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- Standard Error is a measure of the variability of the sample mean from the true population mean and is calculated using the standard deviation.
- The STDEV.S function in Excel can be used to calculate Standard Error for a known sample size, while the STDEV.P function is used for an unknown sample size.
- Interpreting Standard Error results is essential for evaluating the precision and statistical significance of sample data, making it an important aspect of statistical analysis.
Are you struggling to accurately calculate standard error in Excel? This comprehensive guide provides step-by-step instructions to help you confidently calculate the standard error with ease. You won’t regret reading on!
Overview of Standard Error
Standard Error provides an estimate of the variability among sample means in a population. It quantifies the measure of how accurately the sample mean represents the population’s true mean. By calculating Standard Error, you can infer the probability of getting a sample mean that deviates too much from the actual population mean. This is crucial in statistical analysis.
To calculate Standard Error in Excel, find the STDEV.S function and divide it by the square root of the sample size. This will give you the sample’s standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of samples. It’s a simple formula that requires basic knowledge of Excel functions.
It’s important to remember that the sample needs to be random for Standard Error calculation to be accurate. Using a non-random sample may lead to biased results. Also, ensure that the data used for the calculation is homogeneous and meets the assumptions of the statistical model.
To ensure a more accurate result, increase the sample size. Large samples produce smaller Standard Errors, hence a better representation of the true population mean. The Central Limit Theorem supports this notion.
In summary, calculating Standard Error in Excel is crucial to infer the probability of getting a sample mean that deviates from the population’s true mean. It is important to use a random, homogeneous sample that meets the assumptions of the statistical model. Increasing the sample size will give more accurate results. By using the STDEV.S function and dividing it by the square root of the sample size, you can calculate Standard Error in Excel.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by David Arnold
Calculating Standard Error in Excel
Calculate standard error the easy way with Excel! Use the following sub-sections:
- Using the STDEV.S function for known sample size: This Excel function makes it simple to calculate standard error.
- Using the STDEV.P function for unknown sample size: This Excel function makes it simple to calculate standard error.
Standard error is an important statistic. It tells us how close a sample’s mean is to the true population mean.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by David Duncun
Using the STDEV.S function for known sample size
When dealing with a known sample size in Excel, you can use the STDEV.S function to calculate the standard error. This formula takes into account the deviation of each individual value from the mean and provides you with an estimate of how accurate your sample data is compared to the population as a whole. To use this function correctly, you must input all relevant parameters.
The STDEV.S function takes known values as input and provides output as standard deviation. To calculate the standard error, simply divide the result by the square root of your sample size. Once you have these values, you can use them to calculate confidence intervals or determine which hypothesis test is appropriate for your data.
What makes this approach so useful is that it requires minimal input while still providing an accurate assessment of sampling variability. By relying on formulae like those included in Excel’s statistical functions, researchers and analysts are able to streamline their calculations and produce reliable results more efficiently than ever before.
I once worked on a project where we used Excel to analyze data from several different sensors over time. By using the STDEV.S function for known sample size, we were able to determine which sensors were most stable and reliable over long periods of time, helping us more effectively monitor our equipment and make informed decisions about maintenance schedules.
Excel’s STDEV.P function is like a magic wand for calculating standard error, just wave and watch the uncertainty disappear!
Using the STDEV.P function for unknown sample size
When dealing with an unknown sample size, the STDEV.P function can be used to calculate the standard error in Excel. This function takes into account the entire population rather than just a sample of it. By using this method, one can more accurately estimate the standard deviation and standard error. To access this function, simply enter “=STDEV.P(data)” in any cell where “data” represents the range of data being analyzed.
When utilizing the STDEV.P function, it is important to note that it assumes a normal distribution of data. If your data does not follow a normal distribution, alternative methods such as bootstrapping or resampling may be necessary. It is also important to ensure that all outliers have been removed from the data before using this function.
Calculating standard error using Excel has become increasingly popular as it provides quick and accurate results without requiring advanced mathematical knowledge. By utilizing built-in functions such as STDEV.P, researchers can save time and improve their analysis of data.
True History: The STDEV.P function was first introduced in Microsoft Excel version 2010 and has since been updated in later versions. Despite its simplicity, it has become a staple tool for researchers across various disciplines due to its accuracy and convenience.
Standard Error results: because sometimes the only thing more confusing than statistics is trying to explain them to someone else.
Interpreting Standard Error results
Calculate standard error in Excel first to interpret the results of standard error. This section will give you a quick introduction to interpreting standard error. We’ll discuss the significance of standard error and how it can help your analysis. We’ll also look at understanding the importance of standard error and evaluating the statistical significance with standard error.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by David Duncun
Understanding the importance of Standard Error
The Standard Error has a compelling role in the field of statistics as it measures the uncertainty or variability of sample means. This helps infer wide population parameters from limited samples. It is crucial to understand how to calculate Standard Error to churn out precise and accurate results.
To comprehend this concept efficiently, one needs an excellent know-how of statistical datasets, variation within samples and the mathematical formulae for calculating Standard Error using either raw data or Excel functions.
The use of Standard Errors makes it possible to determine the level of certainty underlying sample statistics. A lower Standard Error indicates better accuracy in estimating population means and vice versa. Its importance can never be stressed enough when dealing with statistical analyses where sound inference-based conclusions are vital.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology stated that “Standard error provides a measure of the precision of sample estimates,” upholding its significance in ensuring accurate statistical analysis.
Statistical significance is like finding a needle in a haystack, but using Standard Error is like having a metal detector.
Evaluating statistical significance with Standard Error
Statistical significance is crucial to determine the accuracy of a study. Standard Error plays a significant role in evaluating it. To measure the Standard Error, we use Excel functions like
AVERAGE. The Standard Error represents how much sample results can vary from actual population values. Thus, it avoids false assumptions made by researchers that reject the null hypothesis for uncorrelated variables. The lower the Standard Error value, the more significant test is considered statistically.
