sentence-transformers/parallel-sentences-talks

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In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.	西邊是吉爾勃特群島，
In the center we have the Phoenix Islands, which is the subject that I'm talking about.	中間則是我們這次所談到的鳳凰群島，
And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.	東邊則是直線群島。
It's the largest atoll nation in the world.	吉里巴斯是世上最大的環狀珊瑚礁島國，
And they have about 110,000 people spread out over 33 islands.	他們的人口約有11萬人，分佈在33個島嶼上。
They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean, and that's between one and two percent of all the ocean water on the planet.	全國的海域約有340萬立方哩，大約佔全世界海域的1%或2%。
And when I was first going up there, I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago, and people would ask me, "Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"	我第一次到那裡時，也就是十年前，我其實完全沒聽過那個國家，人們都問我：「你為什麼要去吉里巴斯？」
And it reminded me of that old joke where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed, and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"	這讓我想起了一個老掉牙的笑話，一個戴著手銙的銀行搶匪從法院走出來，記者對他叫道：「嘿！威利！你為什麼要搶銀行？」
And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."	他回說：「因為那裡的錢最多啊！」
And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?	所以我回覆道：「我為什麼要去吉里巴斯？
Because that's where all the ocean is."	因為那裡的海洋最多啊！」
They basically are one nation that controls most of the equatorial waters of the Central Pacific Ocean.	吉里巴斯其實是在中太平洋地區掌控最多赤道附近海域的國家，
They're also a country that is in dire danger.	他們同時也面臨著迫切的危機，
Sea levels are rising, and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world, will be under water within 50 to 100 years due to climate change and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.	因為海平面不斷上升，而吉里巴斯和世上其他42個國家一樣，在未來的50到100年之內，會因為氣候變遷而沈入海底。因為溫室效應會使冰山熔化，而使海平面上升，
The Islands rise only one to two meters above the surface.	現在的島嶼也不過高於海平面 1到2公尺而已，
Some of the islands have already gone under water.	有些島嶼已經沈入海底。
And these nations are faced with a real problem.	這些國家所面對的是迫切的真實危機，
We as a world are faced with a problem.	我們這個世界也面對相同的問題，
What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings who no longer have a home on the planet?	當這些國家的人民流離失所、無家可歸時，我們該怎麼辦？
The president of the Maldives conducted a mock cabinet meeting underwater recently to highlight the dire straits of these countries.	馬爾地夫總統最近在海底召開了一次具嘲諷意味的內閣會議，以彰顯這些國家所面臨的迫切危機。
So it's something we need to focus on.	這是我們應該關注的問題，
But back to the Phoenix Islands, which is the subject of this Talk.	但讓我們先回到鳳凰群島，這是我今天演講的主題，
After I got back, I said, okay, this is amazing, what we found.	在我回到那兒之後，我說：我們看到了很棒的東西，
I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati, who are over in Tarawa, the westernmost group.	我想和吉里巴斯政府分享我的探索成果，但政府機構在最西邊群島的塔拉瓦島上，
So I started contacting them -- because they had actually given me a permit to do this -- and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."	所以我與他們聯繫，他們先前核准了我這次的探索，我說：「我想過來告訴你們我的探索成果。」
And for some reason they didn't want me to come, or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while, but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.	但不知為何，他們似乎不想看到我，或是他們安排不出適當的時間地點，反正就是拖了一陣子，最後他們才說：「好，你可以過來，
But if you come, you have to buy lunch for everybody who comes to the seminar."	但你來的時候，要幫我們每個參與會議的人準備午餐。」
So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.	我回說：「好啊！我很樂意請客，
Just get whatever anybody wants."	看看大家想吃什麼。」
So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa, and we presented for two hours on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.	我和一位珊瑚礁生物學家大衛．歐布拉一起去塔拉瓦島，我們講解了二個小時，說明我們在鳳凰群島的驚人發現，
And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.	但他們似乎從來不知道，他們對這片海域一無所知，
They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.	從來沒有針對鳳凰群島的海域做過任何調查。
After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me and he said, "Greg, do you realize that you are the first scientist who has ever come back and told us what they did?"	在我的解說之後，他們的漁業部長走過來找我，他說：「克雷格，你知道嗎？你是第一個願意回來告訴我們探索成果的科學家。」
He said, "We often issue these permits to do research in our waters, but usually we get a note two or three years later, or a reprint.	他說：「我們通常都只是核准他們來我們的水域裡進行調查，但我們通常得等個二、三年才收到個隻字片語，或是一份舊版文件。
But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.	但你是第一個願意與我們分享你的成果的人，
And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.	我們真的很感激你，今天中餐就讓我來請客好了，
And are you free for dinner?"	晚餐你有空嗎？」
And I was free for dinner, and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.	我當然有空，所以就和漁業部長共進晚餐，
