sentence-transformers/parallel-sentences-talks

english stringlengths 2 3.06k	non_english stringlengths 1 4.3k
But instead of having a repair of my inlay so that I can get rid of my pain, the dentist pitches me on the advantages of a titanium implant surgery.	但牙醫師並沒有修復我的瓷鑲體好讓我脫離牙痛之苦，反而在跟我推銷鈦植牙手術的優點。
Ever heard of that?	有聽過嗎？
(Laughter) It essentially means to replace a damaged tooth by an artificial one, that is screwed into your jaw.	（笑聲）基本上，就是要把一顆受損的牙齒換成一顆人工牙齒，用螺釘固定在你的下頜上。
Estimated costs for the implant surgery may add up to 10,000 US dollars.	植牙手術的估計成本可能會高達一萬美金。
Replacing the ceramic inlay I had before would come in at 100 US dollars.	把我之前的瓷鑲體換掉，只要大約一百美元。
Was it my health or the money that could be earned with me that was the biggest concern for my dentist?	到底是我的健康，還是能從我身上賺到的錢，是我的牙醫最先考量的事？
As it turned out, my experience wasn't an isolated case.	結果發現，我的經歷並非單一個案。
A study by a US national newspaper estimated that in the United States, up to 30 percent of all surgical procedures -- including stent and pacemaker implantations, hip replacements and uterus removals -- were conducted although other nonsurgical treatment options had not been fully exploited by the physician in charge.	美國一間報社的研究指出在美國所有的手術當中估計有三成── 包括支架和心律調節器植入、髖關節置換，及子宮移除── 被執行，儘管其他非手術的治療方式尚未完全被其主治醫生利用過。
Isn't that figure shocking?	那數字不是挺嚇人的嗎？
Numbers may be slightly different in other countries, but what it means is that if you go to a doctor in the US, you have a not-insignificant chance to be subjected to a surgical intervention without there being an immediate need for it.	在其他國家，數字可能稍有不同，但這意味著，如果你在美國看醫生，你有顯著的可能性，會在不立即需要手術的情況下就去接受手術治療。
Why are some practitioners incentivized to run such unnecessary procedures?	為什麼有些開業醫生會被獎勵去做這類不必要的手術？
Well, perhaps it is because health care systems themselves incentivize in a nonideal way towards applying or not applying certain procedures or treatments.	也許是因為健康照護體制本身，用一種不盡理想的方式，鼓勵採用／不採用某些手術或治療。
As most health care systems reimburse practitioners in a fee-for-service-based fashion on the number and kind of treatments performed, it may be this economic incentive that tempts some practitioners to rather perform high-profit surgical treatments instead of exploring other treatment options.	大部分的健康照護體制對開業醫生的補助是以一次一付的醫療費為基礎的，根據所進行之治療的數量和類型來給付，可能就是這種經濟獎勵誘使一些開業醫生選擇採用高利潤的手術治療，而不去尋求其他治療選擇。
Although certain countries started to implement performance-based reimbursement, anchored on a quality and efficacy matrix, overall, there's very little in today's health care systems' architecture to incentivize practitioners broadly to actively prevent the appearance of a disease in the first place and to limit the procedures applied to a patient to the most effective options.	雖然有些國家開始導入以績效為基礎的補助，根據的是品質和功效的矩陣，整體來說，現今的健康照護體制結構中，很少會有這種方式，廣泛鼓勵開業醫生在一開始就主動去預防疾病出現，並只對病人進行能達到最大效用的手術。
So how do we fix this?	這問題要如何解決？
What it may take is a fundamental redesign of our health care system's architecture -- a complete rethinking of the incentive structure.	可能會需要從根本上重新設計我們的健康照護體制結構── 完全重新思考鼓勵結構。
What we may need is a health care system that reimburses practitioners for keeping their customers healthy instead of almost only paying for services once people are already sick.	我們需要把健康照護體制的報銷條件改成是醫生要保持其客戶的健康，而不是幾乎只支付已病之後的治療服務。
What we may need is a transformation from today's system that largely cares for the sick, to a system that cares for the healthy.	我們得要轉變，從現今主要在照護病人的體制，轉變為照護健康的體制。
To change our current "sick care" approach into a true "health care" approach.	把我們目前的「生病照護」方法，改變為真正的「健康照護」方法。
It is a paradigm shift from treating people once they have become sick to preserving the health of the healthy before they get sick.	這是一種典範轉移，從在大家生病之後才進行治療，變成在他們生病之前就維持他們的健康。
This shift may move the focus of all those involved -- from doctors, to hospitals, to pharmaceutical and medical companies -- on the product that this industry ultimately sells: health.	這種轉移，可能會讓所有相關人士的焦點改變── 醫生、醫院、藥廠，及醫療器材公司── 把重心改放到這個產業最終要銷售的產品上：健康。
Imagine the following.	想像以下情況。
What if we redesign our health care system into one that does not reimburse practitioners for the actual procedures performed on a patient but rather reimburses doctors, hospitals, pharmaceutical and medical companies for every day a single individual is kept healthy and doesn't develop a disease?	如果我們重新設計健康照護體制，這個體制不會補助開業醫生對於病人實際上執行的手術，而是補助醫生、醫院、藥廠，以及醫療器材公司，每天每一個病人能保持健康無疾病，就能得到補助？
