song is about the 'heavenly' feelings brought on by alcohol consumption. (The band's vocalist, Richard Butler, was an alcoholic during the band's mid 1980s hey-day. He is open about this and admits that he remembers nothing of the band's 1983 tour of Australia due to his messy state, as seen in his Australian interviews and TV appearances at the time. Austin Roberts's "Rocky"the song is about this guy falls in love with this girl,they spent endless hours fixing up their house,had a daughter,only to find out later that his only love was dying,afterwards he and the daughter must carry on without her. Phil Collins's "In The Air Tonight"The song is actually about his divorce. I think someone already mentioned that here. He talks about it himself in an interview with Playboy which you can read here: http://www.philcollins.co.uk/playboy1086.htm I hope this clears everything up. Lynard Skynard's "Sweet Home Alabama"the song is in response to a song that neil young wrote (southern man). it insulted lynard skynard so they punked him back Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama"The song is simply Ronnie Van Zants response to Niel Youngs songs Southern Man and Alabama, which were both critical of the South and of southern morales. This shown when he states in the song "I hope Neil Young will remember, a southern man don't need him around anyhow. "James taylor's "Thats Why Im Here"the song lyric "wake him uo shake him up middle of the nigt got to tell him everythings alright" means that while he was on heroine his wife needed to wake him up in the middle of the night to tell him everything is alright because he would shake in his sleep. Coven's "One Tin Soldier"The song mkers perfect sense. It talks mostly of greed. The people of the kingdom offered to share the treasure. The valley people wanted all of it. They were, of course, mistaken about the nature of the treasure. The only thing that doesn't make sense is the title line, "On the bloddy morning after, one tin soldier rides away. "Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"The song mostly refers to former band member Syd Barret. A biographal work on Pink Floyd titled "A suacerful of secrets" makes this reference. Interestingly enough, lyrics describe a certain pity for Syd due to his admitance into drug and psychiatric treatment in the years Floyd was rising to fame. "can you tell a green field from a cold steel rail" (hospital room confinement) "a smile from a veil" (the veil a nurse in a hospital wears) "did they get you to trade your heroes for ghosts" (instead of having normal childhood idols; and replacing halucinations/ visions or the staff represented in hospitals in all white attire for "ghosts", and finally "...and did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a cage" where the cage represents Syd's confinement in a psychiatric ward. Pink Floyd's "Nobody's Home"the song nobody's home is featured on the album The Wall. basically the song is about their old band mate Syd Barrett. it describes many things about him in the song like "I got elastic bands keeping my shoes on" which the other band mates said syd used to do. Also in the song "i've got the obligatory hendrix perm, and the inevitable pinhole burns, all down the front of my favorite satin shirt." Syd Barrett had a shaggy perm (the madcap) and in the early floyd, he would wear colorful satin shirts and crazy 60's outfits. But later in 68' syd left the group, because of his excessive drug use. so syd, nodding off burned cigarette holes on his satin shirts, explains that part. "I've got wild staring eyes" It was said that syd barrett had a wild stare, like as if he could see into your soul. It was also mentioned in the song "Shine on youe crazy diamond". "Now there's a look in your eye's, like Black holes in the sky". But basically all-in-all the song "nobody's home" is explaining how syd barrett was so withdrawn from everyone, And how the struggle with drugs and mental illness has left him closed off from the world. "when I try to get through on the telephone to you! They'll be nobody home! "Starlight Vocal Band's "Afternoon Delight"The song was about a man going home for a quicky, a hit in the mid 70's the band even performed it on Saturday Morning show when it was a hit, either the network didn't understand what the song really meant, or they figured the kids wouldn't. Simon Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson"The song was actually Mrs. Roosevelt and was complete. When Mike Nichols told Paul Simon he wanted a song for Mrs. Robinson in The Graduate, Paul Simon brought the then complete, Mrs. Roosevelt with the named changed, of course, to Mrs. Robinson, the character that seduces Benjamin, played by Dustin Hoffman. The song is about secrets and keeping them under wraps so your family and friends won't find out. Crosby Stills Nash & Young's "Suite Judy Blue Eyes"A song written about a broken love affair Stephen Stills had with Judy Collins. Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"stairway was created within 20 minuets of plant and page sitting down by a fireplace. its the greatest song ever created, but it means nothing. and they wrote it in twenty minuets. James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"the story about Taylor's girlfriend dying in a plane crash makes an intersesting story although a fictional one, Taylor himself has stated more than once in interviews that Susan was an aquaintance he made at a mental institution that committed suicide........ James Taylor's "Fire And Rain"the story i heard was that when james taylor went into rehab he befriended a woman there. then one day he walked outside and she had comitted suicide. (she hung herself)... and that's where the lyric "when the cold when blowes it'll turn her head around" comes from. Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven"A teensy bit of history as to why the name "Piper" may have been cropped up in STH: On The Piper: {"...and it's whispered that soon if we all call the tune then the Piper will lead us to reason..."}: a quote: "A bugleman was by his side, who performed the melodies which so delighted Miss Crump. He played very gently and sweetly, and “God save the King” trembled so softly out of the brazen orifice of his bugle, that the Crumps, the tailor, and Eglantine himself, who was riding close by the carriage, were quite charmed and subdued." On 'Pay' The Piper: It refers to the notion that a host must pay the musician who plays at his behest, such as at a wedding. His doing so provides music for the guests' dancing and enjoyment. The phrase took on a broader, metaphorical meaning as early as the late 17th century, referring to anyone who bears the expense or loss arising from an undertaking (whether enjoyable or not). The existence of the phrase attests to the widespread use of bagpipes in England. In the 19th century the notion of to pay the piper and 'call the tune' arose, that is, anyone who was paying the piper to play could 'tell' him what to play. Again this phrase began to be applied metaphorically, such that it soon meant "you paid for it, you choose", as in "Londoners had paid the piper, and should choose the tune." (1895 Daily News 18 Dec) [http://www.goldlyrics.com/song_lyrics/edguy/hellfire_club/the_piper_never_dies/] (the new Babylon = America and Canada) [http://www.123lyrics.net/j/joni-mitchell/daisy-summer-piper.html] [http://www.lyricspy.com/60682/John_Kincade_lyrics/Pied_Piper_lyrics.html] On the Clarion Call: {"...your head is humming and it won't go, in case you don't know, The Piper's calling you to join him..."}: loud and clear; "a clarion call" a medieval brass instrument with a clear shrill tone, 1: blow the clarion 2: proclaim on, or as if on, a clarion. A quote: 'Whenever that period arrives, how gladly shall we exchange the cannon’s roar, and the shrill voice of the trumpet, for the soft music of the harp.' -Catherine de Medici (1519); "The new humanity will be universal, and will have the artist's attitude, that of the musician...it will recognize the immense value and beauty of the human being belongs to two realms simultaneously, Nature and Spirit"-- {T. Mann}, we are living on the 3rd and 4th dimension simultaneously. TTFN :)The Steve Miller Band's "The Joker""the pompatus of love" refers to the sadness of lost love or the self-torture of those who suffer from unrequited love. Steve picked the expression up from a little-known blues artist The Lettermen's "Theme from 'A Summer Place'"The theme from "A Summer Place" is simply about a happy marriage. A couple who can seek refuge from the world by meaning so much to each other. Pink Floyd's "The Thin Ice"this is a very meaningful song. the line "draggin behind you silent reproach of a million tear stainded eyes" means that when some1 is born they have to exceot the fact that one will be despised, loved and hated...in the movie pink is drowning...it represents that water gives life and it can also take lives away...its basically rebirth...the thin ice is the birth and rebirth of a person...the song is about accepting life!Beatles's "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds"this song IS about LSD, just because John Lennon said he got it from his son's drawing (which he DID say) doesnt mean that its true. It was a pretty touchy subject and he was busted for possesion, if he said that the song was about the drawing after this incident, there is logic that. The Kinks's "Lola"this song by the kinks (great song) is about a transvertite, "i couldnt understand, why she walked like a women but talked like a man" THE KINKS ROCK, by nick irwin singleton Guess Who? 's "Follow Your Daughter Home"this song is a friends warning to his friend's daughter to keep a closer look at his daughter (she may be sleeping around) with older boys on a school nite. She's a bit of the mischivious, flirty type. Pink Floyd's "With You Were Here"this song is about a mother who left a child. the child wakes up every day and says "wish you were here" he quits his job, leaves his wife, all because his mother left him. he eventually kills himself and on his grave it says "wish you were here"Eagles's "Hotel California"this song is about a rehab centre. at first listening to this song it seem like it is about a tired traveler who just comes across a strange hotel. but as u listen further your mind changed and in the last verse where it says "You can checkout any time you like, But you can never leave!" you rly start to realise that this song has a deeper meaning and then if oyu go over the lyrics it all makes sense. it is a guy who starts getting into drugs, and he talks about his heading getting heavy and his sight dim meaning they r taking control. when the girl lightes up the candle and shows him the way is a nother refernece to drugs and haluccinations. but the main bit is "Last thing I remember, I was Running for the door I had to find the passage back To the place I was before relax, said the night man, We are programmed to receive. You can checkout any time you like, But you can never leave!" he realises taht the drugs have contorl of his life and there is no way out. "And she said we are all just prisoners here, of our own device" people tryed to explain wat the drugs were doing but he ddnt listen until it was too late Bob Segar's "Turn The Page"this song is about being out on the road for hours at a time Pink Floyd's "Eclipse"this song is about how you can build the perfect life for yourself, and you can be rich and have and amazing family, and in an instant you can loose it all. one little flaw and everything youve worked for and done means nothing. Pink Floyd's "Dark Side Of The Moon"this song is about someone who has fallen into a drug abyss and is tryin to get out 'the lunatic is in the hall'meaning the addiction that has resided in your mind 'and everyday the paperboy brings more'more drugs keep comming your way. the chorus is about what happens if you get caught up and end up burnt out 'ill see you on the dark side of the moon'your mind and direction are lost from the drug addiction so you are lost on 'the dark side of the moon'. the second verse explains the highs and lows, mainly highs, you get from drugs...there are a lot of lines that stand out but everyone may interpret them their own way. The Who's "Behind Blue Eyes"this song is about the who's drummer keith moon, who was battling demons of his own for a long time, and eventually died, i believe, of a drug overdose. Pink Floyd's "Shine On You Crazy Diamond"this song is mainly about people who fall onto fame...get caught up in the world and everything about it...but pink floyd had one person in mind when they made it... Syd its easy to tell seeing how the song is (S)hine on (Y)ou crazy (D)iamond ----> SYD! how cool The Eagles's "Hotel California"this song is totally about cocaine addiction. especially when you hear the lyrics "we havnt had that spirit here since 1969" the last year of the 60's the big drug decade. like u have to be completely stupid to not see it John Lennon's "Imagine"this song isn't about communisim it's about dreaming and wondering how much different the world would be if certain things were different, it is also about peace and how there is really nothing to fight over Simon And Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson"this song was written by simon and garfunkel for the movie: "the graduate" with dustin hoffman. The movie is about a young man graduating from college and having an affair with the lonely mrs. robinson next door. It's a little secret just the Robinsons' affair. Most of all you've got to hide it from the kids it was written for movie "the graduate" and it is a great movie teehee but hey maybe i'm wrong...its used in the movie and the actual character is called mrs. robinson sooo... Derek And The Dominos's "Layla"The title, "Layla", was inspired by a love story, The Story of Layla / Layla and Majnun by the Persian classical poet Nezami. When he wrote "Layla", Clapton had recently been given a copy of the story by a friend. Nezami's tale, about a moon-princess who was married off by her father to someone other than the man who was desperately in love with her, resulting in his madness struck a deep chord with Clapton. It is rumoured that after the song's release, Harrison commented and asked Clapton directly if he loved Pattie Boyd. When he said yes, George reportedly replied "Then I guess I should divorce her for you". It is further rumored that at their wedding, Harrison said of Pattie and Eric "What right do I have to come between them". Taken from Wikipedia, but also is mentioned in Clapton! The Authorised Biography (Warner Books, 1985; originally published as "Survivor") He also wrote Wonderful Tonight for Patti Boyd. George Harrison wrote "Something" for Boyd. Pink Floyd's "Shine On You Crazy Diamond"A tribute to former Floyd member Syd Barrett. His heavy drug use in the late 1960s (most notably, LSD)along with pre-existing mental instability forced him out of the band and the music world. Barret was the brain child of the early Floyd sound. He was replaced by guitarist David Gilmour but the band never forgot him. To my knowledge he is still alive and lives in the English countryside. He functions on a borderline mental level as a result of his drug use. Eagles's "Hotel California"The truth proves far less satisfying than the myriad rumors that have sprung up around this song. Hotel California is an allegory about hedonism and greed in Southern California in the 1970s. At the time of its release, the Eagles were riding high in the music world, experiencing material success on a frightening level. Though they thoroughly enjoyed the money, drugs, and women fame threw their way, they were disquieted by it all and sought to pour that sense of unease into their music and to warn others about the dark underside of such adulation. In a 1995 interview, Don Henley said the song "sort of captured the zeitgeist of the time, which was a time of great excess in this country and in the music business in particular." In another interview that same year, he referred to it as being about a "loss of innocence." The album has as its underlying theme the corruption of impressionable rock stars by the decadent Los Angeles music industry. The celebrated title track presents California as a gilded prison the artist freely enters only to discover that he cannot later escape. The real Hotel California is not a place; it is a metaphor for the west coast music industry and its effect on the talented but unworldy musicians who find themselves ensnared in its glittering web. Bob Dylan's "Like A Rolling Stone"typically BD is very ambiguous about the meanings and motivations behind his songs, allowing evertyone to draw their won meanings and conclusions from his music. im not in any way whatever discounting any other comments however, ONE VERSION behind the reason for this song which i have heard (and very much like) is that it was infact written after bob dylan had literally decided to quit singing and even writting songs in 1965 (information taken from an interview he did after the release of the album) the conclusion then drawn is that the song is about dylan himself and hes feeligns concerning his new life with out music and fame. he then decided he had to go back into music as there was just too much he wanted to write and say through song (again taken from interview). i realise that sum of the somg lyrics down really add up to this conclusion (finest skool etc) but i quite like it. Rolling Stones's "Paint It Black"very dark and evil sort of depresing Queen's "Show Must Go On"what would you say about it? I think that it is about that we must live on and doesn't metter if we die. Chic's "Le Freak"The wildly popular Chic disco song, "Le Freak" was inspired when the band was denied enterance to Studio 54 in New York in the late 1970's. Songwriters, Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers, were so upset that they hadn't been allowed to enter the discotheque (evidently, even after having hit songs like "Dance, Dance, Dance" and "Everybody Dance" being played in every disco across the land and constantly on the radio, the pair still wasn't recognized by bouncers at the club! ), they returned to their hotel room and originally had written the song with the lyrics "Fck Off!" instead of "Freak Out!" The song went on to have its own popularity, played frequently in Studio 54 itself!Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here"wish you were here isn't about drugs.. Rogers Waters said in an interview because of Syd the only drug he was doin was alcohol. Its about syd barrett... but roger and dave gilmour have both said they title could double as the fact that the band were fighting so would wish you were here.... because they werent We also have pages on this topic devoted to the 80s and 90s Would You Like To Add Something We Missed? Please use the submission page to submit information to be used on this page.
D676937	http://community.screwfix.com/threads/how-to-cut-concrete-slotted-posts.8636/	How to Cut Concrete Slotted Posts?	Davie Member I need to build a low retaining wall about 30-45cm high. I intend using concrete gravel boards and slotted posts; so I need posts about 1m or less long. But the shortest concrete slotted posts I can find are 1.5m long. Anyone any experience of cutting these posts to length? I need about 5 posts. Screwfix do a 9" angle-grinder disk that cuts concrete and steel for about £60 but difficult to justify for such a small job. Davy Davie, Jul 10, 2007 #1T Â·Ã–Ã 4 Â·Ã–Ã² 8 Â·Ã‘â€¢ 2New Member..use an ordinary 230mm (9") masonry cutting disc..it will cut through both concrete and the steel rebars T Â·Ã–Ã 4 Â·Ã–Ã² 8 Â·Ã‘â€¢ 2, Jul 10, 2007 #2)New Member You should be ale to source slotted concrete posts that have a 4 x weathered top at one end and a simple back weather on the other - if you're not too bothered about it all matching then you can get 2 posts out of one and it won't matter what the cut end will look like as it will be at the bottom of the hole. ), Jul 10, 2007 #3Willy Duwitt New Member Check out . They have several 230mm diamond cutting discs eg code 41187 at around £13. Order over $40 and p+p is free [Edited by: admin5]Willy Duwitt, Jul 10, 2007 #4Willy Duwitt New Member That's £40 and not $40! !Willy Duwitt, Jul 10, 2007 #5Davie Member Thanks Willie, 88254 Turbowave Diamond Disc 230mm is said to cut reinforced concrete £10.50. The screwfix version is £60. Wonder what the difference is? cheers Davy [Edited by: admin5]Davie, Jul 11, 2007 #6Willy Duwitt New Member Check out . They have several 230mm diamond cutting discs eg code 41187 at around £13. Order over $40 and p+p is free [Edited by: admin5] Admin5 : Since when have we not been able to refer posters to suppliers other than Screwfix. Surely if T00lstation sell a more suitable item we should be able to point that out without editorial interference. Or are Screwfix's little Hitlers really that paranoid?? Willy Duwitt, Jul 11, 2007 #7Willy Duwitt New Member Thanks Willie, 88254 Turbowave Diamond Disc 230mm is said to cut reinforced concrete £10.50. The screwfix version is £60. Wonder what the difference is? cheers Davy [Edited by: admin5] Yes, that's the one I was looking for actually. I bought 4 of those a few months back and am still using the first one. It has had loads of use including cutting down some concrete fence posts and numerous 50mm concrete flags. Can highly recommend them! !Willy Duwitt, Jul 11, 2007 #8
D746932	http://www.calorieking.com/calories-in-pizza.html	Calories in pizza	Calories in pizza Find nutritional information like calories, carbs, fat, protein and fiber for pizza. Little Caesars (view more)Pizzas : 14" Round Hot-N-Ready Pepperoni Pizza Pizzas : 14" Round Hot-N-Ready Just Cheese Pizza Domino's Pizza (view more)Pizzas : Hand Tossed Crust: Pepperoni Pizza (Large 14")Pizzas : Hand Tossed Crust: Cheese Only Pizza (Medium 12")Pizzas : Gluten Free Crust: Cheese Only Pizza (Small 10")Pizzas : Hand Tossed Crust: Pepperoni Pizza (Medium 12")Pizzas : Thin Crust: Pepperoni Pizza (Medium 12")Pizzas : Handmade Pan Crust: Pepperoni Pizza (Medium 12")Pizzas : Thin Crust: Cheese Only Pizza (Medium 12")Costco Food Court (view more)Pizzas : Slice Cheese Pizza Pizzas : Slice Pepperoni Pizza Pizzas : Slice Combo Pizza Average All Brands Pizzas : 14" Pizza, Cheese Topping, Original Crust Pizzas : 14" Pizza, Cheese Topping, Thin Crust Pizzas : 14" Pizza, Pepperoni Topping, Regular Crust Bread Products & Mixes : Dough, Pizza Dough, Whole Wheat Pizza Hut (view more)Pizzas : Personal Pan (6"), Pepperoni Pizza Pizzas : Personal Pan (6"), Cheese Only Pizza Pizzas : Hand Tossed (Large 14"), Pepperoni Pizza Sides : Breadstick Pastas : Tuscani, Chicken Alfredo Pasta Pizzas : Original Stuffed Crust (Large 14"), Cheese Only Pizza Pizzas : Thin 'n Crispy (Large 14"), Pepperoni Pizza Taco Bell (view more)Menu Items : Mexican Pizza, with Seasoned Beef Hot Pockets (view more)Frozen Meals : Sandwiches, Pepperoni Pizza, Crispy Crust, Frozen Papa John's Pizza (view more)Pizzas : Large 14" Pepperoni Original Crust Pizza Pizzas : Large 14" Cheese Original Crust Pizza Totino's (view more)Frozen Pizzas : Pepperoni Pizza Rolls, frozen Frozen Pizzas : Pepperoni Party Pizza, frozen Papa Murphy's (view more)Pizzas : Large Herb Chicken Mediterranean Thin Crust de LITE Pizza First Prev 1 2 3 4 5 Next Last Can't find a food?
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D3237005	http://www.larapedia.com/glossary_arts_terms/additive_sculpture_meaning_and_definition.html	null	Meaning of additive sculpture Additive Sculpture The following texts are the property of their respective authors and we thank them for giving us the opportunity to share for free to students, teachers and users of the Web their texts will used only for illustrative educational and scientific purposes only. All the information in our site are for educational uses. The information of medicine and health contained in the site are of a general nature and purpose which is purely informative and for this reason may not replace in any case, the council of a doctor or a qualified entity legally to the profession. Arts Glossary of arts terms Meaning and definition of additive sculpture: ADDITIVE SCULPTURE - Sculpture made by adding, combining or building up materials. Modeling with clay and welding steel parts together are ways of making additive sculpture. The meaning and definition indicated above are indicative not be used for medical and legal purposes Source: http://polahsart.wikispaces.com/file/view/Glossary.doc Source web site : http://polahsart.wikispaces.com Author : not indicated on the source document of the above text If you are the author of the text above and you not agree to share your knowledge for teaching, research, scholarship (for fair use as indicated in the United States copyrigh low) please send us an e-mail and we will remove your text quickly. Fair use is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work. In United States copyright law, fair use is a doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, search engines, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, unlicensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use)Google key word : additive sculpture Glossary of arts terms Additive Sculpture If you want to quickly find the pages about a particular topic as additive sculpture use the following search engine: Meaning and definition of additive sculpture Please visit our home page Larapedia.com Terms of service and privacy page Meaning and definition of additive sculpture
D875739	http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/crtc-internet-essential-service-1.3906664	CRTC declares broadband internet access a basic service	CRTC declares broadband internet access a basic service Today's decision could pave the way for universal access to high-speed service in remote, rural areas Matthew Kupfer · CBC News · Posted: Dec 21, 2016 10:17 AM ET \| Last Updated: December 22, 2016CRTC chairman Jean-Pierre Blais said the telecom and broadcast regulator decided to declare broadband internet service a 'basic' service following the explosion in usage over the past five years. (Fred Chartrand/Canadian Press)comments The CRTC has declared broadband internet a basic telecommunications service. In a ruling handed down Wednesday, the national regulator ordered the country's internet providers to begin working toward boosting internet service and speeds in rural and isolated areas. "The future of our economy, our prosperity and our society — indeed, the future of every citizen — requires us to set ambitious goals, and to get on with connecting all Canadians for the 21st century," said Jean-Pierre Blais, the CRTC's chair, at a news conference in Gatineau, Que. "Today's decision signals a fundamental shift in our regulations for basic services from voice-related issues to broadband-related issues. "Until now, local landline telephone service was the only service deemed "basic" or essential by the CRTC, although Blais has previously called internet service "vital" and essential to life and success. With today's ruling, the CRTC has set new targets for internet service providers to offer customers in all parts of the country download speeds of at least 50 megabits per second (Mbps) and upload speeds of at least 10 Mbps, and to also offer the option of unlimited data. Federal government to invest $500M on rural internet Rural Canada in internet 'blackout zone'Why are Canadians spending more on internet? The CRTC estimates two million Canadian households, or roughly 18 per cent, don't have access to those speeds or data. The CRTC's goal is to reduce that to 10 per cent by 2021 and down to zero in the next 10 to 15 years. To achieve that, the CRTC will require providers pay into a fund that's set to grow to $750 million over five years. The companies will be able to dip into that fund to help pay for the infrastructure needed to extend high-speed service to areas where it is not currently available. The fund is similar to one that subsidized the expansion of local landline telephone service in years past. Providers used to pay 0.53 per cent of their revenues, excluding broadband, into that fund. Now they'll pay the same rate on all revenues, including broadband. Blais said competition and the broader base of revenues for the fund will keep the cost from being passed on to consumers. Small providers will also be able to access the fund to build infrastructure. Jean-Pierre Blais, chairman for Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, has announced the CRTC considers broadband internet as an essential service for Canadians, on par with the telephone 1:05The CRTC also wants to reduce the occurrence of dropped calls and spotty mobile coverage across the country and on major roads. The ruling identifies LTE as the service standard. Geographic access but not price The regulator has not intervened directly to make internet cheaper. "The commission's approach to affordability has always been through market forces — to make sure we have enough competitors, we have informed consumers that are working in a dynamic marketplace," Blais said. "If that step does not work, then we'll intervene with a regulatory process. "CRTC ruling prompts Tek Savvy to cut prices, hike some internet speeds Providers will be able to choose what they charge for different speed and data plans. Through competition and the conditions set on the CRTC's infrastructure fund, the regulator hopes service will be affordable. The goal of the policy is to make sure the high-speed option is equally available outside of major cities, where these service levels already exist. John Lawford, co-counsel for the Affordable Access Coalition, discusses the CRTC ruling on high-speed internet access. 5:58Rogers Communications issued a written statement after the CRTC's ruling Wednesday saying it already offers speeds 20 times faster than the CRTC's new standard and unlimited plans "wherever" it offers internet service. However, in response to a query from CBC News on Thursday, the company clarified the "20 times faster" speeds refers to a service offered in areas covered by its cable network. "While there are still many details to be worked out, we are encouraged by this reasonable plan to help increase access to Canadians in hard to reach areas of our country," said David Watt, Rogers' senior vice-president of regulatory affairs. Federal government funds high-speed Last week, the federal government announced it would be investing up to $500 million to bring high-speed, broadband internet access to 300 rural and remote communities by 2021. Innovation Minister Navdeep Bains said the Connect to Innovate program is the modern equivalent of building roads or railway spurs to remote locations, providing internet access to schools, homes and First Nations band offices. That funding was separate from the CRTC announcement, but the two programs can work together in that a company could dip into both funds. Carleton University professor Dwayne Winseck participated in the CRTC's hearings and attended today's announcement. "I think the whole idea of just formally including broadband internet into the concept of basic service is a really important milestone for us to have passed," Winseck said. "This is not just a one-off decision. "Winseck said the speed levels the CRTC has targeted are "middle of the road" but can have major cultural policy implications. For example, he said, those speeds would allow multiple users to stream video at the same time and open the door to more video-on-demand. Winseck said a more direct regulatory intervention on retail price has become "anathema" in the last 20 years. Open Media, an advocacy group that participated in the CRTC process, issued a statement declaring victory over the "basic service" designation. "For too long, rural and underserved communities all across Canada have faced an uphill battle to participate meaningfully in our digital economy," said spokesman Josh Tabish. "Today's decision will go a long way toward closing this digital divide. Now that the CRTC has spoken, we need to hold the Trudeau government accountable for ensuring this exciting vision becomes a reality. "Improving data overage notices The CRTC is also taking steps to improve notices for consumers about when and why they are going over the limits of their data plans. The regulator says Canadians had complained about getting excessive charges on their mobile phone bills, without warning, because of data-sucking apps. Now, wireless providers will have to provide consumers with information about tools to manage their data, better data plans and information to avoid service charges. If consumers don't see an improvement in notices within six months, they can file a complaint against their provider with the CRTC's Commissioner for Complaints for Telecommunications Services. Corrections An earlier version of this story had an incorrect surname for Open Media's spokesman. His name is actually Josh Tabish. Dec 22, 2016 10:54 AM ETWith files from Tom Parry CBC's Journalistic Standards and Practices\| Send Feedback
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D349622	https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/nsf97153/chap_4.htm	Chapter 4 Analyzing Qualitative Data	Chapter 4 Analyzing Qualitative Data What Is Qualitative Analysis? Qualitative modes of data analysis provide ways of discerning, examining, comparing and contrasting, and interpreting meaningful patterns or themes. Meaningfulness is determined by the particular goals and objectives of the project at hand: the same data can be analyzed and synthesized from multiple angles depending on the particular research or evaluation questions being addressed. The varieties of approaches - including ethnography, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, and textual analysis - correspond to different types of data, disciplinary traditions, objectives, and philosophical orientations. However, all share several common characteristics that distinguish them from quantitative analytic approaches. In quantitative analysis, numbers and what they stand for are the material of analysis. By contrast, qualitative analysis deals in words and is guided by fewer universal rules and standardized procedures than statistical analysis. We have few agreed-on canons for qualitative data analysis, in the sense of shared ground rules for drawing conclusions and verifying their sturdiness (Miles and Huberman, 1984). This relative lack of standardization is at once a source of versatility and the focus of considerable misunderstanding. That qualitative analysts will not specify uniform procedures to follow in all cases draws critical fire from researchers who question whether analysis can be truly rigorous in the absence of such universal criteria; in fact, these analysts may have helped to invite this criticism by failing to adequately articulate their standards for assessing qualitative analyses, or even denying that such standards are possible. Their stance has fed a fundamentally mistaken but relatively common idea of qualitative analysis as unsystematic, undisciplined, and "purely subjective. "Although distinctly different from quantitative statistical analysis both in procedures and goals, good qualitative analysis is both systematic and intensely disciplined. If not "objective" in the strict positivist sense, qualitative analysis is arguably replicable insofar as others can be "walked through" the analyst's thought processes and assumptions. Timing also works quite differently in qualitative evaluation. Quantitative evaluation is more easily divided into discrete stages of instrument development, data collection, data processing, and data analysis. By contrast, in qualitative evaluation, data collection and data analysis are not temporally discrete stages: as soon as the first pieces of data are collected, the evaluator begins the process of making sense of the information. Moreover, the different processes involved in qualitative analysis also overlap in time. Part of what distinguishes qualitative analysis is a loop-like pattern of multiple rounds of revisiting the data as additional questions emerge, new connections are unearthed, and more complex formulations develop along with a deepening understanding of the material. Qualitative analysis is fundamentally an iterative set of processes. At the simplest level, qualitative analysis involves examining the assembled relevant data to determine how they answer the evaluation question (s) at hand. However, the data are apt to be in formats that are unusual for quantitative evaluators, thereby complicating this task. In quantitative analysis of survey results, for example, frequency distributions of responses to specific items on a questionnaire often structure the discussion and analysis of findings. By contrast, qualitative data most often occur in more embedded and less easily reducible or distillable forms than quantitative data. For example, a relevant "piece" of qualitative data might be interspersed with portions of an interview transcript, multiple excerpts from a set of field notes, or a comment or cluster of comments from a focus group. Throughout the course of qualitative analysis, the analyst should be asking and reasking the following questions: What patterns and common themes emerge in responses dealing with specific items? How do these patterns (or lack thereof) help to illuminate the broader study question (s)? Are there any deviations from these patterns? If yes, are there any factors that might explain these atypical responses? What interesting stories emerge from the responses? How can these stories help to illuminate the broader study question (s)? Do any of these patterns or findings suggest that additional data may need to be collected? Do any of the study questions need to be revised? Do the patterns that emerge corroborate the findings of any corresponding qualitative analyses that have been conducted? If not, what might explain these discrepancies? Two basic forms of qualitative analysis, essentially the same in their underlying logic, will be discussed: intra-case analysis and cross-case analysis. A case may be differently defined for different analytic purposes. Depending on the situation, a case could be a single individual, a focus group session, or a program site (Berkowitz, 1996). In terms of the hypothetical project described in Chapter 2, a case will be a single campus. Intra-case analysis will examine a single project site, and cross-case analysis will systematically compare and contrast the eight campuses. Processes in Qualitative Analysis Qualitative analysts are justifiably wary of creating an unduly reductionistic or mechanistic picture of an undeniably complex, iterative set of processes. Nonetheless, evaluators have identified a few basic commonalities in the process of making sense of qualitative data. In this chapter we have adopted the framework developed by Miles and Huberman (1994) to describe the major phases of data analysis: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. Data Reduction First, the mass of data has to be organized and somehow meaningfully reduced or reconfigured. Miles and Huberman (1994) describe this first of their three elements of qualitative data analysis as data reduction. "Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcriptions." Not only do the data need to be condensed for the sake of manageability, they also have to be transformed so they can be made intelligible in terms of the issues being addressed. Data reduction often forces choices about which aspects of the assembled data should be emphasized, minimized, or set aside completely for the purposes of the project at hand. Beginners often fail to understand that even at this stage, the data do not speak for themselves. A common mistake many people make in quantitative as well as qualitative analysis, in a vain effort to remain "perfectly objective," is to present a large volume of unassimilated and uncategorized data for the reader's consumption. In qualitative analysis, the analyst decides which data are to be singled out for description according to principles of selectivity. This usually involves some combination of deductive and inductive analysis. While initial categorizations are shaped by preestablished study questions, the qualitative analyst should remain open to inducing new meanings from the data available. In evaluation, such as the hypothetical evaluation project in this handbook, data reduction should be guided primarily by the need to address the salient evaluation question (s). This selective winnowing is difficult, both because qualitative data can be very rich, and because the person who analyzes the data also often played a direct, personal role in collecting them. The words that make up qualitative analysis represent real people, places, and events far more concretely than the numbers in quantitative data sets, a reality that can make cutting any of it quite painful. But the acid test has to be the relevance of the particular data for answering particular questions. For example, a formative evaluation question for the hypothetical study might be whether the presentations were suitable for all participants. Focus group participants may have had a number of interesting things to say about the presentations, but remarks that only tangentially relate to the issue of suitability may have to be bracketed or ignored. Similarly, a participant’s comments on his department chair that are unrelated to issues of program implementation or impact, however fascinating, should not be incorporated into the final report. The approach to data reduction is the same for intra-case and cross-case analysis. With the hypothetical project of Chapter 2 in mind, it is illustrative to consider ways of reducing data collected to address the question "what did participating faculty do to share knowledge with nonparticipating faculty?" The first step in an intra-case analysis of the issue is to examine all the relevant data sources to extract a description of what they say about the sharing of knowledge between participating and nonparticipating faculty on the one campus. Included might be information from focus groups, observations, and indepth interviews of key informants, such as the department chair. The most salient portions of the data are likely to be concentrated in certain sections of the focus group transcripts (or write-ups) and indepth interviews with the department chair. However, it is best to also quickly peruse all notes for relevant data that may be scattered throughout. In initiating the process of data reduction, the focus is on distilling what the different respondent groups suggested about the activities used to share knowledge between faculty who participated in the project and those who did not. How does what the participating faculty say compare to what the nonparticipating faculty and the department chair report about knowledge sharing and adoption of new practices? In setting out these differences and similarities, it is important not to so "flatten" or reduce the data that they sound like close-ended survey responses. The tendency to treat qualitative data in this manner is not uncommon among analysts trained in quantitative approaches. Not surprisingly, the result is to make qualitative analysis look like watered down survey research with a tiny sample size. Approaching qualitative analysis in this fashion unfairly and unnecessarily dilutes therichness of the data and, thus, inadvertently undermines one of the greatest strengths of the qualitative approach. Answering the question about knowledge sharing in a truly qualitative way should go beyond enumerating a list of knowledge-sharing activities to also probe the respondents' assessments of the relative effectiveness of these activities, as well as their reasons for believing some more effective than others. Apart from exploring the specific content of therespondents' views, it is also a good idea to take note of the relative frequency with which different issues are raised, as well as the intensity with which they are expressed. Data Display Data display is the second element or level in Miles and Huberman's (1994) model of qualitative data analysis. Data display goes a step beyond data reduction to provide "an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing..." A display can be an extended piece of text or a diagram, chart, or matrix that provides a new way of arranging and thinking about the more textually embedded data. Data displays, whether in word or diagrammatic form, allow the analyst to extrapolate from the data enough to begin to discern systematic patterns and interrelationships. At the display stage, additional, higher order categories or themes may emerge from the data that go beyond those first discovered during the initial process of data reduction. From the perspective of program evaluation, data display can be extremely helpful in identifying why a system (e.g., a given program or project) is or is not working well and what might be done to change it. The overarching issue of why some projects work better or are more successful than others almost always drives the analytic process in any evaluation. In our hypothetical evaluation example, faculty from all eight campuses come together at the central campus to attend workshops. In that respect, all participants are exposed to the identical program. However, implementation of teaching techniques presented at the workshop will most likely vary from campus to campus based on factors such as the participants’ personal characteristics, the differing demographics of the student bodies, and differences in the university and departmental characteristics (e.g., size of the student body, organization of preservice courses, department chair’s support of the program goals, departmental receptivity to change and innovation). The qualitative analyst will need to discern patterns of interrelationships to suggest why the project promoted more change on some campuses than on others. One technique for displaying narrative data is to develop a series of flow charts that map out any critical paths, decision points, and supporting evidence that emerge from establishing the data for a single site. After the first flow chart has been developed, the process can be repeated for all remaining sites. Analysts may (1) use the data from subsequent sites to modify the original flow chart; (2) prepare an independent flow chart for each site; and/or (3) prepare a single flow chart for some events (if most sites adopted a generic approach) and multiple flow charts for others. Examination of the data display across the eight campuses might produce a finding that implementation proceeded more quickly and effectively on those campuses where the department chair was highly supportive of trying new approaches to teaching but was stymied and delayed when department chairs had misgivings about making changes to a tried-and-true system. Data display for intra-case analysis. Exhibit 10 presents a data display matrix for analyzing patterns of response concerning perceptions and assessments of knowledge-sharing activities for one campus. We have assumed that three respondent units - participating faculty, nonparticipating faculty, and department chairs - have been asked similar questions. Looking at column (a), it is interesting that the three respondent groups were not in total agreement even on which activities they named. Only the participants considered e-mail a means of sharing what they had learned in the program with their colleagues. The nonparticipant colleagues apparently viewed the situation differently, because they did not include e-mail in their list. The department chair - perhaps because she was unaware they were taking place - did not mention e-mail or informal interchanges as knowledge-sharing activities. Column (b) shows which activities each group considered most effective as a way of sharing knowledge, in order of perceived importance; column (c) summarizes the respondents' reasons for regarding those particular activities as most effective. Looking down column (b), we can see that there is some overlap across groups - for example, both the participants and the department chair believed structured seminars were the most effective knowledge-sharing activity. Nonparticipants saw the structured seminars as better than lunchtime meetings, but not as effective as informal interchanges. Exhibit 10. Data matrix for Campus A: What was done to share knowledge Respondent group (a)Activities named (b) Which most effective (c)Why Participants Structured seminars E-mail Informal interchanges Lunchtime meetings Structured seminars E-mail Concise way of communicating a lot of information Nonparticipants Structured seminars Informal interchanges Lunchtime meetings Informal interchanges Structured seminars Easier to assimilate information in less formal settings Smaller bits of information at a time Department chair Structured seminars Lunch time meetings Structured seminars Highest attendance by nonparticipants Most comments (positive) to chair Simply knowing what each set of respondents considered most effective, without knowing why, would leave out an important piece of the analytic puzzle. It would rob the qualitative analyst of the chance to probe potentially meaningful variations in underlying conceptions of what defines effectiveness in an educational exchange. For example, even though both participating faculty and the department chair agreed on the structured seminars as the most effective knowledge-sharing activity, they gave somewhat different reasons for making this claim. The participants saw the seminars as the most effective way of communicating a lot of information concisely. The department chair used indirect indicators - attendance rates of nonparticipants at the seminars, as well as favorable comments on the seminars volunteered to her - to formulate her judgment of effectiveness. It is important to recognize the different bases on which the respondents reached the same conclusions. Several points concerning qualitative analysis emerge from this relatively straightforward and preliminary exercise. First, a pattern of cross-group differences can be discerned even before we analyze the responses concerning the activities regarded as most effective, and why. The open-ended format of the question allowed each group to give its own definition of "knowledge-sharing activities." The point of the analysis is not primarily to determine which activities were used and how often; if that were the major purpose of asking this question, there would be far more efficient ways (e.g., a checklist or rating scale) to find the answer. From an analytic perspective, it is more important to begin to uncover relevant group differences in perceptions. Differences in reasons for considering one activity more effective than another might also point to different conceptions of the primary goals of the knowledge-sharing activities. Some of these variations might be attributed to the fact that the respondent groups occupy different structural positions in life and different roles in this specific situation. While both participating and nonparticipating faculty teach in the same department, in this situation the participating faculty are playing a teaching role vis-a-vis their colleagues. The data in column (c) indicate the participants see their main goal as imparting a great deal of information as concisely as possible. By contrast, the nonparticipants - in the role of students - believe they assimilate the material better when presented with smaller quantities of information in informal settings. Their different approaches to the question might reflect different perceptions based on this temporary rearrangement in their roles. The department chair occupies a different structural position in the university than either the participating or nonparticipating faculty. She may be too removed from day-to-day exchanges among the faculty to see much of what is happening on this more informal level. By the same token, her removal from the grassroots might give her a broader perspective on the subject. Data display in cross-case analysis. The principles applied in analyzing across cases essentially parallel those employed in the intra-case analysis. Exhibit 11 shows an example of a hypothetical data display matrix that might be used for analysis of program participants’ responses to the knowledge-sharing question across all eight campuses. Looking down column (a), one sees differences in the number and variety of knowledge-sharing activities named by participating faculty at the eight schools. Brown bag lunches, department newsletters, workshops, and dissemination of written (hard-copy) materials have been added to the list, which for branch campus A included only structured seminars, e-mail, informal interchanges, and lunchtime meetings. This expanded list probably encompasses most, if not all, such activities at the eight campuses. In addition, where applicable, we have indicated whether the nonparticipating faculty involvement in the activity was compulsory or voluntary. In Exhibit 11, we are comparing the same group on different campuses, rather than different groups on the same campus, as in Exhibit 10. Column (b) reveals some overlap across participants in which activities were considered most effective: structured seminars were named by participants at campuses A and C, brown bag lunches Exhibit 11. Participants’ views of information sharing at eight campuses Branch campus (a) Activities named (b) Which most effective (c)Why AStructured seminar (voluntary)E-mail Informal interchanges Lunchtime meetings Structured seminar E-mail Concise way of communicating a lot of information BBrown bags E-mail Department newsletter Brown bags Most interactive CWorkshops (voluntary)Structured seminar (compulsory)Structured seminar Compulsory Structured format works well DInformal interchanges Dissemination of written materials Combination of the two Dissemination important but not enough without "personal touch"EStructured seminars (compulsory)Workshops (voluntary)Workshops Voluntary hands-on approach works best FE-mail Dissemination of materials Workshops (compulsory)Dissemination of materials Not everyone regularly uses e-mail Compulsory workshops resisted as coercive GStructured seminar Informal interchanges Lunch meetings Lunch meetings Best time HBrown bags E-mail Dissemination of materials Brown bags Relaxed environmentby those at campuses B and H. However, as in Exhibit 10, the primary reasons for naming these activities were not always the same. Brown bag lunches were deemed most effective because of their interactive nature (campus B) and the relaxed environment in which they took place (campus H), both suggesting a preference for less formal learning situations. However, while campus A participants judged voluntary structured seminars the most effective way to communicate a great deal of information, campus C participants also liked that the structured seminars on their campus were compulsory. Participants at both campuses appear to favor structure, but may part company on whether requiring attendance is a good idea. The voluntary/compulsory distinction was added to illustrate different aspects of effective knowledge sharing that might prove analytically relevant. It would also be worthwhile to examine the reasons participants gave for deeming one activity more effective than another, regardless of the activity. Data in column (c) show a tendency for participants on campuses B, D, E, F, and H to prefer voluntary, informal, hands-on, personal approaches. By contrast, those from campuses A and C seemed to favor more structure (although they may disagree on voluntary versus compulsory approaches). The answer supplied for campus G ("best time") is ambiguous and requires returning to the transcripts to see if more material can be found to clarify this response. To have included all the knowledge-sharing information from four different respondent groups on all eight campuses in a single matrix would have been quite complicated. Therefore, for clarity's sake, we present only the participating faculty responses. However, to complete the cross-case analysis of this evaluation question, the same procedure should be followed - if not in matrix format, then conceptually - for nonparticipating faculty and department chairpersons. For each group, the analysis would be modeled on the above example. It would be aimed at identifying important similarities and differences in what the respondents said or observed and exploring the possible bases for these patterns at different campuses. Much of qualitative analysis, whether intra-case or cross-case, is structured by what Glaser and Strauss (1967) called the "method of constant comparison," an intellectually disciplined process of comparing and contrasting across instances to establish significant patterns, then further questioning and refinement of these patterns as part of an ongoing analytic process. Conclusion Drawing and Verification This activity is the third element of qualitative analysis. Conclusion drawing involves stepping back to consider what the analyzed data mean and to assess their implications for the questions at hand. 6 Verification, integrally linked to conclusion drawing, entails revisiting the data as many times as necessary to cross-check or verify these emergent conclusions. "The meanings emerging from the data have to be tested for their plausibility, their sturdiness, their ‘confirmability’ - that is, their validity" (Miles and Huberman, 1994, p. 11). Validity means something different in this context than in quantitative evaluation, where it is a technical term that refers quite specifically to whether a given construct measures what it purports to measure. Here validity encompasses a much broader concern for whether the conclusions being drawn from the data are credible, defensible, warranted, and able to withstand alternative explanations.6When qualitative data are used as a precursor to the design/development of quantitative instruments, this step may be postponed. Reducing the data and looking for relationships will provide adequate information for developing other instruments. For many qualitative evaluators, it is above all this third phase that gives qualitative analysis its special appeal. At the same time, it is probably also the facet that quantitative evaluators and others steeped in traditional quantitative techniques find most disquieting. Once qualitative analysts begin to move beyond cautious analysis of the factual data, the critics ask, what is to guarantee that they are not engaging in purely speculative flights of fancy? Indeed, their concerns are not entirely unfounded. If the unprocessed "data heap" is the result of not taking responsibility for shaping the "story line" of the analysis, the opposite tendency is to take conclusion drawing well beyond what the data reasonably warrant or to prematurely leap to conclusions and draw implications without giving the data proper scrutiny. The question about knowledge sharing provides a good example. The underlying expectation, or hope, is for a diffusion effort, wherein participating faculty stimulate innovation in teaching mathematics among their colleagues. A cross-case finding might be that participating faculty at three of the eight campuses made active, ongoing efforts to share their new knowledge with their colleagues in a variety of formal and informal settings. At two other campuses, initial efforts at sharing started strong but soon fizzled out and were not continued. In the remaining three cases, one or two faculty participants shared bits and pieces of what they had learned with a few selected colleagues on an ad hoc basis, but otherwise took no steps to diffuse their new knowledge and skills more broadly. Taking these findings at face value might lead one to conclude that the project had largely failed in encouraging diffusion of new pedagogical knowledge and skills to nonparticipating faculty. After all, such sharing occurred in the desired fashion at only three of the eight campuses. However, before jumping ahead to conclude that the project was disappointing in this respect, or to generalize beyond this case to other similar efforts at spreading pedagogic innovations among faculty, it is vital to examine more closely the likely reasons why sharing among participating and nonparticipating faculty occurred, and where and how it did. The analysts would first look for factors distinguishing the three campuses where ongoing organized efforts at sharing did occur from those where such efforts were either not sustained or occurred in largely piecemeal fashion. However, it will also be important to differentiate among the less successful sites to tease out factors related both to the extent of sharing and the degree to which activities were sustained. One possible hypothesis would be that successfully sustaining organized efforts at sharing on an ongoing basis requires structural supports at the departmental level and/or conducive environmental conditions at the home campus. In the absence of these supports, a great burst of energy and enthusiasm at the beginning of the academic year will quickly give way under the pressure of the myriad demands, as happened for the second group of two campuses. Similarly, under most circumstances, the individual good will of one or two participating faculty on a campus will in itself be insufficient to generate the type and level of exchange that would make a difference to the nonparticipating faculty (the third set of campuses). At the three "successful" sites, for example, faculty schedules may allow regularly scheduled common periods for colleagues to share ideas and information. In addition, participation in such events might be encouraged by the department chair, and possibly even considered as a factor in making promotion and tenure decisions. The department might also contribute a few dollars for refreshments in order to promote a more informal, relaxed atmosphere at these activities. In other words, at the campuses where sharing occurred as desired, conditions were conducive in one or more ways: a new time slot did not have to be carved out of already crowded faculty schedules, the department chair did more than simply pay "lip service" to the importance of sharing (faculty are usually quite astute at picking up on what really matters in departmental culture), and efforts were made to create a relaxed ambiance for transfer of knowledge. At some of the other campuses, structural conditions might not be conducive, in that classes are taught continuously from 8 a.m. through 8 p.m., with faculty coming and going at different times and on alternating days. At another campus, scheduling might not present so great a hurdle. However, the department chair may be so busy that despite philosophic agreement with the importance of diffusing the newly learned skills, she can do little to actively encourage sharing among participating and nonparticipating faculty. In this case, it is not structural conditions or lukewarm support so much as competing priorities and the department chair's failure to act concretely on her commitment that stood in the way. By contrast, at another campus, the department chairperson may publicly acknowledge the goals of the project but really believe it a waste of time and resources. His failure to support sharing activities among his faculty stems from more deeply rooted misgivings about the value and viability of the project. This distinction might not seem to matter, given that the outcome was the same on both campuses (sharing did not occur as desired). However, from the perspective of an evaluation researcher, whether the department chair believes in the project could make a major difference to what would have to be done to change the outcome. We have begun to develop a reasonably coherent explanation for the cross-site variations in the degree and nature of sharing taking place between participating and nonparticipating faculty. Arriving at this point required stepping back and systematically examining and re-examining the data, using a variety of what Miles and Huberman (1994, pp. 245-262) call "tactics for generating meaning." They describe 13 such tactics, including noting patterns and themes, clustering cases, making contrasts and comparisons, partitioning variables, and subsuming particulars in the general. Qualitative analysts typically employ some or all of these, simultaneously and iteratively, in drawing conclusions. One factor that can impede conclusion drawing in evaluation studies is that the theoretical or logical assumptions underlying the research are often left unstated. In this example, as discussed above, these are assumptions or expectations about knowledge sharing and diffusion of innovative practices from participating to non-participating faculty, and, by extension, to their students. For the analyst to be in a position to take advantage of conclusion-drawing opportunities, he or she must be able to recognize and address these assumptions, which are often only implicit in the evaluation questions. Toward that end, it may be helpful to explicitly spell out a "logic model" or set of assumptions as to how the program is expected to achieve its desired outcome (s.) Recognizing these assumptions becomes even more important when there is a need or desire to place the findings from a single evaluation into wider comparative context vis-a-vis other program evaluations. Once having created an apparently credible explanation for variations in the extent and kind of sharing that occurs between participating and nonparticipating faculty across the eight campuses, how can the analyst verify the validity - or truth value - of this interpretation of the data? Miles and Huberman (1994, pp. 262-277) outline 13 tactics for testing or confirming findings, all of which address the need to build systematic "safeguards against self-delusion" (p. 265) into the process of analysis. We will discuss only a few of these, which have particular relevance for the example at hand and emphasize critical contrasts between quantitative and qualitative analytic approaches. However, two points are very important to stress at the outset: several of the most important safeguards on validity - such as using multiple sources and modes of evidence - must be built into the design from the beginning; and the analytic objective is to create a plausible, empirically grounded account that is maximally responsive to the evaluation questions at hand. As the authors note: "You are not looking for one account, forsaking all others, but for the best of several alternative accounts" (p. 274). One issue of analytic validity that often arises concerns the need to weigh evidence drawn from multiple sources and based on different data collection modes, such as self-reported interview responses and observational data. Triangulation of data sources and modes is critical, but the results may not necessarily corroborate one another, and may even conflict. For example, another of the summative evaluation questions proposed in Chapter 2 concerns the extent to which nonparticipating faculty adopt new concepts and practices in their teaching. Answering this question relies on a combination of observations, self-reported data from participant focus groups, and indepth interviews with department chairs and nonparticipating faculty. In this case, there is a possibility that the observational data might be at odds with the self-reported data from one or more of the respondent groups. For example, when interviewed, the vast majority of nonparticipating faculty might say, and really believe, that they are applying project-related innovative principles in their teaching. However, the observers may see very little behavioral evidence that these principles are actually influencing teaching practices in these faculty members' classrooms. It would be easy to brush off this finding by concluding that the nonparticipants are saving face by parroting what they believe they are expected to say about their teaching. But there are other, more analytically interesting, possibilities. Perhaps the nonparticipants have an incomplete understanding of these principles, or they were not adequately trained in how to translate them effectively into classroom practice. The important point is that analyzing across multiple group perspectives and different types of data is not a simple matter of deciding who is right or which data are most accurate. Weighing the evidence is a more subtle and delicate matter of hearing each group's viewpoint, while still recognizing that any single perspective is partial and relative to the respondent's experiences and social position. Moreover, as noted above, respondents' perceptions are no more or less real than observations. In fact, discrepancies between self-reported and observational data may reveal profitable topics or areas for further analysis. It is the analyst's job to weave the various voices and sources together in a narrative that responds to the relevant evaluation question (s). The more artfully this is done, the simpler, more natural it appears to the reader. To go to the trouble to collect various types of data and listen to different voices, only to pound the information into a flattened picture, is to do a real disservice to qualitative analysis. However, if there is a reason to believe that some of the data are stronger than others (some of the respondents are highly knowledgeable on the subject, while others are not), it is appropriate to give these responses greater weight in the analysis. Qualitative analysts should also be alert to patterns of inter-connection in their data that differ from what might have been expected. Miles and Huberman define these as "following up surprises" (1994, p. 270). For instance, at one campus, systematically comparing participating and nonparticipating faculty responses to the question about knowledge-sharing activities (see Exhibit 10) might reveal few apparent cross-group differences. However, closer examination of the two sets of transcripts might show meaningful differences in perceptions dividing along other, less expected lines. For purposes of this evaluation, it was tacitly assumed that the relevant distinctions between faculty would most likely be between those who had and had not participated in the project. However, both groups also share a history as faculty in the same department. Therefore, other factors - such as prior personal ties - might have overridden the participant/nonparticipant faculty distinction. One strength of qualitative analysis is its potential to discover and manipulate these kinds of unexpected patterns, which can often be very informative. To do this requires an ability to listen for, and be receptive to, surprises. Unlike quantitative researchers, who need to explain away deviant or exceptional cases, qualitative analysts are also usually delighted when they encounter twists in their data that present fresh analytic insights or challenges. Miles and Huberman (1994, pp. 269, 270) talk about "checking the meaning of outliers" and "using extreme cases." In qualitative analysis deviant instances or cases that do not appear to fit the pattern or trend are not treated as outliers, as they would be in statistical, probability-based analysis. Rather, deviant or exceptional cases should be taken as a challenge to further elaboration and verification of an evolving conclusion. For example, if the department chair strongly supports the project's aims and goals for all successful projects but one, perhaps another set of factors is fulfilling the same function (s) at the "deviant" site. Identifying those factors will, in turn, help to clarify more precisely what it is about strong leadership and belief in a project that makes a difference. Or, to elaborate on another extended example, suppose at one campus where structural conditions are not conducive to sharing between participating and nonparticipating faculty, such sharing is occurring nonetheless, spearheaded by one very committed participating faculty member. This example might suggest that a highly committed individual who is a natural leader among his faculty peers is able to overcome the structural constraints to sharing. In a sense, this "deviant" case analysis would strengthen the general conclusion by showing that it takes exceptional circumstances to override the constraints of the situation. Elsewhere in this handbook, we noted that summative and formative evaluations are often linked by the premise that variations in project implementation will, in turn, effect differences in project outcomes. In the hypothetical example presented in this handbook, all participants were exposed to the same activities on the central campus, eliminating the possibility of analyzing the effects of differences in implementation features. However, using a different model and comparing implementation and outcomes at three different universities, with three campuses participating per university, would give some idea of what such an analysis might look like. A display matrix for a cross-site evaluation of this type is given in Exhibit 12. The upper portion of the matrix shows how the three campuses varied in key implementation features. The bottom portion summarizes outcomes at each campus. While we would not necessarily expect a one-to-one relationship, the matrix loosely pairs implementation features with outcomes with which they might be associated. For example, workshop staffing and delivery are paired with knowledge-sharing activities, accuracy of workshop content with curricular change. However, there is nothing to preclude looking for a relationship between use of appropriate techniques in the workshops (formative) and curricular changes on the campuses (summative). Use of the matrix would essentially guide the analysis along the same lines as in the examples provided earlier. Exhibit 12. Matrix of cross-case analysis linking implementation andoutcome factors Implementation Features Branch campus Workshops delivered and staffed as planned? Content accurate/ up to date? Appropriate techniques used? Materials available? Suitable presentation? Campus A Yes Yes For most participants Yes, but delayed Mostly Campus B No Yes Yes No Very mixed reviews Campus C Mostly Yes For a few participants Yes Some Outcome Features - Participating Campuses Branch campus Knowledge -sharing with nonparticipants? Curricular changes? Changes to exams and requirements? Expenditures? Students more interested/ active in class? Campus A High level Many Some No Some campuses Campus B Low level Many Many Yes Mostly participants' students Campus C Moderate level Only a few Few Yes Only minor improvement In this cross-site analysis, the overarching question would address the similarities and differences across these three sites - in terms of project implementation, outcomes, and the connection between them - and investigate the bases of these differences. Was one of the projects discernibly more successful than others, either overall or in particular areas - and if so, what factors or configurations of factors seem to have contributed to these successes? The analysis would then continue through multiple iterations until a satisfactory resolution is achieved. Summary: Judging the Quality of Qualitative Analysis Issues surrounding the value and uses of conclusion drawing and verification in qualitative analysis take us back to larger questions raised at the outset about how to judge the validity and quality of qualitative research. A lively debate rages on these and related issues. It goes beyond the scope of this chapter to enter this discussion in any depth, but it is worthwhile to summarize emerging areas of agreement. First, although stated in different ways, there is broad consensus concerning the qualitative analyst's need to be self-aware, honest, and reflective about the analytic process. Analysis is not just the end product, it is also the repertoire of processes used to arrive at that particular place. In qualitative analysis, it is not necessary or even desirable that anyone else who did a similar study should find exactly the same thing or interpret his or her findings in precisely the same way. However, once the notion of analysis as a set of uniform, impersonal, universally applicable procedures is set aside, qualitative analysts are obliged to describe and discuss how they did their work in ways that are, at the very least, accessible to other researchers. Open and honest presentation of analytic processes provides an important check on an individual analyst’s tendencies to get carried away, allowing others to judge for themselves whether the analysis and interpretation are credible in light of the data. Second, qualitative analysis, as all of qualitative research, is in some ways craftsmanship (Kvale, 1995). There is such a thing as poorly crafted or bad qualitative analysis, and despite their reluctance to issue universal criteria, seasoned qualitative researchers of different bents can still usually agree when they see an example of it. Analysts should be judged partly in terms of how skillfully, artfully, and persuasively they craft an argument or tell a story. Does the analysis flow well and make sense in relation to the study's objectives and the data that were presented? Is the story line clear and convincing? Is the analysis interesting, informative, provocative? Does the analyst explain how and why she or he drew certain conclusions, or on what bases she or he excluded other possible interpretations? These are the kinds of questions that can and should be asked in judging the quality of qualitative analyses. In evaluation studies, analysts are often called upon to move from conclusions to recommendations for improving programs and policies. The recommendations should fit with the findings and with the analysts’ understanding of the context or milieu of the study. It is often useful to bring in stakeholders at the point of "translating" analytic conclusions to implications for action. As should by now be obvious, it is truly a mistake to imagine that qualitative analysis is easy or can be done by untrained novices. As Patton (1990) comments: Applying guidelines requires judgment and creativity. Because each qualitative study is unique, the analytical approach used will be unique. Because qualitative inquiry depends, at every stage, on the skills, training, insights, and capabilities of the researcher, qualitative analysis ultimately depends on the analytical intellect and style of the analyst. The human factor is the greatest strength and the fundamental weakness of qualitative inquiry and analysis. Practical Advice in Conducting Qualitative Analyses Start the analysis right away and keep a running account of it in your notes: It cannot be overstressed that analysis should begin almost in tandem with data collection, and that it is an iterative set of processes that continues over the course of the field work and beyond. It is generally helpful for field notes or focus group or interview summaries to include a section containing comments, tentative interpretations, or emerging hypotheses. These may eventually be overturned or rejected, and will almost certainly be refined as more data are collected. But they provide an important account of the unfolding analysis and the internal dialogue that accompanied the process. Involve more than one person: Two heads are better than one, and three may be better still. Qualitative analysis need not, and in many cases probably should not, be a solitary process. It is wise to bring more than one person into the analytic process to serve as a cross-check, sounding board, and source of new ideas and cross-fertilization. It is best if all analysts know something about qualitative analysis as well as the substantive issues involved. If it is impossible or impractical for a second or third person to play a central role, his or her skills may still be tapped in a more limited way. For instance, someone might review only certain portions of a set of transcripts. Leave enough time and money for analysis and writing: Analyzing and writing up qualitative data almost always takes more time, thought, and effort than anticipated. A budget that assumes a week of analysis time and a week of writing for a project that takes a year’s worth of field work is highly unrealistic. Along with revealing a lack of understanding of the nature of qualitative analysis, failing to build in enough time and money to complete this process adequately is probably the major reason why evaluation reports that include qualitative data can disappoint. Be selective when using computer software packages in qualitative analysis: A great proliferation of software packages that can be used to aid analysis of qualitative data has been developed in recent years. Most of these packages were reviewed by Weitzman and Miles (1995), who grouped them into six types: word processors, word retrievers, textbase managers, code-and-retrieve programs, code-based theory builders, and conceptual network builders. All have strengths and weaknesses. Weitzman and Miles suggested that when selecting a given package, researchers should think about the amount, types, and sources of data to be analyzed and the types of analyses that will be performed. Two caveats are in order. First, computer software packages for qualitative data analysis essentially aid in the manipulation of relevant segments of text. While helpful in marking, coding, and moving data segments more quickly and efficiently than can be done manually, the software cannot determine meaningful categories for coding and analysis or define salient themes or factors. In qualitative analysis, as seen above, concepts must take precedence over mechanics: the analytic underpinnings of the procedures must still be supplied by the analyst. Software packages cannot and should not be used as a way of evading the hard intellectual labor of qualitative analysis. Second, since it takes time and resources to become adept in utilizing a given software package and learning its peculiarities, researchers may want to consider whether the scope of their project, or their ongoing needs, truly warrant the investment. References Berkowitz, S. (1996). Using Qualitative and Mixed Method Approaches. Chapter 4 in Needs Assessment: A Creative and Practical Guide for Social Scientists, R. Reviere, S. Berkowitz, C. C. Carter, and C. Graves-Ferguson, Eds. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. Glaser, B., and Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago: Aldine. Kvale, S. (1995). The Social Construction of Validity. Qualitative Inquiry, (1):19-40. Miles, M. B., and Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis, 16. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Miles, M. B, and Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis, 2nd Ed., p. 10-12. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, 2nd Ed. Newbury Park: CA, Sage. Weitzman, E. A., and Miles, M. B. (1995). A Software Sourcebook: Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Other Recommended Reading Coffey, A., and Atkinson, P. (1996). Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementary Research Strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Howe, K., and Eisenhart, M. (1990). Standards for Qualitative (and Quantitative) Research: A Prolegomenon. Educational Researcher, 19 (4):2-9. Wolcott, H. F. (1994). T ransforming Qualitative Data: Description, Analysis and Interpretation, Thousand Oaks: CA, Sage. Previous Chapter \| Back to Top \| Next Chapter Table of Contents
D2863365	http://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-Cholesterol-Ratio	How to Calculate Cholesterol Ratio	Expert Reviewed How to Calculate Cholesterol Ratio Three Parts: Getting a Cholesterol Test Preventing High Cholesterol Understanding the Risks of Cholesterol Community Q&ACholesterol is a natural, waxy substance created by the liver that circulates through the blood to maintain healthy cell membranes. It also helps build hormones and vitamins in the body. Cholesterol also comes from animals that we eat. A diet high in saturated and trans fats will stimulate the liver to produce excess cholesterol and put you at risk for a heart attack or stroke. In order to determine your health risk, your doctor can perform a test to determine the ratio between good and bad cholesterol in your blood. A high cholesterol level usually reflects narrowed or blocked arteries due to the buildup of plaque created by cholesterol.
D1478889	https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/23/499065155/u-s-soldiers-told-to-repay-thousands-in-signing-bonuses-from-height-of-war-effor	U.S. Soldiers Told To Repay Thousands In Signing Bonuses From Height Of War Effort	America U. S. Soldiers Told To Repay Thousands In Signing Bonuses From Height Of War Effort October 23, 2016 2:43 PM ETBill Chappell Twitter Enlarge this image The Pentagon is seeking millions of dollars from nearly 10,000 current or former soldiers in the California National Guard, saying they weren't eligible for re-enlistment bonuses. Here, soldiers from the state's guard force are seen in 2010, resting during transport in northeastern Afghanistan. Brennan Linsley/APIn most cases, when an employer pays a signing bonus to attract new workers, that payment is understood to be essentially unrecoverable. But the Pentagon has a different understanding — and it's ordering the California National Guard to claw back thousands of dollars paid to soldiers who re-enlisted to fight in Iraq and Afghanistan. And in many cases, an employer would also have a tough time arguing that decade-old lapses in its own oversight should trigger wage garnishments and tax liens against its workers. But again, this is the U. S. military, and its officials say the law requires them to reclaim the overpayments. That's the gist of a report by The Los Angeles Times, which says nearly 10,000 soldiers are now scrambling to pay back signing bonuses that helped the Pentagon cope with the task of using an all-volunteer service to fight two prolonged international conflicts. In addition to doling out cash for re-enlistment, the Pentagon offered student loan repayments. The incentives were seen as crucial to the military's effort to keep its ranks flush, but auditors say the rules should have limited the largest payments to certain skill areas — and that in the rush to staff the war effort, the bonuses were given out too liberally, the L. A. Times reports. Responding to the newspaper's story Sunday, the California National Guard points out that the repayments are part of a federal program run by the National Guard Bureau and the Department of the Army. The state military service says:"The California National Guard does not have the authority to unilaterally waive these debts. However, the California National Guard welcomes any law passed by Congress to waive these debts. "Until that time, our priority is to advocate for our Soldiers through this difficult process. "In its statement, the service adds that its adjutant general, Maj. Gen. David S. Baldwin, created an assistance center that has helped some of its soldiers retain $37 million "of original bonus payments. "The problem of improper use of military troop-level incentives isn't limited to California — but the state has emerged as a focal point because of two factors: the large size of its guard force, and a history of overpayments. A scandal over the California National Guard's use of bonus money was first unearthed in 2010, when the Sacramento Bee reported that its incentive program had misspent as much as $100 million. The program's onetime leader, former Master Sgt. Toni Jaffe, was later sentenced to 30 months in prison, after pleading guilty to making $15 million in false claims. When it was first discovered, that scandal was deemed "war profiteering" and was said to have benefited guard members who hadn't logged any combat duty; high-ranking officers were mentioned. But in the years since, lower-ranking service members have complained about garnished checks and a prolonged review process, saying they've done nothing wrong. With the work of 42 auditors who reviewed the California cases now complete, the repayments are back in the spotlight — and service members and veterans, as well as members of the public, have been venting their anger. On the California guard's Facebook page, several people hijacked a post about training to comment on the bonus repayments, with one man writing, "The officials who screwed over our service members need to do the right thing and pay back the money. DISGUSTING. "And after the guard responded to the Times story Monday, a commenter criticized its stance, writing, "Meanwhile vets are suffering while one bureaucracy waits to 'welcome' another bureaucracy to take responsibility and force it to do the right thing. Pathetic. "Revelations about fraud and mismanagement in the Pentagon's retention program emerged after the program's budget swelled between 2000 and 2008 — when the Defense Department went from spending $891 million for selective re-enlistment bonuses to spending $1.4 billion on them, according to a 2010 research paper by the RAND defense institute. By the end of that period, the military was also spending $625 million yearly to pay enlistment bonuses. It's not unusual for signing bonuses to have strings attached. But in the civilian world, conditions for repayment are often limited to cases where an employee spends less than a year in their new job. In the case of the California National Guard, soldiers who say they held up their end of the contract — serving the required three- or six-year re-enlistment period — are being told to repay a key incentive. One of them is Robert Richmond, who has begun an online petition that calls for the Army to "stop stealing back signing bonuses 10 years later. "Richmond says he signed the contract in good faith, and in his petition, he describes a scenario that's reminiscent of the recent Wells Fargo cross-selling scandal, saying that a lower-ranking figure has been punished for committing fraud that was motivated at least in part by a need to meet targets set by her superiors. Richmond also appears in the L. A. Times story; here's a sample from his petition:"Like many other soldiers, I honorably completed my contract in 2012 and two years later they sent me a letter stating I had to pay the money back. Each contract has a different excuse. They stated the reason I was not eligible for the contract was because I had over 20 years of service at the time. I had originally signed up more than 20 years prior, but had breaks in service and only had 15 credible years of service, not 20. Although at the time, they informed me I was eligible for a bonus, now they are saying I was not. "Like other veterans who are refusing to pay up, Richmond is now incurring interest on the repayment amount. In its General Rules about the recovery of pay and bonuses, the Department of Defense states, "As a general rule, repayment will not be sought if the member's inability to fulfill the eligibility requirements is due to circumstances determined reasonably beyond the member's control. "But after dozens of auditors reviewed its system that had paid soldiers bonuses without determining their eligibility, the California National Guard's veterans started getting repayment notices. "People like me just got screwed," a 42-year-old veteran tells the Times. That veteran, former Army Capt. Christopher Van Meter, fought in Iraq. He tells the newspaper he refinanced his mortgage to repay $25,000 in re-enlistment bonuses and $21,000 in student loan repayments. Another veteran — former Army Master Sgt. Susan Haley, who served in Afghanistan and spent more than 25 years in the service — tells the newspaper that she's now sending the Pentagon $650 each month to repay $20,500 in bonuses. "I feel totally betrayed," Haley says. To put those dollar figures in perspective, we can look at the Army's payment and retention policy — specifically, a summary of its Selective Reenlistment Bonus program that was laid out early in 2006:"The objective of the SRB program is to increase the number of reenlistments in critical MOSs [Military Occupational Specialty] that do not have adequate retention levels to man the career force. Although Department of Defense policy permits SRB payments of up to $45,000.00, soldiers may be paid bonuses up to six times their monthly basic pay at discharge, times the number of years of additional obligated service, or $20,000.00, whichever is less. "While some veterans are working to repay the money, others are filing appeals, engaging in what's likely to be a prolonged fight against the service to which they once belonged. California National Guard officials tell the Times that they've been helping veterans through the appeals process. "We'd be more than happy to absolve these people of their debts," Maj. Gen. Matthew Beevers, deputy commander of the California National Guard, tells the Times. "We just can't do it. We'd be breaking the law. "One of the earliest reviews of the Army's post-Iraq invasion bonus system came in 2007, when the Defense Department's inspector general examined the program called the Reenlistment, Reclassification, and Assignment System (RETAIN). But at the time, the central issue wasn't whether too much money was being paid, but rather whether the service was paying out bonuses quickly enough. U. S. Army Veterans Facebook Twitter Flipboard Email Read All About It: Breaking News From NPRWhen major news happens, stay on top of the latest developments, delivered to your inbox. By subscribing, you agree to NPR's terms of use and privacy policy.
D2990623	http://www.bassresource.com/bass-fishing-forums/topic/129547-how-much-line-should-i-spool-and-how-can-i-tell/	How Much Line Should I Spool? And How Can I Tell?	n8cas4Short Fish Members19310 posts Location Central Connecticut My PB: Between 5-6 lbs Favorite Lake or River: Champlain Report post Posted January 15, 2014I tried bringing my line through a line counter when spooling, but that was a big pain. How do you know how much line your spooling on your reel? And how much should I be putting on anyways? Here's my situation. I use cheap mono backing to fill up half the spool and then double uni to my the more expensive line. But how much line should I be putting on? I like to change my line often (maybe every 3-4 tournaments). I break off a ton and tie palomar knots most of the time (can waste more line than other knots). How much should I spool on for the typical 2500 spinning reels (8lb diameter is most common for spinning) and the typical 200 series curado's (12lb diameter is the average line I use for casting)? I'm a firm believer in quality line, so I prefer Sunline for braid and Fluorocarbon. It's not cheap, so learning to be useful with my line will help me save some of that extra money needed to buy the more expensive line. How many 2500 spinning spools could I fill with the typical 200 yards of 8lb Sunline Sniper? Two? Three? more?! ?
D2000023	http://topmobiletrends.com/smartphone-screen-comparisons-best-display/	Smartphone Screen Comparisons: Best Display	Smartphone Screen Comparisons: Best Display Posted on September 03, 2015 by David Pate31SHARESThe end of summer usually means that IFA is in full swing and most of the smartphones for the year have already launched. As of writing, the only major phone we’re waiting for is the new i Phone. The i Phone’s retina display has consistently been rated as having one of the most accurate color display and one of the best (if not the best) displays. However, recently Samsung’s AMOLED screens with its amazingly deep blacks and great contrast have started taking the crown as the best smartphone display. Here are 5 of the phones you want to get if you are looking for the best screens.1. Samsung Galaxy Note 5/Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge +Taking over the mantle from the Galaxy Note 4, Display Mate has christened the Note 5 as the best smartphone display they have every tested. The 5.7 inch display features include a 2k display and Gorilla Glass 4. It does not quite have the same pixels per inch (ppi) as the Galaxy S6 (557 ppi), but that doesn’t seem to take anything away from Display Mates’ rating. The S6 Edge + features virtually the same display as the Note 5 except for its curved screen – the curved edges have limited functionality at the moment, but count on Samsung to add more features in the future.2. Sony Xperia Z5 Premium Announced at IFA 2015, Sony’s flagship Xperia Z5 Premium packs the world’s first in 4k smartphone display panel with an astonishing 806 ppi. With rich colors and deep blacks, it is truly a world beater. Display Mate hasn’t had a chance to review the Sony panels yet, but there is little doubt that it will get anything short of an amazing rating. Currently, based on pixel density, Sony’s Xperia Z5 Premium is the phone to beat.3. Samsung Galaxy S6/ S6 edge The Galaxy S6 and the S6 edge are equipped with 5.1 inch 2k display with an impressive 557 ppi. As with other Samsung AMOLED displays, these have deep blacks and vibrant colors – although Samsung likes to oversaturate the colors on their phones, giving them an unnatural “pop” effect. A lot of people seem to prefer this though. Samsung’s “Adaptive Display” mode is also a very useful feature, where it changes the characteristics of the display depending on what app you are using (eg, reading vs watching a video).4. Apple i Phone 6 Plus Apple still uses LCD technology for its i Phone. LCD’s don’t have the same deep blacks as OLED displays, which limits its ability for high contrast. Nevertheless, Display Mate has rated the i Phone 6 Plus as having the best LCD display its every tested, which puts the i Phone into this list. It does not have a 2k display, but the 6 Plus’ Retina HD features one of the highest color accuracy on any smartphone. There screen is not expected to change with the new i Phone 6s (except the addition of Force Touch), so unless Apple changes the display for the i Phone 7, you might not be seeing the i Phone on “best screens” lists anymore.5. Huawei Mate SAlso unveiled at IFA 2015, the Huawei Mate S is a gem to look at, featuring a full metal, diamond cut unibody at just 7.2mm thick. The display features a 5.5inch AMOLED display with 401 ppi and Gorilla Glass 4. Huawei also adds Force Touch to its display – a full week before Apple is expected to release their i Phone 6s with Force Touch. They displayed this feature by weighing an orange on the phones screen during its unveiling – pretty impressive. For more examples, click through the gallery:
D2882784	http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Khayyam.html	Omar Khayyam	Omar Khayyam 's full name was Ghiyath al-Din Abu'l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami. A literal translation of the name al-Khayyami (or al-Khayyam) means 'tent maker' and this may have been the trade of Ibrahim his father. Khayyam played on the meaning of his own name when he wrote:- Khayyam, who stitched the tents of science, Has fallen in grief's furnace and been suddenly burned, The shears of Fate have cut the tent ropes of his life, And the broker of Hope has sold him for nothing! The political events of the 11 th Century played a major role in the course of Khayyam's life. The Seljuq Turks were tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11 th Century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. The Seljuq occupied the grazing grounds of Khorasan and then, between 1038 and 1040, they conquered all of north-eastern Iran. The Seljuq ruler Toghrïl Beg proclaimed himself sultan at Nishapur in 1038 and entered Baghdad in 1055. It was in this difficult unstable military empire, which also had religious problems as it attempted to establish an orthodox Muslim state, that Khayyam grew up. Khayyam studied philosophy at Naishapur and one of his fellow students wrote that he was:-... endowed with sharpness of wit and the highest natural powers ... However, this was not an empire in which those of learning, even those as learned as Khayyam, found life easy unless they had the support of a ruler at one of the many courts. Even such patronage would not provide too much stability since local politics and the fortunes of the local military regime decided who at any one time held power. Khayyam himself described the difficulties for men of learning during this period in the introduction to his Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (see for example [ 1 ]):- I was unable to devote myself to the learning of this algebra and the continued concentration upon it, because of obstacles in the vagaries of time which hindered me; for we have been deprived of all the people of knowledge save for a group, small in number, with many troubles, whose concern in life is to snatch the opportunity, when time is asleep, to devote themselves meanwhile to the investigation and perfection of a science; for the majority of people who imitate philosophers confuse the true with the false, and they do nothing but deceive and pretend knowledge, and they do not use what they know of the sciences except for base and material purposes; and if they see a certain person seeking for the right and preferring the truth, doing his best to refute the false and untrue and leaving aside hypocrisy and deceit, they make a fool of him and mock him. However Khayyam was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer and, despite the difficulties which he described in this quote, he did write several works including Problems of Arithmetic, a book on music and one on algebra before he was 25 years old. In 1070 he moved to Samarkand in Uzbekistan which is one of the oldest cities of Central Asia. There Khayyam was supported by Abu Tahir, a prominent jurist of Samarkand, and this allowed him to write his most famous algebra work, Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra from which we gave the quote above. We shall describe the mathematical contents of this work later in this biography. Toghril Beg, the founder of the Seljuq dynasty, had made Esfahan the capital of his domains and his grandson Malik-Shah was the ruler of that city from 1073. An invitation was sent to Khayyam from Malik-Shah and from his vizier Nizam al-Mulk asking Khayyam to go to Esfahan to set up an Observatory there. Other leading astronomers were also brought to the Observatory in Esfahan and for 18 years Khayyam led the scientists and produced work of outstanding quality. It was a period of peace during which the political situation allowed Khayyam the opportunity to devote himself entirely to his scholarly work. During this time Khayyam led work on compiling astronomical tables and he also contributed to calendar reform in 1079. Cowell quotes The Calcutta Review No 59:-When the Malik Shah determined to reform the calendar, Omar was one of the eight learned men employed to do it, the result was the Jalali era ( so called from Jalal-ud-din, one of the king's names) - 'a computation of time,' says Gibbon, 'which surpasses the Julian, and approaches the accuracy of the Gregorian style.' Khayyam measured the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days. Two comments on this result. Firstly it shows an incredible confidence to attempt to give the result to this degree of accuracy. We know now that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person's lifetime. Secondly it is outstandingly accurate. For comparison the length of the year at the end of the 19 th century was 365.242196 days, while today it is 365.242190 days. In 1092 political events ended Khayyam's period of peaceful existence. Malik-Shah died in November of that year, a month after his vizier Nizam al-Mulk had been murdered on the road from Esfahan to Baghdad by the terrorist movement called the Assassins. Malik-Shah's second wife took over as ruler for two years but she had argued with Nizam al-Mulk so now those whom he had supported found that support withdrawn. Funding to run the Observatory ceased and Khayyam's calendar reform was put on hold. Khayyam also came under attack from the orthodox Muslims who felt that Khayyam's questioning mind did not conform to the faith. He wrote in his poem the Rubaiyat :-Indeed, the Idols I have loved so long Have done my Credit in Men's Eye much Wrong: Have drowned my Honour in a shallow cup, And sold my reputation for a Song. Despite being out of favour on all sides, Khayyam remained at the Court and tried to regain favour. He wrote a work in which he described former rulers in Iran as men of great honour who had supported public works, science and scholarship. Malik-Shah's third son Sanjar, who was governor of Khorasan, became the overall ruler of the Seljuq empire in 1118. Sometime after this Khayyam left Esfahan and travelled to Merv (now Mary, Turkmenistan) which Sanjar had made the capital of the Seljuq empire. Sanjar created a great centre of Islamic learning in Merv where Khayyam wrote further works on mathematics. The paper [ 18] by Khayyam is an early work on algebra written before his famous algebra text. In it he considers the problem:-Find a point on a quadrant of a circle in such manner that when a normal is dropped from the point to one of the bounding radii, the ratio of the normal's length to that of the radius equals the ratio of the segments determined by the foot of the normal. Khayyam shows that this problem is equivalent to solving a second problem:- Find a right triangle having the property that the hypotenuse equals the sum of one leg plus the altitude on the hypotenuse. This problem in turn led Khayyam to solve the cubic equation x 3 + 200 x = 20 x 2 + 2000 and he found a positive root of this cubic by considering the intersection of a rectangular hyperbola and a circle. An approximate numerical solution was then found by interpolation in trigonometric tables. Perhaps even more remarkable is the fact that Khayyam states that the solution of this cubic requires the use of conic sections and that it cannot be solved by ruler and compass methods, a result which would not be proved for another 750 years. Khayyam also wrote that he hoped to give a full description of the solution of cubic equations in a later work [ 18 ]:- If the opportunity arises and I can succeed, I shall give all these fourteen forms with all their branches and cases, and how to distinguish whatever is possible or impossible so that a paper, containing elements which are greatly useful in this art will be prepared. Indeed Khayyam did produce such a work, the Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra which contained a complete classification of cubic equations with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting conic sections. In fact Khayyam gives an interesting historical account in which he claims that the Greeks had left nothing on the theory of cubic equations. Indeed, as Khayyam writes, the contributions by earlier writers such as al-Mahani and al-Khazin were to translate geometric problems into algebraic equations (something which was essentially impossible before the work of al-Khwarizmi ). However, Khayyam himself seems to have been the first to conceive a general theory of cubic equations. Khayyam wrote (see for example [ 9] or [ 10 ]):- In the science of algebra one encounters problems dependent on certain types of extremely difficult preliminary theorems, whose solution was unsuccessful for most of those who attempted it. As for the Ancients, no work from them dealing with the subject has come down to us; perhaps after having looked for solutions and having examined them, they were unable to fathom their difficulties; or perhaps their investigations did not require such an examination; or finally, their works on this subject, if they existed, have not been translated into our language. Another achievement in the algebra text is Khayyam's realisation that a cubic equation can have more than one solution. He demonstrated the existence of equations having two solutions, but unfortunately he does not appear to have found that a cubic can have three solutions. He did hope that "arithmetic solutions" might be found one day when he wrote (see for example [ 1 ]):- Perhaps someone else who comes after us may find it out in the case, when there are not only the first three classes of known powers, namely the number, the thing and the square. The "someone else who comes after us" were in fact del Ferro, Tartaglia and Ferrari in the 16 th century. Also in his algebra book, Khayyam refers to another work of his which is now lost. In the lost work Khayyam discusses the Pascal triangle but he was not the first to do so since al-Karaji discussed the Pascal triangle before this date. In fact we can be fairly sure that Khayyam used a method of finding nth roots based on the binomial expansion, and therefore on the binomial coefficients. This follows from the following passage in his algebra book (see for example [ 1 ], [ 9] or [ 10 ]):- The Indians possess methods for finding the sides of squares and cubes based on such knowledge of the squares of nine figures, that is the square of 1, 2, 3, etc. and also the products formed by multiplying them by each other, i.e. the products of 2, 3 etc. I have composed a work to demonstrate the accuracy of these methods, and have proved that they do lead to the sought aim. I have moreover increased the species, that is I have shown how to find the sides of the square-square, quatro-cube, cubo-cube, etc. to any length, which has not been made before now. the proofs I gave on this occasion are only arithmetic proofs based on the arithmetical parts of Euclid 's "Elements". In Commentaries on the difficult postulates of Euclid's book Khayyam made a contribution to non-euclidean geometry, although this was not his intention. In trying to prove the parallels postulate he accidentally proved properties of figures in non-euclidean geometries. Khayyam also gave important results on ratios in this book, extending Euclid 's work to include the multiplication of ratios. The importance of Khayyam's contribution is that he examined both Euclid 's definition of equality of ratios (which was that first proposed by Eudoxus) and the definition of equality of ratios as proposed by earlier Islamic mathematicians such as al-Mahani which was based on continued fractions. Khayyam proved that the two definitions are equivalent. He also posed the question of whether a ratio can be regarded as a number but leaves the question unanswered. Outside the world of mathematics, Khayyam is best known as a result of Edward Fitzgerald's popular translation in 1859 of nearly 600 short four line poems the Rubaiyat. Khayyam's fame as a poet has caused some to forget his scientific achievements which were much more substantial. Versions of the forms and verses used in the Rubaiyat existed in Persian literature before Khayyam, and only about 120 of the verses can be attributed to him with certainty. Of all the verses, the best known is the following:-The Moving Finger writes, and, having writ, Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line, Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page
D2420480	https://prezi.com/dhopt9hl3wov/the-voice-of-evil-iagos-purpose-in-othello/	The Voice of Evil: Iago's Purpose in Othello	Public & reusable Create your own Make a copy Share Embed Like The Voice of Evil: Iago's Purpose in Othello No descriptionby Mia Moranon 24 April 2014Tweet Comments ( 0)Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of The Voice of Evil: Iago's Purpose in Othello Iago is the manifestation of evil and the dark desires of the subconscious. "He creates the illusion that he is loyal and effective to Roderigo, that he is honest and loving to Othello, that he is a reliable adviser and friend to Cassio, and that he is deeply sympathetic to Desdemona." Iago's Possible Motives: Iago as a homosexual Iago as Satan Othello: "I look down towards his feet - but that's a fable." Shakespeare's Four Great Tragedies OTHELLO Indeed! ay, indeed: discern'st thou aught in that? Is he not honest? IAGO Honest, my lord! OTHELLO Honest! ay, honest. IAGO My lord, for aught I know. OTHELLO What dost thou think? IAGO Think, my lord! OTHELLO Think, my lord! By heaven, he echoes me, As if there were some monster in his thought Too hideous to be shown. Thou dost mean something: I heard thee say even now, thou likedst not that, When Cassio left my wife: what didst not like? And when I told thee he was of my counsel In my whole course of wooing, thou criedst 'Indeed!' And didst contract and purse thy brow together, As if thou then hadst shut up in thy brain Some horrible conceit: if thou dost love me, Show me thy thought. Iago's Language IAGO It is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Come, be a man. Drown thyself! drown cats and blind puppies. I have professed me thy friend and I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of perdurable toughness; I could never better stead thee than now. Put money in thy purse; follow thou the wars; defeat thy favour with an usurped beard; I say, put money in thy purse. It cannot be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor,-- put money in thy purse,--nor he his to her: it was a violent commencement, and thou shalt see an answerable sequestration:--put but money in thy purse. These Moors are changeable in their wills: fill thy purse with money:--the food that to him now is as luscious as locusts, shall be to him shortly as bitter as coloquintida. She must change for youth: when she is sated with his body, she will find the error of her choice: she must have change, she must: therefore put money in thy purse. If thou wilt needs damn thyself, do it a more delicate way than drowning. Make all the money thou canst: if sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an erring barbarian and a supersubtle Venetian not too hard for my wits and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her; therefore make money. A pox of drowning thyself! it is clean out of the way: seek thou rather to be hanged in compassing thy joy than to be drowned and go without her. Ned Rorem's After Shakespeare: "Iago and Othello" http://www.allmusic.com/album/rorem-double-concerto-for-violin-and-cello-after-reading-shakespeare-mw0001857963The Voice of Evil: Iago's Purpose in Othello“Meter is what results when the natural rhythmical movements of colloquial speech are heightened, organized, and regulated so that pattern - which means repetition - emerges from the relative phonetic haphazard of ordinary utterance... Meter operates by inducing in the reader a state resembling hypnosis.” Hamlet Macbeth King Lear Othello Thus do I ever make my fool my purse: For I mine own gain'd knowledge should profane, If I would time expend with such a snipe. But for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor: And it is thought abroad, that 'twixt my sheets He has done my office: I know not if't be true; But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety. He holds me well; The better shall my purpose work on him. Cassio's a proper man: let me see now: To get his place and to plume up my will In double knavery--How, how? Let's see:-- After some time, to abuse Othello's ear That he is too familiar with his wife. He hath a person and a smooth dispose To be suspected, framed to make women false. The Moor is of a free and open nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are. I have't. It is engender'd. Hell and night Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light. Fussell on meter: Barthes on listening: “To hear the language which is the other’s unconscious, to help him to reconstruct his history, to lay bare his unconscious desire.”Full transcript Popular presentations See more popular or the latest prezis
D3096353	http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cavalry	cavalry	cavalry Also found in: Thesaurus, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia .cav·al·ry (kăv′əl-rē)n. pl. cav·al·ries1. A highly mobile army unit using vehicular transport, such as light armor and helicopters.2. Troops trained to fight on horseback. [French cavalerie, from Italian cavalleria, from cavaliere, cavalier, from Old Italian; seecavalier . ]cav′al·ry·man n. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.cavalry ( ˈkævəlrɪ) n, pl -ries1. (Military) (esp formerly) the part of an army composed of mounted troops2. (Military) the armoured element of a modern army3. (Military) ( as modifier ): a cavalry unit; a cavalry charge. [C16: from French cavallerie, from Italian cavalleria, from cavaliere horseman; see cavalier]ˈcavalryman n Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014cav•al•ry (ˈkæv əl ri)n., pl. -ries.1.a. a unit of troops serving on horseback.b. motorized infantry units.2. horsemen, horses, etc., collectively. [1585–95; syncopated variant of cavallery < Italian cavalleria, derivative of early Italian cavalierecavalier]Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. Cavalryhorses or horsemen collectively; horse soldiers collectively as contrasted withinfantry, 1591. Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. cavalry - troops trained to fight on horseback; "500 horse led theattack"horse cavalry, horsearmed forces, armed services, military, military machine, war machine - themilitary forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the militarymachine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker"military personnel, soldiery, troops - soldiers collectivelycavalryman, trooper - a soldier in a motorized army unit2. cavalry - a highly mobile army unitarmy unit - a military unit that is part of an armyarmed forces, armed services, military, military machine, war machine - themilitary forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the militarymachine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker"squadron - a cavalry unit consisting of two or more troops and headquarters andsupporting armstroop - a cavalry unit corresponding to an infantry companyhorse cavalry - an army unit mounted on horsebackmechanized cavalry - an armored unit of a modern army equipped with motorvehiclescavalryman, trooper - a soldier mounted on horseback; "a cavalryman always takesgood care of his mount"Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.cavalrynoun horsemen, horse, mounted troops They were the best-mounted cavalry in all the world.foot soldiers, infantrymen Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © Harper Collins Publishers 1995, 2002Translations Select a language:caballeríacavalry [ˈkæv ə lrɪ]A. N → caballería f B. CPD cavalry charge N → carga f de caballeríacavalry officer N → oficial m de caballeríacavalry twill N tela asargada utilizada para confeccionar pantalones Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © Harper Collins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005cavalry ( ˈkӕvəlri) noun or noun plural (the part of an army consisting of) horse-soldiers. The cavalry were/was ordered to advance. caballería Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter
D3436690	https://www.ehow.com/how_5648850_substitute-ginger-grated-ginger-root.html	How to Substitute Ground Ginger for Grated Gingerroot	With most spices, the dry or the powdered version is more potent and stronger-tasting than the fresh, but with ginger, the opposite is true. Fresh grated gingerroot has an intense, almost hot flavor that reminds you of ground pepper, while ground ginger has a warmer, more spicy flavor. In fact, Karen Page and Andrew Dornenburg, authors of The Flavor Bible, classify fresh ginger as having a loud essence, meaning that you can't ignore its flavor, and they rate ground ginger as moderate to loud, working in the background of a dish. Tip Ground ginger adds interesting flavor to vegetables such as carrots, onions and sweet potatoes and to fruits like bananas, melon and pineapple. For fruit, sprinkle powdered ginger into plain yogurt as a topping and sweeten the mix with honey. Video of the Day Ground Ginger in Baked Goods Substituting ground ginger for the grated gingerroot in cookies, cakes and breads depends on what the recipe calls for initially: Substitute 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon of ground ginger for each tablespoon of grated ginger if your recipe asks for only grated ginger. The Cook's Thesaurus recommends 1/4 teaspoon while The Deluxe Food Lover's Companion, by Sharon Tyler Herbst and Ron Herbst, suggests 1/8 teaspoon. Add an additional 1/8 teaspoon of ground ginger if your recipe calls for both ground ginger and grated ginger to give the final product a more intense flavor. Ground Ginger in Other Foods Substitute each tablespoon of grated gingerroot with 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon of ground ginger in curries, soups and vegetable side dishes in the same way as you would for baked goods. Then, taste the food -- something you aren't able to do with baked goods -- to see if it needs more or less ginger. Use the same ratios of ground ginger to fresh in marinades and rubs for beef, chicken, lamb, pork or fish, tasting before you add the meat or fish to the marinade. Warning When using a ginger marinade, always marinate the meat, fish or poultry in the refrigerator and never reuse the marinade that the meats or fish have been sitting in, because uncooked meat or fish can harbor unsafe bacteria, according to the Foodsafety.gov website in a discussion about marinating. Substituting Fresh for Ground Ginger Use the same ratios when substituting fresh grated gingerroot for ground ginger; add 1 tablespoon of grated ginger for each 1/8 teaspoon of ground ginger called for in your recipe. Tip Chopped crystallized ginger works for either grated ginger or ground ginger once you rinse off its sugar. Replace each tablespoon of grated ginger or each teaspoon of powdered ginger with 1/4 cup of finely minced crystallized ginger for each tablespoon of grated ginger.