And over the course of dinner, I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue -- it's a very poor country -- but it gains what revenue is has by selling access to foreign nations to take fish out of its waters, because Kiribati does not have the capacity to take the fish itself.	在享用晚餐時，我發現吉里巴斯的主要經濟來源-- 吉里巴斯是很窮的國家-- 他們的主要經濟來源是將附近水域的捕漁權，賣給外國，因為吉里巴斯自己並沒有捕漁的設備，
And the deal that they strike is the extracting country gives Kiribati five percent of the landed value.	因此他們只向來申請捕漁的國家，收取漁獲金額 5%的手續費而已。
So if the United States removes a million dollars' worth of lobsters from a reef, Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.	如果美國捕撈了價值一百萬美金的龍蝦，吉里巴斯就會收到5萬美金。
And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.	我覺得這種交易並不划算，
So I asked the Minister over dinner, I said, "Would you consider a situation where you would still get paid -- we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is -- but you leave fish and the sharks and the shrimp in the water?"	所以我趁晚餐之便問漁業部長，我說：「你們有沒有想過另一種賺錢的方法？就是去算一下原先就此獲取的收入有多少，看看不捕撈魚類、鯊魚或蝦子，是否還能賺取這樣的收入？」
He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that to deal with our overfishing problem, and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."	他停了一會兒，說：「我們願意嚐試，希望能藉此改善過度捕撈的問題，就把這稱為禁止捕撈補貼證吧！」
He coined the term "reverse fishing license."	他把這個名詞定為「禁止捕撈補貼證」，
So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'" So we walked away from this dinner really not knowing where to go at that point.	所以我也附和：「對！禁止捕撈補貼證。」當晚我們離開之後，卻對「禁止捕撈補貼證」如何執行毫無頭緒。
I went back to the States and started looking around to see if I could find examples where reverse fishing licenses had been issued, and it turned out there were none.	我回到美國，開始調查是否有發行「禁止捕撈補貼證」的先例，但我發現以前並沒有人這麼做過，
There were no oceanic deals where countries were compensated for not fishing.	沒有針對海洋的案例，沒有國家因為不捕撈漁獲而獲得補助，
It had occurred on land, in rainforests of South America and Africa, where landowners had been paid not to cut the trees down.	但有國家針對自己的領土這麼做過，就是在非洲及南美的雨林裡，如果有地主自願不砍伐森林的話，就會獲得補助。
And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.	國際保育組織曾處理過幾個這種交易，
So I went to Conservation International and brought them in as a partner and went through the process of valuing the fishery resource, deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated, what the range of the fishes were, brought in a whole bunch of other partners -- the government of Australia, the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.	於是我找上國際保育組織，讓他們參與這件事，請他們先評估整個漁獲資源有多少，再決定吉里巴斯該獲得多少補助，有那些魚種的捕撈需受限制等；再找一群其他國家來參與補助，像是澳洲政府、紐西蘭政府及世界銀行。
The Oak Foundation and National Geographic have been big funders of this as well.	橡樹基金會和國家地理協會也都是著名的贊助者，
And we basically founded the park on the idea of an endowment that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees to this very poor country to keep the area intact.	我們秉持資助的理念成立了這個保護區，補貼這個窮苦的小國所損失的漁獲捕撈手續費，以保障該區域不會被過度捕撈。
Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati, President Anote Tong.	就在我們進行到中途的時候，我見到了吉里巴斯的總統，也就是湯安諾總統，
He's a really important leader, a real visionary, forward-thinking man, and he told me two things when I approached him.	他是一位重要的政治領袖，也是有遠見、具前瞻性的人，在我們的會面中，他告訴我二件事，
He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.	他說：「克雷格，我希望你能做二件事，
One is, remember I'm a politician, so you've got to go out and work with my ministers and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.	第一，記住我是個政治人物，所以你得去和我的部長們合作，說服我國的人民這樣做是有益的。
Secondly, I'd like you to create principles that will transcend my own presidency.	第二，我希望你能制定一些準則，一些能超越總統任期的準則，
I don't want to do something like this if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."	我不希望事情做到一半，就因為我沒被選上擔任總統而就停止了。」
So we had very strong leadership, very good vision and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.	我們的領導團隊很堅強，具有很好的眼光，也瞭解科學，還有許多律師參與其中。
Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.	我們積極地推動這件事，
And it was primarily because Kiribati realized that this was in their own self-interest to do this.	最主要還得歸功於吉里巴斯本身的自覺，他們知道這是為了他們本身的利益而做，
They realized that this was a common cause that they had found with the conservation community.	他們也瞭解這是他們與保育團體間共同的理想與事業。
Then in 2002, when this was all going full-swing, a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.	在2002年，當我們都在全力推動這件事時，鳳凰群島發生了珊瑚白化事件，
Here's this resource that we're looking to save, and it turns out it's the hottest heating event that we can find on record.	那是我們最想要保護的資源，但我們發現那是有史以來海水溫度最高的時候。
The ocean heated up as it does sometimes, and the hot spot formed and stalled right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.	有時候海水溫度會升高，但那次卻在鳳凰群島形成了一個停滯不動的熱區，長達六個月之久。