In practical terms, we could, for example, use public money to pay a health fee to an insurance company for every day a single individual is kept healthy and doesn't develop a disease or doesn't require any other form of acute medical intervention.	就實際面來說，比如，我們可以用公款來支付健康費給保險公司，只要每天每一個人能保持健康無疾病，或是不需要任何其他形式的急性醫療干預就付款。
If the individual becomes sick, the insurance company will not receive any further monetary compensation for the medical interventions required to treat the disease of that individual, but they would be obliged to pay for every evidence-based treatment option to return the customer back to health.	如果一個人生了病，保險公司不會從治療這個人之疾病所需要進行的醫療干預收到任何進一步的金錢補助，他們反而有義務要支付讓客戶恢復健康的治療選擇，只要有證據佐證治療的必要性。
Once the customer's healthy again, the health fee for that individual will be paid again.	一旦客戶再次恢復健康，他們就會再次收到那個人的健康費。
In effect, all players in the system are now responsible for keeping their customers healthy, and they're incentivized to avoid any unnecessary medical interventions by simply reducing the number of people that eventually become sick.	實際上，在這個體制中的所有參與者現在都有責任要保持客戶健康，他們若能避免不必要的醫療干預，就能得到獎勵，只要做到減少生病的人數。
The more healthy people there are, the less the cost to treat the sick will be, and the higher the economic benefit for all parties being involved in keeping these individuals healthy is.	大家越健康，治療疾病的成本就會越低，而保持每位客戶健康的相關各方，也會有更高的經濟利益。
This change of the incentive structure shifts, now, the attention of the complete health care system away from providing isolated and singular treatment options, towards a holistic view of what is useful for an individual to stay healthy and live long.	將獎勵結構做這種改變，會轉移整個健康照護體制的注意力，從專注在提供獨立且單一的治療選擇，轉變成「全人視角」，關注的是要做什麼才能讓人保持健康和長壽。
Now, to effectively preserve health, people will need to be willing to share their health data on a constant basis, so that the health care system understands early enough if any assistance with regard to their health is needed.	若要有效地保持健康，大家得要願意分享他們的健康資料，且要經常分享，這麼一來，健康照護體制就能在夠早的時間點去了解大家的健康需要什麼樣的協助。
Physical examination, monitoring of lifetime health data as well as genetic sequencing, cardiometabolic profiling and imaging-based technologies will allow customers to make, together with health coaches and general practitioners, optimal and science-guided decisions -- for their diet, their medication and their physical activity -- to diminish their unique probability to fall sick of an identified, individual high-risk disease.	健康檢查、監控終身健康資料，還有 DNA 定序、心血管代謝側寫，以及成像相關的技術，會讓客戶配合健康教練和一般開業醫生做出由科學所引導的最佳決策── 包括飲食、用藥，以及身體活動相關的決策── 以降低每個人得到每種可辨視之高風險疾病的機率。
Artificial intelligence-based data analysis and the miniaturization of sensor technologies are already starting to make monitoring of the individual health status possible.	以人工智慧為基礎的資料分析以及感測器技術的微型化，已經開始讓監控個人健康狀況成為可能。
Measuring cardiometabolic parameters by devices like this or the detection of circulating tumor DNA in your bloodstream early on after cancer disease onset are only two examples for such monitoring technologies.	用像這樣的裝置來測量心血管代謝參數，或及早在癌症襲擊之前就先偵測你的血液中有無血液循環腫瘤 DNA，只是這類監控技術的兩個例子而已。
Take cancer.	比如癌症。
One of the biggest problems in certain oncological diseases is that a large number of patients is diagnosed too late to allow them to be cured, although the drugs and treatments that could potentially have cured them are already existing today, if the disease had only been detected earlier.	某些腫瘤疾病遇到最大的問題之一，就是太多病人都太晚才被診斷出來，已經來不及治癒，儘管現今已經有些藥品和治療有可能治癒他們，只要疾病能更早被偵測出來。
New technologies allow now, based on a few milliliters of blood, to detect the presence of circulating tumor DNA and thus, the presence of cancer, early on in a really convenient manner.	現在的新技術已經能根據幾毫升的血液偵測出是否有血液循環腫瘤 DNA，因此，在早期就能用很方便的方式偵測出癌症。
The impact that this early-stage detection can have may be dramatic.	這種早期偵測會造成的影響是非常巨大的。
The five-year survival rate for non-small cell lung cancer when diagnosed at stage one, which is early, is 49 percent.	非小細胞肺癌的五年存活率，如果在第一期，也就是很早期就診斷出來，五年存活率是 49%。
The same, when diagnosed at stage four, which is late, is below one percent.	如果在第四期，也就是很晚期才診斷出來，五年存活率是就不到 1%。