D4930	http://beatles.wikia.com/wiki/George_Harrison	George Harrison	This article is the featured article for day 25 of the month cycle. George Harrison Born February 25, 1943Died November 29, 2001Occupation Musician, philanthropist, author, producer, gardener Association with the Beatles Guitarist George James Harrison (February 25, 1943 – November 29, 2001) was a founding member of The Beatles. Harrison also had an award winning solo career, and was also a part of the Traveling Wilburys supergroup. While known as "the quiet Beatle," George still has legions of fans to this day. George was the youngest of the Beatles. Contents [ show]Biography Edit Early life Edit George was born to Louise Harrison and Harold Harrison in Liverpool, England on February 25, 1943 (although it was later discovered that he was actually born just before midnight on February 24th)During his childhood, George attended the Liverpool Institute for Boys, where he met future band mate,Paul Mc Cartney. George was considered a bad student in grammar school, but he enjoyed playing the guitar. He and his brother formed a short-lived group called the Rebels. The Bass player for the Rebels was Alan Williams. The Quarrymen Edit Harrison was introduced to the band called The Quarrymen by Paul Mc Cartney, his friend from school. By early 1958, George was playing lead guitar in the band. He was the youngest member of the band, which was led by John Lennon. In 1959, George left school and worked as an apprentice electrician. The Beatles Edit In 1960, The Quarrymen changed their name to The Silver Beatles, which eventually became The Beetles, and finally The Beatles. Pete Best became their new drummer. The Beatles played their first offical tour in Hamburg, Germany, but George was forced to leave because he was underage. Over the next few years of the Beatles' success, John Lennon and Paul Mc Cartney got most of the attention from the media. George often felt excluded and frustrated. Harrison wrote his first song, " Don't Bother Me " (included on With the Beatles) while sick in bed. George went on to contribute a few songs to every studio album, but he never wrote a solo effort until 1965. Before the American Tour in 1964, George went to America a few weeks in advance of the rest of the Beatles to visit his sister. He played guitar in a band during an event and the band learned some Beatles songs from George. During the filming of Help! in 1965, Harrison became fascinated with the sitar, an eastern-Indian instrument. He would go on to play the sitar in several Beatles songs, including Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown) from Rubber Soul, Love You To on Revolver, and Within You, Without You on Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Through his wife, Pattie Boyd, he met Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who introduced The Beatles and their acquaintances to Transcendental Meditation. George also started studying Eastern philosophy. Since George was good at electronics, he showed new technologies to Paul, John, and Ringo. When he showed a new type of sound called stereo, It seemed weird to them. Harrison wrote and sang many popular Beatles songs, including " Taxman ," " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " (featuring Eric Clapton on lead guitar), " Old Brown Shoe ," " Something " and " Here Comes the Sun ." Harrison's song " Something " was released as a single. During recording of The White Album, friction started between John Lennon, Paul Mc Cartney and Harrison. This arguing is evident in the film Let It Be. Harrison quit the band on January 10, 1969, only to return 10 days later after a meeting with the the other three Beatles. Harrison insisted that they drop the live concert idea and resume recording and filming at their new studios underneath the Apple offices at #3 Saville Row. The others agreed and the Get Back project with all four Beatles in tow, resumed. Solo career Edit In 1968 George was the first Beatle to release a solo album — Wonderwall Music — which was a soundtrack for the film Wonderwall . This was followed by the experimental Electronic Sound featuring George's work on the then new instrument — the synthesiser — in 1969. One year later, he released the epic three-disc set All Things Must Pass . Honours and Legacy Edit Harrison's first official honour was when The Beatles were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1965, and received their insignia from the Queen at an investiture at Buckingham Palace on 26 October. Another award with The Beatles came in 1970 when they won an Academy Award for the best Original Song Score for Let It Be . A significant music award as a solo artiste was in December 1992, when he became the first recipient of the Billboard Century Award — presented to music artistes for significant bodies of work. The minor planet 4149, discovered on 9 March 1984 by B. A. Skiff at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory, was named after Harrison. In 2003, Harrison was ranked 21st in Rolling Stone's list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time . Harrison was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artiste on 15 March 2004 by his Traveling Wilburys friends Jeff Lynne and Tom Petty. He was inducted into the Madison Square Garden Walk of Fame on 1 August 2006 for The Concert for Bangladesh . Harrison featured twice on the cover of Time magazine, initially with The Beatles in 1967, then on his own, shortly after his death in 2001. In June 2007, portraits of Harrison and John Lennon were unveiled at The Mirage Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip, where they will be on permanent display. In September 2007, Variety announced that Martin Scorsese would make a film about Harrison's life. On 14 April 2009, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce awarded Harrison a star on the Walk of Fame in front of the Capitol Records Building. The Beatles have a group star on the Walk of Fame. (Paul Mc Cartney is the only Beatle not to have a star on the Walk of Fame.) Musicians Tom Petty, Jeff Lynne and Paul Mc Cartney were among those in attendance when the star was unveiled. Harrison's widow Olivia, actor Tom Hanks and comedian Eric Idle made speeches at the ceremony; Harrison's son Dhani uttered the Hare Krishna mantra. After the ceremony, Capitol Records/EMI Records announced that a new career-spanning CD entitled Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison would be released in mid-June 2009. Discography Edit Studio Albums Edit George Harrison Wonderwall Music (1968)Electronic Sound (1969)All Things Must Pass (1970)Living in the Material World (1973)Dark Horse (1974)Extra Texture (Read All About It) (1975)Thirty Three & 1/3 (1976)George Harrison (1979)Somewhere in England (1981)Gone Troppo (1982)Cloud Nine (1987)Brainwashed (2002)Live Albums Edit Concert for Bangladesh (1972)Live in Japan (1992)Compilations Edit Best of George Harrison (1976)Best of Dark Horse 1976-1989 (1989)The Dark Horse Years 1976-1992 (box set) (2004)Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison (2009)Early Takes: Vol 1 (2012)The Apple Years 1968-75 (box set) (2014)Instruments Edit Guitars Edit Electric Edit1957 Grestch Duo Jet (1961-1963/1987-2001)1963 Grestch Country Gentleman (1963-1964)1963 Grestch Tennessean (1963-1966)1963 Rickenbacker 360/12 Fireglo (1964-1965/1987-2001)1965 Rickenbacker 360/12 Fireglo (1965-1966)1961 Fender Stratocaster Sonic Blue (1965-1967/1995-1996)1965 Gibson ES-345TD Sunburst (1965-1966)1965 Epiphone 230TD Casino V (1965-1967)1964 Gibson SG Standard (1966-1968)1957 Gibson Les Paul Standard (1968-1970)1968 Fender Telecaster (1969-2001)Acoustic Edit1962 Gibson J-160E (1962-1968)1968 Gibson Jumbo (1968-1970)1974 Zemaitis 12-String Other Edit1965 Fender VI (1968-1969)Undefined Sitar (1965-1968)Undefined Ukulele (1992-2001)Undefined Mandolin (1982)Members Past members Producers and Managers John Lennon Paul Mc Cartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Norman Chapman Stuart Sutcliffe Tommy Moore Pete Best Brian Epstein George Martin Neil Aspinall Mal Evans Categories: Featured Beatles People People from Liverpool 1943 births 2001 deaths Bandmates Add category Languages:Русский
D123403	https://www.freethesaurus.com/charge	charge	charge Also found in: Dictionary, Medical, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to charge: electric charge, Free charge, CHARGE syndrome Graphic Thesaurus Display ONAnimation ONLegend Synonym Antonym Related</>embed</>all verb noun Synonyms for charge Collins Roget's Word Netverb ask for Synonymsask for set billimpose levy invoiceverb accuse Synonymsaccuse indict impeachincriminate arraign Antonymsclear pardon acquitexonerate absolveverb attack Synonymsattack assault assail Antonymswithdraw retreat back offverb rushverb fillverb commandnoun pricenoun accusationnoun carenoun dutynoun wardnoun attack Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © Harper Collins Publishers 1995, 2002Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter
D3110379	http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Montana/temperature-october.php	Average Temperatures for Montana in October	Average temperatures for October at cities, towns, parks and lakes throughout Montana are listed below in degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius. The tables give the normals for maximum and minimum temperatures based on weather data collected from 1981 to 2010 by the US National Climatic Data Center. You can jump to a separate table for each region of the state: Northwestern, Southwestern, South - Central and Eastern Montana. Northwestern Montana Average October temperatures High °F Low °F Place High °C Low °C56 30 Cut Bank 13 -153 30 East Glacier Park 12 -157 35 Flathead Lake, Polson 14 254 31 Gibson Reservoir Dam 12 055 29 Kalispell 13 -158 34 Libby 15 158 32 Missoula 14 055 25 Polebridge 13 -456 32 Rogers Pass 13 058 29 Seeley Lake 14 -252 32 West Glacier 11 053 30 Whitefish 12 -1Southwestern Montana Average daily temperatures in October High °F Low °F Place High °C Low °C59 32 Bozeman 15 055 27 Butte 13 -357 26 Deer Lodge 14 -360 34 Gardiner 16 151 28 Hebgen Lake Dam 11 -259 33 Helena 15 059 27 Sula 15 -358 30 Virginia City 14 -150 21 West Yellowstone 10 -6South - Central Montana October temperatures: daily averages High °F Low °F Place High °C Low °C61 37 Bighorn Lake, Yellowtail Dam 16 359 37 Billings 15 349 24 Cooke City 9 -554 34 Mystic Lake 12 155 31 Red Lodge 13 0Eastern Montana Average October temperatures High °F Low °F Place High °C Low °C60 31 Culbertson 15 -161 32 Elwell Lake, Tiber Dam 16 062 36 Fort Peck Lake Dam 16 257 32 Glasgow 14 060 35 Glendive 16 258 33 Great Falls 14 058 30 Havre City 15 -157 31 Lewistown 14 -159 34 Miles City 15 1
D646792	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070828190147AANLW2C	What is the difference between a surgeon and a physician?	Science & Mathematics Medicine What is the difference between a surgeon and a physician? Follow 2 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: All surgeons are physicians, but not all physicians are surgeons. A physician is a doctor. A surgeon is a doctor who performs surgeries. Not all doctors perform surgeries. Flyingburrito · 1 decade ago7 0 Comment Asker's rating Physician And Surgeon Source (s):https://shrinke.im/a77g Alerner · 1 year ago0 0 Comment1Source (s): Get 24/7 Physician Consultations - http://Online Physician.neatprim.com/?npl... Ernestina · 2 years ago0 0 Comment2Source (s): Background check physicians at FREEPEOPLESCAN. COM<<<fruchter · 1 year ago0 0 Comment A surgeon is a physician who has received specific surgical training. Anyone who has an MD or DO is a physician; surgeons are just specialized physicians.kevo0822 · 1 decade ago1 0 Comment Surgeon = Surgery Physicians don't usually operate, except under special circumstances, and small in-office procedures. Anonymous · 1 decade ago2 0 Comment A doctor is someone with a higher degree of education, such as in philosophy, religion, mathematics, or the healing arts. A physician is a subset of a doctor and practices the healing art of human medicine. A dentist is a doctor and practices on areas concerning the teeth. A vetinarian is a doctor and practices healing arts on animals. A surgeon is a subset of a physician and practices surgery where remedies are performed with manual procedures: the cutting and mending of diseased tissues. Rex R · 1 decade ago2 2 Commenta physician diagnoses, a surgeon operates on the diagnosis. Anonymous · 1 decade ago1 0 Commenta surgeon operates and a physician diagnosis.nvrrong · 1 decade ago1 0 Comment Both write prescriptions... the surgeon can slice you up. NY PTK · 1 decade ago2 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Need a Home Security Safe? Graphic Design Degrees Want to buy a domain name? Psoriatic arthritis symptoms?
D2177543	http://lightroomkillertips.com/how-much-space-do-smart-previews-really-take-up/	How Much Space Do Lightroom Smart Previews Really Take Up?	Home » Lightroom Tips » How Much Space Do Lightroom Smart Previews Really Take Up? Posted By on Monday, February 24, 2014 in Lightroom Tips\| 18 comments Starting in Lightroom 5, Adobe released something called a Smart Preview. It’s basically a preview of your photo, that’s big enough to let you work on your photos even if the drive they’re on isn’t connected. Here’s a screenshot of the option in the Import dialog. It’s a great option for people who like to stay mobile because they don’t always need to keep their external drives with them. So what’s the tradeoff? Why not build a Smart Preview for everything? Well, they take up space on your computer’s hard drive (or whatever drive has your Lightroom catalog on it). But how much space? Well, after running some tests, I’ve found that it’ll roughly take up anywhere from 2-5% of the actual photos themselves. So, for example. If you’re uploading 1 GB of photos and you choose the Smart Previews option, you’ll have a file called “Your Catalog Name Smart Previews. LRData” that’s about 25-50 Mb in size. How To Delete Smart Previews A good practice to get in to is this. Let’s say you’re working on a photo shoot and you want access to work on it even if the drive the photos are on isn’t connected. Well, building Smart Previews would be a great option. But then let’s say you’re done working on that shoot after a few days and don’t need the Smart Previews anymore. Well, you can just go to the top menu (in the Library module) and go to Library > Previews > Discard Smart Previews. Author: Share This Post On Google Facebook Twitter18 Comments Craig Volpe April 25, 2017I suggest not deleting Smart Previews since they can greatly speed up photo editing. Here’s one of many articles explaining how: https://www.slrlounge.com/speed-adobe-lightrooms-performance/Post a Reply Tony Arroyo January 28, 2016Hi Matt, Quick question. I have my LR catalog stored/saved on my external drive alongside my pictures. My problem is that when I create smart previews it creates them on the external drive with the catalog, so when I detach the external drive I can’t view my smart previews. My question is, can I drag my smart previews folder from the external drive to the internal one, and if so, once I reboot LR will I see the smart previews with the external drive detached? Post a Reply Eyewanders September 26, 2016If you store you LR catalog on the external drive, what reason would you have to move the smart previews to the internal drive since you cannot open the catalog without having the external one connected? That don’t make no sense. If you’d like to be able to utilize smart previews as intended, move your catalog and lrdata folder info to the internal drive separate from where your photos are stored. Post a Reply Erick January 7, 2016Thanks for the tips! I created a new Catalog with about 5.5 Gigs of photos that are stored on an external hard drive. Upon importing the photos I checked the “Build Smart Previews” box and everything seemed to work well. My issue is that when I whet to see how large the Smart Preview.lrdata file was on my local hard drive I discovered that it was 3.5 gigs. As you can see, this won’t save me much space. Am I doing something wrong? I even delete all the Smart Preview, as per your instructions, and re-built the Smart Preview. That didn’t work either. Thanks, Erick Post a Reply Craig Volpe April 25, 2017That seems strange but it could have to do with the size and format of the original files. Are they relatively small JPGs? Smart Previews wouldn’t be that much smaller than the originals in that case. Post a Reply ALMay 13, 2015So, I’ve been using Smart Previews for a while no, having no problem. The other day, I decided to go through my old backup catalogs and delete the less recent ones, and leave the files of Smart Previews. Today, when I restarted Lightroom, it looks like the latest catalog dose not recognize that most of the files have Smart Previews, so most of my library is showing up blank. Do you know how I could re-integrate the existing Smart Previews into my current catalog, or otherwise import the existing Smart Previews? Hope this is a clear description! Thanks Post a Reply Dennis August 15, 2014Hi,Yesterday I have been generating Smart Previews with Lightroom 5.6 on my Mac Book Pro running OS X 10.9.3 in order to save space on my SSD. My RAW’s are stored on an external drive. Everythings works fine. When I disconnect the external drive, only the smart previews are used. What I noticed is that of my 200GB+ RAW files the Smart Preview file remains about 300MB in size. I only have one catalog and when searching I only find one Smart Preview file, the one in the same folder as the catalog file. When I look at my catalog configuration I see that calculated Smart Preview file size is much lager than the 300MB. Do you have any idea what’s going on here? With kind regards, Dennis Post a Reply Craig Volpe April 25, 2017I’m not sure why, but Finder sometimes doesn’t show the correct size of the Smart Previews file. Finder reported mine as 9 GB, but when I copied it to another drive it was actually 121 GB!Post a Reply Pieter-Jan May 1, 2014I’m testing this whole Smart preview thing, but one thing I came across.. I have around 400GB on images, so if I would make a smart preview of all of them, it will result in a file of 20gig or something > perfect for a laptop with SSD! Right? But.. I tried this with 20 pictures, everything works out well, but then, if I permanently delete the 20 pictures from my hard drive (external), the smart preview file stays the same size. So my guess is that the real pictures are deleted, but not the smart previews… so in time, the smart preview file will become bigger and bigger, since everything stays on it. A solution to this might be that before you delete pictures, you always delete the smart previews first, but that’s kind of annoying… So my question is: is there a better solution to this problem? Thanks! Pieter-Jan Post a Reply Pieter-Jan May 1, 2014Meanwhile, I already found the answer: If you “optimize catalog” then the smart previews of deleted pictures are removed Pieter-Jan Post a Reply Spike March 5, 2014Thanks!Post a Reply Spike March 2, 2014Is there any way to selectively delete Smart Previews? I have this problem of creeping disk storage for Smart Previews, but sometimes need one shoot and don’t need others any more. Post a Reply Matt KMarch 3, 2014Yep. Select the photo and go to the Library > Previews > Delete option. Post a Reply Dennis Zito February 25, 2014Thanks for this tip, Matt! Since LR 5 came out I’ve wondered how big the file space would be and how to get rid of them! My 15 inch Macbook Pro retina has a 250 GB ssd in it. So I only have my programs installed on it. I use a 1tb G drive to store my vacation photos and photowalk photos. So, I would save my photos on the G drive and then wait to get home before processing them on my Desktop. So my question is if the Smart Previews are stored on the Laptop how do I get the changes I’ve made to them to my desktop? As you can see I’m not a great computer wizard!Thanks,Dennis Post a Reply Matt KFebruary 25, 2014Hey Dennis. Your changes get synced back up with your photos whenever you actually attach the hard drive that the photos are. Hope that helps. Post a Reply Dennis Zito February 25, 2014Ahhh! The light comes on. See, I told you I wasn’t a computer dude!Thanks Matt, appreciate the info!Dennis Post a Reply Shirley in NJMarch 8, 2014OK, I’m clearly less of a “computer dude” than Dennis. What I don’t understand about your answer to him is …His program is on his laptop; his photos on his external drive; and, his concern is how to get his smart previews onto his DESKtop. He assumed his smart previews are on his LAPTOP (not his external hard drive). Am I correct in understanding that to be wrong? Do the smart previews attach themselves to the photo (like an xml file)? Is that what you meant by it would automatically sync (cuz the necessary file/info stays with the photo, not on his laptop where the program is)? I’m just wanting to be sure I’m understanding since this is a question I also needed an answer to! Thank you!Post a Reply Eyewanders September 26, 2016The smart previews do not “attach” to anything. They are created in a separate lrdata folder that exists in the same folder location that you chose for lightroom catalog. Post a Reply Trackbacks/Pingbacks A Short Guide to Using Smart Previews in Lightroom 5 \| Echoes of Eden - […] Smart Previews are tiny. I exported the original Raw files contained this small Catalog (16 in total) and the…The Andrew S Gibson photography blog » Blog Archive A Short Guide to Using Smart Previews in Lightroom 5 » The Andrew S Gibson photography blog - […] Smart Previews are tiny. I exported the original Raw files contained this small Catalog (16 in total) and the…Submit a Comment Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
D321815	http://www.pokemon-sunmoon.com/en-ca/pokemon/mimikyu/	Mimikyu	Mimikyu Category Disguise Pokémon Type Ghost/Fairy Height 0’08”Weight 1.5 lbs. Ability Disguise Mimikyu lives its life completely covered by its cloth and is always hidden. People believe that anybody who sees its true form beneath the cloth will be stricken with a mysterious illness. People in the Alola region are convinced that you must never try to peek beneath its covering. Mimikyu’s health fails when it’s bathed in the rays of the sun, so it prefers to stick to dark places. It’s rumored that the reason it covers itself with a cloth is to avoid sunlight. The rising popularity of Pikachu-styled merchandise around 20 years ago is the reason that Mimikyu makes itself look like Pikachu. In fact, this Pokémon is dreadfully lonely, and it thought it would be able to make friends with humans if only it looked like Pikachu. Mimikyu has the Disguise Ability, a new Ability that no Pokémon has ever before possessed. The Disguise Ability allows it to escape damage from an enemy’s attack just one time, and then its appearance changes.
D1684820	http://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/fighting-flesh/	Fighting the Flesh	Fighting the Flesh“ For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit set their minds on the things of the Spirit. For to set the mind on the flesh is death, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace” (vv. 5–6).- Romans 8:1-11Augustine of Hippo, in his famous Confessions, relates a story from his youth that has become well known. One day, Augustine hopped into a neighbor’s orchard and stole some pears. He did not do this because he was hungry, but simply because he wanted to experience the thrill of stealing. Augustine used this to point out the depth of our depravity. One might understand—if not condone—a thief who steals a loaf of bread because he is hungry and has no money to buy food. But theft for the sake of theft, as in Augustine’s episode with the pears, escapes rationalization altogether. Such is the darkness of sin that we harm others even when there is no real benefit for ourselves. This irrational drive to do evil for evil’s sake, the lust of the flesh, is the second major enemy we face as Christians. Before our conversion, sin is second nature to us because we all suffer from a fallen nature that is inclined to evil. But the Holy Spirit gives us a new heart in regeneration that hungers for the things of God (John 3). Since the Spirit at that point does not eradicate all remnants of our fallen nature, we enter a lifelong struggle with our flesh. In biblical categories, the opposition of flesh and spirit does not mean the opposition of the physical to the spiritual. As noted above, it is a fallen nature that we do battle with, and this fallen nature is the manifestation of a spiritual condition of being opposed to God. The Spirit does not take this nature away from us at once upon our conversion. Paul discusses the war between our flesh and the Spirit in Romans 8:1–8, and there it is clear that the Apostle does not believe the physical world is physically bad. Christians can freely enjoy the physical pleasures of this world; it is when they start to love these pleasures above all else that there is a problem. Throughout Christian history, many groups have taken passages such as Romans 8:1–8 and used them as a mandate for severe self-denial in the form of self-flagellation and other extreme ascetic practices. This reflects an underlying theology that says the physical world is inherently evil even though God pronounces it very good (Gen. 1). Fighting against the flesh is not the easy step of avoiding movies, dancing, and other physical pleasure, but warring against those points at which our inward being is still corrupted by sin. It means standing against envy, evil thoughts, and a number of other issues. It is simple to abstain from things God has not forbidden but much more difficult to truly love our neighbors as ourselves. Coram Deo Only as we understand the enemy of the flesh can we begin to please God. The Lord is not content for mere external holiness. He wants our hearts, and he measures holiness based on what lies within ( 1 Sam. 16:7 ). Fighting the flesh means, primarily, fighting against those attitudes of the heart that are opposed to the Lord. As we focus on the inward man, our external obedience will improve, but external obedience is of little value if we do not love God with our whole hearts. Passages for Further Study Genesis 4:1–6Mark 14:38John 6:63Galatians 6:7–8For permissions, please see our Copyright Policy .
D349442	https://www.britannica.com/art/anaphora	Anaphora	Alternative Title: epanaphora Anaphora, (Greek: “a carrying up or back”), a literary or oratorical device involving the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several sentences or clauses, as in the well-known passage from the Old Testament ( Ecclesiastes 3:1–2) that begins: For everything there is a season, and a timefor every matter under heaven:a time to be born, and a time to die;a time to plant, and a time to pluck upwhat is planted; . . . Anaphora (sometimes called epanaphora) is used most effectively for emphasis in argumentative prose and sermons and in poetry, as in these lines from Shakespeare’s Hamlet: “to die, to sleep / To sleep—perchance to dream.” It is also used to great effect in such poetry as these lines from “My Cat Jeoffry” in Jubilate Agno written by an 18th-century English poet, Christopher Smart: For I will consider my Cat Jeoffry. For he is the servant of the Living God dulyand daily serving him. For at the first glance of the glory of God in the East he worships in his way. For is this done by wreathing his body seventimes round with elegant quickness. For then he leaps up to catch the musk, which isthe blessing of God upon his prayer. . . . Learn More in these related articles:prosody: The personal element…rhythm by such means as anaphora (i.e., repetition at the beginning of successive verses) and the repetition of syntactical units. He derives many of his techniques from the example of biblical verses, with their line of various types of parallelism. But he often moves toward traditional rhythms; lines fall into…Read More Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes, (Preacher), an Old Testament book of wisdom literature that belongs to the third section of the biblical canon, known as the Ketuvim (Writings). In the Hebrew Bible, Ecclesiastes stands between the Song of Solomon and Lamentations and with them belongs to the Megillot, five scrolls that are Read More Christopher Smart Christopher Smart, English religious poet, best known for A Song to David (1763), in praise of the author of the Psalms, notable for flashes of childlike penetration and vivid imagination. In some respects his work anticipated that of William Read More Figure of speech Figure of speech, any intentional deviation from literal statement or common usage that emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both written and spoken language. Forming an integral part of language, figures of speech are found in primitive oral literatures, as well as in polished poetry and prose Read More Rhetoric Rhetoric, the principles of training communicators—those seeking to persuade or inform; in the 20th century it has undergone a shift of emphasis from the speaker or writer to the auditor or reader. This article deals with rhetoric in both its traditional and its modern forms. For information on Read More More About Anaphora1 reference found in Britannica articles Assorted References Whitman’s poetic technique In prosody: The personal element External Websites Article History Feedback Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article!Contact our editors with your feedback.
D785573	http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Nug	.	Top definition Nugn. 1. A high quality bud of marijuana . 2. The Dank. 3. See ganja. Gayle packed her last nug into the bowl and smoked it on the way to work.by Shamus February 06, 20032129 757The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the mug
D510258	http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nazi-germany/nazi-education/	Nazi Education	Nazi Education Citation: C N Trueman "Nazi Education" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 9 Mar 2015. 11 Apr 2018. Education played a very important part in Nazi Germany in trying to cultivate a loyal following for Hitler and the Nazis. The Nazis were aware that education would create loyal Nazis by the time they reached adulthood. The Hitler Youth had been created for post-school activities and schools were to play a critical part in developing a loyal following for Hitler – indoctrination and the use of propaganda were to be a common practice in Nazi schools and the education system. Enforcing a Nazi curriculum on schools depended on the teachers delivering it. All teachers had to be vetted by local Nazi officials. Any teacher considered disloyal was sacked. Many attended classes during school holidays in which the Nazi curriculum was spelled out and 97% of all teachers joined the Nazi Teachers’ Association. All teachers had to be careful about what they said as children were encouraged to inform the authorities if a teacher said something that did not fit in with the Nazi’s curriculum for schools. Subjects underwent a major change in schools. Some of the most affected were History and Biology. History was based on the glory of Germany – a nationalistic approach was compulsory. The German defeat in 1918 was explained as the work of Jewish and Marxist spies who had weakened the system from within; the Treaty of Versailles was the work of nations jealous of Germany’s might and power; the hyperinflation of 1923 was the work of Jewish saboteurs; the national resurgence which started under the leadership of Hitler etc. Biology became a study of the different races to ‘prove’ that the Nazi belief in racial superiority was a sound belief. “Racial Instruction” started as the age of 6. Hitler himself had decreed that “no boy or girl should leave school without complete knowledge of the necessity and meaning of blood purity.” Pupils were taught about the problems of heredity. Older pupils were taught about the importance of selecting the right “mate” when marrying and producing children. The problems of inter-racial marriage were taught with an explanation that such marriages could only lead to a decline in racial purity. Geography taught pupils about the land Germany had taken away from her in 1919 and the need for Germany to have living space – lebensraum. Science had a military-slant to it. The curriculum required that the principles of shooting be studied; military aviation science; bridge building and the impact of poisonous gasses. Girls had a different curriculum in some regards as they studied domestic science and eugenics – both of which were to prepare young girls to be the prefect mother and wife. In Eugenics, girls were taught about the characteristics to look out for in a perfect husband and father. Indoctrination became rampant in all subjects. At every opportunity, teachers were expected to attack the life style of the Jews. Exam questions even contained blunt reference to the government’s anti-Semitic stance:“A bomber aircraft on take-off carries 12 dozen bombs, each weighing 10 kilos. The aircraft takes off for Warsaw the international centre for Jewry. It bombs the town. On take-off with all bombs on board and a fuel tank containing 100 kilos of fuel, the aircraft weighed about 8 tons. When it returns from the crusade, there are still 230 kilos left. What is the weight of the aircraft when empty ?”Other questions would also include areas the government wanted taught by teachers in the nation’s search for a master race:“To keep a mentally ill person costs approximately 4 marks a day. There are 300,000 mentally ill people in care. How much do these people cost to keep in total? How many marriage loans of 1000 marks could be granted with this money?”PE became a very important part of the curriculum. Hitler had stated that he wanted boys who could suffer pain………. “a young German must be as swift as a greyhound, as tough as leather, and as hard as Krupp’s steel.” PE took up 15% of a school’s weekly timetable. Boxing became compulsory for boys. Those who failed fitness tests could be expelled from their schools – and face humiliation from those who had passed such tests. In 1937, pupils were give the choice of studying Religious Instructions or not. For boys considered special, different school were created. Those who were physically fitter and stronger than the rest went to Adolf Hitler Schools where they were taught to be the future leaders of Germany. Six years of tough physical training took place and when the pupils from these schools left aged 18, they went to the army or to university. The very best pupils went to Order Castles. These were schools which took pupils to the limits of physical endurance. War games used live ammunition and pupils were killed at these schools. Those who graduated from the Order Castles could expect to attain a high position in the army or the SS . From 1935 on, after the Nuremburg Laws, Jewish school children were not allowed to attend schools. The Nazi government claimed that a German pupil sitting next to a Jew could become contaminated by the experience. The sole purpose of this educational structure was to create a future generation that was blindly loyal to Hitler and the Nazis.
D2543841	https://www.sandimasgc.com/	Welcome to San Dimas Canyon Golf Course	Welcome to San Dimas Canyon Golf Course San Dimas Canyon Golf Course, located in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains, offers a unique experience for the golfer in the Los Angeles area—a true “get away from it all” experience. The 6,400-yard, par 72 course runs along the base of the San Gabriels among the native California oak and other natural vegetation. San Dimas has been rated BEST Value "Worth the Green Fee" in LA County (2008 & 2013) by Greenskeeper.org, and also won the "Bride’s Choice Award" by Wedding Wire.com (2010 & 2011). Like Us on Facebook Host Your Next Event Here From birthdays to corporate outings, golf tournaments to weddings, San Dimas Canyon Golf Course has what you need to create an unforgettable event. CONTACT OUR EVENT DIRECTORFollow Us on Twitter San Dimas Golf As a group, are you favorite holes at our course the par 3s, par 4s or par 5s?17 hours ago Reply Retweet Favorite San Dimas Golf What a week it was the Masters! Are ready to make your own golf memories with us? Follow the link to book:… t.co/yf6azs PA9w22 hours ago Reply Retweet Favorite San Dimas Golf Have you ever played in a golf tournament at San Dimas Canyon Golf Course? t.co/Myve PTGrqm1 day ago Reply Retweet Favorite San Dimas Golf Jordan Spieth made an incredible five straight birdies to seize the lead at the Masters on Thurs. What's the most b… t.co/xe44NEP0m33 days ago Reply Retweet Favorite Follow @sandimasgolf
D2828239	http://answers.webmd.com/answers/1174994/what-is-degenerative-disc-disease	What is degenerative disc disease?	Posted: March 11, 2008 \| Report This \|Q. What is degenerative disc disease? Related Topics: Degenerative Disc Disease Follow Question Answers From Experts & Organizations (1)Medicine Net5,093 Answers 311,554 Helpful Votes 212 Followers A. As we age, the water and protein content of the cartilage of the body changes. This change results in weaker, more fragile and thin cartilage. Because both the discs and the joints that stack the vertebrae (facet joints) are partly composed of cartilage, these areas are subject to wear and tear over time (degenerative changes). The gradual deterioration of the disc between the vertebrae is referred to as degenerative disc disease. Wear of the facet cartilage and the bony changes of the adjacent joint is referred to as degenerative facet joint disease or osteoarthritis of the spine. Degeneration of the disc is medically referred to as spondylosis. Spondylosis can be noted on X-ray tests or MRI scanning of the spine as a narrowing of the normal "disc space" between the adjacent vertebrae. Degeneration of the disc tissue makes the disc more susceptible to herniation. Degeneration of the disc can cause local pain in the affected area. Any level of the spine can be affected by disc degeneration. When disc degeneration affects the spine of the neck, it is referred to as cervical disc disease. When the mid-back is affected, the condition is referred to as thoracic disc disease. Disc degeneration that affects the lumbar spine is referred to as lumbago. Lumbago causes pain localized to the low back and is common in older people. Degenerative arthritis (osteoarthritis) of the facet joints is also a cause of localized lumbar pain that can be detected with plain X-ray testing. The pain from degenerative disc or joint disease of the spine is usually treated conservatively with intermittent heat, rest, rehabilitative exercises, and medications to relieve pain, muscle spasm, and inflammation. This answer should not be considered medical advice... Posted: March 11, 2008 \| Report This Archived: March 20, 2014Was this helpful? Yes No314 of 339 found this helpful Read the Original Article: Degenerative Disc Disease & Sciatica1 Answer
D1222017	https://www.theguardian.com/money/2015/nov/12/building-societies-older-homebuyers-mortgages-age-limit	Building societies to review age limits on mortgages	Mortgages Building societies to review age limits on mortgages Maximum age for home loans could be relaxed in response to ageing population and demand for longer mortgage terms Rupert Jones Thu 12 Nov 2015 08.13 EST17.03 ESTThis article is over 2 years old76 140The UK has 11.6 million people over the age of 65, and by 2034 it is estimated around a quarter of the population will be 65 or older. Photograph: Ernst Wrba/Alamy Older homebuyers may soon find it easier to get a mortgage after Britain’s building societies pledged to review maximum age limits for borrowers in response to the ageing population and high house prices. Many mortgage lenders will only grant a mortgage up to an individual’s planned retirement date, so for someone aged 45 who expects to retire at 67, the maximum mortgage term might be just 22 years. This has led to many older borrowers either being turned down or restricted to a more costly shorter mortgage term. At the same time, increasing life expectancy and factors such as high house prices, student debts and a rise in the age at which couples have children means many people are tending to buy a home later and opt for a longer repayment term. The Building Societies Association (BSA), which represents all 44 UK building societies, said mortgages that last into retirement were becoming increasingly commonplace and as a result its members had committed to review their maximum age limits to better support older people needing a home loan. This is one of a number of recommendations in a report called Lending into Retirement launched at a BSA event. Ironically, building societies tend to be more flexible with their maximum age policies than the wider mortgage market. Many of the largest banks have tough rules on lending into retirement, whereas a number of building societies will lend up to 80 or 85-plus. National Counties building society will consider applicants up to the age of 89, while Bath building society does not have a set maximum age, but looks for proof of continued income. Harpenden building society has also said in the past that it has no age limit on its mortgages. Paul Broadhead, head of mortgage policy at the the BSA, said: “This report identifies a number of areas that need further attention if we are going to meet the inevitable growth in demand for borrowing into, and in, retirement. The time is right to review lending policies ... and to work closely with a range of organisations across different sectors to ensure lenders are equipped with the appropriate tools to respond to the rapidly changing demographics across the UK.”The UK already has 11.6 million people over the age of 65 and by 2034 it is estimated around a quarter of the population will be 65 or older, said the BSA. Its research has shown that around half of 25- to 34-year-olds think they will need a mortgage that lasts into retirement. Lending to borrowers who will be over 65 when they repay their mortgage accounted for 35% of total lending at the end of 2014. Topics Mortgages Banks and building societies Property Housing market news Reuse this content
D915421	http://www.starbucks.in/card/learn-more/customer-service	Contact us	Contact us Hi, Welcome to Starbucks. What can we do for you? We love hearing from our customers, all questions, comments and feedback are always welcome. They help us to ensure that every Starbucks experience you have is the best it can be. We're on Facebook too, so please feel free to leave your comments on our page. Customer Care For general inquiries, you can call us on 18602660010. Alternatively, you can send us an email on [email protected], and we’ll do our best to reply as quickly as possible. For queries regarding the Starbucks Card, please send us an email on [email protected] . For media queries, please contact Press. Working for Starbucks Love coffee, love people? Find out about working for Starbucks. Terms and Conditions for Registration Drive Terms and Conditions for Christmas Delights Promotion
D3055541	http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_8-pictures/is-there-a-way-to-move-windows-8-camera-roll/be71094a-c3dc-41b9-8d3d-7476a519dbe5	Q: Is there a way to move Windows 8 Camera Roll folder?	TH The Greatest Ajax asked on January 28, 2013Q: Is there a way to move Windows 8 Camera Roll folder? Is there a way to move the Camera Roll folder in Windows 8, or change the folder to which photos and videos captured with the Camera app are saved? I would like to have the folder in my Sky Drive being synced with Sky Drive Desktop. Reply I have the same question (60)LO lolochic replied on May 5, 2015A: I FOUND THE SOLUTION!i know how frustrating this maybe so I hope this helps you guys!So i was trying to upload a VIDEO on to You Tube from my PC but i could not find the files under my videos folder BECAUSE it was saved on to the camera roll ! i could not find a way to move the videos from the CAMERA ROLL to my local/ PC video files to be able to upload the clip on to You Tube. so this is what i did :click the windows tap on the bottom left Search CAMERA ROLL VIDEO and ENTERyou should be directed to a page with all your videos on the LEFTRIGHT CLICK on the video you want at the bottom CLICK COPY FILEthen go to you videos folder and paste it thereyour video should be ready to be uploaded on to Facebook You Tube Etc I hate this version of windows SO COMPLICATED FOR WHAT PLEASE arrrgg Goodluck lovelies!Reply Did this solve your problem? Yes No7 people were helped by this reply GB Geethu B replied on January 29, 2013Microsoft Support Engineer A: Hi,Thank you for posting your query in Microsoft Community forums. From the problem description, I see that you want to know how to change default saving location for Camera App. Do not worry; I will surely help you with this. To let you know the default storage location is Camera Roll folder. The pictures can be only saved to Pictures Library. However you may create a new folder inside pictures library and change the default location to that folder. Follow these steps to change the default location to a folder inside Picture Library.a) Right click on Picture Library.b) Click on Properties.c) Click on Add button.d) Choose a folder that you want to add to Picture Library.e) Click on the newly added folder.f) Click on Set save location.g) Click on Ap ply and Ok. Refer to the link for additional information. Camera app: Frequently asked questionshttp://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/camera-app-faq Use Sky Drive to keep your files organizedhttp://windows.microsoft.com/en-IN/windows-8/files-organized-skydrive#1TC=t1Let us know the status of the issue after performing the troubleshooting steps. If you need any further assistance or information about Windows, I will be glad to help you. We, at Microsoft strive towards excellence. Reply Did this solve your problem? Yes No2 people were helped by this reply
D2951630	http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fixer-upper	fixer-upper	fixer-upper Also found in: Thesaurus, Financial, Wikipedia .fix·er-up·per (fĭk′sər-ŭp′ər)n. A house or other dwelling that is badly in need of repair, usually for sale at a low price. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. fixer-upper - a house or other dwelling in need of repair (usually offered for sale at a lowprice)dwelling, dwelling house, habitation, home, abode, domicile - housing thatsomeone is living in; "he built a modest dwelling near the pond"; "they raise money to provide homes for the homeless"Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter
D3365625	https://flamesace.wordpress.com/2011/03/26/some-different-types-of-flames/	some different types of flames	some different types of flames Posted: March 26, 2011 in Uncategorized8there are many different types of flames in the universe, but i’ll just list a few. the 2 primary types of flames are diffusion flame and premixed flame. luminous flame comes under diffusion flame and non-luminous flame comes under premixed flame.a diffusion flame is a type of flame where oxidizer and fuel gradually diffuse into one. it is usually red/orange in colour, reflecting the emission of soot particles. an example of a diffusion flame is luminous flame. this is the most common flame which can be easily found on burning candles and match sticks. it is red/orange in colour and produces soot which pollutes the air. hence it is not “healthy”. a luminous flame is produced when there is not enough hydrogen or oxygen for the fuel to burn fully, thus producing a soot.the other primary type of flame is called premixed flame. unlike diffusion flame, it is where oxidizer and fuel is premixed. this type of flame is shorter but hotter and its colour ranges from yellow to green. an example of a premixed flame is the non-luminous flame. a non-luminous flame is very light blue in colour or colourless. it does not produce soot so you are encouraged to use this flame when heating substances. however, it is much hotter than luminous flame and is very dangerous as it cannot be seen from far. so if you are not careful and did not not know that the bunsen burner is on, you will get burnerned very badly. hence, when not heating substances, either turn off the bunsen burner or switch it to luminous flame.so this are just some type of flames, but hope you have ained some knowledge about the types of flames!Advertisements Like this: Like Loading... Comments Branden Low says: April 28, 2011 at 12:29 pm Can you explain more on diffusion flames…. Do not really get it…. ><Reply1a220 says: April 28, 2011 at 12:36 pmok no problem. i’ll add another post on that. thx a lot for the suggestion!Reply1A221 says: April 28, 2011 at 1:51 pm You should put pictures Reply1a220 says: May 3, 2011 at 11:52 amthx for the advice!Replyrandom_person O_o says: January 28, 2013 at 5:29 amvery helpful though i just wanted to ask if a lighter would be considered a premixed flame like a Bunsen burner Replytelecharger livres says: May 17, 2014 at 12:51 am My brother recommended I may like this web site. He used to be totally right. This publish truly made my day. You cann’t consider simply how much time I had spent for this info! Thank you!Replylolol says: January 11, 2015 at 1:53 pm Lol cool love it Reply David Freedom says: September 19, 2015 at 6:19 am This is quite informative Reply Leave a Reply Enter your comment here... Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Email (required) (Address never made public)Name (required)Website You are commenting using your Word Press.com account. ( Log Out / Change )You are commenting using your Twitter account. ( Log Out / Change )You are commenting using your Facebook account. ( Log Out / Change )You are commenting using your Google+ account. ( Log Out / Change )Cancel Connecting to %s Notify me of new comments via email. Welcome!! !cool yet dangerous flames
D665391	http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title18/html/USCODE-2009-title18.htm	TITLE 18âCRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE	TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREThis title was enacted by act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, §1, 62 Stat. 683Part Sec. I. Crimes 1II. Criminal Procedure 3001III. Prisons and Prisoners 4001IV. Correction of Youthful Offenders 5001V. Immunity of Witnesses 6001Amendments1970—Pub. L. 91–452, title II, §201 (b), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 928, added Part V. Table Showing Disposition of All Sections of Former Title 18Title 18Former Sections Title 18New Sections1, 2 23813 23824 23835 9536 23847 23898 23909 238710 238511 2385, 238712 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41 (c).13 2385, 238714–17 238621 95822 95923 96224 96125 96026 T. 22 §46127 T. 22 §46228 T. 22 §46329 T. 22 §46430 95931 96732 96333 96434 96535 96636 963, 964, 965, 966, 96737 756, 305838 T. 22 §46539 5, 324151 24152 24253 Rep.53a 223654 37255 59256–58 59359 592, 59361 59461a 59561b 60061c 60161d 60461e 60561f 59861g 594, 595, 598, 600, 601, 604, 60561h T. 5 §118i (See Rev. T. 5 Table)61i T. 5 §118j (See Rev. T. 5 Table)61j, 61k Rep.61 l T. 5 §118k (See Rev. T. 5 Table)61m 60861m–1 61161n 59561 o T. 5 §118 l (See Rev. T. 5 Table)61p T. 5 §118m (See Rev. T. 5 Table)61q Rep.61r T. 5 §118n (See Rev. T. 5 Table)61s 59561t 61061u 59561v–61x Elim.62–62b 61271 49772 49473 49574 100275 101676 91276a, 76b 70176c 707, 91676d 70776e 70577 Rep.77a 91378 91479 100380 287, 100181 28982 641, 136183 28684 102285 102386 102487 64188 37189 87190 T. 34 §1167 (See Rev. T. 34 Table)91 20192 28593 43494 138195 123296 215297 138297a 138397b 75798 11, 95799 2112100 641101 641, 3435102 Rep.103 1852103a, 103b 1851104 1853105 1854106 1855107 1856107a 1863108 3613109 1862110 1857111 1858112 1859113 1860114 1861115 T. 25 §202116 1362117 2074118 111119 496120 551121 2231, 2232, 2233122 T. 19 §70123 912124 211125 543126 541127 1019128 2233129 507130 1017131 506132 499133 5134, 135 Rep.136 498137–143 Rep.144 2194145 41146 508147 509148 3056149 210150 211151 210, 211171 872172 652173 653174 650175 648176 643177, 178 649178a 371179 3497180 3487181 6514182 641183 654184 435185 646186 645187 647188 2075189 2073190, 191 Rep.192 1901193 291194 1091195 1018196 1912198, 198a 283199 205200 204201 1913202 216203 281204 431205 432206 433207 202208 602209 603210 606211 607212 602, 603, 606, 607213 T. 5 §118 o (See Rev. T. 5 Table)214 1902215 2072216 1905231 1621232 1622233 1506234, 235 2071236 505237 206238 207239 208240 210241 1503241a 1505242 Rep.243 1504244 755245 1501246 752, 1071247 752248 753249 754250 873251 4252 752, 1792253 1114, 2231254 111, 2231261 8262 471263 Rep.264 474265 472266 476267 477268 473269 642270 478271 479272 482273 483274 480275 481276 484277 485278 490279 331280 332281 486282, 282a 491283 487284 488285 489286 492287 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41 (a), (b), (f).288 11289 335290 Rep.291 333292 475293 336294 371301 12302 1729303 1693304 1696305 1697306 1696307 1694308 1695309 1696310 1730311 1731312 1706313 1707314 1704315 2115316 2116317 1702, 1708318 1703, 1709319 1703, 1710320 2114321 1705, 1708321a 1725322 1700323 1698324, 325 1701326 1724327 1699328 1720329 1712330 1726331 1721332 1727333 1713334 1461335 1463, 1718336 1302337 1303338 1341338a 876, 3239338b 877, 3239338c 1714338d Rep.339 1342340 1716341, 342 Rep.343–345 1717346 5, 1717347 500348 501349 11, 502349a 503350 504351 1723352 1732353 1722354 288355 1711, 3497356 440357 1719358 1728359 1692360 12361 1715381 5, 1364382 831, 832383 835384 833385 832, 833, 834, 835386 832, 833, 834, 835387 1301388 1264389 1265390 1263391 42392 43393 44393a 43, 44, 3054, 3112394 42, 43, 44395 T. 16 §667e396 1462396a, 396b 1761396c–396e 1762397, 398 2421399 2422400 2423401 2421402 (1) T. 8 §1557402 (2), (3) 2424403 Rep.404 2421405–407 Rep.407a 1231408 10, 2311, 2312, 2313408a 1201408b 10408c 1201408c–1 1202408d 875, 3239408e 1073409 659, 660, 2117410, 411 659412 660412a 1992413 Rep.414 (a) 10414 (b), (c) 2311415 2314416 2315417 2311418, 418a, 419 Rep.419a (a) 2311419a (b) 10419b 2316419c 2317419d Rep.420 T. 4 §112420a to 420e–1 1951420f–420h 1821421, 422 1585423 1584424 1582425 1585426 1587427 1586428 1588429–442 T. 46 §§1351–1364 (See Rev. T. 46 Table)443 1583444, 445 1581446 1584451 7452 1111453 1112454 1111, 1112455 113456 1113457 2031458 2032459 2198460 2198, 3286, 3614461 1115462 114463 2111464 81, 1363465 81, 1363466 661467 662, 3435467a 1025468 13469–474 2199481 1651482 2191483 2192484 2193485 1655486 2195487 2271488 1658489 1659490 2276491 2272492 2273493 1661494 1654495 1652496 1653497 1656498 1657499, 500 969501 9502 5, 2275503, 504 2277505 1081506 1082507 1083508, 511–518 Rep.518a 1384519–521 Rep.522 1991523 244532–535 Rep.536 T. 50 §42541 1542 3566543 3567544 3563545 3564546, 547 3231548 1151, 1153, 3242549 1151, 1153550 2551 3552 1660553 3236554 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6 (f).554a Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6.555 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7 (a).556 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6 (d), 52 (a).556a 3288, 3289556b Rep.557 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 8, 13, 14.558 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7.559 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7.560 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7.561 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 12 (b) (5).562 3432562a Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 10.563 3005564 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 11, 12 (b) (3).565 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 31 (c).566 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 31 (a), (b).567 1111568 3570569 3565570 3612571–573 Rep.574 3241575 3059576 3401576a 3402576b–576d 3401581 Rep.581a, 581b 3281582 3282583 3290584 3283585 T. 26 [I. R. C. 1939] §3748 (a) (See T. 26 [I. R. C. 1986] §6531)586 T. 26 [I. R. C. 1939] §3748 (b) (See T. 26 [I. R. C. 1986] §6531)587 3288588 3289589 3288, 3289590 Rep.590a 3287591 3041592 Rep.593 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 5 (a).594 3045595 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 4, 5.596, 597 3141598 3144599 3142600 3143601 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 46 (f) (1), (2).602 3047603 4084604 3049605 3012611–616 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41.617 3105618, 619 3109620–626 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41.627 Rep.628 2231629 1621630 2235631 2234632 5633 Rep.641 3569642, 643 T. 46 §§7, 8 (See Rev. T. 46 Table)644 T. 28 §1822645 3611646 3617647 3616651 3184652 3185653 3186654 3188655 3190656 3191657 3189658 3181659 3192660 3051, 3193661 752, 1502662 3182, 3195662a 5001662b 3042662c 752, 3183, 3195662d 3187, 3195662e 755663 3194664 Rep.665 755666, 667 Rep.668 3195, 3498669–676 D. C. Code, §§23–701, 23–702, 23–705681 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 37.682 3731683 Rep.687 3771688 3772689 3771, 3772691 Rep.692 4086693–700 Rep.701 4007702 Rep.703 4006704 D. C. Code, §24–424704a D. C. Code, §24–423705–707 Rep.708, 709 436709a 3568710, 710a 4161711 4166712, 712a Rep.713 4163, 4165714 4202715 Rep.716 4203, 4204716a 4203716b 4164717 4205718 4206719 4207720 Rep.721 4281722 Rep.723 3570723a 4201723b Rep.723c 4205724 3651725 3653726 3654726–1, 726a T. 28 §604727 3655728 3656729 T. 28 §§1495, 2513730–732 T. 28 §2513733–733b 4085741 4001742–744 Rep.744a 4122744b 4125744c 4122, 4123744d–744f 4126744g 4124744h 4162744h–l Rep.744i, 744j 4121744k 4122744 l 4126744m 4127744n 4128744 o –744r Elim.745 Rep.746 4281746a 4282746b 4283747–749 Rep.750 T. 5 §678b (See Rev. T. 5 Table)751, 752 4005753 4041753a 4042753b 4002, 4042753c 4003753d 4009753e 4001753f 4082, 4083753g 4008753h 751753i 752, 1072753j 1791753k 3050754 4004761 Rep.762 4083763–776, 791–801, 811–815 Rep.816 4321817–819, 831–840 Rep.851 4125852 Rep.853–855 4125871–875 Rep.876 4241877 4242878 4243879, 880, 901–906 Rep.907 4081908 1791909 751910 752, 1072911, 912 Rep.921 5031922 5032, 5033923 5033924 5034925 5035926 5036927 5037928 Elim.929 Rep. Positive Law; Citation Section 1 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 683, provided in part that: “Title 18 of the United States Code, entitled ‘Crimes and Criminal Procedure’, is hereby revised, codified and enacted into positive law, and may be cited as ‘Title 18, U. S. C., §—.’ ”Legislative Construction Section 19 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 862, provided that: “No inference of a legislative construction is to be drawn by reason of the chapter in Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, as set out in section 1 of this Act, in which any particular section is placed, nor by reason of the catchlines used in such title.”Separability Section 18 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 862, provided that: “If any part of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, as set out in section 1 of this Act, shall be held invalid the remainder shall not be affected thereby.”Effective Date Section 20 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 862, provided that the revision of this title shall be effective Sept. 1, 1948. Existing Rights or Liabilities Section 21 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 862, provided in part that any right or liabilities now existing under repealed sections or parts thereof shall not be affected by the repeal. Repealed, Transferred, and Omitted Sections All former sections of Title 18 were repealed, transferred to other titles, or omitted by said act June 25, 1948, except for sections 595, 644, 726–1, 726a, 729, 730, and 732 which were repealed by act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 687, the act revising and codifying Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, into positive law. PART I—CRIMESChap. Sec.1. General provisions 12. Aircraft and motor vehicles 313. Animals, birds, fish, and plants 415. Arson 817. Assault 1119. Bankruptcy 15110. Biological weapons 17511. Bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest 20111A. Child support 22811B. Chemical Weapons 1 22912. Civil disorders 23113. Civil rights 24115. Claims and services in matters affecting government 28117. Coins and currency 33117A. Common carrier operation under the influence of alcohol or drugs 34118. Congressional, Cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnapping, and assault 35119. Conspiracy 37121. Contempts 40123. Contracts 43125. Counterfeiting and forgery 47026. Criminal street gangs 52127. Customs 54129. Elections and political activities 59131. Embezzlement and theft 64133. Emblems, insignia, and names 70035. Escape and rescue 75137. Espionage and censorship 79139. Explosives and combustibles 2 83140. Importation, manufacture, distribution and storage of explosive materials 84141. Extortion and threats 87142. Extortionate credit transactions 89143. False personation 91144. Firearms 92145. Foreign relations 95146. Forfeiture 98147. Fraud and false statements 100149. Fugitives from justice 107150. Gambling 108150A. Genocide 109151. Homicide 111153. Indians 115155. Kidnapping 120157. Labor 123159. Liquor traffic 126161. Lotteries 130163. Mail fraud 3 134165. Malicious mischief 136167. Military and Navy 1381 [68. Repealed.]69. Nationality and citizenship 142171. Obscenity 146073. Obstruction of justice 150174. Partial-birth abortions 153175. Passports and visas 154177. Peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons 158179. Perjury 162181. Piracy and privateering 165183. Postal service 169184. Presidential and Presidential staff assassination, kidnapping, and assault 175185. Prison-made goods 176187. Prisons 179188. Privacy 180189. Professions and occupations 182190. Protection of trade secrets 183190A. Protection of unborn children 184191. Public lands 185193. Public officers and employees 190195. Racketeering 195196. Racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations 196197. Railroad carriers and mass transportation systems on land, on water, or through the air 1991 [99. Repealed.]101. Records and reports 2071102. Riots 2101103. Robbery and burglary 2111105. Sabotage 2151107. Seamen and stowaways 2191109. Searches and seizures 2231109A. Sexual abuse 2241109B. Sex offender and crimes against children registry 2250110. Sexual exploitation and other abuse of children 2251110A. Domestic violence and stalking 2261111. Shipping 2271111A. Destruction of, or interference with, vessels or maritime facilities 2290113. Stolen property 2311113A. Telemarketing fraud 2325113B. Terrorism 2331113C. Torture 2340114. Trafficking in contraband cigarettes and smokeless tobacco 2341115. Treason, sedition, and subversive activities 2381117. Transportation for illegal sexual activity and related crimes 2421118. War crimes 2441119. Wire and electronic communications interception and interception of oral communications 42510121. Stored wire and electronic communications and transactional records access 2701123. Prohibition on release and use of certain personal information from State motor vehicle records 2721Amendments2006—Pub. L. 109–248, title I, §141 (a) (2), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 602, added item for chapter 109B. Pub. L. 109–177, title I, §121 (g) (4) (B), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 224, which directed amendment of table of chapters at the beginning of part I of this title by striking item relating to “section 114” and inserting new item 114, was executed by adding item for chapter 114 and striking item for former chapter 114 “Trafficking in Contraband Cigarettes”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Pub. L. 109–177, title I, §110 (b) (2), title III, §306 (b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 208, 239, substituted “Railroad carriers and mass transportation systems on land, on water, or through the air” for “Railroads” in item for chapter 97 and added item for chapter 111A.2004—Pub. L. 108–495, §2 (b), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 4000, added item for chapter 88. Pub. L. 108–212, §2 (b), Apr. 1, 2004, 118 Stat. 569, added item for chapter 90A.2003—Pub. L. 108–193, §5 (c) (2), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2880, substituted “Peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons” for “Peonage and slavery” in item for chapter 77. Pub. L. 108–105, §3 (b), Nov. 5, 2003, 117 Stat. 1208, added item for chapter 74.2002—Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002 (c) (1), (e) (5), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, 1810, substituted “2721” for “2271” in item for chapter 123 and repealed amendment by Pub. L. 104–294, §601 (j) (2) (A). See 1996 Amendment note below.1998—Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §201 (b) (2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–871, added item for chapter 11B.1996—Pub. L. 104–294, title I, §101 (b), title VI, §§601 (j) (2) (B), 605 (c), (p) (3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3491, 3501, 3509, 3510, substituted “1461” for “1460” in item for chapter 71, added item for chapter 90, and substituted “2340” for “2340.” in item for chapter 113C and “2441” for “2401” in item for chapter 118. Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title X, §1069 (b) (4), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2656, inserted “and stalking” after “violence” in item for chapter 110A. Pub. L. 104–192, §2 (b), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2104, added item for chapter 118. Pub. L. 104–132, title III, §303 (c) (2), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1253, redesignated item 113B, relating to torture, as 113C. Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §601 (j) (2) (A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3501, which amended analysis identically, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, div. B., title IV, §4002 (c) (1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, effective Oct. 11, 1996.1994—Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330021 (1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2150, which directed the amendment of this title by striking “kidnaping” each place it appears and inserting “kidnapping”, was executed by substituting “Kidnapping” for “Kidnaping” in item for chapter 55, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, §40221 (b), title XII, §120003 (b) (2), title XV, §150001 (b), title XXV, §250002 (b) (1), title XXX, §300002 (b), title XXXIII, §§330002 (g), 330011 (c) (2), 330021 (1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1931, 2022, 2035, 2085, 2102, 2140, 2144, 2150, substituted “weapons” for “Weapons” in item for chapter 10, “kidnapping” for “kidnaping” in item for chapter 18, “470” for “471” in item for chapter 25, added item for chapter 26, substituted “700” for “701” in item for chapter 33, “kidnapping” for “kidnaping” in item for chapter 84, added items for chapters 110A and 113A and redesignated item for former chapter 113A as 113B, and added item for chapter 123. Pub. L. 103–236, title V, §506 (b), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 464, added item for chapter 113B, Torture.1992—Pub. L. 102–572, title X, §1003 (b), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4524, made amendment identical to Pub. L. 101–519 in item for chapter 113A. See 1990 Amendment note below. Pub. L. 102–521, §2 (b), Oct. 25, 1992, 106 Stat. 3403, added item for chapter 11A.1990—Pub. L. 101–647, title II, §226 (g) (3), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4808, inserted “and other abuse” after “exploitation” in item for chapter 110. Pub. L. 101–519, §132 (c), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2252, substituted “Terrorism” for “Extraterritorial jurisdiction over terrorist acts abroad against United States nationals” in item for chapter 113A. Pub. L. 101–298, §3 (c), May 22, 1990, 104 Stat. 203, added item for chapter 10.1988—Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7063, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4404, substituted “Bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest” for “Bribery and graft” in item for chapter 11, substituted “carrier operation under the influence of alcohol or drugs....341” for “Carrier Operation Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs” in item for chapter 17A, substituted “abuse” for “Abuse”, in item for chapter 109A, struck out final period and inserted “....2331” in item for chapter 113A, and substituted “wire and electronic communications and transactional records access” for “Wire and Electronic Communications and Transactional Records Access” in item for chapter 121. Pub. L. 100–606, §2 (b), Nov. 4, 1988, 102 Stat. 3047, added item for chapter 50A.1986—Pub. L. 99–646, §87 (c) (7), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3623, and Pub. L. 99–654, §3 (a) (7), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3663, amended analysis identically, striking out item for chapter 99 “Rape” and adding item for chapter 109A. Pub. L. 99–628, §5 (a) (2), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3511, substituted “Transportation for illegal sexual activity and related crimes” for “White slave traffic” as item for chapter 117. Pub. L. 99–570, title I, §§1366 (b), 1971 (b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–39, 3207–59, added items for chapters 17A and 46. Pub. L. 99–508, title I, §101 (c) (3), title II, §201 (b), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1851, 1868, inserted “and electronic communications” in item for chapter 119 and added item for chapter 121. Pub. L. 99–399, title XII, §1202 (b), Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 897, added item for chapter 113A.1982—Pub. L. 97–285, §§2 (d), 4 (d), Oct. 6, 1982, 96 Stat. 1219, 1220, substituted “Congressional, Cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnaping, and assault” for “Congressional assassination, kidnaping, and assault” as item for chapter 18, and inserted “and Presidential staff” after “Presidential” in item for chapter 84.1978—Pub. L. 95–575, §2, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2465, added item for chapter 114. Pub. L. 95–225, §2 (b), Feb. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 8, added item for chapter 110.1971—Pub. L. 91–644, title IV, §17, Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1891, added item for chapter 18.1970—Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101 (b) (1) (B), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292, struck out item for chapter 68 “Narcotics”. Pub. L. 91–452, title IX, §901 (b), title XI, §1102 (b), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 947, 959, added items for chapters 40 and 96.1968—Pub. L. 90–351, title IV, §905, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 234, added item for chapter 44. Pub. L. 90–321, title II, §202 (b), May 29, 1968, 82 Stat. 162, added item for chapter 42. Pub. L. 90–284, title I, §104 (b), title X, §1002 (b), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 77, 92, added items for chapters 12 and 102.1965—Pub. L. 89–141, §3, Aug. 28, 1965, 79 Stat. 581, added item for chapter 84.1956—Act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 825, §2 (a), 70 Stat. 798, substituted “Animals, Birds, Fish, and Plants” for “Animals, Birds, and Fish” in item for chapter 3. Act July 18, 1956, ch. 629, §202, 70 Stat. 575, added item for chapter 68. Act July 14, 1956, ch. 595, §2, 70 Stat. 540, added item for chapter 2.1949—Act May 24, 1949, ch. 139, §1, 63 Stat. 89, struck out “constituting crimes” in item for chapter 21, and added item for chapter 50. CHAPTER 1—GENERAL PROVISIONSSec.1. Repealed.2. Principals.3. Accessory after the fact.4. Misprision of felony.5. United States defined.6. Department and agency defined.7. Special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States defined.8. Obligation or other security of the United States defined.9. Vessel of the United States defined.10. Interstate commerce and foreign commerce defined.11. Foreign government defined.12. United States Postal Service defined.13. Laws of States adopted for areas within Federal jurisdiction. [14. Repealed.]15. Obligation or other security of foreign government defined.16. Crime of violence defined.17. Insanity defense.18. Organization defined.19. Petty offense defined.20. Financial institution defined.21. Stolen or counterfeit nature of property for certain crimes defined.23. Court of the United States defined.24. Definitions relating to Federal health care offense.25. Use of minors in crimes of violence.26. Definition of seaport.27. Mortgage lending business defined. Senate Revision Amendment In the analysis of sections under this chapter heading, a new item, “14. Applicability to Canal Zone.”, was inserted by Senate amendment, to follow underneath item 13, inasmuch as a new section 14, with such a catchline, was inserted, by Senate amendment, in this chapter. See Senate Report No. 1620, amendments Nos. 1 and 3, 80th Cong. Amendments2009—Pub. L. 111–21, §2 (b) (2), May 20, 2009, 123 Stat. 1617, added item 27.2006—Pub. L. 109–177, title III, §302 (d), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 233, added item 26.2003—Pub. L. 108–21, title VI, §601 (b), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 687, added item 25.2002—Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4004 (a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1812, struck out item 14 “Applicability to Canal Zone; definition”.1996—Pub. L. 104–191, title II, §241 (b), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2016, which directed the amendment of the table of sections at the beginning of chapter 2 of this title by inserting item 24, was executed by inserting item 24 in the table of sections at the beginning of this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.1994—Pub. L. 103–332, title XXXII, §§320910 (b), 320914 (b), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2127, 2128, added items 21 and 23.1990—Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3504, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4921, substituted “defense” for “Defense” in item 17.1989—Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §962 (e) (3), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 504, added item 20.1987—Pub. L. 100–185, §4 (b), Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1279, added item 19.1986—Pub. L. 99–646, §§34 (b), 38 (b), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3599, renumbered item 20 as 17 and added item 18.1984—Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§218 (b), 402 (b), 1001 (b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027, 2057, 2136, substituted “Repealed” for “Offenses classified” in item 1 and added items 16 and 20.1970—Pub. L. 91–375, §6 (j) (1), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 777, inserted “United States” before “Postal Service” in item 12.1962—Pub. L. 87–845, §3 (b), Oct. 18, 1962, 76A Stat. 698, inserted “; definition” in item 14.1958—Pub. L. 85–921, §4, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1771, added item 15. Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement Pub. L. 104–132, title VIII, §806, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1305, established Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement, directed Commission to review and recommend action to Congress on Federal law enforcement priorities for 21st century, including Federal law enforcement capability to investigate and deter adequately threat of terrorism facing United States, standards and procedures, degree of coordination with international, State, and local law enforcement agencies, and other matters, provided for membership and administration of Commission, staffing and support functions, and powers to hold hearings and obtain official data for purposes of carrying out its duties, required report to Congress and public of findings, conclusions, and recommendations not later than 2 years after quorum of Commission had been appointed, and provided for termination of Commission 30 days after submitting report. National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws Pub. L. 89–801, Nov. 8, 1966, 80 Stat. 1516, as amended by Pub. L. 91–39, July 8, 1969, 83 Stat. 44, provided for the establishment of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, its membership, duties, compensation of the members, the Director, and the staff of the Commission, established the Advisory Committee on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, required the Commission to submit interim reports to the President and the Congress and to submit a final report within four years from Nov. 8, 1966, and further provided that the Commission shall cease to exist sixty days after the submission of the final report. Ex. Ord. No. 11396. Coordination By Attorney General of Federal Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention Programs Ex. Ord. No. 11396, Feb. 7, 1968, 33 F. R. 2689, provided: WHEREAS the problem of crime in America today presents the Nation with a major challenge calling for maximum law enforcement efforts at every level of Government;WHEREAS coordination of all Federal Criminal law enforcement activities and crime prevention programs is desirable in order to achieve more effective results;WHEREAS the Federal Government has acknowledged the need to provide assistance to State and local law enforcement agencies in the development and administration of programs directed to the prevention and control of crime: WHEREAS to provide such assistance the Congress has authorized various departments and agencies of the Federal Government to develop programs which may benefit State and local efforts directed at the prevention and control of crime, and the coordination of such programs is desirable to develop and administer them most effectively; and WHEREAS the Attorney General, as the chief law officer of the Federal Government, is charged with the responsibility for all prosecutions for violations of the Federal criminal statutes and is authorized under the Law Enforcement Assistance Act of 1965 (79 Stat. 828) [formerly set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title] to cooperate with and assist State, local, or other public or private agencies in matters relating to law enforcement organization, techniques and practices, and the prevention and control of crime. NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in the President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, it is ordered as follows: Section 1. The Attorney General is hereby designated to facilitate and coordinate (1) the criminal law enforcement activities and crime prevention programs of all Federal departments and agencies, and (2) the activities of such departments, and agencies relating to the development and implementation of Federal programs which are designed, in whole or in substantial part, to assist State and local law enforcement agencies and crime prevention activities. The Attorney General may promulgate such rules and regulations and take such actions as he shall deem necessary or appropriate to carry out his functions under this Order. Sec. 2. Each Federal department and agency is directed to cooperate with the Attorney General in the performance of his functions under this Order and shall, to the extent permitted by law and within the limits of available funds, furnish him such reports, information, and assistance as he may request. Lyndon B. Johnson. Executive Order No. 11534Ex. Ord. No. 11534, June 4, 1970, 35 F. R. 8865, which related to the National Council on Organized Crime, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12110, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F. R. 1069, formerly set out as a note under section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.1 So in original. First word only of item should be capitalized.2 Chapter heading amended by Pub. L. 86–710 without corresponding amendment of part analysis.3 Chapter heading amended by Pub. L. 110–457 without corresponding amendment of part analysis.4 Editorially supplied. Chapter 119 added by Pub. L. 90–351 without corresponding amendment of part analysis. [§1. Repealed. Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §218 (a) (1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027]Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, §8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense. Effective Date of Repeal Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235 (a) (1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3551 of this title. Short Title of 2009 Amendment Pub. L. 111–84, div. E, §4701, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2835, provided that: “This division [enacting sections 249 and 1389 of this title and sections 3716 and 3716a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending section 249 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 249 of this title and section 3716 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 534 and provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act’.”Pub. L. 111–79, §1, Oct. 19, 2009, 123 Stat. 2086, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 3512 of this title and amending sections 2703, 2711, and 3127 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Evidence Request Efficiency Act of 2009’.”Pub. L. 111–21, §1, May 20, 2009, 123 Stat. 1617, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 27 of this title, amending sections 20, 1014, 1031, 1348, 1956, and 1957 of this title and sections 3729 to 3733 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3729 of Title 31] may be cited as the ‘Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009’ or ‘FERA’.”Short Title of 2008 Amendment Pub. L. 110–407, §1, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4296, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2285 of this title and section 70508 of Title 46, Shipping, amending sections 70501, 70502, 70504, and 70505 of Title 46, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2285 of this title and provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Drug Trafficking Vessel Interdiction Act of 2008’.”Pub. L. 110–358, title I, §101, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4001, provided that: “This title [amending sections 2251, 2251A, 2252 and 2252A of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2251 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Effective Child Pornography Prosecution Act of 2007’.”Pub. L. 110–358, title II, §201, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4003, provided that: “This title [amending sections 1956, 2252 and 2252A of this title] may be cited as the ‘Enhancing the Effective Prosecution of Child Pornography Act of 2007’.”Pub. L. 110–340, §1, Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3735, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2442 and 3300 of this title, amending sections 1182 and 1227 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1158 of Title 8] may be cited as the ‘Child Soldiers Accountability Act of 2008’.”Pub. L. 110–326, title I, §101, Sept. 26, 2008, 122 Stat. 3560, provided that: “This title [amending section 3056 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3056 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008’.”Pub. L. 110–326, title II, §201, Sept. 26, 2008, 122 Stat. 3560, provided that: “This title [amending sections 1030, 2332b, and 3663 of this title and amending provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act of 2008’.”Pub. L. 110–179, §1, Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2556, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 1040 of this title, amending sections 1341 and 1343 of this title, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Emergency and Disaster Assistance Fraud Penalty Enhancement Act of 2007’.”Short Title of 2007 Amendment Pub. L. 110–151, §1, Dec. 21, 2007, 121 Stat. 1821, provided that: “This Act [amending section 1091 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Genocide Accountability Act of 2007’.”Pub. L. 110–22, §1, May 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 88, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 49 of this title and amending section 2156 of Title 7, Agriculture] may be cited as the ‘Animal Fighting Prohibition Enforcement Act of 2007’.”Pub. L. 109–481, §1, Jan. 12, 2007, 120 Stat. 3673, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 706a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Geneva Distinctive Emblems Protection Act of 2006’.”Pub. L. 109–476, §1, Jan. 12, 2007, 120 Stat. 3568, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 1039 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 1039 of this title and amending provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006’.”Short Title of 2006 Amendment Pub. L. 109–437, §1, Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 3266, provided that: “This Act [amending section 704 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 704 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Stolen Valor Act of 2005’.”Pub. L. 109–374, §1, Nov. 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 2652, provided that: “This Act [amending section 43 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act’.”Pub. L. 109–181, §1 (a) (1), Mar. 16, 2006, 120 Stat. 285, provided that: “This section [amending section 2320 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2320 of this title, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Stop Counterfeiting in Manufactured Goods Act’.”Pub. L. 109–181, §2 (a), Mar. 16, 2006, 120 Stat. 288, provided that: “This section [amending sections 2318, 2319A, and 2320 of this title and section 1101 of Title 17, Copyrights] may be cited as the ‘Protecting American Goods and Services Act of 2005’.”Pub. L. 109–178, §1, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 278, provided that: “This Act [amending section 2709 of this title, section 3414 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, sections 1681u and 1681v of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and sections 436 and 1861 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3414 of Title 12] may be cited as the ‘USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006’.”Pub. L. 109–177, §1 (a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 192, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005’.”Pub. L. 109–177, title II, §201, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 230, provided that: “This title [enacting section 3599 of this title, amending section 3583 of this title and section 848 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 46502 of Title 49, Transportation] may be cited as the ‘Terrorist Death Penalty Enhancement Act of 2005’.”Pub. L. 109–177, title III, §301, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 233, provided that: “This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Reducing Crime and Terrorism at America's Seaports Act of 2005’.”Pub. L. 109–177, title IV, §401, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 243, provided that: “This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Combating Terrorism Financing Act of 2005’.”Pub. L. 109–177, title VI, §601, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 251, provided that: “This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Secret Service Authorization and Technical Modification Act of 2005’.”Short Title of 2004 Amendment Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6701, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3764, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle H (§§6701–6704) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, enacting section 1038 of this title, amending sections 1001, 1505, and 1958 of this title, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Stop Terrorist and Military Hoaxes Act of 2004’.”Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6801, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3766, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle I (§§6801–6803) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, enacting section 832 of this title, amending sections 175b, 1961, 2332a, and 2332b of this title and sections 2077 and 2122 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 175b of this title] may be cited as the ‘Weapons of Mass Destruction Prohibition Improvement Act of 2004’.”Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6901, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3769, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle J (§§6901–6911) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, enacting sections 175c, 2332g, and 2332h of this title, amending sections 1956, 2332b, and 2516 of this title, section 2778 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and sections 2122 and 2272 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 175c of this title] may be cited as the ‘Prevention of Terrorist Access to Destructive Weapons Act of 2004’.”Short Title of 2003 Amendment Pub. L. 108–21, §1 (a), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 650, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003’ or ‘PROTECT Act’.”Short Title of 2002 Amendment Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4001, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1806, provided that: “This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Criminal Law Technical Amendments Act of 2002’.”Short Title of 2001 Amendment Pub. L. 107–56, §1 (a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272, as amended by Pub. L. 109–177, title I, §101 (b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 194, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001’ or the ‘USA PATRIOT Act’.”Short Title of 1998 Amendments Pub. L. 105–314, §1 (a), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 2974, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Protection of Children From Sexual Predators Act of 1998’.”Pub. L. 105–184, §1, June 23, 1998, 112 Stat. 520, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 709, 982, 2326, 2327, and 2703 of this title and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Telemarketing Fraud Prevention Act of 1998’.”Short Title of 1996 Amendments Pub. L. 104–294, §1, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3488, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Economic Espionage Act of 1996’.”Pub. L. 104–132, §1, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1214, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996’.”Short Title of 1994 Amendment Pub. L. 103–322, title X, §100001, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1996, provided that: “This title [amending section 13 of this title and section 3751 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the ‘Drunk Driving Child Protection Act of 1994’.”Short Title of 1990 Amendment Pub. L. 101–647, §1, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4789, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Crime Control Act of 1990’.”Short Title of 1988 Amendment Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7011, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4395, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle B (§§7011–7096) of title VII of Pub. L. 100–690, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Minor and Technical Criminal Law Amendments Act of 1988’.”Short Title of 1987 Amendment Pub. L. 100–185, §1, Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1279, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 19 of this title, amending sections 18, 3013, 3559, 3571, 3572, 3573, 3611, 3612, and 3663 of this title and section 604 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3611 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Criminal Fine Improvements Act of 1987’.”Short Title of 1986 Amendment Pub. L. 99–646, §1, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3592, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Criminal Law and Procedure Technical Amendments Act of 1986’.”Short Title of 1984 Amendment Section 200 of title II (§§200–2304) of Pub. L. 98–473 provided that: “This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984’.”Severability Pub. L. 108–21, §2, Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 651, provided that: “If any provision of this Act [see Tables for classification], or the application of such provision to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of this Act, and the application of such provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other circumstances, shall not be affected by such invalidation.”Pub. L. 107–56, §2, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 275, provided that: “Any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 2001 Amendment note above] held to be invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or circumstance, shall be construed so as to give it the maximum effect permitted by law, unless such holding shall be one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event such provision shall be deemed severable from this Act and shall not affect the remainder thereof or the application of such provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other, dissimilar circumstances.”Pub. L. 104–132, title IX, §904, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1319, provided that: “If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1996 Amendments note above], an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.”§2. Principals (a) Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal. (b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, §17b, 65 Stat. 717. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §550 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §332, 35 Stat. 1152). Section 2 (a) comprises section 550 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., without change except in minor matters of phraseology. Section 2 (b) is added to permit the deletion from many sections throughout the revision of such phrases as “causes or procures”. The section as revised makes clear the legislative intent to punish as a principal not only one who directly commits an offense and one who “aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures” another to commit an offense, but also anyone who causes the doing of an act which if done by him directly would render him guilty of an offense against the United States. It removes all doubt that one who puts in motion or assists in the illegal enterprise but causes the commission of an indispensable element of the offense by an innocent agent or instrumentality, is guilty as a principal even though he intentionally refrained from the direct act constituting the completed offense. This accords with the following decisions: Rothenburg v. United States, 1918, 38 S. Ct. 18, 245 U. S. 480, 62 L. Ed. 414, and United States v. Hodorowicz, C. C. A. Ill. 1939, 105 F. 2d 218, certiorari denied, 60 S. Ct. 108, 308 U. S. 584, 84 L. Ed. 489. United States v. Giles, 1937, 57 S. Ct. 340, 300 U. S. 41, 81 L. Ed. 493, rehearing denied, 57 S. Ct. 505, 300 U. S. 687, 81 L. Ed. 888. Amendments1951—Subsec. (a). Act Oct. 31, 1951, inserted “punishable as”. Subsec. (b). Act Oct. 31, 1951, inserted “willfully” before “causes”, and “or another” after “him”, and substituted “is punishable as a principal” for “is also a principal and punishable as such”.§3. Accessory after the fact Whoever, knowing that an offense against the United States has been committed, receives, relieves, comforts or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent his apprehension, trial or punishment, is an accessory after the fact. Except as otherwise expressly provided by any Act of Congress, an accessory after the fact shall be imprisoned not more than one-half the maximum term of imprisonment or (notwithstanding section 3571) fined not more than one-half the maximum fine prescribed for the punishment of the principal, or both; or if the principal is punishable by life imprisonment or death, the accessory shall be imprisoned not more than 15 years. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 99–646, §43, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3601; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3502, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4921; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §§330011 (h), 330016 (2) (A), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2145, 2148. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §551 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §333, 35 Stat. 1152). The first paragraph is new. It is based upon authority of Skelly v. United States (C. C. A. Okl. 1935, 76 F. 2d 483, certiorari denied, 1935, 55 S. Ct. 914, 295 U. S. 757, 79 L. Ed. 1699), where the court defined an accessory after the fact as—one who knowing a felony to have been committed by another, receives, relieves, comforts, or assists the felon in order to hinder the felon's apprehension, trial, or punishment—and cited Jones’ Blackstone, books 3 and 4, page 2204; U. S. v. Hartwell (Fed. Cas. No. 15,318); Albritton v. State (32 Fla. 358, 13 So. 955); State v. Davis (14 R. I. 281); Schleeter v. Commonwealth (218 Ky. 72, 290 S. W. 1075). (See also State v. Potter, 1942, 221 N. C. 153, 19 S. E. 2d 257; Hunter v. State, 1935, 128 Tex. Cr. R. 191, 79 S. W. 2d 855; State v. Wells, 1940, 195 La. 754, 197 So. 419. )The second paragraph is from section 551 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed. Here only slight changes were made in phraseology. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (2) (A), inserted “ (notwithstanding section 3571)” before “fined not more than one-half” in second par. Pub. L. 103–322, §330011 (h), amended directory language of Pub. L. 101–647, §3502. See 1990 Amendment note below.1990—Pub. L. 101–647, as amended by Pub. L. 103–322, §330011 (h), substituted “15 years” for “ten years” in second par.1986—Pub. L. 99–646 inserted “life imprisonment or” in second par. Effective Date of 1994 Amendment Section 330011 (h) of Pub. L. 103–322 provided that the amendment made by that section is effective as of Nov. 29, 1990.§4. Misprision of felony Whoever, having knowledge of the actual commission of a felony cognizable by a court of the United States, conceals and does not as soon as possible make known the same to some judge or other person in civil or military authority under the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C. 1940 ed., §251 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §146, 35 Stat. 1114). Changes in phraseology only. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $500”.§5. United States defined The term “United States”, as used in this title in a territorial sense, includes all places and waters, continental or insular, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, except the Canal Zone. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§39, 133, 346, 381, 502, and 632, and section 40 of title 50, U. S. C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title XIII, §1, 40 Stat. 231). Section consolidates the first sentence of section 39, all of sections 133, 346, and 632, and the second sentences, respectively, of sections 381 and 502, all of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., and section 40 of title 50, U. S. C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense, with minor changes in phraseology. All of these sections and parts of sections were derived from section 1 of title XIII of said act of June 15, 1917. Said section 40 of title 50, U. S. C., War and National Defense, has also been retained in that title, as it still relates to some sections therein which were not transferred to this title. The remainder of said section 39 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., which was derived from sections 2, 3, and 4 of title XIII of the act of June 15, 1917, relating to jurisdiction and other matters, is almost entirely obsolete. The provisions still in force are incorporated in section 3241 of this title. The remaining provisions of said sections 381 and 502 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., which were derived from sources other than said section 1 of title XIII of the act of June 15, 1917, are incorporated in sections 1364 and 2275 of this title. Senate Revision Amendment Words “, except the Canal Zone.” were substituted for the period in this section by Senate amendment. See Senate Report No. 1620, amendment No. 2, 80th Cong. References in Text For definition of Canal Zone, referred to in text, see section 3602 (b) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.§6. Department and agency defined As used in this title: The term “department” means one of the executive departments enumerated in section 1 of Title 5, unless the context shows that such term was intended to describe the executive, legislative, or judicial branches of the government. The term “agency” includes any department, independent establishment, commission, administration, authority, board or bureau of the United States or any corporation in which the United States has a proprietary interest, unless the context shows that such term was intended to be used in a more limited sense. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685. )Historical and Revision Notes This section defines the terms “department” and “agency” of the United States. The word “department” appears 57 times in title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., and the word “agency” 14 times. It was considered necessary to define clearly these words in order to avoid possible litigation as to the scope or coverage of a given section containing such words. (See United States v. Germaine, 1878, 99 U. S. 508, 25 L. Ed. 482, for definition of words “department” or “head of department.”)The phrase “corporation in which the United States has a proprietary interest” is intended to include those governmental corporations in which stock is not actually issued, as well as those in which stock is owned by the United States. It excludes those corporations in which the interest of the Government is custodial or incidental. References in Text Section 1 of Title 5, referred to in text, was repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, §8, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 632, and reenacted by the first section thereof as section 101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.§7. Special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States defined The term “special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States”, as used in this title, includes: (1) The high seas, any other waters within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State, and any vessel belonging in whole or in part to the United States or any citizen thereof, or to any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or of any State, Territory, District, or possession thereof, when such vessel is within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State. (2) Any vessel registered, licensed, or enrolled under the laws of the United States, and being on a voyage upon the waters of any of the Great Lakes, or any of the waters connecting them, or upon the Saint Lawrence River where the same constitutes the International Boundary Line. (3) Any lands reserved or acquired for the use of the United States, and under the exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction thereof, or any place purchased or otherwise acquired by the United States by consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of a fort, magazine, arsenal, dockyard, or other needful building. (4) Any island, rock, or key containing deposits of guano, which may, at the discretion of the President, be considered as appertaining to the United States. (5) Any aircraft belonging in whole or in part to the United States, or any citizen thereof, or to any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or any State, Territory, district, or possession thereof, while such aircraft is in flight over the high seas, or over any other waters within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State. (6) Any vehicle used or designed for flight or navigation in space and on the registry of the United States pursuant to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies and the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, while that vehicle is in flight, which is from the moment when all external doors are closed on Earth following embarkation until the moment when one such door is opened on Earth for disembarkation or in the case of a forced landing, until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the vehicle and for persons and property aboard. (7) Any place outside the jurisdiction of any nation with respect to an offense by or against a national of the United States. (8) To the extent permitted by international law, any foreign vessel during a voyage having a scheduled departure from or arrival in the United States with respect to an offense committed by or against a national of the United States. (9) With respect to offenses committed by or against a national of the United States as that term is used in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act— (A) the premises of United States diplomatic, consular, military or other United States Government missions or entities in foreign States, including the buildings, parts of buildings, and land appurtenant or ancillary thereto or used for purposes of those missions or entities, irrespective of ownership; and (B) residences in foreign States and the land appurtenant or ancillary thereto, irrespective of ownership, used for purposes of those missions or entities or used by United States personnel assigned to those missions or entities. Nothing in this paragraph shall be deemed to supersede any treaty or international agreement with which this paragraph conflicts. This paragraph does not apply with respect to an offense committed by a person described in section 3261 (a) of this title. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685; July 12, 1952, ch. 695, 66 Stat. 589; Pub. L. 97–96, §6, Dec. 21, 1981, 95 Stat. 1210; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1210, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2164; Pub. L. 103–322, title XII, §120002, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2021; Pub. L. 107–56, title VIII, §804, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 377. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §451 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §272, 35 Stat. 1142; June 11, 1940, ch. 323, 54 Stat. 304). The words “The term ‘special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States’ as used in this title includes:” were substituted for the words “The crimes and offenses defined in sections 451–468 of this title shall be punished as herein prescribed.”This section first appeared in the 1909 Criminal Code. It made it possible to combine in one chapter all the penal provisions covering acts within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction without the necessity of repeating in each section the places covered. The present section has made possible the allocation of the diverse provisions of chapter 11 of Title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., to particular chapters restricted to particular offenses, as contemplated by the alphabetical chapter arrangement. In several revised sections of said chapter 11 the words “within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States” have been added. Thus the jurisdictional limitation will be preserved in all sections of said chapter 11 describing an offense. Enumeration of names of Great Lakes was omitted as unnecessary. Other minor changes were necessary now that the section defines a term rather than the place of commission of crime or offense; however, the extent of the special jurisdiction as originally enacted has been carefully followed. References in Text Section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in par. (9), is classified to section 1101 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. Amendments2001—Par. (9). Pub. L. 107–56 added par. (9).1994—Par. (8). Pub. L. 103–322 added par. (8).1984—Par. (7). Pub. L. 98–473 added par. (7).1981—Par. (6). Pub. L. 97–96 added par. (6).1952—Par. (5). Act July 12, 1952, added par. (5). Territorial Sea Extending to Twelve Miles Included in Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction Pub. L. 104–132, title IX, §901 (a), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1317, provided that: “The Congress declares that all the territorial sea of the United States, as defined by Presidential Proclamation 5928 of December 27, 1988 [set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public Lands], for purposes of Federal criminal jurisdiction is part of the United States, subject to its sovereignty, and is within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States for the purposes of title 18, United States Code.”§8. Obligation or other security of the United States defined The term “obligation or other security of the United States” includes all bonds, certificates of indebtedness, national bank currency, Federal Reserve notes, Federal Reserve bank notes, coupons, United States notes, Treasury notes, gold certificates, silver certificates, fractional notes, certificates of deposit, bills, checks, or drafts for money, drawn by or upon authorized officers of the United States, stamps and other representatives of value, of whatever denomination, issued under any Act of Congress, and canceled United States stamps. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §261 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §147, 35 Stat. 1115; Jan. 27, 1938, ch. 10, §3, 52 Stat. 7). The terms of this section were general enough to justify its inclusion in this chapter rather than retaining it in the chapter on “Counterfeiting” where the terms which it specifically defines are set out in sections 471–476, 478, 481, 483, 492, and 504 of this title. Words “Federal Reserve notes, Federal Reserve bank notes” were inserted before “coupons” because such notes have almost supplanted national bank currency. Minor changes were made in phraseology.§9. Vessel of the United States defined The term “vessel of the United States”, as used in this title, means a vessel belonging in whole or in part to the United States, or any citizen thereof, or any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or of any State, Territory, District, or possession thereof. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §501 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §310, 35 Stat. 1148). Section is made applicable to the entire title rather than to sections 481 et seq. of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed. Minor changes in phraseology were made.§10. Interstate commerce and foreign commerce defined The term “interstate commerce”, as used in this title, includes commerce between one State, Territory, Possession, or the District of Columbia and another State, Territory, Possession, or the District of Columbia. The term “foreign commerce”, as used in this title, includes commerce with a foreign country. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§408, 408b, 414 (a), and 419a (b) (Oct. 29, 1919, ch. 89, §2 (b), 41 Stat. 325; June 22, 1932, ch. 271, §2, 47 Stat. 326; May 18, 1934, ch. 301, 48 Stat. 782; May 22, 1934, ch. 333, §2 (a), 48 Stat. 794; Aug. 18, 1941, ch. 366, §2 (b), 55 Stat. 631). This section consolidates into one section identical definitions contained in sections 408, 408b, 414 (a), and 419a (b) of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed. In addition to slight improvements in style, the word “commerce” was substituted for “transportation” in order to avoid the narrower connotation of the word “transportation” since “commerce” obviously includes more than “transportation.” The word “Possession” was inserted in two places to make the definition more accurate and comprehensive since the places included in the word “Possession” would normally be within the term defined and a narrower construction should be handled by express statutory exclusion in those crimes which Congress intends to restrict to commerce within the continental United States.§11. Foreign government defined The term “foreign government”, as used in this title except in sections 112, 878, 970, 1116, and 1201, includes any government, faction, or body of insurgents within a country with which the United States is at peace, irrespective of recognition by the United States. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 94–467, §11, Oct. 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 2001. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§98, 288, 349; section 235 of title 22 U. S. C., 1940 ed., Foreign Relations and Intercourse; section 41 of title 50, U. S. C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VIII, §4, 40 Stat. 226). The definition of “foreign government” contained in this section, with minor changes in phraseology, is from section 4 of title VIII of act June 15, 1917 (Ch. 30, 40 Stat. 217, 226), known as the Espionage Act of 1917. This definition was incorporated in sections 98, 288, and 349 of title 18 and in section 235 of title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and in section 41 of Title 50, War and National Defense, U. S. C., all in 1940 ed., since the definition was specifically enacted with reference to said sections and others not material here. The remaining provisions of said sections 98 and 349 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., which were derived from sources other than said section 4 of title VIII of the act of June 15, 1917, are incorporated in sections 502 and 957 of this title. Amendments1976—Pub. L. 94–467 inserted “except in sections 112, 878, 970, 1116, and 1201” after “title”.§12. United States Postal Service defined As used in this title, the term “Postal Service” means the United States Postal Service established under title 39, and every officer and employee of that Service, whether or not such officer or employee has taken the oath of office. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 91–375, §6 (j) (2), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 777; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3505, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4921. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§301, 360 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §§230, 231, 35 Stat. 1134). This section consolidates sections 301 and 360 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., with necessary changes in phraseology. Amendments1990—Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “whether or not such officer or employee has taken the oath of office” for “whether he has taken the oath of office”.1970—Pub. L. 91–375 inserted “United States” before “Postal Service” in section catchline and substituted in text as definition of “Postal Service” the United States Postal Service established under title 39, and every officer and employee of that Service, whether he has taken the oath of office, for prior definition which included the Post Office Department and every em ployee, thereof, whether or not he has taken the oath of office. Effective Date of 1970 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 91–375 effective within 1 year after Aug. 12, 1970, on date established therefor by the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service and published by it in the Federal Register, see section 15 (a) of Pub. L. 91–375, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 39, Postal Service.§13. Laws of States adopted for areas within Federal jurisdiction (a) Whoever within or upon any of the places now existing or hereafter reserved or acquired as provided in section 7 of this title, or on, above, or below any portion of the territorial sea of the United States not within the jurisdiction of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district is guilty of any act or omission which, although not made punishable by any enactment of Congress, would be punishable if committed or omitted within the jurisdiction of the State, Territory, Possession, or District in which such place is situated, by the laws thereof in force at the time of such act or omission, shall be guilty of a like offense and subject to a like punishment. (b) (1) Subject to paragraph (2) and for purposes of subsection (a) of this section, that which may or shall be imposed through judicial or administrative action under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, for a conviction for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol, shall be considered to be a punishment provided by that law. Any limitation on the right or privilege to operate a motor vehicle imposed under this subsection shall apply only to the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States. (2) (A) In addition to any term of imprisonment provided for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol imposed under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, the punishment for such an offense under this section shall include an additional term of imprisonment of not more than 1 year, or if serious bodily injury of a minor is caused, not more than 5 years, or if death of a minor is caused, not more than 10 years, and an additional fine under this title, or both, if— (i) a minor (other than the offender) was present in the motor vehicle when the offense was committed; and (ii) the law of the State, territory, possession, or district in which the offense occurred does not provide an additional term of imprisonment under the circumstances described in clause (i). (B) For the purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “minor” means a person less than 18 years of age. (c) Whenever any waters of the territorial sea of the United States lie outside the territory of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district, such waters (including the airspace above and the seabed and subsoil below, and artificial islands and fixed structures erected thereon) shall be deemed, for purposes of subsection (a), to lie within the area of the State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district that it would lie within if the boundaries of such State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district were extended seaward to the outer limit of the territorial sea of the United States. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, §6477 (a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4381; Pub. L. 103–322, title X, §100002, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1996; Pub. L. 104–132, title IX, §901 (b), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1317; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §604 (b) (32), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3508. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §468 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §289, 35 Stat. 1145; June 15, 1933, ch. 85, 48 Stat. 152; June 20, 1935, ch. 284, 49 Stat. 394; June 6, 1940, ch. 241, 54 Stat. 234). Act March 4, 1909, §289 used the words “now in force” when referring to the laws of any State, organized Territory or district, to be considered in force. As amended on June 15, 1933, the words “by the laws thereof in force on June 1, 1933, and remaining in force at the time of the doing or omitting the doing of such act or thing, would be penal,” were used. The amendment of June 20, 1935, extended the date to “April 1, 1935,” and the amendment of June 6, 1940, extended the date to “February 1, 1940”. The revised section omits the specification of any date as unnecessary in a revision, which speaks from the date of its enactment. Such omission will not only make effective within Federal reservations, the local State laws in force on the date of the enactment of the revision, but will authorize the Federal courts to apply the same measuring stick to such offenses as is applied in the adjoining State under future changes of the State law and will make unnecessary periodic pro forma amendments of this section to keep abreast of changes of local laws. In other words, the revised section makes applicable to offenses committed on such reservations, the law of the place that would govern if the reservation had not been ceded to the United States. The word “Possession” was inserted to clarify scope of section. Minor changes were made in phraseology. Amendments1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–132, §901 (b) (1), inserted “or on, above, or below any portion of the territorial sea of the United States not within the jurisdiction of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district” after “section 7 of this title,”. Subsec. (b) (2) (A). Pub. L. 104–294 substituted “under this title” for “of not more than $1,000”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–132, §901 (b) (2), added subsec. (c).1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322 designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted “Subject to paragraph (2) and for purposes” for “For purposes”, and added par. (2).1988—Pub. L. 100–690 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). Effective Date of 1996 Amendment Section 604 (d) of Pub. L. 104–294 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 36, 112, 113, 241, 242, 245, 351, 511, 542, 544, 545, 668, 704, 709, 794, 1014, 1030, 1112, 1169, 1512, 1515, 1516, 1751, 1956, 1961, 2114, 2311, 2339A, 2423, 2511, 2512, 2721, 3059A, 3561, 3582, 3592, and 5037 of this title, section 802 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, sections 540A and 991 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and sections 3631, 5633, 10604, and 14011 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 1001, 1169, and 2325 of this title and section 994 of Title 28] shall take effect on the date of enactment of Public Law 103–322 [Sept. 13, 1994].”Territorial Sea of United States For extension of territorial sea of United States, see Proc. No. 5928, set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public Lands. [§14. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4004 (a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1812]Section, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Aug. 5, 1953, ch. 325, 67 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 87–845, §3 (a), Oct. 18, 1962, 76A Stat. 698; Pub. L. 90–357, §59, June 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 248; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3519 (c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4923; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330010 (9), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2143, listed Title 18 sections applicable to and within Canal Zone.§15. Obligation or other security of foreign government defined The term “obligation or other security of any foreign government” includes, but is not limited to, uncanceled stamps, whether or not demonetized. (Added Pub. L. 85–921, §3, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1771.)§16. Crime of violence defined The term “crime of violence” means— (a) an offense that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another, or (b) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense. (Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1001 (a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2136.)§17. Insanity defense (a) Affirmative Defense .—It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution under any Federal statute that, at the time of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the defendant, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his acts. Mental disease or defect does not otherwise constitute a defense. (b) Burden of Proof .—The defendant has the burden of proving the defense of insanity by clear and convincing evidence. (Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §402 (a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2057, §20; renumbered §17, Pub. L. 99–646, §34 (a), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3599.)§18. Organization defined As used in this title, the term “organization” means a person other than an individual. (Added Pub. L. 99–646, §38 (a), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3599; amended Pub. L. 100–185, §4 (c), Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1279; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7012, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4395.)Amendments1988—Pub. L. 100–690 made technical correction of directory language of Pub. L. 99–646, §38 (a), similar to that made by Pub. L. 100–185.1987—Pub. L. 100–185 made technical correction in directory language of Pub. L. 99–646, §38 (a).§19. Petty offense defined As used in this title, the term “petty offense” means a Class B misdemeanor, a Class C misdemeanor, or an infraction, for which the maximum fine is no greater than the amount set forth for such an offense in section 3571 (b) (6) or (7) in the case of an individual or section 3571 (c) (6) or (7) in the case of an organization. (Added Pub. L. 100–185, §4 (a), Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1279; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7089 (a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4409.)Amendments1988—Pub. L. 100–690 inserted “, for which the maximum fine is no greater than the amount set forth for such an offense in section 3571 (b) (6) or (7) in the case of an individual or section 3571 (c) (6) or (7) in the case of an organization” after “infraction”.