It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months and it basically killed 60 percent of the coral.	六個月以來，海水的溫度都超過攝氏32度，有60%的珊瑚死亡，
So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting, but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.	突然之間，我們想要保護的區域，卻變成了一片死寂，至少珊瑚礁區域都快死光了。
Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine, but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.	當然，深海區域及一些開放式的海域都沒問題，但是大家所喜愛的珊瑚礁區域卻有大麻煩了。
Well, the good news is it's recovered and recovering fast, faster than any reef we've seen.	好消息是這個區域復原了，而且復原得很快，比我們以前看過的任何珊瑚礁都快。
This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago when we returned to the Phoenix Islands and discovered that, because it is a protected area and has healthy fish populations that keep the algae grazed down and keep the rest of the reef healthy, the coral is booming, is just booming back.	這張照片是布萊恩．史凱瑞幾個月之前照的，我們又回到了鳳凰群島，我們發現，因為那裡已是一個保護區，有許多健康的魚群，海藻也在此落地生根，連帶地讓當地的珊瑚礁也長得很好，珊瑚又長得茂盛了，就像以前一樣。
It's almost like if a person has multiple diseases, it's hard to get well, you might die, but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.	就像一個生病的人，如果有多種疾病纏身，就很難治癒，可能會死，但如果只感染了一種疾病，那就很有可能治癒。
And that's the story with climate-change heating.	以上是氣候變遷的溫室效應所造成的影響，
It's the only threat, the only influence that the reef had to deal with.	這是唯一會威脅或影響珊瑚生長的因素，
There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development, and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.	因為我們排除了過度捕撈、污染與海岸開發等各種因素，珊瑚因此得以全速復原。
Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community might embrace this idea, Minister."	我想起十年前與吉里巴斯漁業部長共進晚餐的那個夜晚，我們在晚餐中第一次提出這個想法，我則被鼓舞地說出：「我認為保育團體都會欣然接受這個提議，部長！」
He paused and put his hands together and said, "Yes, Greg, but the devil will be in the details," he said.	他停頓了一下，雙手交疊，說：「我同意，克雷格，但魔鬼就藏在細節裡啊！」
And it certainly was.	他說的果然沒錯，
The last 10 years have been detail after detail ranging from creating legislation to multiple research expeditions to communication plans, as I said, teams of lawyers, MOUs, creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.	過去這十年總有處理不完的細節，從制定法律到多重研究探勘，甚至到溝通計畫等，我們出動了大批律師，簽了一堆備忘錄，最後才終於成立了鳳凰群島信託基金。
And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.	現在我們則進到了籌資階段，
Kiribati has frozen extracting activities at its current state while we raise the endowment.	吉里巴斯在籌資階段就已經停止了捕撈作業。
We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.	我們在三個星期前，剛舉行過鳳凰群島信託基金會的首屆會員大會，
So it's a fully functional up-and-running entity that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.	我們已經準備好，準備和這個國家一同協商「禁止捕撈補貼證」事宜，
And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license and pays the country for this.	也就是由我們的基金會來核發補貼證，補貼因禁止捕撈而產生的損失。
So it's a very solid, very well thought-out, very well grounded system, and it was a bottom-up system, and that was very important with this work, from the bottom up to secure this.	這個補貼制度很完善，想得很週全，是一個設計良善的制度。這也是一個由下而上的制度，因為禁止捕撈這件事，完全得靠從下而上的力量才能維持。
So the conditions for success here are listed.	我們把成功的因素列了出來，
You can read them yourselves.	你們可以看看，
But I would say the most important one in my mind was working within the market forces of the situation.	但我認為最重要的因素是要和市場力量一起合作，
And that insured that we could move this forward and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati as well as the self-interest of the world.	這樣我們才能確保能推動這個制度，因為這不僅牽涉到吉里巴斯的利益，也牽涉到全世界的利益。
And I'll leave you with one final slide, that is: how do we scale this up?	最後，我要放這張投影片，想想看我們該如何推廣這個計畫？
How do we realize Sylvia's dream?	我們如何實現席薇亞(海洋保育運動者)的夢想？
Where eventually do we take this?	我們最終想要達到什麼成果？
Here's the Pacific with large MPAs and large conservation zones on it.	這是我們建立大量海洋保護區、大量保育區後的太平洋，
And as you can see, we have a patchwork across this ocean.	你可以看到，整個太平洋到處都是需要保育的區塊，
I've just described to you the one story behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands, but every other green patch on that has its own story.	我剛才所說的只是有關太平洋中間這個三角區域，鳳凰群島的故事，但在這許多綠色區塊背後，還有許多不為人知的故事。
And what we need to do now is look at the whole Pacific Ocean in its entirety and make a network of MPAs across the Pacific so that we have our world's largest ocean protected and self-sustaining over time.	我們現在所需要做的，是以太平洋海域整體的觀點出發，把太平洋上的海洋保護區串連起來，這樣，我們就能擁有全世界最大的海洋保護區，並能長久保育。
It's 4am in the morning.	時間是早上四點。
I'm waking up in a Boston hotel room and can only think of one thing: tooth pain.	我在波士頓一間飯店的房間中醒來，腦中只能想著一件事：牙痛。
One of my ceramic inlays fell off the evening before.	前晚，我的其中一個瓷鑲體脫落了。
Five hours later, I'm sitting in a dentist's chair.	五小時之後，我坐在牙科的椅子上。