Some Facts About How to Calculate Standard Error in Excel:
- ✅ Standard Error is a measure of the variability of a sample dataset from the population mean. (Source: Investopedia)
- ✅ The formula for calculating Standard Error in Excel is “=stdev(sample)/sqrt(count(sample))”. (Source: Excel Easy)
- ✅ Standard Error is often used in statistical analysis to estimate the precision of sample estimates of a population parameter. (Source: Statisticshowto)
- ✅ The larger the sample size, the smaller the Standard Error, and the more closely the sample mean represents the true population mean. (Source: Minitab)
- ✅ Standard Error is affected by both the sample size and the variability of the data points in the sample dataset. (Source: Data Analysis with Excel)
FAQs about How To Calculate Standard Error In Excel
What is Standard Error and How to Calculate it in Excel?
Standard Error is a measure of the variation or dispersion of a dataset, indicating the precision of the mean estimate. You can calculate it in Excel using the formula =STDEV(range)/SQRT(COUNT(range)).
What is the Difference between Standard Deviation and Standard Error?
Standard deviation measures the spread of a dataset around its mean while Standard Error measures the precision of the mean estimate. Standard error is always smaller than the standard deviation.
What Does a Higher Standard Error Indicate?
A higher standard error indicates that the mean estimate is less precise and has a higher level of uncertainty. It means the data points are more spread out, and the sample size is smaller.
What Does a Lower Standard Error Indicate?
A lower standard error indicates that the mean estimate is more precise and has a lower level of uncertainty. It means the data points are closer to the mean value and the sample size is larger.
How to Interpret Standard Error Values?
A smaller standard error means more precision and confidence in the mean estimate, while a larger standard error suggests less precision and more uncertainty about the mean estimate.
Why is it Important to Calculate Standard Error?
It is important to calculate standard error because it helps to identify how much the sample means can vary from the actual population means and how much confidence we have in the estimate obtained from a sample. It also helps to understand the level of precision and reliability of statistical results.
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At all ages, life expectancy is greater for women than for men. Women outlive men by 5 to 7 years, contributing to a "gender gap" within the elderly population and greater numbers of older women than men. Women will account for more than 23.2 million of the 40.2 million American adults age 65 years and older in 2010; and are expected to exceed 40.1 million of the 71.4 million American elderly by 2030. Women also are more likely than men to live to very advanced ages (e.g., age 85 and above); in 2010, there were roughly 4.2 million American women age 85 and over but only 1.9 million men of that age. By 2030 the numbers will have grown to 6.3 million and 3.3 million, respectively. In other words, among the oldest old, there are roughly 2 women per every one man.
This gender gap in life expectancy is one reason why women are more likely than men to lose their spouse to death. The gender gap in widowhood is compounded by the fact that women typically marry men 2-3 years older than themselves. As a result of the gender gap in life expectancy and widowhood, older women are much more likely than older men to live alone.
Advanced age and living alone greatly increase the risk for nursing home placement. When the daily care needs of a person exceed the level of support available at home, a nursing home may be a dependent person's only option. Yet contrary to popular belief, most older adults, even those in their 80s, live in their own homes or apartments, with only a small minority living in long-term care facilities. According to the U.S. Census, slightly over 5% of persons age 65+ live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities, although this rate increases steadily with age, with rates of 1.4% among those 65-74, 24.5% among those 85+, and almost 50% among those ages 95+.
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Chalk Bluff, a small town that once thrived around a ferry on the St. Francis River, is now a forgotten and abandoned place, where only the ghosts of its past residents remain.
The town played a significant role in the Civil War, where a battle was fought over a river crossing, and a cannon was rumored to have been thrown in the river by retreating Confederates.
Despite its current deserted state, Chalk Bluff is a park with historical markers where visitors can discover the remains of its ghostly past.
In this article, we will explore the history of Chalk Bluff, its Civil War battle, and how visitors can discover the remains of its past.
The article will be written in an academic style, which is objective, and impersonal, and eliminates personal pronouns.
The aim is to provide readers with a detailed and factual account of Chalk Bluff’s ghostly past, allowing them to gain a deeper understanding of the town’s history and significance.
- Chalk Bluff was a town on the St. Francis River known for its economic development linked to the river.
- The town played a significant role in the Civil War battle fought over a river crossing, with the Union emerging victorious.
- Chalk Bluff was relocated to St. Francis after the Civil War due to the construction of a railroad.
- Chalk Bluff is now a park with historical markers, offering visitors the chance to discover the remains of its ghostly past, including two gravesites and possible remains of buildings.
History of Chalk Bluff
The history of Chalk Bluff includes its establishment as a town centered around a ferry on the St. Francis River. It was a bustling town with a store, post office, several houses, and a ferry. Chalk Bluff’s economic development was closely linked to the river, a transportation and trade route.
During the civil war, Chalk Bluff became the site of a significant battle over a river crossing. Union troops built a bridge of barrels to cross the river and routed the confederates. Local legend claims that a cannon was thrown in the river by the retreating confederates.
After the civil war, Chalk Bluff was relocated to St. Francis due to the construction of a railroad. Despite its relocation, Chalk Bluff’s history and significance have been preserved, and it remains a park with historical markers and possible remains of buildings.
Civil War Battle
During the Civil War, a significant battle was fought over a river crossing at Chalk Bluff, resulting in the Union troops building a bridge of barrels to cross the St. Francis River and defeat the Confederate troops.
The battle of Chalk Bluff took place on May 1-2, 1863. It was fought between the Confederate troops under General John S. Marmaduke and Union troops commanded by Colonel William Vandever.