Being potentially able to prevent a large number of deaths by something as simple as a blood test for circulating tumor DNA could make certain cancer types a manageable disease, as disease onset can be detected earlier and positive treatment outcomes can likely be increased.	只要用很簡單的東西，像是血液循環腫瘤 DNA 的血液檢測，就有可能預防許多人喪命，它能讓某些類型的癌症變成可以控管的疾病，疾病的攻擊能及早被偵測出來，因此也更可能會有正面的治療結果。
In 2012, 50 percent of all Americans had a single chronic disease, resulting in 86 percent of the $3 trillion US health care budget being spent for treating such chronic diseases.	2012 年，有 50% 的美國人得了單一種慢性病，導致美國的三兆美元健康照護預算有 86% 花在治療這類慢性病上。
Eighty-six percent.	86%。
If new technologies allow now to reduce this 86 percent, why have health care systems not reacted and changed already?	如果新技術能減低這 86%，為什麼健康照護體制還沒有反應和改變？
Well, a redesign of what today is a sick care system into a true health care system that focuses on prevention and behavioral changes requires every actor in the system to change.	要把現今的生病照護體制重新設計成真正的健康照護體制，需要把焦點放在預防和行為改變上，這需要體制中的每個行為者都做出改變。
It requires the political willingness to shift budgets and policies towards prevention and health education to design a new set of financial and non-financial incentives.	這也需要政治意願，將預算和政策轉向預防和健康教育，來設計一組新的財務和非財務獎勵方式。
It requires creating a regulatory framework for the gathering, using and sharing of personal health data that's at the same time stringent and sensible.	這就需要創造一個規範的架構，來收集、使用和分享個人健康資料，既嚴格且合理的規範架構。
It needs doctors, hospitals, insurers, pharmaceutical and medical companies to reframe their approach and, most important, it can't happen without the willingness and motivation of individuals to change their lifestyle in a sustained way, to prioritize staying healthy, in addition to opening up for sharing the health data on a constant basis.	這需要醫生、醫院、保險業者、藥廠，以及醫療器材公司重新調整他們的方法，然後，最重要的是，這件事若要成真，得仰賴每個人都有意願和動機去改變他們的生活方式，變得更永續，把保持健康列為優先事項，此外還要能開放地經常分享健康資料。
This change may not come overnight.	這種改變不會一夕成真。
But by refocusing the incentives within the health care industry today to actively keep people healthy, we may not only be able to prevent more diseases in the first place but we may also be able to detect the onset of certain preventable diseases earlier than we do today, which will lead to longer and healthier lives for more people.	但現在就在健康照護產業中將獎勵的焦點改變為主動保持民眾健康，我們不只能在一開始就先預防更多的疾病，我們也能夠偵測出某些可預防之疾病的發生，且比現今能做到的更早，這就會讓更多人能更長壽、更健康。
Most of the technologies that we need to initiate that change are already existing today.	要開始這項改變，我們所需要的技術大多已經存在了。
But this is not a technology question.	這不是個技術問題。
It is primarily a question of vision and will.	根本上，這是個遠見以及意願的問題。
Thanks a lot.	非常謝謝。
You may have noticed that I'm wearing two different shoes.	各位可能有注意到，我穿了兩隻不同的鞋子。
It probably looks funny -- it definitely feels funny -- but I wanted to make a point.	看起來可能很古怪－－感覺起來肯定還更古怪－－但我想要表達一個論點。
Let's say my left shoe corresponds to a sustainable footprint, meaning we humans consume less natural resources than our planet can regenerate, and emit less carbon dioxide than our forests and oceans can reabsorb.	假設說我的左腳鞋子符合碳足跡永續經營，意思就是說，我們人類消耗的自然資源比地球重新生成的量更少，且釋放出的二氧化碳也比我們的森林和海洋能吸收的量更少。
That's a stable and healthy condition.	這是一種穩定且健康的狀況。
Today's situation is more like my other shoe.	現今的情況比較像我的另一隻鞋子。
It's way oversized.	它生產的方式對環境影響相當大。
At the second of August in 2017, we had already consumed all resources our planet can regenerate this year.	在 2017 年８月２日，我們就已經把該年地球能重新生成的所有資源都消耗完了。
This is like spending all your money until the 18th of a month and then needing a credit from the bank for the rest of the time.	這就像是在一個月的 18 號就把你所有的錢花光了，接著剩下的時間就需要用銀行發的信用卡。
For sure, you can do this for some months in a row, but if you don't change your behavior, sooner or later, you will run into big problems.	當然，你可以連續幾個月都這麼做，但如果你都不改變你的行為，遲早，你會有大麻煩。
We all know the devastating effects of this excessive exploitation: global warming, rising of the sea levels, melting of the glaciers and polar ice, increasingly extreme climate patterns and more.	我們都知道這種過度使用所造成的破壞性影響：全球暖化、海平面上升、冰河和極冰溶化、氣候越來越極端等等。
The enormity of this problem really frustrates me.	這個問題的巨大程度，讓我很挫折。
What frustrates me even more is that there are solutions to this, but we keep doing things like we always did.	讓我更挫折的是，這個問題是有解決方案的，但我們卻持續做過去一直在做的事。