In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.

西邊是吉爾勃特群島，

In the center we have the Phoenix Islands, which is the subject that I'm talking about.

中間則是我們這次所談到的鳳凰群島，

And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.

東邊則是直線群島。

It's the largest atoll nation in the world.

吉里巴斯是世上最大的環狀珊瑚礁島國，

And they have about 110,000 people spread out over 33 islands.

他們的人口約有11萬人，分佈在33個島嶼上。

They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean, and that's between one and two percent of all the ocean water on the planet.

全國的海域約有340萬立方哩，大約佔全世界海域的1%或2%。

And when I was first going up there, I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago, and people would ask me, "Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"

我第一次到那裡時，也就是十年前，我其實完全沒聽過那個國家，人們都問我：「你為什麼要去吉里巴斯？」

And it reminded me of that old joke where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed, and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"

這讓我想起了一個老掉牙的笑話，一個戴著手銙的銀行搶匪從法院走出來，記者對他叫道：「嘿！威利！你為什麼要搶銀行？」

And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."

他回說：「因為那裡的錢最多啊！」

And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?

所以我回覆道：「我為什麼要去吉里巴斯？

Because that's where all the ocean is."

因為那裡的海洋最多啊！」

They basically are one nation that controls most of the equatorial waters of the Central Pacific Ocean.

吉里巴斯其實是在中太平洋地區掌控最多赤道附近海域的國家，

They're also a country that is in dire danger.

他們同時也面臨著迫切的危機，

Sea levels are rising, and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world, will be under water within 50 to 100 years due to climate change and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.

因為海平面不斷上升，而吉里巴斯和世上其他42個國家一樣，在未來的50到100年之內，會因為氣候變遷而沈入海底。因為溫室效應會使冰山熔化，而使海平面上升，

The Islands rise only one to two meters above the surface.

現在的島嶼也不過高於海平面 1到2公尺而已，

Some of the islands have already gone under water.

有些島嶼已經沈入海底。

And these nations are faced with a real problem.

這些國家所面對的是迫切的真實危機，

We as a world are faced with a problem.

我們這個世界也面對相同的問題，

What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings who no longer have a home on the planet?