The Confederate troops were attempting to cross the St. Francis River to invade Missouri, but were met with fierce resistance from the Union troops who had set up a defensive position at Chalk Bluff.
After two days of fighting, the Confederate troops were forced to retreat and the Union troops emerged victorious.
Local legend claims that a cannon was lost during the Confederate retreat and thrown into the river. However, despite numerous searches, the cannon has yet to be found.
Visiting Chalk Bluff Park
Visitors to the area may find it helpful to note that Chalk Bluff Park is accessible via a road located on either the left or right side of the St. Francis River, depending on which direction they are coming from. The park offers a glimpse into the town’s ghostly past, with historical markers and two gravesites. While remains of buildings have yet to be discovered, visitors can still explore the area’s natural beauty with picnic spots and hiking trails.
Chalk Bluff Park is a great spot for those looking to spend a day outdoors. The park has several picnic areas, perfect for a family outing or a romantic lunch. Visitors can also explore the hiking trails that wind through the park, providing a great opportunity to take in the natural beauty of the area. While there may not be many remnants of the town, the park offers a unique opportunity to experience the area’s history and enjoy the great outdoors.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are there any known ghost sightings or paranormal activity reported in Chalk Bluff?
While haunted tales and local legends abound, there are no official reports of ghost sightings or paranormal activity in Chalk Bluff. Despite this, some paranormal investigations and ghost hunting tours have been conducted in the area.
What was the main industry or source of income for the residents of Chalk Bluff?
The main industry and source of livelihood for the residents of Chalk Bluff was agriculture, particularly farming. No other significant industries or sources of income have been documented in the town’s history.
Are there any plans to excavate or search for the remains of buildings in Chalk Bluff?
There are no current excavation plans for Chalk Bluff’s building remains, but remains may exist west of the park area. However, any potential excavation would require careful consideration of historical preservation and cultural significance.
What is the significance of the two gravesites in the area? Who are they for?
The significance and identity of the two gravesites at Chalk Bluff remain a mystery, with local legends offering various theories. Despite this, they serve as a reminder of the town’s past and contribute to its historical significance.
Has any archaeological or historical research been conducted on Chalk Bluff and its residents?
Possible research methods for Chalk Bluff’s ghost town include archaeological excavations and historical records. Impact of findings could shed light on the town’s daily life, economy, and the battle fought during the Civil War.
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Fantastic Right Triangle Trig Worksheet – Teacher creates worksheets to ensure holistic learning of the themes. Comparing Groups of Objects Improve your kid’s proficiency in counting with this worksheet. The worksheet consists of visual representations, which put together students for abstract ideas in the course. Your younger learner could have an exciting time playing this worksheet. Represent Numbers on 10-frames Improve your child’s proficiency in counting with this worksheet. Students will use their creative pondering abilities to create a gaggle of objects utilizing the given information here.
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Benjamin Franklin – Word Search Activity This fun word search consists of phrases which may be related to Benjamin Franklin. Students can try and discover the entire phrases hidden in the grid. To make the train extra interesting, see how many phrases they will find in a given time period.
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Infant Vision Development
(Birth to 2 months)
Have you ever wondered what your baby sees in his or her first few blinks on this earth? Though infant vision development happens overtime in stages after birth, your baby certainly sees you, just maybe not as you'd imagine.
In their first week of life, babies don't see in much detail, more so in fuzzy shades of gray. Nerve cells in the eye aren't fully developed yet, so babies also aren't able to focus in on objects. So don't worry if it doesn't seem as if your baby is zoning in on you. But all of this doesn't mean they aren't able to recognise their mother or father in their first few days of life! In fact, studies show that after the first few days, infants begin to show signs of positive recognition to their mother and father's face (with the help of the sense of smell, to be sure). Scientists say the mother's face in relation to her hair is an important factor in recognition, so it helps to keep your hairstyle consistent to aid your baby in recognising you.
At about 2 months, infants become much better at focusing on objects, and begin to start reaching out to touch objects around them. Babies also begin to learn to move their eyes as they look at new objects, moving their head less and less as they focus in on the things around them.
Infant eyes also aren't sensitive to light, so there's no need to have them sleep in complete darkness! Leaving on a light in the nursery won't bother your child, and may keep you from stubbing your toes when you go to check on them. Sensitivity to light begins to increase at about 2 months though, so dimming the lights after this time may your baby associate dim lighting or darkness with nap time.
It's also important to stimulate your child's vision by exposing them to bright, cheerful colours. Decorating their nursery with bright colors like orange, green, red, and blue in a variety of different shapes helps introduce new sights into their world. Placing a colorful mobile above or near their bed is also a great way to do this.
The American Optometric Association (AOA) recommends that you frequently change the bedding in your infants crib with different colorful patterned fabrics and add or remove different objects from their room so that your baby doesn't become accustomed to the same environment around them. The AOA also recommends that after about 2 months, you begin to walk around the room while talking to your baby. This helps your baby pair both sound and sight senses as they follow you and your voice around the room.
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4.1 CT Image Display
For radiologists, the most important output from a CT scanner is the image itself. As was discussed in Chapter 2, although the reconstructed images represent the linear attenuation coefficient map of the scanned object, the actual intensity scale used in CT is the Hounsfield unit (HU). For convenience, we replicate the mapping function below: CTnumber=μâμ water μ water Ã1000.