Today I want to share with you how a new solar technology can contribute to a sustainable future of buildings.	今天，我想和各位分享一種新的太陽能技術如何能夠協助達成建築物的永續未來。
Buildings consume about 40 percent of our total energy demand, so tackling this consumption would significantly reduce our climate emissions.	我們的總能源需求中有 40％是被建築物所消耗的，若能減少這種消耗，將能讓氣候排放顯著下降。
A building designed along sustainable principles can produce all the power it needs by itself.	依據永續原則設計的建築物能夠產生它自己所需要的所有電力。
To achieve this, you first have to reduce the consumption as much as possible, by using well-insulated walls or windows, for instance.	要達成這個理想，先得要盡可能減少消耗，比如使用隔熱效果很好的牆壁或窗戶。
These technologies are commercially available.	在商業上已經有在使用這些技術了。
Then you need energy for warm water and heating.	接著，你需要能源來供應熱水和暖氣。
You can get this in a renewable way from the sun through solar-thermal installations or from the ground and air, with heat pumps.	你可以從太陽取得再生能源，包括用太陽熱能的裝置，或用熱泵從地面與空氣取得能源。
All of these technologies are available.	這些技術都是可行的。
Then you are left with the need for electricity.	還剩下的，就是對電力的需求。
In principle, there are several ways to get renewable electricity, but how many buildings do you know which have a windmill on the roof or a water power plant in the garden?	原則上，有幾種方式可以取得再生電力，但你見過幾棟建築物，在屋頂上有裝設風車？或在花園裡有裝設水力發電廠？
Probably not so many, because usually, it doesn't make sense.	可能沒有幾棟，因為通常這並不合理。
But the sun provides abundant energy to our roofs and facades.	但太陽向我們的屋頂和建築物表面提供了大量的能源。
The potential to harvest this energy at our buildings' surfaces is enormous.	從建築物外牆取用這些能源的潛力是非常大的。
Let's take Europe as an example.	咱們用歐洲來當例子。
If you would utilize all areas which have a nice orientation to the sun and they're not overly shaded, the power generated by photovoltaics would correspond to about 30 percent of our total energy demand.	如果你可以利有所有理想的日照方向區域，且它們沒有被過度遮蔽，太陽光電產生的電力，相當於我們總能源需求的 30％。
But today's photovoltaics have some issues.	但現今的太陽光電有一些問題。
They do offer a good cost-performance ratio, but they aren't really flexible in terms of their design, and this makes aesthetics a challenge.	它們有不錯的成本效益比率，但在設計上卻缺乏彈性，這對美感而言是一項挑戰。
People often imagine pictures like this when thinking about solar cells on buildings.	對於建築物上的太陽能板，大家心中的想像通常是這樣的。
This may work for solar farms, but when you think of buildings, of streets, of architecture, aesthetics does matter.	在太陽能農場可能是可行的，但如果要用在建築物、街道、大樓，美感是很重要的。
This is the reason why we don't see many solar cells on buildings today.	這就是為什麼現今我們不會在建築物上看到很多太陽能電板。
They just don't match.	它們很不搭調。
Our team is working on a totally different solar-cell technology, which is called organic photovoltaics or OPV.	我們的團隊正致力於一種不同的太陽能板技術，它叫做有機太陽光電，簡稱 OPV。
The term organic describes that the material used for light absorption and charge transport are mainly based on the element carbon, and not on metals.	「有機」這個詞的意思是用來吸收光以及進行載子傳輸的材料是以碳元素為主，而不是金屬。
We utilize the mixture of a polymer which is set up by different repeating units, like the pearls in a pearl chain, and a small molecule which has the shape of a football and is called fullerene.	我們將聚合物混合，以不同的重覆單位組成，就像珍珠鏈的珍珠一樣，還有一個形狀像是足球的小型分子，它叫做球碳。
These two compounds are mixed and dissolved to become an ink.	這兩種化合物被混合起來，溶解成為墨水。
And like ink, they can be printed with simple printing techniques like slot-die coating in a continuous roll-to-roll process on flexible substrates.	就像墨水一樣，它們可以用簡單的印刷技術印刷，例如在柔性基材上以連續的卷對卷工藝進行槽模塗佈。
The resulting thin layer is the active layer, absorbing the energy of the sun.	由此產生的薄層是活動層，吸收太陽的能量。
This active layer is extremely effective.	這個活動層的效率相當高。
You only need a layer thickness of 0.2 micrometers to absorb the energy of the sun.	只需要 0.2 微米的厚度，就能吸收太陽的能源。
This is 100 times thinner than a human hair.	這厚度是一根頭髮的百分之一。
To give you another example, take one kilogram of the basic polymer and use it to formulate the active ink.	再舉一個例子，拿１公斤的基礎聚合物，用它來配製出反應墨水。
With this amount of ink, you can print a solar cell the size of a complete football field.	這墨水的量，可以印出一整個美式足球場大小的太陽能板。
So OPV is extremely material efficient, which I think is a crucial thing when talking about sustainability.	所以，OPV 的材料效能非常好，若要談永續，這是個很重要的關鍵。
After the printing process, you can have a solar module which could look like this ...	在列印流程序之後，你可以產出一個像這樣的太陽能組件…
It looks a bit like a plastic foil and actually has many of its features.	它看起來有點像是保鮮膜，實際上也有許多保鮮膜的特性。