§20. Financial institution defined As used in this title, the term “financial institution” means— (1) an insured depository institution (as defined in section 3 (c) (2) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act); (2) a credit union with accounts insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund; (3) a Federal home loan bank or a member, as defined in section 2 of the Federal Home Loan Bank Act (12 U. S. C. 1422), of the Federal home loan bank system; (4) a System institution of the Farm Credit System, as defined in section 5.35 (3) of the Farm Credit Act of 1971; (5) a small business investment company, as defined in section 103 of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 (15 U. S. C. 662); (6) a depository institution holding company (as defined in section 3 (w) (1) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act; (7) a Federal Reserve bank or a member bank of the Federal Reserve System; (8) an organization operating under section 25 or section 25 (a) 1 of the Federal Reserve Act; (9) a branch or agency of a foreign bank (as such terms are defined in paragraphs (1) and (3) of section 1 (b) of the International Banking Act of 1978); or (10) a mortgage lending business (as defined in section 27 of this title) or any person or entity that makes in whole or in part a federally related mortgage loan as defined in section 3 of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974. (Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1107 (a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2145, §215 (b); amended Pub. L. 99–370, §2, Aug. 4, 1986, 100 Stat. 779; renumbered §20 and amended Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §962 (e) (1), (2), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 503; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, §2597 (a), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4908; Pub. L. 111–21, §2 (a), May 20, 2009, 123 Stat. 1617. )References in Text Section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, referred to in pars. (1) and (6), is classified to section 1813 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. Section 5.35 (3) of the Farm Credit Act of 1971, referred to in par. (4), is classified to section 2271 (3) of Title 12, Banks and Banking. Section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in par. (8), is classified to subchapter I (§601 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. Section 25 (a) of the Federal Reserve Act, which is classified to subchapter II (§611 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12, was renumbered section 25A of that act by Pub. L. 102–242, title I, §142 (e) (2), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2281. Section 1 (b) of the International Banking Act of 1978, referred to in par. (9), is classified to section 3101 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. Section 3 of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974, referred to in par. (10), is classified to section 2602 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. Prior Provisions A prior section 20 was renumbered section 17 of this title. Amendments2009—Par. (10). Pub. L. 111–21 added par. (10).1990—Pars. (7) to (9). Pub. L. 101–647 added pars. (7) to (9).1989—Pub. L. 101–73, §962 (e) (1), (2) (A)– (C), redesignated subsec. (b) of section 215 of this title as this section, inserted section catchline, struck out subsec. (b) designation before “As used”, and substituted “used in this title” for “used in this section”. Par. (1). Pub. L. 101–73, §962 (e) (2) (D), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “a bank with deposits insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;”. Par. (2). Pub. L. 101–73, §962 (e) (2) (E), (H), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “an institution with accounts insured by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation;”. Par. (3). Pub. L. 101–73, §962 (e) (2) (H), redesignated par. (4) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (2). Par. (4). Pub. L. 101–73, §962 (e) (2) (F), (H), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and amended it generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: “a Federal land bank, Federal intermediate credit bank, bank for cooperatives, production credit association, and Federal land bank association;”. Former par. (4) redesignated (3). Par. (5). Pub. L. 101–73, §962 (e) (2) (H), redesignated par. (6) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (4). Pars. (6), (7). Pub. L. 101–73, §962 (e) (2) (G), (H), redesignated par. (7) as (6) and amended it generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: “a bank holding company as defined in section 2 of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U. S. C. 1841); or”. Former par. (6) redesignated (5). Par. (8). Pub. L. 101–73, §962 (e) (2) (E), struck out par. (8) which read as follows: “a savings and loan holding company as defined in section 408 of the National Housing Act (12 U. S. C. 1730a).”1986—Pub. L. 99–370 amended subsec. (b) [formerly §215 (b)] generally expanding provisions formerly contained in subsec. (c) [former §215 (c)] defining “financial institution”.1 See References in Text note below.§21. Stolen or counterfeit nature of property for certain crimes defined (a) Wherever in this title it is an element of an offense that— (1) any property was embezzled, robbed, stolen, converted, taken, altered, counterfeited, falsely made, forged, or obliterated; and (2) the defendant knew that the property was of such character;such element may be established by proof that the defendant, after or as a result of an official representation as to the nature of the property, believed the property to be embezzled, robbed, stolen, converted, taken, altered, counterfeited, falsely made, forged, or obliterated. (b) For purposes of this section, the term “official representation” means any representation made by a Federal law enforcement officer (as defined in section 115) or by another person at the direction or with the approval of such an officer. (Added Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXII, §320910 (a), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2127.)§23. 1 Court of the United States defined As used in this title, except where otherwise expressly provided 2 the term “court of the United States” includes the District Court of Guam, the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, and the District Court of the Virgin Islands. (Added Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXII, §320914 (a), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2128. )1 So in original. No section 22 has been enacted.2 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.§24. Definitions relating to Federal health care offense (a) As used in this title, the term “Federal health care offense” means a violation of, or a criminal conspiracy to violate— (1) section 669, 1035, 1347, or 1518 of this title; (2) section 287, 371, 664, 666, 1001, 1027, 1341, 1343, or 1954 of this title, if the violation or conspiracy relates to a health care benefit program. (b) As used in this title, the term “health care benefit program” means any public or private plan or contract, affecting commerce, under which any medical benefit, item, or service is provided to any individual, and includes any individual or entity who is providing a medical benefit, item, or service for which payment may be made under the plan or contract. (Added Pub. L. 104–191, title II, §241 (a), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2016.)§25. Use of minors in crimes of violence (a) Definitions .—In this section, the following definitions shall apply: (1) Crime of violence .—The term “crime of violence” has the meaning set forth in section 16. (2) Minor .—The term “minor” means a person who has not reached 18 years of age. (3) Uses .—The term “uses” means employs, hires, persuades, induces, entices, or coerces. (b) Penalties .—Any person who is 18 years of age or older, who intentionally uses a minor to commit a crime of violence for which such person may be prosecuted in a court of the United States, or to assist in avoiding detection or apprehension for such an offense, shall— (1) for the first conviction, be subject to twice the maximum term of imprisonment and twice the maximum fine that would otherwise be authorized for the offense; and (2) for each subsequent conviction, be subject to 3 times the maximum term of imprisonment and 3 times the maximum fine that would otherwise be authorized for the offense. (Added Pub. L. 108–21, title VI, §601 [ (a)], Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 686.)§26. Definition of seaport As used in this title, the term “seaport” means all piers, wharves, docks, and similar structures, adjacent to any waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, to which a vessel may be secured, including areas of land, water, or land and water under and in immediate proximity to such structures, buildings on or contiguous to such structures, and the equipment and materials on such structures or in such buildings. (Added Pub. L. 109–177, title III, §302 (c), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 233.)§27. Mortgage lending business defined In this title, the term “mortgage lending business” means an organization which finances or refinances any debt secured by an interest in real estate, including private mortgage companies and any subsidiaries of such organizations, and whose activities affect interstate or foreign commerce. (Added Pub. L. 111–21, §2 (b) (1), May 20, 2009, 123 Stat. 1617. )CHAPTER 2—AIRCRAFT AND MOTOR VEHICLESSec.31. Definitions.32. Destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities.33. Destruction of motor vehicles or motor vehicle facilities.34. Penalty when death results.35. Imparting or conveying false information.36. Drive-by shooting.37. Violence at international airports.38. Fraud involving aircraft or space vehicle parts in interstate or foreign commerce.40. 1Commercial motor vehicles required to stop for inspections.39. 1 Traffic signal preemption transmitters. Amendments2008—Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301 (j), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616, redesignated item 39 “Commercial motor vehicles required to stop for inspections” as item 40.2005—Pub. L. 109–59, title II, §2018 (b), title IV, §4143 (c) (1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1543, 1748, added item 39 “Commercial motor vehicles required to stop for inspections” and item 39 “Traffic signal preemption transmitters”.2000—Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §506 (c) (2) (A), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 139, added item 38.1994—Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §§60008 (c), 60021 (b), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1972, 1980, added items 36 and 37.1 So in original. The order of items 39 and 40 does not correspond to the order of the sections in text.§31. Definitions (a) Definitions .—In this chapter, the following definitions apply: (1) Aircraft .—The term “aircraft” means a civil, military, or public contrivance invented, used, or designed to navigate, fly, or travel in the air. (2) Aviation quality .—The term “aviation quality”, with respect to a part of an aircraft or space vehicle, means the quality of having been manufactured, constructed, produced, maintained, repaired, overhauled, rebuilt, reconditioned, or restored in conformity with applicable standards specified by law (including applicable regulations). (3) Destructive substance .—The term “destructive substance” means an explosive substance, flammable material, infernal machine, or other chemical, mechanical, or radioactive device or matter of a combustible, contaminative, corrosive, or explosive nature. (4) In flight .—The term “in flight” means— (A) any time from the moment at which all the external doors of an aircraft are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation; and (B) in the case of a forced landing, until competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and the persons and property on board. (5) In service .—The term “in service” means— (A) any time from the beginning of preflight preparation of an aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until 24 hours after any landing; and (B) in any event includes the entire period during which the aircraft is in flight. (6) Motor vehicle .—The term “motor vehicle” means every description of carriage or other contrivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of passengers, passengers and property, or property or cargo. (7) Part .—The term “part” means a frame, assembly, component, appliance, engine, propeller, material, part, spare part, piece, section, or related integral or auxiliary equipment. (8) Space vehicle .—The term “space vehicle” means a man-made device, either manned or unmanned, designed for operation beyond the Earth's atmosphere. (9) State .—The term “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States. (10) Used for commercial purposes .—The term “used for commercial purposes” means the carriage of persons or property for any fare, fee, rate, charge or other consideration, or directly or indirectly in connection with any business, or other undertaking intended for profit. (b) Terms Defined in Other Law .—In this chapter, the terms “aircraft engine”, “air navigation facility”, “appliance”, “civil aircraft”, “foreign air commerce”, “interstate air commerce”, “landing area”, “overseas air commerce”, “propeller”, “spare part”, and “special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States” have the meanings given those terms in sections 40102 (a) and 46501 of title 49. (Added July 14, 1956, ch. 595, §1, 70 Stat. 538; amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§1010, 2013 (a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2141, 2187; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7015, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4395; Pub. L. 103–272, §5 (e) (1), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1373; Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §506 (b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 136.)Amendments2000—Pub. L. 106–181 added subsecs. (a) and (b) and struck out former text which read as follows: “When used in this chapter the term—“ ‘Aircraft engine’, ‘air navigation facility’, ‘appliance’, ‘civil aircraft’, ‘foreign air commerce’, ‘interstate air commerce’, ‘landing area’, ‘overseas air commerce’, ‘propeller’, ‘spare part’ and ‘special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States’ shall have the meaning ascribed to those terms in sections 40102 (a) and 46501 of title 49.“ ‘Motor vehicle’ means every description of carriage or other contrivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of passengers, passengers and property, or property or cargo;“ ‘Destructive substance’ means any explosive substance, flammable material, infernal machine, or other chemical, mechanical, or radioactive device or matter of a combustible, contaminative, corrosive, or explosive nature;“ ‘Used for commercial purposes’ means the carriage of persons or property for any fare, fee, rate, charge or other consideration, or directly or indirectly in connection with any business, or other undertaking intended for profit;“ ‘In flight’ means any time from the moment all the external doors of an aircraft are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation. In the case of a forced landing the flight shall be deemed to continue until competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and the persons and property on board; and“ ‘In service’ means any time from the beginning of preflight preparation of the aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until twenty-four hours after any landing; the period of service shall, in any event, extend for the entire period during which the aircraft is in flight.”1994—Pub. L. 103–272 substituted “sections 40102 (a) and 46501 of title 49” for “the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended” in par. beginning with definition of “Aircraft engine”.1988—Pub. L. 100–690 substituted “door is opened” for “door in opened” in definition of “in flight”.1984—Pub. L. 98–473, §2013 (a) (1), in first par. struck out “and” before “spare part”, inserted “and ‘special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States’ ”, and substituted “Federal Aviation Act of 1958” for “Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938”. Pub. L. 98–473, §1010, substituted “passengers and property, or property or cargo” for “or passengers and property” in definition of motor vehicle. Pub. L. 98–473, §2013 (a) (2)– (4), inserted definitions of “in flight” and “in service”. Effective Date of 2000 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of Title 49, Transportation. Effective Date of 1984 Amendment Section 2015 of part B (§§2011–2015) of chapter XX of title II of Pub. L. 98–473 provided that: “This part [see Short Title of 1984 Amendment note below] shall become effective on the date of the enactment of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984].”Short Title of 2000 Amendment Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §506 (a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 136, provided that: “This section [enacting section 38 of this title and amending this section and section 2516 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Aircraft Safety Act of 2000’.”Short Title of 1984 Amendment Section 2011 of part B (§§2011–2015) of chapter XX of title II of Pub. L. 98–473 provided that: “This part [amending this section, section 32 of this title, and sections 1301, 1471, and 1472 of former Title 49, Transportation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Aircraft Sabotage Act’.”Statement of Findings and Purpose for 1984 Amendment Section 2012 of part B (§§2011–2015) of chapter XX of title II of Pub. L. 98–473 provided that: “The Congress hereby finds that—“ (1) the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (ratified by the United States on November 1, 1972) requires each contracting State to establish its jurisdiction over certain offenses affecting the safety of civil aviation;“ (2) such offenses place innocent lives in jeopardy, endanger national security, affect domestic tranquility, gravely affect interstate and foreign commerce, and are offenses against the law of nations; and“ (3) the purpose of this subtitle [part, see Short Title of 1984 Amendment note above] is to implement fully the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation and to expand the protection accorded to aircraft and related facilities.”§32. Destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities (a) Whoever willfully— (1) sets fire to, damages, destroys, disables, or wrecks any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States or any civil aircraft used, operated, or employed in interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce; (2) places or causes to be placed a destructive device or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, or otherwise makes or causes to be made unworkable or unusable or hazardous to work or use, any such aircraft, or any part or other materials used or intended to be used in connection with the operation of such aircraft, if such placing or causing to be placed or such making or causing to be made is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft; (3) sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables any air navigation facility, or interferes by force or violence with the operation of such facility, if such fire, damaging, destroying, disabling, or interfering is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft in flight; (4) with the intent to damage, destroy, or disable any such aircraft, sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables or places a destructive device or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, any appliance or structure, ramp, landing area, property, machine, or apparatus, or any facility or other material used, or intended to be used, in connection with the operation, maintenance, loading, unloading or storage of any such aircraft or any cargo carried or intended to be carried on any such aircraft; (5) interferes with or disables, with intent to endanger the safety of any person or with a reckless disregard for the safety of human life, anyone engaged in the authorized operation of such aircraft or any air navigation facility aiding in the navigation of any such aircraft; (6) performs an act of violence against or incapacitates any individual on any such air craft, if such act of violence or incapacitation is likely to endanger the safety of such aircraft; (7) communicates information, knowing the information to be false and under circumstances in which such information may reasonably be believed, thereby endangering the safety of any such aircraft in flight; or (8) attempts or conspires to do anything prohibited under paragraphs (1) through (7) of this subsection;shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years or both. (b) Whoever willfully— (1) performs an act of violence against any individual on board any civil aircraft registered in a country other than the United States while such aircraft is in flight, if such act is likely to endanger the safety of that aircraft; (2) destroys a civil aircraft registered in a country other than the United States while such aircraft is in service or causes damage to such an aircraft which renders that aircraft incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger that aircraft's safety in flight; (3) places or causes to be placed on a civil aircraft registered in a country other than the United States while such aircraft is in service, a device or substance which is likely to destroy that aircraft, or to cause damage to that aircraft which renders that aircraft incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger that aircraft's safety in flight; or (4) attempts or conspires to commit an offense described in paragraphs (1) through (3) of this subsection;shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both. There is jurisdiction over an offense under this subsection if a national of the United States was on board, or would have been on board, the aircraft; an offender is a national of the United States; or an offender is afterwards found in the United States. For purposes of this subsection, the term “national of the United States” has the meaning prescribed in section 101 (a) (22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. (c) Whoever willfully imparts or conveys any threat to do an act which would violate any of paragraphs (1) through (6) of subsection (a) or any of paragraphs (1) through (3) of subsection (b) of this section, with an apparent determination and will to carry the threat into execution shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (Added July 14, 1956, ch. 595, §1, 70 Stat. 539; amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §2013 (b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2187; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7016, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4395; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (O), (S), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2148; Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, §§721 (b), 723 (a) (1), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1298, 1300; Pub. L. 109–177, title I, §123, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 226. )References in Text Section 101 (a) (22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is classified to section 1101 (a) (22) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. Amendments2006—Subsec. (a) (5) to (7). Pub. L. 109–177, §123 (1), (2), added par. (5) and redesignated former pars. (5) and (6) as (6) and (7), respectively. Former par. (7) redesignated (8). Subsec. (a) (8). Pub. L. 109–177, §123 (1), (3), redesignated par. (7) as (8) and substituted “paragraphs (1) through (7)” for “paragraphs (1) through (6)”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–177, §123 (4), substituted “paragraphs (1) through (6)” for “paragraphs (1) through (5)”.1996—Subsec. (a) (7). Pub. L. 104–132, §723 (a) (1), inserted “or conspires” after “attempts”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–132, §721 (b), in closing provisions, struck out “, if the offender is later found in the United States,” before “be fined under this title” and inserted at end “There is jurisdiction over an offense under this subsection if a national of the United States was on board, or would have been on board, the aircraft; an offender is a national of the United States; or an offender is afterwards found in the United States. For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘national of the United States’ has the meaning prescribed in section 101 (a) (22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.”Subsec. (b) (4). Pub. L. 104–132, §723 (a) (1), inserted “or conspires” after “attempts”.1994—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (S), substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $100,000” in concluding provisions. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (O), substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $25,000”.1988—Subsec. (a) (3). Pub. L. 100–690 substituted “interfering” for “intefering”.1984—Pub. L. 98–473 amended section generally. Prior to amendment section read as follows:“Whoever willfully sets fire to, damages, destroys, disables, or wrecks any civil aircraft used, operated, or employed in interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce; or“Whoever willfully sets fire to, damages, destroys, disables, or wrecks any aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, or spare part with intent to damage, destroy, disable, or wreck any such aircraft; or“Whoever, with like intent, willfully places or causes to be placed any destructive substance in, upon, or in proximity to any such aircraft, or any aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, spare part, fuel, lubricant, hydraulic fluid, or other material used or intended to be used in connection with the operation of any such aircraft, or any cargo carried or intended to be carried on any such aircraft, or otherwise makes or causes to be made any such aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, spare part, fuel, lubricant, hydraulic fluid, or other material unworkable or unusable or hazardous to work or use; or“Whoever, with like intent, willfully sets fire to, damages, destroys, disables, or wrecks, or places or causes to be placed any destructive substance in, upon, or in proximity to any shop, supply, structure, station, depot, terminal, hangar, ramp, landing area, air-navigation facility or other facility, warehouse, property, machine, or apparatus used or intended to be used in connection with the operation, loading, or unloading of any such aircraft or making any such aircraft ready for flight, or otherwise makes or causes to be made any such shop, supply, structure, station, depot, terminal, hangar, ramp, landing area, air-navigation facility or other facility, warehouse, property, machine, or apparatus unworkable or unusable or hazardous to work or use; or“Whoever, with like intent, willfully incapacitates any member of the crew of any such aircraft; or“Whoever willfully attempts to do any of the aforesaid acts or things—“shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.”Effective Date of 1984 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 2015 of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 31 of this title.§33. Destruction of motor vehicles or motor vehicle facilities (a) Whoever willfully, with intent to endanger the safety of any person on board or anyone who he believes will board the same, or with a reckless disregard for the safety of human life, damages, disables, destroys, tampers with, or places or causes to be placed any explosive or other destructive substance in, upon, or in proximity to, any motor vehicle which is used, operated, or employed in interstate or foreign commerce, or its cargo or material used or intended to be used in connection with its operation; or Whoever willfully, with like intent, damages, disables, destroys, sets fire to, tampers with, or places or causes to be placed any explosive or other destructive substance in, upon, or in proximity to any garage, terminal, structure, supply, or facility used in the operation of, or in support of the operation of, motor vehicles engaged in interstate or foreign commerce or otherwise makes or causes such property to be made unworkable, unusable, or hazardous to work or use; or Whoever, with like intent, willfully disables or incapacitates any driver or person employed in connection with the operation or maintenance of the motor vehicle, or in any way lessens the ability of such person to perform his duties as such; or Whoever willfully attempts or conspires to do any of the aforesaid acts—shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both. (b) Whoever is convicted of a violation of subsection (a) involving a motor vehicle that, at the time the violation occurred, carried high-level radioactive waste (as that term is defined in section 2 (12) of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (42 U. S. C. 10101 (12))) or spent nuclear fuel (as that term is defined in section 2 (23) of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (42 U. S. C. 10101 (23))), shall be fined under this title and imprisoned for any term of years not less than 30, or for life. (Added July 14, 1956, ch. 595, §1, 70 Stat. 540; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 104–88, title IV, §402 (a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 955; Pub. L. 109–177, title IV, §406 (c) (1), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 245.)Amendments2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–177 inserted “or conspires” before “to do any of the aforesaid acts” in fourth par.1995—Pub. L. 104–88 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000”. Effective Date of 1995 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 701 of Title 49, Transportation.§34. Penalty when death results Whoever is convicted of any crime prohibited by this chapter, which has resulted in the death of any person, shall be subject also to the death penalty or to imprisonment for life. (Added July 14, 1956, ch. 595, §1, 70 Stat. 540; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60003 (a) (1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1968.)Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “imprisonment for life.” for “imprisonment for life, if the jury shall in its discretion so direct, or, in the case of a plea of guilty, or a plea of not guilty where the defendant has waived a trial by jury, if the court in its discretion shall so order.”§35. Imparting or conveying false information (a) Whoever imparts or conveys or causes to be imparted or conveyed false information, knowing the information to be false, concerning an attempt or alleged attempt being made or to be made, to do any act which would be a crime prohibited by this chapter or chapter 97 or chapter 111 of this title shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $1,000 which shall be recoverable in a civil action brought in the name of the United States. (b) Whoever willfully and maliciously, or with reckless disregard for the safety of human life, imparts or conveys or causes to be imparted or conveyed false information, knowing the information to be false, concerning an attempt or alleged attempt being made or to be made, to do any act which would be a crime prohibited by this chapter or chapter 97 or chapter 111 of this title—shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (Added July 14, 1956, ch. 595, §1, 70 Stat. 540; amended Pub. L. 87–338, Oct. 3, 1961, 75 Stat. 751; Pub. L. 89–64, July 7, 1965, 79 Stat. 210; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)Amendments1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000”.1965—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–64 substituted “subject to a civil penalty of not more than $1,000 which shall be recoverable in a civil action brought in the name of the United States” for “fined not more than $1,000, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both”.1961—Pub. L. 87–338 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), struck out “willfully” before “imparts or conveys”, and added subsec. (b).§36. Drive-by shooting (a) Definition .—In this section, “major drug offense” means— (1) a continuing criminal enterprise punishable under section 408 (c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U. S. C. 848 (c)); (2) a conspiracy to distribute controlled substances punishable under section 406 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U. S. C. 846) section 1 1013 of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U. S. C. 963); or (3) an offense involving major quantities of drugs and punishable under section 401 (b) (1) (A) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U. S. C. 841 (b) (1) (A)) or section 1010 (b) (1) of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U. S. C. 960 (b) (1)). (b) Offense and Penalties .— (1) A person who, in furtherance or to escape detection of a major drug offense and with the intent to intimidate, harass, injure, or maim, fires a weapon into a group of two or more persons and who, in the course of such conduct, causes grave risk to any human life shall be punished by a term of no more than 25 years, by fine under this title, or both. (2) A person who, in furtherance or to escape detection of a major drug offense and with the intent to intimidate, harass, injure, or maim, fires a weapon into a group of 2 or more persons and who, in the course of such conduct, kills any person shall, if the killing— (A) is a first degree murder (as defined in section 1111 (a)), be punished by death or imprisonment for any term of years or for life, fined under this title, or both; or (B) is a murder other than a first degree murder (as defined in section 1111 (a)), be fined under this title, imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both. (Added Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60008 (b), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1971; amended Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §604 (b) (30), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3508.)Amendments1996—Subsec. (a) (1), (2). Pub. L. 104–294 substituted “408 (c)” for “403 (c)” in par. (1) and “Export” for “Export Control” in par. (2). Effective Date of 1996 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 104–294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604 (d) of Pub. L. 104–294, set out as a note under section 13 of this title. Short Title Section 60008 (a) of Pub. L. 103–322 provided that: “This section [enacting this section] may be cited as the ‘Drive-By Shooting Prevention Act of 1994’.”1 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “or”.§37. Violence at international airports (a) Offense .—A person who unlawfully and intentionally, using any device, substance, or weapon— (1) performs an act of violence against a person at an airport serving international civil aviation that causes or is likely to cause serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365 of this title) or death; or (2) destroys or seriously damages the facilities of an airport serving international civil aviation or a civil aircraft not in service located thereon or disrupts the services of the airport,if such an act endangers or is likely to endanger safety at that airport, or attempts or conspires to do such an act, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both; and if the death of any person results from conduct prohibited by this subsection, shall be punished by death or imprisoned for any term of years or for life. (b) Jurisdiction .—There is jurisdiction over the prohibited activity in subsection (a) if— (1) the prohibited activity takes place in the United States; or (2) the prohibited activity takes place outside the United States and (A) the offender is later found in the United States; or (B) an offender or a victim is a national of the United States (as defined in section 101 (a) (22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U. S. C. 1101 (a) (22))). (c) Bar to Prosecution .—It is a bar to Federal prosecution under subsection (a) for conduct that occurred within the United States that the conduct involved was during or in relation to a labor dispute, and such conduct is prohibited as a felony under the law of the State in which it was committed. For purposes of this section, the term “labor dispute” has the meaning set forth in section 2 (c) 1 of the Norris-La Guardia Act, as amended (29 U. S. C. 113 (c)), and the term “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States. (Added Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60021 (a), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1979; amended Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, §§721 (g), 723 (a) (1), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1299, 1300; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §§601 (q), 607 ( o ), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3502, 3512.)Amendments1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–132, §723 (a) (1), inserted “or conspires” after “attempts” in concluding provisions. Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 104–132, §721 (g), inserted subpar. (A) designation and added subpar. (B). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–294 inserted heading and inserted “, and the term ‘State’ means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States” before period at end. Effective Date Section 60021 (c) of Pub. L. 103–322 provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [enacting this section] shall take effect on the later of—“ (1) the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 13, 1994]; or“ (2) the date on which the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done at Montreal on 23 September 1971, has come into force and the United States has become a party to the Protocol.” [Protocol came into force and United States became a party to the Protocol Nov. 18, 1994, Treaty Doc. 100–19. ]1 So in original. Probably should be section “13 (c)”.§38. Fraud involving aircraft or space vehicle parts in interstate or foreign commerce (a) Offenses .—Whoever, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, knowingly and with the intent to defraud— (1) (A) falsifies or conceals a material fact concerning any aircraft or space vehicle part; (B) makes any materially fraudulent representation concerning any aircraft or space vehicle part; or (C) makes or uses any materially false writing, entry, certification, document, record, data plate, label, or electronic communication concerning any aircraft or space vehicle part; (2) exports from or imports or introduces into the United States, sells, trades, installs on or in any aircraft or space vehicle any aircraft or space vehicle part using or by means of a fraudulent representation, document, record, certification, depiction, data plate, label, or electronic communication; or (3) attempts or conspires to commit an offense described in paragraph (1) or (2),shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). (b) Penalties .—The punishment for an offense under subsection (a) is as follows: (1) Aviation quality .—If the offense relates to the aviation quality of a part and the part is installed in an aircraft or space vehicle, a fine of not more than $500,000, imprisonment for not more than 15 years, or both. (2) Failure to operate as represented .—If, by reason of the failure of the part to operate as represented, the part to which the offense is related is the proximate cause of a malfunction or failure that results in serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365), a fine of not more than $1,000,000, imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both. (3) Failure resulting in death .—If, by reason of the failure of the part to operate as represented, the part to which the offense is related is the proximate cause of a malfunction or failure that results in the death of any person, a fine of not more than $1,000,000, imprisonment for any term of years or life, or both. (4) Other circumstances .—In the case of an offense under subsection (a) not described in paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of this subsection, a fine under this title, imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or both. (5) Organizations .—If the offense is committed by an organization, a fine of not more than— (A) $10,000,000 in the case of an offense described in paragraph (1) or (4); and (B) $20,000,000 in the case of an offense described in paragraph (2) or (3). (c) Civil Remedies.— (1) In general .—The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of this section by issuing appropriate orders, including— (A) ordering a person (convicted of an offense under this section) to divest any interest, direct or indirect, in any enterprise used to commit or facilitate the commission of the offense, or to destroy, or to mutilate and sell as scrap, aircraft material or part inventories or stocks; (B) imposing reasonable restrictions on the future activities or investments of any such person, including prohibiting engagement in the same type of endeavor as used to commit the offense; and (C) ordering the dissolution or reorganization of any enterprise knowingly used to commit or facilitate the commission of an offense under this section making due provisions for the rights and interests of innocent persons. (2) Restraining orders and prohibition .—Pending final determination of a proceeding brought under this section, the court may enter such restraining orders or prohibitions, or take such other actions (including the acceptance of satisfactory performance bonds) as the court deems proper. (3) Estoppel .—A final judgment rendered in favor of the United States in any criminal proceeding brought under this section shall stop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding brought by the United States. (d) Criminal Forfeiture.— (1) In general .—The court, in imposing sentence on any person convicted of an offense under this section, shall order, in addition to any other sentence and irrespective of any provision of State law, that the person forfeit to the United States— (A) any property constituting, or derived from, any proceeds that the person obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of the offense; and (B) any property used, or intended to be used in any manner, to commit or facilitate the commission of the offense, if the court in its discretion so determines, taking into consideration the nature, scope, and proportionality of the use of the property on the offense. (2) Application of other law .—The forfeiture of property under this section, including any seizure and disposition of the property, and any proceedings relating to the property, shall be governed by section 413 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Prevention Act of 1970 (21 U. S. C. 853) (not including subsection (d) of that section). (e) Construction With Other Law .—This section does not preempt or displace any other remedy, civil or criminal, provided by Federal or State law for the fraudulent importation, sale, trade, installation, or introduction into commerce of an aircraft or space vehicle part. (f) Territorial Scope .—This section also applies to conduct occurring outside the United States if— (1) the offender is a natural person who is a citizen or permanent resident alien of the United States, or an organization organized under the laws of the United States or political subdivision thereof; (2) the aircraft or spacecraft part as to which the violation relates was installed in an aircraft or space vehicle owned or operated at the time of the offense by a citizen or permanent resident alien of the United States, or by an organization thereof; or (3) an act in furtherance of the offense was committed in the United States. (Added Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §506 (c) (1), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 137. )Effective Date Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of Title 49, Transportation.§39. Traffic signal preemption transmitters (a) Offenses.— (1) Sale .—Whoever, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, knowingly sells a traffic signal preemption transmitter to a nonqualifying user shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both. (2) Use .—Whoever, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, being a nonqualifying user makes unauthorized use of a traffic signal preemption transmitter shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than 6 months, or both. (b) Definitions .—In this section, the following definitions apply: (1) Traffic signal preemption transmitter .—The term “traffic signal preemption transmitter” means any mechanism that can change or alter a traffic signal's phase time or sequence. (2) Nonqualifying user .—The term “nonqualifying user” means a person who uses a traffic signal preemption transmitter and is not acting on behalf of a public agency or private corporation authorized by law to provide fire protection, law enforcement, emergency medical services, transit services, maintenance, or other services for a Federal, State, or local government entity, but does not include a person using a traffic signal preemption transmitter for classroom or instructional purposes. (Added Pub. L. 109–59, title II, §2018 (a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1542. )Codification Another section 39 was renumbered section 40 of this title.§40. Commercial motor vehicles required to stop for inspections (a) A driver of a commercial motor vehicle (as defined in section 31132 of title 49) shall stop and submit to inspection of the vehicle, driver, cargo, and required records when directed to do so by an authorized employee of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration of the Department of Transportation, at or in the vicinity of an inspection site. The driver shall not leave the inspection site until authorized to do so by an authorized employee. (b) A driver of a commercial motor vehicle, as defined in subsection (a), who knowingly fails to stop for inspection when directed to do so by an authorized employee of the Administration at or in the vicinity of an inspection site, or leaves the inspection site without authorization, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both. (Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4143 (a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1747, §39; renumbered §40, Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301 (j), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616.)Amendments2008—Pub. L. 110–244 renumbered section 39 of this title, relating to inspection of commercial vehicles, as this section. CHAPTER 3—ANIMALS, BIRDS, FISH, AND PLANTSSec.41. Hunting, fishing, trapping; disturbance or injury on wildlife refuges.42. Importation or shipment of injurious mammals, birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibia, and reptiles; permits, specimens for museums; regulations.43. Force, violence, and threats involving animal enterprises. [44, 45. Repealed.]46. Transportation of water hyacinths.47. Use of aircraft or motor vehicles to hunt certain wild horses or burros; pollution of watering holes.48. Depiction of animal cruelty.49. Enforcement of animal fighting prohibitions. Historical and Revision Notes The criminal provisions of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, sections 703–711 of title 16, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Conservation, and the Migratory Bird Conservation Act, sections 715–715r of title 16, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Conservation, were considered for inclusion in this chapter. Since these provisions, except parts of sections 704–707 of said title 16, are so inextricably interwoven with the Migratory Bird Acts, it was found advisable to exclude them. Amendments2007—Pub. L. 110–22, §2 (b), May 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 88, added item 49.2006—Pub. L. 109–374, §2 (b), Nov. 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 2655, substituted “Force, violence, and threats involving animal enterprises” for “Animal enterprise terrorism” in item 43.1999—Pub. L. 106–152, §1 (b), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1732, added item 48.1992—Pub. L. 102–346, §2 (b), Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 929, which directed the general amendment of item 43, was executed by adding item 43 to reflect the probable intent of Congress, because item 43 had been previously struck out by Pub. L. 101–647. See 1990 Amendment note below.1990—Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, §1206 (b), title XXXV, §3506, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4832, 4922, substituted “Importation or shipment of injurious mammals, birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibia, and reptiles; permits, specimens for museums; regulations” for “Importation of injurious animals and birds; permits; specimens for museums” in item 42, struck out item 43 “Transportation or importation in violation of state, national, or foreign laws”, item 44 “Marking packages or containers”, and item 45 “Capturing or killing carrier pigeons”, and inserted “; pollution of watering holes” after “burros” in item 47.1959—Pub. L. 86–234, §1 (b), Sept. 8, 1959, 73 Stat. 470, added item 47.1956—Act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 825, §2 (b), 70 Stat. 798, amended chapter heading to include reference to “Plants” and added item 46.§41. Hunting, fishing, trapping; disturbance or injury on wildlife refuges Whoever, except in compliance with rules and regulations promulgated by authority of law, hunts, traps, captures, willfully disturbs or kills any bird, fish, or wild animal of any kind whatever, or takes or destroys the eggs or nest of any such bird or fish, on any lands or waters which are set apart or reserved as sanctuaries, refuges or breeding grounds for such birds, fish, or animals under any law of the United States or willfully injures, molests, or destroys any property of the United States on any such lands or waters, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §145 and §§676, 682, 683, 685, 688, 689b, 692a, and 694a of title 16, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Conservation (Jan. 24, 1905, ch. 137, §2, 33 Stat. 614; June 29, 1906, ch. 3593, §2, 34 Stat. 607; Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §84, 35 Stat. 1104; Aug. 11, 1916, ch. 313, 39 Stat. 476; June 5, 1920, ch. 247, §2, 41 Stat. 986; Apr. 15, 1924, ch. 108, 43 Stat. 98; Feb. 28, 1925, ch. 376, 43 Stat. 1091; July 3, 1926, ch. 744, §6, 44 Stat. 821; July 3, 1926, ch. 776, §3, 44 Stat. 889; June 28, 1930, ch. 709, §2, 46 Stat. 828; Mar. 10, 1934, ch. 54, §2, 48 Stat. 400; Reorg. Plan No. II, §4 (f), 4 F. R. 2731, 53 Stat. 1433). This revised section condenses, consolidates, and simplifies similar provisions of sections 676, 682, 683, 685, 688, 689b, 692a, and 694a of title 16, U. S. C., 1940 ed., with section 145 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., with such changes of phraseology as make clear the intent of Congress to protect all wildlife within Federal sanctuaries, refuges, fish hatcheries, and breeding grounds. Irrelevant provisions of such sections in title 16 are to be retained in that title. Because of the general nature of this consolidated section, no specific reference is made to rules and regulations issued by the Secretary of the Interior or any other personage, but only to rules and regulations “promulgated by authority of law”. The punishment provided by the sections consolidated varied from a fine not exceeding $100 or imprisonment not exceeding 6 months, or both, in section 694a of title 16, U. S. C., 1940 ed., to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or imprisonment not exceeding 1 year, or both, in sections 676, 685, and 688 of such title 16. The revised section adopts the punishment provisions of the other five sections. The references to “misdemeanor” in sections 676, 685, 688, 689b, 692a, and 694a of title 16, U. S. C., 1940 ed., were omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of “misdemeanor” in section 1 of this title, and also to conform with policy followed by codifiers of the 1909 Criminal Code, as stated in Senate Report 10, part 1, pages 12, 13, 14, Sixtieth Congress, first session, to accompany S. 2982. Words “upon conviction”, contained in sections 676, 685, 688, 689b, 692a, and 694a of title 16, U. S. C., 1940 ed., were omitted as surplusage, because punishment can be imposed only after conviction. Words “in any United States court of competent jurisdiction”, in sections 676, 685, and 688 of title 16, U. S. C., 1940 ed., words “in any United States court”, in sections 689b, 692a, and 694a of such title 16, and words “in the discretion of the court”, in said sections 676, 685, 688, and 689b, were likewise omitted as surplusage. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $500”.§42. Importation or shipment of injurious mammals, birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibia, and reptiles; permits, specimens for museums; regulations (a) (1) The importation into the United States, any territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any possession of the United States, or any shipment between the continental United States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any possession of the United States, of the mongoose of the species Herpestes auropunctatus; of the species of so-called “flying foxes” or fruit bats of the genus Pteropus; of the zebra mussel of the species Dreissena polymorpha; and such other species of wild mammals, wild birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibians, reptiles, brown tree snakes, or the offspring or eggs of any of the foregoing which the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe by regulation to be injurious to human beings, to the interests of agriculture, horticulture, forestry, or to wildlife or the wildlife resources of the United States, is hereby prohibited. All such prohibited mammals, birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibians, and reptiles, and the eggs or offspring therefrom, shall be promptly exported or destroyed at the expense of the importer or consignee. Nothing in this section shall be construed to repeal or modify any provision of the Public Health Service Act or Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Also, this section shall not authorize any action with respect to the importation of any plant pest as defined in the Federal Plant Pest Act, 1 insofar as such importation is subject to regulation under that Act. (2) As used in this subsection, the term “wild” relates to any creatures that, whether or not raised in captivity, normally are found in a wild state; and the terms “wildlife” and “wildlife resources” include those resources that comprise wild mammals, wild birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), and all other classes of wild creatures whatsoever, and all types of aquatic and land vegetation upon which such wildlife resources are dependent. (3) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Secretary of the Interior, when he finds that there has been a proper showing of responsibility and continued protection of the public interest and health, shall permit the importation for zoological, educational, medical, and scientific purposes of any mammals, birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibia, and reptiles, or the offspring or eggs thereof, where such importation would be prohibited otherwise by or pursuant to this Act, and this Act shall not restrict importations by Federal agencies for their own use. (4) Nothing in this subsection shall restrict the importation of dead natural-history specimens for museums or for scientific collections, or the importation of domesticated canaries, parrots (including all other species of psittacine birds), or such other cage birds as the Secretary of the Interior may designate. (5) The Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of the Interior shall enforce the provisions of this subsection, including any regulations issued hereunder, and, if requested by the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of the Treasury may require the furnishing of an appropriate bond when desirable to insure compliance with such provisions. (b) Whoever violates this section, or any regulation issued pursuant thereto, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. (c) The Secretary of the Interior within one hundred and eighty days of the enactment of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 shall prescribe such requirements and issue such permits as he may deem necessary for the transportation of wild animals and birds under humane and healthful conditions, and it shall be unlawful for any person, including any importer, knowingly to cause or permit any wild animal or bird to be transported to the United States, or any Territory or district thereof, under inhumane or unhealthful conditions or in violation of such re quirements. In any criminal prosecution for violation of this subsection and in any administrative proceeding for the suspension of the issuance of further permits— (1) the condition of any vessel or conveyance, or the enclosures in which wild animals or birds are confined therein, upon its arrival in the United States, or any Territory or district thereof, shall constitute relevant evidence in determining whether the provisions of this subsection have been violated; and (2) the presence in such vessel or conveyance at such time of a substantial ratio of dead, crippled, diseased, or starving wild animals or birds shall be deemed prima facie evidence of the violation of the provisions of this subsection. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 687; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, §2, 63 Stat. 89; Pub. L. 86–702, §1, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 Stat. 753; Pub. L. 97–79, §9 (d), Nov. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1079; Pub. L. 101–646, title I, §1208, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4772; Pub. L. 102–237, title X, §1013 (e), Dec. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 1901; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 104–332, §2 (h) (1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4091. )Historical and Revision Notes1948 Act Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§391, 394 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §§241, 244, 35 Stat. 1137, 1138; June 15, 1935, ch. 261, title II, §201, 49 Stat. 381; Reorg. Plan No. II, §4 (f), 4 F. R. 2731, 53 Stat. 1433). This section consolidates the provisions of sections 391 and 394 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., as subsections (a) and (b), respectively. In subsection (a) the words “Territory or District thereof” were omitted as unnecessary in view of the definition of the United States in section 5 of this title. In subsection (b) the words “upon conviction thereof”, were omitted as surplusage because punishment can only be imposed after conviction. The amount of the fine was reduced from $1,000 to $500, thus making the violation a petty offense as defined in section 1 of this title. (See also section 41 of this title which provides a similar punishment. )Minor verbal changes were also made.1949 Act This section [section 2] incorporates in section 42 of title 18, U. S. C., with slight changes in phraseology, the provisions of act of June 29, 1948 (ch. 716, 62 Stat. 1096), which became law subsequent to the enactment of the revision of title 18. References in Text The Public Health Service Act, referred to in subsec. (a) (1), is act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, 58 Stat. 682, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 6A (§201 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 201 of Title 42 and Tables. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in subsec. (a) (1), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 9 (§301 et seq.) of Title 21, Foods and Drugs. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of Title 21 and Tables. The Federal Plant Pest Act, referred to in subsec. (a) (1), is Pub. L. 85–36, title I, May 23, 1957, 71 Stat. 31, as amended, which was classified generally to chapter 7B (§150aa et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 106–224, title IV, §438 (a) (2), June 20, 2000, 114 Stat. 454. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. This Act, referred to in subsec. (a) (3), probably refers to Pub. L. 86–702, which amended this section and section 43 of this title. The enactment of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981, referred to in subsec. (c), means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 97–79, which was approved Nov. 16, 1981. Amendments1996—Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 104–332 made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101–646, §1208. See 1990 Amendment note below.1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $500”.1991—Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 102–237 inserted “brown tree snakes,” after “reptiles,” in first sentence.1990—Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 101–646, as amended by Pub. L. 104–332, inserted “of the zebra mussel of the species Dreissena polymorpha;” after “Pteropus;”.1981—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–79 substituted “Secretary of the Interior within one hundred and eighty days of the enactment of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981” for “Secretary of the Treasury”.1960—Pub. L. 86–702 substituted “Importation or shipment of injurious mammals, birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibia and reptiles; permits; specimens for museums; regulations” for “Importation of injurious animals and birds; permits; specimens for museums” in section catchline. Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 86–702 designated first sentence of subsec. (a) as par. (1), prohibited importation into the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or any possession of the United States and shipments between the continental United States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any possession of the United States, described the mongoose and flying foxes by their scientific names, extended the provisions prohibiting importation or shipment to include wild mammals, wild birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibians, reptiles, or their eggs or offspring, empowered the Secretary to prohibit importation or shipment if injurious to human beings, forestry, or to wildlife or wildlife resources, required prompt exportation or destruction at the expense of the importer or consignee, provided that this section shall not be construed to repeal or modify any provision of the Public Health Service Act or Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and that it shall not authorize any action with respect to the importation of plant pests, and deleted provisions which required destruction of prohibited birds and animals or their return at the expense of the owner, and which prohibited the importation of the English sparrow and the starling. Subsec. (a) (2), (3). Pub. L. 86–702 added pars. (2) and (3). Subsec. (a) (4). Pub. L. 86–702 designated second sentence of subsec. (a) as par. (4), limited importation of natural-history specimens to dead ones, and included all species of psittacine birds. Subsec. (a) (5). Pub. L. 86–702 designated third sentence of subsec. (a) as par. (5), authorized enforcement by the Secretary of the Interior, and permitted the Secretary of the Treasury, if requested by the Secretary of the Interior, to require the furnishing of a bond. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86–702 included violations of regulations.1949—Subsec. (a). Act May 24, 1949, made section applicable to any Territory or district thereof as well as to the United States, and changed phraseology. Subsec. (b). Act May 24, 1949, reenacted subsec. (b) without change. Subsec. (c). Act May 24, 1949, added subsec. (c). Invasive Species For provisions relating to restrictions on the introduction of invasive species into natural ecosystems of the United States, see Ex. Ord. No. 13112, Feb. 3, 1999, 64 F. R. 6183, set out as a note under section 4321 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.1 See References in Text note below.§43. Force, violence, and threats involving animal enterprises (a) Offense .—Whoever travels in interstate or foreign commerce, or uses or causes to be used the mail or any facility of interstate or foreign commerce— (1) for the purpose of damaging or interfering with the operations of an animal enterprise; and (2) in connection with such purpose— (A) intentionally damages or causes the loss of any real or personal property (including animals or records) used by an animal enterprise, or any real or personal property of a person or entity having a connection to, relationship with, or transactions with an animal enterprise; (B) intentionally places a person in reasonable fear of the death of, or serious bodily injury to that person, a member of the immediate family (as defined in section 115) of that person, or a spouse or intimate partner of that person by a course of conduct involving threats, acts of vandalism, property damage, criminal trespass, harassment, or intimidation; or (C) conspires or attempts to do so;shall be punished as provided for in subsection (b). (b) Penalties .—The punishment for a violation of section 1 (a) or an attempt or conspiracy to violate subsection (a) shall be— (1) a fine under this title or imprisonment not 2 more than 1 year, or both, if the offense does not instill in another the reasonable fear of serious bodily injury or death and— (A) the offense results in no economic damage or bodily injury; or (B) the offense results in economic damage that does not exceed $10,000; (2) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, if no bodily injury occurs and— (A) the offense results in economic damage exceeding $10,000 but not exceeding $100,000; or (B) the offense instills in another the reasonable fear of serious bodily injury or death; (3) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or both, if— (A) the offense results in economic damage exceeding $100,000; or (B) the offense results in substantial bodily injury to another individual; (4) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both, if— (A) the offense results in serious bodily injury to another individual; or (B) the offense results in economic damage exceeding $1,000,000; and (5) imprisonment for life or for any terms of years, a fine under this title, or both, if the offense results in death of another individual. (c) Restitution .—An order of restitution under section 3663 or 3663A of this title with respect to a violation of this section may also include restitution— (1) for the reasonable cost of repeating any experimentation that was interrupted or invalidated as a result of the offense; (2) for the loss of food production or farm income reasonably attributable to the offense; and (3) for any other economic damage, including any losses or costs caused by economic disruption, resulting from the offense. (d) Definitions .—As used in this section— (1) the term “animal enterprise” means— (A) a commercial or academic enterprise that uses or sells animals or animal products for profit, food or fiber production, agriculture, education, research, or testing; (B) a zoo, aquarium, animal shelter, pet store, breeder, furrier, circus, or rodeo, or other lawful competitive animal event; or (C) any fair or similar event intended to advance agricultural arts and sciences; (2) the term “course of conduct” means a pattern of conduct composed of 2 or more acts, evidencing a continuity of purpose; (3) the term “economic damage”— (A) means the replacement costs of lost or damaged property or records, the costs of repeating an interrupted or invalidated experiment, the loss of profits, or increased costs, including losses and increased costs resulting from threats, acts or vandalism, property damage, trespass, harassment, or intimidation taken against a person or entity on account of that person's or entity's connection to, relationship with, or transactions with the animal enterprise; but (B) does not include any lawful economic disruption (including a lawful boycott) that results from lawful public, governmental, or business reaction to the disclosure of information about an animal enterprise; (4) the term “serious bodily injury” means— (A) injury posing a substantial risk of death; (B) extreme physical pain; (C) protracted and obvious disfigurement; or (D) protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty; and (5) the term “substantial bodily injury” means— (A) deep cuts and serious burns or abrasions; (B) short-term or nonobvious disfigurement; (C) fractured or dislocated bones, or torn members of the body; (D) significant physical pain; (E) illness; (F) short-term loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty; or (G) any other significant injury to the body. (e) Rules of Construction .—Nothing in this section shall be construed— (1) to prohibit any expressive conduct (including peaceful picketing or other peaceful demonstration) protected from legal prohibition by the First Amendment to the Constitution; (2) to create new remedies for interference with activities protected by the free speech or free exercise clauses of the First Amendment to the Constitution, regardless of the point of view expressed, or to limit any existing legal remedies for such interference; or (3) to provide exclusive criminal penalties or civil remedies with respect to the conduct prohibited by this action, or to preempt State or local laws that may provide such penalties or remedies. (Added Pub. L. 102–346, §2 (a), Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 928; amended Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §601 (r) (3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3502; Pub. L. 107–188, title III, §336, June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 681; Pub. L. 109–374, §2 (a), Nov. 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 2652. )Prior Provisions A prior section 43, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 687; Sept. 2, 1960, Pub. L. 86–702, §2, 74 Stat. 754; Dec. 5, 1969, Pub. L. 91–135, §7 (a), 83 Stat. 279, related to transportation of wildlife taken in violation of State, national, or foreign law, the receipt of such wildlife, and the making of false records in relation thereto, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97–79, §9 (b) (2), Nov. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1079. See section 3372 (a) of Title 16, Conservation. Amendments2006—Pub. L. 109–374 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting provisions relating to force, violence, and threats involving animal enterprises for provisions relating to animal enterprise terrorism.2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–188, §336 (a), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally, deleting par. (2) reference to intentionally stealing and to requirement that economic damage exceed $10,000, and in concluding provisions substituting reference to punishment under subsec. (b) for reference to fine or imprisonment of not more than one year. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–188, §336 (b), amended subsec. (b) generally, substituting “Penalties” for “Aggravated Offense” in heading and list of penalties for property damage, personal injury and death for reference to serious bodily injury and death in text. Subsec. (c) (3). Pub. L. 107–188, §336 (c), added par. (3).1996—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–294 inserted “or 3663A” after “section 3663” in introductory provisions. Short Title Section 1 of Pub. L. 102–346 provided that: “This Act [enacting this section and provisions set out below] may be cited as the ‘Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992’.”Study of Effect of Terrorism on Certain Animal Enterprises Section 3 of Pub. L. 102–346 directed Attorney General and Secretary of Agriculture to jointly conduct a study on extent and effects of domestic and international terrorism on enterprises using animals for food or fiber production, agriculture, research, or testing, and, not later than 1 year after Aug. 26, 1992, submit a report that describes the results of the study together with any appropriate recommendations and legislation to Congress.1 So in original. Probably should be “subsection”.2 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “for”. [§44. Repealed. Pub. L. 97–79, §9 (b) (2), Nov. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1079]Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 687; Dec. 5, 1969, Pub. L. 91–135, §8, 83 Stat. 281, related to marking of packages or containers used in the shipment of fish and wildlife. See section 3372 (b) of Title 16, Conservation. [§45. Repealed. Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, §1206 (a), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4832]Section, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 688, related to penalties for capturing or killing carrier pigeons.§46. Transportation of water hyacinths (a) Whoever knowingly delivers or receives for transportation, or transports, in interstate commerce, alligator grass (alternanthera philoxeroides), or water chestnut plants (trapa natans) or water hyacinth plants (eichhornia crassipes) or the seeds of such grass or plants; or (b) Whoever knowingly sells, purchases, barters, exchanges, gives, or receives any grass, plant, or seed which has been transported in violation of subsection (a); or (c) Whoever knowingly delivers or receives for transportation, or transports, in interstate commerce, an advertisement, to sell, purchase, barter, exchange, give, or receive alligator grass or water chestnut plants or water hyacinth plants or the seeds of such grass or plants—Shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. (Added Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 825, §1, 70 Stat. 797; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $500”.§47. Use of aircraft or motor vehicles to hunt certain wild horses or burros; pollution of watering holes (a) Whoever uses an aircraft or a motor vehicle to hunt, for the purpose of capturing or killing, any wild unbranded horse, mare, colt, or burro running at large on any of the public land or ranges shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. (b) Whoever pollutes or causes the pollution of any watering hole on any of the public land or ranges for the purpose of trapping, killing, wounding, or maiming any of the animals referred to in subsection (a) of this section shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. (c) As used in subsection (a) of this section— (1) The term “aircraft” means any contrivance used for flight in the air; and (2) The term “motor vehicle” includes an automobile, automobile truck, automobile wagon, motorcycle, or any other self-propelled vehicle designed for running on land. (Added Pub. L. 86–234, §1 (a), Sept. 8, 1959, 73 Stat. 470; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)Amendments1994—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $500”.§48. Depiction of animal cruelty (a) Creation, Sale, or Possession .—Whoever knowingly creates, sells, or possesses a depic tion of animal cruelty with the intention of placing that depiction in interstate or foreign commerce for commercial gain, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (b) Exception .—Subsection (a) does not apply to any depiction that has serious religious, political, scientific, educational, journalistic, historical, or artistic value. (c) Definitions .—In this section— (1) the term “depiction of animal cruelty” means any visual or auditory depiction, including any photograph, motion-picture film, video recording, electronic image, or sound recording of conduct in which a living animal is intentionally maimed, mutilated, tortured, wounded, or killed, if such conduct is illegal under Federal law or the law of the State in which the creation, sale, or possession takes place, regardless of whether the maiming, mutilation, torture, wounding, or killing took place in the State; and (2) the term “State” means each of the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States. (Added Pub. L. 106–152, §1 (a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1732.)§49. Enforcement of animal fighting prohibitions Whoever violates subsection (a), (b), (c), or (e) of section 26 of the Animal Welfare Act shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, for each violation. (Added Pub. L. 110–22, §2 (a), May 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 88; amended Pub. L. 110–234, title XIV, §14207 (b), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1462; Pub. L. 110–246, §4 (a), title XIV, §14207 (b), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 2224. )References in Text Section 26 (a)– (c), (e) of the Animal Welfare Act, referred to in text, is section 2156 (a)– (c), (e) of Title 7, Agriculture. Codification Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 made identical amendments to this section. The amendments by Pub. L. 110–234 were repealed by section 4 (a) of Pub. L. 110–246. Amendments2008—Pub. L. 110–246, §14207 (b), substituted “5 years” for “3 years”. Effective Date of 2008 Amendment Amendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture. CHAPTER 5—ARSONSec.81. Arson within special maritime and territorial jurisdiction.§81. Arson within special maritime and territorial jurisdiction Whoever, within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, willfully and maliciously sets fire to or burns any building, structure or vessel, any machinery or building materials or supplies, military or naval stores, munitions of war, or any structural aids or appliances for navigation or shipping, or attempts or conspires to do such an act, shall be imprisoned for not more than 25 years, fined the greater of the fine under this title or the cost of repairing or replacing any property that is damaged or destroyed, or both. If the building be a dwelling or if the life of any person be placed in jeopardy, he shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 688; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (H), (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, §708 (b), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1296; Pub. L. 107–56, title VIII, §§810 (a), 811 (a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 380, 381. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§464, 465 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §§285, 286, 35 Stat. 1144). Sections were consolidated and rewritten both as to form and substance and that part of each section relating to destruction of property by means other than burning constitutes section 1363 of this title. The words “within the maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States” were added to preserve existing limitations of territorial applicability. (See section 7 of this title and note thereunder. )The phrase “any building, structure, or vessel, any machinery or building materials and supplies, military or naval stores, munitions of war or any structural aids or appliances for navigation or shipping” was substituted for “any dwelling house, or any store, barn, stable, or other building, parcel of a dwelling house”, in section 464 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., and “any arsenal, armory, magazine, rope walk, ship house, warehouse, blockhouse, or barrack, or any storehouse, barn or stable, not parcel of a dwelling house, or any other building not mentioned in the section last preceding, or any vessel, built, building, or undergoing repair, or any lighthouse, or beacon, or any machinery, timber, cables, rigging, or other materials or appliances for building, repairing or fitting out vessels, or any pile of wood, boards, or other lumber, or any military, naval or victualing stores, arms, or other munitions of war”, in section 465 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed. The substituted phrase is a concise and comprehensive description of the things enumerated in both sections. The punishment provisions are new and are graduated with some regard to the gravity of the offense. It was felt that a possible punishment of 20 years for burning a wood pile or injuring or destroying an outbuilding was disproportionate and not in harmony with recent legislation. Amendments2001—Pub. L. 107–56, in first par., struck out “, or attempts to set fire to or burn” after “maliciously sets fire to or burns” and inserted “or attempts or conspires to do such an act,” before “shall be imprisoned” and, in second par., substituted “for any term of years or for life” for “not more than twenty years”.1996—Pub. L. 104–132, in first par., substituted “imprisoned for not more than 25 years, fined the greater of the fine under this title or the cost of repairing or replacing any property that is damaged or destroyed, or both” for “fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both”.1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $1,000” in first par. and for “fined not more than $5,000” in second par. CHAPTER 7—ASSAULTSec.111. Assaulting, resisting, or impeding certain officers or employees.112. Protection of foreign officials, official guests, and internationally protected persons.113. Assaults within maritime and territorial jurisdiction.114. Maiming within maritime and territorial jurisdiction.115. Influencing, impeding, or retaliating against a Federal official by threatening or injuring a family member.116. Female genital mutilation.117. Domestic assault by an habitual offender. 1118. Interference with certain protective functions.119. Protection of individuals performing certain official duties. Amendments2008—Pub. L. 110–177, title II, §202 (b), Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2537, added item 119.2007—Pub. L. 109–472, §4 (b), Jan. 11, 2007, 120 Stat. 3555, added item 118.1996—Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title VI, §645 (b) (2), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–709, added item 116.1984—Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1008 (b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2140, added item 115.1976—Pub. L. 94–467, §6, Oct. 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 2000, substituted “official guests, and internationally protected persons” for “and official guests” in item 112.1972—Pub. L. 92–539, title III, §302, Oct. 24, 1972, 86 Stat. 1073, substituted “Protection of foreign officials and official guests” for “Assaulting certain foreign diplomatic and other official personnel” in item 112.1964—Pub. L. 88–493, §2, Aug. 27, 1964, 78 Stat. 610, substituted “certain foreign diplomatic and other official personnel” for “public minister” in item 112.1 Editorially supplied. Section 117 added by Pub. L. 109–162 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.§111. Assaulting, resisting, or impeding certain officers or employees (a) In General .—Whoever— (1) forcibly assaults, resists, opposes, impedes, intimidates, or interferes with any person designated in section 1114 of this title while engaged in or on account of the performance of official duties; or (2) forcibly assaults or intimidates any person who formerly served as a person designated in section 1114 on account of the performance of official duties during such person's term of service,shall, where the acts in violation of this section constitute only simple assault, be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both, and where such acts involve physical contact with the victim of that assault or the intent to commit another felony, be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 8 years, or both. (b) Enhanced Penalty .—Whoever, in the commission of any acts described in subsection (a), uses a deadly or dangerous weapon (including a weapon intended to cause death or danger but that fails to do so by reason of a defective component) or inflicts bodily injury, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 688; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, §6487 (a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4386; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXII, §320101 (a), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2108; Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, §727 (c), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1302; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title I, §11008 (b), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1818; Pub. L. 110–177, title II, §208 (b), Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2538. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§118, 254 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §62, 35 Stat. 1100; May 18, 1934, ch. 299, §2, 48 Stat. 781). This section consolidates sections 118 and 254 with changes in phraseology and substance necessary to effect the consolidation. Also the words “Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture” appearing in section 118 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., were inserted in enumeration of Federal officers and employees in section 1114 of this title. The punishment provision of section 254 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., was adopted as the latest expression of Congressional intent. This consolidation eliminates a serious incongruity in punishment and application. Amendments2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–177 substituted “where such acts involve physical contact with the victim of that assault or the intent to commit another felony” for “in all other cases” in concluding provisions.2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–273, §11008 (b) (1), substituted “8” for “three” in concluding provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–273, §11008 (b) (2), substituted “20” for “ten”.1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–132 inserted “ (including a weapon intended to cause death or danger but that fails to do so by reason of a defective component)” after “deadly or dangerous weapon”.1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322, §320101 (a) (1), inserted “, where the acts in violation of this section constitute only simple assault, be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both, and in all other cases,” after “shall” in concluding provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322, §320101 (a) (2), inserted “or inflicts bodily injury” after “weapon”.1988—Pub. L. 100–690 amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:“Whoever forcibly assaults, resists, opposes, impedes, intimidates, or interferes with any person designated in section 1114 of this title while engaged in or on account of the performance of his official duties, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than three years, or both.“Whoever, in the commission of any such acts uses a deadly or dangerous weapon, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.”Short Title of 2002 Amendment Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title I, §11008 (a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1818, provided that: “This section [amending this section, sections 115 and 876 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Federal Judiciary Protection Act of 2002’.”§112. Protection of foreign officials, official guests, and internationally protected persons (a) Whoever assaults, strikes, wounds, imprisons, or offers violence to a foreign official, official guest, or internationally protected person or makes any other violent attack upon the person or liberty of such person, or, if likely to en danger his person or liberty, makes a violent attack upon his official premises, private accommodation, or means of transport or attempts to commit any of the foregoing shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. Whoever in the commission of any such act uses a deadly or dangerous weapon, or inflicts bodily injury, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both. (b) Whoever willfully— (1) intimidates, coerces, threatens, or harasses a foreign official or an official guest or obstructs a foreign official in the performance of his duties; (2) attempts to intimidate, coerce, threaten, or harass a foreign official or an official guest or obstruct a foreign official in the performance of his duties; or (3) within the United States and within one hundred feet of any building or premises in whole or in part owned, used, or occupied for official business or for diplomatic, consular, or residential purposes by— (A) a foreign government, including such use as a mission to an international organization; (B) an international organization; (C) a foreign official; or (D) an official guest;congregates with two or more other persons with intent to violate any other provision of this section;shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. (c) For the purpose of this section “foreign government”, “foreign official”, “internationally protected person”, “international organization”, “national of the United States”, and “official guest” shall have the same meanings as those provided in section 1116 (b) of this title. (d) Nothing contained in this section shall be construed or applied so as to abridge the exercise of rights guaranteed under the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States. (e) If the victim of an offense under subsection (a) is an internationally protected person outside the United States, the United States may exercise jurisdiction over the offense if (1) the victim is a representative, officer, employee, or agent of the United States, (2) an offender is a national of the United States, or (3) an offender is afterwards found in the United States. As used in this subsection, the United States includes all areas under the jurisdiction of the United States including any of the places within the provisions of sections 5 and 7 of this title and section 46501 (2) of title 49. (f) In the course of enforcement of subsection (a) and any other sections prohibiting a conspiracy or attempt to violate subsection (a), the Attorney General may request assistance from any Federal, State, or local agency, including the Army, Navy, and Air Force, any statute, rule, or regulation to the contrary, notwithstanding. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 688; Pub. L. 88–493, §1, Aug. 27, 1964, 78 Stat. 610; Pub. L. 92–539, title III, §301, Oct. 24, 1972, 86 Stat. 1072; Pub. L. 94–467, §5, Oct. 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 1999; Pub. L. 95–163, §17 (b) (1), Nov. 9, 1977, 91 Stat. 1286; Pub. L. 95–504, §2 (b), Oct. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 1705; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, §6478, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4381; Pub. L. 103–272, §5 (e) (2), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1373; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXII, §320101 (b), title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2108, 2147; Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, §721 (d), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §604 (b) (12) (A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3507. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 255 of title 22, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Foreign Relations and Intercourse (R. S. §4062). Punishment provision was rewritten to make it more definite by substituting a maximum of $5,000 in lieu of the words “fined at the discretion of the court.” As thus revised this provision conforms with the first punishment provision of section 111 of this title. So, also, the greater punishment provided by the second paragraph of section 111 was added to this section for offenses involving the use of dangerous weapons. Amendments1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–294 repealed Pub. L. 103–322, §320101 (b) (1). See 1994 Amendment note below. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–132, §721 (d) (1), inserted “ ‘national of the United States’,” before “and ‘official guest’ ”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–132, §721 (d) (2), inserted first sentence and struck out former first sentence which read as follows: “If the victim of an offense under subsection (a) is an internationally protected person, the United States may exercise jurisdiction over the offense if the alleged offender is present within the United States, irrespective of the place where the offense was committed or the nationality of the victim or the alleged offender.”1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (K), substituted “under this title” for “not more than $5,000” before “or imprisoned not more than three years”. Pub. L. 103–322, §320101 (b) (2), (3), inserted “, or inflicts bodily injury,” after “weapon” and substituted “under this title” for “not more than $10,000” before “or imprisoned not more than ten years”. Pub. L. 103–322, §320101 (b) (1), which provided for amendment identical to Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (K), above, was repealed by Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (12) (A). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (G), in concluding provisions, substituted “under this title” for “not more than $500”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–272 substituted “section 46501 (2) of title 49” for “section 101 (38) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended (49 U. S. C. 1301 (38))”.1988—Subsec. (b) (3). Pub. L. 100–690 struck out “but outside the District of Columbia” after “United States”.1978—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–504 substituted reference to section 101 (38) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 for reference to section 101 (35) of such Act.1977—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–163 substituted reference to section 101 (35) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 for reference to section 101 (34) of such Act.1976—Pub. L. 94–467 substituted “official guests, and internationally protected persons” for “and official guests” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–467 substituted “official guest, or internationally protected person” for “or official guest” and inserted provision including any other violent attack on the person or the liberty of such official, guest, or protected person, his official premises, private accommodation, or means of transport, or any attempt thereof, as acts subject to fine or imprisonment. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–467 restructured subsec. (b) and added pars. (2) and (3). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–467 redesignated subsec. (d) as (c), inserted “internationally protected persons”, and struck out reference to section 1116 (c) of this title. Former subsec. (c), which related to punishment for in timidating or harassing demonstrations against foreign officials or any combination of two or more persons for such purposes, within one hundred feet of any buildings or premises owned by a foreign government located within the United States but outside the District of Columbia, was struck out. Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 94–467 added subsecs. (e) and (f) and redesignated former subsecs. (d) and (e) as (c) and (d), respectively.1972—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–539 substituted “Protection of foreign officials and official guests” for “Assaulting certain foreign diplomatic and other official personnel” in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), and substituted “a foreign official or official guest” for “the person of a head of foreign state or foreign government, foreign minister, ambassador or other public minister” and “act” for “acts”. Subsecs. (b) to (e). Pub. L. 92–539 added subsecs. (b) to (e).1964—Pub. L. 88–493 included heads of foreign states or governments and foreign ministers. Effective Date of 1996 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 104–294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604 (d) of Pub. L. 104–294, set out as a note under section 13 of this title. Short Title of 1976 Amendment Section 1 of Pub. L. 94–467 provided: “That this Act [enacting section 878 of this title, amending this section and sections 11, 970, 1116, and 1201 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Act for the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons’.”Short Title of 1972 Amendment Section 1 of Pub. L. 92–539 provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 970, 1116, and 1117 of this title, amending this section and section 1201 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Act for the Protection of Foreign Officials and Official Guests of the United States’.”State and Local Laws Not Superseded Section 10 of Pub. L. 94–467 provided that: “Nothing contained in this Act [see Short Title of 1976 Amendment note above] shall be construed to indicate an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the field in which its provisions operate to the exclusion of the laws of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia, on the same subject matter, nor to relieve any person of any obligation imposed by any law of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia, including the obligation of all persons having official law enforcement powers to take appropriate action, such as effecting arrests, for Federal as well as non-Federal violations.”Congressional Findings and Declaration of Policy Section 2 of Pub. L. 92–539 provided that:“The Congress recognizes that from the beginning of our history as a nation, the police power to investigate, prosecute, and punish common crimes such as murder, kidnaping, and assault has resided in the several States, and that such power should remain with the States.“The Congress finds, however, that harassment, intimidation, obstruction, coercion, and acts of violence committed against foreign officials or their family members in the United States or against official guests of the United States adversely affect the foreign relations of the United States.“Accordingly, this legislation is intended to afford the United States jurisdiction concurrent with that of the several States to proceed against those who by such acts interfere with its conduct of foreign affairs.”Federal Preemption Section 3 of Pub. L. 92–539 provided that: “Nothing contained in this Act [see Short Title of 1972 Amendment note above] shall be construed to indicate an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the field in which its provisions operate to the exclusion of the laws of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia on the same subject matter, nor to relieve any person of any obligation imposed by any law of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia.”Immunity From Criminal Prosecution Section 5 of Pub. L. 88–493 provided that: “Nothing contained in this Act [amending this section and section 1114 of this title, and enacting section 170e–1 of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees] shall create immunity from criminal prosecution under any laws in any State, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia.”§113. Assaults within maritime and territorial jurisdiction (a) Whoever, within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, is guilty of an assault shall be punished as follows: (1) Assault with intent to commit murder, by imprisonment for not more than twenty years. (2) Assault with intent to commit any felony, except murder or a felony under chapter 109A, by a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or both. (3) Assault with a dangerous weapon, with intent to do bodily harm, and without just cause or excuse, by a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or both. (4) Assault by striking, beating, or wounding, by a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than six months, or both. (5) Simple assault, by a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than six months, or both, or if the victim of the assault is an individual who has not attained the age of 16 years, by fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or both. (6) Assault resulting in serious bodily injury, by a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or both. (7) Assault resulting in substantial bodily injury to an individual who has not attained the age of 16 years, by fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both. (b) As used in this subsection— (1) the term “substantial bodily injury” means bodily injury which involves— (A) a temporary but substantial disfigurement; or (B) a temporary but substantial loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member, organ, or mental faculty; and (2) the term “serious bodily injury” has the meaning given that term in section 1365 of this title. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 689; Pub. L. 94–297, §3, May 29, 1976, 90 Stat. 585; Pub. L. 99–646, §87 (c) (2), (3), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3623; Pub. L. 99–654, §3 (a) (2), (3), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3663; Pub. L. 103–322, title XVII, §170201 (a)– (d), title XXXII, §320101 (c), title XXXIII, §330016 (2) (B), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2042, 2043, 2108, 2148; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §604 (b) (7), (12) (B), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3507. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §455 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §276, 35 Stat. 1143). Opening paragraph was added to preserve the jurisdictional limitation provided for by section 451 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., now section 7 of this title. (See reviser's note thereunder. )Phraseology was simplified. Amendments1996—Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (12) (B), repealed Pub. L. 103–322, §320101 (c) (1) (A), (2) (A). See 1994 Amendment note below. Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (7), repealed Pub. L. 103–322, §170201 (c) (1)– (3). See 1994 Amendment note below.1994—Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (2) (B), substituted “a fine under this title” for “fine of not more than” through the immediately following dollar amount wherever appearing. Pub. L. 103–322, §320101 (c), as amended by Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (12) (B), which directed the amendment of subsec. (c) by substituting “ten years” for “five years” and the amendment of subsec. (e) by substituting “six months” for “three months”, were executed by making the substitutions in subsecs. (a) (3) and (a) (5), respectively, to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the redesignation of subsecs. (c) and (e) as subsecs. (a) (3) and (a) (5), respectively. See below. Pub. L. 103–322, §170201 (a)– (d), as amended by Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (7), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), redesignated former subsecs. (a) to (f) as pars. (1) to (6), respectively of subsec. (a) and realigned margins, inserted before period at end of par. (5) “, or if the victim of the assault is an individual who has not attained the age of 16 years, by fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or both”, and added subsecs. (a) (7) and (b).1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–646, §87 (c) (2), and Pub. L. 99–654, §3 (a) (2), amended subsec. (a) identically, striking out “or rape” after “murder”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–646, §87 (c) (3), and Pub. L. 99–654, §3 (a) (3), amended subsec. (b) identically, substituting “a felony under chapter 109A” for “rape”.1976—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–297 added subsec. (f). Effective Date of 1996 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 104–294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604 (d) of Pub. L. 104–294, set out as a note under section 13 of this title. Effective Date of 1986 Amendments Amendments by Pub. L. 99–646 and Pub. L. 99–654 effective respectively 30 days after Nov. 10, 1986, and 30 days after Nov. 14, 1986, see section 87 (e) of Pub. L. 99–646 and section 4 of Pub. L. 99–654, set out as an Effective Date note under section 2241 of this title.§114. Maiming within maritime and territorial jurisdiction Whoever, within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, and with intent to torture (as defined in section 2340), maim, or disfigure, cuts, bites, or slits the nose, ear, or lip, or cuts out or disables the tongue, or puts out or destroys an eye, or cuts off or disables a limb or any member of another person; or Whoever, within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, and with like intent, throws or pours upon another person, any scalding water, corrosive acid, or caustic substance—Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 689; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, §3, 63 Stat. 90; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1009A, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2141; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3507, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4922; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (O), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2148; Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, §705 (a) (1), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1295. )Historical and Revision Notes1948 Act Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §462 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §283, 35 Stat. 1144). The words “within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, and” were added to preserve jurisdictional limitation provided for by section 451 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., now section 7 of this title. (See reviser's note thereunder. )Changes in phraseology were made.1949 Act This section [section 3] corrects a typographical error in section 114 of title 18, U. S. C. Amendments1996—Pub. L. 104–132 substituted “torture (as defined in section 2340), maim, or disfigure” for “maim or disfigure”.1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $25,000”.1990—Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “or imprisoned” for “and imprisoned”.1984—Pub. L. 98–473 substituted “and imprisoned” for “or imprisoned” and provisions raising maximum fine from $1,000 to $25,000 and raising maximum term of imprisonment from seven years to twenty years.1949—Act May 24, 1949, corrected spelling of “maim”.§115. Influencing, impeding, or retaliating against a Federal official by threatening or injuring a family member (a) (1) Whoever— (A) assaults, kidnaps, or murders, or attempts or conspires to kidnap or murder, or threatens to assault, kidnap or murder a member of the immediate family of a United States official, a United States judge, a Federal law enforcement officer, or an official whose killing would be a crime under section 1114 of this title; or (B) threatens to assault, kidnap, or murder, a United States official, a United States judge, a Federal law enforcement officer, or an official whose killing would be a crime under such section,with intent to impede, intimidate, or interfere with such official, judge, or law enforcement officer while engaged in the performance of official duties, or with intent to retaliate against such official, judge, or law enforcement officer on account of the performance of official duties, shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). (2) Whoever assaults, kidnaps, or murders, or attempts or conspires to kidnap or murder, or threatens to assault, kidnap, or murder, any person who formerly served as a person designated in paragraph (1), or a member of the immediate family of any person who formerly served as a person designated in paragraph (1), with intent to retaliate against such person on account of the performance of official duties during the term of service of such person, shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). (b) (1) The punishment for an assault in violation of this section is— (A) a fine under this title; and (B) (i) if the assault consists of a simple assault, a term of imprisonment for not more than 1 year; (ii) if the assault involved physical contact with the victim of that assault or the intent to commit another felony, a term of imprisonment for not more than 10 years; (iii) if the assault resulted in bodily injury, a term of imprisonment for not more than 20 years; or (iv) if the assault resulted in serious bodily injury (as that term is defined in section 1365 of this title, and including any conduct that, if the conduct occurred in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, would violate section 2241 or 2242 of this title) or a dangerous weapon was used during and in relation to the offense, a term of imprisonment for not more than 30 years. (2) A kidnapping, attempted kidnapping, or conspiracy to kidnap in violation of this section shall be punished as provided in section 1201 of this title for the kidnapping or attempted kidnapping of, or a conspiracy to kidnap, a person described in section 1201 (a) (5) of this title. (3) A murder, attempted murder, or conspiracy to murder in violation of this section shall be punished as provided in sections 1111, 1113, and 1117 of this title. (4) A threat made in violation of this section shall be punished by a fine under this title or imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years, or both, except that imprisonment for a threatened assault shall not exceed 6 years. (c) As used in this section, the term— (1) “Federal law enforcement officer” means any officer, agent, or employee of the United States authorized by law or by a Government agency to engage in or supervise the prevention, detection, investigation, or prosecution of any violation of Federal criminal law; (2) “immediate family member” of an individual means— (A) his spouse, parent, brother or sister, child or person to whom he stands in loco parentis; or (B) any other person living in his household and related to him by blood or marriage; (3) “United States judge” means any judicial officer of the United States, and includes a justice of the Supreme Court and a United States magistrate judge; and (4) “United States official” means the President, President-elect, Vice President, Vice President-elect, a Member of Congress, a member-elect of Congress, a member of the executive branch who is the head of a department listed in 5 U. S. C. 101, or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. (d) This section shall not interfere with the investigative authority of the United States Secret Service, as provided under sections 3056, 871, and 879 of this title. (Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1008 (a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2140; amended Pub. L. 99–646, §§37 (a), 60, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3599, 3613; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, §6487 (f) [b], Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4386; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3508, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4922; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, §321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §§330016 (2) (C), 330021 (1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2148, 2150; Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, §§723 (a), 727 (b), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1300, 1302; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002 (b) (9), div. C, title I, §11008 (c), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, 1818; Pub. L. 110–177, title II, §208 (a), Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2538.)Amendments2008—Subsec. (b) (1). Pub. L. 110–177 added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: “An assault in violation of this section shall be punished as provided in section 111 of this title.”2002—Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 107–273, §4002 (b) (9), substituted “or attempted kidnapping of, or a conspiracy to kidnap, a person” for “, attempted kidnapping, or conspiracy to kidnap of a person”. Subsec. (b) (4). Pub. L. 107–273, §11008 (c), substituted “10” for “five” and “6” for “three”.1996—Subsec. (a) (1) (A). Pub. L. 104–132, §723 (a) (1), inserted “or conspires” after “attempts”. Subsec. (a) (2). Pub. L. 104–132, §727 (b) (1), which directed insertion of “, or threatens to assault, kidnap, or murder, any person who formerly served as a person designated in paragraph (1), or” after “assaults, kidnaps, or murders, or attempts to kidnap or murder”, was executed by making the substitution after “assaults, kidnaps, or murders, or attempts or conspires to kidnap or murder” to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the amendment by Pub. L. 104–132, §723 (a) (1). See below. Pub. L. 104–132, §723 (a) (1), inserted “or conspires” after “attempts”. Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 104–132, §723 (a) (2), substituted “, attempted kidnapping, or conspiracy to kidnap” for “or attempted kidnapping” in two places. Subsec. (b) (3). Pub. L. 104–132, §723 (a) (3), substituted “, attempted murder, or conspiracy to murder” and “, 1113, and 1117” for “or attempted murder” and “and 1113”, respectively. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–132, §727 (b) (2), added subsec. (d).1994—Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 103–322, §330021 (1), substituted “kidnapping” for “kidnaping” in two places. Subsec. (b) (4). Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (2) (C), substituted “fine under this title” for “fine of not more than $5,000”.1990—Subsec. (c) (4). Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “the Central” for “The Central”.1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–690 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: “Whoever assaults, kidnaps, or murders, or attempts to kidnap or murder, or threatens to assault, kidnap or murder a member of the immediate family of a United States official, a United States judge, a Federal law enforcement officer, or an official whose killing would be a crime under section 1114 of this title, or threatens to assault, kidnap, or murder, a United States official, a United States judge, a Federal law enforcement officer, or an official whose killing would be a crime under such section with intent to impede, intimidate, interfere with, or retaliate against such official, judge or law enforcement officer while engaged in or on account of the performance of official duties, shall be punished as provided in subsection (b).”1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–646, §60, substituted “section 1114 of this title, or threatens to assault, kidnap, or murder, a United States official, a United States judge, a Federal law enforcement officer, or an official whose killing would be a crime under such section” for “18 U. S. C. 1114, as amended,”, “while engaged” for “while he is engaged”, and “official duties” for “his official duties”. Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 99–646, §37 (a), inserted “for the kidnapping or attempted kidnapping of a person described in section 1201 (a) (5) of this title”. Change of Name Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081 (a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 401 of Title 50, War and National Defense.“United States magistrate judge” substituted for “United States magistrate” in subsec. (c) (3) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Transfer of Functions For transfer of the functions, personnel, assets, and obligations of the United States Secret Service, including the functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 381, 551 (d), 552 (d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.§116. Female genital mutilation (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), whoever knowingly circumcises, excises, or infibulates the whole or any part of the labia majora or labia minora or clitoris of another person who has not attained the age of 18 years shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (b) A surgical operation is not a violation of this section if the operation is— (1) necessary to the health of the person on whom it is performed, and is performed by a person licensed in the place of its performance as a medical practitioner; or (2) performed on a person in labor or who has just given birth and is performed for medical purposes connected with that labor or birth by a person licensed in the place it is performed as a medical practitioner, midwife, or person in training to become such a practitioner or midwife. (c) In applying subsection (b) (1), no account shall be taken of the effect on the person on whom the operation is to be performed of any belief on the part of that person, or any other person, that the operation is required as a matter of custom or ritual. (Added Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title VI, §645 (b) (1), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–709. )Effective Date Section 645 (c) of div. C of Pub. L. 104–208 provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (b) [enacting this section] shall take effect on the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 1996].”Congressional Findings Section 645 (a) of div. C of Pub. L. 104–208 provided that: “The Congress finds that—“ (1) the practice of female genital mutilation is carried out by members of certain cultural and religious groups within the United States;“ (2) the practice of female genital mutilation often results in the occurrence of physical and psychological health effects that harm the women involved;“ (3) such mutilation infringes upon the guarantees of rights secured by Federal and State law, both statutory and constitutional;“ (4) the unique circumstances surrounding the practice of female genital mutilation place it beyond the ability of any single State or local jurisdiction to control;“ (5) the practice of female genital mutilation can be prohibited without abridging the exercise of any rights guaranteed under the first amendment to the Constitution or under any other law; and“ (6) Congress has the affirmative power under section 8 of article I, the necessary and proper clause, section 5 of the fourteenth Amendment, as well as under the treaty clause, to the Constitution to enact such legislation.”§117. Domestic assault by an habitual offender (a) In General .—Any person who commits a domestic assault within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States or Indian country and who has a final conviction on at least 2 separate prior occasions in Federal, State, or Indian tribal court proceedings for offenses that would be, if subject to Federal jurisdiction— (1) any assault, sexual abuse, or serious violent felony against a spouse or intimate partner; or (2) an offense under chapter 110A,shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for a term of not more than 5 years, or both, except that if substantial bodily injury results from violation under this section, the offender shall be imprisoned for a term of not more than 10 years. (b) Domestic Assault Defined .—In this section, the term “domestic assault” means an assault committed by a current or former spouse, parent, child, or guardian of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, by a person who is cohabitating with or has cohabitated with the victim as a spouse, parent, child, or guardian, or by a person similarly situated to a spouse, parent, child, or guardian of the victim. (Added Pub. L. 109–162, title IX, §909, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3084.)§118. Interference with certain protective functions Any person who knowingly and willfully obstructs, resists, or interferes with a Federal law enforcement agent engaged, within the United States or the special maritime territorial jurisdiction of the United States, in the performance of the protective functions authorized under section 37 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U. S. C. 2709) or section 103 of the Diplomatic Security Act (22 U. S. C. 4802) shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both. (Added Pub. L. 109–472, §4 (a), Jan. 11, 2007, 120 Stat. 3555.)§119. Protection of individuals performing certain official duties (a) In General .—Whoever knowingly makes restricted personal information about a covered person, or a member of the immediate family of that covered person, publicly available— (1) with the intent to threaten, intimidate, or incite the commission of a crime of violence against that covered person, or a member of the immediate family of that covered person; or (2) with the intent and knowledge that the restricted personal information will be used to threaten, intimidate, or facilitate the commission of a crime of violence against that covered person, or a member of the immediate family of that covered person,shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (b) Definitions .—In this section— (1) the term “restricted personal information” means, with respect to an individual, the Social Security number, the home address, home phone number, mobile phone number, personal email, or home fax number of, and identifiable to, that individual; (2) the term “covered person” means— (A) an individual designated in section 1114; (B) a grand or petit juror, witness, or other officer in or of, any court of the United States, or an officer who may be, or was, serving at any examination or other proceeding before any United States magistrate judge or other committing magistrate; (C) an informant or witness in a Federal criminal investigation or prosecution; or (D) a State or local officer or employee whose restricted personal information is made publicly available because of the participation in, or assistance provided to, a Federal criminal investigation by that officer or employee; (3) the term “crime of violence” has the meaning given the term in section 16; and (4) the term “immediate family” has the meaning given the term in section 115 (c) (2). (Added Pub. L. 110–177, title II, §202 (a), Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2536. )CHAPTER 9—BANKRUPTCYSec.151. Definition.152. Concealment of assets; false oaths and claims; bribery.153. Embezzlement against estate.154. Adverse interest and conduct of officers.155. Fee agreements in cases under title 11 and receiverships.156. Knowing disregard of bankruptcy law or rule.157. Bankruptcy fraud.158. Designation of United States attorneys and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to address abusive reaffirmations of debt and materially fraudulent statements in bankruptcy schedules. Amendments2005—Pub. L. 109–8, title II, §203 (b) (2), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 49, added item 158.1994—Pub. L. 103–394, title III, §312 (a) (2), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4140, substituted “against estate” for “by trustee or officer” in item 153 and added items 156 and 157.1978—Pub. L. 95–598, title III, §314 (b) (2), (d) (3), (e) (3), (f) (3), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2677, substituted in item 151 “Definition” for “Definitions”; struck from item 153 “, receiver” after “trustee” and from item 154 “referees and other” before “officers”; and substituted in item 155 “cases under title 11 and receiverships” for “bankruptcy proceedings”.§151. Definition As used in this chapter, the term “debtor” means a debtor concerning whom a petition has been filed under title 11. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 689; Pub. L. 95–598, title III, §314 (b) (1), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2676; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330008 (5), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2143. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 52 (f) of title 11, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Bankruptcy (July 1, 1898, ch. 541, §29f as added June 22, 1938, ch. 575, §1, 52 Stat. 857). Definition of “bankruptcy” was added to avoid repetitious references to said title 11. Minor changes in phraseology was made. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “means” for “mean”.1978—Pub. L. 95–598 substituted “Definition” for “Definitions” in section catchline, substituted definition of “debtor” as a debtor concerning whom a petition has been filed under title 11 for definition of “bankrupt” as a debtor by or against whom a petition has been filed under title 11, and struck out definition of “bankruptcy” as including any proceeding, arrangement, or plan pursuant to title 11. Effective Date of 1978 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 95–598 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402 (a) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. Savings Provision Amendment by section 314 of Pub. L. 95–598 not to affect the application of chapter 9 (§151 et seq. ), chapter 96 (§1961 et seq. ), or section 2516, 3057, or 3284 of this title to any act of any person (1) committed before Oct. 1, 1979, or (2) committed after Oct. 1, 1979, in connection with a case commenced before such date, see section 403 (d) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as a note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.§152. Concealment of assets; false oaths and claims; bribery A person who— (1) knowingly and fraudulently conceals from a custodian, trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court charged with the control or custody of property, or, in connection with a case under title 11, from creditors or the United States Trustee, any property belonging to the estate of a debtor; (2) knowingly and fraudulently makes a false oath or account in or in relation to any case under title 11; (3) knowingly and fraudulently makes a false declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury as permitted under section 1746 of title 28, in or in relation to any case under title 11; (4) knowingly and fraudulently presents any false claim for proof against the estate of a debtor, or uses any such claim in any case under title 11, in a personal capacity or as or through an agent, proxy, or attorney; (5) knowingly and fraudulently receives any material amount of property from a debtor after the filing of a case under title 11, with intent to defeat the provisions of title 11; (6) knowingly and fraudulently gives, offers, receives, or attempts to obtain any money or property, remuneration, compensation, reward, advantage, or promise thereof for acting or forbearing to act in any case under title 11; (7) in a personal capacity or as an agent or officer of any person or corporation, in contemplation of a case under title 11 by or against the person or any other person or corporation, or with intent to defeat the provisions of title 11, knowingly and fraudulently transfers or conceals any of his property or the property of such other person or corporation; (8) after the filing of a case under title 11 or in contemplation thereof, knowingly and fraudulently conceals, destroys, mutilates, falsifies, or makes a false entry in any recorded information (including books, documents, records, and papers) relating to the property or financial affairs of a debtor; or (9) after the filing of a case under title 11, knowingly and fraudulently withholds from a custodian, trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court or a United States Trustee entitled to its possession, any recorded information (including books, documents, records, and papers) relating to the property or financial affairs of a debtor,shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 689; Pub. L. 86–519, §2, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 217; Pub. L. 86–701, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 Stat. 753; Pub. L. 94–550, §4, Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2535; Pub. L. 95–598, title III, §314 (a), (c), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2676, 2677; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7017, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4395; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 103–394, title III, §312 (a) (1) (A), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4138; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §601 (a) (1), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3497. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 52 (b) of title 11, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Bankruptcy (July 1, 1898, ch. 541, §29b, 30 Stat. 554; May 27, 1926, ch. 406, §11 (part), 44 Stat. 665; June 22, 1938, ch. 575, §1 (part), 52 Stat. 855). Section was broadened to apply to one who gives or offers a bribe. Minor changes were made in phraseology. Amendments1996—Pub. L. 104–294 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000” in closing provisions.1994—Pub. L. 103–394 amended section generally, designating undesignated pars. as opening provisions, pars. (1) to (9), and closing provisions, and in pars. (1) and (9) inserting reference to United States Trustee. Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000” in last par.1988—Pub. L. 100–690 substituted “penalty of perjury” for “penalty or perjury” in third par.1978—Pub. L. 95–598 substituted, wherever appearing, “debtor” for “bankrupt”, “case under title 11” for “bankruptcy proceeding”, and “provisions of title 11” for “bankruptcy law”; and substituted “a custodian” for “the receiver, custodian”, wherever appearing, and “recorded information, including books, documents, records, and papers, relating to the property or financial affairs” for “document affecting or relating to the property or affairs”, in two places.1976—Pub. L. 94–550 inserted paragraph covering the knowing and fraudulent making of a false declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury as permitted under section 1746 of title 28 or in relation to any bankruptcy proceeding.1960—Pub. L. 86–701 included fraudulent transfers and concealment of property by persons in their individual capacity in sixth par. Pub. L. 86–519 struck out “under oath” after “knowingly and fraudulently presents” in third par. Effective Date of 1994 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 103–394 effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103–394, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11. Effective Date of 1978 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 95–598 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402 (a) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. Savings Provision Amendment by section 314 of Pub. L. 95–598 not to affect the application of chapter 9 (§151 et seq. ), chapter 96 (§1961 et seq. ), or section 2516, 3057, or 3284 of this title to any act of any person (1) committed before Oct. 1, 1979, or (2) committed after Oct. 1, 1979, in connection with a case commenced before such date, see section 403 (d) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as a note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.§153. Embezzlement against estate (a) Offense .—A person described in subsection (b) who knowingly and fraudulently appropriates to the person's own use, embezzles, spends, or transfers any property or secretes or destroys any document belonging to the estate of a debtor shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (b) Person to Whom Section Applies .—A person described in this subsection is one who has access to property or documents belonging to an estate by virtue of the person's participation in the administration of the estate as a trustee, custodian, marshal, attorney, or other officer of the court or as an agent, employee, or other person engaged by such an officer to perform a service with respect to the estate. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 690; Pub. L. 95–598, title III, §314 (a) (1), (d) (1), (2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2676, 2677; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 103–394, title III, §312 (a) (1) (A), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4139; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §601 (a) (1), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3497. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 52 (a) of title 11, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Bankruptcy (July 1, 1898, ch. 541, §29a, 30 Stat. 554; May 27, 1926, ch. 406, §11 (part), 44 Stat. 665; June 22, 1938, ch. 575, §1 (part), 52 Stat. 855). Minor changes were made in phraseology. Amendments1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–294 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000”.1994—Pub. L. 103–394 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: “Whoever knowingly and fraudulently appropriates to his own use, embezzles, spends, or transfers any property or secretes or destroys any document belonging to the estate of a debtor which came into his charge as trustee, custodian, marshal, or other officer of the court, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.”Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000”.1978—Pub. L. 95–598 struck out “, receiver” after “trustee” in section catchline and in text struck out “receiver,” before “custodian” and substituted “debtor” for “bankrupt”. Effective Date of 1994 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 103–394 effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103–394, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11. Effective Date of 1978 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 95–598 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402 (a) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. Savings Provision Amendment by section 314 of Pub. L. 95–598 not to affect the application of chapter 9 (§151 et seq. ), chapter 96 (§1961 et seq. ), or section 2516, 3057, or 3284 of this title to any act of any person (1) committed before Oct. 1, 1979, or (2) committed after Oct. 1, 1979, in connection with a case commenced before such date, see section 403 (d) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as a note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.§154. Adverse interest and conduct of officers A person who, being a custodian, trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court— (1) knowingly purchases, directly or indirectly, any property of the estate of which the person is such an officer in a case under title 11; (2) knowingly refuses to permit a reasonable opportunity for the inspection by parties in interest of the documents and accounts relating to the affairs of estates in the person's charge by parties when directed by the court to do so; or (3) knowingly refuses to permit a reasonable opportunity for the inspection by the United States Trustee of the documents and accounts relating to the affairs of an estate in the person's charge,shall be fined under this title and shall forfeit the person's office, which shall thereupon become vacant. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 690; Pub. L. 95–598, title III, §314 (a) (2), (e) (1), (2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2676, 2677; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 103–394, title III, §312 (a) (1) (A), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4139; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §601 (a) (1), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3497. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 52 (c) of title 11, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Bankruptcy (July 1, 1898, ch. 541, §29c, 30 Stat. 554; June 22, 1938, ch. 575, §1 (part), 52 Stat. 856). Minor changes were made in phraseology. Amendments1996—Pub. L. 104–294 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000” in closing provisions.1994—Pub. L. 103–394 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows:“Whoever, being a custodian, trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court, knowingly purchases, directly or indirectly, any property of the estate of which he is such officer in a case under title 11; or“Whoever being such officer, knowingly refuses to permit a reasonable opportunity for the inspection of the documents and accounts relating to the affairs of estates in his charge by parties in interest when directed by the court to do so—“Shall be fined under this title, and shall forfeit his office, which shall thereupon become vacant.”Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $500” in third par.1978—Pub. L. 95–598 struck out “referees and other” before “officers” in section catchline, and in text struck out “Whoever knowingly acts as a referee in a case in which he is directly or indirectly interested; or” before “Whoever, being a” and “referee, receiver,” before “custodian” and substituted “case under title 11” for “bankruptcy proceeding”. Effective Date of 1994 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 103–394 effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103–394, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11. Effective Date of 1978 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 95–598 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402 (a) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. Savings Provision Amendment by section 314 of Pub. L. 95–598 not to affect the application of chapter 9 (§151 et seq. ), chapter 96 (§1961 et seq. ), or section 2516, 3057, or 3284 of this title to any act of any person (1) committed before Oct. 1, 1979, or (2) committed after Oct. 1, 1979, in connection with a case commenced before such date, see section 403 (d) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as a note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.§155. Fee agreements in cases under title 11 and receiverships Whoever, being a party in interest, whether as a debtor, creditor, receiver, trustee or representative of any of them, or attorney for any such party in interest, in any receivership or case under title 11 in any United States court or under its supervision, knowingly and fraudulently enters into any agreement, express or implied, with another such party in interest or attorney for another such party in interest, for the purpose of fixing the fees or other compensation to be paid to any party in interest or to any attorney for any party in interest for services rendered in connection therewith, from the assets of the estate, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 690; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, §4, 63 Stat. 90; Pub. L. 95–598, title III, §314 (f) (1), (2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2677; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes1948 Act Based on section 572a of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Judicial Code and Judiciary (Aug. 25, 1937, ch. 777, 50 Stat. 810. )Words “upon conviction” were deleted as surplusage since punishment can be imposed only after a conviction. A fine of “$5,000” was substituted for “$10,000” and “one year” for “five years”, to reduce the offense to the grade of a misdemeanor and the punishment to an amount and term proportionate to the gravity of the offense. Minor changes were made in phraseology.1949 Act This amendment [see section 4] clarifies section 155 of title 18, U. S. C., by restating the first paragraph thereof in closer conformity with the original law, as it existed at the time of the enactment of the revision of title 18. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000”.1978—Pub. L. 95–598 substituted “cases under title 11 and receiverships” for “bankruptcy proceedings” in section catchline and in text “or case under title 11” for “, bankruptcy or reorganization proceeding”, inserted “knowingly and fraudulently” after “supervision,”, and struck out penalty provision for a judge of a United States court to knowingly approve the payment of any fees or compensation that were fixed.1949—Act May 24, 1949, inserted references to attorneys for any party in interest in three places, and substituted “in any United States court or under its supervision” for “in or under the supervision of any court of the United States”. Effective Date of 1978 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 95–598 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402 (a) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. Savings Provision Amendment by section 314 of Pub. L. 95–598 not to affect the application of chapter 9 (§151 et seq. ), chapter 96 (§1961 et seq. ), or section 2516, 3057, or 3284 of this title to any act of any person (1) committed before Oct. 1, 1979, or (2) committed after Oct. 1, 1979, in connection with a case commenced before such date, see section 403 (d) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as a note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.§156. Knowing disregard of bankruptcy law or rule (a) Definitions .—In this section— (1) the term “bankruptcy petition preparer” means a person, other than the debtor's attorney or an employee of such an attorney, who prepares for compensation a document for filing; and (2) the term “document for filing” means a petition or any other document prepared for filing by a debtor in a United States bankruptcy court or a United States district court in connection with a case under title 11. (b) Offense .—If a bankruptcy case or related proceeding is dismissed because of a knowing attempt by a bankruptcy petition preparer in any manner to disregard the requirements of title 11, United States Code, or the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, the bankruptcy petition preparer shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both. (Added Pub. L. 103–394, title III, §312 (a) (1) (B), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4140; amended Pub. L. 109–8, title XII, §1220, Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 195. )References in Text The Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, referred to in subsec. (b), are set out in the Appendix to Title 11, Bankruptcy. Amendments2005—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–8, in first par., inserted “ (1) the term” before “ ‘bankruptcy petition preparer’ ” and substituted “; and” for period at end and, in second par., inserted “ (2) the term” before “ ‘document for filing’ ” and substituted “title 11” for “this title”. Effective Date of 2005 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11. Effective Date Section effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103–394, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 11.§157. Bankruptcy fraud A person who, having devised or intending to devise a scheme or artifice to defraud and for the purpose of executing or concealing such a scheme or artifice or attempting to do so— (1) files a petition under title 11, including a fraudulent involuntary bankruptcy petition under section 303 of such title; (2) files a document in a proceeding under title 11, including a fraudulent involuntary bankruptcy petition under section 303 of such title; or (3) makes a false or fraudulent representation, claim, or promise concerning or in relation to a proceeding under title 11, including a fraudulent involuntary bankruptcy petition under section 303 of such title, at any time before or after the filing of the petition, or in relation to a proceeding falsely asserted to be pending under such title,shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (Added Pub. L. 103–394, title III, §312 (a) (1) (B), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4140; amended Pub. L. 109–8, title III, §332 (c), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 103.)Amendments2005—Pars. (1) to (3). Pub. L. 109–8, which directed insertion of “, including a fraudulent involuntary bankruptcy petition under section 303 of such title” after “title 11”, was executed by making the insertion after “title 11” wherever appearing, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Effective Date of 2005 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11. Effective Date Section effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103–394, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 11.§158. Designation of United States attorneys and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to address abusive reaffirmations of debt and materially fraudulent statements in bankruptcy schedules (a) In General .—The Attorney General of the United States shall designate the individuals described in subsection (b) to have primary responsibility in carrying out enforcement activities in addressing violations of section 152 or 157 relating to abusive reaffirmations of debt. In addition to addressing the violations referred to in the preceding sentence, the individuals described under subsection (b) shall address violations of section 152 or 157 relating to materially fraudulent statements in bankruptcy schedules that are intentionally false or intentionally misleading. (b) United States Attorneys and Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation .—The individuals referred to in subsection (a) are— (1) the United States attorney for each judicial district of the United States; and (2) an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation for each field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. (c) Bankruptcy Investigations .—Each United States attorney designated under this section shall, in addition to any other responsibilities, have primary responsibility for carrying out the duties of a United States attorney under section 3057. (d) Bankruptcy Procedures .—The bankruptcy courts shall establish procedures for referring any case that may contain a materially fraudulent statement in a bankruptcy schedule to the individuals designated under this section. (Added Pub. L. 109–8, title II, §203 (b) (1), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 49. )Effective Date Section effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as an Effective Date of 2005 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 11. CHAPTER 10—BIOLOGICAL WEAPONSSec.175. Prohibitions with respect to biological weapons.175a. Requests for military assistance to enforce prohibition in certain emergencies.175b. Select agents; certain other agents. 1175c. Variola virus.176. Seizure, forfeiture, and destruction.177. Injunctions.178. Definitions. Amendments2004—Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6911 (b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3775, added item 175c.2002—Pub. L. 107–188, title II, §231 (b) (2), June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 661, substituted “Select agents; certain other agents” for “Possession by restricted persons” in item 175b.2001—Pub. L. 107–56, title VIII, §817 (3), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 386, added item 175b.1996—Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XIV, §1416 (c) (1) (B), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2723, added item 175a.1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.§175. Prohibitions with respect to biological weapons (a) In General .—Whoever knowingly develops, produces, stockpiles, transfers, acquires, retains, or possesses any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for use as a weapon, or knowingly assists a foreign state or any organization to do so, or attempts, threatens, or conspires to do the same, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for life or any term of years, or both. There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section committed by or against a national of the United States. (b) Additional Offense .—Whoever knowingly possesses any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system of a type or in a quantity that, under the circumstances, is not reasonably justified by a prophylactic, protective, bona fide research, or other peaceful purpose, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both. In this subsection, the terms “biological agent” and “toxin” do not encompass any biological agent or toxin that is in its naturally occurring environment, if the biological agent or toxin has not been cultivated, collected, or otherwise extracted from its natural source. (c) Definition .—For purposes of this section, the term “for use as a weapon” includes the development, production, transfer, acquisition, retention, or possession of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for other than prophylactic, protective, bona fide research, or other peaceful purposes. (Added Pub. L. 101–298, §3 (a), May 22, 1990, 104 Stat. 201; amended Pub. L. 104–132, title V, §511 (b) (1), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1284; Pub. L. 107–56, title VIII, §817 (1), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 385; Pub. L. 107–188, title II, §231 (c) (1), June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 661.)Amendments2002—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–188 substituted “protective, bona fide research, or other peaceful purposes” for “protective bona fide research, or other peaceful purposes”.2001—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–56, §817 (1) (C), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c). Pub. L. 107–56, §817 (1) (A), substituted “includes” for “does not include” and inserted “other than” after “delivery system for” and “bona fide research” after “protective”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–56, §817 (1) (B), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c).1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–132 inserted “or attempts, threatens, or conspires to do the same,” before “shall be fined under this title”. Short Title Section 1 of Pub. L. 101–298 provided that: “This Act [enacting this chapter and amending section 2516 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989’.”Purpose and Intent Section 2 of Pub. L. 101–298 provided that:“ (a) Purpose .—The purpose of this Act [see Short Title note above] is to—“ (1) implement the Biological Weapons Convention, an international agreement unanimously ratified by the United States Senate in 1974 and signed by more than 100 other nations, including the Soviet Union; and“ (2) protect the United States against the threat of biological terrorism.“ (b) Intent of Act .—Nothing in this Act is intended to restrain or restrict peaceful scientific research or development.”§175a. Requests for military assistance to enforce prohibition in certain emergencies The Attorney General may request the Secretary of Defense to provide assistance under section 382 of title 10 in support of Department of Justice activities relating to the enforcement of section 175 of this title in an emergency situation involving a biological weapon of mass destruction. The authority to make such a request may be exercised by another official of the Department of Justice in accordance with section 382 (f) (2) of title 10. (Added Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XIV, §1416 (c) (1) (A), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2723.)§175b. Possession by restricted persons (a) (1) No restricted person shall ship or transport in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, any biological agent or toxin, or receive any biological agent or toxin that has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce, if the biological agent or toxin is listed as a non-overlap or overlap select biological agent or toxin in sections 73.4 and 73.5 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, pursuant to section 351A of the Public Health Service Act, and is not excluded under sections 73.4 and 73.5 or exempted under section 73.6 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations. (2) Whoever knowingly violates this section shall be fined as provided in this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both, but the prohibition contained in this section shall not apply with respect to any duly authorized United States governmental activity. (b) Transfer to Unregistered Person.— (1) Select agents .—Whoever transfers a select agent to a person who the transferor knows or has reasonable cause to believe is not registered as required by regulations under subsection (b) or (c) of section 351A of the Public Health Service Act shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. (2) Certain other biological agents and toxins .—Whoever transfers a biological agent or toxin listed pursuant to section 212 (a) (1) of the Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 to a person who the transferor knows or has reasonable cause to believe is not registered as required by regulations under subsection (b) or (c) of section 212 of such Act shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. (c) Unregistered for Possession.— (1) Select agents .—Whoever knowingly possesses a biological agent or toxin where such agent or toxin is a select agent for which such person has not obtained a registration required by regulations under section 351A (c) of the Public Health Service Act shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. (2) Certain other biological agents and toxins .—Whoever knowingly possesses a biological agent or toxin where such agent or toxin is a biological agent or toxin listed pursuant to section 212 (a) (1) of the Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 for which such person has not obtained a registration required by regulations under section 212 (c) of such Act shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. (d) In this section: (1) The term “select agent” means a biological agent or toxin to which subsection (a) applies. Such term (including for purposes of subsection (a)) does not include any such biological agent or toxin that is in its naturally-occurring environment, if the biological agent or toxin has not been cultivated, collected, or otherwise extracted from its natural source. (2) The term “restricted person” means an individual who— (A) is under indictment for a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding 1 year; (B) has been convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding 1 year; (C) is a fugitive from justice; (D) is an unlawful user of any controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U. S. C. 802)); (E) is an alien illegally or unlawfully in the United States; (F) has been adjudicated as a mental defective or has been committed to any mental institution; (G) (i) is an alien (other than an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence) who is a national of a country as to which the Secretary of State, pursuant to section 6 (j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U. S. C. App. 2405 (j)), section 620A of chapter 1 of part M of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U. S. C. 2371), or section 40 (d) of chapter 3 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U. S. C. 2780 (d)), has made a determination (that remains in effect) that such country has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism, or (ii) acts for or on behalf of, or operates subject to the direction or control of, a government or official of a country described in this subparagraph; (H) has been discharged from the Armed Services of the United States under dishonorable conditions; or (I) is a member of, acts for or on behalf of, or operates subject to the direction or control of, a terrorist organization as defined in section 212 (a) (3) (B) (vi) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U. S. C. 1182 (a) (3) (B) (vi)). (3) The term “alien” has the same meaning as in section 101 (a) (3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U. S. C. 1101 (a) (3)). (4) The term “lawfully admitted for permanent residence” has the same meaning as in section 101 (a) (20) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U. S. C. 1101 (a) (20)). (Added Pub. L. 107–56, title VIII, §817 (2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 385; amended Pub. L. 107–188, title II, §231 (a), (b) (1), (c) (2), June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 660, 661; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4005 (g), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1813; Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6802 (c), (d) (1), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3767. )References in Text Section 351A of the Public Health Service Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) (1), (b) (1), and (c) (1), is classified to section 262a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Section 212 of the Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002, referred to in subsecs. (b) (2) and (c) (2), is classified to section 8401 of Title 7, Agriculture. Amendments2004—Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 108–458, §6802 (d) (1), substituted “as a non-overlap or overlap select biological agent or toxin in sections 73.4 and 73.5 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, pursuant to section 351A of the Public Health Service Act, and is not excluded under sections 73.4 and 73.5 or exempted under section 73.6 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations” for “as a select agent in Appendix A of part 72 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, pursuant to section 351A of the Public Health Service Act, and is not exempted under subsection (h) of section 72.6, or Appendix A of part 72, of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations”. Subsec. (d) (2) (G). Pub. L. 108–458, §6802 (c) (1), designated existing provisions as cl. (i), added cl. (ii), and struck out “or” at end. Subsec. (d) (2) (H). Pub. L. 108–458, §6802 (c) (2), substituted “; or” for period at end. Subsec. (d) (2) (I). Pub. L. 108–458, §6802 (c) (3), added subpar. (I).2002—Pub. L. 107–273 substituted “Possession by restricted persons” for “Select agents; certain other agents” in section catchline. Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (b) (1) (B), substituted “Select agents; certain other agents” for “Possession by restricted persons” in section catchline. Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (a) (1), (c) (2) (A), designated existing provisions of subsec. (a) as par. (1) and substituted “shall ship or transport in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, any biological agent or toxin, or receive any biological agent or toxin that has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce, if the biological agent or toxin is listed as a select agent in Appendix A of part 72 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, pursuant to section 351A of the Public Health Service Act, and is not exempted under subsection (h) of section 72.6, or Appendix A of part 72, of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations” for “described in subsection (b) shall ship or transport interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting commerce, any biological agent or toxin, or receive any biological agent or toxin that has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce, if the biological agent or toxin is listed as a select agent in subsection (j) of section 72.6 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, pursuant to section 511 (d) (l) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–132), and is not exempted under subsection (h) of such section 72.6, or appendix A of part 72 of the Code of Regulations”. Subsec. (a) (2). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (a) (2), (3), redesignated and transferred subsec. (c) as par. (2) of subsec. (a). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (a) (5), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (d). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (a) (5), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (a) (2). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (a) (4), redesignated subsec. (b) as (d). Subsec. (d) (1). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (b) (1) (A), substituted “The term ‘select agent’ means a biological agent or toxin to which subsection (a) applies. Such term (including for purposes of subsection (a)) does not include” for “The term ‘select agent’ does not include”. Subsec. (d) (3). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (c) (2) (B), substituted “section 101 (a) (3)” for “section 1010 (a) (3)”. Effective Date of 2004 Amendment Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6802 (d) (2), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3767, provided that: “The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect at the same time that sections 73.4, 73.5, and 73.6 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, become effective [probably means the effective date of the final rule revising sections 73.4, 73.5, and 73.6 of title 42, C. F. R., which was Apr. 18, 2005, see 70 F. R. 13294].”§175c. Variola virus (a) Unlawful Conduct.— (1) In general .—Except as provided in paragraph (2), it shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly produce, engineer, synthesize, acquire, transfer directly or indirectly, receive, possess, import, export, or use, or possess and threaten to use, variola virus. (2) Exception .—This subsection does not apply to conduct by, or under the authority of, the Secretary of Health and Human Services. (b) Jurisdiction .—Conduct prohibited by subsection (a) is within the jurisdiction of the United States if— (1) the offense occurs in or affects interstate or foreign commerce; (2) the offense occurs outside of the United States and is committed by a national of the United States; (3) the offense is committed against a national of the United States while the national is outside the United States; (4) the offense is committed against any property that is owned, leased, or used by the United States or by any department or agency of the United States, whether the property is within or outside the United States; or (5) an offender aids or abets any person over whom jurisdiction exists under this subsection in committing an offense under this section or conspires with any person over whom jurisdiction exists under this subsection to commit an offense under this section. (c) Criminal Penalties.— (1) In general .—Any person who violates, or attempts or conspires to violate, subsection (a) shall be fined not more than $2,000,000 and shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment not less than 25 years or to imprisonment for life. (2) Other circumstances .—Any person who, in the course of a violation of subsection (a), uses, attempts or conspires to use, or possesses and threatens to use, any item or items described in subsection (a), shall be fined not more than $2,000,000 and imprisoned for not less than 30 years or imprisoned for life. (3) Special circumstances .—If the death of another results from a person's violation of subsection (a), the person shall be fined not more than $2,000,000 and punished by imprisonment for life. (d) Definition .—As used in this section, the term “variola virus” means a virus that can cause human smallpox or any derivative of the variola major virus that contains more than 85 percent of the gene sequence of the variola major virus or the variola minor virus. (Added Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6906, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3773. )Findings and Purpose Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6902, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3769, provided that:“ (a) Findings .—Congress makes the following findings:“ (1) The criminal use of man-portable air defense systems (referred to in this section as ‘MANPADS’) presents a serious threat to civil aviation worldwide, especially in the hands of terrorists or foreign states that harbor them.“ (2) Atomic weapons or weapons designed to release radiation (commonly known as ‘dirty bombs’) could be used by terrorists to inflict enormous loss of life and damage to property and the environment.“ (3) Variola virus is the causative agent of smallpox, an extremely serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal disease. Variola virus is classified as a Category A agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, meaning that it is believed to pose the greatest potential threat for adverse public health impact and has a moderate to high potential for large-scale dissemination. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. The last naturally occurring case in the world was in Somalia in 1977. Although smallpox has been officially eradicated after a successful worldwide vaccination program, there remain two official repositories of the variola virus for research purposes. Because it is so dangerous, the variola virus may appeal to terrorists.“ (4) The use, or even the threatened use, of MANPADS, atomic or radiological weapons, or the variola virus, against the United States, its allies, or its people, poses a grave risk to the security, foreign policy, economy, and environment of the United States. Accordingly, the United States has a compelling national security interest in preventing unlawful activities that lead to the proliferation or spread of such items, including their unauthorized production, construction, acquisition, transfer, possession, import, or export. All of these activities markedly increase the chances that such items will be obtained by terrorist organizations or rogue states, which could use them to attack the United States, its allies, or United States nationals or corporations.“ (5) There is no legitimate reason for a private individual or company, absent explicit government authorization, to produce, construct, otherwise acquire, transfer, receive, possess, import, export, or use MANPADS, atomic or radiological weapons, or the variola virus.“ (b) Purpose .—The purpose of this subtitle [subtitle J (§§6901–6911) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, see Short Title of 2004 Amendment note set out under section 1 of this title] is to combat the potential use of weapons that have the ability to cause widespread harm to United States persons and the United States economy (and that have no legitimate private use) and to threaten or harm the national security or foreign relations of the United States.”§176. Seizure, forfeiture, and destruction (a) In General .— (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Attorney General may request the issuance, in the same manner as provided for a search warrant, of a warrant authorizing the seizure of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system that— (A) pertains to conduct prohibited under section 175 of this title; or (B) is of a type or in a quantity that under the circumstances has no apparent justification for prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purposes. (2) In exigent circumstances, seizure and destruction of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) may be made upon probable cause without the necessity for a warrant. (b) Procedure .—Property seized pursuant to subsection (a) shall be forfeited to the United States after notice to potential claimants and an opportunity for a hearing. At such hearing, the Government shall bear the burden of persuasion by a preponderance of the evidence. Except as inconsistent herewith, the same procedures and provisions of law relating to a forfeiture under the customs laws shall extend to a seizure or forfeiture under this section. The Attorney General may provide for the destruction or other appropriate disposition of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system seized and forfeited pursuant to this section. (c) Affirmative Defense .—It is an affirmative defense against a forfeiture under subsection (a) (1) (B) of this section that— (1) such biological agent, toxin, or delivery system is for a prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purpose; and (2) such biological agent, toxin, or delivery system, is of a type and quantity reasonable for that purpose. (Added Pub. L. 101–298, §3 (a), May 22, 1990, 104 Stat. 202; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330010 (16), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2144; Pub. L. 107–188, title II, §231 (c) (3), June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 661. )References in Text The customs laws, referred to in subsec. (b), are classified generally to Title 19, Customs Duties. Amendments2002—Subsec. (a) (1) (A). Pub. L. 107–188 substituted “pertains to” for “exists by reason of”.1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “the Government” for “the government”.§177. Injunctions (a) In General .—The United States may obtain in a civil action an injunction against— (1) the conduct prohibited under section 175 of this title; (2) the preparation, solicitation, attempt, threat, or conspiracy to engage in conduct prohibited under section 175 of this title; or (3) the development, production, stockpiling, transferring, acquisition, retention, or possession, or the attempted development, production, stockpiling, transferring, acquisition, retention, or possession of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system of a type or in a quantity that under the circumstances has no apparent justification for prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purposes. (b) Affirmative Defense .—It is an affirmative defense against an injunction under subsection (a) (3) of this section that— (1) the conduct sought to be enjoined is for a prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purpose; and (2) such biological agent, toxin, or delivery system is of a type and quantity reasonable for that purpose. (Added Pub. L. 101–298, §3 (a), May 22, 1990, 104 Stat. 202; amended Pub. L. 104–132, title V, §511 (b) (2), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1284.)Amendments1996—Subsec. (a) (2). Pub. L. 104–132 inserted “threat,” after “attempt,”.§178. Definitions As used in this chapter— (1) the term “biological agent” means any microorganism (including, but not limited to, bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious substance, or any naturally occurring, bioengineered or synthesized component of any such microorganism or infectious substance, capable of causing— (A) death, disease, or other biological malfunction in a human, an animal, a plant, or another living organism; (B) deterioration of food, water, equipment, supplies, or material of any kind; or (C) deleterious alteration of the environment; (2) the term “toxin” means the toxic material or product of plants, animals, microorganisms (including, but not limited to, bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious substances, or a recombinant or synthesized molecule, whatever their origin and method of production, and includes— (A) any poisonous substance or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology produced by a living organism; or (B) any poisonous isomer or biological product, homolog, or derivative of such a substance; (3) the term “delivery system” means— (A) any apparatus, equipment, device, or means of delivery specifically designed to deliver or disseminate a biological agent, toxin, or vector; or (B) any vector; (4) the term “vector” means a living organism, or molecule, including a recombinant or synthesized molecule, capable of carrying a biological agent or toxin to a host; and (5) the term “national of the United States” has the meaning prescribed in section 101 (a) (22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U. S. C. 1101 (a) (22)). (Added Pub. L. 101–298, §3 (a), May 22, 1990, 104 Stat. 202; amended Pub. L. 104–132, title V, §511 (b) (3), title VII, §721 (h), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1284, 1299; Pub. L. 107–188, title II, §231 (c) (4), June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 661.)Amendments2002—Par. (1). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (c) (4) (A), in introductory provisions substituted “means any microorganism (including, but not limited to, bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious substance, or any naturally occurring, bioengineered or synthesized component of any such microorganism or infectious substance, capable of” for “means any micro-organism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology, or any naturally occurring or bioengineered component of any such microorganism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product, capable of”. Par. (2). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (c) (4) (B), in introductory provisions substituted “means the toxic material or product of plants, animals, microorganisms (including, but not limited to, bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious substances, or a recombinant or synthesized molecule, whatever their origin and method of production, and includes—” for “means the toxic material of plants, animals, microorganisms, viruses, fungi, or infectious substances, or a recombinant molecule, whatever its origin or method of production, including—”. Par. (4). Pub. L. 107–188, §231 (c) (4) (C), substituted “recombinant or synthesized molecule,” for “recombinant molecule, or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology,”.1996—Par. (1). Pub. L. 104–132, §511 (b) (3) (A), substituted “infectious substance, or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology, or any naturally occurring or bioengineered component of any such microorganism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product” for “or infectious substance” in introductory provisions. Par. (2). Pub. L. 104–132, §511 (b) (3) (B) (i), (ii), in introductory provisions, inserted “the toxic material of plants, animals, microorganisms, viruses, fungi, or infectious substances, or a recombinant molecule” after “means” and substituted “production, including—” for “production—”. Par. (2) (A). Pub. L. 104–132, §511 (b) (3) (B) (iii), inserted “or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology” after “poisonous substance”. Par. (2) (B). Pub. L. 104–132, §511 (b) (3) (B) (iv), inserted “or biological product” after “isomer”. Par. (4). Pub. L. 104–132, §511 (b) (3) (C), inserted “, or molecule, including a recombinant molecule, or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology,” after “organism”. Par. (5). Pub. L. 104–132, §721 (h), added par. (5). CHAPTER 11—BRIBERY, GRAFT, AND CONFLICTS OF INTERESTSec.201. Bribery of public officials and witnesses.202. Definitions.203. Compensation to Members of Congress, officers, and others in matters affecting the Government.204. Practice in United States Court of Federal Claims or the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit by Members of Congress.205. Activities of officers and employees in claims against and other matters affecting the Government.206. Exemption of retired officers of the uniformed services.207. Restrictions on former officers, employees, and elected officials of the executive and legislative branches.208. Acts affecting a personal financial interest.209. Salary of Government officials and employees payable only by United States.210. Offer to procure appointive public office.211. Acceptance or solicitation to obtain appointive public office.212. Offer of loan or gratuity to financial institution examiner.213. Acceptance of loan or gratuity by financial institution examiner.214. Offer for procurement of Federal Reserve bank loan and discount of commercial paper.215. Receipt of commissions or gifts for procuring loans.216. Penalties and injunctions.217. Acceptance of consideration for adjustment of farm indebtedness.218. Voiding transactions in violation of chapter; recovery by the United States.219. Officers and employees acting as agents of foreign principals. [220 to 222. Renumbered.] [223. Repealed.]224. Bribery in sporting contests.225. Continuing financial crimes enterprise.226. Bribery affecting port security.227. Wrongfully influencing a private entity's employment decisions by a Member of Congress. Amendments2007—Pub. L. 110–81, title I, §102 (c), Sept. 14, 2007, 121 Stat. 739, added item 227.2006—Pub. L. 109–177, title III, §309 (b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 242, added item 226.2003—Pub. L. 108–198, §2 (b), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2900, added items 212 and 213 and struck out former items 212 “Offer of loan or gratuity to bank examiner” and 213 “Acceptance of loan or gratuity by bank examiner”.1994—Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330010 (12), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2144, substituted “officers, and others in” for “officers and others, in” in item 203 and inserted “the” after “Federal Claims or” in item 204.1992—Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, §902 (b) (1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4516, substituted “United States Court of Federal Claims” for “United States Claims Court” in item 204.1990—Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, §2510 (b), title XXXV, §3509, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4863, 4922, substituted “to Members” for “of Members” in item 203, substituted “United States Claims Court or United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit” for “Court of Claims” in item 204, and added item 225.1989—Pub. L. 101–194, title I, §101 (b), title IV, §407 (b), Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1724, 1753, substituted “Restrictions on former officers, employees, and elected officials of the executive and legislative branches” for “Disqualification of former officers and employees; disqualification of partners of current officers and employees” in item 207 and added item 216.1984—Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1107 (b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2146, substituted “Repealed” for “Receipt or charge of commissions or gifts for farm loan, land bank, or small business transactions” in item 216.1978—Pub. L. 95–521, title V, §501 (b), Oct. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 1867, struck out “in matters connected with former duties or official responsibilities” after “officers and employees” and inserted “of current officers and employees” after “partners of” in item 207.1966—Pub. L. 89–486, §8 (c) (2), July 4, 1966, 80 Stat. 249, added item 219.1964—Pub. L. 88–316, §1 (b), June 6, 1964, 78 Stat. 204, added item 224.1962—Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1119, included conflicts of interests in chapter heading, and amended analysis generally to contain items 201 to 218. Prior to amendment, the analysis contained items 201 to 223.1958—Pub. L. 85–699, title VII, §702 (d), Aug. 21 1958, 72 Stat. 698, included small business transactions in item 221.§201. Bribery of public officials and witnesses (a) For the purpose of this section— (1) the term “public official” means Member of Congress, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner, either before or after such official has qualified, or an officer or employee or person acting for or on behalf of the United States, or any department, agency or branch of Government thereof, including the District of Columbia, in any official function, under or by authority of any such department, agency, or branch of Government, or a juror; (2) the term “person who has been selected to be a public official” means any person who has been nominated or appointed to be a public official, or has been officially informed that such person will be so nominated or appointed; and (3) the term “official act” means any decision or action on any question, matter, cause, suit, proceeding or controversy, which may at any time be pending, or which may by law be brought before any public official, in such official's official capacity, or in such official's place of trust or profit. (b) Whoever— (1) directly or indirectly, corruptly gives, offers or promises anything of value to any public official or person who has been selected to be a public official, or offers or promises any public official or any person who has been selected to be a public official to give anything of value to any other person or entity, with intent— (A) to influence any official act; or (B) to influence such public official or person who has been selected to be a public official to commit or aid in committing, or collude in, or allow, any fraud, or make opportunity for the commission of any fraud, on the United States; or (C) to induce such public official or such person who has been selected to be a public official to do or omit to do any act in violation of the lawful duty of such official or person; (2) being a public official or person selected to be a public official, directly or indirectly, corruptly demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept anything of value personally or for any other person or entity, in return for: (A) being influenced in the performance of any official act; (B) being influenced to commit or aid in committing, or to collude in, or allow, any fraud, or make opportunity for the commission of any fraud, on the United States; or (C) being induced to do or omit to do any act in violation of the official duty of such official or person; (3) directly or indirectly, corruptly gives, offers, or promises anything of value to any person, or offers or promises such person to give anything of value to any other person or entity, with intent to influence the testimony under oath or affirmation of such first-mentioned person as a witness upon a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, before any court, any committee of either House or both Houses of Congress, or any agency, commission, or officer authorized by the laws of the United States to hear evidence or take testimony, or with intent to influence such person to absent himself therefrom; (4) directly or indirectly, corruptly demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept anything of value personally or for any other person or entity in return for being influenced in testimony under oath or affirmation as a witness upon any such trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in return for absenting himself therefrom;shall be fined under this title or not more than three times the monetary equivalent of the thing of value, whichever is greater, or imprisoned for not more than fifteen years, or both, and may be disqualified from holding any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. (c) Whoever— (1) otherwise than as provided by law for the proper discharge of official duty— (A) directly or indirectly gives, offers, or promises anything of value to any public official, former public official, or person selected to be a public official, for or because of any official act performed or to be performed by such public official, former public official, or person selected to be a public official; or (B) being a public official, former public official, or person selected to be a public official, otherwise than as provided by law for the proper discharge of official duty, directly or indirectly demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept anything of value personally for or because of any official act performed or to be performed by such official or person; (2) directly or indirectly, gives, offers, or promises anything of value to any person, for or because of the testimony under oath or affirmation given or to be given by such person as a witness upon a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, before any court, any committee of either House or both Houses of Congress, or any agency, commission, or officer authorized by the laws of the United States to hear evidence or take testimony, or for or because of such person's absence therefrom; (3) directly or indirectly, demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept anything of value personally for or because of the testimony under oath or affirmation given or to be given by such person as a witness upon any such trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or for or because of such person's absence therefrom;shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both. (d) Paragraphs (3) and (4) of subsection (b) and paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (c) shall not be construed to prohibit the payment or receipt of witness fees provided by law, or the payment, by the party upon whose behalf a witness is called and receipt by a witness, of the reasonable cost of travel and subsistence incurred and the reasonable value of time lost in attendance at any such trial, hearing, or proceeding, or in the case of expert witnesses, a reasonable fee for time spent in the preparation of such opinion, and in appearing and testifying. (e) The offenses and penalties prescribed in this section are separate from and in addition to those prescribed in sections 1503, 1504, and 1505 of this title. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1119; amended Pub. L. 91–405, title II, §204 (d) (1), Sept. 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 853; Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (a)– ( l ), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3601–3604; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §§330011 (b), 330016 (2) (D), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2144, 2148. )Prior Provisions A prior section 201, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 691, prescribed penalties for anyone who offered or gave anything of value to an officer or other person to influence his decisions, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849, and is substantially covered by revised section 201. Amendments1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (2) (D), which directed the amendment of “section 201” by inserting “under this title or” after “be fined” and “whichever is greater,” before “or imprisoned”, was executed by making the insertions in text of last par. of subsec. (b), and not in last par. of subsec. (c), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Pub. L. 103–322, §330011 (b) (A), amended Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (b) (1). See 1986 Amendment note below. Subsec. (b) (1). Pub. L. 103–322, §330011 (b), amended Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (b). See 1986 Amendment note below.1986—Pub. L. 99–646, §46 ( l ), provided for alignment of margins of each subsection, paragraph, and subparagraph of this section. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (a), substituted “section—” for “section:”, designated provision defining “public official” as par. (1), inserted “the term” after “ (1)”, and substituted “Delegate” for “Delegate from the District of Columbia”, “after such official has qualified” for “after he has qualified”, and “juror;” for “juror; and”; designated provision defining “person who has been selected to be a public official” as par. (2), inserted “the term” after “ (2)”, and substituted “such person” for “he”; and designated provision defining “official act” as par. (3), inserted “the term” after “ (3)”, and substituted “in such official's official capacity, or in such official's” for “in his official capacity, or in his”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (b) (1), as amended by Pub. L. 103–322, §330011 (b) (A), substituted “Whoever—” for “Whoever,” and inserted “ (1)” before “directly”. Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (e) (5), redesignated the undesignated par. which followed former subsec. (e) as concluding par. of subsec. (b) and substituted “shall be fined not more than” for “Shall be fined not more than $20,000 or” and “thing of value,” for “thing of value, whichever is greater,”. Subsec. (b) (1). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (b), as amended by Pub. L. 103–322, §330011 (b), redesignated former subsec. (b) as par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) to (3) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively, and realigned their margins, and in subpar. (C) substituted “the lawful duty of such official or person;” for “his lawful duty, or”. Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (c), redesignated former subsec. (c) as par. (2), struck out “Whoever,” before “being”, substituted “corruptly demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept anything of value personally” for “corruptly asks, demands, exacts, solicits, seeks, accepts, receives, or agrees to receive anything of value for himself”, redesignated former pars. (1) to (3) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively, and realigned their margins, in subpar. (A) substituted “the performance” for “his performance” and struck out “or” after “act;”, and in subpar. (C) substituted “the official duty of such official or person;” for “his official duty; or”. Subsec. (b) (3). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (d), redesignated former subsec. (d) as par. (3) and substituted “directly” for “Whoever, directly” and “therefrom;” for “therefrom; or”. Subsec. (b) (4). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (e), redesignated former subsec. (e) as par. (4), substituted “directly” for “Whoever, directly”, “demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept anything of value personally” for “asks, demands, exacts, solicits, seeks, accepts, receives, or agrees to receive anything of value for himself”, “in testimony” for “in his testimony”, and “therefrom;” for “therefrom—”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (f), (g) (1), (h) (1), (i) (1), redesignated former subsecs. (f) to (i) as subsec. (c) (1) (A), (B), (2), and (3), respectively. Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b) (2). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (i) (6), redesignated the undesignated par. which followed former subsec. (i) as concluding par. of subsec. (c) and substituted “shall be fined under this title” for “Shall be fined not more than $10,000”. Subsec. (c) (1). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (f), (g), redesignated former subsec. (f) as par. (1) and substituted “ (1) otherwise” for “, otherwise” and “ (A) directly” for “, directly”, redesignated former subsec. (g) as subpar. (B) and substituted “being” for “Whoever, being”, “indirectly demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept anything of value personally” for “indirectly asks, demands, exacts, solicits, seeks, accepts, receives, or agrees to receive anything of value for himself”, and “by such official or person;” for “by him; or”. Subsec. (c) (2). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (h), redesignated former subsec. (h) as par. (2) and substituted “directly” for “Whoever, directly” and “such person's absence therefrom;” for “his absence therefrom; or”. Subsec. (c) (3). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (i), redesignated former subsec. (i) as par. (3) and substituted “directly” for “Whoever, directly”, “demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept” for “asks, demands, exacts, solicits, seeks, accepts, receives, or agrees to receive”, “personally” for “for himself”, “by such person” for “by him”, and “such person's absence therefrom;” for “his absence therefrom—”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (j), redesignated former subsec. (j) as (d), substituted “Paragraphs (3) and (4) of subsection (b) and paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (c)” for “Subsections (d), (e), (h), and (i)” and struck out “involving a technical or professional opinion,” after “expert witnesses,”. Former subsec. (d) redesignated (b) (3). Subsecs. (e) to (k). Pub. L. 99–646, §46 (f)– (k), redesignated former subsecs. (e) to (k) as (b) (4), (c) (1) (A), (B), (2), (3), (d), and (e), respectively.1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–405 included Delegate from District of Columbia in definition of “public official”. Effective Date of 1994 Amendment Section 330011 (b) of Pub. L. 103–322 provided that the amendment made by that section is effective as of the date on which section 46 (b) of Pub. L. 99–646 took effect. Effective Date of 1986 Amendment Section 46 (m) of Pub. L. 99–646 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1986].”Effective Date of 1970 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 91–405 effective Sept. 22, 1970, see section 206 (b) of Pub. L. 91–405, set out as an Effective Date note under section 25a of Title 2, The Congress. Effective Date Section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849 provided that: “This Act [enacting this section and sections 202 to 209 and 218 of this title, redesignating sections 214, 215, 217 to 222 as 210, 211, 212 to 217 of this title respectively, repealing sections 223, 282, 284, 434, and 1914 of this title, and section 99 of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 281 and 282 of this title] shall take effect ninety days after the date of its enactment [Oct. 23, 1962]”. Short Title of 2003 Amendment Pub. L. 108–198, §1, Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2899, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 212 and 213 of this title and repealing former sections 212 and 213 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Preserving Independence of Financial Institution Examinations Act of 2003’.”Short Title of 1996 Amendment Pub. L. 104–177, §1, Aug. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 1563, provided that: “This Act [amending section 205 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Employee Representation Improvement Act of 1996’.”Short Title of 1986 Amendment Pub. L. 99–370, §1, Aug. 4, 1986, 100 Stat. 779, provided that: “This Act [amending section 215 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 215 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Bank Bribery Amendments Act of 1985’.”Executive Order No. 11222Ex. Ord. No. 11222, May 8, 1965, 30 F. R. 6469, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11590, Apr. 23, 1971, 36 F. R. 7831; Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F. R. 1055; Ex. Ord. No. 12565, Sept. 25, 1986, 51 F. R. 34437, which established standards of ethical conduct for government officers and employees, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Executive Order No. 12565Ex. Ord. No. 12565, Sept. 25, 1986, 51 F. R. 34437, which amended Ex. Ord. No. 11222, formerly set out above, and provided confidentiality for financial reports filed pursuant to Ex. Ord. No. 11222, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Memorandum of Attorney General Regarding Conflict of Interest Provisions of Public Law 87–849, Feb. 1, 1963, 28 F. R. 985January 28, 1963. Public Law 87–849, “To strengthen the criminal laws relating to bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest, and for other purposes,” came into force January 21, 1963. A number of departments and agencies of the Government have suggested that the Department of Justice prepare and distribute a memorandum analyzing the conflict of interest provisions contained in the new act. I am therefore distributing the attached memorandum. One of the main purposes of the new legislation merits specific mention. That purpose is to help the Government obtain the temporary or intermittent services of persons with special knowledge and skills whose principal employment is outside the Government. For the most part the conflict of interest statutes superseded by Public Law 87–849 imposed the same restraints on a person serving the Government temporarily or intermittently as on a full-time employee, and those statutes often had an unnecessarily severe impact on the former. As a result, they impeded the departments and agencies in the recruitment of experts for important work. Public Law 87–849 meets this difficulty by imposing a lesser array of prohibitions on temporary and intermittent employees than on regular employees. I believe that a widespread appreciation of this aspect of the new law will lead to a significant expansion of the pool of talent on which the departments and agencies can draw for their special needs. Robert F. Kennedy,Attorney General. Memorandum re the Conflict of Interest Provisions of Public Law 87–849, 76 Stat. 1119, Approved October 23, 1962I74Introduction Public Law 87–849, which came into force January 21, 1963, affected seven statutes which applied to officers and employees of the Government and were generally spoken of as the “conflict of interest” laws. These included six sections of the criminal code, 18 U. S. C. 216, 281, 283, 284, 434 and 1914, and a statute containing no penalties, section 190 of the Revised Statutes (5 U. S. C. 99). Public Law 87–849 (sometimes referred to hereinafter as “the Act”) repealed section 190 and one of the criminal statutes, 18 U. S. C. 216, without replacing them. 1 In addition it repealed and supplanted the other five criminal statutes. It is the purpose of this memorandum to summarize the new law and to describe the principal differences between it and the legislation it has replaced. The Act accomplished its revisions by enacting new sections 203, 205, 207, 208 and 209 of title 18 of the United States Code and providing that they supplant the above-mentioned sections 281, 283, 284, 434 and 1914 of title 18 respectively. 2 It will be convenient, therefore, after summarizing the principal provisions of the new sections, to examine each section separately, comparing it with its precursor before passing to the next. First of all, however, it is necessary to describe the background and provisions of the new 18 U. S. C. 202 (a), which has no counterpart among the statutes formerly in effect. Special Government Employees [New 18 U. S. C. 202 (a)]In the main the prior conflict of interest laws imposed the same restrictions on individuals who serve the Government intermittently or for a short period of time as on those who serve full-time. The consequences of this generalized treatment were pointed out in the following paragraph of the Senate Judiciary Committee report on the bill which became Public Law 87–849: 3In considering the application of present law in relation to the Government's utilization of temporary or intermittent consultants and advisers, it must be emphasized that most of the existing conflict-of-interest statutes were enacted in the 19th century—that is, at a time when persons outside the Government rarely served it in this way. The laws were therefore directed at activities of regular Government employees, and their present impact on the occasionally needed experts—those whose main work is performed outside the Government—is unduly severe. This harsh impact constitutes an appreciable deterrent to the Government's obtaining needed part-time services. The recruiting problem noted by the Committee generated a major part of the impetus for the enactment of Public Law 87–849. The Act dealt with the problem by creating a category of Government employees termed “special Government employees” and by excepting persons in this category from certain of the prohibitions imposed on ordinary employees. The new 18 U. S. C. 202 (a) defines the term “special Government employee” to include, among others, officers and employees of the departments and agencies who are appointed or employed to serve, with or without compensation, for not more than 130 days during any period of 365 consecutive days either on a full-time or intermittent basis. Summary of the Main Conflict of Interest Provisions of Public Law 87–849A regular officer or employee of the Government—that is, one appointed or employed to serve more than 130 days in any period of 365 days—is in general subject to the following major prohibitions (the citations are to the new sections of Title 18):1. He may not, except in the discharge of his official duties, represent anyone else before a court or Government agency in a matter in which the United States is a party or has an interest. This prohibition applies both to paid and unpaid representation of another (18 U. S. C. 203 and 205).2. He may not participate in his governmental capacity in any matter in which he, his spouse, minor child, outside business associate or person with whom he is negotiating for employment has a financial interest (18 U. S. C. 208).3. He may not, after his Government employment has ended, represent anyone other than the United States in connection with a matter in which the United States is a party or has an interest and in which he participated personally and substantially for the Government (18 U. S. C. 207 (a)).4. He may not, for 1 year after his Government employment has ended, represent anyone other than the United States in connection with a matter in which the United States is a party or has an interest and which was within the boundaries of his official responsibilities 4 during the last year of his Government service (18 U. S. C. 207 (b)). This temporary restraint of course gives way to the permanent restraint described in paragraph 3 if the matter is one in which he participated personally and substantially.5. He may not receive any salary, or supplementation of his Government salary, from a private source as compensation for his services to the Government (18 U. S. C. 209). A special Government employee is in general subject only to the following major prohibitions:1. (a) He may not, except in the discharge of his official duties, represent anyone else before a court or Government agency in a matter in which the United States is a party or has in interest and in which he has at any time participated personally and substantially for the Government (18 U. S. C. 203 and 205). (b) He may not, except in the discharge of his official duties, represent anyone else in a matter pending before the agency he serves unless he has served there no more than 60 days during the past 365 (18 U. S. C. 203 and 205). He is bound by this restraint despite the fact that the matter is not one in which he has ever participated personally and substantially. The restrictions described in subparagraphs (a) and (b) apply to both paid and unpaid representation of another. These restrictions in combination are, of course, less extensive than the one described in the corresponding paragraph 1 in the list set forth above with regard to regular employees.2. He may not participate in his governmental capacity in any matter in which he, his spouse, minor child, outside business associate or person with whom he is negotiating for employment has a financial interest (18 U. S. C. 208).3. He may not, after his Government employment has ended, represent anyone other than the United States in connection with a matter in which the United States is a party or has an interest and in which he participated personally and substantially for the Government (18 U. S. C. 207 (a)).4. He may not, for 1 year after his Government employment has ended, represent anyone other than the United States in connection with a matter in which the United States is a party or has an interest and which was within the boundaries of his official responsibility during the last year of his Government service (18 U. S. C. 207 (b)). This temporary restraint of course gives way to the permanent restriction described in paragraph 3 if the matter is one in which he participated personally and substantially. It will be seen that paragraphs 2, 3, and 4 for special Government employees are the same as the corresponding paragraphs for regular employees. Paragraph 5 for the latter, describing the bar against the receipt of sal ary for Government work from a private source, does not apply to special Government employees. As appears below, there are a number of exceptions to the prohibitions summarized in the two lists. Comparison of Old and New Conflict of Interest Sections of Title 18, United States Code New 18 U. S. C. 203. Subsection (a) of this section in general prohibits a Member of Congress and an officer or employee of the United States in any branch or agency of the Government from soliciting or receiving compensation for services rendered on behalf of another person before a Government department or agency in relation to any particular matter in which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial interest. The subsection does not preclude compensation for services rendered on behalf of another in court. Subsection (a) is essentially a rewrite of the repealed portion of 18 U. S. C. 281. However, subsections (b) and (c) have no counterparts in the previous statutes. Subsection (b) makes it unlawful for anyone to offer or pay compensation the solicitation or receipt of which is barred by subsection (a). Subsection (c) narrows the application of subsection (a) in the case of a person serving as a special Government employee to two, and only two, situations. First, subsection (c) bars him from rendering services before the Government on behalf of others, for compensation, in relation to a matter involving a specific party or parties in which he has participated personally and substantially in the course of his Government duties. And second, it bars him from such activities in relation to a matter involving a specific party or parties, even though he has not participated in the matter personally and substantially, if it is pending in his department or agency and he has served therein more than 60 days in the immediately preceding period of a year. New 18 U. S. C. 205. This section contains two major prohibitions. The first prevents an officer or employee of the United States in any branch or agency of the Government from acting as agent or attorney for prosecuting any claim against the United States, including a claim in court, whether for compensation or not. It also prevents him from receiving a gratuity, or a share or interest in any such claim, for assistance in the prosecution thereof. This portion of section 205 is similar to the repealed portion of 18 U. S. C. 283, which dealt only with claims against the United States, but it omits a bar contained in the latter—i.e., a bar against rendering uncompensated aid or assistance in the prosecution or support of a claim against the United States. The second main prohibition of section 205 is concerned with more than claims. It precludes an officer or employee of the Government from acting as agent or attorney for anyone else before a department, agency or court in connection with any particular matter in which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial interest. Section 205 provides for the same limited application to a special Government employee as section 203. In short, it precludes him from acting as agent or attorney only (1) in a matter involving a specific party or parties in which he has participated personally and substantially in his governmental capacity, and (2) in a matter involving a specific party or parties which is before his department or agency, if he has served therein more than 60 days in the year past. Since new sections 203 and 205 extend to activities in the same range of matters, they overlap to a greater extent than did their predecessor sections 281 and 283. The following are the few important differences between sections 203 and 205:1. Section 203 applies to Members of Congress as well as officers and employees of the Government; section 205 applies only to the latter.2. Section 203 bars services rendered for compensation solicited or received, but not those rendered without such compensation; section 205 bars both kinds of services.3. Section 203 bars services rendered before the departments and agencies but not services rendered in court; section 205 bars both. It will be seen that while section 203 is controlling as to Members of Congress, for all practical purposes section 205 completely overshadows section 203 in respect of officers and employees of the Government. Section 205 permits a Government officer or employee to represent another person, without compensation, in a disciplinary, loyalty or other personnel matter. Another provision declares that the section does not prevent an officer or employee from giving testimony under oath or making statements required to be made under penalty for perjury or contempt. 5Section 205 also authorizes a limited waiver of its restrictions and those of section 203 for the benefit of an officer or employee, including a special Government employee, who represents his own parents, spouse or child, or a person or estate he serves as a fiduciary. The waiver is available to the officer or employee, whether acting for any such person with or without compensation, but only if approved by the official making appointments to his position. And in no event does the waiver extend to his representation of any such person in matters in which he has participated personally and substantially or which, even in the absence of such participation, are the subject of his official responsibility. Finally, section 205 gives the head of a department or agency the power, notwithstanding any applicable restrictions in its provisions or those of section 203, to allow a special Government employee to represent his regular employer or other outside organization in the performance of work under a Government grant or contract. However, this action is open to the department or agency head only upon his certification, published in the Federal Register, that the national interest requires it. New 18 U. S. C. 207. Subsections (a) and (b) of this section contain post-employment prohibitions applicable to persons who have ended service as officers or employees of the executive branch, the independent agencies or the District of Columbia. 6 The prohibitions for persons who have served as special Government employees are the same as for persons who have performed regular duties. The restraint of subsection (a) is against a former officer or employee's acting as agent or attorney for anyone other than the United States in connection with certain matters, whether pending in the courts or elsewhere. The matters are those involving a specific party or parties in which the United States is one of the parties or has a direct and substantial interest and in which the former officer or employee participated personally and substantially while holding a Government position. Subsection (b) sets forth a 1-year postemployment prohibition in respect of those matters which were within the area of official responsibility of a former officer or employee at any time during the last year of his service but which do not come within subsection (a) because he did not participate in them personally and substantially. More particularly, the prohibition of subsection (b) prevents his personal appearance in such matters before a court or a department or agency of the Government as agent or attorney for anyone other than the United States. 7 Where, in the year prior to the end of his service, a former officer or employee has changed areas of responsibility by transferring from one agency to another, the period of his postemployment ineligibility as to matters in a particular area ends 1 year after his responsibility for that area ends. For example, if an individual transfers from a supervisory position in the Internal Revenue Service to a supervisory position in the Post Office Department and leaves that department for private employment 9 months later, he will be free of the restriction of subsection (b) in 3 months insofar as Internal Revenue matters are concerned. He will of course be bound by it for a year in respect of Post Office Department matters. The proviso following subsections (a) and (b) authorizes an agency head, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in their provisions, to permit a former officer or employee with outstanding scientific qualifications to act as attorney or agent or appear personally before the agency for another in a matter in a scientific field. This authority may be exercised by the agency head upon a “national interest” certification published in the Federal Register. Subsections (a) and (b) describe the activities they forbid as being in connection with “particular matter [s] involving a specific party or parties” in which the former officer or employee had participated. The quoted language does not include general rulemaking, the formulation of general policy or standards, or other similar matters. Thus, past participation in or official responsibility for a matter of this kind on behalf of the Government does not disqualify a former employee from representing another person in a proceeding which is governed by the rule or other result of such matter. Subsection (a) bars permanently a greater variety of actions than subsection (b) bars temporarily. The conduct made unlawful by the former is any action as agent or attorney, while that made unlawful by the latter is a personal appearance as agent or attorney. However, neither subsection precludes postemployment activities which may fairly be characterized as no more than aiding or assisting another. 8 An individual who has left an agency to accept private employment may, for example, immediately perform technical work in his company's plant in relation to a contract for which he had official responsibility—or, for that matter, in relation to one he helped the agency negotiate. On the other hand, he is forbidden for a year, in the first case, to appear personally before the agency as the agent or attorney of his company in connection with a dispute over the terms of the contract. And he may at no time appear personally before the agency or otherwise act as agent or attorney for his company in such dispute if he helped negotiate the contract. Comparing subsection (a) with the antecedent 18 U. S. C. 284 discloses that it follows the latter in limiting disqualification to cases where a former officer or employee actually participated in a matter for the Government. However, subsection (a) covers all matters in which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial interest and not merely the “claims against the United States” covered by 18 U. S. C. 284. Subsection (a) also goes further than the latter in imposing a lifetime instead of a 2-year bar. Subsection (b) has no parallel in 18 U. S. C. 284 or any other provision of the former conflict of interest statutes. It will be seen that subsections (a) and (b) in combination are less restrictive in some respects, and more restrictive in others, than the combination of the prior 18 U. S. C. 284 and 5 U. S. C. 99. Thus, former officers or employees who were outside the Government when the Act came into force on January 21, 1963, will in certain situations be enabled to carry on activities before the Government which were previously barred. For example, the repeal of 5 U. S. C. 99 permits an attorney who left an executive department for private practice a year before to take certain cases against the Government immediately which would be subject to the bar of 5 U. S. C. 99 for another year. On the other hand, former officers or employees became precluded on and after January 21, 1963 from engaging or continuing to engage in certain activities which were permissible until that date. This result follows from the replacement of the 2-year bar of 18 U. S. C. 284 with a lifetime bar of subsection (a) in comparable situations, from the increase in the variety of matters covered by subsection (a) as compared with 18 U. S. C. 284 and from the introduction of the 1-year bar of subsection (b). Subsection (c) of section 207 pertains to an individual outside the Government who is in a business or professional partnership with someone serving in the executive branch, an independent agency or the District of Columbia. The subsection prevents such individual from acting as attorney or agent for anyone other than the United States in any matter, including those in court, in which his partner in the Government is participating or has participated or which are the subject of his partner's official responsibility. Although included in a section dealing largely with post-employment activities, this provision is not directed to the postemployment situation. The paragraph at the end of section 207 also pertains to individuals in a partnership but sets forth no prohibition. This paragraph, which is of importance mainly to lawyers in private practice, rules out the possibility that an individual will be deemed subject to section 203, 205, 207 (a) or 207 (b) solely because he has a partner who serves or has served in the Government either as a regular or a special Government employee. New 18 U. S. C. 208. This section forbids certain actions by an officer or employee of the Government in his role as a servant or representative of the Government. Its thrust is therefore to be distinguished from that of sections 203 and 205 which forbid certain actions in his capacity as a representative of persons outside the Government. Subsection (a) in substance requires an officer or employee of the executive branch, an independent agency or the District of Columbia, including a special Government employee, to refrain from participating as such in any matter in which, to his knowledge, he, his spouse, minor child or partner has a financial interest. He must also remove himself from a matter in which a business or nonprofit organization with which he is connected or is seeking employment has a financial interest. Subsection (b) permits the agency of an officer or employee to grant him an ad hoc exemption from subsection (a) if the outside financial interest in a matter is deemed not substantial enough to have an effect on the integrity of his services. Financial interests of this kind may also be made nondisqualifying by a general regulation published in the Federal Register. Section 208 is similar in purpose to the former 18 U. S. C. 434 but prohibits a greater variety of conduct than the “transaction of business with * * * [a] business entity” to which the prohibition of section 434 was limited. In addition, the provision in section 208 including the interests of a spouse and others is new, as is the provision authorizing exemptions for insignificant interest. New 18 U. S. C. 209. Subsection (a) prevents an officer or employee of the executive branch, an independent agency or the District of Columbia from receiving, and anyone from paying him, any salary or supplementation of salary from a private source as compensation for his services to the Government. This provision uses much of the language of the former 18 U. S. C. 1914 and does not vary from that statute in substance. The remainder of section 209 is new. Subsection (b) specifically authorizes an officer or employee covered by subsection (a) to continue his participation in a bona fide pension plan or other employee welfare or benefit plan maintained by a former employer. Subsection (c) provides that section 209 does not apply to a special Government employee or to anyone serving the Government without compensation whether or not he is a special Government employee. Subsection (d) provides that the section does not prohibit the payment or acceptance of contributions, awards or other expenses under the terms of the Government Employees Training Act. (72 Stat. 327, 5 U. S. C. 2301–2319). Statutory Exemptions From Conflict of Interest Laws Congress has in the past enacted statutes exempting persons in certain positions—usually advisory in nature—from the provisions of some or all of the former conflict of interest laws. Section 2 of the Act grants corresponding exemptions from the new laws with respect to legislative and judicial positions carrying such past exemptions. However, section 2 excludes positions in the executive branch, an independent agency and the District of Columbia from this grant. As a consequence, all statutory exemptions for persons serving in these sectors of the Government ended on January 21, 1963. Retired Officers of the Armed Forces Public Law 87–849 enacted a new 18 U. S. C. 206 which provides in general that the new sections 203 and 205, replacing 18 U. S. C. 281 and 283, do not apply to retired officers of the armed forces and other uniformed services. However, 18 U. S. C. 281 and 283 contain special restrictions applicable to retired officers of the armed forces which are left in force by the partial repealer of those statutes set forth in section 2 of the Act. The former 18 U. S. C. 284, which contained a 2-year disqualification against postemployment activities in connection with claims against the United States, applied by its terms to persons who had served as commissioned officers and whose active service had ceased either by reason of retirement or complete separation. Its replacement, the broader 18 U. S. C. 207, also applies to persons in those circumstances. Section 207, therefore applies to retired officers of the armed forces and overlaps the continuing provisions of 18 U. S. C. 281 and 283 applicable to such officers although to a different extent than did 18 U. S. C. 284. Voiding Transactions in Violation of the Conflict of Interest or Bribery Laws Public Law 87–849 enacted a new section, 18 U. S. C. 218, which did not supplant a pre-existing section of the criminal code. However, it was modeled on the last sentence of the former 18 U. S. C. 216 authorizing the President to declare a Government contract void which was entered into in violation of that section. It will be recalled that section 216 was one of the two statutes repealed without replacement. The new 18 U. S. C. 218 grants the President and, under Presidential regulations, an agency head the power to void and rescind any transaction or matter in relation to which there has been a “final conviction” for a violation of the conflict of interest or bribery laws. The section also authorizes the Government's recovery, in addition to any penalty prescribed by law or in a contract, of the amount expended or thing transferred on behalf of the Government. Section 218 specifically provides that the powers it grants are “in addition to any other remedies provided by law.” Accordingly, it would not seem to override the decision in United States v. Mississippi Valley Generating Co ., 364 U. S. 520 (1961), a case in which there was no “final conviction.”Bibliography Set forth below are the citations to the legislative history of Public Law 87–849 and a list of recent material which is pertinent to a study of the act. The listed 1960 report of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York is particularly valuable. For a comprehensive bibliography of earlier material relating to the conflict of interest laws, see 13 Record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York 323 (May 1958). Legislative History of Public Law 87–849 (H. R. 8140, 87th Cong.)1. Hearings of June 1 and 2, 1961, before the Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5) of the House Judiciary Committee, 87th Cong., 1st sess., ser. 3, on Federal Conflict of Interest Legislation.2. H. Rept. 748, 87th Cong., 1st sess.3. 107 Cong., Rec. 14774.4. Hearing of June 21, 1962, before the Senate Judiciary Committee, 87th Cong., 2d sess., on Conflicts of Interest.5. S. Rept. 2213, 87th Cong., 2d sess.6. 108 Cong. Rec. 20805 and 21130 (daily ed., October 3 and 4, 1962). Other Material1. President's special message to Congress, April 27, 1961, and attached draft bill, 107 Cong. Rec. 6835.2. President's Memorandum of February 9, 1962, to the heads of executive departments and agencies entitled Preventing Conflicts of Interest on the Part of Advisers and Consultants to the Government, 27 F. R. 1341.3. 42 Op. A. G. No. 6, January 31, 1962.4. Memorandum of December 10, 1956, for the Attorney General from the Office of Legal Counsel re conflict of interest statutes, Hearings before the Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5) of House Judiciary Committee, 86th Cong., 2d sess., ser. 17, pt. 2, p. 619.5. Staff report of Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5) of House Judiciary Committee, 85th Cong., 2d sess., Federal Conflict of Interest Legislation (Comm. Print 1958).6. Report of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Conflict of Interest and Federal Service (Harvard Univ. Press 1960). Footnotes1 Section 190 of the Revised Statutes (5 U. S. C. 99), which was repealed by section 3 of Public Law 87–849, applied to a former officer or employee of the Government who had served in a department of the executive branch. It prohibited him, for a period of two years after his employment had ceased, from representing anyone in the prosecution of a claim against the United States which was pending in that or any other executive department during his period of employment. The subject of post-employment activities of former Government officers and employees was also dealt with in another statute which was repealed, 18 U. S. C. 284. Public Law 87–849 covers the subject in a single section enacted as the new 18 U. S. C. 207.18 U. S. C. 216, which was repealed by section 1 (c) of Public Law 87–849, prohibited the payment to or acceptance by a Member of Congress or officer or employee of the Government of any money or thing of value for giving or procuring a Government contract. Since this offense is within the scope of the newly enacted 18 U. S. C. 201 and 18 U. S. C. 203, relating to bribery and conflicts of interest, respectively, section 216 is no longer necessary.2 See section 2 of Public Law 87–849. 18 U. S. C. 281 and 18 U. S. C. 283 were not completely set aside by section 2 but remain in effect to the extent that they apply to retired officers of the Armed Forces (see “Retired Officers of the Armed Forces,” infra ).3 S. Rept. 2213, 87th Cong., 2d sess., p. 6.4 The term “official responsibility” is defined by the new 18 U. S. C. 202 (b) to mean “the direct administrative or operating authority, whether intermediate or final, and either exercisable alone or with others, and either personally or through subordinates, to approve, disapprove, or otherwise direct Government action.”5 These two provisions of section 205 refer to an “officer or employee” and not, as do certain of the other provisions of the Act, to an “officer or employee, including a special Government employee.” However, it is plain from the definition in section 202 (a) that a special Government employee is embraced within the comprehensive term “officer or employee.” There would seem to be little doubt, therefore, that the instant provisions of section 205 apply to special Government employees even in the absence of an explicit reference to them.6 The prohibitions of the two subsections apply to persons ending service in these areas whether they leave the Government entirely or move to the legislative or judicial branch. As a practical matter, however, the prohibitions would rarely be significant in the latter situation because officers and employees of the legislative and judicial branches are covered by sections 203 and 205.7 Neither section 203 nor section 205 prevents a special Government employee, during his period of affiliation with the Government, from representing another person before the Government in a particular matter only because it is within his official responsibility. Therefore the inclusion of a former special Government employee within the 1-year postemployment ban of sub section (b) may subject him to a temporary restraint from which he was free prior to the end of his Government service. However, since special Government employees usually do not have “official responsibility,” as that term is defined in section 202 (b), their inclusion within the 1-year ban will not have a widespread effect.8 Subsection (a), as it first appeared in H. R. 8140, the bill which became Public Law 87–849, made it unlawful for a former officer or employee to act as agent or attorney for, or aid or assist, anyone in a matter in which he had participated. The House Judiciary Committee struck the underlined words, and the bill became law without them. It should be noted also that the repealed provisions of 18 U. S. C. 283 made the distinction between one's acting as agent or attorney for another and his aiding or assisting another.§202. Definitions (a) For the purpose of sections 203, 205, 207, 208, and 209 of this title the term “special Government employee” shall mean an officer or employee of the executive or legislative branch of the United States Government, of any independent agency of the United States or of the District of Columbia, who is retained, designated, appointed, or employed to perform, with or without compensation, for not to exceed one hundred and thirty days during any period of three hundred and sixty-five consecutive days, temporary duties either on a full-time or intermittent basis, a part-time United States commissioner, a part-time United States magistrate judge, or, regardless of the number of days of appointment, an independent counsel appointed under chapter 40 of title 28 and any person appointed by that independent counsel under section 594 (c) of title 28. Notwithstanding the next preceding sentence, every person serving as a part-time local representative of a Member of Congress in the Member's home district or State shall be classified as a special Government employee. Notwithstanding section 29 (c) and (d) 1 of the Act of August 10, 1956 (70A Stat. 632; 5 U. S. C. 30r (c) and (d)), a Reserve officer of the Armed Forces, or an officer of the National Guard of the United States, unless otherwise an officer or employee of the United States, shall be classified as a special Government employee while on active duty solely for training. A Reserve officer of the Armed Forces or an officer of the National Guard of the United States who is voluntarily serving a period of extended active duty in excess of one hundred and thirty days shall be classified as an officer of the United States within the meaning of section 203 and sections 205 through 209 and 218. A Reserve officer of the Armed Forces or an officer of the National Guard of the United States who is serving involuntarily shall be classified as a special Government employee. The terms “officer or employee” and “special Government employee” as used in sections 203, 205, 207 through 209, and 218, shall not include enlisted members of the Armed Forces. (b) For the purposes of sections 205 and 207 of this title, the term “official responsibility” means the direct administrative or operating authority, whether intermediate or final, and either exercisable alone or with others, and either personally or through subordinates, to approve, disapprove, or otherwise direct Government action. (c) Except as otherwise provided in such sections, the terms “officer” and “employee” in sections 203, 205, 207 through 209, and 218 of this title shall not include the President, the Vice President, a Member of Congress, or a Federal judge. (d) The term “Member of Congress” in sections 204 and 207 means— (1) a United States Senator; and (2) a Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the House of Representatives. (e) As used in this chapter, the term— (1) “executive branch” includes each executive agency as defined in title 5, and any other entity or administrative unit in the executive branch; (2) “judicial branch” means the Supreme Court of the United States; the United States courts of appeals; the United States district courts; the Court of International Trade; the United States bankruptcy courts; any court created pursuant to article I of the United States Constitution, including the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, the United States Court of Federal Claims, and the United States Tax Court, but not including a court of a territory or possession of the United States; the Federal Judicial Center; and any other agency, office, or entity in the judicial branch; and (3) “legislative branch” means— (A) the Congress; and (B) the Office of the Architect of the Capitol, the United States Botanic Garden, the Government Accountability Office, the Government Printing Office, the Library of Congress, the Office of Technology Assessment, the Congressional Budget Office, the United States Capitol Police, and any other agency, entity, office, or commission established in the legislative branch. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1121; amended Pub. L. 90–578, title III, §301 (b), Oct. 17, 1968, 82 Stat. 1115; Pub. L. 100–191, §3 (a), Dec. 15, 1987, 101 Stat. 1306; Pub. L. 101–194, title IV, §401, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1747; Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (a), May 4, 1990, 104 Stat. 158; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, §321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, §902 (b) (1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4516; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §924 (d) (1) (B), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2832; Pub. L. 108–271, §8 (b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814. )References in Text Section 29 (c) and (d) of the Act of August 10, 1956 (70A Stat. 632; 5 U. S. C. 30r (c) and (d)), referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed and the provisions thereof were reenacted as sections 502, 2105 (d), and 5534, of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 278. Prior Provisions A prior section 202, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 691, prescribed penalties for any officer or other person who accepted or solicited anything of value to influence his decision, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849, and is substantially covered by revised section 201. Amendments2004—Subsec. (e) (3) (B). Pub. L. 108–271 substituted “Government Accountability Office” for “General Accounting Office”.1994—Subsec. (e) (2). Pub. L. 103–337 substituted “Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces” for “Court of Military Appeals”.1992—Subsec. (e) (2). Pub. L. 102–572 substituted “United States Court of Federal Claims” for “United States Claims Court”.1990—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (a) (1), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: “Except as otherwise provided in such sections, the terms ‘officer’ and ‘employee’ in sections 203, 205, 207, 208, and 209 of this title, mean those individuals defined in sections 2104 and 2105 of title 5. The terms ‘officer’ and ‘employee’ shall not include the President, the Vice President, a Member of Congress, or a Federal judge.”Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (a) (2), substituted “means” for “shall include”. Subsec. (e) (1). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (a) (3) (1), substituted “includes each” for “means any”. Subsec. (e) (3) (A). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (a) (3) (2) (A), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “a Member of Congress, or any officer or employee of the United States Senate or United States House of Representatives; and”. Subsec. (e) (3) (B). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (a) (3) (2) (B), substituted “the Office” for “an officer or employee”.1989—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 101–194 added subsecs. (c) to (e).1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–191 expanded definition of “special Government employee” to include an independent counsel appointed under chapter 40 of title 28 and any person appointed by that independent counsel under section 594 (c) of title 28, regardless of the number of days of appointment.1968—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–578 substituted “a part-time United States commissioner, or a part-time United States magistrate” for “or a part-time United States Commissioner”. Change of Name“United States magistrate judge” substituted for “United States magistrate” in subsec. (a) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Effective Date of 1992 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 102–572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Effective Date of 1987 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 100–191 effective Dec. 15, 1987, and applicable to independent counsel proceedings under 28 U. S. C. 591 et seq. pending on that date as well as to proceedings on and after that date, see section 6 of Pub. L. 100–191, set out as a note under section 591 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Effective Date of 1968 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 90–578 effective Oct. 17, 1968, except when a later effective date is applicable, which is the earlier of date when implementation of amendment by appointment of magistrates [now United States magistrate judges] and assumption of office takes place or third anniversary of enactment of Pub. L. 90–578, see section 403 of Pub. L. 90–578, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Effective Date Section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 201 of this title.1 See References in Text note below.§203. Compensation to Members of Congress, officers, and others in matters affecting the Government (a) Whoever, otherwise than as provided by law for the proper discharge of official duties, directly or indirectly— (1) demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept any compensation for any representational services, as agent or attorney or otherwise, rendered or to be rendered either personally or by another— (A) at a time when such person is a Member of Congress, Member of Congress Elect, Delegate, Delegate Elect, Resident Commissioner, or Resident Commissioner Elect; or (B) at a time when such person is an officer or employee or Federal judge of the United States in the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Government, or in any agency of the United States,in relation to any proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter in which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial interest, before any department, agency, court, court-martial, officer, or any civil, military, or naval commission; or (2) knowingly gives, promises, or offers any compensation for any such representational services rendered or to be rendered at a time when the person to whom the compensation is given, promised, or offered, is or was such a Member, Member Elect, Delegate, Delegate Elect, Commissioner, Commissioner Elect, Federal judge, officer, or employee;shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title. (b) Whoever, otherwise than as provided by law for the proper discharge of official duties, directly or indirectly— (1) demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept any compensation for any representational services, as agent or attorney or otherwise, rendered or to be rendered either personally or by another, at a time when such person is an officer or employee of the District of Columbia, in relation to any proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter in which the District of Columbia is a party or has a direct and substantial interest, before any department, agency, court, officer, or commission; or (2) knowingly gives, promises, or offers any compensation for any such representational services rendered or to be rendered at a time when the person to whom the compensation is given, promised, or offered, is or was an officer or employee of the District of Columbia;shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title. (c) A special Government employee shall be subject to subsections (a) and (b) only in relation to a particular matter involving a specific party or parties— (1) in which such employee has at any time participated personally and substantially as a Government employee or as a special Government employee through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation or otherwise; or (2) which is pending in the department or agency of the Government in which such employee is serving except that paragraph (2) of this subsection shall not apply in the case of a special Government employee who has served in such department or agency no more than sixty days during the immediately preceding period of three hundred and sixty-five consecutive days. (d) Nothing in this section prevents an officer or employee, including a special Government employee, from acting, with or without compensation, as agent or attorney for or otherwise representing his parents, spouse, child, or any person for whom, or for any estate for which, he is serving as guardian, executor, administrator, trustee, or other personal fiduciary except— (1) in those matters in which he has participated personally and substantially as a Government employee or as a special Government employee through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation, or otherwise; or (2) in those matters that are the subject of his official responsibility,subject to approval by the Government official responsible for appointment to his position. (e) Nothing in this section prevents a special Government employee from acting as agent or attorney for another person in the performance of work under a grant by, or a contract with or for the benefit of, the United States if the head of the department or agency concerned with the grant or contract certifies in writing that the national interest so requires and publishes such certification in the Federal Register. (f) Nothing in this section prevents an individual from giving testimony under oath or from making statements required to be made under penalty of perjury. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1121; amended Pub. L. 91–405, title II, §204 (d) (2), (3), Sept. 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 853; Pub. L. 99–646, §47 (a), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3604; Pub. L. 101–194, title IV, §402, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1748; Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (b), May 4, 1990, 104 Stat. 159. )Prior Provisions A prior section 203, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 692, related to the acceptance or demand by district attorneys, or marshals and their assistants of any fee other than provided by law, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered by revised section 201. Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in section 281 of this title prior to the repeal of such section and the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849. Amendments1990—Subsec. (a) (1) (B). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (b) (1), inserted “or Federal judge” after “employee”. Subsec. (a) (2). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (b) (2), inserted “Commissioner Elect, Federal judge,” after “Commissioner,”. Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (b) (3), inserted “representational” before “services”. Subsec. (d) (1). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (b) (4), substituted “Government employee or as a special Government employee” for “Government employee,”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (b) (5), added subsec. (f).1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–194, §402 (3), in concluding provisions, substituted “shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title” for “shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both; and shall be incapable of holding any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States”. Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 101–194, §402 (1), (2), (7), in introductory provisions, substituted “representational services, as agent or attorney or otherwise,” for “services”, in concluding provisions, inserted “court,” after “department, agency,” and in subpar. (B), struck out “including the District of Columbia,” after “agency of the United States”. Subsec. (a) (2). Pub. L. 101–194, §402 (4)– (6), inserted “representational” before “services”, “Member Elect,” after “Member,” and “Delegate Elect,” after “Delegate,”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–194, §402 (9), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–194, §402 (8), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c) and substituted “subsections (a) and (b)” for “subsection (a)”. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 101–194, §402 (10), added subsecs. (d) and (e).1986—Pub. L. 99–646, §47 (a) (3) (D), provided for alignment of margins of each subsection, paragraph, and subparagraph of this section. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–646, §47 (a) (1), (2), substituted “indirectly—” for “indirectly” in introductory provisions, redesignated the undesignated par. which followed former subsec. (b) as concluding par. of subsec. (a), and substituted “shall be fined under this title” for “Shall be fined not more than $10,000”. Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 99–646, §47 (a) (1), substituted “ (1) demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept any” for “receives or agrees to receive, or asks, demands, solicits, or seeks, any” and “personally or by” for “by himself or”, redesignated former par. (1) as subpar. (A) and substituted “such person” for “he” and “Delegate, Delegate Elect” for “Delegate from the District of Columbia, Delegate Elect from the District of Columbia”, redesignated former par. (2) as subpar. (B) and substituted “such person” for “he”, and in closing provisions substituted “commission; or” for “commission, or”. Subsec. (a) (2). Pub. L. 99–646, §47 (a) (2), redesignated former subsec. (b) as par. (2) and substituted “knowingly gives” for “Whoever, knowingly, otherwise than as provided by law for the proper discharge of official duties, directly or indirectly gives” and “employee;” for “employee—”. Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 99–646, §47 (a) (3), (4), redesignated former subsec. (c) as (b) and substituted “parties—” for “parties”, “such employee” for “he”, “otherwise; or” for “otherwise, or”, and “in which such employee is serving except that paragraph (2) of this subsection” for “in which he is serving: Provided, That clause (2)”. Former subsec. (b) redesignated (a) (2).1970—Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 91–405, §204 (d) (2), included references to Delegate from District of Columbia and Delegate Elect from District of Columbia. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–405, §204 (d) (3), included reference to Delegate. Effective Date of 1986 Amendment Section 47 (b) of Pub. L. 99–646 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1986].”Effective Date of 1970 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 91–405 effective Sept. 22, 1970, see section 206 (b) of Pub. L. 91–405, set out as an Effective Date note under section 25a of Title 2, The Congress. Effective Date Section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 201 of this title. Delegation of Authority Authority of President under subsec. (d) of this section to grant exemptions or approvals to individuals delegated to agency heads, see section 401 of Ex. Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Authority of President under subsec. (d) of this section to grant exemptions or approvals for Presidential appointees to committees, commissions, boards, or similar groups established by the President, and for individuals appointed pursuant to sections 105 and 107 (a) of Title 3, The President, delegated to Counsel to President, see section 402 of Ex Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5. Exemptions Section 2 of Pub. L. 87–849 provided in part that: “All exemptions from the provisions of sections 281, 282, 283, 284, 434, or 1914 of title 18 of the United States Code heretofore created or authorized by statute which are in force on the effective date of this Act [see Effective Date note under section 201 of this title] shall, on and after that date, be deemed to be exemptions from sections 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, or 209, respectively, of title 18 of the United States Code except to the extent that they affect officers or employees of the executive branch of the United States Government, of any independent agency of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, as to whom they are no longer applicable.”Private Sector Representatives on United States Delegations to International Telecommunications Meetings and Conferences Pub. L. 97–241, title I, §120, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 280, provided that:“ (a) Sections 203, 205, 207, and 208 of title 18, United States Code, shall not apply to a private sector representative on the United States delegation to an international telecommunications meeting or conference who is specifically designated to speak on behalf of or otherwise represent the interests of the United States at such meeting or conference with respect to a particular matter, if the Secretary of State (or the Secretary's designee) certifies that no Government employee on the delegation is as well qualified to represent United States interests with respect to such matter and that such designation serves the national interest. All such representatives shall have on file with the Department of State the financial disclosure report required for special Government employees.“ (b) As used in this section, the term ‘international telecommunications meeting or conference’ means the conferences of the International Telecommunications Union, meetings of its International Consultative Committees for Radio and for Telephone and Telegraph, and such other international telecommunications meetings or conferences as the Secretary of State may designate.”§204. Practice in United States Court of Federal Claims or the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit by Members of Congress Whoever, being a Member of Congress or Member of Congress Elect, practices in the United States Court of Federal Claims or the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1122; amended Pub. L. 91–405, title II, §204 (d) (2), Sept. 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 853; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, §147, Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 45; Pub. L. 101–194, title IV, §403, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1749; Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, §902 (b) (1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4516. )Prior Provisions A prior section 204, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 692, related to an offer to influence a Member of Congress, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered by revised section 201. Provisions similar to this section were contained in former section 282 of this title prior to the repeal of such section and the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849. Amendments1992—Pub. L. 102–572 substituted “United States Court of Federal Claims” for “United States Claims Court” in section catchline and in text.1989—Pub. L. 101–194 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: “Whoever, being a Member of Congress, Member of Congress Elect, Delegate from the District of Columbia, Delegate Elect from the District of Columbia, Resident Commissioner, or Resident Commissioner Elect, practices in the United States Claims Court or the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both, and shall be incapable of holding any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States.”1982—Pub. L. 97–164 substituted “United States Claims Court or the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit” for “Court of Claims”.1970—Pub. L. 91–405 included references to Delegate from District of Columbia and Delegate Elect from District of Columbia. Effective Date of 1992 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 102–572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Effective Date of 1982 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Effective Date of 1970 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 91–405 effective Sept. 22, 1970, see section 206 (b) of Pub. L. 91–405, set out as an Effective Date note under section 25a of Title 2, The Congress. Effective Date Section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 201 of this title. Exemptions Exemptions from former section 282 of this title deemed to be exemptions from this section, see section 2 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 203 of this title.§205. Activities of officers and employees in claims against and other matters affecting the Government (a) Whoever, being an officer or employee of the United States in the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Government or in any agency of the United States, other than in the proper discharge of his official duties— (1) acts as agent or attorney for prosecuting any claim against the United States, or re ceives any gratuity, or any share of or interest in any such claim, in consideration of assistance in the prosecution of such claim; or (2) acts as agent or attorney for anyone before any department, agency, court, court-martial, officer, or civil, military, or naval commission in connection with any covered matter in which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial interest;shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title. (b) Whoever, being an officer or employee of the District of Columbia or an officer or employee of the Office of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, otherwise than in the proper discharge of official duties— (1) acts as agent or attorney for prosecuting any claim against the District of Columbia, or receives any gratuity, or any share of or interest in any such claim in consideration of assistance in the prosecution of such claim; or (2) acts as agent or attorney for anyone before any department, agency, court, officer, or commission in connection with any covered matter in which the District of Columbia is a party or has a direct and substantial interest;shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title. (c) A special Government employee shall be subject to subsections (a) and (b) only in relation to a covered matter involving a specific party or parties— (1) in which he has at any time participated personally and substantially as a Government employee or special Government employee through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation, or otherwise; or (2) which is pending in the department or agency of the Government in which he is serving. Paragraph (2) shall not apply in the case of a special Government employee who has served in such department or agency no more than sixty days during the immediately preceding period of three hundred and sixty-five consecutive days. (d) (1) Nothing in subsection (a) or (b) prevents an officer or employee, if not inconsistent with the faithful performance of that officer's or employee's duties, from acting without compensation as agent or attorney for, or otherwise representing— (A) any person who is the subject of disciplinary, loyalty, or other personnel administration proceedings in connection with those proceedings; or (B) except as provided in paragraph (2), any cooperative, voluntary, professional, recreational, or similar organization or group not established or operated for profit, if a majority of the organization's or group's members are current officers or employees of the United States or of the District of Columbia, or their spouses or dependent children. (2) Paragraph (1) (B) does not apply with respect to a covered matter that— (A) is a claim under subsection (a) (1) or (b) (1); (B) is a judicial or administrative proceeding where the organization or group is a party; or (C) involves a grant, contract, or other agreement (including a request for any such grant, contract, or agreement) providing for the disbursement of Federal funds to the organization or group. (e) Nothing in subsection (a) or (b) prevents an officer or employee, including a special Government employee, from acting, with or without compensation, as agent or attorney for, or otherwise representing, his parents, spouse, child, or any person for whom, or for any estate for which, he is serving as guardian, executor, administrator, trustee, or other personal fiduciary except— (1) in those matters in which he has participated personally and substantially as a Government employee or special Government employee through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation, or otherwise, or (2) in those matters which are the subject of his official responsibility,subject to approval by the Government official responsible for appointment to his position. (f) Nothing in subsection (a) or (b) prevents a special Government employee from acting as agent or attorney for another person in the performance of work under a grant by, or a contract with or for the benefit of, the United States if the head of the department or agency concerned with the grant or contract certifies in writing that the national interest so requires and publishes such certification in the Federal Register. (g) Nothing in this section prevents an officer or employee from giving testimony under oath or from making statements required to be made under penalty for perjury or contempt. (h) For the purpose of this section, the term “covered matter” means any judicial or other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, investigation, charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter. (i) Nothing in this section prevents an employee from acting pursuant to— (1) chapter 71 of title 5; (2) section 1004 or chapter 12 of title 39; (3) section 3 of the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 (16 U. S. C. 831b); (4) chapter 10 of title I of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U. S. C. 4104 et seq. ); or (5) any provision of any other Federal or District of Columbia law that authorizes labor-management relations between an agency or instrumentality of the United States or the District of Columbia and any labor organization that represents its employees. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1122; amended Pub. L. 101–194, title IV, §404, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1750; Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (c), May 4, 1990, 104 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 104–177, §2, Aug. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 1563; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002 (a) (9), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1807. )References in Text The Foreign Service Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (i) (4), is Pub. L. 96–465, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2071, as amended. Chapter 10 of title I of the Act is classified generally to subchapter X (§4101 et seq.) of chapter 52 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3901 of Title 22 and Tables. Prior Provisions A prior section 205, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 692, related to the acceptance by a Member of Congress of anything of value to influence him, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered by revised section 201. Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in section 283 of this title prior to the repeal of such section and the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849. Amendments2002—Subsec. (d) (1) (B). Pub. L. 107–273 substituted “group's” for “groups's”.1996—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–177, §2 (a), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “Nothing in subsection (a) or (b) prevents an officer or employee, if not inconsistent with the faithful performance of his duties, from acting without compensation as agent or attorney for, or otherwise representing, any person who is the subject of disciplinary, loyalty, or other personnel administration proceedings in connection with those proceedings.”Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 104–177, §2 (b), added subsec. (i).1990—Subsec. (a) (2). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (c) (1), substituted “civil” for “any civil”. Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (c) (2), substituted “commission” for “any commission”.1989—Pub. L. 101–194 amended section generally, revising and restating as subsecs. (a) to (h) provisions formerly consisting of eight undesignated pars. Effective Date Section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 201 of this title. Delegation of Authority Authority of President under subsec. (e) of this section to grant exemptions or approvals to individuals delegated to agency heads, see section 401 of Ex. Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Authority of President under subsec. (e) of this section to grant exemptions or approvals for Presidential appointees to committees, commissions, boards, or similar groups established by the President, and for individuals appointed pursuant to sections 105 and 107 (a) of Title 3, The President, delegated to Counsel to President, see section 402 of Ex Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5. Exemptions Exemptions from former section 283 of this title deemed to be exemptions from this section, see section 2 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 203 of this title.§206. Exemption of retired officers of the uniformed services Sections 203 and 205 of this title shall not apply to a retired officer of the uniformed services of the United States while not on active duty and not otherwise an officer or employee of the United States, or to any person specially excepted by Act of Congress. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1123. )Prior Provisions A prior section 206, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 692, related to an offer to a judge or judicial officer to influence him, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered by revised section 201. Effective Date Section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 201 of this title.§207. Restrictions on former officers, employees, and elected officials of the executive and legislative branches (a) Restrictions on All Officers and Employees of the Executive Branch and Certain Other Agencies.— (1) Permanent restrictions on representation on particular matters .—Any person who is an officer or employee (including any special Government employee) of the executive branch of the United States (including any independent agency of the United States), or of the District of Columbia, and who, after the termination of his or her service or employment with the United States or the District of Columbia, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any officer or employee of any department, agency, court, or court-martial of the United States or the District of Columbia, on behalf of any other person (except the United States or the District of Columbia) in connection with a particular matter— (A) in which the United States or the District of Columbia is a party or has a direct and substantial interest, (B) in which the person participated personally and substantially as such officer or employee, and (C) which involved a specific party or specific parties at the time of such participation,shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (2) Two-year restrictions concerning particular matters under official responsibility .—Any person subject to the restrictions contained in paragraph (1) who, within 2 years after the termination of his or her service or employment with the United States or the District of Columbia, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any officer or employee of any department, agency, court, or court-martial of the United States or the District of Columbia, on behalf of any other person (except the United States or the District of Columbia), in connection with a particular matter— (A) in which the United States or the District of Columbia is a party or has a direct and substantial interest, (B) which such person knows or reasonably should know was actually pending under his or her official responsibility as such officer or employee within a period of 1 year before the termination of his or her service or employment with the United States or the District of Columbia, and (C) which involved a specific party or specific parties at the time it was so pending,shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (3) Clarification of restrictions .—The restrictions contained in paragraphs (1) and (2) shall apply— (A) in the case of an officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States (including any independent agency), only with respect to communications to or appearances before any officer or employee of any department, agency, court, or court-martial of the United States on behalf of any other person (except the United States), and only with respect to a matter in which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial interest; and (B) in the case of an officer or employee of the District of Columbia, only with respect to communications to or appearances before any officer or employee of any department, agency, or court of the District of Columbia on behalf of any other person (except the District of Columbia), and only with respect to a matter in which the District of Columbia is a party or has a direct and substantial interest. (b) One-Year Restrictions on Aiding or Advising.— (1) In general .—Any person who is a former officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States (including any independent agency) and is subject to the restrictions contained in subsection (a) (1), or any person who is a former officer or employee of the legislative branch or a former Member of Congress, who personally and substantially participated in any ongoing trade or treaty negotiation on behalf of the United States within the 1-year period preceding the date on which his or her service or employment with the United States terminated, and who had access to information concerning such trade or treaty negotiation which is exempt from disclosure under section 552 of title 5, which is so designated by the appropriate department or agency, and which the person knew or should have known was so designated, shall not, on the basis of that information, knowingly represent, aid, or advise any other person (except the United States) concerning such ongoing trade or treaty negotiation for a period of 1 year after his or her service or employment with the United States terminates. Any person who violates this subsection shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (2) Definition .—For purposes of this paragraph— (A) the term “trade negotiation” means negotiations which the President determines to undertake to enter into a trade agreement pursuant to section 1102 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, and does not include any action taken before that determination is made; and (B) the term “treaty” means an international agreement made by the President that requires the advice and consent of the Senate. (c) One-Year Restrictions on Certain Senior Personnel of the Executive Branch and Independent Agencies.— (1) Restrictions .—In addition to the restrictions set forth in subsections (a) and (b), any person who is an officer or employee (including any special Government employee) of the executive branch of the United States (including an independent agency), who is referred to in paragraph (2), and who, within 1 year after the termination of his or her service or employment as such officer or employee, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any officer or employee of the department or agency in which such person served within 1 year before such termination, on behalf of any other person (except the United States), in connection with any matter on which such person seeks official action by any officer or employee of such department or agency, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (2) Persons to whom restrictions apply .— (A) Paragraph (1) shall apply to a person (other than a person subject to the restrictions of subsection (d))— (i) employed at a rate of pay specified in or fixed according to subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 5, (ii) employed in a position which is not referred to in clause (i) and for which that person is paid at a rate of basic pay which is equal to or greater than 86.5 percent of the rate of basic pay for level II of the Executive Schedule, or, for a period of 2 years following the enactment of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, a person who, on the day prior to the enactment of that Act, was employed in a position which is not referred to in clause (i) and for which the rate of basic pay, exclusive of any locality-based pay adjustment under section 5304 or section 5304a of title 5, was equal to or greater than the rate of basic pay payable for level 5 of the Senior Executive Service on the day prior to the enactment of that Act, (iii) appointed by the President to a position under section 105 (a) (2) (B) of title 3 or by the Vice President to a position under section 106 (a) (1) (B) of title 3, (iv) employed in a position which is held by an active duty commissioned officer of the uniformed services who is serving in a grade or rank for which the pay grade (as specified in section 201 of title 37) is pay grade O–7 or above; or (v) assigned from a private sector organization to an agency under chapter 37 of title 5. (B) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a special Government employee who serves less than 60 days in the 1-year period before his or her service or employment as such employee terminates. (C) At the request of a department or agency, the Director of the Office of Government Ethics may waive the restrictions contained in paragraph (1) with respect to any position, or category of positions, referred to in clause (ii) or (iv) of subparagraph (A), in such department or agency if the Director determines that— (i) the imposition of the restrictions with respect to such position or positions would create an undue hardship on the department or agency in obtaining qualified personnel to fill such position or positions, and (ii) granting the waiver would not create the potential for use of undue influence or unfair advantage. (d) Restrictions on Very Senior Personnel of the Executive Branch and Independent Agencies.— (1) Restrictions .—In addition to the restrictions set forth in subsections (a) and (b), any person who— (A) serves in the position of Vice President of the United States, (B) is employed in a position in the executive branch of the United States (including any independent agency) at a rate of pay payable for level I of the Executive Schedule or employed in a position in the Executive Office of the President at a rate of pay payable for level II of the Executive Schedule, or (C) is appointed by the President to a position under section 105 (a) (2) (A) of title 3 or by the Vice President to a position under section 106 (a) (1) (A) of title 3,and who, within 2 years after the termination of that person's service in that position, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any person described in paragraph (2), on behalf of any other person (except the United States), in connection with any matter on which such person seeks official action by any officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (2) Persons who may not be contacted .—The persons referred to in paragraph (1) with respect to appearances or communications by a person in a position described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1) are— (A) any officer or employee of any department or agency in which such person served in such position within a period of 1 year before such person's service or employment with the United States Government terminated, and (B) any person appointed to a position in the executive branch which is listed in section 5312, 5313, 5314, 5315, or 5316 of title 5. (e) Restrictions on Members of Congress and Officers and Employees of the Legislative Branch.— (1) Members of congress and elected officers of the house.— (A) Senators .—Any person who is a Senator and who, within 2 years after that person leaves office, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress or any employee of any other legislative office of the Congress, on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former Senator seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (B) Members and officers of the house of representatives .— (i) Any person who is a Member of the House of Representatives or an elected officer of the House of Representatives and who, within 1 year after that person leaves office, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any of the persons described in clause (ii) or (iii), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former Member of Congress or elected officer seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (ii) The persons referred to in clause (i) with respect to appearances or communications by a former Member of the House of Representatives are any Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress and any employee of any other legislative office of the Congress. (iii) The persons referred to in clause (i) with respect to appearances or communications by a former elected officer are any Member, officer, or employee of the House of Representatives. (2) Officers and staff of the senate .—Any person who is an elected officer of the Senate, or an employee of the Senate to whom paragraph (7) (A) applies, and who, within 1 year after that person leaves office or employment, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any Senator or any officer or employee of the Senate, on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former elected officer or former employee seeks action by a Senator or an officer or employee of the Senate, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (3) Personal staff .— (A) Any person who is an employee of a Member of the House of Representatives to whom paragraph (7) (A) applies and who, within 1 year after the termination of that employment, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any of the persons described in subparagraph (B), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former employee seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (B) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a person who is a former employee are the following: (i) the Member of the House of Representatives for whom that person was an employee; and (ii) any employee of that Member of the House of Representatives. (4) Committee staff .—Any person who is an employee of a committee of the House of Representatives, or an employee of a joint committee of the Congress whose pay is disbursed by the Clerk of the House of Representatives, to whom paragraph (7) (A) applies and who, within 1 year after the termination of that person's employment on such committee or joint committee (as the case may be), knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any person who is a Member or an employee of that committee or joint committee (as the case may be) or who was a Member of the committee or joint committee (as the case may be) in the year immediately prior to the termination of such person's employment by the committee or joint committee (as the case may be), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former employee seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (5) Leadership staff .— (A) Any person who is an employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives to whom paragraph (7) (A) applies and who, within 1 year after the termination of that person's employment on such staff, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any of the persons described in subparagraph (B), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former employee seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (B) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a former employee are any Member of the leadership of the House of Representatives and any employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives. (6) Other legislative offices .— (A) Any person who is an employee of any other legislative office of the Congress to whom paragraph (7) (B) applies and who, within 1 year after the termination of that person's employment in such office, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any of the persons described in subparagraph (B), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former employee seeks action by any officer or employee of such office, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (B) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a former employee are the employees and officers of the former legislative office of the Congress of the former employee. (7) Limitation on restrictions .— (A) The restrictions contained in paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5) apply only to acts by a former employee who, for at least 60 days, in the aggregate, during the 1-year period before that former employee's service as such employee terminated, was paid a rate of basic pay equal to or greater than an amount which is 75 percent of the basic rate of pay payable for a Member of the House of Congress in which such employee was employed. (B) The restrictions contained in paragraph (6) apply only to acts by a former employee who, for at least 60 days, in the aggregate, during the 1-year period before that former employee's service as such employee terminated, was employed in a position for which the rate of basic pay, exclusive of any locality-based pay adjustment under section 5302 of title 5, is equal to or greater than the basic rate of pay payable for level IV of the Executive Schedule. (8) Exception .—This subsection shall not apply to contacts with the staff of the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House of Representatives regarding compliance with lobbying disclosure requirements under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995. (9) Definitions .—As used in this subsection— (A) the term “committee of Congress” includes standing committees, joint committees, and select committees; (B) a person is an employee of a House of Congress if that person is an employee of the Senate or an employee of the House of Representatives; (C) the term “employee of the House of Representatives” means an employee of a Member of the House of Representatives, an employee of a committee of the House of Representatives, an employee of a joint committee of the Congress whose pay is disbursed by the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and an employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives; (D) the term “employee of the Senate” means an employee of a Senator, an employee of a committee of the Senate, an employee of a joint committee of the Congress whose pay is disbursed by the Secretary of the Senate, and an employee on the leadership staff of the Senate; (E) a person is an employee of a Member of the House of Representatives if that person is an employee of a Member of the House of Representatives under the clerk hire allowance; (F) a person is an employee of a Senator if that person is an employee in a position in the office of a Senator; (G) the term “employee of any other legislative office of the Congress” means an officer or employee of the Architect of the Capitol, the United States Botanic Garden, the Government Accountability Office, the Government Printing Office, the Library of Congress, the Office of Technology Assessment, the Congressional Budget Office, the United States Capitol Police, and any other agency, entity, or office in the legislative branch not covered by paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5) of this subsection; (H) the term “employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives” means an employee of the office of a Member of the leadership of the House of Representatives described in subparagraph (L), and any elected minority employee of the House of Representatives; (I) the term “employee on the leadership staff of the Senate” means an employee of the office of a Member of the leadership of the Senate described in subparagraph (M); (J) the term “Member of Congress” means a Senator or a Member of the House of Representatives; (K) the term “Member of the House of Representatives” means a Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress; (L) the term “Member of the leadership of the House of Representatives” means the Speaker, majority leader, minority leader, majority whip, minority whip, chief deputy majority whip, chief deputy minority whip, chairman of the Democratic Steering Committee, chairman and vice chairman of the Democratic Caucus, chairman, vice chairman, and secretary of the Republican Conference, chairman of the Republican Research Committee, and chairman of the Republican Policy Committee, of the House of Representatives (or any similar position created on or after the effective date set forth in section 102 (a) of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989); (M) the term “Member of the leadership of the Senate” means the Vice President, and the President pro tempore, Deputy President pro tempore, majority leader, minority leader, majority whip, minority whip, chairman and secretary of the Conference of the Majority, chairman and secretary of the Conference of the Minority, chairman and co-chairman of the Majority Policy Committee, and chairman of the Minority Policy Committee, of the Senate (or any similar position created on or after the effective date set forth in section 102 (a) of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989). (f) Restrictions Relating to Foreign Entities.— (1) Restrictions .—Any person who is subject to the restrictions contained in subsection (c), (d), or (e) and who knowingly, within 1 year after leaving the position, office, or employment referred to in such subsection— (A) represents a foreign entity before any officer or employee of any department or agency of the United States with the intent to influence a decision of such officer or employee in carrying out his or her official duties, or (B) aids or advises a foreign entity with the intent to influence a decision of any officer or employee of any department or agency of the United States, in carrying out his or her official duties,shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (2) Special rule for trade representative .—With respect to a person who is the United States Trade Representative or Deputy United States Trade Representative, the restrictions described in paragraph (1) shall apply to representing, aiding, or advising foreign entities at any time after the termination of that person's service as the United States Trade Representative. (3) Definition .—For purposes of this subsection, the term “foreign entity” means the government of a foreign country as defined in section 1 (e) of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, or a foreign political party as defined in section 1 (f) of that Act. (g) Special Rules for Detailees .—For purposes of this section, a person who is detailed from one department, agency, or other entity to another department, agency, or other entity shall, during the period such person is detailed, be deemed to be an officer or employee of both departments, agencies, or such entities. (h) Designations of Separate Statutory Agencies and Bureaus.— (1) Designations .—For purposes of subsection (c) and except as provided in paragraph (2), whenever the Director of the Office of Government Ethics determines that an agency or bureau within a department or agency in the executive branch exercises functions which are distinct and separate from the remaining functions of the department or agency and that there exists no potential for use of undue influence or unfair advantage based on past Government service, the Director shall by rule designate such agency or bureau as a separate department or agency. On an annual basis the Director of the Office of Government Ethics shall review the designations and determinations made under this subparagraph and, in consultation with the department or agency concerned, make such additions and deletions as are necessary. Departments and agencies shall cooperate to the fullest extent with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics in the exercise of his or her responsibilities under this paragraph. (2) Inapplicability of designations .—No agency or bureau within the Executive Office of the President may be designated under paragraph (1) as a separate department or agency. No designation under paragraph (1) shall apply to persons referred to in subsection (c) (2) (A) (i) or (iii). (i) Definitions .—For purposes of this section— (1) the term “officer or employee”, when used to describe the person to whom a communication is made or before whom an appearance is made, with the intent to influence, shall include— (A) in subsections (a), (c), and (d), the President and the Vice President; and (B) in subsection (f), the President, the Vice President, and Members of Congress; (2) the term “participated” means an action taken as an officer or employee through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation, or other such action; and (3) the term “particular matter” includes any investigation, application, request for a ruling or determination, rulemaking, contract, controversy, claim, charge, accusation, arrest, or judicial or other proceeding. (j) Exceptions.— (1) Official government duties .— (A) In general .—The restrictions contained in this section shall not apply to acts done in carrying out official duties on behalf of the United States or the District of Columbia or as an elected official of a State or local government. (B) Tribal organizations and inter-tribal consortiums .—The restrictions contained in this section shall not apply to acts authorized by section 104 (j) of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (25 U. S. C. 450i (j)). (2) State and local governments and institutions, hospitals, and organizations .—The restrictions contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not apply to acts done in carrying out official duties as an employee of— (A) an agency or instrumentality of a State or local government if the appearance, communication, or representation is on behalf of such government, or (B) an accredited, degree-granting institution of higher education, as defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965, or a hospital or medical research organization, exempted and defined under section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, if the appearance, communication, or representation is on behalf of such institution, hospital, or organization. (3) International organizations .—The restrictions contained in this section shall not apply to an appearance or communication on behalf of, or advice or aid to, an international organization in which the United States participates, if the Secretary of State certifies in advance that such activity is in the interests of the United States. (4) Special knowledge .—The restrictions contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not prevent an individual from making or providing a statement, which is based on the individual's own special knowledge in the particular area that is the subject of the statement, if no compensation is thereby received. (5) Exception for scientific or technological information .—The restrictions contained in subsections (a), (c), and (d) shall not apply with respect to the making of communications solely for the purpose of furnishing scientific or technological information, if such communications are made under procedures acceptable to the department or agency concerned or if the head of the department or agency concerned with the particular matter, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics, makes a certification, published in the Federal Register, that the former officer or employee has outstanding qualifications in a scientific, technological, or other technical discipline, and is acting with respect to a particular matter which requires such qualifications, and that the national interest would be served by the participation of the former officer or employee. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “officer or employee” includes the Vice President. (6) Exception for testimony .—Nothing in this section shall prevent an individual from giving testimony under oath, or from making statements required to be made under penalty of perjury. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence— (A) a former officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States (including any independent agency) who is subject to the restrictions contained in subsection (a) (1) with respect to a particular matter may not, except pursuant to court order, serve as an expert witness for any other person (except the United States) in that matter; and (B) a former officer or employee of the District of Columbia who is subject to the restrictions contained in subsection (a) (1) with respect to a particular matter may not, except pursuant to court order, serve as an expert witness for any other person (except the District of Columbia) in that matter. (7) Political parties and campaign committees .— (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the restrictions contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not apply to a communication or appearance made solely on behalf of a candidate in his or her capacity as a candidate, an authorized committee, a national committee, a national Federal campaign committee, a State committee, or a political party. (B) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to— (i) any communication to, or appearance before, the Federal Election Commission by a former officer or employee of the Federal Election Commission; or (ii) a communication or appearance made by a person who is subject to the restrictions contained in subsections 1 (c), (d), or (e) if, at the time of the communication or appearance, the person is employed by a person or entity other than— (I) a candidate, an authorized committee, a national committee, a national Federal campaign committee, a State committee, or a political party; or (II) a person or entity who represents, aids, or advises only persons or entities described in subclause (I). (C) For purposes of this paragraph— (i) the term “candidate” means any person who seeks nomination for election, or election, to Federal or State office or who has authorized others to explore on his or her behalf the possibility of seeking nomination for election, or election, to Federal or State office; (ii) the term “authorized committee” means any political committee designated in writing by a candidate as authorized to receive contributions or make expenditures to promote the nomination for election, or the election, of such candidate, or to explore the possibility of seeking nomination for election, or the election, of such candidate, except that a political committee that receives contributions or makes expenditures to promote more than 1 candidate may not be designated as an authorized committee for purposes of subparagraph (A); (iii) the term “national committee” means the organization which, by virtue of the bylaws of a political party, is responsible for the day-to-day operation of such political party at the national level; (iv) the term “national Federal campaign committee” means an organization that, by virtue of the bylaws of a political party, is established primarily for the purpose of providing assistance, at the national level, to candidates nominated by that party for election to the office of Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress; (v) the term “State committee” means the organization which, by virtue of the bylaws of a political party, is responsible for the day-to-day operation of such political party at the State level; (vi) the term “political party” means an association, committee, or organization that nominates a candidate for election to any Federal or State elected office whose name appears on the election ballot as the candidate of such association, committee, or organization; and (vii) the term “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession of the United States. (k) (1) (A) The President may grant a waiver of a restriction imposed by this section to any officer or employee described in paragraph (2) if the President determines and certifies in writing that it is in the public interest to grant the waiver and that the services of the officer or employee are critically needed for the benefit of the Federal Government. Not more than 25 officers and employees currently employed by the Federal Government at any one time may have been granted waivers under this paragraph. (B) (i) A waiver granted under this paragraph to any person shall apply only with respect to activities engaged in by that person after that person's Federal Government employment is terminated and only to that person's employment at a Government-owned, contractor operated entity with which the person served as an officer or employee immediately before the person's Federal Government employment began. (ii) Notwithstanding clause (i), a waiver granted under this paragraph to any person who was an officer or employee of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, or Sandia National Laboratory immediately before the person's Federal Government employment began shall apply to that person's employment by any such national laboratory after the person's employment by the Federal Government is terminated. (2) Waivers under paragraph (1) may be granted only to civilian officers and employees of the executive branch, other than officers and employees in the Executive Office of the President. (3) A certification under paragraph (1) shall take effect upon its publication in the Federal Register and shall identify— (A) the officer or employee covered by the waiver by name and by position, and (B) the reasons for granting the waiver. A copy of the certification shall also be provided to the Director of the Office of Government Ethics. (4) The President may not delegate the authority provided by this subsection. (5) (A) Each person granted a waiver under this subsection shall prepare reports, in accordance with subparagraph (B), stating whether the person has engaged in activities otherwise prohibited by this section for each six-month period described in subparagraph (B), and if so, what those activities were. (B) A report under subparagraph (A) shall cover each six-month period beginning on the date of the termination of the person's Federal Government employment (with respect to which the waiver under this subsection was granted) and ending two years after that date. Such report shall be filed with the President and the Director of the Office of Government Ethics not later than 60 days after the end of the six-month period covered by the report. All reports filed with the Director under this paragraph shall be made available for public inspection and copying. (C) If a person fails to file any report in accordance with subparagraphs (A) and (B), the President shall revoke the waiver and shall notify the person of the revocation. The revocation shall take effect upon the person's receipt of the notification and shall remain in effect until the report is filed. (D) Any person who is granted a waiver under this subsection shall be ineligible for appointment in the civil service unless all reports required of such person by subparagraphs (A) and (B) have been filed. (E) As used in this subsection, the term “civil service” has the meaning given that term in section 2101 of title 5. ( l) Contract Advice by Former Details .—Whoever, being an employee of a private sector organization assigned to an agency under chapter 37 of title 5, within one year after the end of that assignment, knowingly represents or aids, counsels, or assists in representing any other person (except the United States) in connection with any contract with that agency shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1123; amended Pub. L. 95–521, title V, §501 (a), Oct. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 1864; Pub. L. 96–28, June 22, 1979, 93 Stat. 76; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VIII, §814 (d) (2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1499; Pub. L. 101–194, title I, §101 (a), Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1716; Pub. L. 101–280, §§2 (a), 5 (d), May 4, 1990, 104 Stat. 149, 159; Pub. L. 101–509, title V, §529 [title I, §101 (b) (8) (A)], Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1427, 1440; Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, §705 (a), Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 120; Pub. L. 102–190, div. C, title XXXI, §3138 (a), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1579; Pub. L. 102–395, title VI, §609 (a), Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1873; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §§330002 (i), 330010 (15), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2140, 2144; Pub. L. 104–65, §21 (a), Dec. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 704; Pub. L. 104–179, §§5, 6, Aug. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 1567, 1568; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101 (f) [title VI, §635], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–314, 3009–363; Pub. L. 105–244, title I, §102 (a) (5), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1618; Pub. L. 107–347, title II, §209 (d) (1), (3), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2930; Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title XI, §1125 (b) (1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1639; Pub. L. 108–271, §8 (b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 110–81, title I, §§101, 104 (a), Sept. 14, 2007, 121 Stat. 736, 740. )References in Text Section 1102 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (b) (2) (A), is classified to section 2902 of Title 19, Customs Duties. Levels I, II, and IV of the Executive Schedule, referred to in subsecs. (c) (2) (A) (ii), (d) (1) (B), and (e) (7) (B), are set out in sections 5312, 5313, and 5315, respectively, of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, referred to in subsec. (c) (2) (A) (ii), is Pub. L. 108–136, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1392. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. Senior Executive Service, referred to in subsec. (c) (2) (A) (ii), see section 5382 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. The Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, referred to in subsec. (e) (8), is Pub. L. 104–65, Dec. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 691, which is classified principally to chapter 26 (§1601 et seq.) of Title 2, The Congress. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 2 and Tables. Section 102 (a) of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989, referred to in subsec. (e) (9) (L), (M), is section 102 (a) of Pub. L. 101–194, which is set out below. Section 1 (e) and (f) of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, referred to in subsec. (f) (3), is classified to section 611 (e) and (f) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. Section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965, referred to in subsec. (j) (2) (B), is classified to section 1001 of Title 20, Education. Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (j) (2) (B), is classified to section 501 (c) (3) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Codification Another section 501 (a) of Pub. L. 95–521, as added by Pub. L. 101–194, title VI, §601 (a), Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1760, is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Prior Provisions A prior section 207, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 692, related to the acceptance of a bribe by a judge, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered by revised section 201. Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in section 284 of this title prior to the repeal of such section and the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849. Amendments2007—Subsec. (d) (1). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (a), substituted “within 2 years” for “within 1 year” in concluding provisions. Subsec. (e) (1). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (3), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows:“ (1) Members of congress and elected officers .— (A) Any person who is a Member of Congress or an elected officer of either House of Congress and who, within 1 year after that person leaves office, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any of the persons described in subparagraph (B) or (C), on behalf of any other person (except the United States) in connection with any matter on which such former Member of Congress or elected officer seeks action by a Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, in his or her official capacity, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of this title.“ (B) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a former Member of Congress are any Member, officer, or employee of either House of Congress, and any employee of any other legislative office of the Congress.“ (C) The persons referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to appearances or communications by a former elected officer are any Member, officer, or employee of the House of Congress in which the elected officer served.”Subsec. (e) (2). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (3), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3). Subsec. (e) (3). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (2), redesignated par. (2) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4). Subsec. (e) (3) (A). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (4) (A), substituted “of a Member of the House of Representatives to whom paragraph (7) (A) applies” for “of a Senator or an employee of a Member of the House of Representatives”. Subsec. (e) (3) (B). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (4) (B), struck out “Senator or” before “Member of the House” in cls. (i) and (ii). Subsec. (e) (4). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (5), substituted “committee of the House of Representatives, or an employee of a joint committee of the Congress whose pay is disbursed by the Clerk of the House of Representatives, to whom paragraph (7) (A) applies” for “committee of Congress” and inserted “or joint committee (as the case may be)” after “committee” wherever subsequently appearing. Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (2), redesignated par. (3) as (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5). Subsec. (e) (5). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (2), redesignated par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6). Subsec. (e) (5) (A). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (6) (A), substituted “to whom paragraph (7) (A) applies” for “or an employee on the leadership staff of the Senate”. Subsec. (e) (5) (B). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (6) (B), substituted “any Member of the leadership of the House of Representatives and any employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives.” for “the following:“ (i) in the case of a former employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives, those persons are any Member of the leadership of the House of Representatives and any employee on the leadership staff of the House of Representatives; and“ (ii) in the case of a former employee on the leadership staff of the Senate, those persons are any Member of the leadership of the Senate and any employee on the leadership staff of the Senate.”Subsec. (e) (6). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (2), redesignated par. (5) as (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7). Subsec. (e) (6) (A). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (7), inserted “to whom paragraph (7) (B) applies” after “office of the Congress”. Subsec. (e) (7). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (2), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (9). Subsec. (e) (7) (A). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (8) (A), substituted “ (4), and (5)” for “and (4)”. Subsec. (e) (7) (B). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (8) (B), substituted “paragraph (6)” for “paragraph (5)” and “level IV of the Executive Schedule” for “level 5 of the Senior Executive Service” and struck out “ (or any comparable adjustment pursuant to interim authority of the President)” after “title 5”. Subsec. (e) (8). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (9), added par. (8). Subsec. (e) (9). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (1), redesignated par. (7) as (9). Subsec. (e) (9) (G). Pub. L. 110–81, §101 (b) (10), struck out “the Copyright Royalty Tribunal,” after “Congressional Budget Office,” and substituted “ (4), or (5)” for “or (4)”. Subsec. (j) (1). Pub. L. 110–81, §104 (a), inserted subpar. (A) designation and heading, realigned margins, and added subpar. (B).2004—Subsec. (e) (7) (G). Pub. L. 108–271 substituted “Government Accountability Office” for “General Accounting Office”.2003—Subsec. (c) (2) (A) (ii). Pub. L. 108–136 amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: “employed in a position which is not referred to in clause (i) and for which the basic rate of pay, exclusive of any locality-based pay adjustment under section 5302 of title 5 (or any comparable adjustment pursuant to interim authority of the President), is equal to or greater than the rate of basic pay payable for level 5 of the Senior Executive Service,”.2002—Subsec. (c) (2) (A) (v). Pub. L. 107–347, §209 (d) (1), added cl. (v). Subsec. ( l ). Pub. L. 107–347, §209 (d) (3), added subsec. ( l ).1998—Subsec. (j) (2) (B). Pub. L. 105–244 substituted “section 101” for “section 1201 (a)”.1996—Subsec. (c) (2) (A) (ii). Pub. L. 104–179, §6, substituted “level 5 of the Senior Executive Service,” for “level V of the Executive Schedule,”. Subsec. (e) (6) (B). Pub. L. 104–208 substituted “level 5 of the Senior Executive Service” for “level V of the Executive Schedule”. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 104–179, §5, added par. (7).1995—Subsec. (f) (2). Pub. L. 104–65 inserted “or Deputy United States Trade Representative” after “is the United States Trade Representative” and substituted “at any time” for “within 3 years”.1994—Subsec. (a) (3). Pub. L. 103–322, §330010 (15), substituted “restrictions” for “Restrictions” in heading. Subsec. (c) (2) (A) (ii). Pub. L. 103–322, §330002 (i), substituted a comma for semicolon at end.1992—Subsec. (f) (2), (3). Pub. L. 102–395 added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3).1991—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 102–25 reinstated subsec. (k) as originally enacted by Pub. L. 101–189. See 1989 Amendment note and Effective Date of 1991 Amendments note below. Subsec. (k) (1) (B). Pub. L. 102–190 designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cl. (ii).1990—Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (1), amended subsec. (a) (1), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by inserting “ (including any special Government employee)” after “who is an officer or employee”, striking out “Government” after “executive branch of the United States”, “and any special Government employee” after “independent agency of the United States”, “Government” after “employment with the United States”, “as the case may be,” before “knowingly makes” and before “on behalf of”, inserting “or the District of Columbia” after “ (except the United States”, and in subpar. (A) inserting “or the District of Columbia” after “United States”. Subsec. (a) (2). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a), amended subsec. (a) (2), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “or the District of Columbia, knowingly” for “Government, knowingly” and “ (except the United States or the District of Columbia)” for “ (except the United States)”, in subpar. (A) inserting “or the District of Columbia” after “United States)”, and in subpar. (B) striking out “Government” after “United States”. Subsec. (a) (3). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (3), amended subsec. (a), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by adding par. (3). Subsec. (b) (1). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (4), amended subsec. (b) (1), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “a former officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States (including any independent agency) and is” for “a former officer or employee”, substituting “or any person who is a former officer or employee of the legislative branch or a former Member of Congress” for “and any person described in subsection (e) (7)”, substituting “which is so designated by the appropriate department or agency, and which the person knew or should have known was so designated, shall not, on the basis of that information, knowingly represent” for “and which is so designated by the appropriate department or agency, shall not, on the basis of that information, which the person knew or should have known was so designated, knowingly represent”, inserting “a period of” before “1 year”, and striking out “Government” before “terminates”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (d), substituted “shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title” for “shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both” in concluding provisions of subsec. (c) as in effect on May 4, 1990. Subsec. (c) (1). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (5) (A), amended subsec. (c) (1), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “ (including any special Government employee) of the executive branch of the United States” for “of the executive branch”. Subsec. (c) (2) (A) (i). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (5) (B) (i), amended subsec. (c) (2) (A) (i), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by inserting “specified in or” after “employed at a rate of pay” and striking out “or a comparable or greater rate of pay under other authority,” after “chapter 53 of title 5,”. Subsec. (c) (2) (A) (ii). Pub. L. 101–509, §529 [title I, §101 (b) (8) (A) (i)], added cl. (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: “employed in a position which is not referred to in clause (i) and for which the rate of basic pay is equal to or greater than the rate of basic pay payable for GS–17 of the General Schedule,”. Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (5) (B) (ii), amended subsec. (a) (2) (A) (ii), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “rate of basic” for “basic rate of” wherever appearing. Subsec. (c) (2) (C), (D). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (5) (B) (iii), amended subsec. (c) (2) (C), (D), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by redesignating subpar. (D) as (C) and striking out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: “Subparagraph (A) (ii) includes persons employed in the Senior Executive Service at the basic rate of pay specified in that subparagraph.”Subsec. (d) (1) (B). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (6) (A), amended subsec. (d) (1) (B), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “in the executive branch of the United States (including any independent agency)” for “paid”. Subsec. (d) (2). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (6) (B), amended subsec. (d) (2), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “Persons who may not be contacted” for “Entities to which restrictions apply” in heading, and striking out “other” after “any” in subpar. (B). Subsec. (e) (6). Pub. L. 101–509, §529 [title I, §101 (b) (8) (A) (ii)], added par. (6) and struck out former par. (6) which read as follows: “The restrictions contained in paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5) apply only to acts by a former employee who, for at least 60 days, in the aggregate, during the 1-year period before that former employee's service as such employee terminated, was paid for such service at a rate of basic pay equal to or greater than the rate of basic pay payable for GS–17 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5.”Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (7) (A), amended subsec. (e) (6), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “rate of basic” for “basic rate of” wherever appearing. Subsec. (e) (7) (L), (M). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (7) (B), amended subsec. (e) (7) (L), (M), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by inserting “on or” before “after the effective date”. Subsec. (f) (1). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (8) (A), amended subsec. (f) (1), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “such subsection” for “subsection (c), (d), or (e), as the case may be”. Subsec. (f) (1) (A). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (8) (B), amended subsec. (f) (1) (A), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by striking out “the interests of” after “represents” and “of the Government” after “department or agency”. Subsec. (f) (1) (B). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (8) (C), amended subsec. (f) (1) (B), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by striking out “of the Government” after “department or agency”. Subsec. (i) (1). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (9), amended subsec. (i) (1), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by adding par. (1) and striking out former par. (1) which read as follows: “the term ‘intent to influence’ means the intent to affect any official action by a Government entity of the United States through any officer or employee of the United States, including Members of Congress;”. Subsec. (j) (1). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (10) (A), amended subsec. (j) (1), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “this section” for “subsections (a), (c), (d), and (e)”, “on behalf of” for “as an officer or employee of”, and “or the District of Columbia” for “Government”. Subsec. (j) (3). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (10) (B), amended subsec. (j) (3), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “this section” for “subsections (c), (d), and (e)” and “in which the United States participates, if the Secretary of State certifies in advance that such activity is in the interests of the United States” for “of which the United States is a member”. Subsec. (j) (4). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (10) (C), amended subsec. (j) (4), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “Special” for “Personal matters and special” in heading, substituting “prevent an individual” for “apply to appearances or communications by a former officer or employee concerning matters of a personal and individual nature, such as personal income taxes or pension benefits; nor shall the prohibitions of those subsections prevent a former officer or employee”, substituting “individual's” for “former officer's or employee's”, and striking out “, other than that regularly provided for by law or regulation for witnesses” after “if no compensation is thereby received”. Subsec. (j) (5). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (10) (D), amended subsec. (j) (5), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “and (d)” for “ (d), and (e)” and inserting “For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘officer or employee’ includes the Vice President.”Subsec. (j) (6). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (10) (E) (ii), amended subsec. (j) (6), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “sentence—” for “sentence, a former officer or employee subject to the restrictions contained in subsection (a) (1) with respect to a particular matter may not, except pursuant to court order, serve as an expert witness for any other person (except the United States) in that matter.” and adding subpars. (A) and (B). Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (a) (10) (E) (i), amended subsec. (j) (6), as amended by Pub. L. 101–194, by substituting “an individual” for “a former Member of Congress or officer or employee of the executive or legislative branch or an independent agency (including the Vice President and any special Government employee)”.1989—Pub. L. 101–194 amended section generally, substituting “Restrictions on former officers, employees, and elected officials of the executive and legislative branches” for “Disqualification of former officers and employees; disqualification of partners of current officers and employees” as section catchline and making extensive changes in content and structure of text. For text of section as it existed prior to the general amendment by Pub. L. 101–194, see Effective Date of 1989 Amendment; Effect on Employment note set out below. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 101–189 added subsec. (k).1979—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–28, §1, substituted “by personal presence at any formal or informal appearance” for “concerning any formal or informal appearance” in cl. (ii) of provisions before par. (1), and, in par. (3), inserted “as to (i),” before “which was actually pending” and “, as to (ii),” before “in which he participated”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–28, §2, designated existing provisions as par. (1), designated existing pars. (1) and (3) as subpars. (A) and (B) of par. (1) as so designated, and added subpar. (C) of par. (1) and par. (2), incorporating into the new par. and subpar. portions of former provisions relating to positions for which the basic rate of pay was equal to or greater than the basic rate of pay for GS–17 of the General Schedule prescribed by section 5332 of Title 5 and who had significant decision-making or supervisory responsibility, as designated by the Director of the Office of Government Ethics, in consultation with the head of the department or agency concerned, and provisions relating to the designation of positions by the Director of the Office of Government Ethics.1978—Pub. L. 95–521 expanded section to include provisions designed to more effectively deal with the problem of the disproportionate influence former officers and employees might have upon the government processes and decision-making in their previous departments or agencies when they return in the role of representatives or advocates of nongovernmental groups or interests before those same departments or agencies. Effective Date of 2007 Amendment Pub. L. 110–81, title I, §105 (a), Sept. 14, 2007, 121 Stat. 741, provided that: “The amendments made by section 101 [amending this section] shall apply to individuals who leave Federal office or employment to which such amendments apply on or after the date of adjournment of the first session of the 110th Congress sine die or December 31, 2007, whichever date is earlier.”Effective Date of 2003 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 108–136 effective on first day of first pay period beginning on or after Jan. 1, 2004, see section 1125 (c) (1) of Pub. L. 108–136, set out as a note under section 5304 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Effective Date of 2002 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 107–347 effective 120 days after Dec. 17, 2002, see section 402 (a) of Pub. L. 107–347, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3601 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents. Effective Date of 1998 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 105–244 effective Oct. 1, 1998, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 105–244, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105–244, set out as a note under section 1001 of Title 20, Education. Effective Date of 1995 Amendment Section 21 (c) of Pub. L. 104–65 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 2171 of Title 19, Customs Duties] shall apply with respect to an individual appointed as United States Trade Representative or as a Deputy United States Trade Representative on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 1995].”Effective Date of 1992 Amendment Section 609 (b) of Pub. L. 102–395 provided that: “This section [amending this section] shall not apply to the person serving as the United States Trade Representative at the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 6, 1992].”Effective Date of 1991 Amendments Section 3138 (b) of Pub. L. 102–190 provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 5, 1991] and shall apply to persons granted waivers under section 207 (k) (1) of title 18, United States Code, on or after that date.”Section 705 (a) of Pub. L. 102–25 provided that subsec. (k), added by Pub. L. 101–189 and omitted in the general amendment of this section by Pub. L. 101–194, is reinstated as originally enacted, effective as of Jan. 1, 1991. Effective Date of 1990 Amendments Section 529 [title I, §101 (b) (8) (B)] of Pub. L. 101–509 provided that: “The amendments made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] take effect on January 1, 1991.”Amendment by Pub. L. 101–280 effective May 4, 1990, see section 11 of Pub. L. 101–280, set out as a note under section 101 of Pub. L. 95–521 in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Effective Date of 1989 Amendment; Effect on Employment Section 102 of Pub. L. 101–194, as amended by Pub. L. 101–280, §2 (b), May 4, 1990, 104 Stat. 152, provided that:“ (a) In General .— (1) Subject to paragraph (2) and to subsection (b), the amendments made by section 101 [amending this section] take effect on January 1, 1991.“ (2) Subject to subsection (b), the amendments made by section 101 take effect at noon on January 3, 1991, with respect to Members of Congress (within the meaning of section 207 of title 18, United States Code).“ (b) Effect on Employment .— (1) The amendments made by section 101 apply only to persons whose service as a Member of Congress, the Vice President, or an officer or employee to which such amendments apply terminates on or after the effective date of such amendments.“ (2) With respect to service as an officer or employee which terminates before the effective date set forth in subsection (a), section 207 of title 18, United States Code, as in effect at the time of the termination of such service, shall continue to apply, on and after such effective date, with respect to such service.”Prior to the effective date of the amendment by Pub. L. 101–194, section 207 read as follows:“§207. Disqualification of former officers and employees; disqualification of partners of current officers and employees“ (a) Whoever, having been an officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States Government, of any independent agency of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, including a special Government employee, after his employment has ceased, knowingly acts as agent or attorney for, or otherwise represents, any other person (except the United States), in any formal or informal appearance before, or, with the intent to influence, makes any oral or written communication on behalf of any other person (except the United States) to—“ (1) any department, agency, court, court-martial, or any civil, military, or naval commission of the United States or the District of Columbia, or any officer or employee thereof, and“ (2) in connection with any judicial or other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, investigation, charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter involving a specific party or parties in which the United States or the District of Columbia is a party or has a direct and substantial interest, and“ (3) in which he participated personally and substantially as an officer or employee through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation or otherwise, while so employed; or“ (b) Whoever, (i) having been so employed, within two years after his employment has ceased, knowingly acts as agent or attorney for, or otherwise represents, any other person (except the United States), in any formal or informal appearance before, or, with the intent to influence, makes any oral or written communication on behalf of any other person (except the United States) to, or (ii) having been so employed and as specified in subsection (d) of this section, within two years after his employment has ceased, knowingly represents or aids, counsels, advises, consults, or assists in representing any other person (except the United States) by personal presence at any formal or informal appearance before—“ (1) any department, agency, court, court-martial, or any civil, military or naval commission of the United States or the District of Columbia, or any officer or employee thereof, and“ (2) in connection with any judicial or other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, investigation, charge, accusation, arrest or other particular matter involving a specific party or parties in which the United States or the District of Columbia is a party or has a direct and substantial interest, and“ (3) as to (i), which was actually pending under his official responsibility as an officer or employee within a period of one year prior to the termination of such responsibility, or, as to (ii), in which he participated personally and substantially as an officer or employee; or“ (c) Whoever, other than a special Government employee who serves for less than sixty days in a given calendar year, having been so employed as specified in subsection (d) of this section, within one year after such employment has ceased, knowingly acts as agent or attorney for, or otherwise represents, anyone other than the United States in any formal or informal appearance before, or, with the intent to influence, makes any oral or written communication on behalf of anyone other than the United States, to—“ (1) the department or agency in which he served as an officer or employee, or any officer or employee thereof, and“ (2) in connection with any judicial, rulemaking, or other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, investigation, charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter, and“ (3) which is pending before such department or agency or in which such department or agency has a direct and substantial interest—shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title.“ (d) (1) Subsection (c) of this section shall apply to a person employed—“ (A) at a rate of pay specified in or fixed according to subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 5, United States Code, or a comparable or greater rate of pay under other authority;“ (B) on active duty as a commissioned officer of a uniformed service assigned to pay grade of O–9 or above as described in section 201 of title 37, United States Code; or“ (C) in a position which involves significant decision-making or supervisory responsibility, as designated under this subparagraph by the Director of the Office of Government Ethics, in consultation with the department or agency concerned. Only positions which are not covered by subparagraphs (A) and (B) above, and for which the basic rate of pay is equal to or greater than the basic rate of pay for GS–17 of the General Schedule prescribed by section 5332 of title 5, United States Code, or positions which are established within the Senior Executive Service pursuant to the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, or positions of active duty commissioned officers of the uniformed services assigned to pay O–7 or O–8, as described in section 201 of title 37, United States Code, may be designated. As to persons in positions designated under this subparagraph, the Director may limit the restrictions of subsection (c) to permit a former officer or employee, who served in a separate agency or bureau within a department or agency, to make appearances before or communications to persons in an unrelated agency or bureau, within the same department or agency, having separate and distinct subject matter jurisdiction, upon a determination by the Director that there exists no potential for use of undue influence or unfair advantage based on past government service. On an annual basis, the Director of the Office of Government Ethics shall review the designations and determinations made under this subparagraph and, in consultation with the department or agency concerned, make such additions and deletions as are necessary. Departments and agencies shall cooperate to the fullest extent with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics in the exercise of his responsibilities under this paragraph.“ (2) The prohibition of subsection (c) shall not apply to appearances, communications, or representation by a former officer or employee, who is—“ (A) an elected official of a State or local government, or“ (B) whose principal occupation or employment is with (i) an agency or instrumentality of a State or local government, (ii) an accredited, degree-granting institution of higher education, as defined in section 1201 (a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965, or (iii) a hospital or medical research organization, exempted and defined under section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and the appearance, communication, or representation is on behalf of such government, institution, hospital, or organization.“ (e) For the purposes of subsection (c), whenever the Director of the Office of Government Ethics determines that a separate statutory agency or bureau within a department or agency exercises functions which are distinct and separate from the remaining functions of the department or agency, the Director shall by rule designate such agency or bureau as a separate department or agency; except that such designation shall not apply to former heads of designated bureaus or agencies, or former officers and employees of the department or agency whose official responsibilities included supervision of said agency or bureau.“ (f) The prohibitions of subsections (a), (b), and (c) shall not apply with respect to the making of communications solely for the purpose of furnishing scientific or technological information under procedures acceptable to the department or agency concerned, or if the head of the department or agency concerned with the particular matter, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics, makes a certification, published in the Federal Register, that the former officer or employee has outstanding qualifications in a scientific, technological, or other technical discipline, and is acting with respect to a particular matter which requires such qualifications, and that the national interest would be served by the participation of the former officer or employee.“ (g) Whoever, being a partner of an officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States Government, of any independent agency of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, including a special Government employee, acts as agent or attorney for anyone other than the United States before any department, agency, court, court-martial, or any civil, military, or naval commission of the United States or the District of Columbia, or any officer or employee thereof, in connection with any judicial or other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, investigation, charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter in which the United States or the District of Columbia is a party or has a direct and substantial interest and in which such officer or employee or special Government employee participates or has participated personally and substantially as an officer or employee through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation, or otherwise, or which is the subject of his official responsibility, shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.“ (h) Nothing in this section shall prevent a former officer or employee from giving testimony under oath, or from making statements required to be made under penalty of perjury.“ (i) The prohibition contained in subsection (c) shall not apply to appearances or communications by a former officer or employee concerning matters of a personal and individual nature, such as personal income taxes or pension benefits; nor shall the prohibition of that subsection prevent a former officer or employee from making or providing a statement, which is based on the former officer's or employee's own special knowledge in the particular area that is the subject of the statement, provided that no compensation is thereby received, other than that regularly provided for by law or regulation for witnesses.“ (j) If the head of the department or agency in which the former officer or employee served finds, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, that such former officer or employee violated subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section, such department or agency head may prohibit that person from making, on behalf of any other person (except the United States), any informal or formal appearance before, or, with the intent to influence, any oral or written communication to, such department or agency on a pending matter of business for a period not to exceed five years, or may take other appropriate disciplinary action. Such disciplinary action shall be subject to review in an appropriate United States district court. No later than six months after the effective date of this Act, departments and agencies shall, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics, establish procedures to carry out this subsection.“ (k) (1) (A) The President may grant a waiver of a restriction imposed by this section to any officer or employee described in paragraph (2) if the President determines and certifies in writing that it is in the public interest to grant the waiver and that the services of the officer or employee are critically needed for the benefit of the Federal Government. Not more than 25 officers and employees currently employed by the Federal Government at any one time may have been granted waivers under this paragraph.“ (B) A waiver granted under this paragraph to any person shall apply only with respect to activities engaged in by that person after that person's Federal Government employment is terminated and only to that person's employment at a Government-owned, contractor operated entity with which the person served as an officer or employee immediately before the person's Federal Government employment began.“ (2) Waivers under paragraph (1) may be granted only to civilian officers and employees of the executive branch, other than officers and employees in the Executive Office of the President.“ (3) A certification under paragraph (1) shall take effect upon its publication in the Federal Register and shall identify—“ (A) the officer or employee covered by the waiver by name and by position, and“ (B) the reasons for granting the waiver. A copy of the certification shall also be provided to the Director of the Office of Government Ethics.“ (4) The President may not delegate the authority provided by this subsection.“ (5) (A) Each person granted a waiver under this subsection shall prepare reports, in accordance with subparagraph (B), stating whether the person has engaged in activities otherwise prohibited by this section for each six-month period described in subparagraph (B), and if so, what those activities were.“ (B) A report under subparagraph (A) shall cover each six-month period beginning on the date of the termination of the person's Federal Government employment (with respect to which the waiver under this subsection was granted) and ending two years after that date. Such report shall be filed with the President and the Director of the Office of Government Ethics not later than 60 days after the end of the six-month period covered by the report. All reports filed with the Director under this paragraph shall be made available for public inspection and copying.“ (C) If a person fails to file any report in accordance with subparagraphs (A) and (B), the President shall revoke the waiver and shall notify the person of the revocation. The revocation shall take effect upon the person's receipt of the notification and shall remain in effect until the report is filed.“ (D) Any person who is granted a waiver under this subsection shall be ineligible for appointment in the civil service unless all reports required of such person by subparagraphs (A) and (B) have been filed.“ (E) As used in this subsection, the term ‘civil service’ has the meaning given that term in section 2101 of title 5.”Effective Date of 1978 Amendment Section 503 of Pub. L. 95–521, which provided that the amendments made by section 501 (amending this section) shall become effective on July 1, 1979, was amended generally by Pub. L. 101–194, title VI, §601 (a), Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1761, and is now set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Section 502 of Pub. L. 95–521, which provided that the amendments made by section 501 (amending this section) shall not apply to those individuals who left Government service prior to the effective date of such amendments (July 1, 1979) or, in the case of individuals who occupied positions designated pursuant to section 207 (d) of title 18, United States Code, prior to the effective date of such designation; except that any such individual who returns to Government service on or after the effective date of such amendments or designation shall be thereafter covered by such amendments or designation, was amended generally by Pub. L. 101–194, title VI, §601 (a), Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1761, and is now set out in the Appendix to Title 5. Effective Date Section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 201 of this title. Regulations Responsibility of Office of Government Ethics for promulgating regulations and interpreting this section, see section 201 (c) of Ex. Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Construction of 2007 Amendment Pub. L. 110–81, title I, §104 (c), Sept. 14, 2007, 121 Stat. 740, provided that: “Except as expressly identified in this section [amending this section and section 450i of Title 25, Indians] and in the amendments made by this section, nothing in this section or the amendments made by this section affects any other provision of law.”Transfer of Functions Certain functions of Clerk of House of Representatives transferred to Director of Non-legislative and Financial Services by section 7 of House Resolution No. 423, One Hundred Second Congress, Apr. 9, 1992. Director of Non-legislative and Financial Services replaced by Chief Administrative Officer of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995. Agencies Within Executive Office of President For provisions relating to treatment of agencies within the Executive Office of the President as one agency under subsec. (c) of this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12674, §202, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15160, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Exemptions Exemptions from former section 284 of this title deemed to be exemptions from this section, see section 2 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 203 of this title.1 So in original. Probably should be “subsection”.§208. Acts affecting a personal financial interest (a) Except as permitted by subsection (b) hereof, whoever, being an officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States Government, or of any independent agency of the United States, a Federal Reserve bank director, officer, or employee, or an officer or employee of the District of Columbia, including a special Government employee, participates personally and substantially as a Government officer or employee, through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation, or otherwise, in a judicial or other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter in which, to his knowledge, he, his spouse, minor child, general partner, organization in which he is serving as officer, director, trustee, general partner or employee, or any person or organization with whom he is negotiating or has any arrangement concerning prospective employment, has a financial interest—Shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title. (b) Subsection (a) shall not apply— (1) if the officer or employee first advises the Government official responsible for appointment to his or her position of the nature and circumstances of the judicial or other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter and makes full disclosure of the financial interest and receives in advance a written determination made by such official that the interest is not so substantial as to be deemed likely to affect the integrity of the services which the Government may expect from such officer or employee; (2) if, by regulation issued by the Director of the Office of Government Ethics, applicable to all or a portion of all officers and employees covered by this section, and published in the Federal Register, the financial interest has been exempted from the requirements of subsection (a) as being too remote or too inconsequential to affect the integrity of the services of the Government officers or employees to which such regulation applies; (3) in the case of a special Government employee serving on an advisory committee within the meaning of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (including an individual being considered for an appointment to such a position), the official responsible for the employee's appointment, after review of the financial disclosure report filed by the individual pursuant to the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, certifies in writing that the need for the individual's services outweighs the potential for a conflict of interest created by the financial interest involved; or (4) if the financial interest that would be affected by the particular matter involved is that resulting solely from the interest of the officer or employee, or his or her spouse or minor child, in birthrights— (A) in an Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community, including any Alaska Native village corporation as defined in or established pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians, (B) in an Indian allotment the title to which is held in trust by the United States or which is inalienable by the allottee without the consent of the United States, or (C) in an Indian claims fund held in trust or administered by the United States,if the particular matter does not involve the Indian allotment or claims fund or the Indian tribe, band, nation, organized group or community, or Alaska Native village corporation as a specific party or parties. (c) (1) For the purpose of paragraph (1) of subsection (b), in the case of class A and B directors of Federal Reserve banks, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall be deemed to be the Government official responsible for appointment. (2) The potential availability of an exemption under any particular paragraph of subsection (b) does not preclude an exemption being granted pursuant to another paragraph of subsection (b). (d) (1) Upon request, a copy of any determination granting an exemption under subsection (b) (1) or (b) (3) shall be made available to the public by the agency granting the exemption pursuant to the procedures set forth in section 105 of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. In making such determination available, the agency may withhold from disclosure any information contained in the determination that would be exempt from disclosure under section 552 of title 5. For purposes of determinations under subsection (b) (3), the information describing each financial interest shall be no more extensive than that required of the individual in his or her financial disclosure report under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. (2) The Office of Government Ethics, after consultation with the Attorney General, shall issue uniform regulations for the issuance of waivers and exemptions under subsection (b) which shall— (A) list and describe exemptions; and (B) provide guidance with respect to the types of interests that are not so substantial as to be deemed likely to affect the integrity of the services the Government may expect from the employee. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1124; amended Pub. L. 95–188, title II, §205, Nov. 16, 1977, 91 Stat. 1388; Pub. L. 101–194, title IV, §405, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1751; Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (e), May 4, 1990, 104 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §§330002 (b), 330008 (6), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2140, 2143. )References in Text The Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in subsec. (b) (3), is Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, as amended, which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. The Ethics in Government Act of 1978, referred to in subsecs. (b) (3) and (d) (1), is Pub. L. 95–521, Oct. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 1824, as amended. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 101 of Pub. L. 95–521 in the Appendix to Title 5 and Tables. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, referred to in subsec. (b) (4) (A), is Pub. L. 92–203, Dec. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 688, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 33 (§1601 et seq.) of Title 43, Public Lands. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 43 and Tables. Prior Provisions A prior section 208, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 693, related to the acceptance of solicitation of a bribe by a judicial officer, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered by revised section 201. Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in section 434 of this title prior to the repeal of such section and the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849. Amendments1994—Subsec. (b) (4). Pub. L. 103–322, §330008 (6), inserted “if” after “ (4)”. Subsec. (c) (1). Pub. L. 103–322, §330002 (b), substituted “banks” for “Banks”.1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (e) (2), made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 101–194, §405 (1) (C). See 1989 Amendment note below. Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (e) (1) (A), substituted “subsection (a)” for “paragraph (1)”. Subsec. (b) (3). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (e) (1) (B), struck out “section 107 of” after “individual pursuant to”. Subsec. (d) (1). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (e) (1) (C), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “A copy of any determination by other than the Director of the Office of Government Ethics granting an exemption pursuant to subsection (b) (1) or (b) (3) shall be submitted to the Director, who shall make all determinations available to the public pursuant to section 105 of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. For determinations pursuant to subsection (b) (3), the information from the financial disclosure report of the officer or employee involved describing the asset or assets that necessitated the waiver shall also be made available to the public. This subsection shall not apply, however, if the head of the agency or his or her designee determines that the determination under subsection (b) (1) or (b) (3), as the case may be, involves classified information.”1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–194, §405 (1), as amended by Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (e) (2), inserted “or” after “United States Government,” and “an officer or employee” before “of the District of Columbia”, substituted “general partner” for “partner” in two places, and substituted “Shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title” for “Shall be fined not more than $10,000, or imprisoned not more than two years, or both”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–194, §405 (2), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b), which read as follows: “Subsection (a) hereof shall not apply (1) if the officer or employee first advises the Government official responsible for appointment to his position of the nature and circumstances of the judicial or other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy, charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter and makes full disclosure of the financial interest and receives in advance a written determination made by such official that the interest is not so substantial as to be deemed likely to affect the integrity of the services which the Government may expect from such officer or employee, or (2) if, by general rule or regulation published in the Federal Register, the financial interest has been exempted from the requirements of clause (1) hereof as being too remote or too inconsequential to affect the integrity of Government officers’ or employees’ services. In the case of class A and B directors of Federal Reserve banks, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall be the Government official responsible for appointment.”Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 101–194, §405 (2), added subsecs. (c) and (d).1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–188, §205 (a), extended conflicts of interest prohibition to a Federal Reserve bank director, officer, or employee. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–188, §205 (b), inserted at end “In the case of class A and B directors of Federal Reserve banks, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall be the Government official responsible for appointment.”Effective Date Section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 201 of this title. Exemptions Exemptions from former section 434 of this title deemed to be exemptions from this section, see section 2 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 203 of this title. Regulations Responsibility of Office of Government Ethics for promulgating regulations and interpreting this section, see section 201 (c) of Ex. Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Delegation of Authority Authority of the President under subsec. (b) of this section to grant exemptions or approvals to individuals delegated to agency heads, see section 401 of Ex. Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Authority of the President under subsec. (b) of this section to grant exemptions or approvals for Presidential appointees to committees, commissions, boards, or similar groups established by the President, and for individuals appointed pursuant to sections 105 and 107 (a) of Title 3, The President, delegated to Counsel to the President, see section 402 of Ex. Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5.“Particular Matter” Defined Pub. L. 100–446, title III, §319, Sept. 27, 1988, 102 Stat. 1826, which provided that notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the purposes of this section “particular matter”, as applied to employees of the Department of the Interior and the Indian Health Service, means “particular matter involving specific parties”, was repealed by Pub. L. 101–194, title V, §505 (b), Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1756, as amended by Pub. L. 101–280, §6 (c), May 4, 1990, 104 Stat. 160. Similar provisions were contained in Pub. L. 100–202, §101 (g) [title III, §318], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–213, 1329–255.§209. Salary of Government officials and employees payable only by United States (a) Whoever receives any salary, or any contribution to or supplementation of salary, as compensation for his services as an officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States Government, of any independent agency of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, from any source other than the Government of the United States, except as may be contributed out of the treasury of any State, county, or municipality; or Whoever, whether an individual, partnership, association, corporation, or other organization pays, makes any contribution to, or in any way supplements, the salary of any such officer or employee under circumstances which would make its receipt a violation of this subsection—Shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title. (b) Nothing herein prevents an officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States Government, or of any independent agency of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, from continuing to participate in a bona fide pension, retirement, group life, health or accident insurance, profit-sharing, stock bonus, or other employee welfare or benefit plan maintained by a former employer. (c) This section does not apply to a special Government employee or to an officer or employee of the Government serving without compensation, whether or not he is a special Government employee, or to any person paying, contributing to, or supplementing his salary as such. (d) This section does not prohibit payment or acceptance of contributions, awards, or other expenses under the terms of chapter 41 of title 5. (e) This section does not prohibit the payment of actual relocation expenses incident to participation, or the acceptance of same by a participant in an executive exchange or fellowship program in an executive agency: Provided, That such program has been established by statute or Executive order of the President, offers appointments not to exceed three hundred and sixty-five days, and permits no extensions in excess of ninety additional days or, in the case of participants in overseas assignments, in excess of three hundred and sixty-five days. (f) This section does not prohibit acceptance or receipt, by any officer or employee injured during the commission of an offense described in section 351 or 1751 of this title, of contributions or payments from an organization which is described in section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and which is exempt from taxation under section 501 (a) of such Code. (g) (1) This section does not prohibit an employee of a private sector organization, while assigned to an agency under chapter 37 of title 5, from continuing to receive pay and benefits from such organization in accordance with such chapter. (2) For purposes of this subsection, the term “agency” means an agency (as defined by section 3701 of title 5) and the Office of the Chief Technology Officer of the District of Columbia. (h) This section does not prohibit a member of the reserve components of the armed forces on active duty pursuant to a call or order to active duty under a provision of law referred to in section 101 (a) (13) of title 10 from receiving from any person that employed such member before the call or order to active duty any payment of any part of the salary or wages that such person would have paid the member if the member's employment had not been interrupted by such call or order to active duty. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125; amended Pub. L. 96–174, Dec. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 1288; Pub. L. 97–171, Apr. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 67; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 99–646, §70, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3617; Pub. L. 101–194, title IV, §406, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1753; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3510, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4922; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330008 (7), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2143; Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, §302 (3), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1781; Pub. L. 107–347, title II, §209 (g) (2), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2932; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title VI, §663, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1974. )References in Text Section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (f), is classified to section 501 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Prior Provisions A prior section 209, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 693, related to an offer of a bribe to a witness, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered by section 201. Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in section 1914 of this title prior to the repeal of such section and the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849. Amendments2004—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 108–375 added subsec. (h).2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–273, in second par., substituted “makes” for “or makes” and “supplements, the salary of any” for “supplements the salary of, any”. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 107–347 added subsec. (g).1994—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–322 struck out “the” before “chapter 41”.1990—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “chapter 41 of title 5” for “Government Employees Training Act (Public Law 85–507, 72 Stat. 327; 5 U. S. C. 2301–2319, July 7, 1958)”.1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–194 substituted at end “Shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title.” for “Shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.”1986—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–646 inserted “or, in the case of participants in overseas assignments, in excess of three hundred and sixty-five days”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”.1982—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–171 added subsec. (f).1979—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–174 added subsec. (e). Effective Date of 2002 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 107–347 effective 120 days after Dec. 17, 2002, see section 402 (a) of Pub. L. 107–347, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3601 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents. Effective Date Section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 201 of this title. Exemptions Exemptions from former section 1914 of this title deemed to be exemptions from this section, see section 2 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 203 of this title. Promulgation of Regulations Responsibility of Office of Government Ethics for promulgating regulations and interpreting this section, see section 201 (c) of Ex. Ord. No. 12674, Apr. 12, 1989, 54 F. R. 15159, as amended, set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.§210. Offer to procure appointive public office Whoever pays or offers or promises any money or thing of value, to any person, firm, or corporation in consideration of the use or promise to use any influence to procure any appointive office or place under the United States for any person, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 694, §210, formerly §214; renumbered §210, Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (b), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on Title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§149 and 151 (Dec. 11, 1926, c. 3, §§1, 3, 44 Stat. 918). Changes of style and substance were made in this section. Term “or place” was inserted after words “appointive office” in order to give broader scope to the section and also to follow the phraseology used in similar provisions of section 202 of Title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., now section 216 [repealed] of this title. (See 46 Corpus Juris 924, where it is explained that the work “places” is used in a less technical sense than the word “offices”. )The punishment provision, added at the end of this section and section 215 [now section 211] of this title to secure uniformity of style throughout this chapter, was originally enacted as a separate section, incorporating the other two by reference. 80th Congress House Report No. 304. Prior Provisions A prior section 210, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 693, related to acceptance of a bribe by a witness, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered in revised section 201. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $1,000”.§211. Acceptance or solicitation to obtain appointive public office Whoever solicits or receives, either as a political contribution, or for personal emolument, any money or thing of value, in consideration of the promise of support or use of influence in obtaining for any person any appointive office or place under the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. Whoever solicits or receives any thing of value in consideration of aiding a person to obtain employment under the United States either by referring his name to an executive department or agency of the United States or by requiring the payment of a fee because such person has secured such employment shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. This section shall not apply to such services rendered by an employment agency pursuant to the written request of an executive department or agency of the United States. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 694, §211, formerly §215; Sept. 13, 1951, ch. 380, 65 Stat. 320; renumbered §211, Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (b), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§150 and 151 (Dec. 11, 1926, ch. 3, §§2, 3, 44 Stat. 918). Same changes of style and substance were made in this section as in section 214 of this title. Prior Provisions A prior section 211, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 693, related to an offer of a gratuity to a revenue officer, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered in revised section 201. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $1,000” in two places.1951—Act Sept. 13, 1951, inserted second paragraph.§212. Offer of loan or gratuity to financial institution examiner (a) In General .—Except as provided in subsection (b), whoever, being an officer, director, or employee of a financial institution, makes or grants any loan or gratuity, to any examiner or assistant examiner who examines or has authority to examine such bank, branch, agency, organization, corporation, association, or institution— (1) shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both; and (2) may be fined a further sum equal to the money so loaned or gratuity given. (b) Regulations .—A Federal financial institution regulatory agency may prescribe regulations establishing additional limitations on the application for and receipt of credit under this section and on the application and receipt of residential mortgage loans under this section, after consulting with each other Federal financial institution regulatory agency. (c) Definitions .—In this section: (1) Examiner .—The term “examiner” means any person— (A) appointed by a Federal financial institution regulatory agency or pursuant to the laws of any State to examine a financial institution; or (B) elected under the law of any State to conduct examinations of any financial institutions. (2) Federal financial institution regulatory agency .—The term “Federal financial institution regulatory agency” means— (A) the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency; (B) the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; (C) the Office of Thrift Supervision; (D) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; (E) the Federal Housing Finance Agency; (F) the Farm Credit Administration; (G) the Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation; and (H) the Small Business Administration. (3) Financial institution .—The term “financial institution” does not include a credit union, a Federal Reserve Bank, a Federal home loan bank, or a depository institution holding company. (4) Loan .—The term “loan” does not include any credit card account established under an open end consumer credit plan or a loan secured by residential real property that is the principal residence of the examiner, if— (A) the applicant satisfies any financial requirements for the credit card account or residential real property loan that are generally applicable to all applicants for the same type of credit card account or residential real property loan; (B) the terms and conditions applicable with respect to such account or residential real property loan, and any credit extended to the examiner under such account or residential real property loan, are no more favorable generally to the examiner than the terms and conditions that are generally applicable to credit card accounts or residential real property loans offered by the same financial institution to other borrowers cardholders 1 in comparable circumstances under open end consumer credit plans or for residential real property loans; and (C) with respect to residential real property loans, the loan is with respect to the primary residence of the applicant. (Added Pub. L. 108–198, §2 (a), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2899; amended Pub. L. 110–289, div. A, title II, §1216 (c), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2792. )Prior Provisions A prior section 212, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 694, §212, formerly §217; Pub. L. 85–699, title VII, §701 (a), Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 698; Pub. L. 86–168, title I, §104 (h), Aug. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 387; renumbered §212, Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (d), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §962 (a) (1), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 501; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, §2597 (b), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4908; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §§330004 (1), 330010 (1), 330016 (1) (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2141, 2143, 2147, related to offer of loan or gratuity to bank examiner, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 108–198, §2 (a), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2899. Another prior section 212, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 693, related to an offer or threat to a customs officer or employee, prior to the general amendment to this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered by revised section 201. Amendments2008—Subsec. (c) (2) (E). Pub. L. 110–289 substituted “Federal Housing Finance Agency” for “Federal Housing Finance Board”.1 So in original.§213. Acceptance of loan or gratuity by financial institution examiner (a) In General .—Whoever, being an examiner or assistant examiner, accepts a loan or gratuity from any bank, branch, agency, organization, corporation, association, or institution examined by the examiner or from any person connected with it, shall— (1) be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both; (2) may be fined a further sum equal to the money so loaned or gratuity given; and (3) shall be disqualified from holding office as an examiner. (b) Definitions .—In this section, the terms “examiner”, “Federal financial institution regulatory agency”, “financial institution”, and “loan” have the same meanings as in section 212. (Added Pub. L. 108–198, §2 (a), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2900. )Prior Provisions A prior section 213, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 695, §213, formerly §218; Pub. L. 85–699, title VII, §701 (b), Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 698; renumbered §213, Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (d), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §962 (a) (2), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 502; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, §2597 (c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4909; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §§330004 (2), 330016 (1) (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2141, 2147, related to acceptance of loan or gratuity by bank examiner, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 108–198, §2 (a), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2899. Another prior section 213, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 693, related to the acceptance or demand of a bribe by a customs officer or employee, prior to the general amendment to this chapter by Pub. L. 87–849 and is substantially covered by revised section 201.§214. Offer for procurement of Federal Reserve bank loan and discount of commercial paper Whoever stipulates for or gives or receives, or consents or agrees to give or receive, any fee, commission, bonus, or thing of value for procuring or endeavoring to procure from any Federal Reserve bank any advance, loan, or extension of credit or discount or purchase of any obligation or commitment with respect thereto, either directly from such Federal Reserve bank or indirectly through any financing institution, unless such fee, commission, bonus, or thing of value and all material facts with respect to the arrangement or understanding therefor shall be disclosed in writing in the application or request for such advance, loan, extension of credit, discount, purchase, or commitment, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 695, §214, formerly §219; renumbered §214, Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (d), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 599 of title 12, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking (Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §22 (k), as added by act June 19, 1934, ch. 653, §3, 48 Stat. 1108). Final sentence of said section 599, imposing civil liability on violators, was omitted as unnecessary, being merely a declaration of that rule of common law which in the absence of statute fixes civil liability on the wrongdoer. Minor changes were made in phraseology. Prior Provisions A prior section 214 of this title was renumbered section 210. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000”.§215. Receipt of commissions or gifts for procuring loans (a) Whoever— (1) corruptly gives, offers, or promises anything of value to any person, with intent to influence or reward an officer, director, employee, agent, or attorney of a financial institution in connection with any business or transaction of such institution; or (2) as an officer, director, employee, agent, or attorney of a financial institution, corruptly solicits or demands for the benefit of any person, or corruptly accepts or agrees to accept, anything of value from any person, intending to be influenced or rewarded in connection with any business or transaction of such institution;shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or three times the value of the thing given, offered, promised, solicited, demanded, accepted, or agreed to be accepted, whichever is greater, or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both, but if the value of the thing given, offered, promised, solicited, demanded, accepted, or agreed to be accepted does not exceed $1,000, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. [ (b) Transferred] (c) This section shall not apply to bona fide salary, wages, fees, or other compensation paid, or expenses paid or reimbursed, in the usual course of business. (d) Federal agencies with responsibility for regulating a financial institution shall jointly establish such guidelines as are appropriate to assist an officer, director, employee, agent, or attorney of a financial institution to comply with this section. Such agencies shall make such guidelines available to the public. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 695, §215, formerly §220; Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, §4, 64 Stat. 894; renumbered §215, Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (d), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1107 (a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2145; Pub. L. 99–370, §2, Aug. 4, 1986, 100 Stat. 779; Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §§961 (a), 962 (e) (1), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 499, 503; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, §2504 (a), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4861; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §606 (a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3511. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on sections 595, 1125, and 1315 of title 12, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking (Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §22, first sentence of second paragraph, 38 Stat. 272; July 17, 1916, ch. 245, §211 (e), as added Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 252, §2, 42 Stat. 1460; June 21, 1917, ch. 32, §11, 40 Stat. 240; Sept. 26, 1918, ch. 177, §5, part 22 (c), 40 Stat. 970; Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 252, title II, §216 (e), 42 Stat. 1472). The punishment provisions of the three sections were identical, and all other provisions thereof were similar, except that section 595 of title 12, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking, relating to officers, directors, employees, or attorneys of member banks of the Federal Reserve System, did not include the terms “agent” and “acceptance” and did not include the phrase “or extension or renewal of loan or substitution of security”. Words “shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor” were omitted because of definition of misdemeanor in section 1 of this title. Words “and upon conviction” and “and shall upon conviction thereof” were omitted as surplusage because punishment cannot be imposed until after conviction. Verbal changes were made for style purposes. Prior Provisions A prior section 215 of this title was renumbered section 211. Amendments1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–294 substituted “$1,000” for “$100” in concluding provisions.1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $1,000” in concluding provisions.1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “30” for “20” before “years” in concluding provisions.1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–73, §961 (a), in closing provisions, substituted “$1,000,000” for “$5,000” and “20 years” for “five years”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–73, §962 (e) (1), transferred subsec. (b) to section 20 of this title.1986—Pub. L. 99–370 amended section generally, combining in subsec. (a) the statement of prohibited activities formerly set out in subsecs. (a) and (b), transferring to subsec. (b) and expanding provisions formerly set out in subsec. (c) which defined “financial institution”, transferring to subsec. (c) and amending provisions formerly set out in subsec. (d) relating to applicability of section, and adding new subsec. (d) relating to establishment of guidelines to assist financial institutions in complying with this section.1984—Pub. L. 98–473 amended section generally. Prior to amendment section read as follows: “Whoever, being an officer, director, employee, agent, or attorney of any bank, the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, of a Federal intermediate credit bank, or of a National Agricultural Credit Corporation, except as provided by law, stipulates for or receives or consents or agrees to receive any fee, commission, gift, or thing of value, from any person, firm, or corporation, for procuring or endeavoring to procure for such person, firm, or corporation, or for any other person, firm, or corporation, from any such bank or corporation, any loan or extension or renewal of loan or substitution of security, or the purchase or discount or acceptance of any paper, note, draft, check, or bill of exchange by any such bank or corporation, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than one year or both.”1950—Act Sept. 21, 1950, substituted “any bank, the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation” for “a member bank of the Federal Reserve System”. Effective Date of 1986 Amendment Section 3 of Pub. L. 99–370 provided that: “This Act and the amendments made by this Act [amending this section and enacting a provision set out as a note under section 201 of this title] shall take effect 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 4, 1986].”§216. Penalties and injunctions (a) The punishment for an offense under section 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, or 209 of this title is the following: (1) Whoever engages in the conduct constituting the offense shall be imprisoned for not more than one year or fined in the amount set forth in this title, or both. (2) Whoever willfully engages in the conduct constituting the offense shall be imprisoned for not more than five years or fined in the amount set forth in this title, or both. (b) The Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate United States district court against any person who engages in conduct constituting an offense under section 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, or 209 of this title and, upon proof of such conduct by a preponderance of the evidence, such person shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $50,000 for each violation or the amount of compensation which the person received or offered for the prohibited conduct, whichever amount is greater. The imposition of a civil penalty under this subsection does not preclude any other criminal or civil statutory, common law, or administrative remedy, which is available by law to the United States or any other person. (c) If the Attorney General has reason to believe that a person is engaging in conduct constituting an offense under section 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, or 209 of this title, the Attorney General may petition an appropriate United States district court for an order prohibiting that person from engaging in such conduct. The court may issue an order prohibiting that person from engaging in such conduct if the court finds that the conduct constitutes such an offense. The filing of a petition under this section does not preclude any other remedy which is available by law to the United States or any other person. (Added Pub. L. 101–194, title IV, §407 (a), Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1753; amended Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (f), May 4, 1990, 104 Stat. 159. )Prior Provisions A prior section 216, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 695, §216, formerly §221, amended Aug. 21, 1958, Pub. L. 85–699, title VII, §702 (a)– (c), 72 Stat. 698; Aug. 18, 1959, Pub. L. 86–168, title I, §104 (h), 73 Stat. 387, and renumbered Oct. 23, 1962, Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (d), 76 Stat. 1125, related to receipt or charge of commissions or gifts for farm loan, land bank, or small business transactions, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1107 (b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2146. Another prior section 216, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 694, which related to procurement of a contract by an officer or Member of Congress, was repealed by section 1 (c) of Pub. L. 87–849. Amendments1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (f) (1), substituted “section 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, or 209” for “sections 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, and 209”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–280, §5 (f) (2), substituted “section 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, or 209” for “sections 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, and 209”.§217. Acceptance of consideration for adjustment of farm indebtedness Whoever, being an officer or employee of, or person acting for the United States or any agency thereof, accepts any fee, commission, gift, or other consideration in connection with the compromise, adjustment, or cancellation of any farm indebtedness as provided by sections 1150, 1150a, and 1150b of Title 12, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 696, §217, formerly §222; renumbered §217, Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (d), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 1150c (b) of title 12, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking (Dec. 20, 1944, ch. 623, §4 (b), 58 Stat. 837). Words “upon conviction thereof” were omitted as surplusage, since punishment cannot be imposed until after conviction. Other changes were made in phraseology without change of substance. Prior Provisions A prior section 217 was renumbered section 212 of this title and subsequently repealed. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $1,000”.§218. Voiding transactions in violation of chapter; recovery by the United States In addition to any other remedies provided by law the President or, under regulations prescribed by him, the head of any department or agency involved, may declare void and rescind any contract, loan, grant, subsidy, license, right, permit, franchise, use, authority, privilege, benefit, certificate, ruling, decision, opinion, or rate schedule awarded, granted, paid, furnished, or published, or the performance of any service or transfer or delivery of any thing to, by or for any agency of the United States or officer or employee of the United States or person acting on behalf thereof, in relation to which there has been a final conviction for any violation of this chapter, and the United States shall be entitled to recover in addition to any penalty prescribed by law or in a contract the amount expended or the thing transferred or delivered on its behalf, or the reasonable value thereof. (Added Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (e), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125. )Prior Provisions A prior section 218 was renumbered section 213 of this title and subsequently repealed. Effective Date Section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as a note under section 201 of this title. Ex. Ord. No. 12448. Exercise of Authority Ex. Ord. No. 12448, Nov. 4, 1983, 48 F. R. 51281, provided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and statutes of the United States of America, including section 218 of title 18 of the United States Code, and in order to provide federal agencies with the authority to promulgate regulations for voiding or rescinding contracts or other benefits obtained through bribery, graft or conflict of interest, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. The head of each Executive department, Military department and Executive agency is hereby delegated the authority vested in the President to declare void and rescind the transactions set forth in section 218 of title 18 of the United States Code in relation to which there has been a final conviction for any violation of chapter 11 of title 18. Sec. 2. The head of each Executive department and agency described in section 1 may exercise the authority hereby delegated by promulgating implementing regulations; provided that the Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of General Services and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration jointly shall issue government-wide implementing regulations related to voiding or rescission of contracts. Sec. 3. Implementing regulations adopted pursuant to this Order shall, at a minimum, provide the following procedural protections: (a) Written notice of the proposed action shall be given in each case to the person or entity affected; (b) The person or entity affected shall be afforded an opportunity to submit pertinent information on its behalf before a final decision is made; (c) Upon the request of the person or entity affected, a hearing shall be held at which it shall have the opportunity to call witnesses on its behalf and confront any witness the agency may present; and (d) The head of the agency or his designee shall issue a final written decision specifying the amount of restitution or any other remedy authorized by section 218, provided that such remedy shall take into consideration the fair value of any tangible benefits received and retained by the agency. Ronald Reagan.