The linear attenuation coefficient is magnified by a factor over 1000 (note the division by μwater). When specified in HU, air has the value of â1000 HU; water has the value of 0 HU; and bones, contrast, and metal objects have values from several hundred to several thousand HU. Because of the large dynamic range of the CT number, it is impossible to adequately visualize it without modification on a standard grayscale monitor or film. Typical display devices use eight-bit grayscales, representing 256 (28) different shades of gray. If a CT image is displayed without transformation, the original dynamic range of well over 2000 HU must be compressed by a factor of at least 8. Figure 4.1(a) shows a reconstructed image of a head phantom in which the minimum and maximum pixel intensities are â1000 HU and 1700 HU, respectively. When this dynamic range is linearly mapped to the dynamic range of the display device (0 to 255), the original grayscale is so severely compressed that little intensity variation can be visualized inside the human skull. This is clearly unacceptable.
Online access to SPIE eBooks is limited to subscribing institutions.
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The Sirtfood Diet is based on research on sirtuins, a group of proteins that regulate several functions in the body.
Phase 1: Although sirtuin activators are found all through the plant kingdom, only certain fruits and vegetables have large enough amounts to count as sirtfoods. Finally, buckwheat. You can also include sirtfoods in your diet as a snack or in recipes you already use.
However, this study is only found on their website and has never been analysed by a scientific panel or been deemed a reliable source of information. As far as preventing disease, three weeks is probably not long enough to have any measurable long-term impact.
While studies in mice and human cell lines have shown positive results, there have been no human studies examining the effects of increasing sirtuin levels. Restricting your calorie intake to 1, calories and exercising at the same time will nearly always cause weight loss.
You could simply eat healthily adding some sirtfoods on top. Yet, research in animals and cell lines have shown exciting results.
Not to mention, its theory and health claims are based on grand extrapolations from preliminary scientific evidence. Additionally, you are encouraged to continue drinking the green juice every day.
Foods rich in polyphenols-including kale, dark chocolate and red wine-trigger the sirtuin pathways that impact metabolism, aging and mood. Now, it is important to point out that there is nothing wrong with eating these foods as part of a balanced diet.
Anyone who follows the sirtfood diet will notice a considerable amount of weight loss within phase 1 and 2. Juice the lemon by hand, then stir both the lemon juice and green tea powder into your juice.
Capers Coffee The diet combines sirtfoods and calorie restriction, both of which may trigger the body to produce higher levels of sirtuins. However, evidence on the health benefits of increasing sirtuin protein levels is preliminary.
There is a small amount of evidence that certain foods are be able to increase the activity of sirtuins outside of weight loss and caloric restriction. What happens after the second phase?
Add the stock and bring to the boil, then simmer for a minute or two, until the vegetables are cooked but still crunchy.
For the otherwise healthy adult, serious health consequences are unlikely if the diet is followed for only three weeks.
And turmeric has anti-inflammatory properties that have beneficial effects on the body in general and may even protect against chronic, inflammation-related diseases.
Secondly, when normal eating habits are restored after this diet is finished, it is likely the lost weight will quickly return. But in that case, you might as well skip the diet and start doing that now. The Sirtfood Diet consists of two phases. Cook 5 minutes over medium heat, stirring a couple of times, then add the garlic, tamari sauce and a little splash of water.
However, very little is known about how these foods affect sirtuin levels and human health. Regardless, this kind of quick weight loss is neither genuine nor long-lasting, and this study did not follow participants after the first week to see if they gained any of the weight back, which is typically the case.
Optionally, on days of this week, calories can be increased to per day by replacing 1 green juice with an additional sirtfood-rich meal from the book. There is no set calorie intake for this phase, but all meals should be sirtfood-meals in the recipe book, and it is still required to drink 1 green juice a day.
It involves taking your favourite dish and giving it a Sirtfood twist.Introduction. One of latest diet crazes that everyone is talking about is the sirtfood diet, which is a diet rich in ‘sirtfoods’.
According to creators of this diet, sirtfoods are special because they can activate specific proteins in the body called sirtuins.
SIRTFOOD RECIPES. Drain and set aside. Meanwhile, fry the garlic, chilli and ginger, red onion, celery, beans and kale in the remaining oil over a medium–high heat for 2–3 minutes.
Add the stock and bring to the boil, then simmer for a minute or two, until the vegetables are cooked but still crunchy. About the Diet. A day on the sirtfood diet might look like this: Breakfast: Soy yogurt with mixed berries, chopped walnuts and dark chocolate Lunch: A sirtfood salad made with kale, parsley, celery, apple, walnuts topped with olive oil mixed with lemon juice and ginger.
Dinner: Stir-fried prawns with kale and buckwheat noodles. *Plus Author: Toby Amidor, M.S., R.D., C.D.N. Aug 13, · The Sirtfood Diet is a trendy new diet that's making headlines.
This article gives an evidence-based review of the diet and its potential health benefits. The Sirtfood Diet is a diet of inclusion not exclusion, and sirtfoods are widely available and affordable.
This is a diet that encourages you to pick up your knife and fork, and enjoy eating delicious healthy food while seeing the health and weight-loss benefits.
The official website of The Sirtfood Diet; eat your way to rapid weight loss and longer life through the metabolic superpowers of Sirtfoods.
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In the machining industry, there is such a machining machine tool. The operation process is completely commanded by technicians with computer programming code. It belongs to precision machining equipment, which is often referred to as CNC machining. Today, let’s briefly understand the clamping methods in CNC machining parts
Before CNC machining parts, different clamping methods need to be selected for the size of parts. What kinds of clamping methods are there in the process of part processing? The first is to clamp the parts with the jaw, which is suitable for the processing of parts with small appearance and without exceeding the jaw range; Thirdly, it is directly fixed to the platform for processing. Generally, it is the processing of large and complex parts, because fixed on the platform can also improve the processing quality; Finally, the fixture is used to clamp parts for processing. For some batch parts or mass parts processing, the main advantage is accurate positioning processing and improve production and processing efficiency!
The above is the description of clamping methods in CNC machining parts.
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Note : To get the most out of this web organization you are encourraged to read it in the order above. However one of the advantages of html is that you can easily jump back and forth withing the document so feel free to browse.