當這些國家的人民流離失所、無家可歸時，我們該怎麼辦？

The president of the Maldives conducted a mock cabinet meeting underwater recently to highlight the dire straits of these countries.

馬爾地夫總統最近在海底召開了一次具嘲諷意味的內閣會議，以彰顯這些國家所面臨的迫切危機。

So it's something we need to focus on.

這是我們應該關注的問題，

But back to the Phoenix Islands, which is the subject of this Talk.

但讓我們先回到鳳凰群島，這是我今天演講的主題，

After I got back, I said, okay, this is amazing, what we found.

在我回到那兒之後，我說：我們看到了很棒的東西，

I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati, who are over in Tarawa, the westernmost group.

我想和吉里巴斯政府分享我的探索成果，但政府機構在最西邊群島的塔拉瓦島上，

So I started contacting them -- because they had actually given me a permit to do this -- and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."

所以我與他們聯繫，他們先前核准了我這次的探索，我說：「我想過來告訴你們我的探索成果。」

And for some reason they didn't want me to come, or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while, but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.

但不知為何，他們似乎不想看到我，或是他們安排不出適當的時間地點，反正就是拖了一陣子，最後他們才說：「好，你可以過來，

But if you come, you have to buy lunch for everybody who comes to the seminar."

但你來的時候，要幫我們每個參與會議的人準備午餐。」

So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.

我回說：「好啊！我很樂意請客，

Just get whatever anybody wants."

看看大家想吃什麼。」

So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa, and we presented for two hours on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.

我和一位珊瑚礁生物學家大衛．歐布拉一起去塔拉瓦島，我們講解了二個小時，說明我們在鳳凰群島的驚人發現，

And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.

但他們似乎從來不知道，他們對這片海域一無所知，

They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.

從來沒有針對鳳凰群島的海域做過任何調查。

After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me and he said, "Greg, do you realize that you are the first scientist who has ever come back and told us what they did?"

在我的解說之後，他們的漁業部長走過來找我，他說：「克雷格，你知道嗎？你是第一個願意回來告訴我們探索成果的科學家。」

He said, "We often issue these permits to do research in our waters, but usually we get a note two or three years later, or a reprint.

他說：「我們通常都只是核准他們來我們的水域裡進行調查，但我們通常得等個二、三年才收到個隻字片語，或是一份舊版文件。

But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.

但你是第一個願意與我們分享你的成果的人，

And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.

我們真的很感激你，今天中餐就讓我來請客好了，

And are you free for dinner?"

晚餐你有空嗎？」

And I was free for dinner, and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.

我當然有空，所以就和漁業部長共進晚餐，

And over the course of dinner, I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue -- it's a very poor country -- but it gains what revenue is has by selling access to foreign nations to take fish out of its waters, because Kiribati does not have the capacity to take the fish itself.

在享用晚餐時，我發現吉里巴斯的主要經濟來源-- 吉里巴斯是很窮的國家-- 他們的主要經濟來源是將附近水域的捕漁權，賣給外國，因為吉里巴斯自己並沒有捕漁的設備，

And the deal that they strike is the extracting country gives Kiribati five percent of the landed value.

因此他們只向來申請捕漁的國家，收取漁獲金額 5%的手續費而已。

So if the United States removes a million dollars' worth of lobsters from a reef, Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.

如果美國捕撈了價值一百萬美金的龍蝦，吉里巴斯就會收到5萬美金。

And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.

我覺得這種交易並不划算，

So I asked the Minister over dinner, I said, "Would you consider a situation where you would still get paid -- we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is -- but you leave fish and the sharks and the shrimp in the water?"

所以我趁晚餐之便問漁業部長，我說：「你們有沒有想過另一種賺錢的方法？就是去算一下原先就此獲取的收入有多少，看看不捕撈魚類、鯊魚或蝦子，是否還能賺取這樣的收入？」

He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that to deal with our overfishing problem, and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."

他停了一會兒，說：「我們願意嚐試，希望能藉此改善過度捕撈的問題，就把這稱為禁止捕撈補貼證吧！」

He coined the term "reverse fishing license."

他把這個名詞定為「禁止捕撈補貼證」，

So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'" So we walked away from this dinner really not knowing where to go at that point.

所以我也附和：「對！禁止捕撈補貼證。」當晚我們離開之後，卻對「禁止捕撈補貼證」如何執行毫無頭緒。

I went back to the States and started looking around to see if I could find examples where reverse fishing licenses had been issued, and it turned out there were none.