§219. Officers and employees acting as agents of foreign principals (a) Whoever, being a public official, is or acts as an agent of a foreign principal required to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 or a lobbyist required to register under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 in connection with the representation of a foreign entity, as defined in section 3 (6) of that Act shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both. (b) Nothing in this section shall apply to the employment of any agent of a foreign principal as a special Government employee in any case in which the head of the employing agency certifies that such employment is required in the national interest. A copy of any certification under this paragraph shall be forwarded by the head of such agency to the Attorney General who shall cause the same to be filed with the registration statement and other documents filed by such agent, and made available for public inspection in accordance with section 6 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended. (c) For the purpose of this section “public official” means Member of Congress, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner, either before or after he has qualified, or an officer or employee or person acting for or on behalf of the United States, or any department, agency, or branch of Government thereof, including the District of Columbia, in any official function, under or by authority of any such department, agency, or branch of Government. (Added Pub. L. 89–486, §8 (b), July 4, 1966, 80 Stat. 249; amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1116, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2149; Pub. L. 99–646, §30, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3598; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3511, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4922; Pub. L. 104–65, §12 (b), Dec. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 701. )References in Text The Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, referred to in subsec. (a), is act June 8, 1938, ch. 327, 52 Stat. 631, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§611 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. Section 6 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 is classified to section 616 of Title 22. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 611 of Title 22 and Tables. The Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 104–65, Dec. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 691, which is classified principally to chapter 26 (§1601 et seq.) of Title 2, The Congress. Section 3 (6) of the Act is classified to section 1602 (6) of Title 2. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 2 and Tables. Prior Provisions A prior section 219 was renumbered section 214. Amendments1995—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–65 substituted “or a lobbyist required to register under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 in connection with the representation of a foreign entity, as defined in section 3 (6) of that Act” for “, as amended,”.1990—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “Government” for “Governments” before “thereof”.1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–646, §30 (1), designated first par. as subsec. (a) and amended it generally, which prior to amendment read as follows: “Whoever, being a public official of the United States in the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Government or in any agency of the United States, including the District of Columbia, is or acts as an agent of a foreign principal required to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both.”Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–646, §30 (2), designated second par. as subsec. (b). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–646, §30 (2), (3), designated third par. as subsec. (c) and substituted “Delegate” for “Delegate from the District of Columbia” and “branch of Government” for “branch of Government, or a juror”.1984—Pub. L. 98–473 substituted “a public official” for “an officer or employee” in first par., and inserted par. defining “public official”. Effective Date of 1995 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 104–65 effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided, see section 24 of Pub. L. 104–65, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1601 of Title 2, The Congress. Effective Date Section effective ninety days after July 4, 1966, see section 9 of Pub. L. 89–486, set out as an Effective Date of 1966 Amendment note under section 611 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. [§§220 to 222. Renumbered §§215 to 217] [§223. Repealed. Pub. L. 87–849, §1 (c), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1125]Section, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 696, related to transactions of the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation. Effective Date of Repeal Repeal effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as an Effective Date note under section 201 of this title.§224. Bribery in sporting contests (a) Whoever carries into effect, attempts to carry into effect, or conspires with any other person to carry into effect any scheme in commerce to influence, in any way, by bribery any sporting contest, with knowledge that the purpose of such scheme is to influence by bribery that contest, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (b) This section shall not be construed as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the field in which this section operates to the exclusion of a law of any State, territory, Commonwealth, or possession of the United States, and no law of any State, territory, Commonwealth, or possession of the United States, which would be valid in the absence of the section shall be declared invalid, and no local authorities shall be deprived of any jurisdiction over any offense over which they would have jurisdiction in the absence of this section. (c) As used in this section— (1) The term “scheme in commerce” means any scheme effectuated in whole or in part through the use in interstate or foreign commerce of any facility for transportation or communication; (2) The term “sporting contest” means any contest in any sport, between individual contestants or teams of contestants (without regard to the amateur or professional status of the contestants therein), the occurrence of which is publicly announced before its occurrence; (3) The term “person” means any individual and any partnership, corporation, association, or other entity. (Added Pub. L. 88–316, §1 (a), June 6, 1964, 78 Stat. 203; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)Amendments1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000”.§225. Continuing financial crimes enterprise (a) Whoever— (1) organizes, manages, or supervises a continuing financial crimes enterprise; and (2) receives $5,000,000 or more in gross receipts from such enterprise during any 24-month period,shall be fined not more than $10,000,000 if an individual, or $20,000,000 if an organization, and imprisoned for a term of not less than 10 years and which may be life. (b) For purposes of subsection (a), the term “continuing financial crimes enterprise” means a series of violations under section 215, 656, 657, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1014, 1032, or 1344 of this title, or section 1341 or 1343 affecting a financial institution, committed by at least 4 persons acting in concert. (Added Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, §2510 (a), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4863.)§226. Bribery affecting port security (a) In General .—Whoever knowingly— (1) directly or indirectly, corruptly gives, offers, or promises anything of value to any public or private person, with intent to commit international terrorism or domestic terrorism (as those terms are defined under section 2331), to— (A) influence any action or any person to commit or aid in committing, or collude in, or allow, any fraud, or make opportunity for the commission of any fraud affecting any secure or restricted area or seaport; or (B) induce any official or person to do or omit to do any act in violation of the lawful duty of such official or person that affects any secure or restricted area or seaport; or (2) directly or indirectly, corruptly demands, seeks, receives, accepts, or agrees to receive or accept anything of value personally or for any other person or entity in return for— (A) being influenced in the performance of any official act affecting any secure or restricted area or seaport; and (B) knowing that such influence will be used to commit, or plan to commit, international or domestic terrorism,shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both. (b) Definition .—In this section, the term “secure or restricted area” means an area of a vessel or facility designated as secure in an approved security plan, as required under section 70103 of title 46, United States Code, and the rules and regulations promulgated under that section. (Added Pub. L. 109–177, title III, §309 (a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 241.)§227. Wrongfully influencing a private entity's employment decisions by a Member of Congress Whoever, being a Senator or Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress or an employee of either House of Congress, with the intent to influence, solely on the basis of partisan political affiliation, an employment decision or employment practice of any private entity— (1) takes or withholds, or offers or threatens to take or withhold, an official act, or (2) influences, or offers or threatens to influence, the official act of another,shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than 15 years, or both, and may be disqualified from holding any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. (Added Pub. L. 110–81, title I, §102 (a), Sept. 14, 2007, 121 Stat. 739. )Effective Date Pub. L. 110–81, title I, §105 (b), Sept. 14, 2007, 121 Stat. 741, provided that: “The amendments made by section 102 [enacting this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 14, 2007].”Construction Pub. L. 110–81, title I, §102 (b), Sept. 14, 2007, 121 Stat. 739, provided that: “Nothing in section 227 of title 18, United States Code, as added by this section, shall be construed to create any inference with respect to whether the activity described in section 227 of title 18, United States Code, was a criminal or civil offense before the enactment of this Act [Sept. 14, 2007], including under section 201 (b), 201 (c), any of sections 203 through 209, or section 872, of title 18, United States Code.”CHAPTER 11A—CHILD SUPPORTSec.228. Failure to pay legal child support obligations.§228. Failure to pay legal child support obligations (a) Offense .—Any person who— (1) willfully fails to pay a support obligation with respect to a child who resides in another State, if such obligation has remained unpaid for a period longer than 1 year, or is greater than $5,000; (2) travels in interstate or foreign commerce with the intent to evade a support obligation, if such obligation has remained unpaid for a period longer than 1 year, or is greater than $5,000; or (3) willfully fails to pay a support obligation with respect to a child who resides in another State, if such obligation has remained unpaid for a period longer than 2 years, or is greater than $10,000;shall be punished as provided in subsection (c). (b) Presumption .—The existence of a support obligation that was in effect for the time period charged in the indictment or information creates a rebuttable presumption that the obligor has the ability to pay the support obligation for that time period. (c) Punishment .—The punishment for an offense under this section is— (1) in the case of a first offense under subsection (a) (1), a fine under this title, imprisonment for not more than 6 months, or both; and (2) in the case of an offense under paragraph (2) or (3) of subsection (a), or a second or subsequent offense under subsection (a) (1), a fine under this title, imprisonment for not more than 2 years, or both. (d) Mandatory Restitution .—Upon a conviction under this section, the court shall order restitution under section 3663A in an amount equal to the total unpaid support obligation as it exists at the time of sentencing. (e) Venue .—With respect to an offense under this section, an action may be inquired of and prosecuted in a district court of the United States for— (1) the district in which the child who is the subject of the support obligation involved resided during a period during which a person described in subsection (a) (referred to in this subsection as an “obliger”) failed to meet that support obligation; (2) the district in which the obliger resided during a period described in paragraph (1); or (3) any other district with jurisdiction otherwise provided for by law. (f) Definitions .—As used in this section— (1) the term “Indian tribe” has the meaning given that term in section 102 of the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U. S. C. 479a); (2) the term “State” includes any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States; and (3) the term “support obligation” means any amount determined under a court order or an order of an administrative process pursuant to the law of a State or of an Indian tribe to be due from a person for the support and maintenance of a child or of a child and the parent with whom the child is living. (Added Pub. L. 102–521, §2 (a), Oct. 25, 1992, 106 Stat. 3403; amended Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §607 ( l ), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3512; Pub. L. 105–187, §2, June 24, 1998, 112 Stat. 618.)Amendments1998—Pub. L. 105–187 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (d) relating to a description of the offense, punishment for an offense, restitution upon conviction of an offense, and definitions of terms used in this section.1996—Subsec. (d) (2). Pub. L. 104–294 inserted “commonwealth,” before “possession or territory of the United States”. Short Title of 1998 Amendment Pub. L. 105–187, §1, June 24, 1998, 112 Stat. 618, provided that: “This Act [amending this section] may be cited as the ‘Deadbeat Parents Punishment Act of 1998’.”Short Title Section 1 of Pub. L. 102–521 provided that: “This Act [enacting this section and sections 3796cc to 3796cc–6 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending section 3563 of this title and section 3797 of Title 42, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 12301 of Title 42] may be cited as the ‘Child Support Recovery Act of 1992’.”CHAPTER 11B—CHEMICAL WEAPONSSec.229. Prohibited activities.229A. Penalties.229B. Criminal forfeitures; destruction of weapons.229C. Individual self-defense devices.229D. Injunctions.229E. Requests for military assistance to enforce prohibition in certain emergencies.229F. Definitions.§229. Prohibited activities (a) Unlawful Conduct .—Except as provided in subsection (b), it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly— (1) to develop, produce, otherwise acquire, transfer directly or indirectly, receive, stockpile, retain, own, possess, or use, or threaten to use, any chemical weapon; or (2) to assist or induce, in any way, any person to violate paragraph (1), or to attempt or conspire to violate paragraph (1). (b) Exempted Agencies and Persons.— (1) In general .—Subsection (a) does not apply to the retention, ownership, possession, transfer, or receipt of a chemical weapon by a department, agency, or other entity of the United States, or by a person described in paragraph (2), pending destruction of the weapon. (2) Exempted persons .—A person referred to in paragraph (1) is— (A) any person, including a member of the Armed Forces of the United States, who is authorized by law or by an appropriate officer of the United States to retain, own, possess, transfer, or receive the chemical weapon; or (B) in an emergency situation, any otherwise nonculpable person if the person is attempting to destroy or seize the weapon. (c) Jurisdiction .—Conduct prohibited by subsection (a) is within the jurisdiction of the United States if the prohibited conduct— (1) takes place in the United States; (2) takes place outside of the United States and is committed by a national of the United States; (3) is committed against a national of the United States while the national is outside the United States; or (4) is committed against any property that is owned, leased, or used by the United States or by any department or agency of the United States, whether the property is within or outside the United States. (Added Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §201 (a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–866. )Regulations For authority to issue regulations under this chapter, see section 3 of Ex. Ord. No. 13128, June 25, 1999, 64 F. R. 34703, set out as a note under section 6711 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. Revocations of Export Privileges Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §211, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–872, provided that: “If the President determines, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing in accordance with section 554 of title 5, United States Code, that any person within the United States, or any national of the United States located outside the United States, has committed any violation of section 229 of title 18, United States Code, the President may issue an order for the suspension or revocation of the authority of the person to export from the United States any goods or technology (as such terms are defined in section 16 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U. S. C. App. 2415)).” [For authority of Secretary of Commerce to suspend or revoke export privileges pursuant to section 211 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out above, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 13128, June 25, 1999, 64 F. R. 34703, set out as a note under section 6711 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.]§229A. Penalties (a) Criminal Penalties.— (1) In general .—Any person who violates section 229 of this title shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for any term of years, or both. (2) Death penalty .—Any person who violates section 229 of this title and by whose action the death of another person is the result shall be punished by death or imprisoned for life. (b) Civil Penalties.— (1) In general .—The Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate United States district court against any person who violates section 229 of this title and, upon proof of such violation by a preponderance of the evidence, such person shall be subject to pay a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $100,000 for each such violation. (2) Relation to other proceedings .—The imposition of a civil penalty under this subsection does not preclude any other criminal or civil statutory, common law, or administrative remedy, which is available by law to the United States or any other person. (c) Reimbursement of Costs .—The court shall order any person convicted of an offense under subsection (a) to reimburse the United States for any expenses incurred by the United States incident to the seizure, storage, handling, transportation, and destruction or other disposition of any property that was seized in connection with an investigation of the commission of the offense by that person. A person ordered to reimburse the United States for expenses under this subsection shall be jointly and severally liable for such expenses with each other person, if any, who is ordered under this subsection to reimburse the United States for the same expenses. (Added Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §201 (a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–867.)§229B. Criminal forfeitures; destruction of weapons (a) Property Subject to Criminal Forfeiture .—Any person convicted under section 229A (a) shall forfeit to the United States irrespective of any provision of State law— (1) any property, real or personal, owned, possessed, or used by a person involved in the offense; (2) any property constituting, or derived from, and proceeds the person obtained, directly or indirectly, as the result of such violation; and (3) any of the property used in any manner or part, to commit, or to facilitate the commission of, such violation. The court, in imposing sentence on such person, shall order, in addition to any other sentence imposed pursuant to section 229A (a), that the person forfeit to the United States all property described in this subsection. In lieu of a fine otherwise authorized by section 229A (a), a defendant who derived profits or other proceeds from an offense may be fined not more than twice the gross profits or other proceeds. (b) Procedures.— (1) General .—Property subject to forfeiture under this section, any seizure and disposition thereof, and any administrative or judicial proceeding in relation thereto, shall be governed by subsections (b) through (p) of section 413 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U. S. C. 853), except that any reference under those subsections to— (A) “this subchapter or subchapter II” shall be deemed to be a reference to section 229A (a); and (B) “subsection (a)” shall be deemed to be a reference to subsection (a) of this section. (2) Temporary restraining orders.— (A) In general .—For the purposes of forfeiture proceedings under this section, a temporary restraining order may be entered upon application of the United States without notice or opportunity for a hearing when an information or indictment has not yet been filed with respect to the property, if, in addition to the circumstances described in section 413 (e) (2) of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U. S. C. 853 (e) (2)), the United States demonstrates that there is probable cause to believe that the property with respect to which the order is sought would, in the event of conviction, be subject to forfeiture under this section and exigent circumstances exist that place the life or health of any person in danger. (B) Warrant of seizure .—If the court enters a temporary restraining order under this paragraph, it shall also issue a warrant authorizing the seizure of such property. (C) Applicable procedures .—The procedures and time limits applicable to temporary restraining orders under section 413 (e) (2) and (3) of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U. S. C. 853 (e) (2) and (3)) shall apply to temporary restraining orders under this paragraph. (c) Affirmative Defense .—It is an affirmative defense against a forfeiture under subsection (b) that the property— (1) is for a purpose not prohibited under the Chemical Weapons Convention; and (2) is of a type and quantity that under the circumstances is consistent with that purpose. (d) Destruction or Other Disposition .—The Attorney General shall provide for the destruction or other appropriate disposition of any chemical weapon seized and forfeited pursuant to this section. (e) Assistance .—The Attorney General may request the head of any agency of the United States to assist in the handling, storage, transportation, or destruction of property seized under this section. (f) Owner Liability .—The owner or possessor of any property seized under this section shall be liable to the United States for any expenses incurred incident to the seizure, including any expenses relating to the handling, storage, transportation, and destruction or other disposition of the seized property. (Added Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §201 (a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–868.)§229C. Individual self-defense devices Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit any individual self-defense device, including those using a pepper spray or chemical mace. (Added Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §201 (a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–869.)§229D. Injunctions The United States may obtain in a civil action an injunction against— (1) the conduct prohibited under section 229 or 229C of this title; or (2) the preparation or solicitation to engage in conduct prohibited under section 229 or 229D 1 of this title. (Added Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §201 (a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–869. )1 So in original.§229E. Requests for military assistance to enforce prohibition in certain emergencies The Attorney General may request the Secretary of Defense to provide assistance under section 382 of title 10 in support of Department of Justice activities relating to the enforcement of section 229 of this title in an emergency situation involving a chemical weapon. The authority to make such a request may be exercised by another official of the Department of Justice in accordance with section 382 (f) (2) of title 10. (Added Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §201 (a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–869.)§229F. Definitions In this chapter: (1) Chemical weapon .—The term “chemical weapon” means the following, together or separately: (A) A toxic chemical and its precursors, except where intended for a purpose not prohibited under this chapter as long as the type and quantity is consistent with such a purpose. (B) A munition or device, specifically designed to cause death or other harm through toxic properties of those toxic chemicals specified in subparagraph (A), which would be released as a result of the employment of such munition or device. (C) Any equipment specifically designed for use directly in connection with the employment of munitions or devices specified in subparagraph (B). (2) Chemical weapons convention; convention .—The terms “Chemical Weapons Convention” and “Convention” mean the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, opened for signature on January 13, 1993. (3) Key component of a binary or multicomponent chemical system .—The term “key component of a binary or multicomponent chemical system” means the precursor which plays the most important role in determining the toxic properties of the final product and reacts rapidly with other chemicals in the binary or multicomponent system. (4) National of the united states .—The term “national of the United States” has the same meaning given such term in section 101 (a) (22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U. S. C. 1101 (a) (22)). (5) Person .—The term “person”, except as otherwise provided, means any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, any State or any political subdivision thereof, or any political entity within a State, any foreign government or nation or any agency, instrumentality or political subdivision of any such government or nation, or other entity located in the United States. (6) Precursor.— (A) In general .—The term “precursor” means any chemical reactant which takes part at any stage in the production by whatever method of a toxic chemical. The term includes any key component of a binary or multicomponent chemical system. (B) List of precursors .—Precursors which have been identified for the application of verification measures under Article VI of the Convention are listed in schedules contained in the Annex on Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention. (7) Purposes not prohibited by this chapter .—The term “purposes not prohibited by this chapter” means the following: (A) Peaceful purposes .—Any peaceful purpose related to an industrial, agricultural, research, medical, or pharmaceutical activity or other activity. (B) Protective purposes .—Any purpose directly related to protection against toxic chemicals and to protection against chemical weapons. (C) Unrelated military purposes .—Any military purpose of the United States that is not connected with the use of a chemical weapon or that is not dependent on the use of the toxic or poisonous properties of the chemical weapon to cause death or other harm. (D) Law enforcement purposes .—Any law enforcement purpose, including any domestic riot control purpose and including imposition of capital punishment. (8) Toxic chemical.— (A) In general .—The term “toxic chemical” means any chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals. The term includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere. (B) List of toxic chemicals .—Toxic chemicals which have been identified for the application of verification measures under Article VI of the Convention are listed in schedules contained in the Annex on Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention. (9) United states .—The term “United States” means the several States of the United States, the District of Columbia, and the commonwealths, territories, and possessions of the United States and includes all places under the jurisdiction or control of the United States, including— (A) any of the places within the provisions of paragraph (41) 1 of section 40102 of title 49, United States Code; (B) any civil aircraft of the United States or public aircraft, as such terms are defined in paragraphs (17) and (37), 1 respectively, of section 40102 of title 49, United States Code; and (C) any vessel of the United States, as such term is defined in section 70502 (b) of title 46, United States Code. (Added Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §201 (a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–869; amended Pub. L. 109–304, §17 (d) (1), Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1707. )References in Text Paragraphs (17), (37), and (41) of section 40102 of title 49, referred to in par. (9) (A), (B), probably means paragraphs (17), (37), and (41) of subsection (a) of section 40102 of title 49. Paragraphs (37) and (41) were subsequently redesignated as (41) and (46), respectively, by Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §225 (a) (1), (3), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2528. Amendments2006—Par. (9) (C). Pub. L. 109–304 substituted “section 70502 (b) of title 46, United States Code” for “section 3 (b) of the Maritime Drug Enforcement Act, as amended (46 U. S. C., App. sec. 1903 (b))”. CHAPTER 12—CIVIL DISORDERSSec.231. Civil disorders.232. Definitions.233. Preemption. Amendments1968—Pub. L. 90–284, title X, §1002 (a), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 90, added chapter 12 and items 231 to 233.1 See References in Text note below.§231. Civil disorders (a) (1) Whoever teaches or demonstrates to any other person the use, application, or making of any firearm or explosive or incendiary device, or technique capable of causing injury or death to persons, knowing or having reason to know or intending that the same will be unlawfully employed for use in, or in furtherance of, a civil disorder which may in any way or degree obstruct, delay, or adversely affect commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function; or (2) Whoever transports or manufactures for transportation in commerce any firearm, or explosive or incendiary device, knowing or having reason to know or intending that the same will be used unlawfully in furtherance of a civil disorder; or (3) Whoever commits or attempts to commit any act to obstruct, impede, or interfere with any fireman or law enforcement officer lawfully engaged in the lawful performance of his official duties incident to and during the commission of a civil disorder which in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or adversely affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function—Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (b) Nothing contained in this section shall make unlawful any act of any law enforcement officer which is performed in the lawful performance of his official duties. (Added Pub. L. 90–284, title X, §1002 (a), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 90; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)Amendments1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000” in concluding par. Short Title Section 1001 of title X of Pub. L. 90–284 provided that: “This title [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Civil Obedience Act of 1968’.”§232. Definitions For purposes of this chapter: (1) The term “civil disorder” means any public disturbance involving acts of violence by assemblages of three or more persons, which causes an immediate danger of or results in damage or injury to the property or person of any other individual. (2) The term “commerce” means commerce (A) between any State or the District of Columbia and any place outside thereof; (B) between points within any State or the District of Columbia, but through any place outside thereof; or (C) wholly within the District of Columbia. (3) The term “federally protected function” means any function, operation, or action carried out, under the laws of the United States, by any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States or by an officer or employee thereof; and such term shall specifically include, but not be limited to, the collection and distribution of the United States mails. (4) The term “firearm” means any weapon which is designed to or may readily be converted to expel any projectile by the action of an explosive; or the frame or receiver of any such weapon. (5) The term “explosive or incendiary device” means (A) dynamite and all other forms of high explosives, (B) any explosive bomb, grenade, missile, or similar device, and (C) any incendiary bomb or grenade, fire bomb, or similar device, including any device which (i) consists of or includes a breakable container including a flammable liquid or compound, and a wick composed of any material which, when ignited, is capable of igniting such flammable liquid or compound, and (ii) can be carried or thrown by one individual acting alone. (6) The term “fireman” means any member of a fire department (including a volunteer fire department) of any State, any political subdivision of a State, or the District of Columbia. (7) The term “law enforcement officer” means any officer or employee of the United States, any State, any political subdivision of a State, or the District of Columbia, while engaged in the enforcement or prosecution of any of the criminal laws of the United States, a State, any political subdivision of a State, or the District of Columbia; and such term shall specifically include members of the National Guard (as defined in section 101 of title 10), members of the organized militia of any State, or territory of the United States, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the District of Columbia not included within the National Guard (as defined in section 101 of title 10), and members of the Armed Forces of the United States, while engaged in suppressing acts of violence or restoring law and order during a civil disorder. (8) The term “State” includes a State of the United States, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States. (Added Pub. L. 90–284, title X, §1002 (a), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 91; amended Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, §1205 (a), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4830; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1051 (b) (1), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2498.)Amendments1992—Par. (7). Pub. L. 102–484 substituted “members of the National Guard (as defined in section 101 of title 10),” for “, but shall not be limited to, members of the National Guard, as defined in section 101 (9) of title 10, United States Code,” and “not included within the National Guard (as defined in section 101 of title 10),” for “, not included within the definition of National Guard as defined by such section 101 (9),”.1990—Par. (8). Pub. L. 101–647 added par. (8).§233. Preemption Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the field in which any provisions of the chapter operate to the exclusion of State or local laws on the same subject matter, nor shall any provision of this chapter be construed to invalidate any provision of State law unless such provision is inconsistent with any of the purposes of this chapter or any provision thereof. (Added Pub. L. 90–284, title X, §1002 (a), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 91. )CHAPTER 13—CIVIL RIGHTSSec.241. Conspiracy against rights.242. Deprivation of rights under color of law.243. Exclusion of jurors on account of race or color.244. Discrimination against person wearing uniform of armed forces.245. Federally protected activities.246. Deprivation of relief benefits.247. Damage to religious property; obstruction of persons in the free exercise of religious beliefs.248. Freedom of access to clinic entrances.249. Hate crime acts. Amendments2009—Pub. L. 111–84, div. E, §4707 (b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2841, added item 249.1994—Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330023 (a) (1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2150, substituted “Freedom of access to clinic entrances” for “Blocking access to reproductive health services” in item 248. Pub. L. 103–259, §4, May 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 697, added item 248.1988—Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7018 (b) (2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4396, struck out “of citizens” after “rights” in item 241. Pub. L. 100–346, §3, June 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 645, added item 247.1976—Pub. L. 94–453, §4 (b), Oct. 2, 1976, 90 Stat. 1517, added item 246.1968—Pub. L. 90–284, title I, §102, Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 75, added item 245.§241. Conspiracy against rights If two or more persons conspire to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or because of his having so exercised the same; or If two or more persons go in disguise on the highway, or on the premises of another, with intent to prevent or hinder his free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege so secured—They shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, they shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 696; Pub. L. 90–284, title I, §103 (a), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 75; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7018 (a), (b) (1), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4396; Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60006 (a), title XXXII, §§320103 (a), 320201 (a), title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1970, 2109, 2113, 2147; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §§604 (b) (14) (A), 607 (a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3507, 3511. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §51 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §19, 35 Stat. 1092). Clause making conspirator ineligible to hold office was omitted as incongruous because it attaches ineligibility to hold office to a person who may be a private citizen and who was convicted of conspiracy to violate a specific statute. There seems to be no reason for imposing such a penalty in the case of one individual crime, in view of the fact that other crimes do not carry such a severe consequence. The experience of the Department of Justice is that this unusual penalty has been an obstacle to successful prosecutions for violations of the act. Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased in the alternative. Minor changes in phraseology were made. Amendments1996—Pub. L. 104–294, §607 (a), substituted “any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District” for “any State, Territory, or District” in first par. Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (14) (A), repealed Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (a) (1). See 1994 Amendment note below.1994—Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (L), substituted “They shall be fined under this title” for “They shall be fined not more than $10,000” in third par. Pub. L. 103–322, §320201 (a), substituted “person in any State” for “inhabitant of any State” in first par. Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (a) (2)– (4), in third par., substituted “results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, they shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both” for “results, they shall be subject to imprisonment for any term of years or for life”. Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (a) (1), which provided for amendment identical to Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (L), above, was repealed by Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (14) (A). Pub. L. 103–322, §60006 (a), substituted “, or may be sentenced to death.” for period at end of third par.1988—Pub. L. 100–690 struck out “of citizens” after “rights” in section catchline and substituted “inhabitant of any State, Territory, or District” for “citizen” in text.1968—Pub. L. 90–284 increased limitation on fines from $5,000 to $10,000 and provided for imprisonment for any term of years or for life when death results. Effective Date of 1996 Amendment Amendment by section 604 (b) (14) (A) of Pub. L. 104–294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604 (d) of Pub. L. 104–294, set out as a note under section 13 of this title. Short Title of 1996 Amendment Pub. L. 104–155, §1, July 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 1392, provided that: “This Act [amending section 247 of this title and section 10602 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 247 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 534 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996’.”§242. Deprivation of rights under color of law Whoever, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, willfully subjects any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or to different punishments, pains, or penalties, on account of such person being an alien, or by reason of his color, or race, than are prescribed for the punishment of citizens, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 696; Pub. L. 90–284, title I, §103 (b), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 75; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7019, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4396; Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60006 (b), title XXXII, §§320103 (b), 320201 (b), title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1970, 2109, 2113, 2147; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §§604 (b) (14) (B), 607 (a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3507, 3511. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §52 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §20, 35 Stat. 1092). Reference to persons causing or procuring was omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of “principal” in section 2 of this title. A minor change was made in phraseology. Amendments1996—Pub. L. 104–294, §607 (a), substituted “any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District” for “any State, Territory, or District”. Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (14) (B), repealed Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (b) (1). See 1994 Amendment note below.1994—Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (H), substituted “shall be fined under this title” for “shall be fined not more than $1,000” after “citizens,”. Pub. L. 103–322, §320201 (b), substituted “any person in any State” for “any inhabitant of any State” and “on account of such person” for “on account of such inhabitant”. Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (b) (2)– (5), substituted “bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both” for “bodily injury results shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results shall be subject to imprisonment for any term of years or for life”. Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (b) (1), which provided for amendment identical to Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (H), above, was repealed by Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (14) (B). Pub. L. 103–322, §60006 (b), inserted before period at end “, or may be sentenced to death”.1988—Pub. L. 100–690 inserted “and if bodily injury results shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both;” after “or both;”.1968—Pub. L. 90–284 provided for imprisonment for any term of years or for life when death results. Effective Date of 1996 Amendment Amendment by section 604 (b) (14) (B) of Pub. L. 104–294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604 (d) of Pub. L. 104–294, set out as a note under section 13 of this title.§243. Exclusion of jurors on account of race or color No citizen possessing all other qualifications which are or may be prescribed by law shall be disqualified for service as grand or petit juror in any court of the United States, or of any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; and whoever, being an officer or other person charged with any duty in the selection or summoning of jurors, excludes or fails to summon any citizen for such cause, shall be fined not more than $5,000. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 696. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 44 of title 8, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Aliens and Nationality (Mar. 1, 1875, ch. 114, §4, 18 Stat. 336). Words “be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and” were deleted as unnecessary in view of definition of misdemeanor in section 1 of this title. Words “on conviction thereof” were omitted as unnecessary, since punishment follows only after conviction. Minimum punishment provisions were omitted. (See reviser's note under section 203 of this title. )Minor changes in phraseology were made.§244. Discrimination against person wearing uniform of armed forces Whoever, being a proprietor, manager, or employee of a theater or other public place of entertainment or amusement in the District of Columbia, or in any Territory, or Possession of the United States, causes any person wearing the uniform of any of the armed forces of the United States to be discriminated against because of that uniform, shall be fined under this title. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 697; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, §5, 63 Stat. 90; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes1948 Act Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §523 (Mar. 1, 1911, ch. 187, 36 Stat. 963; Aug. 24, 1912, ch. 387, §1, 37 Stat. 512; Jan. 28, 1915, ch. 20, §1, 38 Stat. 800). Words “guilty of a misdemeanor”, following “shall be”, were omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of “misdemeanor” in section 1 of this title. (See reviser's note under section 212 of this title. )Changes were made in phraseology.1949 Act This section [section 5] substitutes, in section 244 of title 18, U. S. C., “any of the armed forces of the United States” for the enumeration of specific branches and thereby includes the Air Force, formerly part of the Army. This clarification is necessary because of the establishment of the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces by the act of July 26, 1947. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $500”.1949—Act May 24, 1949, substituted “any of the armed forces of the United States” for enumeration of the specific branches.§245. Federally protected activities (a) (1) Nothing in this section shall be construed as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to prevent any State, any possession or Commonwealth of the United States, or the District of Columbia, from exercising jurisdiction over any offense over which it would have jurisdiction in the absence of this section, nor shall anything in this section be construed as depriving State and local law enforcement authorities of responsibility for prosecuting acts that may be violations of this section and that are violations of State and local law. No prosecution of any offense described in this section shall be undertaken by the United States except upon the certification in writing of the Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, or any Assistant Attorney General specially designated by the Attorney General that in his judgment a prosecution by the United States is in the public interest and necessary to secure substantial justice, which function of certification may not be delegated. (2) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit the authority of Federal officers, or a Federal grand jury, to investigate possible violations of this section. (b) Whoever, whether or not acting under color of law, by force or threat of force willfully injures, intimidates or interferes with, or attempts to injure, intimidate or interfere with— (1) any person because he is or has been, or in order to intimidate such person or any other person or any class of persons from— (A) voting or qualifying to vote, qualifying or campaigning as a candidate for elective office, or qualifying or acting as a poll watcher, or any legally authorized election official, in any primary, special, or general election; (B) participating in or enjoying any benefit, service, privilege, program, facility, or activity provided or administered by the United States; (C) applying for or enjoying employment, or any perquisite thereof, by any agency of the United States; (D) serving, or attending upon any court in connection with possible service, as a grand or petit juror in any court of the United States; (E) participating in or enjoying the benefits of any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance; or (2) any person because of his race, color, religion or national origin and because he is or has been— (A) enrolling in or attending any public school or public college; (B) participating in or enjoying any benefit, service, privilege, program, facility or activity provided or administered by any State or subdivision thereof; (C) applying for or enjoying employment, or any perquisite thereof, by any private employer or any agency of any State or subdivision thereof, or joining or using the services or advantages of any labor organization, hiring hall, or employment agency; (D) serving, or attending upon any court of any State in connection with possible service, as a grand or petit juror; (E) traveling in or using any facility of interstate commerce, or using any vehicle, terminal, or facility of any common carrier by motor, rail, water, or air; (F) enjoying the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, or of any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility which serves the public and which is principally engaged in selling food or beverages for consumption on the premises, or of any gasoline station, or of any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium, or any other place of exhibition or entertainment which serves the public, or of any other establishment which serves the public and (i) which is located within the premises of any of the aforesaid establishments or within the premises of which is physically located any of the aforesaid establishments, and (ii) which holds itself out as serving patrons of such establishments; or (3) during or incident to a riot or civil disorder, any person engaged in a business in commerce or affecting commerce, including, but not limited to, any person engaged in a business which sells or offers for sale to interstate travelers a substantial portion of the articles, commodities, or services which it sells or where a substantial portion of the articles or commodities which it sells or offers for sale have moved in commerce; or (4) any person because he is or has been, or in order to intimidate such person or any other person or any class of persons from— (A) participating, without discrimination on account of race, color, religion or national origin, in any of the benefits or activities described in subparagraphs (1) (A) through (1) (E) or subparagraphs (2) (A) through (2) (F); or (B) affording another person or class of persons opportunity or protection to so participate; or (5) any citizen because he is or has been, or in order to intimidate such citizen or any other citizen from lawfully aiding or encouraging other persons to participate, without discrimination on account of race, color, religion or national origin, in any of the benefits or activities described in subparagraphs (1) (A) through (1) (E) or subparagraphs (2) (A) through (2) (F), or participating lawfully in speech or peaceful assembly opposing any denial of the opportunity to so participate—shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death. As used in this section, the term “participating lawfully in speech or peaceful assembly” shall not mean the aiding, abetting, or inciting of other persons to riot or to commit any act of physical violence upon any individual or against any real or personal property in furtherance of a riot. Nothing in subparagraph (2) (F) or (4) (A) of this subsection shall apply to the proprietor of any establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, or to any employee acting on behalf of such proprietor, with respect to the enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of such establishment if such establishment is located within a building which contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by the proprietor as his residence. (c) Nothing in this section shall be construed so as to deter any law enforcement officer from lawfully carrying out the duties of his office; and no law enforcement officer shall be considered to be in violation of this section for lawfully carrying out the duties of his office or lawfully enforcing ordinances and laws of the United States, the District of Columbia, any of the several States, or any political subdivision of a State. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term “law enforcement officer” means any officer of the United States, the District of Columbia, a State, or political subdivision of a State, who is empowered by law to conduct investigations of, or make arrests because of, offenses against the United States, the District of Columbia, a State, or a political subdivision of a State. (d) For purposes of this section, the term “State” includes a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States. (Added Pub. L. 90–284, title I, §101 (a), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 73; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7020 (a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4396; Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, §1205 (b), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4830; Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60006 (c), title XXXII, §320103 (c), title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (H), (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1971, 2109, 2147; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §604 (b) (14) (C), (37), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3507, 3509.)Amendments1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–294 amended Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (c). See 1994 Amendment notes below.1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (L), substituted “shall be fined under this title” for “shall be fined not more than $10,000” before “, or imprisoned not more than ten years” in concluding provisions. Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (H), substituted “shall be fined under this title” for “shall be fined not more than $1,000” before “, or imprisoned not more than one year” in concluding provisions. Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (c) (4)– (6), in concluding provisions, inserted “from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill,” after “death results” and substituted “shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both” for “shall be subject to imprisonment for any term of years or for life”. Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (c) (3), which provided for amendment identical to Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (L), above, was repealed by Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (14) (C). Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (c) (2), as amended by Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (37), inserted “from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire” after “bodily injury results” in concluding provisions. Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (c) (1), which provided for amendment identical to Pub. L. 103–322, §330016 (1) (H), above, was repealed by Pub. L. 104–294, §604 (b) (14) (C). Pub. L. 103–322, §60006 (c), in concluding provisions, inserted “, or may be sentenced to death” before “. As used in this section”.1990—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–647 added subsec. (d).1988—Subsec. (a) (1). Pub. L. 100–690 substituted “, the Deputy” for “or the Deputy” and inserted “, the Associate Attorney General, or any Assistant Attorney General specially designated by the Attorney General” after “Deputy Attorney General”. Effective Date of 1996 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 104–294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604 (d) of Pub. L. 104–294, set out as a note under section 13 of this title. Fair Housing Section 101 (b) of Pub. L. 90–284 provided that: “Nothing contained in this section [enacting this section] shall apply to or affect activities under title VIII of this Act [sections 3601 to 3619 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare].”Riots or Civil Disturbances, Suppression and Restoration of Law and Order; Acts or Omissions of Enforcement Officers and Members of Military Service Not Subject to This Section Section 101 (c) of Pub. L. 90–284 provided that: “The provisions of this section [enacting this section] shall not apply to acts or omissions on the part of law enforcement officers, members of the National Guard, as defined in section 101 (9) of title 10, United States Code, members of the organized militia of any State or the District of Columbia, not covered by such section 101 (9), or members of the Armed Forces of the United States, who are engaged in suppressing a riot or civil disturbance or restoring law and order during a riot or civil disturbance.”§246. Deprivation of relief benefits Whoever directly or indirectly deprives, attempts to deprive, or threatens to deprive any person of any employment, position, work, compensation, or other benefit provided for or made possible in whole or in part by any Act of Congress appropriating funds for work relief or relief purposes, on account of political affiliation, race, color, sex, religion, or national origin, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (Added Pub. L. 94–453, §4 (a), Oct. 2, 1976, 90 Stat. 1517; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000”.§247. Damage to religious property; obstruction of persons in the free exercise of religious beliefs (a) Whoever, in any of the circumstances referred to in subsection (b) of this section— (1) intentionally defaces, damages, or destroys any religious real property, because of the religious character of that property, or attempts to do so; or (2) intentionally obstructs, by force or threat of force, any person in the enjoyment of that person's free exercise of religious beliefs, or attempts to do so;shall be punished as provided in subsection (d). (b) The circumstances referred to in subsection (a) are that the offense is in or affects interstate or foreign commerce. (c) Whoever intentionally defaces, damages, or destroys any religious real property because of the race, color, or ethnic characteristics of any individual associated with that religious property, or attempts to do so, shall be punished as provided in subsection (d). (d) The punishment for a violation of subsection (a) of this section shall be— (1) if death results from acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, a fine in accordance with this title and imprisonment for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death; (2) if bodily injury results to any person, including any public safety officer performing duties as a direct or proximate result of conduct prohibited by this section, and the violation is by means of fire or an explosive, a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more that 40 years, or both; (3) if bodily injury to any person, including any public safety officer performing duties as a direct or proximate result of conduct prohibited by this section, results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, a fine in accordance with this title and imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both; and (4) in any other case, a fine in accordance with this title and imprisonment for not more than one year, or both. (e) No prosecution of any offense described in this section shall be undertaken by the United States except upon the certification in writing of the Attorney General or his designee that in his judgment a prosecution by the United States is in the public interest and necessary to secure substantial justice. (f) As used in this section, the term “religious real property” means any church, synagogue, mosque, religious cemetery, or other religious real property, including fixtures or religious objects contained within a place of religious worship. (g) No person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any noncapital offense under this section unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted not later than 7 years after the date on which the offense was committed. (Added Pub. L. 100–346, §1, June 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 644; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60006 (d), title XXXII, §320103 (d), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1971, 2110; Pub. L. 104–155, §3, July 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 1392; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §§601 (c) (3), 605 (r), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3499, 3511; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002 (c) (1), (e) (4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, 1810.)Amendments2002—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–273, §4002 (c) (1), repealed amendment by Pub. L. 107–273, §605 (r). See 1996 Amendment note below. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–273, §4002 (e) (4), made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 104–294, §601 (c) (3). See 1996 Amendment note below.1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (1), substituted “subsection (d)” for “subsection (c) of this section” in concluding provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (3), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows: “The circumstances referred to in subsection (a) are that—“ (1) in committing the offense, the defendant travels in interstate or foreign commerce, or uses a facility or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce in interstate or foreign commerce; and“ (2) in the case of an offense under subsection (a) (1), the loss resulting from the defacement, damage, or destruction is more than $10,000.”Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (2), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–294, §605 (r), which directed the substitution of “certification” for “notification” in subsec. (d), was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, §4002 (c) (1). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (2), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e). Subsec. (d) (2). Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (4) (C), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3). Subsec. (d) (3). Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (4) (A), (B), redesignated par. (2) as (3), inserted “to any person, including any public safety officer performing duties as a direct or proximate result of conduct prohibited by this section,” after “bodily injury” and substituted “20 years” for “ten years”. Former par. (3) redesignated (4). Subsec. (d) (4). Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (4) (B), redesignated par. (3) as (4). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–294, §601 (c) (3), as amended by Pub. L. 107–273, §4002 (e) (4), substituted “certification” for “notification”. Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (2), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (2), (5), redesignated subsec. (e) as (f), inserted “, including fixtures or religious objects contained within a place of religious worship” before the period, and substituted “religious real property” for “religious property” in two places. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–155, §3 (6), added subsec. (g).1994—Subsec. (c) (1). Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (d) (1), inserted “from acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill” after “death results”. Pub. L. 103–322, §60006 (d), inserted “, or may be sentenced to death” after “or both”. Subsec. (c) (2). Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (d) (2), struck out “serious” before “bodily” and inserted “from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire” after “injury results”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–322, §320103 (d) (3), amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows: “As used in this section—“ (1) the term ‘religious real property’ means any church, synagogue, mosque, religious cemetery, or other religious real property; and“ (2) the term ‘serious bodily injury’ means bodily injury that involves a substantial risk of death, unconsciousness, extreme physical pain, protracted and obvious disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty.”Effective Date of 2002 Amendment Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002 (c) (1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, provided that the amendment made by section 4002 (c) (1) is effective Oct. 11, 1996. Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002 (e) (4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1810, provided that the amendment made by section 4002 (e) (4) is effective Oct. 11, 1996. Congressional Findings Section 2 of Pub. L. 104–155 provided that: “The Congress finds the following:“ (1) The incidence of arson or other destruction or vandalism of places of religious worship, and the incidence of violent interference with an individual's lawful exercise or attempted exercise of the right of religious freedom at a place of religious worship pose a serious national problem.“ (2) The incidence of arson of places of religious worship has recently increased, especially in the context of places of religious worship that serve predominantly African-American congregations.“ (3) Changes in Federal law are necessary to deal properly with this problem.“ (4) Although local jurisdictions have attempted to respond to the challenges posed by such acts of de struction or damage to religious property, the problem is sufficiently serious, widespread, and interstate in scope to warrant Federal intervention to assist State and local jurisdictions.“ (5) Congress has authority, pursuant to the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, to make acts of destruction or damage to religious property a violation of Federal law.“ (6) Congress has authority, pursuant to section 2 of the 13th amendment to the Constitution, to make actions of private citizens motivated by race, color, or ethnicity that interfere with the ability of citizens to hold or use religious property without fear of attack, violations of Federal criminal law.”§248. Freedom of access to clinic entrances (a) Prohibited Activities .—Whoever— (1) by force or threat of force or by physical obstruction, intentionally injures, intimidates or interferes with or attempts to injure, intimidate or interfere with any person because that person is or has been, or in order to intimidate such person or any other person or any class of persons from, obtaining or providing reproductive health services; (2) by force or threat of force or by physical obstruction, intentionally injures, intimidates or interferes with or attempts to injure, intimidate or interfere with any person lawfully exercising or seeking to exercise the First Amendment right of religious freedom at a place of religious worship; or (3) intentionally damages or destroys the property of a facility, or attempts to do so, because such facility provides reproductive health services, or intentionally damages or destroys the property of a place of religious worship,shall be subject to the penalties provided in subsection (b) and the civil remedies provided in subsection (c), except that a parent or legal guardian of a minor shall not be subject to any penalties or civil remedies under this section for such activities insofar as they are directed exclusively at that minor. (b) Penalties .—Whoever violates this section shall— (1) in the case of a first offense, be fined in accordance with this title, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and (2) in the case of a second or subsequent offense after a prior conviction under this section, be fined in accordance with this title, or imprisoned not more than 3 years, or both;except that for an offense involving exclusively a nonviolent physical obstruction, the fine shall be not more than $10,000 and the length of imprisonment shall be not more than six months, or both, for the first offense; and the fine shall, notwithstanding section 3571, be not more than $25,000 and the length of imprisonment shall be not more than 18 months, or both, for a subsequent offense; and except that if bodily injury results, the length of imprisonment shall be not more than 10 years, and if death results, it shall be for any term of years or for life. (c) Civil Remedies.— (1) Right of action.— (A) In general .—Any person aggrieved by reason of the conduct prohibited by subsection (a) may commence a civil action for the relief set forth in subparagraph (B), except that such an action may be brought under subsection (a) (1) only by a person involved in providing or seeking to provide, or obtaining or seeking to obtain, services in a facility that provides reproductive health services, and such an action may be brought under subsection (a) (2) only by a person lawfully exercising or seeking to exercise the First Amendment right of religious freedom at a place of religious worship or by the entity that owns or operates such place of religious worship. (B) Relief .—In any action under subparagraph (A), the court may award appropriate relief, including temporary, preliminary or permanent injunctive relief and compensatory and punitive damages, as well as the costs of suit and reasonable fees for attorneys and expert witnesses. With respect to compensatory damages, the plaintiff may elect, at any time prior to the rendering of final judgment, to recover, in lieu of actual damages, an award of statutory damages in the amount of $5,000 per violation. (2) Action by attorney general of the united states.— (A) In general .—If the Attorney General of the United States has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is being, has been, or may be injured by conduct constituting a violation of this section, the Attorney General may commence a civil action in any appropriate United States District Court. (B) Relief .—In any action under subparagraph (A), the court may award appropriate relief, including temporary, preliminary or permanent injunctive relief, and compensatory damages to persons aggrieved as described in paragraph (1) (B). The court, to vindicate the public interest, may also assess a civil penalty against each respondent— (i) in an amount not exceeding $10,000 for a nonviolent physical obstruction and $15,000 for other first violations; and (ii) in an amount not exceeding $15,000 for a nonviolent physical obstruction and $25,000 for any other subsequent violation. (3) Actions by state attorneys general.— (A) In general .—If the Attorney General of a State has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is being, has been, or may be injured by conduct constituting a violation of this section, such Attorney General may commence a civil action in the name of such State, as parens patriae on behalf of natural persons residing in such State, in any appropriate United States District Court. (B) Relief .—In any action under subparagraph (A), the court may award appropriate relief, including temporary, preliminary or permanent injunctive relief, compensatory damages, and civil penalties as described in paragraph (2) (B). (d) Rules of Construction .—Nothing in this section shall be construed— (1) to prohibit any expressive conduct (including peaceful picketing or other peaceful demonstration) protected from legal prohibition by the First Amendment to the Constitution; (2) to create new remedies for interference with activities protected by the free speech or free exercise clauses of the First Amendment to the Constitution, occurring outside a facility, regardless of the point of view expressed, or to limit any existing legal remedies for such interference; (3) to provide exclusive criminal penalties or civil remedies with respect to the conduct prohibited by this section, or to preempt State or local laws that may provide such penalties or remedies; or (4) to interfere with the enforcement of State or local laws regulating the performance of abortions or other reproductive health services. (e) Definitions .—As used in this section: (1) Facility .—The term “facility” includes a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility that provides reproductive health services, and includes the building or structure in which the facility is located. (2) Interfere with .—The term “interfere with” means to restrict a person's freedom of movement. (3) Intimidate .—The term “intimidate” means to place a person in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm to him- or herself or to another. (4) Physical obstruction .—The term “physical obstruction” means rendering impassable ingress to or egress from a facility that provides reproductive health services or to or from a place of religious worship, or rendering passage to or from such a facility or place of religious worship unreasonably difficult or hazardous. (5) Reproductive health services .—The term “reproductive health services” means reproductive health services provided in a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility, and includes medical, surgical, counselling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including services relating to pregnancy or the termination of a pregnancy. (6) State .—The term “State” includes a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States. (Added Pub. L. 103–259, §3, May 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 694; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330023 (a) (2), (3), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2150.)Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322, §330023 (a) (2), amended section catchline generally. Prior to amendment, catchline read as follows: “§248 Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances.”Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322, §330023 (a) (3), in concluding provisions, inserted “, notwithstanding section 3571,” before “be not more than $25,000”. Effective Date of 1994 Amendment Section 330023 (b) of Pub. L. 103–322 provided that: “The amendments made by this subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994 [May 26, 1994].”Effective Date Section 6 of Pub. L. 103–259 provided that: “This Act [see Short Title note below] takes effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [May 26, 1994], and shall apply only with respect to conduct occurring on or after such date.”Short Title Section 1 of Pub. L. 103–259 provided that: “This Act [enacting this section and provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994’.”Severability of Provisions Section 5 of Pub. L. 103–259 provided that: “If any provision of this Act [see Short Title note above], an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provisions of such to any other person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.”Congressional Statement of Purpose Section 2 of Pub. L. 103–259 provided that: “Pursuant to the affirmative power of Congress to enact this legislation under section 8 of article I of the Constitution, as well as under section 5 of the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution, it is the purpose of this Act [see Short Title note above] to protect and promote the public safety and health and activities affecting interstate commerce by establishing Federal criminal penalties and civil remedies for certain violent, threatening, obstructive and destructive conduct that is intended to injure, intimidate or interfere with persons seeking to obtain or provide reproductive health services.”§249. Hate crime acts (a) In General.— (1) Offenses involving actual or perceived race, color, religion, or national origin .—Whoever, whether or not acting under color of law, willfully causes bodily injury to any person or, through the use of fire, a firearm, a dangerous weapon, or an explosive or incendiary device, attempts to cause bodily injury to any person, because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, or national origin of any person— (A) shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years, fined in accordance with this title, or both; and (B) shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, fined in accordance with this title, or both, if— (i) death results from the offense; or (ii) the offense includes kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill. (2) Offenses involving actual or perceived religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.— (A) In general .—Whoever, whether or not acting under color of law, in any circumstance described in subparagraph (B) or paragraph (3), willfully causes bodily injury to any person or, through the use of fire, a firearm, a dangerous weapon, or an explosive or incendiary device, attempts to cause bodily injury to any person, because of the ac tual or perceived religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of any person— (i) shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years, fined in accordance with this title, or both; and (ii) shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, fined in accordance with this title, or both, if— (I) death results from the offense; or (II) the offense includes kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill. (B) Circumstances described .—For purposes of subparagraph (A), the circumstances described in this subparagraph are that— (i) the conduct described in subparagraph (A) occurs during the course of, or as the result of, the travel of the defendant or the victim— (I) across a State line or national border; or (II) using a channel, facility, or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce; (ii) the defendant uses a channel, facility, or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce in connection with the conduct described in subparagraph (A); (iii) in connection with the conduct described in subparagraph (A), the defendant employs a firearm, dangerous weapon, explosive or incendiary device, or other weapon that has traveled in interstate or foreign commerce; or (iv) the conduct described in subparagraph (A)— (I) interferes with commercial or other economic activity in which the victim is engaged at the time of the conduct; or (II) otherwise affects interstate or foreign commerce. (3) Offenses occurring in the special maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the united states .—Whoever, within the special maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the United States, engages in conduct described in paragraph (1) or in paragraph (2) (A) (without regard to whether that conduct occurred in a circumstance described in paragraph (2) (B)) shall be subject to the same penalties as prescribed in those paragraphs. (4) Guidelines .—All prosecutions conducted by the United States under this section shall be undertaken pursuant to guidelines issued by the Attorney General, or the designee of the Attorney General, to be included in the United States Attorneys’ Manual that shall establish neutral and objective criteria for determining whether a crime was committed because of the actual or perceived status of any person. (b) Certification Requirement.— (1) In general .—No prosecution of any offense described in this subsection may be undertaken by the United States, except under the certification in writing of the Attorney General, or a designee, that— (A) the State does not have jurisdiction; (B) the State has requested that the Federal Government assume jurisdiction; (C) the verdict or sentence obtained pursuant to State charges left demonstratively unvindicated the Federal interest in eradicating bias-motivated violence; or (D) a prosecution by the United States is in the public interest and necessary to secure substantial justice. (2) Rule of construction .—Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit the authority of Federal officers, or a Federal grand jury, to investigate possible violations of this section. (c) Definitions .—In this section— (1) the term “bodily injury” has the meaning given such term in section 1365 (h) (4) of this title, but does not include solely emotional or psychological harm to the victim; (2) the term “explosive or incendiary device” has the meaning given such term in section 232 of this title; (3) the term “firearm” has the meaning given such term in section 921 (a) of this title; (4) the term “gender identity” means actual or perceived gender-related characteristics; and (5) the term “State” includes the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and any other territory or possession of the United States. (d) Statute of Limitations.— (1) Offenses not resulting in death .—Except as provided in paragraph (2), no person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any offense under this section unless the indictment for such offense is found, or the information for such offense is instituted, not later than 7 years after the date on which the offense was committed. (2) Death resulting offenses .—An indictment or information alleging that an offense under this section resulted in death may be found or instituted at any time without limitation. (Added and amended Pub. L. 111–84, div. E, §§4707 (a), 4711, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2838, 2842.)Amendments2009—Subsec. (a) (4). Pub. L. 111–84, §4711, added par. (4). Severability Pub. L. 111–84, div. E, §4709, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2841, provided that: “If any provision of this division [enacting this section and section 1389 of this title and sections 3716 and 3716a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending this section, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 3716 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 534 and provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure], an amendment made by this division, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this division, the amendments made by this division, and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.”Rule of Construction Pub. L. 111–84, div. E, §4710, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2841, provided that: “For purposes of construing this division [see Severability note above] and the amendments made by this division the following shall apply:“ (1) In general .—Nothing in this division shall be construed to allow a court, in any criminal trial for an offense described under this division or an amendment made by this division, in the absence of a stipulation by the parties, to admit evidence of speech, beliefs, association, group membership, or expressive conduct unless that evidence is relevant and admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence. Nothing in this division is intended to affect the existing rules of evidence.“ (2) Violent acts .—This division applies to violent acts motivated by actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of a victim.“ (3) Construction and application .—Nothing in this division, or an amendment made by this division, shall be construed or applied in a manner that infringes any rights under the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Nor shall anything in this division, or an amendment made by this division, be construed or applied in a manner that substantially burdens a person's exercise of religion (regardless of whether compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief), speech, expression, or association, unless the Government demonstrates that application of the burden to the person is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest and is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest, if such exercise of religion, speech, expression, or association was not intended to—“ (A) plan or prepare for an act of physical violence; or“ (B) incite an imminent act of physical violence against another.“ (4) Free expression .—Nothing in this division shall be construed to allow prosecution based solely upon an individual's expression of racial, religious, political, or other beliefs or solely upon an individual's membership in a group advocating or espousing such beliefs.“ (5) First amendment .—Nothing in this division, or an amendment made by this division, shall be construed to diminish any rights under the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States.“ (6) Constitutional protections .—Nothing in this division shall be construed to prohibit any constitutionally protected speech, expressive conduct or activities (regardless of whether compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief), including the exercise of religion protected by the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States and peaceful picketing or demonstration. The Constitution of the United States does not protect speech, conduct or activities consisting of planning for, conspiring to commit, or committing an act of violence.”Findings Pub. L. 111–84, div. E, §4702, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2835, provided that: “Congress makes the following findings:“ (1) The incidence of violence motivated by the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of the victim poses a serious national problem.“ (2) Such violence disrupts the tranquility and safety of communities and is deeply divisive.“ (3) State and local authorities are now and will continue to be responsible for prosecuting the overwhelming majority of violent crimes in the United States, including violent crimes motivated by bias. These authorities can carry out their responsibilities more effectively with greater Federal assistance.“ (4) Existing Federal law is inadequate to address this problem.“ (5) A prominent characteristic of a violent crime motivated by bias is that it devastates not just the actual victim and the family and friends of the victim, but frequently savages the community sharing the traits that caused the victim to be selected.“ (6) Such violence substantially affects interstate commerce in many ways, including the following:“ (A) The movement of members of targeted groups is impeded, and members of such groups are forced to move across State lines to escape the incidence or risk of such violence.“ (B) Members of targeted groups are prevented from purchasing goods and services, obtaining or sustaining employment, or participating in other commercial activity.“ (C) Perpetrators cross State lines to commit such violence.“ (D) Channels, facilities, and instrumentalities of interstate commerce are used to facilitate the commission of such violence.“ (E) Such violence is committed using articles that have traveled in interstate commerce.“ (7) For generations, the institutions of slavery and involuntary servitude were defined by the race, color, and ancestry of those held in bondage. Slavery and involuntary servitude were enforced, both prior to and after the adoption of the 13th amendment to the Constitution of the United States, through widespread public and private violence directed at persons because of their race, color, or ancestry, or perceived race, color, or ancestry. Accordingly, eliminating racially motivated violence is an important means of eliminating, to the extent possible, the badges, incidents, and relics of slavery and involuntary servitude.“ (8) Both at the time when the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution of the United States were adopted, and continuing to date, members of certain religious and national origin groups were and are perceived to be distinct ‘races’. Thus, in order to eliminate, to the extent possible, the badges, incidents, and relics of slavery, it is necessary to prohibit assaults on the basis of real or perceived religions or national origins, at least to the extent such religions or national origins were regarded as races at the time of the adoption of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution of the United States.“ (9) Federal jurisdiction over certain violent crimes motivated by bias enables Federal, State, and local authorities to work together as partners in the investigation and prosecution of such crimes.“ (10) The problem of crimes motivated by bias is sufficiently serious, widespread, and interstate in nature as to warrant Federal assistance to States, local jurisdictions, and Indian tribes.” [For definitions of “State” and “local” used in section 4702 of Pub. L. 111–84, set out above, see section 4703 (b) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out as a note under section 3716 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. ]CHAPTER 15—CLAIMS AND SERVICES IN MATTERS AFFECTING GOVERNMENTSec. [281 to 284. Repealed.]285. Taking or using papers relating to claims.286. Conspiracy to defraud the Government with respect to claims.287. False, fictitious or fraudulent claims.288. False claims for postal losses.289. False claims for pensions.290. Discharge papers withheld by claim agent.291. Purchase of claims for fees by court officials.292. Solicitation of employment and receipt of unapproved fees concerning Federal employees’ compensation. [293. Repealed.]Amendments2002—Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002 (c) (1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, repealed amendment by Pub. L. 104–294, §602 (d). See 1996 Amendment note below.1996—Pub. L. 104–106, div. D, title XLIII, §4304 (c) (2), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 664, struck out item 281 “Restrictions on retired military officers regarding certain matters affecting the Government”. Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §602 (d), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3503, which amended analysis identically, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002 (c) (1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, effective Oct. 11, 1996.1989—Pub. L. 101–123, §3 (a), Oct. 23, 1989, 103 Stat. 760, struck out item 293 “Limitation on Government contract costs”.1988—Pub. L. 100–700, §3 (b), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4633, added item 293.1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VIII, §822 (b) (2), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1133, added item 281, struck out former item 281 “Compensation to Members of Congress, officers, and others in matters affecting Government”, item 282 “Practice in Court of Claims by Members of Congress”, item 283 “Officers or employees interested in claims against the Government”, and item 284 “Disqualification of former officers and employees in matters connected with former duties”.1966—Pub. L. 89–554, §3 (a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 608, added item 292. [§281. Repealed. Pub. L. 104–106, div. D, title XLIII, §4304 (b) (3), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 664; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §602 (d), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3503]Section, added Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VIII, §822 (b) (1), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1132, related to restrictions on retired military officers regarding certain matters affecting the Government. Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §602 (d), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3503, which repealed this section, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002 (c) (1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, effective Oct. 11, 1996. A prior section 281, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 697; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, §6, 63 Stat. 90, which related to compensation to Members of Congress, officers and others in matters affecting the Government, was repealed by Pub. L. 87–849, §§2, 4, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1126, eff. 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, which repeal continued limited applicability to retired officers of the Armed Forces of the United States. Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VIII, §822 (a), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1132, repealed such prior section 281 to the extent that it had not been repealed by section 2 of Pub. L. 87–849. See section 203 of this title. Effective Date of Repeal For effective date and applicability of repeal by Pub. L. 104–106, see section 4401 of Pub. L. 104–106, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 251 of Title 41, Public Contracts. [§282. Repealed. Pub. L. 87–849, §2, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1126]Section, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 697, related to practice in Court of Claims by Members of Congress. Section was supplanted by section 204 of this title. Effective Date of Repeal Repeal effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as an Effective Date note under section 201 of this title. [§283. Repealed. Pub. L. 87–849, §2, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1126; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VIII, §822 (a), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1132]Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 697; June 28, 1949, ch. 268, §2 (b), 63 Stat. 280, related to officers or employees interested in claims against the government. Pub. L. 87–849 continued limited applicability to retired officers of the Armed Forces of the United States. Pub. L. 100–180 repealed section to the extent that it had not been repealed by section 2 of Pub. L. 87–849. Section was supplanted by section 205 of this title. Effective Date of Repeal Repeal effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as an Effective Date note under section 201 of this title. [§284. Repealed. Pub. L. 87–849, §2, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1126]Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 698; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, §7, 63 Stat. 90, related to disqualifications of former officers and employees in matters connected with former duties. Section was supplanted by section 207 of this title. Effective Date of Repeal Repeal effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87–849, set out as an Effective Date note under section 201 of this title.§285. Taking or using papers relating to claims Whoever, without authority, takes and carries away from the place where it was filed, deposited, or kept by authority of the United States, any certificate, affidavit, deposition, statement of facts, power of attorney, receipt, voucher, assignment, or other document, record, file, or paper prepared, fitted, or intended to be used or presented to procure the payment of money from or by the United States or any officer, employee, or agent thereof, or the allowance or payment of the whole or any part of any claim, account, or demand against the United States, whether the same has or has not already been so used or presented, and whether such claim, account, or demand, or any part thereof has or has not already been allowed or paid; or Whoever presents, uses, or attempts to use any such document, record, file, or paper so taken and carried away, to procure the payment of any money from or by the United States, or any officer, employee, or agent thereof, or the allowance or payment of the whole or any part of any claim, account, or demand against the United States—Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 698; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §92 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §40, 35 Stat. 1096). Word “employee” was inserted after “officer” in two places to clarify scope of section. The words “five years” were substituted for “ten years” in the punishment provision to conform to like provisions in similar offenses. (See section 1001 of this title. )Changes were made in phraseology. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000”.§286. Conspiracy to defraud the Government with respect to claims Whoever enters into any agreement, combination, or conspiracy to defraud the United States, or any department or agency thereof, by obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or allowance of any false, fictitious or fraudulent claim, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 698; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §83 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §35, 35 Stat. 1095; Oct. 23, 1918, ch. 194, 40 Stat. 1015; June 18, 1934, ch. 587, 48 Stat. 996; Apr. 4, 1938, ch. 69, 52 Stat. 197). To clarify meaning of “department” the word “agency” was inserted after it. (See definitions of “department” and “agency” in section 6 of this title. )Words “or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder” were omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of “agency” in section 6 of this title. Minor changes in phraseology were made. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000”.§287. False, fictitious or fraudulent claims Whoever makes or presents to any person or officer in the civil, military, or naval service of the United States, or to any department or agency thereof, any claim upon or against the United States, or any department or agency thereof, knowing such claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent, shall be imprisoned not more than five years and shall be subject to a fine in the amount provided in this title. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 698; Pub. L. 99–562, §7, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3169. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §80 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §35, 35 Stat. 1095; Oct. 23, 1918, ch. 194, 40 Stat. 1015; June 18, 1934, ch. 587, 48 Stat. 996; Apr. 4, 1938, ch. 69, 52 Stat. 197). Section 80 of title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., was divided into two parts. That portion making it a crime to present false claims was retained as this section. The part relating to false statements is now section 1001 of this title. To clarify meaning of “department” words “agency” and “or agency” were inserted after it. (See definitions of “department” and “agency” in section 6 of this title. )Words “or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder” which appeared in two places were omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of “agency” in section 6 of this title. The words “five years” were substituted for “ten years” to harmonize the punishment provisions of comparable sections involving offenses of the gravity of felonies, but not of such heinous character as to warrant a 10-year punishment. (See sections 914, 1001, 1002, 1005, 1006 of this title. )Reference to persons causing or procuring was omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of “principal” in section 2 of this title. Minor changes in phraseology were made. Amendments1986—Pub. L. 99–562 substituted “imprisoned not more than five years and shall be subject to a fine in the amount provided in this title” for “fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both”. Increased Penalties for False Claims in Defense Procurement Pub. L. 99–145, title IX, §931 (a), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 699, provided that: “Notwithstanding sections 287 and 3623 of title 18, United States Code, the maximum fine that may be imposed under such section for making or presenting any claim upon or against the United States related to a contract with the Department of Defense, knowing such claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent, is $1,000,000.” [Section 931 (c) of Pub. L. 99–145 provided that section 931 (a) is applicable to claims made or presented on or after Nov. 8, 1985.]§288. False claims for postal losses Whoever makes, alleges, or presents any claim or application for indemnity for the loss of any registered or insured letter, parcel, package, or other article or matter, or the contents thereof, knowing such claim or application to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent; or Whoever for the purpose of obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or approval of any such claim or application, makes or uses any false statement, certificate, affidavit, or deposition; or Whoever knowingly and willfully misrepresents, or misstates, or, for the purpose aforesaid, knowingly and willfully conceals any material fact or circumstance in respect of any such claim or application for indemnity—Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. Where the amount of such claim or application for indemnity is less than $1,000 only a fine shall be imposed. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 698; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §606 (a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3511. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §354 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §224, 35 Stat. 1133; Aug. 5, 1939, ch. 429, 53 Stat. 1203). Reference to persons causing, assisting, aiding, or abetting, was omitted as such persons are made principals by section 2 of this title. Changes in phraseology were made. Amendments1996—Pub. L. 104–294 substituted “$1,000” for “$100” in fifth par.1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $500” in fourth par.§289. False claims for pensions Whoever knowingly and willfully makes, or presents any false, fictitious or fraudulent affidavit, declaration, certificate, voucher, endorsement, or paper or writing purporting to be such, concerning any claim for pension or payment thereof, or pertaining to any other matter within the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, or knowingly or willfully makes or presents any paper required as a voucher in drawing a pension, which paper bears a date subsequent to that upon which it was actually signed or acknowledged by the pensioner; or Whoever knowingly and falsely certifies that the declarant, affiant, or witness named in such declaration, affidavit, voucher, endorsement, or other paper or writing personally appeared before him and was sworn thereto, or acknowledged the execution thereof—Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 699; Pub. L. 102–54, §13 (f) (1), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 275; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 81 of title 18, section 126 of title 38, Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans’ Relief, and section 787 of title 43, Public Lands, all of U. S. C., 1940 ed. (R. S. §4746; July 7, 1898, ch. 578, 30 Stat. 718; Aug. 17, 1912, ch. 301, §1, 37 Stat. 312; July 3, 1930, ch. 863, §2, 46 Stat. 1016). Reference to persons aiding or assisting or causing or procuring was omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of “principal” in section 2 of this title. Words “or bounty land”, before “prosecution of any claim for pension”, were omitted as obsolete. (See reviser's note under section 290 of this title. )Upon authority of 1930 enactment words “Administrator of Veterans’ Affairs” were substituted for “Commissioner of Pensions or of the Secretary of the Interior”, which appeared in 1898 enactment. The fine was changed from “$500” for “$10,000” to conform with punishment provision of section 287 of this title. Minor changes in phraseology were also made. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000”.1991—Pub. L. 102–54 substituted “Secretary of Veterans Affairs” for “Administrator of Veterans’ Affairs”.§290. Discharge papers withheld by claim agent Whoever, being a claim agent, attorney, or other person engaged in the collection of claims for pay, pension, or other allowances for any soldier, sailor, or marine, or for any commissioned officer of the military or naval forces, or for any person who may have been a soldier, sailor, marine, or officer of the regular or volunteer forces of the United States, or for his dependents or beneficiaries, retains, without the consent of the owner or owners thereof, or refuses to deliver or account for the same upon demand duly made by the owner or owners thereof, or by their agent or attorney, the discharge papers of any such soldier, sailor, or marine, or commissioned officer, which may have been placed in his hands for the purpose of collecting said claims, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six months, or both; and shall be debarred from prosecuting any such claim in any department or agency of the United States. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 699; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on section 100 of title 31, Money and Finance, section 130 of title 38, Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans’ Relief, and section 841 of title 43, Public Lands, all U. S. C., 1940 ed. (May 21, 1872, ch. 178, 17 Stat. 137). Words “deemed guilty of a misdemeanor” were deleted as unnecessary. (See definition of “misdemeanor” in section 1 of this title. )Words “and shall upon conviction, be” were omitted as surplusage since punishment can follow only after conviction. To clarify meaning of “executive department” word “executive” before “department” was deleted and words “or agency” were inserted after it. (See definitions of “department” and “agency” in section 6 of this title. )Words “bounty”, before “pension”, and “or land warrant”, before “of any such soldier”, were deleted as obsolete. According to regulations, Circular 1151, January 8, 1929, issued by the Secretary of the Interior and the General Land Office (see 43 CFR 131.1–131.2) “warrants for bounty lands were and are issued by the Commissioner of Pensions (Administrator of Veterans’ Affairs) for services in wars or battles prior to March 3, 1855 only.” Further, it is stated that “Warrants can not now be ‘located’ upon the public lands. The locating privilege was denied except in the state of Missouri after the passage of the act of March 2, 1889 (25 Stat. 854; 43 U. S. C. §700), and there are no lands known to the General Land Office to be subject to warrant location in Missouri.”Words “and honorably discharged” were omitted as unnecessary and words “or for his dependents or beneficiaries” were inserted after “United States” so as to embrace an important class of persons who employ attorneys or agents in the collection of claims permitted by statute. Minor changes of phraseology were also made. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $500”.§291. Purchase of claims for fees by court officials Whoever, being a judge, clerk, or deputy clerk of any court of the United States or a Territory or Possession thereof, or a United States district attorney, assistant attorney, marshal, deputy marshal, magistrate judge, or other person holding any office or employment, or position of trust or profit under the United States, directly or indirectly purchases at less than the full face value thereof, any claim against the United States for the fee, mileage, or expenses of any witness, juror, deputy marshal, or any other officer of such court, shall be fined under this title. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 699; Pub. L. 90–578, title IV, §402 (b) (2), Oct. 17, 1968, 82 Stat. 1118; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, §321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §193 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §104, 35 Stat. 1107). Word “Possession” was inserted to clarify scope of section. Minor changes were made in phraseology. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $1,000”. Change of Name Words “magistrate judge” substituted for “magistrate” in text pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Previously, “magistrate” substituted for “commissioner” pursuant to Pub. L. 90–578. See chapter 43 (§631 et seq.) of Title 28.§292. Solicitation of employment and receipt of unapproved fees concerning Federal employees’ compensation Whoever solicits employment for himself or another in respect to a case, claim, or award for compensation under, or to be brought under, subchapter I of chapter 81 of title 5; or Whoever receives a fee, other consideration, or gratuity on account of legal or other services furnished in respect to a case, claim, or award for compensation under subchapter I of chapter 81 of title 5, unless the fee, consideration, or gratuity is approved by the Secretary of Labor—Shall, for each offense, be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (Added Pub. L. 89–554, §3 (b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 608; amended Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Derivation U. S. Code Revised Statutes and Statutes at Large5 U. S. C. 773 (b) (last sentence). Oct. 14, 1949, ch. 691, §208 “Sec. 23 (b) (last sentence)”, 63 Stat. 865. The words “under subchapter I of chapter 81 of title 5” are substituted for “under this Act” (Federal Employees’ Compensation Act) to reflect the codification of the Act in title 5, United States Code. The words “is approved by the Secretary of Labor” are substituted for “is so approved”. The words “Secretary of Labor” are substituted for “Administrator” (Federal Security Administrator) on authority of 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 19, §1, eff. May 24, 1950, 64 Stat. 1271. The words “shall be guilty of a misdemeanor” are omitted as unnecessary in view of the definitive section 1 of this title. (See reviser's note under 18 U. S. C. 212, 1964 ed. )The words “and upon conviction thereof” are omitted as unnecessary because punishment can be imposed only after conviction. The words “or both” are substituted for “or by both such fine and imprisonment”. Minor changes in phraseology are made to conform to the style of title 18. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $1,000”. [§293. Repealed. Pub. L. 101–123, §3 (a), Oct. 23, 1989, 103 Stat. 760]Section, added Pub. L. 100–700, §3 (a), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4632, related to limitation on Government contract costs. Effective Date of Repeal Section 3 (b) of Pub. L. 101–123 provided that: “The repeal made by this section [repealing this section and provisions formerly set out as a note below] shall be deemed to be effective on the date of enactment of Public Law 100–700 [Nov. 19, 1988].”Effective Date Pub. L. 100–700, §3 (c), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4633, which provided that this section was to apply to contracts entered into after Nov. 19, 1988, was repealed by Pub. L. 101–123, §3 (a), Oct. 23, 1989, 103 Stat. 760. CHAPTER 17—COINS AND CURRENCYSec.331. Mutilation, diminution, and falsification of coins.332. Debasement of coins; alteration of official scales, or embezzlement of metals.333. Mutilation of national bank obligations.334. Issuance of Federal Reserve or national bank notes.335. Circulation of obligations of expired corporations.336. Issuance of circulating obligations of less than $1.337. Coins as security for loans. Amendments1965—Pub. L. 89–81, title II, §212 (b), July 23, 1965, 79 Stat. 257, added item 337.§331. Mutilation, diminution, and falsification of coins Whoever fraudulently alters, defaces, mutilates, impairs, diminishes, falsifies, scales, or lightens any of the coins coined at the mints of the United States, or any foreign coins which are by law made current or are in actual use or circulation as money within the United States; or Whoever fraudulently possesses, passes, utters, publishes, or sells, or attempts to pass, utter, publish, or sell, or brings into the United States, any such coin, knowing the same to be altered, defaced, mutilated, impaired, diminished, falsified, scaled, or lightened—Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 700; July 16, 1951, ch. 226, §1, 65 Stat. 121; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (I), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §279 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §165, 35 Stat. 1119). Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased in the alternative. Reference to persons causing or procuring was omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of “principal” in section 2 of this title. Changes were also made in phraseology. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $2,000”.1951—Act July 16, 1951, made section applicable to minor coins (5-cent and 1-cent pieces), and to fraudulent alteration of coins.§332. Debasement of coins; alteration of official scales, or embezzlement of metals If any of the gold or silver coins struck or coined at any of the mints of the United States shall be debased, or made worse as to the proportion of fine gold or fine silver therein contained, or shall be of less weight or value than the same ought to be, pursuant to law, or if any of the scales or weights used at any of the mints or assay offices of the United States shall be defaced, altered, increased, or diminished through the fault or connivance of any officer or person employed at the said mints or assay offices, with a fraudulent intent; or if any such officer or person shall embezzle any of the metals at any time committed to his charge for the purpose of being coined, or any of the coins struck or coined at the said mints, or any medals, coins, or other moneys of said mints or assay offices at any time committed to his charge, or of which he may have assumed the charge, every such officer or person who commits any of the said offenses shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 700; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §280 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §166, 35 Stat. 1120). Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased in the alternative. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000”.§333. Mutilation of national bank obligations Whoever mutilates, cuts, defaces, disfigures, or perforates, or unites or cements together, or does any other thing to any bank bill, draft, note, or other evidence of debt issued by any national banking association, or Federal Reserve bank, or the Federal Reserve System, with intent to render such bank bill, draft, note, or other evidence of debt unfit to be reissued, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 700; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (B), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2146. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §291 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §176, 35 Stat. 1122). Words “or Federal Reserve bank, or the Federal Reserve System” were inserted because the paper of such banks has almost supplanted national bank currency. Reference to persons causing or procuring was omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of “principal” in section 2 of this title. Minor changes in phraseology were made. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $100”.§334. Issuance of Federal Reserve or national bank notes Whoever, being a Federal Reserve Agent, or an agent or employee of such Federal Reserve Agent, or of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, issues or puts in circulation any Federal Reserve notes, without complying with or in violation of the provisions of law regulating the issuance and circulation of such Federal Reserve notes; or Whoever, being an officer acting under the provisions of chapter 2 of Title 12, countersigns or delivers to any national banking association, or to any other company or person, any circulating notes contemplated by that chapter except in strict accordance with its provisions—Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 700; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on sections 581 and 592 of title 12, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking (R. S. §§5187, 5209; Sept. 26, 1918, ch. 177, §7, 40 Stat. 972; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, §316, 49 Stat. 712). This section consolidates section 581 and part of section 592 of title 12, U. S. C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking. The punishment provision was drawn from said section 592 as being the latest expression of congressional intent, in preference to the provision of said section 581 which authorized a fine “not more than double the amount so countersigned and delivered and imprisonment not more than 15 years”. The words “shall be guilty of a misdemeanor” were omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of misdemeanor in section 1 of this title. Likewise the words “upon conviction in any district court of the United States” were omitted as unnecessary since punishment can follow only after conviction. (See reviser's note under section 656 of this title for statement of reasons for dividing said section 592 into three revised sections, with consequent changes in phraseology, style, and arrangement.)Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000”.§335. Circulation of obligations of expired corporations Whoever, being a director, officer, or agent of a corporation created by Act of Congress, the charter of which has expired, or trustee thereof, or an agent of such trustee, or a person having in his possession or under his control the property of such corporation for the purpose of paying or redeeming its notes and obligations, knowingly issues, reissues, or utters as money, or in any other way knowingly puts in circulation any bill, note, check, draft, or other security purporting to have been made by any such corporation, or by any officer thereof, or purporting to have been made under authority derived therefrom, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 700; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147. )Historical and Revision Notes Based on title 18, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §289 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §174, 35 Stat. 1122). The reference to persons aiding was omitted as unnecessary, since such persons are made principals by section 2 of this title. The last sentence excepting bona fide holders in due course was omitted as surplusage. Other changes in phraseology also were made. Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000”.§336. Issuance of circulating obligations of less than $1Whoever makes, issues, circulates, or pays out any note, check, memorandum, token, or other obligation for a less sum than $1, intended to circulate as money or to be received or used in lieu of lawful money of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 701; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016 (1) (G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)
D1709360	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaded-pole_motor	Shaded-pole motor	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Small C-frame shaded-pole squirrel-cage motor. With the poles shown, the rotor will rotate in the clockwise direction. Shading coils (copper bars)The shaded-pole motor is the original type of AC single-phase induction motor. A shaded-pole motor is a small squirrel-cage motor in which the auxiliary winding is composed of a copper ring or bar surrounding a portion of each pole. [1] This auxiliary single-turn winding is called a shading coil. Currents induced in this coil by the magnetic field create a second electrical phase by delaying the phase of magnetic flux change for that pole (a shaded pole) enough to provide a 2-phase rotating magnetic field. The direction of rotation is from the unshaded side to the shaded (ring) side of the pole. [1] Since the phase angle between the shaded and unshaded sections is small, shaded-pole motors produce only a small starting torque relative to torque at full speed. Shaded-pole motors of the asymmetrical type shown are only reversible by disassembly and flipping over the stator, though some similarly looking motors have small, switch-shortable auxiliary windings of thin wire instead of thick copper bars and can reverse electrically. Another method of electrical reversing involves four coils (two pairs of identical coils). [2]The common, asymmetrical form of these motors (pictured) has only one winding, with no capacitor or starting windings/starting switch, [3] making them economical and reliable. Larger and more modern types may have multiple physical windings, though electrically only one, and a capacitor may be used. Because their starting torque is low, they are best suited to driving fans or other loads that are easily started. They may have multiple taps near one electrical end of the winding, which provides variable speed and power by selection of one tap at a time, as in ceiling fans. Moreover, they are compatible with TRIAC -based variable-speed controls, which often are used with fans. They are built in power sizes up to about 1⁄ 4 horsepower (190 W) output. Above 1⁄ 3 horsepower (250 W), they are not common, and for larger motors, other designs offer better characteristics. Types [ edit]Squirrel-cage induction motor: The most common type of shaded-pole motor in fractional horsepower use is the squirrel-cage induction motor. This has a rotor that consists of a laminated steel cylinder with conductive copper or aluminum bars embedded lengthwise in its surface, connected at the ends. See also [ edit]Shaded-pole synchronous motor References [ edit]^ a b Wildi, Theodore (2006). Electrical machines, drives, and power systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-177691-6.^ US 4017776, Fiegel, Josef, "Reversible Shaded-Pole Motor and Control Arrangement Therefor", published 11 December 1975, issued 12 April 1977^ Shaded Pole Induction Motors – Working and Construction. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shaded pole motors. [ show]v t e Electric motors Categories: Induction motors
D1902974	http://www.divorcesource.com/ds/newyork/common-law-marriages-in-new-york-3719.shtml	.	A common law marriage is a private or informal marriage. These marriages were recognized from ancient times to the middle of the eighteenth century in England. A common law marriage is a valid marriage and to terminate the marriage a proceeding must be commenced in court. Despite the fact that many people refer to living "common law", a valid common law may or may not exist depending on the surrounding circumstances and the state of residence of the parties. Prior to January 1, 1902 common law marriages were permitted in New York. From January 1, 1902 to January 1, 1908 common law marriages were abolished. As a result of a legislative error, common law marriages were again permitted in New York from January 1, 1908 to April 29, 1933, when they were finally abolished. Two parties cannot contract a common law marriage in New York regardless of the number of years they reside together and regardless of the fact that they refer to each other as husband and wife. New York will, however, recognized a common law marriage if entered into a jurisdiction that permits them. If New York residents temporary reside in or sojourn to a state that permits common law marriages, it is possible that a common law marriage can be contracted in that state. In Carpenter v. Carpenter, 208 AD2d 882 (2nd Dept. 1994), the parties spent one week in Pennsylvania in 1969 and four days there in 1989. The court found that the parties held themselves out as husband and wife in Pennsylvania and accordingly entered into a common law marriage in Pennsylvania which New York will recognize. In Tornese v. Tornese 233 AD2d 316 (2nd Dept. 1996), the parties made a weekend trip to Pennsylvania in 1976 and for the succeeding 15 years and held themselves out to be husband and wife. A common law marriage was found, the court repeating the proposition that Pennsylvania does not require that persons reside within its boarders for any specified time before their marital status will be recognized. However, not all persons who tried to establish a common law marriage were successful. In Cross v. Cross, 146 Ad2d 302 (1st Dept. 1989), the Appellate Division reversed the trial court which had found a common law marriage between Regina Cross and Christopher Cross. In Cross, the parties' relationship started in 1963 when each party was married to someone else and continued until 1983. It was not until 1979 that both parties were free to marry. From 1979 to 1982 the parties stayed two days in Washington D. C. and took a weekend trip to Pennsylvania (both common law marriage jurisdictions). The trial court concluded that a common law marriage had been entered into Pennsylvania Pennsylvania and Washington D. C. The Appelllate Division found the Regina Cross failed to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the parties entered a valid common law marriage after their illicit relationship ended and dismissed the action. One of the most publicized cases concerning a purported common law marriage was Jennings v. Hurt, 160 AD2d 576 (1st Dept. 1990), wherein the Appellate Division affirmed the trial court's finding that there was insufficient evidence that William Hurt (one of the stars in the movie, "The Big Chill") and Sandra Jennings, while residing in South Carolina, held themselves out as husband and wife after the date of Mr. Hurt's divorce. Under South Carolina law, after a barrier has been removed (Mr. Hurt's divorce), there must be mutual agreement to enter a common law marriage. New York has been very liberal in finding an out-of-state common law marriage even when there have been minimum contacts with the common law state and when an examination of the common law state's law might show that the particular state would not have found a common law marriage because the contacts with that state were minimal. The states that recognize common law marriages are: Alabama; Colorado; Iowa; Kansas; Montana; New Hampshire (for inheritance purposes only); Oklahoma; Pennsylvania; Rhode Island; South Carolina; Texas; and Utah. Common law marriages are also recognized in the District f Columbia. There are no uniform requirements to establish a common law marriage. Each state has its own requirements to form a common law marriage.