But instead of having a repair of my inlay so that I can get rid of my pain, the dentist pitches me on the advantages of a titanium implant surgery.

但牙醫師並沒有修復我的瓷鑲體好讓我脫離牙痛之苦，反而在跟我推銷鈦植牙手術的優點。

Ever heard of that?

有聽過嗎？

(Laughter) It essentially means to replace a damaged tooth by an artificial one, that is screwed into your jaw.

（笑聲）基本上，就是要把一顆受損的牙齒換成一顆人工牙齒，用螺釘固定在你的下頜上。

Estimated costs for the implant surgery may add up to 10,000 US dollars.

植牙手術的估計成本可能會高達一萬美金。

Replacing the ceramic inlay I had before would come in at 100 US dollars.

把我之前的瓷鑲體換掉，只要大約一百美元。

Was it my health or the money that could be earned with me that was the biggest concern for my dentist?

到底是我的健康，還是能從我身上賺到的錢，是我的牙醫最先考量的事？

As it turned out, my experience wasn't an isolated case.

結果發現，我的經歷並非單一個案。

A study by a US national newspaper estimated that in the United States, up to 30 percent of all surgical procedures -- including stent and pacemaker implantations, hip replacements and uterus removals -- were conducted although other nonsurgical treatment options had not been fully exploited by the physician in charge.

美國一間報社的研究指出在美國所有的手術當中估計有三成── 包括支架和心律調節器植入、髖關節置換，及子宮移除── 被執行，儘管其他非手術的治療方式尚未完全被其主治醫生利用過。

Isn't that figure shocking?

那數字不是挺嚇人的嗎？

Numbers may be slightly different in other countries, but what it means is that if you go to a doctor in the US, you have a not-insignificant chance to be subjected to a surgical intervention without there being an immediate need for it.

在其他國家，數字可能稍有不同，但這意味著，如果你在美國看醫生，你有顯著的可能性，會在不立即需要手術的情況下就去接受手術治療。

Why are some practitioners incentivized to run such unnecessary procedures?

為什麼有些開業醫生會被獎勵去做這類不必要的手術？

Well, perhaps it is because health care systems themselves incentivize in a nonideal way towards applying or not applying certain procedures or treatments.

也許是因為健康照護體制本身，用一種不盡理想的方式，鼓勵採用／不採用某些手術或治療。

As most health care systems reimburse practitioners in a fee-for-service-based fashion on the number and kind of treatments performed, it may be this economic incentive that tempts some practitioners to rather perform high-profit surgical treatments instead of exploring other treatment options.

大部分的健康照護體制對開業醫生的補助是以一次一付的醫療費為基礎的，根據所進行之治療的數量和類型來給付，可能就是這種經濟獎勵誘使一些開業醫生選擇採用高利潤的手術治療，而不去尋求其他治療選擇。

Although certain countries started to implement performance-based reimbursement, anchored on a quality and efficacy matrix, overall, there's very little in today's health care systems' architecture to incentivize practitioners broadly to actively prevent the appearance of a disease in the first place and to limit the procedures applied to a patient to the most effective options.

雖然有些國家開始導入以績效為基礎的補助，根據的是品質和功效的矩陣，整體來說，現今的健康照護體制結構中，很少會有這種方式，廣泛鼓勵開業醫生在一開始就主動去預防疾病出現，並只對病人進行能達到最大效用的手術。

So how do we fix this?

這問題要如何解決？

What it may take is a fundamental redesign of our health care system's architecture -- a complete rethinking of the incentive structure.

可能會需要從根本上重新設計我們的健康照護體制結構── 完全重新思考鼓勵結構。

What we may need is a health care system that reimburses practitioners for keeping their customers healthy instead of almost only paying for services once people are already sick.

我們需要把健康照護體制的報銷條件改成是醫生要保持其客戶的健康，而不是幾乎只支付已病之後的治療服務。

What we may need is a transformation from today's system that largely cares for the sick, to a system that cares for the healthy.

我們得要轉變，從現今主要在照護病人的體制，轉變為照護健康的體制。

To change our current "sick care" approach into a true "health care" approach.

把我們目前的「生病照護」方法，改變為真正的「健康照護」方法。

It is a paradigm shift from treating people once they have become sick to preserving the health of the healthy before they get sick.

這是一種典範轉移，從在大家生病之後才進行治療，變成在他們生病之前就維持他們的健康。

This shift may move the focus of all those involved -- from doctors, to hospitals, to pharmaceutical and medical companies -- on the product that this industry ultimately sells: health.

這種轉移，可能會讓所有相關人士的焦點改變── 醫生、醫院、藥廠，及醫療器材公司── 把重心改放到這個產業最終要銷售的產品上：健康。

Imagine the following.

想像以下情況。

What if we redesign our health care system into one that does not reimburse practitioners for the actual procedures performed on a patient but rather reimburses doctors, hospitals, pharmaceutical and medical companies for every day a single individual is kept healthy and doesn't develop a disease?