我回到美國，開始調查是否有發行「禁止捕撈補貼證」的先例，但我發現以前並沒有人這麼做過，

There were no oceanic deals where countries were compensated for not fishing.

沒有針對海洋的案例，沒有國家因為不捕撈漁獲而獲得補助，

It had occurred on land, in rainforests of South America and Africa, where landowners had been paid not to cut the trees down.

但有國家針對自己的領土這麼做過，就是在非洲及南美的雨林裡，如果有地主自願不砍伐森林的話，就會獲得補助。

And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.

國際保育組織曾處理過幾個這種交易，

So I went to Conservation International and brought them in as a partner and went through the process of valuing the fishery resource, deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated, what the range of the fishes were, brought in a whole bunch of other partners -- the government of Australia, the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.

於是我找上國際保育組織，讓他們參與這件事，請他們先評估整個漁獲資源有多少，再決定吉里巴斯該獲得多少補助，有那些魚種的捕撈需受限制等；再找一群其他國家來參與補助，像是澳洲政府、紐西蘭政府及世界銀行。

The Oak Foundation and National Geographic have been big funders of this as well.

橡樹基金會和國家地理協會也都是著名的贊助者，

And we basically founded the park on the idea of an endowment that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees to this very poor country to keep the area intact.

我們秉持資助的理念成立了這個保護區，補貼這個窮苦的小國所損失的漁獲捕撈手續費，以保障該區域不會被過度捕撈。

Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati, President Anote Tong.

就在我們進行到中途的時候，我見到了吉里巴斯的總統，也就是湯安諾總統，

He's a really important leader, a real visionary, forward-thinking man, and he told me two things when I approached him.

他是一位重要的政治領袖，也是有遠見、具前瞻性的人，在我們的會面中，他告訴我二件事，

He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.

他說：「克雷格，我希望你能做二件事，

One is, remember I'm a politician, so you've got to go out and work with my ministers and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.

第一，記住我是個政治人物，所以你得去和我的部長們合作，說服我國的人民這樣做是有益的。

Secondly, I'd like you to create principles that will transcend my own presidency.

第二，我希望你能制定一些準則，一些能超越總統任期的準則，

I don't want to do something like this if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."

我不希望事情做到一半，就因為我沒被選上擔任總統而就停止了。」

So we had very strong leadership, very good vision and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.

我們的領導團隊很堅強，具有很好的眼光，也瞭解科學，還有許多律師參與其中。

Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.

我們積極地推動這件事，

And it was primarily because Kiribati realized that this was in their own self-interest to do this.

最主要還得歸功於吉里巴斯本身的自覺，他們知道這是為了他們本身的利益而做，

They realized that this was a common cause that they had found with the conservation community.

他們也瞭解這是他們與保育團體間共同的理想與事業。

Then in 2002, when this was all going full-swing, a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.

在2002年，當我們都在全力推動這件事時，鳳凰群島發生了珊瑚白化事件，

Here's this resource that we're looking to save, and it turns out it's the hottest heating event that we can find on record.

那是我們最想要保護的資源，但我們發現那是有史以來海水溫度最高的時候。

The ocean heated up as it does sometimes, and the hot spot formed and stalled right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.

有時候海水溫度會升高，但那次卻在鳳凰群島形成了一個停滯不動的熱區，長達六個月之久。

It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months and it basically killed 60 percent of the coral.

六個月以來，海水的溫度都超過攝氏32度，有60%的珊瑚死亡，

So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting, but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.

突然之間，我們想要保護的區域，卻變成了一片死寂，至少珊瑚礁區域都快死光了。

Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine, but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.

當然，深海區域及一些開放式的海域都沒問題，但是大家所喜愛的珊瑚礁區域卻有大麻煩了。

Well, the good news is it's recovered and recovering fast, faster than any reef we've seen.

好消息是這個區域復原了，而且復原得很快，比我們以前看過的任何珊瑚礁都快。

This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago when we returned to the Phoenix Islands and discovered that, because it is a protected area and has healthy fish populations that keep the algae grazed down and keep the rest of the reef healthy, the coral is booming, is just booming back.

這張照片是布萊恩．史凱瑞幾個月之前照的，我們又回到了鳳凰群島，我們發現，因為那裡已是一個保護區，有許多健康的魚群，海藻也在此落地生根，連帶地讓當地的珊瑚礁也長得很好，珊瑚又長得茂盛了，就像以前一樣。

It's almost like if a person has multiple diseases, it's hard to get well, you might die, but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.