D380865	https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/exam/regents/living_environment/regents_aug_2010_living.html?question_hide	Living Environment - New York Regents August 2010 Exam	Hide all answers View all answers Print Try the Quiz Part A Answer all questions in this part. [30]Directions (1–30): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question.1.1 An ecosystem that has almost the same number and type of organisms for many years is exhibiting (1) feedback (2) global instability (3) environmental change (4) equilibrium Answer:2.2 Which system is correctly paired with its function? (1) immune system—intake and distribution of oxygen to cells of the body (2) excretory system—remove potentially dangerous materials from the body (3) digestive system—transport energy-rich molecules to cells (4) circulatory system—produce building blocks of complex compounds Answer:3.3 Which statement concerning the reproductive cells in the diagram below is correct? (1) The cells are produced by mitosis and contain all the genetic information of the father. (2) If one of these cells fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be identical to the father. (3) Each of these cells contains only half the genetic information necessary for the formation of an offspring. (4) An egg fertilized by one of these cells will develop into a female with the same characteristics as the mother. Answer:4.4 Which set of functions is directly controlled by the cell membrane? (1) protein synthesis, respiration, digestion of food molecules (2) active transport, recognition of chemical messages, protection (3) enzyme production, elimination of large molecules, duplication of DNA codes (4) release of ATP molecules, regulation of cell reproduction, food production Answer:5.5 When a new viral infection appears in a population, scientists usually try to develop a vaccine against the virus. Which substances would most likely be contained in the new vaccine? (1) live bacteria that ingest viruses (2) white blood cells from an infected individual (3) weakened viruses associated with the infection (4) a variety of microbes that will attack the virus Answer:6.6 The human heart and lungs contain cells that (1) produce a hormone involved in respiration (2) have the same genetic information but perform different specialized functions (3) use one part of the genetic code to synthesize all enzymes needed by the cell (4) contain different numbers of DNA molecules Answer:7.7 The diversity of organisms present on Earth is the result of (1) ecosystem stability (3) natural selection (2) homeostasis (4) direct harvesting Answer:8.8 Some stages in the development of an organism are represented in the diagram below. Which levels of biological organization do stages 2 and 7 have in common? (1) cells and organs (3) tissues and organelles (2) cells and tissues (4) organelles and cells Answer:9.9 Plants in species A cannot fight most fungal infections. Plants in species B make a protein that kills many fungi. One possible way for humans to produce species A plants with the ability to synthesize this protein would be to (1) mutate fungal DNA and introduce the mutated DNA into species B using a virus (2) add DNA from species B into the soil around species A (3) insert the gene for the protein from species B into a chromosome in species A (4) cross species A and a fungus to stimulate the synthesis of this protein Answer:10.10 The diagram below shows a process that affects chromosomes during meiosis. This process can be used to explain (1) why some offspring are genetically identical to their parents (2) the process of differentiation in offspring (3) why some offspring physically resemble their parents (4) the origin of new combinations of traits in offspring Answer:11.11 Which phrase, if placed in box X, would correctly complete the flowchart shown below? (1) Increased use of starch in root cells (2) Increased concentration of glucose in leaf cells (3) Decreased ATP in root cells (4) Decreased concentration of oxygen in leaf cells Answer:12.12 The diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism. The level represented by X is composed of (1) four types of base subunits (2) folded chains of glucose molecules (3) twenty different kinds of amino acids (4) complex, energy-rich inorganic molecules Answer:13.13 Scientists have discovered that the Oklahoma salamander, Eurycea tynerensis, develops into its adult form in streams where the streambeds are made of fine, tightly packed gravel. Salamanders living in streams with streambeds made of large, loosely packed gravel remain immature. This situation is an example of (1) the production of gametes (2) faulty genes found in aquatic organisms (3) development influenced by the environment (4) the production of new organisms by environmental engineering Answer:14.14 Which statement is best supported by the theory of evolution? (1) Genetic alterations occur every time cell reproduction occurs. (2) The fossil record provides samples of every organism that ever lived. (3) Populations that have advantageous characteristics will increase in number. (4) Few organisms survive when the environment remains the same. Answer:15.15 A chemical known as 5-bromouracil causes a mutation that results in the mismatching of molecular bases in DNA. The offspring of organisms exposed to 5-bromouracil can have mismatched DNA if the mutation occurs in (1) the skin cells of the mother (2) the gametes of either parent (3) all the body cells of both parents (4) only the nerve cells of the father Answer:16.16 A species that lacks the variation necessary to adapt to a changing environment is more likely to (1) develop many mutated cells (2) become extinct over time (3) begin to reproduce sexually (4) develop resistance to diseases Answer:17.17 A particular species of shark normally reproduces sexually. In captivity, it was found that a female could also reproduce asexually. One negative result from asexual reproduction is (1) increased gene recombinations (2) increased number of males produced (3) decreased number of eggs used (4) decreased biodiversity within the species Answer:18.18 Which situation involves a risk to a fetus due to the mother smoking during pregnancy? (1) decreased digestive activity in the stomach of the fetus (2) a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the ovary of the mother (3) inhalation of secondhand smoke by the fetus (4) toxins in the bloodstream of the mother Answer:19.19 Drugs to reduce the risk of rejection are given to organ transplant patients because the donated organ contains (1) foreign antigens (2) foreign antibodies (3) DNA molecules (4) pathogenic microbes Answer:20.20 A reproductive system is represented in the diagram below. If an injury occurred to the structure labeled A, the most likely result would be a problem with (1) delivery of sperm (2) production of gametes (3) production of hormones (4) excretion of urine Answer:21.21 The leaves of a plant are dotted with openings known as stomata. When open, stomata allow the plant to exchange gases and allow moisture to evaporate, helping to draw water from the roots up into the plant. These activities help the plant to (1) produce light energy (2) maintain homeostasis (3) decompose organic matter (4) synthesize minerals Answer:22.22 A stable ecosystem is characterized by having (1) predators that outnumber their prey (2) a continual input of energy (3) limited autotrophic nutrition (4) no competition between species Answer:23.23 The pedigree of Seattle Slew, a racehorse considered by some to be one of the fastest horses that ever lived, includes very fast horses on both his mother’s side and his father’s side. Seattle Slew most likely was a result of (1) environmental selection (2) alteration of DNA molecules (3) selective breeding (4) a sudden mutation Answer:24.24 Changes in an ecosystem over a long period of time are shown in the diagram below. These changes will most likely lead to a (1) stable ecosystem that can last for many years (2) loss of heterotrophs that cannot be recovered (3) long-term rise in environmental temperatures (4) forest consisting of only producers and decomposers Answer:25.25 Which situation indicates a serious organ system malfunction? (1) The ovary releases estrogen, which quickly binds to cell receptors. (2) Blood flow throughout the entire body is suddenly reduced. (3) White blood cells release enzymes in response to the proteins on inhaled pollen. (4) Mitochondria stop functioning in a unicellular organism exposed to pollutants. Answer:26.26 Which pair of organisms would most likely compete for the same ecological niche? (1) bacteria and fungi (2) deer and wolf (3) tree and fungi (4) deer and bacteria Answer:27.27 Rabbits introduced into Australia over one hundred years ago have become a serious pest. Rabbit populations have increased so much that they have displaced many native species of herbivores. Which statement best explains the reason for their increased numbers? (1) Rabbits have a high metabolic rate. (2) There are few native predators of rabbits. (3) Additional rabbit species have been introduced. (4) There is an increase in rabbit competitors. Answer:28.28 Which human activity would preserve finite resources? (1) deforestation (2) removing carnivores from a forest (3) recycling aluminum (4) heating homes with fossil fuels Answer:29.29 Abandoned railroad tracks are overgrown with weeds. Ten years later there are small aspen trees growing in the middle of the tracks. This change is an example of (1) ecological succession (2) biological evolution (3) genetic variation (4) heterotrophic nutrition Answer:30.30 Which action would be least likely to harm endangered species? (1) releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (2) reducing the human population (3) decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans (4) reducing the thickness of the ozone layer Answer: Part B–1 Answer all questions in this part. [13]Directions (31–43): For each statement or question, write on the separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question.31.31 The graph below represents the growth of bacteria cultured at three different temperatures over a period of 24 hours. Which statement concerning the rate of cell division in the bacteria culture is correct? (1) Cell division is most rapid at 37°C between 6 and 8 hours after it began. (2) Cell division is most rapid at 25°C between 20 and 24 hours after it began. (3) Cell division is most rapid at 18°C between 4 and 8 hours after it began. (4) Cell division occurs at the same rate no matter what the temperature. Answer:32.32 A wet-mount slide preparation of a specimen is stained in order to (1) eliminate some organelles (2) make cell structures more visible (3) use the high-power lens (4) remove water from the slide Answer:33.33 Which set of terms correctly identifies the procedure shown in the diagram below and a substance produced by this procedure? (1) selective breeding—growth hormone (2) cloning—antibiotics (3) genetic engineering—insulin (4) replicating—glucose Answer:34.34 The diagram below represents structures found in a human female. Which process results in the formation of structure X? (1) mitosis (3) recombination (2) meiosis (4) cloning Answer:35.35 The graph below shows changes in the stability of an ecosystem over a period of time. Which statement best describes the change in ecosystem stability shown in the graph? (1) A stable ecosystem can be altered, then it can recover to a point of stability. (2) An ecosystem remains unchanged as its stability decreases. (3) The stability of an ecosystem remains unchanged but its biodiversity decreases. (4) A stable ecosystem cannot recover after it is altered. Answer:36.36 Two interactions between organisms are shown in the table below. X and Y do not represent the same organisms in the two interactions. Which statement best describes the relationship between organism X and organism Y in each interaction? (1) Organism X is positively affected by the relationship and organism Y is negatively affected. (2) Organism X is negatively affected by the relationship and organism Y is positively affected. (3) Both organisms are positively affected by the relationship. (4) Both organisms are negatively affected by the relationship. Answer:37.37 The diagrams below illustrate types of asexual reproduction. Which statement correctly describes the offspring? (1) They vary genetically from the parent. (3) They obtain nourishment from a placenta. (2) They are produced by the union of gametes. (4) They result without the union of gametes. Answer:38. Base your answer to question 38 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. A reporter conducted a number of “on-the-street” interviews with people selected at random. The reporter found that many people gave responses similar to those of the person quoted below.38 Which statement is best supported by these interviews? (1) Many people are very aware of the possible effects of global warming. (2) Many people care more about their personal comforts than about the possible effects of global warming. (3) Many people are willing to sacrifice to reduce the possible effects of global warming. (4) Many people are now taking action to reduce the possible effects of global warming. Answer:39. Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the diagram below, which represents a pond food web, and on your knowledge of biology.39 Which energy pyramid most accurately shows the energy relationships between three organisms in this food web? Answer:40.40 Which statement best describes what will most likely happen if the amphipod population is removed from this food web? (1) Population sizes of species at feeding levels both before and after amphipods will decrease. (2) Population sizes of species at feeding levels both before and after amphipods will increase. (3) Population sizes of species at feeding levels after amphipods will increase and before amphipods will decrease. (4) Population sizes of species at feeding levels after amphipods will decrease and before amphipods will increase. Answer:41.41 A biological process that occurs in both plants and animals is shown below. Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process? Answer:42.42 The graph below shows data on human population growth. The trend shown on the graph would most likely result in (1) a decreased demand for deforestation (2) an increase in available freshwater (3) a decrease in air pollution (4) an increased demand for land use Answer:43.43 The diagram below represents the varying biodiversity in three ecosystems. The level of biodiversity in ecosystem A is high because it has the (1) least variety of energy levels (3) greatest number of decomposers (2) greatest variety of genetic material (4) least number of ecological niches Answer: Part B–2 Answer all questions in this part. [12]Directions (44–55): For those questions that are followed by four choices, circle the number preceding the choice that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given in the question and record your answers in the spaces provided.44.44 The graph below shows the growth of a field mouse population in an ecosystem over time. The dashed line indicating the carrying capacity for the mouse population is correctly shown on which graph? Answer:45. Base your answers to questions 45 through 48 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. Sudden Death from a Marine Predator Members of the Conidae family (cone snails) have been collected for centuries for their beautiful and elaborately detailed shells. Cone snails are marine mollusks found in reef environments throughout the world. Cone snails feed on organisms such as fish, worms, and other mollusks. They are very slow moving but capture their prey by paralyzing them using venom. The venom contains some of the most deadly neurotoxins known. The neurotoxins work by attaching to receptor molecules on nerves, blocking the transmission of nerve impulses. The neurotoxins are injected into the prey by way of a hollow, spearlike tooth and the effects are usually immediate. One species, a fish-eating cone snail, can paralyze the prey in about two seconds. The venom produced by each species is prey specific. It may contain two or more different types of neurotoxins, each composed of long chains of amino acids. 45 Explain how a neurotoxin present in the venom can paralyze one type of prey but not another. [1]Answer:46.46 State one way the neurotoxin protein in the venom of cone snails can be different. [1]Answer:47.47 Explain why paralyzing its prey in only two seconds is an advantage to fish-eating cone snails. [1]Answer:48.48 Cone snails of the same species often exhibit variations in the patterns of their shells. State one possible cause for these variations appearing in the shell pattern within the population of the cone snails. [1]Answer:49. Base your answers to questions 49 and 50 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Due to the negative effects on the environment of burning coal and oil, society is looking for alternate energy resources that are renewable. 49 Identify one renewable resource that can be used to generate energy. [1]Answer:50.50 State one benefit, other than the fact that it is renewable, of using this resource. [1]Answer:51.51 A student, using a metric ruler, measured a larva as represented in the diagram below. What is the length of the larva, in millimeters? [1]Answer:52. Base your answers to questions 52 through 55 on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology. An investigation was carried out over a five-year period to measure the effect of color on the survival of trout in a stream. The stream contained many brightly colored stones and food was plentiful. At the start of the investigation (year 0), 100 bright-colored trout and 100 drab-colored trout were placed into a section of the stream that had been blocked with netting. Investigators monitored the trout populations for five years and recorded the water condition each time a count was done. The data collected are shown in the table below. Directions (52–54): Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid on the following page, following the directions below.52 Mark an appropriate scale on each labeled axis. [1]Answer:53.53 Plot the data for the bright-colored trout on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points. [1]Answer:54.54 Plot the data for the drab-colored trout on the grid. Surround each point with a small triangle and connect the points. [1]Answer:55.55 Explain how trout survival is related to the color of trout and the environmental condition of the stream. [1]Answer: Part C Answer all questions in this part. [17]Directions (56–62): Record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet.56. Base your answer to question 56 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. In a cell, a variety of structures perform specific functions and interact to maintain homeostasis. The diagram below represents a typical cell with three cell structures labeled 1, 2, and 3.56 Select one cell structure labeled in the diagram and write its number in the space below. Explain how the cell structure you selected helps maintain homeostasis in a cell. In your answer, be sure to: • identify the cell structure you selected [1] • state one function of this cell structure [1] • identify one substance that is often associated with the cell structure you selected and state how that substance is associated with the cell structure [1] • identify one other cell structure and explain how it interacts with the cell structure you selected to maintain homeostasis in the cell [1]Answer:57.57 The table below lists enzymes that function in different locations in the human body, and the temperature and p H ranges of these locations. Different enzymes are secreted in each of the three locations. Ptyalin digests carbohydrates. Pepsin and trypsin both digest proteins. Discuss the activity of these enzymes. In your answer, be sure to: • state how the activity of pepsin will most likely change after it moves with the food from the stomach to the small intestine [1] • support your answer using data from the table [1] • state how a fever of 40°C would most likely affect the activity of these enzymes and support your answer [1] • identify the characteristic of enzymes that prevents ptyalin and trypsin from digesting the same type of food [1]Answer:58.58 Consuming large volumes of soft drinks containing sugar during the day can disrupt homeostasis. Describe how the human body responds to restore sugar balance. In your answer, be sure to: • identify the hormone responsible for restoring homeostasis [1] • identify the organ that releases this hormone [1] • state one possible reason why sugar levels may remain high even though this hormone has been released [1]Answer:59.59 Each of the environmental problems listed below has had an impact on ecosystems. increased ultraviolet radiation global warming Select one of these problems and write it in the space below. Explain how this problem has affected an ecosystem. In your answer, be sure to: • identify one specific cause of the environmental problem [1] • identify one organism that has been affected by the problem and state one way that organism has been affected [1] • state one action that can be taken to lessen the impact of this problem on the environment [1]Answer:60. Base your answers to questions 60 through 62 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. In the abyssal zones (deepest zones) of oceans, organisms live in an ecosystem that lacks sunlight. Other environmental conditions include temperatures of 4°C and extremely high water pressure. Dead material from upper ocean zones sinks and settles in the abyssal zone. 60 State one possible way that some organisms living permanently in the abyssal zone could obtain energy. [1]Answer:61.61 Many of the animals in the abyssal zone possess light-producing cells in specific parts of their bodies. State one possible use for these lights. [1]Answer:62.62 Animals from the abyssal zone can not survive in upper ocean zones. State one possible reason for this. [1]Answer: Part D Answer all questions in this part. [13]Directions (63–75): For those questions that are followed by four choices, circle the number of the choice that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given in the question and record your answers in the spaces provided.63. Base your answers to questions 63 through 66 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. DNA samples were collected from four children. The diagram below represents the results of a procedure that separated the DNA in each sample.63 Identify the procedure used to obtain these results. [1]Answer:64.64 Band X represents the (1) largest fragment of DNA that traveled the fastest (2) smallest fragment of DNA that traveled the fastest (3) largest fragment of DNA that traveled the slowest (4) smallest fragment of DNA that traveled the slowest Answer:65.65 The DNA is most similar in which two children? Support your answer. [1]Answer:66.66 State one way information obtained from this procedure can be used. [1]Answer:67.67 A technique used to analyze pigments in spinach leaves is shown in the diagram below. This technique is known as (1) paper chromatography (2) gene manipulation (3) dissection (4) staining Answer:68.68 A student conducted an experiment to determine if listening to different types of music would affect pulse rate. She thought that pulse rate would change with different types of music. Each person participating in her experiment listened to seven different selections of music for 30 seconds each. The pulse rates were taken after each 30-second interval of music. Based on her experiment, the student concluded that a person’s pulse rate changed when listening to different types of music. The component missing from this experiment is a (1) prediction (2) hypothesis (3) control group (4) research plan Answer:69.69 An experiment was carried out to determine whether drinking caffeinated soda increases pulse rate. The pulse rates of two groups of people at rest were measured. Group A was then given caffeinated soda and group B was given caffeine-free soda. One hour after drinking the soda, the pulse rates were measured. The participants in the experiment were all the same age, and they were all given the same amount of soda. The dependent variable in this experiment is the (1) type of soda given to each group (2) amount of soda given to each group (3) pulse rate of each group (4) age of participants in each group Answer:70. Base your answer to question 70 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. A student states that exercise will affect the number of times a person can squeeze a clothespin in a certain amount of time. An experimentis carried out to test this hypothesis. One group of ten students sits quietly before squeezing a clothespin as many times as possible during a one-minute interval. A second group of ten students does 25 jumping jacks before squeezing a clothespin as many times as possible during a one-minute interval. 70 State one way the experiment could be improved in order to increase the validity of the results. [1]Answer:71. Base your answer to questions 71 and 72 on the information in the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.71 Small ground finches and medium ground finches live on an island with abundant plant and animal food. Predict how the small ground finch and the medium ground finch would be affected if warbler finches migrated to the island where these finches live. Support your answer. [1]Answer:72.72 The differences observed in the bird beaks are most likely due to (1) asexual reproduction of these finch species (2) the selection for different shaped beaks that best suit different niches (3) the genetic recombination associated with mitotic cell division (4) the genetic engineering of the DNA of each of these species Answer:73. Base your answers to questions 73 through 75 on the laboratory setup illustrated below and on your knowledge of biology.73 Identify the color of the contents of the artificial cell after two hours. [1]Answer:74.74 After two hours, the color of the liquid in the beaker did not change. This shows that (1) glucose moved from the artificial cell into the beaker (2) starch did not pass out of the artificial cell (3) starch was digested to glucose in the artificial cell (4) glucose molecules combined to produce starch in the artificial cell Answer:75.75 This laboratory setup would most likely be used to demonstrate (1) carbohydrate synthesis (2) active transport (3) diffusion (4) dehydration Answer: Try the Quiz : Living Environment - New York Regents August 2010 Exam
D234512	https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-eth-price-trends-4112016	Ethereum (ETH) Price Trends: 4/11/2016	APR 11, 2016By Denis Harrison Ethereum (ETH) Price Trends: 4/11/20161107Total views760Total shares The downward trend on Ethereum’s market has lead the price to an important medium-term resistance. The trend is most likely to change at that point. Is the current trend nearing its end? Ethereum’s price has stopped at a long-term level, which already indicates that there are a number bulls out there. But whether the nature of those purchases is long-term or short-term will only become clear after analyzing the further structure of Ethereum’s price. For the formation of a short-term upward trend to begin, Ethereum’s price will have to fortify at the largest accumulated trading volume mark, which is $8.8, and form a turn. Such movement can provoke the further formation of a medium-term upward trend. Until a turn happens at the level of $8.8, the downward trend will continue. Follow us on:#Ethereum News Comments
D3330703	http://www.siestakeychamber.com/about	About Siesta Key	Siesta Key Breeze Free Trolley Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:31The Siesta Breeze trolleys are free...and no tips are accepted. This new open-air trolley service is operated by SCAT - the county transportation service. The 3 open air trolleys run 7 days a week from 8-Midnight between Turtle Beach to Siesta Village. They will pass by about every 20-30 minutes. Get on at any SCAT bus stop between the Village and Stickney Point Road. South of Stickney to Turtle Beach, just flag the trolley down. There are also numerous businesses offering tips only ride options. Those services are on golf cart type vehicles and other small open air transports. If you do a search online, you can call and schedule a ride when you want door to door service on your own schedule. There are also a number of rental businesses where you can also rent bikes and scooters for your visit. Siesta Key Breeze: FREE beach rides!Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:44About Siesta Key You may be wondering "what makes the beaches on Siesta Key so special?" There are many reasons, but no list would be complete without mentioning the sand. The sand at Siesta Key's Crescent Beach was rated as "The World's Finest, Whitest Sand™" at the Great International Sand Challenge in 1987 beating more than 30 entrants and the Travel Channel recognized it as "The Best Sand Beach in America" in 2004. Siesta Key is an 8 mile long, crescent-shaped barrier island easily accessible by one of 2 bridges connecting it to the Mainland of Sarasota. Siesta Key has 4 main areas, Siesta Beach, Crescent Beach, Turtle Beach and Siesta Key Village, each with their own, unique character and charm. Check out our Beaches section and see for yourself which one of these pristine beaches has the right ambiance for your perfect getaway. Just north of Siesta Beach, Siesta Key Village has many stores ranging from hip and funky to high-end boutiques and, of course, we wouldn't be a beach town without the beach accessory and souvenir shops. This mostly pedestrian village is an ideal spot to shop, enjoy a casual bite or fine dining, check out the local music scene or just people watch. You'll also find a drug store, a post office, and the Siesta Key Chamber of Commerce at Davidson's Plaza. The other shopping and dining district is located just south of where Stickney Point Road becomes Midnight Pass Road in the Crescent Beach area. In addition to the many boutique shops, restaurants, and other area businesses, you will find a full service grocery store here. Our Member Directory puts all of these businesses and more at your fingertips. There’s just no place quite like Siesta Key and there’s no place like this website to help you make the most of your time here so, make sure to explore our Accommodations section before you arrive and, if you’re looking for inspiration for your dream vacation, check out our Things To Do, Where To Shop and Dining sections. With our award-winning beaches, easygoing waves, powdery white sand, picture-perfect sunsets, and soothing gulf breeze, it's easy to see why every day is a "Chamber of Commerce Day" on Siesta Key!
D3366032	http://www.dailymail.co.uk/property/article-1181846/Fancy-working-butler-You-end-living-des-res.html	Fancy working as a butler? You could end up living in a des res	Fancy working as a butler? You could end up living in a des res By Fred Redwood for Mail Online Updated: 18:46 EDT, 14 May 2009View comments Going into service might seem like an Edwardian thing to do - but today there are big advantages to working as a housekeeper or butler. For a start, you might end up living in some highly desirable houses. 'The recession has had no effect on the number of people seeking live-in staff of all types,' says Stephanie Rough, the managing director of Greycoat Placements, an agency that supplies people to work in some of London's most expensive houses. 'We have positions available from highly trained house managers, who are also skilled chefs, down to husband-and-wife teams who see to the housework, tend the garden and do a little driving. 'Service with a smile: Kevin Johnson has worked for royalty and high-profile figures at prestigious properties like those in Hanover Square, London If you imagine that this is some sort of latter-day Upstairs, Downstairs existence, then think again. The pay, for one thing, would bring a smile to even Mr Hudson's lips. A couple could earn £800 to £1,500 a week - a more than acceptable salary when all your bills are paid. And some butlers - or 'house managers' - earn £80,000 to £100,000 a year. Moreover, many employers split their time between various homes around the world, so butlers may be called upon for only a few months of the year. While it might sound too good to be true, working for the super-rich is not always easy. 'The boss is the boss and what he says goes,' says Kevin Johnson, who's worked for Queen Rania of Jordan and Lord Black, now jailed for fraud, and his wife, Barbara Amiel. 'You may be a Michelin-star chef, but if the boss wants to eat only shepherd's pie, that's what you make. And you'd better learn to make it as he likes it, when he likes it, regardless of the time of the day or night, or he'll sack you. 'The size and quality of accommodation for domestic staff varies a good deal. In London, you will often find a husband-and-wife team occupying a garden flat. Tom Tangneym, at Knight Frank, sold a house in which the wine cellars had been converted into a studio flat. 'It was money well spent,' he says. 'Having separate staff accommodation adds significant value to the property. 'In areas such as Holland Park and Hanover Terrace, overlooking Regent's Park, several houses have their own mews cottages nearby, which is useful for those employers who don't want staff to live in. 'Some people like to have employees on call all day and night, but do not want them to live in,' says Johnson, from Green Baize Door staff agency. 'One of our clients bought his house manager an apartment on Ebury Street. It must have been worth over £1 million. 'In the countryside, staff can demand first-class accommodation. 'Nowadays, they want their own cottage or a flat which is separate from the employer's part of the house, and many like their own garden,' says Nick Churton, of The Mayfair Office. There are no hard and fast qualifications necessary for a job in service, although many employees are from the hotel industry. 'You must be trustworthy, honest and hardworking,' says Johnson. 'And you must also know how to treat your employer in a formal way, without appearing cold. 'So what, I ask, were Lord Black and Barbara Amiel like? 'They were very intelligent people,' says Johnson, 'in rather different ways. 'That's another hallmark of high calibre staff: discretion. GREYCOAT Placements: 020 7233 9950, greycoatplacements.co.uk Green Baize Door: 02030 15 8700, greenbaizedoor.com Share or comment on this article Comments 0Share what you think No comments have so far been submitted. Why not be the first to send us your thoughts,or debate this issue live on our message boards. We are no longer accepting comments on this article. Site Web Like Daily Mail+1Daily Mail Follow@Daily Mail Follow Daily Mail Follow@Mail Online Follow Daily Mail DON'T MISS: PROPERTYIs this the most luxurious new-build on the British property market? The £17M Surrey mansion includes a ballroom that turns into a swimming pool and a car turntable in the garage Luxury flats with swimming pools on every BALCONY costing up to £2m Mail Online Property's Myra Butterworth was given a tour of the luxury flats in Vietnam These are the most popular homes for sale in Britain They range from a £205k Scottish farmhouse to a £50M Berkshire mansion What does £400,000 get a first-time buyer in the capital? TV's Sarah Beeny heads to south west London to pick her bargain property of the month Fancy living in your own luxurious ski chalet? This £8M property in the French Alps resort of Val-d'Isère has an indoor garden, glass bridge and climbing wall Is building upwards the answer to Britain's housing crisis? There's space for 41,000 new homes on the ROOFS of existing properties in London Do you live in one of the 50 best places in Britain? The district of Hart - in Hampshire - which includes the town of Fleet, is named the best place to live place PROPERTY CLINIC: Can I use the Rent a Room scheme to help fund my new home if I buy with a Help to Buy Isa? We ask a top mortgage expert for his view Castles fit for a princess! Top 10 homes for sale that boast turrets (including one that is on the market for the first time in 300 years)Bitcoin Bay! Idyllic 13-acre plot on a Caribbean island for sale at £5.3M But the owners will only accept Bitcoin as payment (and are refusing cash)How your home can make you £1,000 a month: Consider renting out your spare room, driveway or even your living room Britain's housing crisis isn't a lack of homes... ...it's not having enough places where people want to live, says MYRA BUTTERWORTHCould landlords be offered tax relief for offering longer-term tenancies? Perks could include clawing back tax relief that's currently being withdrawn Could your gran's old sideboard, sofa or dining table be worth thousands? Sixties and Seventies furniture is making a comeback - and its value is rocketing What can a first-time buyer afford around the UK? We reveal what the average £165k budget buys - from a boat in London to a three-bed in Wales If money really was no object...the world's most expensive homes for sale revealed Fancy a 7-bed villa in Thailand or a mansion on Australia's Great Barrier Reef? A convenient house price rise This converted public toilet in Surrey was sold last year after being marketed for sale with an asking price of £285k - and today it is for sale for £330k Fancy living next to The Hoff? Here's your chance... The Baywatch star has bought a new home on tropical island Gili Meno and a neighbouring property is for sale FIND CHEAPEST GAS & ELECTRICITYLet us help you find the lowest rates this winter for gas & electricity Enter your postcode Compare Money Transfer Deals Individual Business Sending from: USA (USD)Sending to: USA (USD)Amount ( USD)Send COMPAREPowered by Advertisement True cost mortgage calculator Monthly payment Find out monthly payments and compare the cost of mortgages over the initial deal period including arrangement fees. Amount borrowed: £Arrangement fee: £Term: (years)Interest rate: (actual interest rate & not the APR)%Initial deal period: (years / months) yrs mth Calculate Total monthly payment: £Total charge: £Total repayment: £Cost over deal period inc fee: £Comparison calculator Use this 2nd calculator to do a comparison with the mortgage above. 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D1480855	https://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/trifluralin.usda.fact.sheet.htm	Trifluralin	Trifluralin Pesticide Fact Sheet Prepared for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service by Information Ventures, Inc. This fact sheet is one of a series issued by the Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the Bonneville Power Administration for their workers and the general public. It provides information on forest and land management uses, environmental and human health effects, and safety precautions for the herbicide trifluralin and its formulations. Unless otherwise stated, the toxicity data presented in this fact sheet refer to the active ingredient, trifluralin. When included, data on formulated products will be specifically identified. A list of definitions is included in Section VIII of the fact sheet. I. Basic Information Common name: Trifluralin Chemical name: a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine Common Product names: Treflan® 5G, Treflan® E. C., Trifluralin® 4ECPesticide classification: herbicide Registered Use Status: "General Use"Formulations: Commercial trifluralin products generally contain one or more inert ingredients. An inert ingredient is anything added to the product other than an active ingredient. Because of concern for human health and the environment, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced its policy on toxic inert ingredients in the Federal Register on April 22, 1987 (52 FR 13305). The intent of this policy is the regulation of inert ingredients. EPA's strategy for the implementation of this policy included the development of four lists of inerts based on toxicological concerns. Inerts of toxicological concern were placed on List 1. Potentially toxic inerts/high priority for testing were placed on List 2. Inerts of unknown toxicity were placed on List 3 and inerts of minimal concern were placed on List 4. For pesticides containing List 1 inerts, the EPA has given the pesticide registrant the opportunity to reformulate the product to remove the List 1 inerts. If the registrant chooses not to reformulate the product, then the List 1 inerts must be identified on the product label. For List 2 inerts, the EPA is monitoring ongoing testing and gathering existing information on the potential adverse effects of these chemicals to determine if further regulatory action is required. The EPA has no particular regulatory plans for List 3 and List 4 inerts. The Forest Service will incorporate new data on inerts into updated fact sheets as it becomes available. The contents of 3 trifluralin formulations are listed below. Treflan® E. C.: trifluralin (5%) and inert ingredients (95%)Treflan® E. C.: trifluralin (44.5%) and inert ingredients (55.5%) including xylene, ethylbenzene and naphthalene Trifluralin 4EC: trifluralin (44.5%) and inert ingredients (55.5%)Residue assay methods: Gas chromatography with electron capture detector is available for residue assay. II. Herbicide Uses Registered forestry, rangeland, right-of-way uses: for use on ornamental trees, rights of way, domestic outdoor and industrial sites. Operational details: Target Plants: Trifluralin is used to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. Mode of action: Trifluralin applied to the soil kills weed seeds as they germinate. It does not control established weeds. Method of application: Trifluralin is applied by low pressure ground spraying equipment, subsurface layering equipment, irrigation systems, aerial equipment, or granular applicators. Soil incorporation within 4 to 24 hours after application is recommended for most uses. For some products, surface application followed by irrigation is recommended. Do not apply to muck soils or to soils containing more than 10% organic matter. Use rates: Use at * to 1 pound of active ingredient per acre Spe cial Precautions: Always read all of the information on the product label before using any pesticide. Read the label for application restrictions. Timing Of Application: Apply before weed germination or to cultivated weed-free areas. Do not apply when foliage is wet. Drift Control: Do not allow careless application or spray drift. Do not spray aerially when wind speed is greater than 4 mph. III. Environmental Effects/Fate Soil: Residual Soil Activity: Trifluralin is active in the soil. Germination of crops may be impacted for up to 1* years after soil treatment, especially in arid conditions. It is not usually absorbed from the soil by plants. Adsorption: Trifluralin is strongly adsorbed by the soil. Persistence and Agents of Degradation: Trifluralin remains unchanged in the soil for varying lengths of time but is generally persistent. In the field, trifluralin degrades to half of its original concentration in 2 to 4 months. Trifluralin is photodegraded but not hydrolyzed in soil. Under laboratory conditions, degradation is faster in soil where no air is present. Metabolites/Degradation Products and Potential Environmental Effects: Break-down products of trifluralin in the soil include a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (the major breakdown product); a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-n-propyl-p-toluidine; a,a,a-trifluoro-N,N-dipropyl-5-nitrotoluene-3,4-diamine; a,a,a-trifluoro-N,N-dipropyltoluene-3,4,5-triamine. No information is available on the environmental effects of these breakdown products. Water: Solubility: Trifluralin does not dissolve easily in water. Potential For Leaching Into Ground-Water: The potential for leaching into the ground-water is very low. Trifluralin is strongly adsorbed to soil particles and is not readily leached. The mobility of trifluralin is greatest in fine sand and least in muck soils; it is relatively immobile in sand, sandy loam, silt, loam and clay loam soils. No information is available on the half-life of trifluralin in water. Surface Waters: Trifluralin could enter surface waters through the runoff of sediment; one study showed very little runoff, however. When trifluralin is applied to ditch banks, irrigation water should not be used on food or feed crops for 18 months after application or until the water is free of trifluralin residues. Air: Volatilization: Trifluralin does not evaporate easily. Potential For By-Products From Burning of Treated Vegetation: No information is available. However, trifluralin is applied directly to soil and is therefore not present in great concentration in foliage. IV. Ecological Effects Non-Target Toxicity: Soil Microorganisms: No information available. Plants: Trifluralin did not accumulate in crops grown in silt loam soil treated with 1 pound active ingredient per acre. Contact with susceptible non-target plants may injure these plants. Aquatic Animals: Trifluralin is highly toxic to cold- and warm-water fish and to aquatic invertebrate animals. It is very highly toxic to amphibians (tadpoles). It has not been tested for effects on estuarine and marine animals. It may build up (bioaccumulate) in fish exposed to trifluralin in water at low levels; but in one test it was eliminated from edible fish tissues 7 days after exposure ended. Trifluralin affected the survival of minnows at chronic exposures as low as 5.1 ppb; and affected the survival of water fleas at chronic exposures as low as 7.2 ppb. Acute toxic level:
D3308229	http://www.softpedia.com/get/Internet/File-Sharing/Torrent-RT.shtml	Torrent RT for Windows 8	You can quickly download torrent files, within an intuitive interface, neatly organized menus and functions, without exhausting your bandwidth Torrent RT for Windows 8 is a user-friendly application that can come in handy to all those who like to download multimedia contents or documents via Bit Torrent clients. You can monitor the downloading progress and set different levels of priority to your threads, as well as set an upload limit or download speed. System requirements Internet connection Limitations in the unregistered version7 days trial period
D1624457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Windsor_Castle_fire	1992 Windsor Castle fire	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Giles Downes's new hammer-beam roof in St George's Hall, completed 1997On 20 November 1992, a fire broke out in Windsor Castle, the largest inhabited castle in the world and one of the official residences of Queen Elizabeth II. The castle suffered extensive damage in the fire and was fully repaired within the next few years at a cost of £36.5 million, in a project led by the conservation architects Donald Insall Associates. It led to the Queen paying tax on her income, and to Buckingham Palace, the Queen's other official residence, being opened to the public to help pay for the restoration work. Contents [ hide ]1 Timeline of the fire1.1 Early stages1.2 Subsequent events2 Royal family3 Salvage operation4 Extent of damage to the castle4.1 Structural damage4.2 Contents4.3 Tourism5 Restoration project5.1 Funding5.2 Planning5.3 Execution6 References7 External links Timeline of the fire [ edit]Early stages [ edit]An 1848 drawing of the Private Chapel by Joseph Nash The fire began in the Queen's Private Chapel at 11:15 in the morning when a curtain was ignited by a spotlight pressed up against it. [1] Agents of the Royal Household were in the chapel at the time inspecting works of art. [2] A fire alarm went off in the watch room of the castle fire brigade, manned by the Chief Fire Officer, Marshall Smith. The location of the fire was shown by a light on a grid-map of the castle. Initially, the Brunswick Tower was lit up, but lights soon began to flash indicating that the fire had quickly spread to neighbouring rooms. A major part of the State Apartments was soon ablaze. Building contractors working in a nearby room attempted to tackle the blaze using fire extinguishers. The 30-foot (9 m) long curtains eventually dropped to the floor and continued to burn, while those present hurriedly began removing paintings from the chapel, until the intense heat and raining embers forced them to leave at 11:32. At 11:36, Mr Smith pressed a switch to alert the control room at Reading fire station. He then activated the public fire alarm in the castle and telephoned the Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service on a direct line, giving the message, "Windsor Castle here; we have got a fire in the Private Chapel. Come to the Quadrangle as arranged". [2]The castle still had its own twenty-person fire brigade, of whom six were full-time. Equipped with a Land Rover and pump tender, they were based in stables two miles south of the castle, and arrived on the scene at 11:41. Appliances from the Fire and Rescue Service arrived at 11:44. By 11:56, 17 pumping appliances had been ordered. An operation to save furniture and works of art involving castle staff, building contractors and the Queen's son, Prince Andrew, had commenced in rooms adjacent to the fire. Subsequent events [ edit]By 12:12, there were 20 fire engines, and by 12:20 there were 35, with over 200 firemen from London, Buckinghamshire, Surrey and Oxfordshire, as well as from Berkshire. The Fire Incident Commander was David Harper, Deputy Chief Fire and Rescue Officer of the Fire and Rescue Service. The Chief Officer, Garth Scotford, was out of the country, on holiday. By 12:20, the fire had spread to St George's Hall, a banqueting hall and the largest of the State Apartments. The number of fire appliances totalled 39 and 225 fire-fighters were in attendance. Hoses were directed at all levels of the building surrounding the fire. As an indication of the scale of the fire, there had been just one 30-appliance fire in the whole of Greater London since 1973. By 13:30, fire breaks had been created by tradesmen at the southern wall of the Green Drawing Room (at the end of St George's Hall on the east side of the Quadrangle), and at the north-west corner at Chester Tower, where that tower joins the Grand Corridor. The fire-fighters had by this time started to bring the fire under control, though the roof of the State Apartments had begun to collapse. At 15:30, the floors of the Brunswick Tower collapsed. Firemen had to temporarily withdraw to locate three men who were briefly lost in the smoke, and withdrew again because men were temporarily unaccounted for when part of the roof collapsed. External video ITN news report on the Windsor Castle fire (20 November 1992)At 16:15, the fire had revived in the Brunswick Tower. As night fell, the fire was concentrated in the tower, which by 18:30 was engulfed by flames up to 50 feet (15 m) high. At 19:00, the roof of St George's Hall finally collapsed. By 20:00, after burning for nine hours, the fire was under control. It continued to burn for another three hours. By 23:00, the main fire was extinguished, and by 02:30, the last secondary fires were extinguished. Pockets of fire remained until the early hours of the morning, some 15 hours after it began. Sixty firemen with eight appliances remained on duty for several more days. The fire had spread rapidly due to the large cavities and voids in the roof. [3] 1.5 million gallons [4] (7 million litres) of water from the mains water supply, a reservoir-fed hydrant, a swimming pool, a pond, and the nearby River Thames had been used to fight the fire. [2]Royal family [ edit]The Queen was informed about the fire by a phone call from Prince Andrew, who had been in the mews across the Quadrangle from the State Apartments doing research work for his course at Staff College, Camberley when the fire broke out. She arrived at 15:00 and stayed at the castle for an hour. Prince Andrew briefed the press, telling reporters that Her Majesty was devastated, and the Prince of Wales visited the castle in the evening. The Queen returned again the following morning to inspect the damage. [5]In a speech at the Guildhall on 24 November the Queen described 1992 as an annus horribilis, a Latin phrase meaning "horrible year". [5]Salvage operation [ edit]Apart from the several hundred firemen directly involved in the fire-fight, [6] staff and tradesmen helped the castle's fire brigade and volunteer salvage corps move furniture and works of art from the endangered apartments, including a 150-foot (46 m) long table and a 120-foot (37 m) long carpet from the Waterloo Chamber, to the safety of the castle's riding school. It was an enormous operation: 300 clocks, a collection of miniatures, thousands of valuable books and historic manuscripts, and old Master drawings from the Royal Library were saved. On fire officers' instructions, heavy chests and tables were left behind. All other items were placed on giant sheets of tarpaulin in the North Terrace and Quadrangle, and the police called in dozens of removal vans from a large part of the home counties to transport items to other parts of the castle. [6]Members of the Royal Household, including the Earl of Airlie, assisted in the operation. The Royal Collection Department were especially active, including the Director, Sir Geoffrey de Bellaigue, the Surveyor of Pictures, Christopher Lloyd, the Deputy Surveyor of the Queen's Works of Art, Hugh Roberts, the Curator of Print Room, Mrs Roberts, and the librarian, Oliver Everett. The Household Cavalry arrived from nearby Combermere Barracks. Some 100 officers and men of the Life Guards proved invaluable for moving bulky items. In all, 125 castle staff, 125 contractors, 100 military personnel and 20 Crown Estate staff were involved in the salvage operation. [2]There had been no serious injuries and no deaths. [2] Dean Lansdale, a decorator in the Private Chapel, burnt his hands while removing pictures, of which he rescued three or four. He was moved to the royal surgery and then to a hospital. [5] A royal spokesman denied reports in the media that Christopher Lloyd, the Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, had suffered a heart attack. [7] Five firemen were taken to hospital with minor injuries. [2]Extent of damage to the castle [ edit]Structural damage [ edit]The major loss was to the fabric of the castle. The false ceiling in St George's Hall and the void for coal trucks beneath the floor had allowed the fire to spread. It burned as far as the Chester Tower. Several ceilings collapsed. Apartments burnt included the Crimson Drawing Room (completely gutted), the Green Drawing Room (badly damaged, though only partially destroyed by smoke and water) and the Queen's Private Chapel (including the double-sided 19th century Henry Willis organ in the gallery between St George's Hall and Private Chapel, oak panelling, glass and the altar). St George's Hall survived with the walls largely intact, but the ceiling had collapsed. The State Dining Room in the Prince of Wales Tower and the Grand Reception Room were also devastated. In total, 100 rooms were affected by the fire. Smaller apartments damaged or destroyed included the Star Chamber, Octagon Room, Brunswick Tower (covered in 12 feet (3.5 m) of debris), Cornwall Tower, Prince of Wales Tower, Chester Tower, Holbein Room and the Great Kitchen, which lost its plaster coving and most of the medieval timber. The external wall above the bay window of the Crimson Drawing Room (between the Prince of Wales and Chester Towers) was seriously calcified. Contents [ edit]A smaller copy of George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops, a large painting destroyed in the fire The most seriously damaged rooms had largely been emptied of their valuable contents the previous day, and some paintings were on loan to a travelling exhibition. [7] Items from the Royal Collection lost include the Sir William Beechey equestrian portrait George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops, which at 13 feet (4 m) by 16 feet (5 m) was too large to remove; [8] an 18-foot (5.5 m) long 1820s sideboard by Morel and Seddon; several items of porcelain; several chandeliers; the Willis organ; and the 1851 Great Exhibition Axminster carpet was partly burnt. Peter Brooke, then Secretary of State for National Heritage, called the fire a national disaster. [9]Tourism [ edit]Tourists were allowed into the precincts within three days. The Queen was back in residence a fortnight later. The Gallery and Queen Mary's Dolls' House reopened in December. [10] The State Apartments reopened in 1993 after rewiring was completed, with all major rooms open by Easter, when only St George's Hall and the Grand Reception Room stayed closed. Thus eleven of fifteen principal rooms of the State Apartments were open, and two were still undergoing long-term restoration, with two more having been destroyed. Restoration project [ edit]Funding [ edit]It was initially feared that it would cost £60 million to restore the castle, though the final cost was £36.5 million (equivalent to £58,451,717 in 2016 [11] ), and that drying out the castle would take 10 years. [12] Occupied royal palaces like Windsor Castle are too valuable to insure, [7] and items in the Royal Collection are not insured against loss. [13] An independent trust for private donations towards the cost of the restoration was announced on 16 February 1993 by the Queen's bank, Coutts. [14] On 29 April 1993 it was announced that 70% of the cost would be met by charging the public for entry into the castle precincts and £8 for admission to Buckingham Palace for the next five years. [15] The Queen contributed £2 million of her own money, [16] and she agreed to start paying income tax from 1993 onwards, making her the first British monarch to do so since the 1930s. [17]Planning [ edit]A diagram of the new St George's Hall's roof and woodwork On 7 June 1994, details of the restoration project were announced. The architectural firm Donald Insall Associates was appointed by the Royal Household to take overall charge of the restoration, with Sidell Gibson dealing with the reconstruction of St George's Hall and the design of the new Lantern Lobby and Private Chapel. Over half the damaged and destroyed rooms, including the State and Octagon dining rooms, were to be restored as original. There were to be new designs for the St George's Hall ceiling (with steel reinforcing beams in the roof) and East Screen, also the Queen's Private Chapel, Stuart and Holbein Rooms. However, only the Queen's Private Chapel and several modern rooms were to be restored in a modern style. Designs were submitted to a Restoration Committee, whose Chairman was the Duke of Edinburgh and Deputy Chairman was the Prince of Wales. Members included the Earl of Airlie ( Lord Chamberlain ), Sir Hayden Phillips (Permanent Secretary of the Department of National Heritage ), Lord St John of Fawsley (Chairman of the Royal Fine Art Commission ), Sir Jocelyn Stevens (Chairman of English Heritage ), Frank Duffy (President of the Royal Institute of British Architects) and three senior palace officials. The fire, catastrophic though it was, presented the opportunity for some major new architectural work. Although criticised by some people who thought it lacked imagination, the architects believed that, given the history of the building and the surviving fabric, the new work had to be Gothic. Execution [ edit]The state dining room gilded sideboard, 19 feet long and made out of rear rosewood and oak, was originally designed by Augustus Pugin in the 19th century. It had to be replicated by N. E. J. Stevenson using only some photographs and some descriptions. New designs for St George's Hall and the Queen's Private Chapel were approved by the Queen on 24 January 1995. Designed by architect Giles Downes, the new roof for St George's Hall is an example of a hammer-beam ceiling. The new chapel and adjoining cloisters were realigned to form a processional route from the private apartments, through an octagonal vestibule, into St George's Hall. Downes's new roof is the largest green-oak structure built since the Middle Ages and is decorated with brightly coloured shields celebrating the heraldic element of the Order of the Garter; the design attempts to create an illusion of additional height through the Gothic woodwork along the ceiling. [18] Commentators have noted that Downes's work does much to compensate for the originally flawed dimensions of the hall. [19] The Lantern Lobby has oak columns forming a vaulted ceiling, imitating an arum lily. The first stage of the structural restoration was completed in May 1996. Fitting out, originally planned to finish by spring 1998, occurred on 17 November 1997. [20] The Queen held a reception in the newly restored hall for the architects and building contractors involved in the project. [12]References [ edit]^ "Spotlight is blamed for blaze at Windsor". The Independent. 5 December 1992. Retrieved 20 December 2015.^ a b c d e f "Windsor Castle Fire Report" (PDF). Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2014.^ John A. Purkiss; Long-Yuan Li (2013). Fire Safety Engineering Design of Structures (3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4665-8548-5.^ "1992: blaze rages in Windsor Castle". BBC Online. Retrieved 20 December 2015.^ a b c "Windsor Castle goes up in flames during the Queen's 'annus horribilis' before Diana's death rocks the Royal Family: The historic stories of the monarch record reign in the 1990s". Mail Online. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2016.^ a b Richard W Stevenson (21 November 1992). "Big fire in Windsor Castle raises fear about artwork". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2014.^ a b c "Windsor Castle heavily damaged: Royals, civilians save treasures from fire". The Hour. Norwalk, Connecticut. Associated Press. 21 November 1992. p. 23.^ "Painting lost in castle fire angered George III". AP News Archive. 24 November 1992. Retrieved 20 December 2015.^ Richard W Stevenson (22 November 1992). "Most art safe in Windsor Castle fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 December 2015.^ "Public back in Windsor Castle". BBC News. 27 December 1997.^ United Kingdom Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth "consistent series" supplied in Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018). "What Was the U. K. GDP Then?". Measuring Worth. Retrieved January 5, 2018.^ a b Roxanna Mc Donald (2007). Introduction to Natural and Man-made Disasters and Their Effects on Buildings. Routledge. pp. 156–57. ISBN 978-1-136-39219-1.^ "Windsor Castle". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 215. United Kingdom: House of Commons. 1 December 1992. col. 101W.^ "Windsor Castle". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Commons. 16 February 1993. col. 142.^ Robert Hewison (2015). Culture and Consensus: England, Art and Politics since 1940. Taylor & Francis. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-317-51237-0.^ Chas Early (30 November 2014). "November 20, 1992: Queen faces huge repair bill as Windsor Castle is devastated by fire". BT. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015.^ "1992: Queen to be taxed from next year". BBC News. 26 November 1992. Retrieved 22 May 2016.^ Adam Nicolson (1997). Restoration: the rebuilding of Windsor Castle. Michael Joseph. p. 213. ASIN B00LI6OD8K.^ Nigel R. Jones (2005). Architecture of England, Scotland and Wales. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-313-31850-4.^ "Windsor Castle: five years from disaster to triumph". BBC News. 17 November 1997. External links [ edit]A day that shook the world: Windsor Castle fire (2010) at The Independent Coordinates: 51°29′4″N 0°36′12″WCategories: Building and structure fires in the United Kingdom Fires in England Disasters in Berkshire Royal residences in the United Kingdom Windsor Castle 1992 disasters in the United Kingdom 1992 in England1992 fires 20th century in Berkshire November 1992 events
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D535638	http://www.dbmarketing.com/articles/Art204.htm	.	Everyone is installing Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems today. Millions of dollars are being spent on software, hardware and CRM personnel. Few companies have done any significant cost justification. If they were, their spending patterns might be quite different. In this article, I would like to provide a primer on CRM cost justification. In the first place, what is CRM? It usually consists of building a massive data warehouse which is accessed by expensive CRM software such as E.piphany or Siebel. Many companies have spent more than $20 million on the warehouse and another million or more on the software. The software is supposed to use the database to select prospects and customers for promotions at strategically crucial moments in the customer’s life cycle. What is CRM supposed to do? There are two tasks: customer acquisition and increased sales to existing customers. CRM is often justified by the phrase, “Make the right offer at the right time to the right customer.” How can CRM do that? By collecting demographic and behavioral information about each prospect and customer, and using that to create actionable customer segments leading to communications that make relevant offers that will strike responsive chords in the recipient’s mind, resulting in sales. To illustrate the value of CRM, let’s take an example of what happens when you don’t use CRM. Readers of my books will remember my experience with the Chevy Chase Bank. They called me at dinnertime a few years ago to tell me that as a very good customer of the bank that I was being offered free life insurance for two months, after which the cost would be only $14 per month. I asked the value of the life insurance. The sales woman replied, “$2,000.” This was a ridiculous offer because I already had $300,000 worth of life insurance. Why would I want $302,000? It was a CRM failure because Chevy Chase knew that I had $300,000 worth of life insurance. They knew this because I had to tell them that on the home equity loan application that I had filled out in connection with getting a loan from them. I signed a statement saying they could use the information provided. They did not use the information they already had to make a relevant offer. Instead, they took a list of bank customers and gave it to a telemarketing firm. With a properly used CRM data warehouse, and CRM software, Chevy Chase could have made Arthur Hughes an offer that would have been worth listening to and possibly profitable for both of us. But they didn’t. They didn’t have a warehouse, and didn’t use what information they already had in their marketing activities. If CRM success is in using customer information to create profitable customer communications, how can you measure CRM effectiveness or return on investment? To do the measurement, you have to recognize that almost all CRM’s effects are incremental. If successful, CRM results in higher response rates, higher conversions, and increased sales. But the original sales are seldom due to CRM itself. Almost all companies already are selling products and services before they add CRM. The CRM is financed out of the profits from their existing operations. The hope is that the CRM will make those operations more profitable. So the expectation is that current sales of $100 million will become significantly higher by using customer and prospect information to make more relevant and timely communications. Could CRM increase sales by a measurable amount? Perhaps, but only in certain unusual situations. Lets see how the increases come about. Those using CRM effectively will have higher conversion rates than those who do not. How much can CRM increase conversion rates? To determine this it is necessary to determine the current conversion rates. Let us assume that a corporation makes 50 million offers per year to the general public. These offers may be through TV, Radio, Print ads, retail stores, direct mail, email, etc. Assume that 3.5% of the offers result in a sale. If CRM is to be successful, it must increase the conversion rate. How much of an increase can we expect? 2%, 3%, 4%? The rate will differ in each case. Let’s make some generous assumptions and say that CRM will increase conversion rates by 8%. Next, we have to determine how much CRM will cost us. If we build a database for $20 million, it certainly has a shelf life of five years or less, making the annual depreciation about $4 million. Annual maintenance and upkeep (adding data, cleaning data, appending data, merge purge, running reports) plus software and staff will cost approximately $2 million. The CRM warehouse is useless unless accompanied by customer communications, which will have a significant cost, let’s say $2 per customer per year. The total cost of CRM will thus be $9.5 million per year: Warehouse $20,000,000Annual Depreciation $4,000,000Maintenance $2,000,000Communications $3,500,000Annual CRM Cost $9,500,000So what will happen to net sales as a result of the CRM initiative? Before CRM With CRMOffers 50,000,000 50,000,000Conversion Rate 3.5% 3.5%CRM Gain 0.0% 8 .0%Conversion Rate 3.5% 3.8%Sales 1,750,000 1,890,000Average Sale $57.15 $57.15Total Sales$100,012,500 $108,013,500Cost of CRM $0 $9,500,00Net Sale$100,012,500 $98,513,500Sales will go up, but net sales after deducting the cost of CRM will go down. How realistic are these numbers? Well, consider the views of the Gartner group. They estimate that 60% of the CRM projects now being launched will fail by 2003. Why will they fail? Because the companies installing CRM have not done the analysis, and are relying on unrealistic ideas of the effect of CRM on conversion rates. Bear in mind that corporations installing CRM are in almost all cases already profitable. They are doing everything they can to make a profit. They give points or miles. They hire ad agencies to produce winning commercials. They have distributors and retail stores, plus sales people with laptops and telemarketers with modern computer screens and call directors. On top of this, they are installing CRM to further increase profits. To assume that CRM will increase conversion rates by even as much as 8% is quite a stretch. There is also the problem of whether the product or service lends itself to CRM success. For CRM to be successful, it must be assumed that the supplier can somehow learn enough about the customer to make a relevant offer, and that the suggestion by the supplier is more important than the decisions being made independently by the consumer. Will customers decide to rent a car because of a timely communication received from Hertz, or because they were planning a business or vacation trip and need a car? Will a law firm buy software because of a timely communication from a supplier or because they have decided to upgrade their existing system? Certainly, the right offer to the right person at the right time is very important, but only incrementally important to the consumer. The decision to purchase anything is usually much more complex than opening your mail or email. Conclusion So what should you do? There are some simple rules: Before you install CRM, create the tables shown above and make some realistic assumptions about the increase you expect in the conversion rate. Consider the possibility of building a data mart, instead of a warehouse. Data marts can be built for $1 to $2 million, and can be maintained for a half million per year. They don’t need million-dollar software, but they can produce the same results as CRM at a fraction of the cost. Communicating with customers is always a good idea, and almost always profitable. You may not need a warehouse to do it. Think small. Think tests. Work with what you have to see how much impact you get from simple, inexpensive communications. Based on that experience, decide whether you need a warehouse or not. Think about the Chevy Chase Bank. How much would it have cost them to enter all the data on their home equity customers into a simple data mart and use that information in creating their customer communications. I doubt that it would have cost them more than $100,000 to do this. Use the information you already have and see what you can do with it. Don’t go into CRM until you have experimented with something simpler and are sure that you need a warehouse. Arthur Middleton Hughes is Vice President of The Database Marketing Institute. Ltd. ( [email protected]) which provides strategic advice on relationship marketing. Arthur is also Senior Strategist at e-Dialog.com ( [email protected]) which provides precision e-mail marketing services for major corporations worldwide. Arthur is the author of Strategic Database Marketing 3rd ed. (Mc Graw Hill 2006). You may reach Arthur at (954) 767-4558 . The articles on this web site are available to the general public to read, enjoy and for limited business use. If you want to reprint more than one or two of them for resale or use in a business or educational environment, send an email to Arthur Hughes at [email protected]. He will give you permission by return email. The cost, depending on the number of copies you want to reprint, is very inexpensive. Top Search Back Next Home
D1697927	https://www.verywell.com/what-is-selective-attention-2795022	Selective Attention	Theories Cognitive Psychology Selective Attention By Kendra Cherry \| Reviewed by Steven Gans, MDUpdated March 11, 2018Share Pin Email Print Matt Dutile/Getty Images Selective attention is the process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period of time. Attention is a limited resource, so selective attention allows us to tune out unimportant details and focus on what really matters. How Does Selective Attention Work? At any given moment, we are subjected to a constant barrage of sensory information. The blare of a car horn from the street outside, the chatter of your friends, the click of the keys as you type a paper for school, the hum of the heater as it keeps your room warm on a brisk autumn day. But in most cases, we don't pay attention to each and every one of these sensory experiences. Instead, we center our attention on certain important elements of our environment while other things blend into the background or pass us by completely unnoticed. So how exactly do we decide what to pay attention to and what to ignore? Imagine that you are at a party for a friend hosted at a bustling restaurant. Multiple conversations, the clinking of plates and forks, and many other sounds compete for your attention. Out of all these noises, you find yourself able to tune out the irrelevant sounds and focus on the amusing story that your dinner partner shares. How do you manage to ignore certain stimuli and concentrate on just one aspect of your environment? This is an example of selective attention. Because our ability to attend to the things around us is limited in terms of both capacity and duration, we have to be picky about the things we pay attention to. Attention acts somewhat like a spotlight, highlighting the details that we need to focus on and casting irrelevant information to the sidelines of our perception. "In order to sustain our attention to one event in everyday life, we must filter out other events," explains author Russell Revlin in his text, "Cognition: Theory and Practice." "We must be selective in our attention by focusing on some events to the detriment of others. This is because attention is a resource that needs to be distributed to those events that are important. "Selective Visual Attention There are two major models describing how visual attention works. The "spotlight" model works much like it sounds—it proposes that visual attention works similar to that of a spotlight. Psychologist William James suggested that this spotlight includes a focal point in which things are viewed clearly. The area surrounding this focal point, known as the fringe, is still visible, but not clearly seen. Finally, the area outside of the fringe area of the spotlight is known as the margin. The second approach is known as the "zoom-lens" model. While it contains all the same elements of the spotlight model, it also suggests that we are able to increase or decrease the size of our focus much like the zoom lens of a camera. However, a larger focus area also results in slower-processing since it includes more information so the limited attentional resources must be distributed over a larger area. Selective Auditory Attention Some of the best-known experiments on auditory attention are those performed by psychologist Colin Cherry. Cherry investigated how people are able to track certain conversations while tuning others out, a phenomenon he referred to as the "cocktail party" effect. In these experiments, two auditory messages were presented simultaneously with one presented to each ear. Cherry then asked participants to pay attention to a particular message, and then repeat back what they had heard. He discovered that the participants were able to easily pay attention to one message and repeat it, but when they were asked about the contents of the other message, they were unable to say anything about it. Cherry found that when contents of the unattended message were suddenly switched (such as changing from English to German mid-message or suddenly playing backward) very few of the participants even noticed. Interestingly, if the speaker of the unattended message switched from male to female (or vice versa) or if the message was swapped with a 400-Hz tone, the participants always noticed the change. Cherry's findings have been demonstrated in additional experiments. Other researchers have obtained similar results with messages including lists of words and musical melodies. Theories of Selective Attention Theories of selective attention tend to focus on when stimulus information is attended to, either early in the process or late. Broadbent's Filter Model One of the earliest theories of attention was Donald Broadbent's filter model. Building on the research conducted by Cherry, Broadbent used an information-processing metaphor to describe human attention. He suggested that our capacity to process information is limited in terms of capacity, and our selection of information to process takes place early on in the perceptual process. In order to do this, we utilize a filter to determine which information to attend to. All stimuli are first processed based upon physical properties that include color, loudness, direction, and pitch. Our selective filters then allow for certain stimuli to pass through for further processing while other stimuli are rejected. Treisman's Attenuation Theory Treisman suggested that while Broadbent's basic approach was correct, it failed to account for the fact that people can still process the meaning of attended messages. Treisman proposed that instead of a filter, attention works by utilizing an attenuator that identifies a stimulus based on physical properties or by meaning. Think of the attenuator like a volume control—you can turn down the volume of other sources of information in order to attend to a single source of information. The "volume" or intensity of those other stimuli might be low, but they are still present. In experiments, Treisman demonstrated that participants were still able to identify the contents of an unattended message, indicating that they were able to process the meaning of both the attended and unattended messages. Memory Selection Models Other researchers also believed that Broadbent's model was insufficient and that attention was not based solely on a stimulus's physical properties. The cocktail party effect serves as a prime example. Imagine that you are at a party and paying attention to the conversation among your group of friends. Suddenly, you hear your name mentioned by a group of people nearby. Even though you were not attending to that conversation, a previously unattended stimulus immediately grabbed your attention based on meaning rather than physical properties. According to the memory selection theory of attention, both attended and unattended messages pass through the initial filter and are then sorted at a second-stage based upon the actual meaning of the message's contents. Information that we attend to based upon meaning is then passed into short-term memory. Resource Theories of Selective Attention More recent theories tend to focus on the idea of attention being a limited resource and how those resources are divvied up among competing sources of information. Such theories propose that we have a fixed amount of attention available and that we must then choose how we allocate our available attentional reserves among multiple tasks or events. "Attentional-resources theory has been criticized severely as overly broad and vague. Indeed, it may not stand alone in explaining all aspects of attention, but it complements filter theories quite well," suggests Robert Sternberg in his text, "Cognitive Psychology," in summarizing the different theories of selective attention. "Filter and bottleneck theories of attention seem to be more suitable metaphors for competing tasks that appear to be attentionally incompatible... Resource theory seems to be a better metaphor for explaining phenomena of divided attention on complex tasks. "Observations A number of factors can influence selective attention in spoken messages. The location from where the sound originates can play a role. For example, you are probably more likely to pay attention to a conversation taking place right next to you rather than one several feet away. In his text, "The Psychology of Attention," psychology professor Harold Pashler notes that simply presenting messages to different ears will not lead to the selection of one message over the other. The two messages must have some sort of non-overlap in time in order for one to be selectively attended to over the other. As mentioned previously, changes in pitch can also play a role in selectivity. The number of auditory selections that must be tuned out in order to attend to just one can make the process more difficult. Imagine that you are in a crowded room and many different conversations are taking place all around you. Selectively attending to just one of those auditory signals can be very difficult, even if the conversation is taking place nearby. Learn more about how attention works, some of the things you can do to improve your attention, and why we sometimes miss what is right in front of us. Sources: Broadbent, D. (1958). Perception and Communication. London: Pergamon Press. Cherry, E. C. (1953). Some experiments on the recognition of speech with one and with two ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 25, 975–979. Revlin, R. (2013). Cognition: Theory and practice. New York: Worth Publishers. Sternberg, R. J. (2009). Cognitive psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Treisman, A., 1964. Selective attention in man. British Medical Bulletin, 20, 12-16.
D3299708	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080527143626AAnEahh	What is the cardiac stomach?	Science & Mathematics Biology What is the cardiac stomach? I need to know this for bio and all the info I find is either about the Cardia region or the Esophageal sphincter. Please help!Update: By the way, I'm talking about pigs, because this question is during my fetal pig dissection. Follow 2 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Contractions of the muscles move the Bolus to a Valve called the CARDIAC SPHINCTER VALVE where the Esophagus joins the Stomach. The Sphincter allows food to pass into the stomach but usually NOT Letting it move Back Up into the Esophagus. sorry, I don't think this is the answer you were looking for Source (s): Wiki Answers Elizabeth H · 10 years ago0 0 Comment Asker's rating Cardiac Stomach Source (s):https://shrink.im/a0Wvpalleyne · 1 year ago0 0 Comment The cardiac stomach is one of 2 stomachs found in sea stars. The cardiac stomach is a sac-like stomach located at the center of the body. It can be extended out of the organism's body to engulf and digest food. The other stomach is the pyloric stomach. Partially digested food in the cardiac stomach moves to the pyloric stomach to continue the digestive process. diagram: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_...http://www.vsf.cape.com/~jdale/science/d... Sci~Teacher · 10 years ago1 0 Comment This Site Might Help You. RE: What is the cardiac stomach? I need to know this for bio and all the info I find is either about the Cardia region or the Esophageal sphincter. Please help!Source (s):cardiac stomach: https://shortly.im/6s3A7Pearly · 3 years ago0 0 Comment It's close to the heart. Margaret · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Get an MBA while working Need Home Equity Loan Options? Can cloud services help you? Should you donate your car?
D2912558	http://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=6210994	Juan Uribe will play anywhere	Juan Uribe will play anywhere Mar 12, 2011Tony Jackson ESPNLos Angeles.com Facebook Twitter Facebook Messenger Pinterest Emailprintcomment SURPRISE, Ariz. -- Juan Uribe, the versatile infielder the Los Angeles Dodgers signed last winter to be their everyday second baseman, started at third base for the first time this spring in one of Saturday's Cactus League split-squad games, a 19-7 loss to the Kansas City Royals before 5,451 at Surprise Stadium. That decision by manager Don Mattingly would seem timely by the end of the first inning because of an unforeseen development way over on the other side of the Phoenix metro area. Third baseman Casey Blake left the other game -- an 8-7 loss to the San Francisco Giants before 12,081 at Scottsdale Stadium -- because of tightness in his lower back almost immediately after laying down a sacrifice bunt in the top of the first inning. Blake was sidelined just five days because of a similar injury last June, so it didn't sound like the kind of thing that could knock him out for Opening Day. But it did underscore the fact Blake is 37 and that Uribe probably can plan on at least the occasional start at third this season whenever Mattingly wants to rest Blake to keep him fresh. "For me, [that] is OK," Uribe said. "Whatever the manager wants from me, I am more than happy to do it. "Uribe went 2 for 3 at the plate, driving an RBI double to the center-field wall in the first inning and singling to left in the third, with both of those hits off Royals right-hander Sean O'Sullivan. But for Uribe, whom the Dodgers signed to a three-year, $21 million free-agent deal last winter, the spring has been a struggle so far -- those two hits doubled his total, and he still is hitting just .235 (4 for 17). Spring-training statistics, though, especially for veteran players, are basically meaningless. And besides, Uribe looked like a natural at third, where he went to his knees and reached across his body to stab a smoking liner from Melky Cabrera just an inch or two above the dirt -- and possibly rob Cabrera of a double -- to end the first inning. Although the Dodgers already have Uribe penciled in at second, his versatility will be a key in a lineup where Blake and shortstop Rafael Furcal will be handled with care. Uribe, 31, can play second, third and short, and he figures to have at least a decent amount of time at all three. He has played 154 games in his career at third, by far the fewest among his three positions, and his best position is probably shortstop, where he played exclusively for the Chicago White Sox from 2005 to '07. "That is my best position," Uribe said. "But second base, third base, any of those are OK. I'm ready to play any position they want me to play. "Mattingly said he doesn't necessarily need to see a lot of Uribe at short and third this spring to be comfortable going into the season. "I'm not too concerned about too much of it, but just enough for him to be comfortable with it," Mattingly said. "He has been taking some ground balls [during workouts]. He is a surprising guy [defensively]. For as big as he is, he has that quick little action to the ball that he takes. And offensively, he seems more comfortable. Early on, he struggled a little bit, but that was early on. "Bombs away On an afternoon when veteran starter Ted Lilly wasn't at his best and reached his allotted 60 pitches (59, to be exact) with two outs in the third inning against the Royals, it basically was open season on a trio of Dodgers relievers who are among those battling for what probably are three openings in the bullpen. Non-roster left-hander Ron Mahay, a big league veteran whom club officials had hoped could be a situational guy, was torched for four earned runs in two-thirds of an inning, stretching his already-bloated spring ERA to 17.18. Ramon Troncoso, who hadn't given up a run in any of his four previous appearances, this time gave up four of them in 1 2/3 innings. And non-roster right-hander Oscar Villareal, another major league veteran who last pitched in the majors for the Houston Astros in 2008, also gave up four in 1 1/3, leaving him with a 12.71 ERA. He also has walked four batters in 5 2/3 innings. Meanwhile, yet another non-roster veteran, right-hander Roman Colon, coughed up the other game in the ninth, the Giants getting to him for two runs on four hits in two-thirds of an inning. Like Troncoso, though, those were the first earned runs Colon has allowed this spring. But the thing is, it's getting late. The Dodgers may start whittling their camp roster after their split-squad games Sunday, although non-roster guys with big league experience tend to be among the final cutdowns. "We'll keep looking [at them]," Mattingly said. "Again, sometimes you have to give guys the benefit of the doubt and see how they bounce back and things like that. But as we move along farther, the [available] innings get shorter. "The right approach It was another good day for center fielder Matt Kemp, who went 1 for 3 with an RBI double against the Royals and now is hitting .370 for the spring. He also swiped third base in the first inning, leaving him three for four on steal attempts. Still, it was something more subtle that Kemp did that caught Mattingly's attention. "That double he hit, he was thinking triple all the way," Mattingly said. "You could see it in his eyes. He shut it down [at second], which he should have. But that is what I have been talking about with him, thinking three until the [outfielder] stops you. I liked that. ''Short hops The Dodgers made their second cut of the spring Friday, optioning pitcher Luis Vasquez, who was added this winter to the 40-man roster, to minor league camp. Dana Eveland, a non-roster pitcher who never appeared in a game because of an injury, was reassigned several days ago. Mattingly said there won't be any more cuts until after this weekend, when the Dodgers have split-squad dates both days. ... Tony Gwynn Jr. had three hits against the Giants, and Andre Ethier went 2 for 4 with a triple and three RBIs. ... Trent Oeltjen, who replaced Kemp in center field in the fifth inning against the Royals, went 2 for 2 with a monstrous solo homer onto the roof of a party tent atop the right-field berm against reliever Danny Duffy. Oeltjen, who is almost certain to begin the season at Triple-A Albuquerque because of the glut of outfielders the Dodgers have in camp, is hitting .364 (4 for 11). Corey Smith, a first baseman the Dodgers borrowed from minor league camp for the day, also homered off Royals reliever Kanekoa Texeira. ... The Dodgers (5-12) have another split-squad Sunday, with one of those games in Las Vegas, where top pitching prospect Rubby De La Rosa will oppose Chicago Cubs right-hander Carlos Zambrano. Meanwhile, back at the (Camelback) Ranch, the Dodgers will host the Chicago White Sox, with Hiroki Kuroda facing Sox lefty John Danks. Tony Jackson covers the Dodgers for ESPNLos Angeles.com. Follow him on Twitter. Sponsored Headlines Comments
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D1289318	https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/iraq-s-natural-resources-and-the-potential-to-tackle-the-world-energy-challenges	Iraqâs Natural Resources and the Potential to Tackle the World Energy Challenges	Home Speech Iraq’s Natural Resources and the Potential to Tackle the World Energy Challenges Foreign Office Minister Lord Howell spoke about Iraq’s natural resources and its potential to tackle the world’s energy challenges at the Iraq Petroleum Conference on 18 June. Published 18 June 2012From: Foreign & Commonwealth Office and The Rt Hon Lord Howell of Guildford This was published under the 2010 to 2015 Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government Delivered on: 18 June 2012 (Transcript of the speech, exactly as it was delivered)Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers, Chairman and expert audience. It gives me great pleasure to be here this morning to address such a distinguished range of guests at the Iraq Petroleum Conference. I would like to thank the CWC Group for the invitation to take part. I remember well our discussions last year and am struck both by how much has changed in Iraq, although also by how many of the familiar challenges remain. Of course, there has been considerable progress as we have heard. To give one more example, oil production in BP’s massive Rumaila field has helped lift Iraq’s oil exports to 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd), overtaking Iran as the region’s second largest oil exporter. And incidentally, this has only been possible thanks to the success of a major project by Foster Wheeler UK to increase export capacity from the south, already up from 1.8 mbd to a potential 2.7 mbd, and on track for much higher levels by the end of next year. I am particularly pleased to be speaking today about the role of Iraq in the global energy picture. How we should respond to changing global energy trends is the vital strategic question that we should be asking at this time and I am delighted to be given this opportunity to share my thoughts on the subject. The Global Energy Challenge The global energy challenge is familiar to us all. We must secure reliable and affordable energy in an increasingly volatile market, while simultaneously reducing the dangerous impact of climate change. Our success at the former is essential to drive our global economic recovery; our success at the latter will define the lives of future generations. Neither can be achieved in isolation. The challenge begins with a familiar story of opposing market fundamentals. We all know that global oil demand, driven by the growing of markets in China and the East, will continue to expand for decades. In 2011 we survived political and other disruptions such as Libya, Fukushima and Syria, yet production is now above consumption. In the long term, there is less certainty. The figures from the International Energy Agency illustrate this well: over the next 25 years, the global demand for oil is predicted to grow by an additional 20 million barrels per day above current demand, while field depletion will remove around 47 million barrels per day from the market supply. This means that by 2035, we will need to find at least 67 million new barrels per day to meet global demand. This is the equivalent of around 3 million barrels per day every year. To put this in some context, when I became Secretary of State for Energy in 1979, conventional oil discoveries exceeded field depletion by almost 14 billion barrels and we were entering a boom in North Sea oil production. The challenges in the Middle East were no easier to reconcile back then, but the market was infinitely more forgiving. It is no understatement to suggest that the resource competition we face ahead is unlike anything that we have faced before, although even these predictions could be up-ended by events such as the shale gas and shale oil revolutions, and the discovery of vast new oil deposits such as Bakken in the US and dwarfing that, Russia’s Bazhenov. And so our struggle for reliable and affordable energy takes us to ever more volatile and inhospitable environments. The technological leaps we have made - from developing unconventional oils to gas-to-liquid production, from the deep pre-salt fields of Brazil to arctic exploration in Siberia - these are testament to our ingenuity and endeavour. I believe that the progress we have seen in Iraq over the past decade is as important as these technological achievements. Iraqi production Iraq has a vital role to play in meeting the global energy challenge, whatever form it takes. The natural wealth of Iraq is immense and its potential significant. It is the nation’s tragedy that historic mismanagement and political repression allowed so little of this wealth to reach its people in the past. Iraq’s challenge, our challenge, is to harness the vast oil lakes beneath Basra and Kirkuk, Baghdad and Erbil, and use them to drive development for the benefit of all Iraqis. Success would be hugely beneficial, not just for the people of Iraq, but for the global energy market too. Iraq has demonstrated an ability and a desire to lead this process, and we should applaud their tenacity and determination. The ambitious targets and investment in domestic infrastructure speak volumes. And the year on year growth in production - as much as three million barrels per day last month, including 2.5 million in exports - demonstrates clearly the technical and innovative capacity the country has never lost. And Iraq boasts not only enviable oil resources, but also substantial natural gas reserves. These must be harnessed for electricity generation first and foremost to unlock Iraq’s domestic economic potential. But gas will also grow to play a major part in Iraq’s exports in the long term. The joint venture between Shell and the South Gas Company shows that Iraq is already thinking in these terms. We should commend this foresight and welcome the contribution that Iraq can soon make to global energy security in gas, as well as in oil. Role in the global market So Iraq deserves to retake its position at the energy top table. Over the next twenty years, it could be that that we will see the country develop into one of the key global players in the energy market. This will bring with it great responsibility. And for this reason, Iraq should be asking itself some important questions about the road ahead. Through investment in spare production capacity, Iraq has the potential to become a stabilising force in the market. I believe that Iraq could be the next swing producer, akin only to Saudi Arabia, and could grow to play a crucial role in steadying the spikes and troughs of the global energy market. Such a move would require significant investment, and a responsible hand at the wheel, but could provide the reliable engine that drives stable and prosperous development for generations to come. It could also help guide OPEC to work more closely with consuming nations through international organisations, including the International Energy Forum, to the mutual benefit of producers and consumers. The divisions that beset OPEC and pit the so-called ‘doves’ against the ‘hawks’ are noteworthy. Iraq could help turn the organisation towards a new and more stabilising path that helps producers and consumers to stabilise supply and demand, whilst seeking to meet Asia’s voracious appetite for energy. But let us not get ahead of ourselves. The oil beneath Iraq has existed for millennia. The country has long had the natural wealth to develop in all the glorious ways we predict today, yet through mismanagement, repression and political turmoil it has singularly failed to do so. The path to realising this potential will not be without difficulty. And this will be compounded by changing global energy trends, as demand shifts from the historic energy hubs in Europe and the West to the rapidly growing markets in the East. Challenges in Iraq Investment is vital. We must work to create an environment where profitable investment is encouraged and can flourish. Trust, confidence, a stable underlying political climate and, of course, physical security are the necessary conditions. In this context, the results of the fourth oil and gas bidding round last month were disappointing, with only three of twelve blocks awarded. A combination of factors, including unattractive contract terms and geologically riskier acreage, led to a lukewarm response from 39 companies that paid the entrance fee to bid. Leaders need to take note of global energy developments. With growth in unconventional gas pushing down prices worldwide, gas production is less attractive than in the past. Some analysts estimated that the blocks on offer needed a $10-20 per barrel fee to be viable - up to ten times the $2 per barrel cost bravely accepted by BP for production in the Rumaila oil field in the first round. And the current political disquiet in Iraq continues to reduce certainty in financial markets. Without stability, the capital that can drive Iraq’s development will stay away. Political leaders need to address this. Unblocking the long-stalled Hydrocarbon Law would be a good start. I don’t believe any of us expect to see a solution in the near future. And though we can point to the record production of the last few months, and take heart from the growing domestic budget, it would be wrong to pretend that this is business as usual. Without a robust legal framework, business cannot operate with confidence. And lack of confidence will ultimately undermine attempts to drive lasting economic and political development in Iraq. The gains from a settled pattern between Erbil and Baghdad would be enormous - with a major stride to end political deadlock, and with Kurdistan ambitions, including a goal of 2 mbd from the region by 2019 - further reinforcing Iraq’s overall prominence in world oil. Businesses also face a number of operational challenges in Iraq which increase the risk to working in the country. Progress must be made to improve the efficiency of imports, and tackle bureaucracy and regulation, if businesses are to be encouraged to invest. The fragile security situation also undermines business operations. I speak to industry regularly about these challenges, and it seems to me that their impact is less on the major oil companies, who have experience operating in fragile environments, but rather more on smaller companies working along the supply chain, whose operations can be seriously impeded. And it is the smaller businesses that often provide the innovative leaps and unique skills that make our grandest ambitions achievable. If Iraq is to play a positive role tackling the global energy challenge, then these companies must be with us on the journey. I know that tackling security is a key priority of the Iraqi Government - and for Prime Minister Al-Maliki personally - and the UK stands beside the government in its work to ensure a substantial and permanent improvement in security for all Iraqis. The UK Government response is that we are providing support to Iraqi institutions and the rule of law under our Arab Partnership agenda, which should help counterbalance some of the dangers of over-centralisation of power. We are working with our Gulf allies to promote greater engagement in Iraq and encouraging the Iraqi government to play a constructive role in key regional issues like the Syria crisis and the Iran challenge. We see strong engagement by both the UK and our partners as essential to promote accountable, inclusive and transparent government, which is in turn essential for robust inward investment flows. Opportunities in Iraq Iraq is a country that brims with potential, in a region that brims with potential. Indeed, greater co-operation between Iraq and its neighbours - and across the region as a whole - would also help to secure success. We are already seeing some progress; the improved relations between Iraq and Kuwait, for instance, which we should welcome. So I believe Iraq is approaching its richest seam. Yes, I see challenges. But I see opportunities too. UK business is ideally positioned to capitalise on these opportunities. Looking around this room today, I see expertise from across the oil sector, from upstream investment analysts to scientists developing the next petrochemical breakthroughs. British industry has a lot to be proud of, especially in the energy field. Our expertise in project management and engineering; in design, manufacture and installation of advanced equipment; in geotechnical and reservoir management; in ground-breaking research and development; and in learning and skills training - all of these can and, I believe, will be essential components of the Iraqi energy story. We know that Iraq will be part of our future, and we must make sure that British industry is part of theirs. Conclusion So it is clear, Ladies and Gentlemen, that a prosperous and secure Iraq will be indispensible for a stable and affordable oil market over the coming years. And success in this will help drive global economic recovery. We must work together to ensure we achieve this ambition; an ambition that is in all of our interest, from humble politicians to captains of industry. Technology and markets will be our friend. Political instability, violence and natural disasters, like the Japanese tsunami and all the Black Swan events, will be the foes to be overcome by innovation, ingenuity and well-regulated market forces, and above all, political wisdom and far-sightedness. It is in our economic interest, for our businessmen and women; it is in the region’s interest, to promote stability and security; it is in our global interest, to drive economic recovery; and, most importantly, it is in Iraq’s interest, to capitalise on its rich natural resources and become the country that its people know it can be. Search the news archive Published 18 June 2012Is this page useful? Yes No Is there anything wrong with this page?
D3343571	http://www.homeadvisor.com/c.Tree-Service.Charlottesville.VA.-12074.html	Tree Services in Charlottesville, VA	Sort By:= Deals FEATUREDBackwoods Sawmill, LLC6 Verified Reviews (410) 454-111210361 Zachary Taylor Highway Unionville , VA 22567Serving Charlottesville Backwood Sawmill, LLC, is a family owned and operated custom lumber and hazardous tree removal ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule Villatoro's Tree Service117 Verified Reviews (202) 715-925720238 Camp Road Culpepper , VA 22701Serving Charlottesville Welcome to Villatoro's Tree Service! We take great pride in our experience, expertise, quality ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule Ward's Tree Service48 Verified Reviews (301) 960-070829180 Raccoon Ford Road Burr Hill , VA 22433Serving Charlottesville Here at Ward's Tree Service, we are dedicated to providing you with exceptional customer service. ... 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See More Get a Quote Top Notch Tree Service16 Verified Reviews Save 10% (540) 474-2222586 Hevener Lane Blue Grass , VA 24413Serving Charlottesville Top Notch Tree Service is committed to excellence in every aspect of our business. We uphold a ... See More Get a Quote A&M Tree and Landscape Service, Inc.108 Verified Reviews (202) 715-914817320 Monrovia Road Orange , VA 22960Serving Charlottesville We are a locally owned and operated company that values honesty and integrity and treats your ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule Smart Saw Tree Service136 Verified Reviews (540) 827-72961748 Cypress Drive Culpeper , VA 22701Serving Charlottesville Smart Saw Tree Service proudly serves its customers with pride, integrity and attention to the ... See More Get a Quote R&R Tree Service10 Verified Reviews (786) 348-1601991 Longview Lane Culpepper , VA 22701Serving Charlottesville We take great pride in the experience, expertise, quality, and customer service that we provide to ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule R W Morris Hauling and Tree Service6 Verified Reviews (434) 989-82721214 SWIFT RUN RDRUCKERSVILLE , VA 22968Serving Charlottesville At R W Morris Hauling and Tree Service, our company is based on the belief that our customers are ... See More Get a Quote Jeovani's Lawncare & Tree Service, LLC56 Verified Reviews Save 10% (540) 219-483319685 Old Orange Road Culpeper , VA 22701Serving Charlottesville We are a locally owned business with over 10 years of experience in the tree and lawn care field. ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule Thompsons Lawncare & Landscape, Inc.27 Verified Reviews (540) 718-08842544 JACKS SHOP RDROCHELLE , VA 22738Serving Charlottesville Thompsons Lawncare & Landscape, Inc. has over 20 years of experience in tree service to include ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule C & J Tree & Landscaping80 Verified Reviews Save 10% (540) 718-279910033 Schoolhouse Lane Rixeyville , VA 22737Serving Charlottesville C & J Tree & Landscaping is here to help you with all of your Tree, Fencing and Lawn Care needs. ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule Garcia Tree Service and Landscaping2 Verified Reviews (540) 622-489513540 Lee Highway Washington , VA 22747Serving Charlottesville Garcia Tree Service & Landscaping is a locally owned and operated company that values honesty, ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule Limb To Limb Tree Service2 Verified Reviews Save 20% (540) 729-78217835 Griffnburg Parkway Boston , VA 22713Serving Charlottesville We are a locally owned and operated company serving Charlottesville an Dc area that values honesty ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule M and R Tree Service1 Verified Review (540) 229-928512061 ALUM SPRINGS RDCULPEPER , VA 22701Serving Charlottesville At M & R Tree Service, we take great pride in our experience, expertise, quality, and the customer ... See More Get a Quote Henry Chandler and Company, Inc.1 Verified Review (434) 842-53003485 James Madison Highway Fork Union , VA 23055Serving Charlottesville Welcome to Henry Chandler and Company, Inc.! We have been in business for 47 years. We take pride ... See More Get a Quote Backwoods Sawmill, LLC2 Verified Reviews (703) 789-045610361 Zachary Taylor Highway Unionville , VA 22567Serving Charlottesville Backwood Sawmill, LLC, is a family owned and operated custom lumber and hazardous tree removal ... See More Get a Quote JZ Tree Service4 Verified Reviews (540) 219-025012159 Coffman Circle Bealeton , VA 22712Serving Charlottesville We are dedicated to providing our clients with the very best in tree removal. With over 9 years of ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule L&L Fencing and Yard Unlimited References Available (540) 718-9333146 Azalea Court Madison , VA 22727Serving Charlottesville We take great pride in our experience, expertise, quality, and customer service that we provide to ... See More Get a Quote Allstate Asphalt and Concrete11 Verified Reviews (434) 229-39832304 Bear Creek Road Russburg , VA 24588Serving Charlottesville We really excel at asphalt and concrete work. We do a wide range of work for driveways. We put the ... See More Get a Quote LCT Tree Service and Lawn Care9 Verified Reviews (443) 200-917814154 Woodland Church Road Culpeper , VA 22701Serving Charlottesville Welcome to LCT Tree Service and Lawn Care. We are here for your landscaping needs. Please ... See More Get a Quote Pricing & Schedule Sortos Tree Service References Available (540) 729-33572024 Birch Drive Culpeper , VA 22701Serving Charlottesville Sortos Tree Service specializes in emergency and routine tree maintenance. If you have a tree ... See More Get a Quote Find the Right Pro. Right Away. Let our Pro Finder technology instantly match you to the perfect pros for your project. Get Matched to Pros Showing 1-25 of 38 < Prev \| 1 \| 2 \| Next >Get leads like these Recent Job Requests for Tree Service Contractors in Charlottesville, VAProject: Remove Trees Location: charlottesville , VADate: 04/11/2018Tree or Shrub: Trees Tree Service Need: Removal What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence Is this an emergency? : No# of Trees and Shrubs: 1Request Stage: Ready to Hire Desired Completion Date: Timing is flexible Covered by Insurance: No Property Owner: Yes Project: Remove Trees Location: Charlottesville , VADate: 04/09/2018Tree or Shrub: Trees Tree Service Need: Removal What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence# of Trees and Shrubs: More than 5Covered by Insurance: No Property Owner: Yes Desired Project Start Date: Unsure about timing Comment: Could use some advice but I am thinking of removing trees along prop line to put a retaining wall up. Project: Remove a Tree Stump Location: Charlottesville , VADate: 04/06/2018# of stumps to be removed: 1Location of tree stump: Back yard Wood Chips: Leave as is What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence Property Owner: Yes Desired Project Start Date: Unsure about timing Comment: We have one mulberry tree that we want removed and hopefully stump ground as well depending on the price. Project: Trim or Remove Shrubs Location: Charlottesville , VADate: 04/04/2018Tree or Shrub: Shrubs or bushes Tree Service Need: Trimming or thinning What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence Is this an emergency? : No Request Stage: Planning & Budgeting Desired Completion Date: More than 2 weeks Project: Remove Trees Location: Charolettesville , VADate: 04/04/2018Tree or Shrub: Trees Tree Service Need: Removal What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence Is this an emergency? : No# of Trees and Shrubs: 1Request Stage: Ready to Hire Desired Completion Date: Timing is flexible Covered by Insurance: No Property Owner: Yes Comment: I'm in need of an estimate for removing a tree that fell into the neighbors yard. Project: Trim Trees Location: Charlottesville , VADate: 04/03/2018Tree or Shrub: Trees Tree Service Need: Both What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence Is this an emergency? : No Request Stage: Ready to Hire Desired Completion Date: Timing is flexible Comment: Need recommendations of which trees should be removed, and in which sequence (if it will be a multi-step process). Project: Remove Trees Location: Charlottesville , VADate: 04/03/2018Tree or Shrub: Trees Tree Service Need: Removal What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence# of Trees and Shrubs: 4-5Covered by Insurance: No Property Owner: Yes Desired Project Start Date: Within a few weeks Comment: Fell three pines right of home Fell large codominant pine in backyard Haul all debris away - felled trees and debris under power line and old telephone poles Project: Remove a Tree Stump Location: Charlottesville , VADate: 03/2018# of stumps to be removed: 2-3Location of tree stump: Front yard Wood Chips: Leave as is What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence Property Owner: Yes Desired Project Start Date: Within a few weeks Comment: I would like an estimate on removing two stumps from my yard. I can send photos if it would help. Project: Remove Trees Location: Charlottesville , VADate: 03/2018Tree or Shrub: Trees Tree Service Need: Removal What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence Is this an emergency? : No# of Trees and Shrubs: 1Request Stage: Ready to Hire Desired Completion Date: Timing is flexible Covered by Insurance: No Property Owner: Yes Comment: We have one mulberry tree that needs removed and the stump ground. Project: Trim or Remove Shrubs Location: Charlottesville , VADate: 03/2018Tree or Shrub: Shrubs or bushes Tree Service Need: Both What kind of location is this? : Home/Residence# of Trees and Shrubs: 2-3Covered by Insurance: No Property Owner: Yes Desired Project Start Date: Within a few weeks Comment: i bought a home in Branchlands last fall and the shrubs in the back near my small deck need to be replaced. I figure a few holly bushes should do it but would liken opinion as well about an azalea which may or may not need replacing. (Can we save it somehow or is it in bad health?) Want my back yard to look better in general)Unscreened Tree Service Contractors in Charlottesville Frank's Tree Service1311 Old Fredricks Rd. Culpeper , VA 22701YES188 Bear Shop Lane Reva , VA 22735Bernal Tree Service & Landscaping215 E. Culpeper St. Culpeper , VA 22701People R Us, LLC302 E. Davis St. , Suite 211Culpeper , VA 22701Harold Walker14108 Catalpa Drive Culpeper , VA 22701Bluehill Lawn, LLC2240 Rocky Top Rd. Charlottesville , VA 22911Arm-Strong Landscaping Ltd., VA 22963Groundhog Services5290 Long Lane Louisa , VA 23093Find Your Business Profile View All Unscreened Pros
D3481330	http://www.vulture.com/2013/03/cheers-writers-memory-of-finale-night.html	A CheersWriterâs Memory of the Showâs Emotional and Drunken Finale Night	sitcom smackdown March 18, 2013 2:30 p.m. A Cheers Writer’s Memory of the Show’s Emotional and Drunken Finale Night By Ken Levine Share Tweet Share Email Photo: NBCWith Cheers in the Sitcom Smackdown championship round and more people caring about this than the World Baseball Classic, I’ve been asked to share a memory or two of my days on Cheers, where I was a writer for most of its run. I was there at the beginning and there at the end, and boy, what a difference. Cheers premiered on September 30, 1982, with the same fanfare reserved for open mike night. Too bad there wasn’t a Nielsen box at Chasen’s restaurant, where we held our premiere party, because it was the only place in America where 30 people were watching the show. Eleven years later, the final episode’s airing on May 20, 1993, was a national phenomenon. 42.4 million households watched it. There’s a lesson in that: If a show bombs the first few weeks out, give it 275 episodes. It’ll find an audience. Remember where you were the night you watched that last episode? I was in the Cheers bar in Boston for the final party, from where Jay Leno would broadcast the Tonight Show later that night. Be my belated guest and join me for all the celebration and humiliation on that fateful evening. The Cheers bar you see on television (now called Cheers, but originally named the Bull & Finch) is owned by a guy named Tom Kershaw. He owns the entire building. Upstairs are lounges and libraries. The festivities began around seven. Thousands of people gathered outside the building and watched the show on two giant Jumbotron TV screens specially set up for the event. My guess is one or both of them are now in Ryan Seacrest’s living room. It had poured earlier in the day, and even the threat of more heavy rain did not deter the crowds. You can’t call yourself a real Cheers fan unless you’re willing to be electrocuted. (To my knowledge, no one was. Or at least very few. )We were not allowed downstairs in the actual bar, where technicians were setting up for The Tonight Show. And to be honest, there wasn’t much to see. Unlike the TV show, the real Cheers bar is tiny. The bar itself is up against the back wall. That night, it was filled with 30 guys in T-shirts toting walkie-talkies named Dave. The party was on the second floor. It was packed with invited guests, VIPs, NBC execs … oh yeah, and a few people who worked on Cheers. Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis was behind me in line at the buffet. Former Red Sock (Sox?) Wade Boggs cut in front of me at the bar. I spent some time with Bob Costas, who I knew from my sportscasting life. There were so few people he knew in that throng that he was actually happy to hang with me. Large monitors were scattered around the room, and this is where most guests watched the show. On the third floor there were two smaller lounges. That is where the cast, Cheers people, and studio and network honchos watched the program. I was sitting next to NBC chairman Bob Wright. Tried to talk him into letting me anchor the Olympics, but he wouldn’t go for it. Whenever there would be a big joke, you could hear thousands of people laugh outside the window. At the time, I thought this is like Evita if Eva Peron told jokes instead of sang. The show ended at eleven. The next half-hour was an emotional tsunami. Everyone was hugging and crying and doing a lot of drinking. We were all completely wrecked. And at the very height of this, a rep from The Tonight Show popped her head in and said, “Okay, we’re ready.” The cast, in no condition to face anybody, much less 40 million people, dutifully trooped downstairs to do the live show. Us non-celeb types stayed back and watched on TV … in horror. They were so drunk they needed designated walkers. They giggled like schoolgirls over nothing, fired spitballs into each other’s mouths, squirted water guns, Woody Harrelson implied he gave oral sex to both Ted Danson and Oliver Stone, and Kirstie Alley sang a song where the only lyric was “dick, dick, dick.” But in fairness, the cast should not be held accountable for anything they said, sang, or did. Imagine you survived the flight from Flight and the minute you crawled out of the plane you had to take your LSATs. Also, I do believe that Jay’s inexperience with running the show at the time contributed to the whole thing falling apart. I’ve always maintained that Letterman would have kept things more in control. Blop!Please update your browser or try a different one. Cheers Cast Drunk by UB77When the actors returned, they were so blitzed they still didn’t realize what a train wreck the show was. Two final memories: During the emotional half-hour from 11 to 11:30, the thousands of fans in the park remained and cheered. At one point, Ted Danson leaned out the window and waved. As a goof, I joined him. I said, “I have a feeling they’re waving for you.” And he said, “Yeah, but a year from now you’ll be working.” Obviously Ted scraped together one or two jobs since that night. Second memory: My partner David Isaacs and I have what we call the “Prince of the City” theory. Simply put, it means the moment you think you’re hot shit is the moment you will be cut back down to size. It never fails. So it’s about 2 a.m., I’m walking back to the hotel. It’s a bit chilly; I’m wearing a trench coat to protect against any more rain. And I’m reflecting on the night and how this little show I’ve been involved with had become a national phenomenon. And I allowed myself to think I must be a pretty damn good writer to be a part of it. Just at that moment, a passing truck roared through a big puddle and I got completely drenched. I mean, sopping wet, soaked to the bone. And I had to laugh. Hail to thee, Prince of the City. Read Ken Levine’s blog about all things TV (and more) at … by Ken Levine.