如果我們重新設計健康照護體制，這個體制不會補助開業醫生對於病人實際上執行的手術，而是補助醫生、醫院、藥廠，以及醫療器材公司，每天每一個病人能保持健康無疾病，就能得到補助？

In practical terms, we could, for example, use public money to pay a health fee to an insurance company for every day a single individual is kept healthy and doesn't develop a disease or doesn't require any other form of acute medical intervention.

就實際面來說，比如，我們可以用公款來支付健康費給保險公司，只要每天每一個人能保持健康無疾病，或是不需要任何其他形式的急性醫療干預就付款。

If the individual becomes sick, the insurance company will not receive any further monetary compensation for the medical interventions required to treat the disease of that individual, but they would be obliged to pay for every evidence-based treatment option to return the customer back to health.

如果一個人生了病，保險公司不會從治療這個人之疾病所需要進行的醫療干預收到任何進一步的金錢補助，他們反而有義務要支付讓客戶恢復健康的治療選擇，只要有證據佐證治療的必要性。

Once the customer's healthy again, the health fee for that individual will be paid again.

一旦客戶再次恢復健康，他們就會再次收到那個人的健康費。

In effect, all players in the system are now responsible for keeping their customers healthy, and they're incentivized to avoid any unnecessary medical interventions by simply reducing the number of people that eventually become sick.

實際上，在這個體制中的所有參與者現在都有責任要保持客戶健康，他們若能避免不必要的醫療干預，就能得到獎勵，只要做到減少生病的人數。

The more healthy people there are, the less the cost to treat the sick will be, and the higher the economic benefit for all parties being involved in keeping these individuals healthy is.

大家越健康，治療疾病的成本就會越低，而保持每位客戶健康的相關各方，也會有更高的經濟利益。

This change of the incentive structure shifts, now, the attention of the complete health care system away from providing isolated and singular treatment options, towards a holistic view of what is useful for an individual to stay healthy and live long.

將獎勵結構做這種改變，會轉移整個健康照護體制的注意力，從專注在提供獨立且單一的治療選擇，轉變成「全人視角」，關注的是要做什麼才能讓人保持健康和長壽。

Now, to effectively preserve health, people will need to be willing to share their health data on a constant basis, so that the health care system understands early enough if any assistance with regard to their health is needed.

若要有效地保持健康，大家得要願意分享他們的健康資料，且要經常分享，這麼一來，健康照護體制就能在夠早的時間點去了解大家的健康需要什麼樣的協助。

Physical examination, monitoring of lifetime health data as well as genetic sequencing, cardiometabolic profiling and imaging-based technologies will allow customers to make, together with health coaches and general practitioners, optimal and science-guided decisions -- for their diet, their medication and their physical activity -- to diminish their unique probability to fall sick of an identified, individual high-risk disease.

健康檢查、監控終身健康資料，還有 DNA 定序、心血管代謝側寫，以及成像相關的技術，會讓客戶配合健康教練和一般開業醫生做出由科學所引導的最佳決策── 包括飲食、用藥，以及身體活動相關的決策── 以降低每個人得到每種可辨視之高風險疾病的機率。

Artificial intelligence-based data analysis and the miniaturization of sensor technologies are already starting to make monitoring of the individual health status possible.

以人工智慧為基礎的資料分析以及感測器技術的微型化，已經開始讓監控個人健康狀況成為可能。

Measuring cardiometabolic parameters by devices like this or the detection of circulating tumor DNA in your bloodstream early on after cancer disease onset are only two examples for such monitoring technologies.

用像這樣的裝置來測量心血管代謝參數，或及早在癌症襲擊之前就先偵測你的血液中有無血液循環腫瘤 DNA，只是這類監控技術的兩個例子而已。

Take cancer.

比如癌症。

One of the biggest problems in certain oncological diseases is that a large number of patients is diagnosed too late to allow them to be cured, although the drugs and treatments that could potentially have cured them are already existing today, if the disease had only been detected earlier.

某些腫瘤疾病遇到最大的問題之一，就是太多病人都太晚才被診斷出來，已經來不及治癒，儘管現今已經有些藥品和治療有可能治癒他們，只要疾病能更早被偵測出來。

New technologies allow now, based on a few milliliters of blood, to detect the presence of circulating tumor DNA and thus, the presence of cancer, early on in a really convenient manner.

現在的新技術已經能根據幾毫升的血液偵測出是否有血液循環腫瘤 DNA，因此，在早期就能用很方便的方式偵測出癌症。

The impact that this early-stage detection can have may be dramatic.

這種早期偵測會造成的影響是非常巨大的。

The five-year survival rate for non-small cell lung cancer when diagnosed at stage one, which is early, is 49 percent.

非小細胞肺癌的五年存活率，如果在第一期，也就是很早期就診斷出來，五年存活率是 49%。

The same, when diagnosed at stage four, which is late, is below one percent.

如果在第四期，也就是很晚期才診斷出來，五年存活率是就不到 1%。

Being potentially able to prevent a large number of deaths by something as simple as a blood test for circulating tumor DNA could make certain cancer types a manageable disease, as disease onset can be detected earlier and positive treatment outcomes can likely be increased.