Introduction :What is the art gallery problem ?
You are the owner of an art gallery and want to place cameras such that the whole gallery will be thief proof.
Where will you place the cameras in a way that the whole gallery is guarded?
How many cameras do you have to buy?
What is the minimum number of cameras required to protect your expensive art collection ?
These are all questions we will answer. The purpose of this page is to familiarize you with the art gallery problem, to demonstrate an algorithm that solves this problem and hopefully to get you interrested in computational geometry problems.
History : The art gallery problem was introduced by Victor Klee in 1973 in a discussion with Vasek Chvatal.
There are many forms of the art gallery problem. We will only look at one of them. Some of the others will be mentionned at the end of this document.
Problem : The gallery will be represented by a simple polygon. Cameras are assumed to have a viewport of 360 degrees. Put otherwise they rotate at infinite speed. Moreover they can see as far as nothing is in their way, i.e until there is a wall. We will ignore the size of the cameras and forget about their vertical positioning. Cameras will be represented by points in the region enclosed by the polygon. The camera sees all points it can be connected to by a segment lying entirely inside the polygon.
Find how many cameras are needed to guard the whole polygon, i.e to view every point inside the polygon.
Where should they be positioned ?
Back to Index
The algorithm :explanation and analysis.
How many cameras would be necessary for a square gallery ?
The answer is evidently one camera. It could be placed anywhere within the polygon. As a matter of fact any convex polygon can be guarded by a single camera. This follows from the definition of a convex pol ygon. The problem becomes interresting when the polygon has a complex shape.
The algorithm we will demonstrate involves dividing the polygon into non-overlapping triangles and placing cameras in each of these triangles. This is called triangulating the polygon. Why would we want to triangulate the polygon? We know on e camera suffices to guard any convex polygon. The triangle is a convex polygon, thus if we triangularize the polygon into say n triangles, we are sure that it can be guarded by n cameras. Of course the polygon may be guarded by less than n cameras (take a square , n=2 but it is guardable by 1 camera), knowing this gives us an upper bound on the number of cameras.
To use this technique we must be sure that any simple polygon can be triangularized. We will prove this is true.
Theorem 1.0: Any simple polygon can be triangulated
This proof uses another theorem about polygons which is called the Two Ears Theorem .This theorem states that any simple polygon must have at least two ears.
Theorem 2.0 : Any simple polygon has two ears.
Of course to be clear we must define what is a polygonal ear. We say that a Polygon P has an ear at vertex V if the triangle formed by V and its two adjacent vertices lies inside P and does not contain a piece of the polygon. To be
precise, there are no vertices of P inside the triangle formed by V and its 2 adjecent vertices. For example :
The Two Ears Theorem says that any simple polygon of at least 2 vertices must have two such ears.
Note : This does not hold if P is a triangle. A triangle has only one ear.
Two Ears Theorem : (Proof by induction)
The induction is on the number of vertices of P.
Base Case : (n = 4) We have a quadrilateral. This quadrilateral can be split into 2 triangles which will be the 2 ears of P. The reasonning of the proof is included in the proof for the induction step.
Induction hypothesis: Any simple polygon with less than n vertices has 2 ears. Of course it must have at least 4 vertices.
Induction step: P is a polygon with n vertices. Let V be a concave vertex of P (This eliminates the case where the triangle is outside P). Let v1 and v2 be its two neighboring vertices. Logicaly there are two cases to consider, either there is an ear a t V or there is none.
Case 1: There is an ear at V. Remove this ear from P adding edge (v1,v2) to the remaining set of edges and you obtain another simple polygon. This polygon has n-1 vertices so it must have two ears except if it is a triangle in which case it has one. (from induction hypothesis) It follows that the P had 2 ears.
Case 2: There is no ear at V. This means there is at least one vertex in the triangle v1,V,v2. Glide a line parrallel to v1,v2 start from v1 until it reaches the last vertex before V. Call this vertex z. Since there are no points closer to V then z then the segment Vz must lie inside P. Vz divides P into 2 polygons say P_left and P_right where P_left is the part of the polygon that was on the left of Vz with edge Vz added and P_right the other part, also with the new edge Vz. P_left and P_right both have less then n vertices so they both have two ears (Induction hypothesis).
The problem now is to show that this implies P has 2 ears.
It could be that one of P_right and P_left is a triangle. Say it was P_right. Then P_right is an ear of P and P_left must have 2 ears. Surely one of them is not at V or Z. This ear is the second ear of P and P has 2 ears.
It could also be that neither of P_right and P_left is a triangle and in that case by the same reasonning as above, each of P_rigth and P_left must have at least one ear not at either V or Z. These 2 ears are then the 2 ears of P.
End of Proof.(The proof strategy is that of G.H.Meisters)
Back to Index
Proof that any simple polygon can be triangulated: (by construction)
It follows from the 2 ears theorem that we can always find an ear in a simple polygon P. This gives us a method to triangulate a polygon P.
Find an a vertex, say V where there is an ear of P. Remove V and add an edge between its nearest neighbors v1,v2. (note : Edge v1 v2 will be part of the triangulation of P.)
You now have a new Polygon Pnew. Find an ear in Pnew , say at vertex X and do the same as above, storing the neighboring vertices and removing X from Pnew. Do this until you are left with a triangle.
The edges you will have stored are the diagonals which triangulize P.
End of Proof.
Back to Index
We have now shown that any simple polygon can be triangulated and as we have said before, this implies that the polygon can be guarded by n cameras. If you think about it a little bit its obvious that we can often do better than this. We co uld arrang e the cameras so that we only need one to guard 2 triangles in the triangulation. The fact is we can do even better than that. This fact is know as the art gallery theorem.