就像一個生病的人，如果有多種疾病纏身，就很難治癒，可能會死，但如果只感染了一種疾病，那就很有可能治癒。

And that's the story with climate-change heating.

以上是氣候變遷的溫室效應所造成的影響，

It's the only threat, the only influence that the reef had to deal with.

這是唯一會威脅或影響珊瑚生長的因素，

There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development, and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.

因為我們排除了過度捕撈、污染與海岸開發等各種因素，珊瑚因此得以全速復原。

Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community might embrace this idea, Minister."

我想起十年前與吉里巴斯漁業部長共進晚餐的那個夜晚，我們在晚餐中第一次提出這個想法，我則被鼓舞地說出：「我認為保育團體都會欣然接受這個提議，部長！」

He paused and put his hands together and said, "Yes, Greg, but the devil will be in the details," he said.

他停頓了一下，雙手交疊，說：「我同意，克雷格，但魔鬼就藏在細節裡啊！」

And it certainly was.

他說的果然沒錯，

The last 10 years have been detail after detail ranging from creating legislation to multiple research expeditions to communication plans, as I said, teams of lawyers, MOUs, creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.

過去這十年總有處理不完的細節，從制定法律到多重研究探勘，甚至到溝通計畫等，我們出動了大批律師，簽了一堆備忘錄，最後才終於成立了鳳凰群島信託基金。

And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.

現在我們則進到了籌資階段，

Kiribati has frozen extracting activities at its current state while we raise the endowment.

吉里巴斯在籌資階段就已經停止了捕撈作業。

We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.

我們在三個星期前，剛舉行過鳳凰群島信託基金會的首屆會員大會，

So it's a fully functional up-and-running entity that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.

我們已經準備好，準備和這個國家一同協商「禁止捕撈補貼證」事宜，

And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license and pays the country for this.

也就是由我們的基金會來核發補貼證，補貼因禁止捕撈而產生的損失。

So it's a very solid, very well thought-out, very well grounded system, and it was a bottom-up system, and that was very important with this work, from the bottom up to secure this.

這個補貼制度很完善，想得很週全，是一個設計良善的制度。這也是一個由下而上的制度，因為禁止捕撈這件事，完全得靠從下而上的力量才能維持。

So the conditions for success here are listed.

我們把成功的因素列了出來，

You can read them yourselves.

你們可以看看，

But I would say the most important one in my mind was working within the market forces of the situation.

但我認為最重要的因素是要和市場力量一起合作，

And that insured that we could move this forward and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati as well as the self-interest of the world.

這樣我們才能確保能推動這個制度，因為這不僅牽涉到吉里巴斯的利益，也牽涉到全世界的利益。

And I'll leave you with one final slide, that is: how do we scale this up?

最後，我要放這張投影片，想想看我們該如何推廣這個計畫？

How do we realize Sylvia's dream?

我們如何實現席薇亞(海洋保育運動者)的夢想？

Where eventually do we take this?

我們最終想要達到什麼成果？

Here's the Pacific with large MPAs and large conservation zones on it.

這是我們建立大量海洋保護區、大量保育區後的太平洋，

And as you can see, we have a patchwork across this ocean.

你可以看到，整個太平洋到處都是需要保育的區塊，

I've just described to you the one story behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands, but every other green patch on that has its own story.

我剛才所說的只是有關太平洋中間這個三角區域，鳳凰群島的故事，但在這許多綠色區塊背後，還有許多不為人知的故事。

And what we need to do now is look at the whole Pacific Ocean in its entirety and make a network of MPAs across the Pacific so that we have our world's largest ocean protected and self-sustaining over time.

我們現在所需要做的，是以太平洋海域整體的觀點出發，把太平洋上的海洋保護區串連起來，這樣，我們就能擁有全世界最大的海洋保護區，並能長久保育。

It's 4am in the morning.

時間是早上四點。

I'm waking up in a Boston hotel room and can only think of one thing: tooth pain.

我在波士頓一間飯店的房間中醒來，腦中只能想著一件事：牙痛。

One of my ceramic inlays fell off the evening before.

前晚，我的其中一個瓷鑲體脫落了。

Five hours later, I'm sitting in a dentist's chair.

五小時之後，我坐在牙科的椅子上。