只要用很簡單的東西，像是血液循環腫瘤 DNA 的血液檢測，就有可能預防許多人喪命，它能讓某些類型的癌症變成可以控管的疾病，疾病的攻擊能及早被偵測出來，因此也更可能會有正面的治療結果。

In 2012, 50 percent of all Americans had a single chronic disease, resulting in 86 percent of the $3 trillion US health care budget being spent for treating such chronic diseases.

2012 年，有 50% 的美國人得了單一種慢性病，導致美國的三兆美元健康照護預算有 86% 花在治療這類慢性病上。

Eighty-six percent.

86%。

If new technologies allow now to reduce this 86 percent, why have health care systems not reacted and changed already?

如果新技術能減低這 86%，為什麼健康照護體制還沒有反應和改變？

Well, a redesign of what today is a sick care system into a true health care system that focuses on prevention and behavioral changes requires every actor in the system to change.

要把現今的生病照護體制重新設計成真正的健康照護體制，需要把焦點放在預防和行為改變上，這需要體制中的每個行為者都做出改變。

It requires the political willingness to shift budgets and policies towards prevention and health education to design a new set of financial and non-financial incentives.

這也需要政治意願，將預算和政策轉向預防和健康教育，來設計一組新的財務和非財務獎勵方式。

It requires creating a regulatory framework for the gathering, using and sharing of personal health data that's at the same time stringent and sensible.

這就需要創造一個規範的架構，來收集、使用和分享個人健康資料，既嚴格且合理的規範架構。

It needs doctors, hospitals, insurers, pharmaceutical and medical companies to reframe their approach and, most important, it can't happen without the willingness and motivation of individuals to change their lifestyle in a sustained way, to prioritize staying healthy, in addition to opening up for sharing the health data on a constant basis.

這需要醫生、醫院、保險業者、藥廠，以及醫療器材公司重新調整他們的方法，然後，最重要的是，這件事若要成真，得仰賴每個人都有意願和動機去改變他們的生活方式，變得更永續，把保持健康列為優先事項，此外還要能開放地經常分享健康資料。

This change may not come overnight.

這種改變不會一夕成真。

But by refocusing the incentives within the health care industry today to actively keep people healthy, we may not only be able to prevent more diseases in the first place but we may also be able to detect the onset of certain preventable diseases earlier than we do today, which will lead to longer and healthier lives for more people.

但現在就在健康照護產業中將獎勵的焦點改變為主動保持民眾健康，我們不只能在一開始就先預防更多的疾病，我們也能夠偵測出某些可預防之疾病的發生，且比現今能做到的更早，這就會讓更多人能更長壽、更健康。

Most of the technologies that we need to initiate that change are already existing today.

要開始這項改變，我們所需要的技術大多已經存在了。

But this is not a technology question.

這不是個技術問題。

It is primarily a question of vision and will.

根本上，這是個遠見以及意願的問題。

Thanks a lot.

非常謝謝。

You may have noticed that I'm wearing two different shoes.

各位可能有注意到，我穿了兩隻不同的鞋子。

It probably looks funny -- it definitely feels funny -- but I wanted to make a point.

看起來可能很古怪－－感覺起來肯定還更古怪－－但我想要表達一個論點。

Let's say my left shoe corresponds to a sustainable footprint, meaning we humans consume less natural resources than our planet can regenerate, and emit less carbon dioxide than our forests and oceans can reabsorb.

假設說我的左腳鞋子符合碳足跡永續經營，意思就是說，我們人類消耗的自然資源比地球重新生成的量更少，且釋放出的二氧化碳也比我們的森林和海洋能吸收的量更少。

That's a stable and healthy condition.

這是一種穩定且健康的狀況。

Today's situation is more like my other shoe.

現今的情況比較像我的另一隻鞋子。

It's way oversized.

它生產的方式對環境影響相當大。

At the second of August in 2017, we had already consumed all resources our planet can regenerate this year.

在 2017 年８月２日，我們就已經把該年地球能重新生成的所有資源都消耗完了。

This is like spending all your money until the 18th of a month and then needing a credit from the bank for the rest of the time.

這就像是在一個月的 18 號就把你所有的錢花光了，接著剩下的時間就需要用銀行發的信用卡。

For sure, you can do this for some months in a row, but if you don't change your behavior, sooner or later, you will run into big problems.

當然，你可以連續幾個月都這麼做，但如果你都不改變你的行為，遲早，你會有大麻煩。

We all know the devastating effects of this excessive exploitation: global warming, rising of the sea levels, melting of the glaciers and polar ice, increasingly extreme climate patterns and more.

我們都知道這種過度使用所造成的破壞性影響：全球暖化、海平面上升、冰河和極冰溶化、氣候越來越極端等等。

The enormity of this problem really frustrates me.

這個問題的巨大程度，讓我很挫折。

What frustrates me even more is that there are solutions to this, but we keep doing things like we always did.

讓我更挫折的是，這個問題是有解決方案的，但我們卻持續做過去一直在做的事。

Today I want to share with you how a new solar technology can contribute to a sustainable future of buildings.

今天，我想和各位分享一種新的太陽能技術如何能夠協助達成建築物的永續未來。

Buildings consume about 40 percent of our total energy demand, so tackling this consumption would significantly reduce our climate emissions.