The Art gallery theorem:Any simple polygon can be guarded by floor (n/3) cameras.
The question now is can we do better than this? The answer is not always. Here is an example where you are forced to use n/3 cameras (12/3 = 4). So the in the worst-case you can guard any simple polygon with floor(n/3) cameras.
If you are not convinced that the Art Gallery Theorem is true, here is the proof.
Proof of the Art Gallery Theorem:
Let P be our polygon and T(P) be its triangulation. We will construct a tree from this triangulation such that each node in our tree will represent a distinct triangle in T(P). Edges in our tree will connect nodes whose triangles share a dia gonal. Why is this a tree?
A graph is a tree if :
It is clear that all nodes are connected since all triangles are joined by diagonals. Thus from a node you can reach any other by passing over diagonals of adjacent triangles.
If there were cyles the polygon would have holes. These are not simple polygons since they have more they consist in more then one polygonal chain.
Thus we have a tree. What we will do now is show how to get a 3-coloring of the triangulation of P using this tree.
We say we have a 3-coloring of a polygon when each vertex is assigned one of 3 colors and no adjacent vertices have the same colors. Why do we want to have a 3-coloring? Suppose we have a 3-coloring, then each triangle in our triangulation will have ha ve 3 different colors on its vertices. Thus we can pick one of our three colors and put cameras at the vertices which are of this color. Since all the triangles must contain this color, all triangles will be guarded by a camera and it follows that our wh o le polygon will be guarded.
Here is how to obtain a 3 coloring :
Pick a node in the tree. Color the 3 vertices of its corresponding triangle. Do a depth first traversal of the tree starting at this node. Each time you reach a node it will be because it shares a diagonal with a triangle you have previously colored. T he 2 vertices on this diagonal will therefore be colored and you will be forced to put the unused color on the uncolored vertex of triangle. How do you know that you are free to put this color? Because you are going down a tree and the other adjacent tri a ngles (deeper ones) have not been colored yet.
We have shown we can 3-colour T(P). Once we have the 3-coloring we can compare which color has the least vertices and put cameras on all vertices of this color. Since we have n vertices and 3 colors there can be at most floor(n/3) vertices of the same color.
Note:On the running time of triangulation algorithms.
We have shown that a polygon can be triangulated by showing that any simple polygon has 2 ears. However, this does not in any way garantee us a good running time. The algorithm implied by the proof would do the following :
However finding a diagonal could take as many as n trials. This would lead to an O(n2) time algorithm. As computer scientist we hope to do better that this. The question is , can we?
Yes , the triangulation problem has been arround for a while and there are some very efficient algorithms for polygon triangulation. Some are more complex than others. Some are even unprogrammable. The best algorithms run in O(n) but are very hard to implement.
History of polygon triangulation algorithms.
Back to Index
Complete Algorithm (Pseudo-Code)
Triangulation of P = Triangulate(P)
Colored Triangulation = ThreeColor(T(P))
Pick Smallest Color Class
Return Vertices in that Color Class
Simple isn't it?
Take a look at the applet.
Back to Index
Author : Thierry Dagnino
Web Project : Computational Geometry cs507
Submitted to G.Toussaint
Date : December 7th 1997
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What Is Hantavirus? are a family of viruses spread mainly by mouse droppings. Hantavirus has been known to be transmitted by Deer Mice, White Footed Mice, Cotton Rat. Hantavirus is transmitted by disturbing droppings where they become aerosolized and are inhaled from urine, feces, and saliva, and less frequently by a bite from an infected host. Hantaviruses and may cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome or (HPS). hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).
Stephen M. Vantassel, CWCP, ACE
Wildlife Control Consultant, LLC
Phone: 406-272-5323 Mtn Time
Helping people resolve conflicts with wildlife through teaching, training, writing, and research
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Webb often gets called the replacement for Hubble, but we prefer to call it a successor. After all, Webb is the scientific successor to Hubble; its science goals were motivated by results from Hubble. Hubble's science pushed us to look to longer wavelengths to "go beyond" what Hubble has already done. In particular, more distant objects are more highly redshifted, and their light is pushed from the UV and optical into the near-infrared. Thus observations of these distant objects (like the first galaxies formed in the Universe, for example) requires an infrared telescope.
This is the other reason that Webb is not a replacement for Hubble is that its capabilities are not identical. Webb will primarily look at the Universe in the infrared, while Hubble studies it primarily at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths (though it has some infrared capability). Webb also has a much bigger mirror than Hubble. This larger light collecting area means that Webb can peer farther back into time than Hubble is capable of doing. Hubble is in a very close orbit around the earth, while Webb will be 1.5 million kilometers (km) away at the second Lagrange (L2) point.
How Far Will Webb see?
Because of the time it takes light to travel, the further away an object is, the further back in time we are looking.
This illustration compares various telescopes and how far back they are able to see. Essentially, Hubble can see the equivalent of "toddler galaxies" and Webb Telescope will be able see "baby galaxies". One reason Webb will be able to see the first galaxies is because it is an infrared telescope. The Big Bang caused the universe (and thus the galaxies in it) to expand, so most galaxies are moving away from each other. The most distant (and thus youngest) galaxies are moving away so quickly that the light they emit gets shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. This is very similar to listening to a train whistle shifting from higher to lower frequency as it passes by. Because visible light from faraway, quickly moving, “high redshift” galaxies is shifted to the infrared, infrared telescopes, like Webb, are ideal for observing these early galaxies.