D1049905	https://www.seemallorca.com/weather	Weather in Mallorca	Weather in Mallorca Get the latest Mallorca weather forecasts Share Last updated on Wed 11th April 2018 at 13:50Thu 12th April 2018 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00Outlook Low Altitude 11°C 9°C 17°C 15°CWind Direction ENE ESE NE NEWind Speed 30km/h 10km/h 20km/h 20km/h Isotherm 0°C 1600m 1700m 2000m 2100m Fri 13th April 2018 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00Outlook Low Altitude 12°C 12°C 17°C 14°CWind Direction NNW N NNW NWind Speed 10km/h 10km/h 20km/h 10km/h Isotherm 0°C 2200m 2100m 2000m 2000m Sat 14th April 2018 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00Outlook Low Altitude 11°C 11°C 17°C 14°CWind Direction NW - - -Wind Speed 0km/h 10km/h 10km/h 20km/h Isotherm 0°C 2000m 1900m 2000m 2100m Climate View Details
D848327	https://www.americanhistoryusa.com/northwest-ordinance-1787-effects/	The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and its Effects	The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and its Effects Dan Bryan, April 8 2012Map of the Northwest Territory, including a depiction of the Township system In its brief existence, the Confederation Congress passed little legislation of lasting import. One of the few exceptions was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which controlled the admission of the Midwest states and laid the legal groundwork for their functioning. One of Thomas Jefferson's often overlooked accomplishments is the work that he devoted to this plan. Less renowned but equally important advocates were Nathan Dane and Rufus King. The ordinance applied to the Northwest Territory, which consisted of the entire Midwest located east of the Mississippi River. Overview of the Northwest Ordinance Admission of new states It had been decided in other acts that the western areas of the United States should be admitted as separate states, and that the currently admitted states would not be allowed to expand. The Northwest Ordinance laid out the details of the admission process. When a territory reached 60,000 people it could create a constitution and apply for statehood. This procedure was first applied to Ohio in 1803, and served as a continuing model for the remainder of the United States. Voting rights and office-holding Any man who owned fifty acres of property in the Northwest Territory was entitled to a vote. More property had to be owned in order to qualify for service in government. These restrictions were commonplace for the United States before the age of Jackson, and designed to restrict the influence of popular passions in the functioning of the new republic. Slavery forbidden in the Northwest Territory Slavery and involuntary servitude were forbidden in the Northwest Territory, thereby making the Ohio River a natural dividing line between the free and slave states of the country. Unanimous consent from the states was required for the Northwest Ordinance to be passed. Thus one might ask -- why did the southern states agree to this provision? There are a couple main reasons. First of all, under the Articles of Confederation, the power of the national government to potentially curtail slavery in the southern states was almost nonexistent. The paranoia that would later define the balance of free and slave states was not yet in full force. Slavery being established in Kentucky and Tennessee, it was also obvious that the remainder of the south would be allowed to adopt that practice without issue. Secondly, the primary crop of most plantations at that time was tobacco. This was a crop that could only be grown profitably with the assistance of slave labor. By outlawing slave labor in the Midwest, the southern planters protected themselves from economic competition (and indeed, after the Civil War some tobacco was eventually grown in the Midwest ). Even though he himself lived in luxury with the aid of slave labor, Jefferson was (sometimes) keen to stop the spread of slavery, and he worked to keep it out of the Northwest Territory. Individual rights preserved Many of the guarantees enshrined in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights were anticipated by the Northwest Ordinance. Freedom of religion Habeas corpus The right to bail and trial by jury No cruel and unusual punishment Right to enter freely into private contracts Right to compensation for eminent domain It is not difficult to see the commonalities between these two documents. The Northwest Ordinance and Land Ownership Surveying and division of the land The Northwest Territory was the first part of the United States to be surveyed under the Public Land Survey System. Land was divided into townships -- measuring 6 miles square. Townships were each divided into 36 sections of a mile square (640 acres). From this point land could be subdivided into smaller lots ("half lots" (320 acres), "quarter lots" (160 acres), and "quarter-quarter lots" (40 acres) were some terms used). Each township was required to maintain one section for public buildings and education. The influence of men like Thomas Jefferson can clearly be seen in this system. The purpose of such small lots was to avoid the concentration of land ownership, and to promote Jefferson's vision of an agrarian republic. Public land sales The national government as well as most state governments owed a large debt to the veterans of the Revolutionary War. In many cases, land was given to them in lieu of back pay, which helped ease the massive deficit that the new government was facing. Wealthier veterans and outright speculators acquired larger plots and sold pieces of them to newer arrivals. A number of different groups obtained land in Ohio after the Northwest Ordinance The influx of war veterans left its mark upon Ohio. For example, Cincinnati was named by General Anthony St. Clair after the Society of the Cincinnati. This was a group of Continental Army officers -- led by George Washington -- who reaffirmed their commitment to the rights and liberties of the Revolution over the lure of power and fame, based on the example of the Roman general Cincinnatus. Northwest Indian War The Shawnee and Miami tribes opposed the new plans and attacked white settlers as they moved into Ohio. At first, they were successful. Two different militias were raised and sent after the Indian tribes, but both of them were defeated at a coast of 800 dead Americans. President Washington then became involved, raising a larger federal army and sending it into the area, under the command of "Mad Anthony" Wayne. This army was more successful, winning a decisive victory at Fallen Timbers in 1794. The result was the Treaty of Greenville, in which the Shawnee and others ceded their claim to most of Ohio. As settlements pushed to the west, similar conflicts were fought in the 1800s, such as the Black Hawk War in Illinois. The Legacy of the Northwest Ordinance In their objective of promoting egalitarianism, the creators of the Northwest Ordinance were largely successful. In spite of speculation and the inevitable abuses, the ownership of land was spread quite evenly across the Midwest, with fewer of the massive estates that came to dominate the southern and eastern regions. By 1840, Cincinnati was a bustling inland city. Kentucky remained a backwater. The wisdom of abolition was clearly seen in the relative prosperity of the Midwest. On his tour of the United States -- nearly fifty years after the Ordinance -- Alexis de Tocqueville discoursed at length about the differences between Ohio and Kentucky. This article concludes with his prescient words:"The State of Ohio is separated from Kentucky just by one river; on either side of it the soil is equally fertile, and the situation equally favorable, and yet everything is different. Here (in Ohio) a population devoured by feverish activity, trying every means to make its fortune; the population seems poor to look at, for they work with their hands, but that work is the source of riches. There (in Kentucky) is a people which makes others work for it and shows little compassion, a people without energy, mettle or the spirit of enterprise... The population of Kentucky, which has been peopled for nearly a century, grows slowly. Ohio only joined the Confederation thirty years ago and has a million inhabitants. Within those thirty years Ohio has become the entrepot for the wealth that goes up and down the Mississippi; it has opened two canals and joined the Gulf of Mexico to the North Coast; meanwhile Kentucky, older and perhaps better placed, stood still. These differences cannot be attributed to any other cause but slavery. It degrades the black population and enervates the white. Its fatal effects are recognized, and yet it is preserved and will be preserved for a long time more..."
D2978963	https://www.amazon.com/Old-World-Christmas-Leaning-Ornament/dp/B00460N8EA	Old World Christmas Leaning Tower Of Pisa Glass Blown Ornament	Home & Kitchen › Home Décor › Home Décor Accents › Ornaments Share Qty: Add to Cart Turn on 1-Click ordering for this browser Other Sellers on Amazon Add to Cart$12.74& FREE Shipping on eligible orders. Details Sold by: Hobby Home Accessories Add to Cart$19.99+ Free Shipping Sold by: Spencer Creek Have one to sell? Sell on Amazon Old World Christmas Old World Christmas Leaning Tower Of Pisa Glass Blown Ornament4.5 out of 5 stars 15 customer reviews List Price: $19.99Price: $12.74FREE Shipping on orders over $25—or get FREE Two-Day Shipping with Amazon Prime You Save: $7.25 (36%)In Stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Gift-wrap available. Hand crafted in age-old tradition using techniques that originated in the 1800's Molten glass is mouth-blown into finely carved molds made exclusively for Old World Christmas Ornaments are all hand-painted and glittered in a series of labor-intensive steps to achieve the beautiful creations Traditionally designed, hand-crafted ornaments Ornaments come shipped in a decorative Old World Christmas gift box10 new from $12.74Explore must-haves for your Living Room Shop by Room offers products for all of your Living Room needs, from couches to area rugs, floor lamps, wall art and more > Shop now Frequently bought together+ +Total price: $60.92Add all three to Cart Add all three to List These items are shipped from and sold by different sellers. Show details This item: Old World Christmas Leaning Tower Of Pisa Glass Blown Ornament $12.74Kurt Adler 5-Inch Glass Rome Cityscape Ornament $28.69Kurt Adler 5-Inch Noble Gems Glass Gondola Ornament $19.49Customers who bought this item also bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Kurt Adler 5-Inch Glass Rome Cityscape Ornament4.0 out of 5 stars 53$28.69Kurt Adler 5-Inch Noble Gems Glass Gondola Ornament3.2 out of 5 stars 31$19.49Kurt Adler C7569 5" Venice Cityscape Glass Ornament5.0 out of 5 stars 4$20.19Kurt Adler 4-Inch Noble Gems Glass British Phone Booth Ornament4.6 out of 5 stars 46$18.07Kurt Adler Glass London City Ornament, 5-Inch4.5 out of 5 stars 59$23.24Old World Christmas Suitcase Glass Blown Ornament4.2 out of 5 stars 35$14.97Customers who viewed this item also viewed Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Kurt Adler 5-Inch Glass Rome Cityscape Ornament4.0 out of 5 stars 53$28.69Kurt Adler Resin Stacked World Signs With Globe Ornament4.3 out of 5 stars 91$11.99Kurt Adler 5-Inch Noble Gems Glass Gondola Ornament3.2 out of 5 stars 31$19.49Kurt Adler C7569 5" Venice Cityscape Glass Ornament5.0 out of 5 stars 4$20.19Old World Christmas Cruise Ship Glass Blown Ornament4.8 out of 5 stars 99$13.98Rome Coliseum Italy Christmas Ornament, Porcelain 2.75" Italian Christmas Ornaments4.7 out of 5 stars 5$12.99Special offers and product promotions Your cost could be $0.00 instead of $12.74! Get a $50 Amazon.com Gift Card instantly upon approval for the Amazon Rewards Visa Card Apply now Have a question? Find answers in product info, Q&As, reviews Product description The Leaning Tower of Pisa is the freestanding bell tower of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. Constructed in stages beginning in 1174, it started to lean when the third of its eight stories was built. It still stands today and is one of the most famous structures in Italy. Product information Product Dimensions 5.2 x 5.2 x 5.2 inches Item Weight 0.32 ounces Shipping Weight 0.32 ounces ( View shipping rates and policies )Manufacturer Old World Christmas ASIN B00460N8EAItem model number 20055Customer Reviews 4.5 out of 5 stars 15 customer reviews 4.5 out of 5 stars Best Sellers Rank #1,077,311 in Home & Kitchen ( See Top 100 in Home & Kitchen)#2,533 in Home & Kitchen > Seasonal Décor > Ornaments#6,717 in Home & Kitchen > Home Décor > Home Décor Accents > Ornaments Feedback If you are a seller for this product, would you like to suggest updates through seller support ? Would you like to tell us about a lower price ? Compare with similar items This item Old World Christmas Leaning Tower Of Pisa Glass Blown Ornament Kurt Adler 5-Inch Glass Rome Cityscape Ornament Kurt Adler Resin Stacked World Signs With Globe Ornament Kurt Adler 5-Inch Noble Gems Glass Gondola Ornament Add to Cart Add to Cart Add to Cart Add to Cart Customer Rating 4 out of 5 stars (15) 4 out of 5 stars (53) 4 out of 5 stars (91) 3 out of 5 stars (31)Price $12.74 $ 12.74 $28.69 $ 28.69 $11.99 $ 11.99 $19.49 $ 19.49Shipping FREE Shipping FREE Shipping FREE Shipping $4.53Sold By Amazon.com Lijo Decor Girtys Giftbox City-Souvenirs Color BLACK,WHITE,GREEN,RED Red Multicolor Red Material Type Glass Glass Polyresin Glass Customer Questions & Answers See questions and answers Customer Reviews4.5 out of 5 stars 154.5 out of 5 stars5 star 80%4 star 13%3 star3 star (0%)0%2 star2 star (0%)0%1 star 7%Share your thoughts with other customers Write a customer review See all 15 customer reviews Top customer reviews Donna Cooper5.0 out of 5 stars Lovely Leaning Tower of Pisa ornament January 13, 2018Verified Purchase Love this ornament. Reminds me of being there. Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse BGSD5.0 out of 5 stars ... bought several of these and the ornaments are really nice. September 28, 2017Verified Purchase I bought several of these and the ornaments are really nice. Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Claudete L N Soares5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars July 28, 2017Verified Purchase The item is as beautifull as described. Thanks Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Amazon Customer5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars December 13, 2017Verified Purchase Beautiful ornament! Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Madison L.4.0 out of 5 stars I love this ornament since I visited Pisa a couple summers ... January 28, 2015Verified Purchase I love this ornament since I visited Pisa a couple summers ago. I rated it 4 because the paint job on it was a little sloppy. But overall, very cute. Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Bricker5.0 out of 5 stars Beautiful Ornament February 8, 2013Verified Purchase Ornament is as expected. Large, colorful, plenty of sparkle. Beautiful as all OWC ornaments are. Came in a white gift box which was perfect for storage from year to year. I would buy again. Read more Comment 3 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Christina5.0 out of 5 stars Perfect Pisa Ornament December 14, 2014Verified Purchase Well made. Good details. Leans appropraitely and stands about 4" tall. Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuseeric braun5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars January 3, 2015Verified Purchasea gift Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse See all 15 reviews Write a customer review Most recent customer reviews Mary Schenk5.0 out of 5 stars Looks so real I loved the colors and the size. Published 1 month ago Sharon A. Rayner5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars Great Christmas ornament. A very good size (5 inches tall) so it looks good hanging on a tree. Published 1 year ago Cynthia Stafford4.0 out of 5 stars The ornament was fine but the tag attached to it was torn in ... The ornament was fine but the tag attached to it was torn in half as if it had been returned. Published on January 20, 2016Amazon Customer5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars:)Published on January 20, 2016Customer5.0 out of 5 stars Just Beautiful.. Just Beautiful... delivered very fast, perfectly wrapped!! I gave it as a Christmas gift and it was a Big Hit!!! Perfect size... just perfect!! Read more Published on March 10, 2015Candace5.0 out of 5 stars Even better in person Gorgeous. Even better in person. Bought for my daughter, as she is traveling to Italy this summer. It is beautiful and shines on the tree. Published on December 27, 2014Search customer reviews Search Set up an Amazon Giveaway Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers. Learn more about Amazon Giveaway This item: Old World Christmas Leaning Tower Of Pisa Glass Blown Ornament Set up a giveaway Customers also shopped for Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Old World Christmas Piggy Bank Glass Blown Ornament4.2 out of 5 stars 13$8.99Old World Christmas Sweet Pickle Glass Blown Ornament3.9 out of 5 stars 25$8.95Old World Christmas Hummingbird Glass Blown Ornament4.6 out of 5 stars 59$13.99Old World Christmas Avocado Glass Blown Ornament4.7 out of 5 stars 46$9.93Old World Christmas Groovy Submarine Glass Blown Ornament5.0 out of 5 stars 4$22.99Old World Christmas Director's Board Glass Blown Ornament4.8 out of 5 stars 18$13.22Pages with related products. See and discover other items: old world christmas by old world christmas, old world ornament, old world ornaments for christmas trees, ornament for loved one, travel christmas tree ornaments, travel christmas ornaments
D1046542	https://www.drugs.com/mca/biopsy-types-of-biopsy-procedures-used-to-diagnose-cancer	Biopsy: Types of biopsy procedures used to diagnose cancer	Bone marrow biopsy Endoscopic biopsy Needle biopsy Skin biopsy Surgical biopsy Biopsy analysis and results Biopsy: Types of biopsy procedures used to diagnose cancer A biopsy is a procedure to remove a piece of tissue or a sample of cells from your body so that it can be analyzed in a laboratory. If you're experiencing certain signs and symptoms or if your doctor has identified an area of concern, you may undergo a biopsy to determine whether you have cancer or some other condition. While imaging tests, such as X-rays, are helpful in detecting masses or areas of abnormality, they alone can't differentiate cancerous cells from noncancerous cells. For the majority of cancers, the only way to make a definitive diagnosis is to perform a biopsy to collect cells for closer examination. Here's a look at the various types of biopsy procedures used to make a cancer diagnosis. Bone marrow biopsy Your doctor may recommend a bone marrow biopsy if an abnormality is detected in your blood or if your doctor suspects cancer has originated in or traveled to your bone marrow. Bone marrow is the spongy material inside some of your larger bones where blood cells are produced. Analyzing a sample of bone marrow may reveal what's causing your blood problem. Bone marrow biopsy is commonly used to diagnose a variety of blood problems — both noncancerous and cancerous — including blood cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. A bone marrow biopsy may also detect cancers that started elsewhere and traveled to the bone marrow. During a bone marrow biopsy, your doctor draws a sample of bone marrow out of the back of your hipbone using a long needle. In some cases, your doctor may biopsy marrow from other bones in your body. You receive a local anesthetic before a bone marrow biopsy in order to minimize discomfort during the procedure. Bone marrow biopsy In a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, a doctor or nurse uses a thin needle to remove a small amount of liquid bone marrow, usually from a spot in the back of your hipbone (pelvis). The second part of the procedure removes a small piece of bone tissue and the enclosed marrow. Endoscopic biopsy During endoscopy, your doctor uses a thin, flexible tube (endoscope) with a light on the end to see structures inside your body. Special tools are passed through the tube to take a small sample of tissue to be analyzed. What type of endoscopic biopsy you undergo depends on where the suspicious area is located. Tubes used in an endoscopic biopsy can be inserted through your mouth, rectum, urinary tract or a small incision in your skin. Examples of endoscopic biopsy procedures include cystoscopy to collect tissue from inside your bladder, bronchoscopy to get tissue from inside your lung and colonoscopy to collect tissue from inside your colon. Depending on the type of endoscopic biopsy you undergo, you may receive a sedative or anesthetic before the procedure. Endoscopy An endoscopy procedure involves inserting a long, flexible tube (endoscope) down your throat and into your esophagus. A tiny camera on the end of the endoscope lets your doctor examine your esophagus, stomach and the beginning of your small intestine (duodenum). Male cystoscopy During a cystoscopy exam, your doctor inserts a thin, flexible device called a cystoscope through the urethra into the bladder. Cystoscopy allows your doctor to view your lower urinary tract to look for abnormalities in the urethra and bladder. Surgical tools can be passed through the cystoscope, if needed, to treat some conditions. Colonoscopy During a colonoscopy, the doctor inserts a colonoscope into your rectum to check for abnormalities in your entire colon. Needle biopsy During a needle biopsy, your doctor uses a special needle to extract cells from a suspicious area. A needle biopsy is often used on tumors that your doctor can feel through your skin, such as suspicious breast lumps and enlarged lymph nodes. When combined with an imaging procedure, such as X-ray, needle biopsy can be used to collect cells from a suspicious area that can't be felt through the skin. Needle biopsy procedures include: Fine-needle aspiration. During fine-needle aspiration, a long, thin needle is inserted into the suspicious area. A syringe is used to draw out fluid and cells for analysis. Core needle biopsy. A larger needle with a cutting tip is used during core needle biopsy to draw a column of tissue out of a suspicious area. Vacuum-assisted biopsy. During vacuum-assisted biopsy, a suction device increases the amount of fluid and cells that is extracted through the needle. This can reduce the number of times the needle must be inserted to collect an adequate sample. Image-guided biopsy. Image-guided biopsy combines an imaging procedure — such as X-ray, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound — with a needle biopsy. Image-guided biopsy allows your doctor to access suspicious areas that can't be felt through the skin, such as abnormalities on the liver, lung or prostate. Using real-time images, your doctor can make sure the needle reaches the correct spot. You'll receive a local anesthetic to numb the area being biopsied in order to minimize the pain. Thyroid biopsy During a thyroid biopsy, your doctor uses a needle to remove a small amount of suspicious tissue from your thyroid gland. An ultrasound transducer is used to create images that help guide the needle to the suspicious area. Core needle biopsy A core needle biopsy uses a long, hollow tube to extract a core of tissue. Here, a biopsy of a suspicious breast lump is being done. The core is sent to a laboratory for testing. Image-guided needle biopsy Your doctor may use an imaging technique, such as ultrasound, during a needle biopsy procedure. Using a real-time image, your doctor can guide the needle into the best position for obtaining a sample of suspicious cells. Image-guided needle biopsy allows your doctor to biopsy suspicious areas that aren't readily seen or felt through your skin, such as your prostate. Liver biopsy A liver biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of liver tissue for laboratory testing. A liver biopsy is commonly performed by inserting a thin needle through your skin and into your liver. Skin biopsy A skin (cutaneous) biopsy removes cells from the surface of your body. A skin biopsy is used most often to diagnose skin conditions, including melanoma and other cancers. What type of skin biopsy you undergo will depend on the type of cancer suspected and the extent of the suspicious cells. Skin biopsy procedures include: Shave biopsy. During a shave biopsy, the doctor uses a tool similar to a razor to scrape the surface of your skin. Punch biopsy. During a punch biopsy, the doctor uses a circular tool to remove a small section of your skin's deeper layers. Incisional biopsy. During an incisional biopsy, the doctor uses a scalpel to remove a small area of skin. Whether you receive stitches to close the biopsy site depends on the amount of skin removed. Excisional biopsy. During an excisional biopsy, the doctor removes an entire lump or an entire area of abnormal skin. You'll likely receive stitches to close the biopsy site. You receive a local anesthetic to numb the biopsy site before the procedure. Punch biopsy During a punch biopsy, a doctor uses a special circular blade to remove deeper layers of skin for testing. Depending on the size, stitches may be necessary to close the wound. Shave biopsy During a shave biopsy, a doctor uses a tool similar to a razor to scrape the surface of the skin. The result is a slightly indented area of your skin. Stitches usually aren't necessary after this procedure. Excisional biopsy During an excisional biopsy, the doctor removes an entire lump or an entire area of abnormal skin, including a portion of normal skin. You'll likely receive stitches to close the biopsy site after this procedure. Surgical biopsy If the cells in question can't be accessed with other biopsy procedures or if other biopsy results have been inconclusive, your doctor may recommend a surgical biopsy. During a surgical biopsy, a surgeon makes an incision in your skin to access the suspicious area of cells. Examples of surgical biopsy procedures include surgery to remove a breast lump for a possible breast cancer diagnosis and surgery to remove a lymph node for a possible lymphoma diagnosis. Surgical biopsy procedures can be used to remove part of an abnormal area of cells (incisional biopsy). Or surgical biopsy may be used to remove an entire area of abnormal cells (excisional biopsy). You may receive local anesthetics to numb the area of the biopsy. Some surgical biopsy procedures require general anesthetics to make you unconscious during the procedure. You may also be required to stay in the hospital for observation after the procedure. Biopsy analysis and results After your doctor obtains a tissue sample, it's sent to a laboratory for analysis. The sample may be chemically treated or frozen and sliced into very thin sections. The sections are placed on glass slides, stained to enhance contrast and studied under a microscope. The results help your doctor determine whether the cells are cancerous. If the cells are cancerous, the biopsy results can tell your doctor where the cancer originated — the type of cancer. A biopsy also helps your doctor determine how aggressive your cancer is — the cancer's grade. The grade is sometimes expressed as a number on a scale of 1 to 4 and is determined by how cancer cells look under the microscope. Low-grade (grade 1) cancers are generally the least aggressive and high-grade (grade 4) cancers are generally the most aggressive. This information may help guide treatment options. Other special tests on the cancer cells also can help to guide treatment choices. In certain cases, such as during surgery, a pathologist examines the sample of cells immediately and results are available to your surgeon within minutes. But in most cases, the results of your biopsy are available in a few days. Some samples may need more time to be analyzed. Ask your doctor how long to expect to wait for your biopsy results. Last updated: December 17th, 2016© 1998-2018 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved. Terms of use
D216860	https://www.yellowpages.com/tecate-ca/county-jail	Tecate, CA County Jail	Home Tecate, CA County Jail Tecate, CA County Jail About Search Results Sort: Default1. Las Colinas Detention Facility9000 Cottonwood Ave Santee, CA 92071 (888) 501-2319Correctional Facilities Website2. San Diego County Sheriffs Office9000 Cottonwood Ave Santee, CA 92071 (619) 258-3176Police Departments Website3. Immigration Detention Facility Locator Serving the Tecate Area. (888) 351-4024Federal Government Website4. Otay Mesa Detention Center7488 Calzada De La Fuente San Diego, CA 92154 (619) 661-3823Correctional Facilities Website5. US Prison Bureau610 W Ash St San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 232-4311Correctional Facilities6. San Diego Metropolitan Detention Center808 Union St San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 232-4311Correctional Facilities Website7. CA Department Of Corr & Rehab480 Alta Rd San Diego, CA 92179 (760) 337-4846Correctional Facilities8. San Diego Correctional Fclty446 Alta Rd San Diego, CA 92158 (619) 661-9119Correctional Facilities Website9. San Diego Correctional Fclty PO Box 439049 San Ysidro, CA 92143 (619) 661-9119Correctional Facilities10. Re-Entry Prison & Jail Ministry251 Landis Ave Chula Vista, CA 91910 (619) 426-4557Correctional Facilities Website11. Correctional Alternatives Inc551 S 35th St San Diego, CA 92113 (619) 232-7522Correctional Facilities Website12. South Dakota Sheriffs Medical Unit1173 Front St San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 615-2454Correctional Facilities13. Corrections Dept Parole1301 Simpson Way Escondido, CA 92029 (760) 737-7925Correctional Facilities Website14. Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility480 Alta Rd San Diego, CA 92179 (619) 661-6500Insurance Correctional Facilities Website15. San Diego County Jail1173 Front St San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 615-2700City, Village & Township Government Website16. South Bay Detention Facility500 3rd Ave Ste Lwr Chula Vista, CA 91910 (619) 213-1433Government Offices Website From Business: Founded in 1982, South Bay Detention Facility accommodates more than 400 inmates. It is a nonbooking facility that includes two detention levels. The facility off…17. George F Bailey Detention446 Alta Rd San Diego, CA 92158 (619) 661-2620County & Parish Government18. San Diego County Sheriffs Office446 Alta Rd # 5200 San Diego, CA 92158 (619) 210-0334County & Parish Government We found 18 results
D646427	https://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Diane_Paggioli.html	About Dr. Diane M Paggioli	About Dr. Diane M Paggioli Dr. Diane M Paggioli, DO is a Doctor primarily located in Brockton, MA, with another office in Brockton, MA. She has 17 years of experience. Her specialties include Medical Oncology, Hematology and Internal Medicine . She speaks English. Rating Overview5 Ratings with 1 Comment3.2The overall average patient rating of Dr. Diane M Paggioli is Good . Dr. Diane M Paggioli has been rated by 5 patients. From those 5 patients 1 of those left a comment along with their rating. The overall rating for Dr. Diane M Paggioli is 3.2 of 5.0 stars.read reviews Write a Review Primary Address SMG BROCKTON235 N Pearl St Brockton, MA 02301 (508) 427-3075Directions Insurances SMG REGIONAL HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY AT BROCKTON830 Oak St Ste 123EBrockton, MA 02301 (617) 526-5359Directions Insurances Specialties Dr. Diane M Paggioli has the following 3 specialties Medical Oncology Think of an oncologist as your main physician for cancer care. After being diagnosed, you’ll meet regularly with an oncologist to explore and manage your treatment options, as well as monitor your condition throughout the process. Medical oncologists are extremely knowledgeable in various types of cancer treatment and can recommend the right method for the type and stage of cancer you’re facing. They may also refer you to additional specialists throughout your care, but they will always be your home base for questions and support. It’s also worth mentioning that medical oncologists deal mostly with solid tumors while hematologists specialize in cancers that involve blood disorders, such as leukemia. Hematology Internal Medicine Care Guides Birth Control Facts about birth control to help decide which type is right for you. Lung Cancer Get lung cancer facts, including risk for developing it. Metastatic Melanoma The facts about metastatic melanoma, a serious skin cancer. View All Care Guides Prepare for your next visit with our extensive library of Care Guides Specialty Expertise Dr. Diane M Paggioli has the following 6 expertise Cancer Hepatitis CDeep Vein Thrombosis Acute Myeloid Leukemia Leukemia Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia Dr. Diane M Paggioli has 0 board certified specialties See the board certifications this doctor has received. Board certifications provide confidence that this doctor meets the nationally recognized standards for education, knowledge and experienceview certifications Reviews Showing 1 of 5Please find another Doctor Self-verified patient of Dr. Diane M Paggioli - Posted on April 9th, 2014Bad bed side matter nurses in SCH were great Rating Breakdown View All Write a Review Education17 Years Experience University Of New England College Of Osteopathic Medicine Graduated in 2001Accepted Insurance Dr. Diane M Paggioli accepts the following insurance providers. Aetna Aetna Choice POS IIAetna HMOBCBS Massachusetts BCBS MA Blue Care Elect PPOBCBS MA HMO Blue with Managed Care Behavioral Health BCBS MA Preferred Blue PPOHarvard Pilgrim Harvard Pilgrim HMOHarvard Pilgrim PPOTufts Health Plan Tufts PPOUnited Healthcare UHC Choice Plus POSUHC Navigate HMOUHC Navigate POSUHC Options PPOLocations & Directions▼Showing directions for: Similiar Doctors Dr. Diane M Paggioli is similar to the following 3 Doctors near Brockton, MA. Karim S Malek Hematology, Medical Oncology Brockton, MA 0.39 mi3.9 (18)Dr. Meredith G Faggen Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Hematology, Medical Oncology South Weymouth, MA 7.85 mi2.4 (7)16Dr. Anne E Roberge Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine East Weymouth, MA 9.15 mi3.7 (3)29
D1989054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphosphoric_acid	Phosphoric acids and phosphates	Phosphoric acids and phosphates From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Polyphosphoric acid)navigation search There are various kinds of phosphoric acids and phosphates. Of the many phosphorus oxoacids, the phosphoric acids constitute the largest and most diverse group. The simplest phosphoric acid series begins with monophosphoric (orthophosphoric) acid, continues with many oligophosphoric acids such as diphosphoric (pyrophosphoric) acid and concludes in the polyphosphoric acids. But, phosphoric acid units can bind together into rings or cyclic structures, chains (catenas), or branched structures, with various combinations possible. Each of these can form phosphates ( salts or esters of phosphoric acids). Contents [ hide ]1 Orthophosphoric acid2 Orthophosphate3 Polyphosphoric acids4 Polyphosphates4.1 Linear polyphosphates4.2 Metaphosphoric acids and metaphosphates4.3 Branched polyphosphates4.4 Hydrolysis of polyphosphoric/polyphosphates5 Phosphate and phosphite esters6 See also7 References8 Further reading9 External links Orthophosphoric acid [ edit]Main article: Phosphoric acid The simplest compound of a series of phosphoric acids is sometimes called by its common name, orthophosphoric acid, but more often called by its IUPAC name, simply phosphoric acid, by both non-technical people and even many chemists. It has also been called monophosphoric acid. [1] The chemical formula of orthophosphoric acid is H 3 PO 4 and its chemical structure is shown in the illustration below. Two or more orthophosphoric acid molecules can be joined by condensation into larger molecules by elimination of water. This way, a series of polyphosphoric acids can be obtained. Orthophosphoric acid H 3 PO 4Pyrophosphoric acid H 4 P 2 O 7Tripolyphosphoric acid H 5 P 3 O 10Tetrapolyphosphoric acid H 6 P 4 O 13Trimetaphosphoric acid H 3 P 3 O 9Phosphoric anhydride P 4 O 10Orthophosphate [ edit]Orthophosphoric acid has three hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atoms in its structure. All three hydrogens are acidic to varying degrees and can be lost from the molecule as H + ions (alternatively referred to as protons). When all three H + ions are lost from orthophosphoric acid, an orthophosphate ion (PO 4 3−) is formed. Orthophosphate is the simplest in a series of phosphates, and is usually just called phosphate by both non-technical people and many chemists alike; see a separate article on phosphate for details. Because orthophosphoric acid can undergo as many as three dissociations or ionizations (losses of H + ions), it has three acid dissociation constants called K a1, K a2, and K a3. Another way to provide acid dissociation constant data is to list p K a1, p K a2, and p K a3 instead. Orthophosphate is in a sense the triple conjugate base of phosphoric acid and has three related basicity constants, K b1, K b2, and K b3, which likewise have corresponding p K b1, p K b2, and p K b3 values. Polyphosphoric acids [ edit]Polyphosphoric acid When two orthophosphoric acid molecules are condensed into one molecule, pyrophosphoric acid (H 4 P 2 O 7) is obtained as follows:2 H 3 PO 4 → H 4 P 2 O 7 + H 2 OThe chemical structure of pyrophosphoric acid is also shown in the illustration. Three orthophosphoric acid molecules can condense in a row to obtain tripolyphosphoric acid (H 5 P 3 O 10 ), which is also shown in the illustration. This condensation process can continue with additional orthophosphoric acid units to obtain tetrapolyphosphoric acid (H 6 P 4 O 13, pictured) and so on. Note that each extra phosphoric unit adds 1 extra H ( hydrogen) atom, 1 extra P ( phosphorus) atom, and 3 extra O ( oxygen) atoms. The "backbone" chain of these types of molecules consists of alternating P and O atoms covalently bonded together. Polyphosphoric acid molecules can have dozens of such phosphoric units bonded in a row. A general formula for such poly-acid compounds is HO (PO 2 OH) x H, where x = number of phosphoric units in the molecule. The four oxygen atoms bonded to each phosphorus atom are in a tetrahedral configuration with the phosphorus in the center of the tetrahedron and the oxygens in each of the four corners. Polyphosphoric acids are used in organic synthesis for cyclizations and acylations. [2] [3]Polyphosphates [ edit]Main article: Polyphosphate Linear polyphosphates [ edit]In a pyrophosphoric acid molecule, there are four hydrogens bonded to oxygens, and one, two, three, or all four can be lost as H + ions. When all four are lost from pyrophosphoric acid, a pyrophosphate ion is formed. Because pyrophosphoric acids can undergo four dissociations, there are four K a values for it, as well as four corresponding p K a values. Similarly, pyrophosphate is a base with four K b and, of course, four p K b values for regaining the H + ions in reverse order. The situation with higher order polyphosphoric acids and polyphosphates continues in a similar way. Tripolyphosphoric acid can lose up to five H + ions to form a tripolyphosphate ion, tetrapolyphosphoric acid can lose up to six H + ions to form tetrapolyphosphate, etc. As more dissociations per molecule are possible, the intervals between individual p K a and p K b values now start becoming smaller on the p H scale. As the polyphosphoric molecules grow increasingly larger and more complex, practically any number of the somewhat acidic -OH groups in them can dissociate to become negatively charged oxygens, forming numerous combinations of multiple-charged polyphosphoric/polyphosphate anions. Generally in an aqueous solution, the degree or percentage of dissociation depends on the p H of the solution. Ortho-, pyro-, and tripolyphosphate compounds have been commonly used in detergents (i. e. cleaners) formulations. For example, see Sodium tripolyphosphate. Sometimes pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate, etc. are called diphosphate, triphosphate, tetraphosphate, etc., especially when they are part of phosphate esters in biochemistry. They are also used for scale and corrosion control by potable water providers. [4] As a corrosion inhibitor, polyphosphates work by forming a protective film on the interior surface of pipes. [5]Metaphosphoric acids and metaphosphates [ edit]The phosphoric acid units can be bonded together in rings (cyclic structures) forming metaphosphoric acid molecules. The simplest such compound is trimetaphosphoric acid or cyclo-triphosphoric acid having the formula H 3 P 3 O 9. Its structure is shown in the illustration. Since the ends are condensed, its formula has one less H 2 O (water) than tripolyphosphoric acid. What are commonly called trimetaphosphates actually have a mixture of ring sizes. A general formula for such cyclic compounds is (HPO 3) x where x = number of phosphoric units in the molecule. The hypothetical monomer monometaphosphoric acid (HPO 3 ), which would be valence isoelectronic with nitric acid, is not known to exist. When these metaphosphoric acids lose their hydrogens as H +, cyclic anions called metaphosphates are formed. An example of a compound with such an anion is sodium hexametaphosphate (Na 6 P 6 O 18 ), used as a sequestrant and a food additive. Branched polyphosphates [ edit]The third -OH group on an orthophosphoric acid unit can also be used for condensation with other phosphoric groups to form branches in the polyphosphoric/polyphosphate chains. The ultimate example of cyclic and branching condensation would be the cyclic four-phosphate unit double-branched to form the phosphoric anhydride P 4 O 10; see illustration. Hydrolysis of polyphosphoric/polyphosphates [ edit]These phosphoric acids series are generally water - soluble considering the polarity of the molecules. Ammonium and alkali phosphates are also quite soluble in water. The alkaline earth salts start becoming less soluble and phosphate salts of various other metals are even less soluble. In aqueous solutions (solutions of water), water gradually (over the course of hours) hydrolyzes polyphosphates into smaller phosphates and finally into ortho-phosphate, given enough water. Higher temperature or acidic conditions can speed up the hydrolysis reactions considerably. [6]Conversely, polyphosphoric acids or polyphosphates are often formed by dehydrating a phosphoric acid solution; in other words, removing water from it often by heating and evaporating the water off. Phosphate and phosphite esters [ edit]General Chemical Structure of an ortho- (or mono-) phosph a te ester. Here any R can be H or some other organic radical The -OH groups in phosphoric acids can also condense with the hydroxyl groups of alcohols to form phosphate esters. Since orthophosphoric acid has three -OH groups, it can esterify with one, two, or three alcohol molecules to form a mono-, di-, or triester. See the general structure image of an ortho- (or mono-) phosphate ester below on the left, where any of the R groups can be a hydrogen or an organic radical. Pyro- (or di-) phosphate esters and tripoly- (or tri-) phosphate esters, etc. are also possible. Any -OH groups on the phosphates in these ester molecules may lose H + ions to form anions, again depending on the p H in a solution. In the biochemistry of living organisms, there are many kinds of (mono)phosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate compounds (essentially esters ), many of which play a significant role in metabolism such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and triphosphate (ATP). General Chemical Structure of a phosph i te ester . Here any R can be H or some other organic radical Similarly, phosphorous acid can bond with alcohol molecules to form a phosphite ester. See the general structure image below on the right. The two dots on the P represent the lone electron pair of the phosphorus atom. See also [ edit]Adenosine monophosphate Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Nucleoside triphosphate Organophosphate Phosphonic acid Phosphoramidate Ribonucleoside monophosphate Superphosphate References [ edit]^ Robertson DS (2004). "A possible natural antibacterial compound in the human metabolism". Med. Hypotheses. 63 (3): 554–5. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.04.007. PMID 15288387.^ Harwood, Laurence M.; Hodgkinson, Leslie C.; Sutherland, James K.; Towers, Patrick (1984). "Synthesis of anthracyclinones. Part 1. Regioselective alkylation of 5-hydroxyquinizarin". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 62 (10): 1922–1925. doi: 10.1139/v84-329.^ Nakazawa, Koichi; Matsuura, Shin; Kusuda, Kosuke (1954). "Studies on the Application of Polyphosphoric Acid as a Condensing Agent. II Nuclear Acylation of Phenol and Anisole by Means of Carboxylic Acids. (Syntheses of 4-Hydroxy- and 4-Methoxyacylophenones)". Pharamaceutical Society of Japan. 74 (5): 495–497.^ "Polyphosphates for scale and corrosion control". Tramfloc, INC. January 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2010.^ "Ortho-Polyphosphate Corrosion Inhibitors" (PDF). Government Engineering: The Journal for Public Infrastructure (September–October, 2006): 48–49. Retrieved December 23, 2010.^ "Phosphoric acid and phosphates". Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New York: The Interscience Encyclopedia, Inc. 1953. p. 421. Further reading [ edit]Schröder HC, Kurz L, Muller WE, Lorenz B (Mar 2000). "Polyphosphate in bone" (PDF). Biochemistry (Moscow). 65 (3): 296–303. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-25. External links [ edit]Determination of Polyphosphates Using Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection, Application Note 71 by Dionex US 3044851 [ show]v t e Phosphorus compounds Categories: Dietary minerals Inorganic compounds Phosphates Phosphorus compounds Pyrophosphates Reagents for organic chemistry
D1395909	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Visual_Rhetoric/Semiotics_and_Visual_Rhetoric	Visual Rhetoric/Semiotics and Visual Rhetoric	Visual Rhetoric/Semiotics and Visual Rhetoric< Visual Rhetoric This page may need to be reviewed for quality.navigation search Contents [ hide ]1 Basics of Semiotics2 Social Semiotics3 Semiotics Landscapes4 Conclusion5 Works Cited Basics of Semiotics [ edit]Signs A general definition of semiotics is the study of signs and sign systems. The basic unit of meaning is the 'sign': anything which can represent a thing or an idea. Human beings create meanings for the things they perceive by incorporating ideas into their interpretations of objects which can be triggered by visual cues. The word sign itself can have multiple meanings. A sign can be anything from a literal sign such as a stop/yield road sign, to knowing that the word 'dog' is representative of an animal with four legs and a tail. There are three basic kinds of signs: icons, indexes and symbols. An icon is a sign that resembles its object. An Index is a sign that is physically connected to its object. A Symbol is an arbitrary representation of an object. Analogy: How a Sign 'works'As part of an introduction to semiotics, it may be helpful to discuss analogy: the relationship between established meaning (experience) and new stimuli through symbols (verbal or visual). Douglas R. Hofstadter, a noted author, cognitive scientist from Indiana University delivered a speech on the subject to an audience at Stanford University as part of the Standford Presidential Lecture series. [ [1]] Hofstadter starts by explaining how, throughout our lives, we build our "mental lexicon" through what he calls chunking: (par. 18) "taking 'small' concepts and putting them together into bigger and bigger ones, thus recursively building up a giant repertoire of concepts in the mind." (par. 7) To demonstrate first how lexicon building influences our ability to understand symbols and signs through analogy, I'll share a personal story: I have a friend who has a little girl who is just learning to speak. The other day we were on a walk in a local park together enjoying the first signs of spring. During this walk, her daughter started to fuss and I asked her mom what might be the matter. Her mom said that she wanted an "s-n-a-c-k". This was a real-life demonstration of how a lexicon (in this case, of language) is gradually built. Her daughter knew the word 'snack', when vocalized, so she couldn't say it because she was out of snacks and hearing the word would make her fuss more. To communicate that to me, she spelled it; a function that her daughter had not yet developed because her lexicon was based in sounds, not strings of letters to make the word associated with that sound. Subtle examples of analogy are found in words and images we see and hear every day. Dr. Hofstadter illustrates this as a progressive process starting with single words, then compound words, then phrases, etc. (par. 19) Through what Hofstadter refers to chunking, and also, pattern matching, isomorphism and other functions associated with analogy, we achieve increasingly complex meaning with increasing abstraction from the root of that meaning. Understanding that we interpret 'signs' based on our earliest experiences—even rudimentary shapes, colors, and concepts—helps us know how to approach semiotics in a practical way. Semiotic Theory Semiotic theory explains the process by which meaning is found through perception and interpretation of signs. The semiotic triangle shows a good representation of how exactly one begins to perceive signs and process the rhetoric. File: Semiotic.triangle.gif This model explains the way we process a perception of something that exists in the physical world, the concept or idea that object is said to refer to, and a thought or image that is representative in the mind. Semiology and its Relationship to Verbal Text Within semiotics there is a debate between the amount to which the meaning of visual images can be shared and understood in themselves, or if their meaning is instead based on some prior verbal knowledge. In Roland Barthes essay Rhetoric of the Image, he argues that images, and their symbolic meanings, are always contingent upon verbal text. Barthes claims that in order to reach the shared meaning, verbal text must enforce the visual with evidence. While Barthes says that the image or the text can come first, without the text, the visual alone is too ambiguous. Kress and van Leeuwen oppose Barthes opinion of semiotics in their book Reading Images. They do not believe that text is unimportant but simply that visual images can accomplish the same message and meaning that text can, but perhaps in a different way. Kress and van Leeuwen oppose Barthes opinion of semiotics in their book Reading Images. They do not believe that text is unimportant but simply that visual images can accomplish the same message and meaning that text can, but perhaps in a different way Uncoded Naturalistic Representations v. Stylized Conceptual Images The way that an image is either simplified or generalized can make that image more applicable to standard ideas and culturally shared notions. A graphic picture of a house which is made standard, rather than a detailed photograph, becomes more of an analogy of our understanding of a house rather than a specific house. On the other hand a photograph or a fairly detailed painting is easily interpreted as a representation of something from reality and therefore this is a message without a code. Images are depicted in specific ways, and with accompanying codes, in order to draw out certain meaning. If an advertising campaign wants to reach the most people they may try and use a coded picture of a child, making it very standardized and lacking detail, perhaps even in black and white. This makes the object more of a sign and a representation of a child than having the object seem like a particular person whom they don't actually know and won't be able to relate to as well. Semiotic Modes Semiotic modes vary by the qualities of the medium and backgrounds of each specific type of visual object. Social Semiotics [ edit]Social Semiotics is defined by Kress and van Leeuwen as 'the use of signs, symbols, and icons whose meanings are socially agreed upon and culturally-bound.' Understanding the way semiotics operates starts with understanding the nature in which visual communication is coded. It is coded by the way that we establish social and cultural codes manifested within images. We do not realize how explicitly coded visual images are because they become so ingrained in our understanding and behaviors as easily as walking, talking, waving hello, or driving on the correct side of the road. These are all things that we learn through a constant process of socialization just as we learn what visual images mean. Cultural visual rhetoric relies heavily on signs because of how important signs are to every individual. Culture has a great impact on one's use and interpretation of signs. All societies in their nature use signs symbols and other shared ideas and objects in order to create and establish community through commonalties. Visual signs are just another way that societies come to develop and follow a shared culture. Signs are intentional and motivated, but their motivations are not universal. Culture has a huge impact on these motivations, and every culture has differences in this regard. Simply put, a visual must be interpreted either by someone from the same culture as the person who created it or by someone who understands the rules and systems that typify that person’s culture. Taken out of a cultural context images and signs can mean very different things. Although semiotics and signs can be analyzed and unified by culturally accepted signs, the mediums and manifestations, the type of visual rhetoric be it narrative or conceptual, will all determine the individual interpretations. A picture of a tree will be seen as a tree to each person usually, but it may signify many different things. For one person they may see the tree as clean air, or to someone else history, or to someone else family origins. Semiotics Landscapes [ edit]As noted earlier in the chapter, semiotics, in its most basic definition, is the study of signs and symbols. The word sign itself has ambiguous meanings depending on what is being analyzed. However we shall use this example again in order to understand how broad of a spectrum interpretation of both images and language is on any level of communication. It is important to understand that every individual has his or her own social history (mental lexicon) and own way (analogy pathways) of interpreting images. In many cases, interpretations of an image or sign may be similar or identical from one person to another; however, it cannot be assumed that this will be the case for every image and every person regardless of culture, history and time. Verbal and visual rhetoric are often intertwined when it comes to their interpretation, often-verbal rhetoric triggers some sort of visual depiction in our minds and imagination. The images that we recall when stimulated by various words various from person to person just as an image may inspire different thoughts and ideas. A Hearty Example When one hears, the word ‘heart’ one is able to correlate images with possible definitions, or interpret and encode the sound to have a particular meaning. The sound for ‘heart’ [hahrt], could potentially mean, the innermost or central part of anything or the center of the total personality, especially with reference to intuition, feeling, or emotion; or in its anatomical form, a hollow, pump-like organ of blood circulation, composed mainly of rhythmically contractile smooth muscle, located in the chest between the lungs and slightly to the left and consisting of four chambers. On the other hand, perhaps hearing the sound for 'heart', you misinterpret it for the word ‘hart’, which could mean a male deer, especially an adult male red deer. Homonyms like these present a particular challenge when hearing alone without the added stability of context, or the additional clarity of their written form. All of these meanings for the verbalized sound, pronounced 'heart' are related and attached through analogy and all have a common source of high abstraction and low complexity. The simplest and most dominant analogy pathway (the path of least resistance) is the first one utilized unless further clarification dictates otherwise. We may start by visualizing a valentine's card or open-heart surgery but end up realizing, through context, that the topic is actually 'hart', an adult male red deer. Semiotic Landscape: A Defintion A Semiotic Landscape is defined by Kress and Van Leeuwen as the construction of signs and symbols in a way that forms an understanding of meanings within and across cultures. Any landscape is made up of human and social interaction and production but also the effect of the land itself. A visual object is made up of its materials and corresponding signs as well as the context of the culture and its unique place among that culture. Landscaping in Different Cultures There are many cases where visual images can mean many different things depending on the context. The rainbow for example, even within one society, means many different things. The rainbow originates from science and depicts the range of the light spectrum. In nature, the rainbow is simply colors, which exist in light. The rainbow came to mean luck and happiness. Seeing a rainbow in the sky holds a particular meaning. The medium of nature makes a rainbow a beautiful and often considered a lucky sighting. Rainbows are seen in many different places representing these things in themselves but taken out of its natural context rainbows have also come to symbolize that a person is or supports the homosexual lifestyle. All of these meanings are true and legitimate within the American culture. Depending on the context, that the rainbow is viewed among people will be able to take away the intended meaning. As mentioned previously, interpretations are dependent on the social and cultural background of the individual. Words, images and gestures can hold different meanings for whoever the interpreter is. Similar to the rainbow example, non-verbal communication, including hand gestures and facial expressions, differs accordingly in various cultures. The reason for this is that every cultural group is different; both in the way they assign meaning to 'things' and, in some cases, the meaning that is assigned. It follows then, that the mental lexicon and analogy pathway of a child raised in Europe will differ from that of a child raised in Indochina. The result of this is evident in innumerable ways of experiencing, interpreting, internalizing, and then reacting to the world around them. File: Hand2. JPGConclusion [ edit]Visual communication and visual images have many similarities and differences in relation to verbal. In essence verbal communication is based off of visual symbols but the way that these two modes have been defined and thought in our society have caused them to appear stratified. In order to see the connections between the modes we must bring ourselves back to the idea of shared meanings and how we interpret all information that we are presented with. Semiotics, like texts, is based on our prior knowledge of an object or idea, combined with the context it is being presented and ending in a specific meaning or sets of meanings. Semiotics operates on a daily basis and in almost every moment of our lives. Semiotics as we have said before is recognizing simply cues and incorporating them into our lives. In order to understand the way that visual images can be understood similar to verbal images, it is important to start from the building blocks and remember that visual images too have been learned and established over time. In essence, any physical sign can constitute visual rhetoric. According to one of the Definitions of Visual Rhetoric, “…using images to convince people instead of using words” is a staple of visual rhetoric. Employing this definition with the definition of a sign, the definition of a sign can be readjusted to say that a sign is actually simply a tool of visual rhetoricians. Therefore, if semiotics is the study of signs, then semiotics is really a study of the building blocks of visual rhetoric. In other words, semiotics is immeasurably important to the study of visual rhetoric. Works Cited [ edit]Barthes, Roland "Rhetoric of the Image" Visual Rhetoric in a Visual World: A critical Sourcebook. Ed. Carolyn Handa. Bedford/St. Martin's: March 12, 2004. Hofstadter, Douglas R. Analogy as the Core of Cognition. Stanford Presidential Lectures in the Humanities and Arts. Stanford University. Mar. 2007 < http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/hofstadter/analogy.html >. Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen (1996): Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge"HFCL GLOSSARY S" http://www.rdillman.com/HFCL/GLOSS/hfclgloss S.html#TOPCategory: Book: Visual Rhetoric
D1498759	https://patch.com/pennsylvania/westchester/westtown-amish-market-opens-rave-reviews	Westtown Amish Market Opens To Rave Reviews	BY ED WILLIAMS, The Town Dish.com WEST CHESTER, PA - After months of speculation, rumors and posted signs, the Westtown Amish Market finally opened its doors just a week prior to the New Year holiday. Situated in a former Acme building in the Westtown Village Shopping Center at routes 202 and 926, this Pennsylvania Dutch food lovers' paradise was, in fact, well worth the wait. Build it and they will come. In droves. I visited no less than four times during the opening week (more about why so many times later), and every time I entered the place it was packed. Folks with armloads of farm fresh meat, hot rotisserie chickens and ready-to-bake crab cakes were making their way out to the overstuffed parking lot. Amos Stoltzfus, the Lancaster County farmer who built and oversees the entire business, shared modestly, "We're glad we designed the aisles wider than originally planned because of the crowds, but we can always hope for more traffic. Everyone seems excited that we're part of the neighborhood. "Stoltzfus also manages other successful farm markets in Princeton and Mullica Hill, New Jersey, as well as in Annapolis, Maryland. Aiming to get a literal taste of the place, I opted for farm fresh eggs, potatoes, toast and crispy scrapple for breakfast (for a reasonable $6.99) from the sit-down counter of the H&L Grill, located just inside the entrance. As I finished my coffee, I observed the throngs of locals circulating while I attempted to pinpoint a demographic. Who patronizes this type of farm market environment? Subscribe Young families with strollers, middle-aged couples perusing produce and pies, senior citizens, grandparents and even small groups of teens were out to see what the excitement was all about. The space is large with tall ceilings, while well-constructed light-colored wood tones throughout give it that farm-stand look with a focus on simplicity. Most of the workers wear traditional Amish garb, which provides that definitive Lancaster County ambience. Shopper Ellen Rulon, with her daughters and grandsons in tow from West Chester's Chatwood neighborhood, pointed out, "It's definitely an enjoyable experience. It's like a year-round harvest time here with the farm fresh eggs, meats, vegetables and fruit." Daughter Tara mirrored, "This is such an awesome new market in a perfect spot in the county. I could spend all day here. And everyone who works here is so knowledgable and pleasant." "When you first walk through the doors the tantalizing aromas intrigue your senses. This market is a wonderful addition to our town!" summed up daughter Holly. Just under 25,000 square feet of space will now be home to a plethora of welcome businesses, including Old Barn Candies and Bulk Foods (where I ended up purchasing five dozen chocolate-covered strawberries over my four-visit period for various holiday events I was attending), Stoltzfus Fresh and BBQ Poultry (I took advantage of a sizable wing selection and take-out dinners), Sugartown Smoked Specialties (packaged fish, fowl and game) and Dutch Family Fresh Meats (I purchased bread and herb stuffed pork chops to bake at home that were exceptional). Other worthwhile booths to check out are Capt'n Chucky's Crab Cake Co. (serious quality crab), Hand Rolled Pretzels, Fishers Salads (includes eat-in salad and smoothie bars) and Emma's Healthy Choices (chock-full of herbal and oil remedies, salts, teas and soaps). King's Market rolls out the fresh produce (with some of the cleanest brussels sprouts I've purchased in a while), Stoltzfus Cheese and Deli has all your cheese needs (I came home with an earthy bleu and a raw milk cheddar that both were smooth and savory) and of course a baked goods market stacks sticky buns, gourmet donuts, pies, cakes and can't-live-without Pennsylvania Dutch whoopie pies. A full-on selection of new well-built Amish furniture for sale rests in the left side of the market with a pet goodie section and craft shop. A beautifully appointed Paradocx Winery kiosk completes this farm market tour de force. This is a food shopping experience the area has certainly been hungering for, so don't just sit there. Get up and experience this taste of Americana right at our county's doorstep. Be prepared to browse, shop and sample some great food. And stop by to say hello to Rose at the chocolate-covered strawberry counter (ask about chocolate-covered bacon! ).
D1139856	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Texas	Flint, Texas	Flint Unincorporated community Flint Location within the state of Texas Show map of Texas Show map of the USShow all Coordinates: 32°12′15″N 95°20′55″WCoordinates: 32°12′15″N 95°20′55″WCountry United States State Texas County Smith Elevation 522 ft (159 m)Time zone Central (CST) ( UTC-6)• Summer ( DST) CDT ( UTC-5)ZIP codes 75762GNIS feature ID 1335957Flint is an unincorporated community in southwestern Smith County, Texas, United States. It lies along State F. M. 2493 south of the city of Tyler, the county seat of Smith County. [1] Its elevation is 522 feet (159 m). [2] Although Flint is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 75762. [3]History [ edit]The town was named for Robert P. Flynt, a local landowner but the post office began operations in 1887 under the spelling "Flint" when postmaster Charles B. Brown misspelled the name on application forms. Climate [ edit]Flint is considered to be part of the humid subtropical region. References [ edit]^ Rand Mc Nally. The Road Atlas '08. Chicago: Rand Mc Nally, 2008, p. 100.^ U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Flint, Texas^ Zip Code Lookup [ hide]v t e Municipalities and communities of Smith County, Texas, United States County seat: Tyler Cities Arp Hideaway Lindale New Chapel Hill Noonday Overton ‡ Troup ‡ Tyler Whitehouse Towns Bullard ‡ Winona CDPEmerald Bay Other unincorporated communities Antioch Bascom Blackjack Bostick Browning Carroll Copeland Dogwood City Elberta Flint Garden Valley Gresham Jamestown Lee Spring Midway Mount Sylvan New Harmony New Hope Omen Owentown Pine Springs Pine Trail Estates Red Springs Salem Sand Flat Shady Grove Sinclair City Starrville Swan Teaselville Thedford Walnut Grove Waters Bluff Wood Springs Wright City Ghost towns Belzora Burning Bush Douglas Utica Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties This article about a location in Smith County, Texas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
D690584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone	Semitone	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the musical interval. For the printing method, see Halftone.semitone Inverse major seventh (for minor second); diminished octave (for augmented unison); augmented octave (for diminished unison)Name Other names minor second or diatonic semitone; augmented unison and diminished unison or chromatic semitone Abbreviation m2; A1Size Semitones 1Interval class 1Just interval 16:15, [1] 17:16, [2] 27:25, 135:128 [1], 25:24 [1], 256:243Cents Equal temperament 100 [1]24 equal temperament 100Just intonation 112, [1] 105, 133, 92 [1], 71 [1], 90Minor second Play ( help · info)A semitone, also called a half step or a half tone, [3] is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, [4] and it is considered the most dissonant [5] when sounded harmonically. It is defined as the interval between two adjacent notes in a 12-tone scale. For example, C is adjacent to C ♯; the interval between them is a semitone. In a 12-note approximately equally divided scale, any interval can be defined in terms of an appropriate number of semitones (e.g. a whole tone or major second is 2 semitones wide, a major third 4 semitones, and a perfect fifth 7 semitones. In music theory, a distinction is made [6] between a diatonic semitone, or minor second (an interval encompassing two different staff positions, e.g. from C to D ♭) and a chromatic semitone or augmented unison (an interval between two notes at the same staff position, e.g. from C to C ♯ ). These are enharmonically equivalent when twelve-tone equal temperament is used, but are not the same thing in meantone temperament, where the diatonic semitone is distinguished from and larger than the chromatic semitone (augmented unison). See Interval (music)#Number for more details about this terminology. In twelve-tone equal temperament all semitones are equal in size (100 cents). In other tuning systems, "semitone" refers to a family of intervals that may vary both in size and name. In Pythagorean tuning, seven semitones out of twelve are diatonic, with ratio 256:243 or 90.2 cents ( Pythagorean limma ), and the other five are chromatic, with ratio 2187:2048 or 113.7 cents ( Pythagorean apotome ); they differ by the Pythagorean comma of ratio 531441:524288 or 23.5 cents. In quarter-comma meantone, seven of them are diatonic, and 117.1 cents wide, while the other five are chromatic, and 76.0 cents wide; they differ by the lesser diesis of ratio 128:125 or 41.1 cents. 12-tone scales tuned in just intonation typically define three or four kinds of semitones. For instance, Asymmetric five-limit tuning yields chromatic semitones with ratios 25:24 (70.7 cents) and 135:128 (92.2 cents), and diatonic semitones with ratios 16:15 (111.7 cents) and 27:25 (133.2 cents). For further details, see below. Main article: Anhemitonic scale The condition of having semitones is called hemitonia; that of having no semitones is anhemitonia. A musical scale or chord containing semitones is called hemitonic; one without semitones is anhemitonic. Contents [ hide ]1 Minor second1.1 In other temperaments2 Augmented unison3 History4 Semitones in different tunings4.1 Meantone temperament4.2 Equal temperament4.3 Well temperament4.4 Pythagorean tuning4.5 Just intonation4.6 Other equal temperaments5 See also6 References7 Further reading Minor second [ edit]The melodic minor second is an integral part of most cadences of the Common practice period. Play ( help · info)minor second Inverse major seventh Name Other names semitone, half step Abbreviation m2Size Semitones 1Interval class 1Cents Equal temperament 100.0The minor second occurs in the major scale, between the third and fourth degree, ( mi (E) and fa (F) in C major), and between the seventh and eighth degree ( ti (B) and do (C) in C major). It is also called the diatonic semitone because it occurs between steps in the diatonic scale. The minor second is abbreviated m2 (or −2 ). Its inversion is the major seventh ( M7, or +7 ). Listen to a minor second in equal temperament ( help · info). Here, middle C is followed by D ♭, which is a tone 100 cents sharper than C, and then by both tones together. Melodically, this interval is very frequently used, and is of particular importance in cadences. In the perfect and deceptive cadences it appears as a resolution of the leading-tone to the tonic. In the plagal cadence, it appears as the falling of the subdominant to the mediant. It also occurs in many forms of the imperfect cadence, wherever the tonic falls to the leading-tone. Harmonically, the interval usually occurs as some form of dissonance or a nonchord tone that is not part of the functional harmony. It may also appear in inversions of a major seventh chord, and in many added tone chords. A harmonic minor second in J. S. Bach 's Prelude in C major from the WTC book 1, mm. 7–9. Play ( help · info) The minor second may be viewed as a suspension of the B resolving into the following A minor seventh chord. The opening measures of Frédéric Chopin 's "wrong note" Étude. Play ( help · info)In unusual situations, the minor second can add a great deal of character to the music. For instance, Frédéric Chopin 's Étude Op. 25, No. 5 opens with a melody accompanied by a line that plays fleeting minor seconds. These are used to humorous and whimsical effect, which contrasts with its more lyrical middle section. This eccentric dissonance has earned the piece its nickname: the "wrong note" étude. This kind of usage of the minor second appears in many other works of the Romantic period, such as Modest Mussorgsky 's Ballet of the Unhatched Chicks. More recently, the music to the movie Jaws exemplifies the minor second. In other temperaments [ edit]In just intonation a 16:15 minor second arises in the C major scale between B & C and E & F, and is, "the sharpest dissonance found in the [major] scale ." [7]Play B & C ( help · info)Augmented unison [ edit]Augmented unison on C. Augmented unisons often appear as a consequence of secondary dominants, such as those in the soprano voice of this sequence from Felix Mendelssohn 's Song Without Words Op. 102 No. 3, mm. 47–49. Play ( help · info)The augmented unison, the interval produced by the augmentation, or widening by one- half step, of the perfect unison, [8] does not occur between diatonic scale steps, but instead between a scale step and a chromatic alteration of the same step. It is also called a chromatic semitone. The augmented unison is abbreviated A1, or aug 1. Its inversion is the diminished octave ( d8, or dim 8 ). The augmented unison is also the inversion of the augmented octave, because the interval of the diminished unison does not exist. [9] This is because a unison is always made larger when one note of the interval is changed with an accidental. [10] [11]Melodically, an augmented unison very frequently occurs when proceeding to a chromatic chord, such as a secondary dominant, a diminished seventh chord, or an augmented sixth chord. Its use is also often the consequence of a melody proceeding in semitones, regardless of harmonic underpinning, e.g. D, D ♯, E, F, F ♯. (Restricting the notation to only minor seconds is impractical, as the same example would have a rapidly increasing number of accidentals, written enharmonically as D, E ♭, F ♭, G, A ). Franz Liszt 's second Transcendental Etude, measure 63. Harmonically, augmented unisons are quite rare in tonal repertoire. In the example to the right, Liszt had written an E ♭ against an E ♮ in the bass. Here E ♭ was preferred to a D ♯ to make the tone's function clear as part of an F dominant seventh chord, and the augmented unison is the result of superimposing this harmony upon an Epedal point. In addition to this kind of usage, harmonic augmented unisons are frequently written in modern works involving tone clusters, such as Iannis Xenakis ' Evryali for piano solo. History [ edit]The semitone appeared in the music theory of Greek antiquity as part of a diatonic or chromatic tetrachord, and it has always had a place in the diatonic scales of Western music since. The various modal scales of medieval music theory were all based upon this diatonic pattern of tones and semitones. Though it would later become an integral part of the musical cadence, in the early polyphony of the 11th century this was not the case. Guido of Arezzo suggested instead in his Micrologus other alternatives: either proceeding by whole tone from a major second to a unison, or an occursus having two notes at a major third move by contrary motion toward a unison, each having moved a whole tone.“As late as the 13th century the half step was experienced as a problematic interval not easily understood, as the irrational [ sic] remainder between the perfect fourth and the ditone () .” In a melodic half step, no “tendency was perceived of the lower tone toward the upper, or of the upper toward the lower. The second tone was not taken to be the ‘goal’ of the first. Instead, the half step was avoided in clausulae because it lacked clarity as an interval.” [12]A dramatic chromatic scale in the opening measures of Luca Marenzio 's Solo e pensoso, ca. 1580. ( Play ( help · info)However, beginning in the 13th century cadences begin to require motion in one voice by half step and the other a whole step in contrary motion. [12] These cadences would become a fundamental part of the musical language, even to the point where the usual accidental accompanying the minor second in a cadence was often omitted from the written score (a practice known as musica ficta ). By the 16th century, the semitone had become a more versatile interval, sometimes even appearing as an augmented unison in very chromatic passages. Semantically, in the 16th century the repeated melodic semitone became associated with weeping, see: passus duriusculus, lament bass, and pianto. By the Baroque era (1600 to 1750), the tonal harmonic framework was fully formed, and the various musical functions of the semitone were rigorously understood. Later in this period the adoption of well temperaments for instrumental tuning and the more frequent use of enharmonic equivalences increased the ease with which a semitone could be applied. Its function remained similar through the Classical period, and though it was used more frequently as the language of tonality became more chromatic in the Romantic period, the musical function of the semitone did not change. In the 20th century, however, composers such as Arnold Schoenberg, Béla Bartók, and Igor Stravinsky sought alternatives or extensions of tonal harmony, and found other uses for the semitone. Often the semitone was exploited harmonically as a caustic dissonance, having no resolution. Some composers would even use large collections of harmonic semitones ( tone clusters) as a source of cacophony in their music (e.g. the early piano works of Henry Cowell ). By now, enharmonic equivalence was a commonplace property of equal temperament, and instrumental use of the semitone was not at all problematic for the performer. The composer was free to write semitones wherever he wished. Semitones in different tunings [ edit]The exact size of a semitone depends on the tuning system used. Meantone temperaments have two distinct types of semitones, but in the exceptional case of Equal temperament, there is only one. The unevenly distributed well temperaments contain many different semitones. Pythagorean tuning, similar to meantone tuning, has two, but in other systems of just intonation there are many more possibilities. Meantone temperament [ edit]In meantone systems, there are two different semitones. This results because of the break in the circle of fifths that occurs in the tuning system: diatonic semitones derive from a chain of five fifths that does not cross the break, and chromatic semitones come from one that does. The chromatic semitone is usually smaller than the diatonic. In the common quarter-comma meantone, tuned as a cycle of tempered fifths from E ♭ to G ♯, the chromatic and diatonic semitones are 76.0 and 117.1 cents wide respectively. Chromatic semitone76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0Pitch C C ♯ D E ♭ E F F ♯ G G ♯ A B ♭ B CCents 0.0 76.0 193.2 310.3 386.3 503.4 579.5 696.6 772.6 889.7 1006.8 1082.9 1200.0Diatonic semitone117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1Extended meantone temperaments with more than 12 notes still retain the same two semitone sizes, but there is more flexibility for the musician about whether to use an augmented unison or minor second. 31-tone equal temperament is the most flexible of these, which makes an unbroken circle of 31 fifths, allowing the choice of semitone to be made for any pitch. Equal temperament [ edit]12-tone equal temperament is a form of meantone tuning in which the diatonic and chromatic semitones are exactly the same, because its circle of fifths has no break. Each semitone is equal to one twelfth of an octave. This is a ratio of 2 1/12 (approximately 1.05946), or 100 cents, and is 11.7 cents narrower than the 16:15 ratio (its most common form in just intonation, discussed below ). All diatonic intervals can be expressed as an equivalent number of semitones. For instance a whole tone equals two semitones. There are many approximations, rational or otherwise, to the equal-tempered semitone. To cite a few:suggested by Vincenzo Galilei and used by luthiers of the Renaissance,suggested by Marin Mersenne as a constructible and more accurate alternative,used by Julián Carrillo as part of a sixteenth-tone system. For more examples, see Pythagorean and Just systems of tuning below. Well temperament [ edit]There are many forms of well temperament, but the characteristic they all share is that their semitones are of an uneven size. Every semitone in a well temperament has its own interval (usually close to the equal-tempered version of 100 cents), and there is no clear distinction between a diatonic and chromatic semitone in the tuning. Well temperament was constructed so that enharmonic equivalence could be assumed between all of these semitones, and whether they were written as a minor second or augmented unison did not effect a different sound. Instead, in these systems, each key had a slightly different sonic color or character, beyond the limitations of conventional notation. Pythagorean tuning [ edit]Pythagorean limma on C. Play ( help · info). Pythagorean apotome on C. Play ( help · info). Pythagorean limma as five descending just perfect fifths from C (the inverse is B+). Pythagorean apotome as seven just perfect fifths. Like meantone temperament, Pythagorean tuning is a broken circle of fifths. This creates two distinct semitones, but because Pythagorean tuning is also a form of 3-limit just intonation, these semitones are rational. Also, unlike most meantone temperaments, the chromatic semitone is larger than the diatonic. The Pythagorean diatonic semitone has a ratio of 256/243 ( play ( help · info) ), and is often called the Pythagorean limma. It is also sometimes called the Pythagorean minor semitone. It is about 90.2 cents. It can be thought of as the difference between three octaves and five just fifths, and functions as a diatonic semitone in a Pythagorean tuning. The Pythagorean chromatic semitone has a ratio of 2187/2048 ( play ( help · info) ). It is about 113.7 cents. It may also be called the Pythagorean apotome [13] [14] [15] or the Pythagorean major semitone. ( See Pythagorean interval . )It can be thought of as the difference between four perfect octaves and seven just fifths, and functions as a chromatic semitone in a Pythagorean tuning. The Pythagorean limma and Pythagorean apotome are enharmonic equivalents (chromatic semitones) and only a Pythagorean comma apart, in contrast to diatonic and chromatic semitones in meantone temperament and 5-limit just intonation. Just intonation [ edit]16:15 diatonic semitone.16:15 diatonic semitone Play ( help · info). 'Larger' or major limma on C Play ( help · info). A minor second in just intonation typically corresponds to a pitch ratio of 16:15 ( play ( help · info)) or 1.0666... (approximately 111.7 cents ), called the just diatonic semitone. [16] This is a practical just semitone, since it is the difference between a perfect fourth and major third ( ). The 16:15 just minor second arises in the C major scale between B & C and E & F, and is, "the sharpest dissonance found in the scale." [7]An augmented unison in just intonation is another semitone of 25:24 ( play ( help · info)) or 1.0416... (approximately 70.7 cents). It is the difference between a 5:4 major third and a 6:5 minor third. Composer Ben Johnston uses a sharp an accidental to indicate a note is raised 70.7 cents, or a flat to indicate a note is lowered 70.7 cents. [17]Two other kinds of semitones are produced by 5-limit tuning. A chromatic scale defines 12 semitones as the 12 intervals between the 13 adjacent notes forming a full octave (e.g. from C4 to C5). The 12 semitones produced by a commonly used version of 5-limit tuning have four different sizes, and can be classified as follows: Just, or smaller, or minor, chromatic semitone, e.g. between E ♭ and E: Larger, or major, chromatic semitone, or larger limma, or major chroma, [18] e.g. between C and C ♯: Just, or smaller, or minor, diatonic semitone, e.g. between C and D ♭: Larger, or major, diatonic semitone, e.g. between A and B ♭: The most frequently occurring semitones are the just ones (S 3 and S 1 ): S 3 occurs six times out of 12, S 1 three times, S 2 twice, and S 4 only once. The smaller chromatic and diatonic semitones differ from the larger by the syntonic comma (81:80 or 21.5 cents). The smaller and larger chromatic semitones differ from the respective diatonic semitones by the same 128:125 diesis as the above meantone semitones. Finally, while the inner semitones differ by the diaschisma (2048:2025 or 19.6 cents), the outer differ by the greater diesis (648:625 or 62.6 cents). Other ratios may function as a minor second. In 7-limit there is the septimal diatonic semitone of 15:14 ( play ( help · info)) available between the 5-limit major seventh (15:8) and the 7-limit minor seventh (7:4). There is also a smaller septimal chromatic semitone of 21:20 ( play ( help · info)) between a septimal minor seventh and a fifth (21:8) and an octave and a major third (5:2). Both are more rarely used than their 5-limit neighbours, although the former was often implemented by theorist Henry Cowell, while Harry Partch used the latter as part of his 43-tone scale. Under 11-limit tuning, there is a fairly common undecimal neutral second (12:11) ( play ( help · info) ), but it lies on the boundary between the minor and major second (150.6 cents). In just intonation there are infinitely many possibilities for intervals that fall within the range of the semitone (e.g. the Pythagorean semitones mentioned above), but most of them are impractical. In 17-limit just intonation, the major diatonic semitone is 15:14 or 119.4 cents ( Play ( help · info) ), and the minor diatonic semitone is 17:16 or 105.0 cents. [19]Though the names diatonic and chromatic are often used for these intervals, their musical function is not the same as the two meantone semitones. For instance, 15:14 would usually be written as an augmented unison, functioning as the chromatic counterpart to a diatonic 16:15. These distinctions are highly dependent on the musical context, and just intonation is not particularly well suited to chromatic usage (diatonic semitone function is more prevalent). Other equal temperaments [ edit]19-tone equal temperament distinguishes between the chromatic and diatonic semitones; in this tuning, the chromatic semitone is one step of the scale ( play 63.2 cents ( help · info) ), and the diatonic semitone is two ( play 126.3 cents ( help · info) ). 31-tone equal temperament also distinguishes between these two intervals, which become 2 and 3 steps of the scale, respectively. 53-ET has an even closer match to the two semitones with 3 and 5 steps of its scale while 72-ET uses 4 ( play 66.7 cents ( help · info)) and 7 ( play 116.7 cents ( help · info)) steps of its scale. In general, because the smaller semitone can be viewed as the difference between a minor third and a major third, and the larger as the difference between a major third and a perfect fourth, tuning systems that closely match those just intervals (6/5, 5/4, and 4/3) will also distinguish between the two types of semitones and closely match their just intervals (25/24 and 16/15). See also [ edit]List of meantone intervals List of musical intervals List of pitch intervals Approach chord Major second Neutral second Pythagorean interval Regular temperament References [ edit]^ a b c d e f g Duffin, Ross W. (2008). How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care) (First published as a Norton paperback. ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-393-33420-3. Retrieved 28 June 2017.^ Haluska, Jan (2003). The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems, p.xxiv. ISBN 0-8247-4714-3. Overtone semitone.^ Semitone, half step, half tone, halftone, and half-tone are all variously used in sources. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, and others use "half tone". [7] [8] [9] [10] One source says that step is "chiefly US", [11] and that half-tone is "chiefly N. Amer." [12]^ Miller, Michael. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory, 2nd ed. [Indianapolis, IN]: Alpha, 2005. ISBN 1-59257-437-8. p. 19.^ Capstick, John Walton (1913). Sound: An Elementary Text-book for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge University Press.^ Wharram, Barbara (2010). Elementary Rudiments of Music (2nd ed.). Mississauga, ON: Frederick Harris Music. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-55440-283-0.^ a b Paul, Oscar (1885). A manual of harmony for use in music-schools and seminaries and for self-instruction, p.165. Theodore Baker, trans. G. Schirmer.^ Benward & Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.54. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0. Specific example of an A1 not given but general example of perfect intervals described.^ Kostka and Payne (2003). Tonal Harmony, p.21. ISBN 0-07-285260-7. "There is no such thing as a diminished unison. "^ Day and Pilhofer (2007). Music Theory for Dummies, p.113. ISBN 0-7645-7838-3. "There is no such thing as a diminished unison, because no matter how you change the unisons with accidentals, you are adding half steps to the total interval. "^ Surmani, Andrew; Karen Farnum Surmani; Morton Manus (2009). Alfred's Essentials of Music Theory: A Complete Self-Study Course for All Musicians. p. 135: Alfred Music Publishing. p. 153. ISBN 0-7390-3635-1. "Since lowering either note of a perfect unison would actually increase its size, the perfect unison cannot be diminished, only augmented. ".^ a b Dahlhaus, Carl, trans. Gjerdingen, Robert O. Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1990. ISBN 0-691-09135-8.^ Rashed, Roshdi (ed.) (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Volume 2, p.588 and 608. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12411-5.^ Hermann von Helmholtz (1885). On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, p.454.^ Benson, Dave (2006). Music: A Mathematical Offering, p.369. ISBN 0-521-85387-7.^ Royal Society (Great Britain) (1880, digitized Feb 26, 2008). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 30, p.531. Harvard University.^ John Fonville. "Ben Johnston's Extended Just Intonation- A Guide for Interpreters", p.109, Perspectives of New Music, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Summer, 1991), pp. 106–137. "...the 25/24 ratio is the sharp (#) ratio...this raises a note approximately 70.6 cents. "^ John Fonville. "Ben Johnston's Extended Just Intonation- A Guide for Interpreters", p.109, Perspectives of New Music, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Summer, 1991), pp. 106–137.^ Prout, Ebenezer (2004). Harmony, p.325. ISBN 1-4102-1920-8. Further reading [ edit]Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 6th ed. New York: Norton, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97527-4. Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York: W. W. Norton, 1978. ISBN 0-393-09090-6. [ show]v t e Intervals ( list) [ show]v t e Twelve-tone technique and Serialism Categories: Minor intervals Seconds (music)
D1264454	http://www.emerson.com/en-us/automation/measurement-instrumentation/flow-measurement	Achieve Precision Flow Measurement and Process Control	Achieve Precision Flow Measurement and Process Control Flow Measurement is the process of measuring fluid in your plant or industry. You can measure flow through a variety of different devices such as Coriolis, differential pressure, vortex, magnetic, ultrasonic, turbine and positive displacement meters. Contact Sales Technology Advisor Want access to a global network of peer problem solvers 24x7x365? JOIN 365Roxar MPFM 2600 is now available in smaller size for unconventional fields Read more
D835503	https://www.wellsfargocommunity.com/thread/5690	Login	Login Username Password Remember me I forgot my password I forgot my username Don't have an account? After confirming your email address, you'll be able to create an account and access the site. Your email address
D2302802	https://honeybeesuite.com/update-on-how-to-eat-comb-honey-2/	Update on how to eat comb honey	Update on how to eat comb honey Since my post on eating comb honey, I’ve been looking for additional suggestions. The following is just a variation on what I already wrote, but it is truly delicious. I sliced whole grain artisan bread into half-inch slices and then cut squares about 1.5 inches (4 cm) on a side. I spread the squares with goat cheese (Chèvre), stuck a candied pecan into the cheese, and topped the whole thing with a small chunk of comb honey. I served these with a cold IPA. Perfection. The chewy bread contrasts with the crunchy pecan, and the tartness of the cheese complements the sweetness of the honey. It’s definitely worth a try. If you’re in the states, Trader Joe’s candied pecans are lightly sweet—but very crunchy—and worked perfectly. Other types of nuts would work as well. I’m looking for still more suggestions, so please let me know. Rusty Honey Bee Suite Goat cheese, pecan, and honey comb Share 12 Pin Tweet +112Related Honeycomb salad How to eat comb honey Making comb honey should be simple and fun April 10, 2010 comb honey, how to comb honey Permalink 18 Comments
D1925224	https://nrf.com/advocacy/policy-agenda/organized-retail-crime	The Issue	The Issue Organized retail crime is the large-scale theft of retail merchandise with the intent to resell the merchandise for financial gain. ORC typically involves a criminal enterprise employing a group of individuals who steal large quantities of merchandise from a number of stores, and a fencing operation that then converts the stolen merchandise into cash. Stolen merchandise can be sold through online auction sites, at flea markets, and sometimes even to other retailers. In addition to targeting stores, ORC gangs sometimes hijack truckloads of merchandise, and they commit a variety of other frauds such as using stolen or cloned credit cards to obtain merchandise, changing bar codes to pay lower prices, and returning stolen merchandise to obtain cash or gift cards. ORC is clearly distinct from ordinary shoplifting committed by individuals seeking goods for personal use. Why it Matters to Retailers ORC costs retailers nearly $30 billion a year, with 95 percent of retailers surveyed by NRF in 2017 saying their companies had been victims and 67 percent saying the number of incidents had grown over the year before. The thefts cost retailers more than $725,000 for every $1 billion in sales. ORC is also a safety threat to retail workers, with a quarter of retailers saying they had seen an increase in aggression by criminals and a number reporting the use of Mace chemical spray and Taser stun guns. The losses drive up costs for retailers and, in turn, prices for consumers. And the theft and re-sale of items like non-prescription drugs or baby formula, which might be stored improperly, sold after expiration or “cut” into larger quantities, creates health risks. Finally, an earlier NRF survey found that ORC is often a “gateway” crime, with 45 percent of those apprehended also involved in the use or sale of drugs, illegal weapons and other crimes. More Resources2017 NRF ORC Survey (PDF)2016 NRF ORC Survey (PDF)2015 NRF ORC Survey (PDF)NRF Advocates to Stop ORCNRF has spent the past several years seeking passage of legislation that would make ORC a federal crime, establish appropriate penalties and give law enforcement funding and other resources to combat ORC. More than half a dozen bills have been introduced in Congress, but all have hit stumbling blocks and no legislation is currently pending. In the absence of congressional action, NRF has worked closely with state lawmakers, local law enforcement and news media across the country to draw attention to the issue. NRF has also helped local police piece together patterns of incidents that might previously have been regarded as ordinary shoplifting. The effort has been successful, with a total of 34 states passing ORC laws. But with incidents often crossing state lines, 70 percent of retailers surveyed say a federal law is still needed.
D236263	http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Alexandria%2c+Egypt	Alexandria	Alexandria (redirected from Alexandria, Egypt) Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia . Al·ex·an·dri·a (ăl′ĭg-zăn′drē-ə)1. A city of northern Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea at the western tip of the Nile Delta. It was founded by Alexander the Great in 332 bc and became a repository of Jewish, Arab, and Hellenistic culture famous for its extensive libraries. Its pharos (lighthouse) was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.2. A city of central Louisiana on the Red River northwest of Baton Rouge. The original citywas destroyed by Union troops in May 1864 during the Civil War.3. An independent city of northern Virginia on the Potomac River opposite Washington, DC. Primarily a residential suburb of the capital, the city has many historic buildings. George Washington helped lay out the streets in 1749. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Alexandria ( ˌælɪɡˈzændrɪə; -ˈzɑːn-) n (Placename) the chief port of Egypt, on the Nile Delta: cultural centre of ancient times,founded by Alexander the Great (332 bc). Pop: 3 760 000 (2005 est). Arabic name: El Iskandariyah Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014Al•ex•an•dri•a (ˌæl ɪgˈzæn dri ə, -ˈzɑn-)n.1. a seaport in N Egypt, in the Nile delta: founded in 332 B. C. by Alexander the Great:ancient center of learning. 2,917,000.2. a city in NE Virginia, S of the District of Columbia. 117,586.3. a city in central Louisiana, on the Red River. 50,180. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. Alexandria - a town in Louisiana on the Red River Louisiana, Pelican State, LA - a state in southern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War2. Alexandria - the chief port of Egypt; located on the western edge of the Nile delta on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Alexander the Great; the capital of ancient Egypt El Iskandriyah Arab Republic of Egypt, Egypt, United Arab Republic - a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization thatflourished from 2600 to 30 BCBased on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Translations Select a language: Alejandría Alexandria [ˌælɪgˈzɑːndrɪə] N → Alejandría f Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © Harper Collins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter

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