我們的總能源需求中有 40％是被建築物所消耗的，若能減少這種消耗，將能讓氣候排放顯著下降。

A building designed along sustainable principles can produce all the power it needs by itself.

依據永續原則設計的建築物能夠產生它自己所需要的所有電力。

To achieve this, you first have to reduce the consumption as much as possible, by using well-insulated walls or windows, for instance.

要達成這個理想，先得要盡可能減少消耗，比如使用隔熱效果很好的牆壁或窗戶。

These technologies are commercially available.

在商業上已經有在使用這些技術了。

Then you need energy for warm water and heating.

接著，你需要能源來供應熱水和暖氣。

You can get this in a renewable way from the sun through solar-thermal installations or from the ground and air, with heat pumps.

你可以從太陽取得再生能源，包括用太陽熱能的裝置，或用熱泵從地面與空氣取得能源。

All of these technologies are available.

這些技術都是可行的。

Then you are left with the need for electricity.

還剩下的，就是對電力的需求。

In principle, there are several ways to get renewable electricity, but how many buildings do you know which have a windmill on the roof or a water power plant in the garden?

原則上，有幾種方式可以取得再生電力，但你見過幾棟建築物，在屋頂上有裝設風車？或在花園裡有裝設水力發電廠？

Probably not so many, because usually, it doesn't make sense.

可能沒有幾棟，因為通常這並不合理。

But the sun provides abundant energy to our roofs and facades.

但太陽向我們的屋頂和建築物表面提供了大量的能源。

The potential to harvest this energy at our buildings' surfaces is enormous.

從建築物外牆取用這些能源的潛力是非常大的。

Let's take Europe as an example.

咱們用歐洲來當例子。

If you would utilize all areas which have a nice orientation to the sun and they're not overly shaded, the power generated by photovoltaics would correspond to about 30 percent of our total energy demand.

如果你可以利有所有理想的日照方向區域，且它們沒有被過度遮蔽，太陽光電產生的電力，相當於我們總能源需求的 30％。

But today's photovoltaics have some issues.

但現今的太陽光電有一些問題。

They do offer a good cost-performance ratio, but they aren't really flexible in terms of their design, and this makes aesthetics a challenge.

它們有不錯的成本效益比率，但在設計上卻缺乏彈性，這對美感而言是一項挑戰。

People often imagine pictures like this when thinking about solar cells on buildings.

對於建築物上的太陽能板，大家心中的想像通常是這樣的。

This may work for solar farms, but when you think of buildings, of streets, of architecture, aesthetics does matter.

在太陽能農場可能是可行的，但如果要用在建築物、街道、大樓，美感是很重要的。

This is the reason why we don't see many solar cells on buildings today.

這就是為什麼現今我們不會在建築物上看到很多太陽能電板。

They just don't match.

它們很不搭調。

Our team is working on a totally different solar-cell technology, which is called organic photovoltaics or OPV.

我們的團隊正致力於一種不同的太陽能板技術，它叫做有機太陽光電，簡稱 OPV。

The term organic describes that the material used for light absorption and charge transport are mainly based on the element carbon, and not on metals.

「有機」這個詞的意思是用來吸收光以及進行載子傳輸的材料是以碳元素為主，而不是金屬。

We utilize the mixture of a polymer which is set up by different repeating units, like the pearls in a pearl chain, and a small molecule which has the shape of a football and is called fullerene.

我們將聚合物混合，以不同的重覆單位組成，就像珍珠鏈的珍珠一樣，還有一個形狀像是足球的小型分子，它叫做球碳。

These two compounds are mixed and dissolved to become an ink.

這兩種化合物被混合起來，溶解成為墨水。

And like ink, they can be printed with simple printing techniques like slot-die coating in a continuous roll-to-roll process on flexible substrates.

就像墨水一樣，它們可以用簡單的印刷技術印刷，例如在柔性基材上以連續的卷對卷工藝進行槽模塗佈。

The resulting thin layer is the active layer, absorbing the energy of the sun.

由此產生的薄層是活動層，吸收太陽的能量。

This active layer is extremely effective.

這個活動層的效率相當高。

You only need a layer thickness of 0.2 micrometers to absorb the energy of the sun.

只需要 0.2 微米的厚度，就能吸收太陽的能源。

This is 100 times thinner than a human hair.

這厚度是一根頭髮的百分之一。

To give you another example, take one kilogram of the basic polymer and use it to formulate the active ink.

再舉一個例子，拿１公斤的基礎聚合物，用它來配製出反應墨水。

With this amount of ink, you can print a solar cell the size of a complete football field.

這墨水的量，可以印出一整個美式足球場大小的太陽能板。

So OPV is extremely material efficient, which I think is a crucial thing when talking about sustainability.

所以，OPV 的材料效能非常好，若要談永續，這是個很重要的關鍵。

After the printing process, you can have a solar module which could look like this ...

在列印流程序之後，你可以產出一個像這樣的太陽能組件…

It looks a bit like a plastic foil and actually has many of its features.

它看起來有點像是保鮮膜，實際上也有許多保鮮膜的特性。