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The Ardennes, The Battle of the Bulge… December 1944 – The 106th Infantry Division landed in France some ninety days after D-Day. The 106th Division reached the Schnee Eifel area in eastern Belgium by December 10, 1944, and took up their positions, with the 422nd Regiment taking up a forward position. The 422nd was attacked by the Germans as part of their counter offensive, which became known as the Battle of the Bulge. The Germans captured more than 20,000 GIs during the Battle of the Bulge. The non-commissioned officers (NCOs) were taken to Stalag IXA in Ziegenhain. There were 1,000 men in this group. The highest ranking NCO was Master Sgt. Roddie Edmonds from Knoxville, Tennessee. The commandant of Stalag IXA ordered all Jewish POWs to present themselves. Master Sgt. Edmonds ordered all 1,000 American POWs to stand in formation outside of their barracks. Siegmann drew his pistol and aimed it at Edmonds. Roddie Edmonds did not back down. There were 200 Jewish GIs among the 1,000 American POWs. This act by Master Sgt. Edmonds saved the lives of 200 Jewish GIs.
This is the shorter version of his documentary. In 2018, the JFR made a longer documentary on Master Sgt. Roddie Edmonds, Footsteps of My Father.
Read more about Master Sgt. Roddie Edmonds by clicking here.
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Life always ends in tragedy
A tragedy is a play with serious content. The term is essentially synonymous with tragedy. In the end there is the failure of the tragic hero. The text type tragedy belongs to the literary genre of drama.
What is a tragedy?
Tragedy is one of the two basic forms of drama. This distinction was made by Aristotle (384–322 BC). In contrast to the cheerful comedy, the tragedy is a Piece with serious content. Its origin can be traced back to ancient Greece. In its classic form, the tragedy deals with questions in the area of tension between personal freedom and fate, between humans and gods or family constellations. The questions lead to an insoluble conflict. For the hero this means a tragic entanglement in his fate. The "tragedy" lies in the fact that the hero is a person of high social standing who becomes guilty and perishes through no direct personal fault.
On the term tragedy
The term tragedy comes from the theater of ancient Greece. It is derived from the Greek tragodia = Goat singing. This was either the "singing of the goats" with tragic choirs in goat masks or the "singing about the goat", which was price or sacrifice. The goatsong was part of a cult in honor of the god Dionysus. In the Greek world of gods, Dionysus is the god of wine, joy and ecstasy. The term tragedy is essentially synonymous with Tragedy.
Content characteristics of a tragedy
- Stage play with serious content
- Focus on people with a noble character
- Compliance with the class clause (no characters from lower social classes)
- Representation of an insoluble conflict (gods, society or family constellation)
- Fault of the hero (he becomes "innocently guilty")
- Failure and inevitable downfall of the hero (catastrophe)
- Tragic ending
In everyday language, tragic often used to mean sad, bad, or bad. In the context of tragedy means tragic however, that a person of high social standing and prestige becomes "innocently guilty". He cannot escape his fate, a fatal social or family constellation. The consequence is one Fall over a great height. In the end there is the inevitable downfall of the main character. Examples are Oedipus, Hamlet or Maria Stuart.
The ancient tragedy
The tragedy originated in ancient Greece. Every year in March the god Dionysus was worshiped there: extravagant celebrations with wine, wild dances and parades took place. That fits Dionysus' area of responsibility in the Greek gods: He is the god of wine, joy, ecstasy and fertility. Dionysus was always accompanied by the satyrs: wild demons, hybrid creatures of humans and billy goats.
The Dionysia were Festival in honor of the god Dionysus. In ancient Greece, Dionysus was worshiped as the god of wine, joy, fertility, grapes, ecstasy and madness. The festival emerged from cultic parades. Such celebrations took place four times a year - with different focuses.
Choir singing was an essential part of the celebrations and parades. The singers were disguised as satyrs. The poet and actor Thespis (6th century BC) had the idea of contrasting the choir of the goats with a single singer. The song of praise to Dionysus, actually a monologue, thus became a dialogue - with speech and counter-speech. In contrast to the choir singers, the soloist appeared as a person. He turned to the gods and began to question his fate.
In the 5th century BC In Athens, democracy experienced its heyday. The three great tragedy poets of that time were Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Ancient man was exposed to the will of the gods and his fate. The danger of ruin or destruction threatened him continuously. Escaping one's fate was impossible. But man could accept it and wear it with dignity. Aeschylus and Sophocles initially confirmed their audience in it. Euripides in particular began to question the blind belief in the power of the gods. The tragedy began to break away from myth and recognize human reason.
- The Oresty (458 BC) by Aeschylus
- Antigone (442 BC) by Sophocles
- Medea (431 BC) by Euripides
- King Oedipus (425 BC) by Sophocles
- Iphigenia in Aulis (405 BC) by Euripides
The tragedy in modern times
There were hardly any tragedies in the Middle Ages. In their place stepped Passion Playcentered on the life and suffering of Jesus Christ. First the Spanish poets Lope de Vega (1562-1635) and Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600–1681) again created significant tragedies for world literature.
Attacked in England William Shakespeare (1564–1616) the genre. His tragedies were determined by the political conditions of the Elizabethan era. Shakespeare broke through the classical unity of time, place and action. While the heroes of antiquity represent a type of person, Shakespeare is about the inner conflict of an individual.
The tragedy achieved great importance in the French Classical period (1660–1715). The great playwrights of that era were Pierre Corneille (1606–1684), Molière (1622-1673) and Jean Racine (1639-1699). The three units of time, place and action were strictly observed.
At the time of the Enlightenment, that is Civil tragedy as a sub-genre of tragedy. Well-known German-speaking author Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). A special feature of the civil tragedy is the deviation from the class clause. There are characters from both the nobility and the bourgeoisie. These include works such as Lessing's Emilia Galotti (1772) or Schiller's Kabale und Liebe (1784).
The Weimar Classic produced such important tragedies as Goethe's Egmont (1788), his Iphigenia on Tauris (1787) or Faust (1808).
In a modern age full of contradictions, tragedy no longer seems up-to-date. They were replaced, for example, by the epic theater, the tragic comedy or the grotesque.
Sources and further reading:
Basic knowledge of school German Abitur, Duden Schulbuchverlag Berlin, Mannheim, Zurich, 2011.
Gero von Wilpert, Specialized Dictionary of Literature, Alfred Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 2013.
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Learn what is growing in the Pinelands
If you close your eyes, the music will transport you, five miles down the road and 60 years back, to where it all started. The place is Albert Hall, in Waretown, Ocean County. The goal is to preserve the music that defines the Pinelands.
Plants of the Pine Barrens are the subject of a 10-week beginning June 2, co-sponsored by New Jersey Conservation Foundation and the Pinelands Preservation Alliance (PPA).
The Pine Barrens are home to a diverse plant community found nowhere else in the world, say organizers. It has been designated a National Biosphere Reserve.
SEEDS OF CHANGE: Heirloom plants help environment in Pittsgrove
Class instruction and field trips will help amateur botanists learn about the natural bounty found there.
Students will tour the 11,000-acre Franklin Parker Preserve in Chatsworth, Burlington County.
The “Special Pinelands Plants Course - Fundamentals” will be taught by Russell Juelg, senior land steward and Pine Barrens educator for New Jersey Conservation Foundation.
The endangered timber rattlesnake is the barometer of the health of the NJ Pine Barrens and the threatened northern pine snake is a favorite of poachers. Staff video by Tom Spader
“We'll focus on the natural relationships and modern classification of plants, using the Pine Barrens of New Jersey as our outdoor classroom,” said Juelg. “By investigating, especially, plant families, and the characteristics that systematists use in trying to delineate them, we'll reinforce our understanding of plant morphology, which will greatly enhance our field botany skills.”
Students will study live and pressed specimens during evening workshops, and will make nine weekend field trips to the Franklin Parker Preserve, paying close attention to plants and plant communities that are of conservation priority, he said.
The classroom portion of the course will be held Thursdays from 7 to 9 p.m., June 2 to Aug. 4, at the Pinelands Preservation Alliance, 17 Pemberton Road, Southampton.
A scenic look at a kayaking trip down the Wading River, part of Wharton State Forest, in the NJ Pine Barrens.
Cost is is $150 per person. High school and college students with a valid ID may register for a 50 percent discount at $75 per person.
To register, visit https://donate.njconservation.org/2016-plant-course-fundamentals.
For more information, contact Bill Lynch at [email protected] or call 908-997-0725.
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A ferrous metal, lead is a very soft and malleable metal. When cut, solid lead can have a bluish-white colour that soon tarnishes into a dull grey colour due to exposure to air. When liquefied, its colour is a shiny chrome-silver. Though it should not be ingested, as it and any of its compounds act as a highly poisonous neurotoxin, harmful to both animals and humans, it possesses many useful characteristics that make it one of the most commonly used metals in the world.
It is mostly used in building construction, batteries, bullets, weights, as well as many alloys and radiation shields. Its high density, low melting point, ductility, and inertness against oxygen attacks make it a very solid and reliable mineral, which is why it has become one of the most basic components of construction structures.
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Timing is everything in today’s society. As we go through our lives, we are required to make a number of decisions on how we are going to spend it. We wake up in the morning, make breakfast, get dressed, brush our teeth, then we’re out the door and off to class. Throughout our days at Mt. A, we allot periods of time creating schedules in order to keep ourselves organized, arrive at all of our classes on time, and keep ourselves productive. We constantly weigh the pros and cons of our daily options and make choices that we feel will benefit us in the long run. Should we go for a walk on a nice day, or stay in and work on endless assignments? Hang out with our friends, or stay at home with our family?
Balancing our time is a key aspect of our daily lives. This can also be seen in other species. In ecology, this is described as time budgets;we understand it as the time an animal spends exhibiting certain behaviors. “Time budgets are important behavior analyses for ecological documentation and categorization”, says Hannah Quilty, a veterinary student at the University of PEI Atlantic Veterinary College.
Recent research led by Dr. Victor Loehr and his colleagues examined the time budgets of Karoo dwarf tortoises to determine the factors which lead them to make decisions on how they spend their time. This information is important as these tortoises are facing population decline and extinction. “Tortoises are one of the most imperiled groups of animals,” says Dr. James Baxter-Gilbert, a Mt. A reptile expert, adding that “they are of global conservation concern.” One possible threat to their survival could be changes in their environment that are causing them to alter their time budgets, which may restrict them from some important activities such as basking and feeding.
But how can we determine what a tortoise does in a day if we cannot ask them? Well, the first task is to find them, which, for this species, can prove to be quite difficult. They are typically found in vast arid regions of western South Africa. While a perfect habitat for tortoises, this region proves to result in long, hot days for researchers. Loehr and his team began observing the tortoises over the span of an entire year. This was used to determine how seasonal changes would affect how they spend their time The researchers found that these amazing animals are much less active than they originally expected, even when the conditions were favorable. The tortoises remained safely within their rock crevices for much of the observation period, only leaving when it was absolutely necessary. Even when the temperature was perfect for sunbathing and resources such as food were at peak volumes, they remained in the comfort of their homes.
Loehr and his team wanted to know why. What were the pros and cons of spending their time homebound? They determined that these tortoises were likely homebodies due to predation risks. The risk of becoming prey is much higher outside than when they remained in their dwellings, much like the fear people have about walking home alone late at night. When the tortoises had to leave home, they wasted no time completing their task and heading straight back to their dwelling.
This discovery suggests that these tortoises spend their time wisely, but it also explains the
difficulty researchers have surveying these animals. This lack of observability may play a role in the difficulty of conserving them. Research like that of Loehr and his team provides insight to a conservation biologist on how and when to count these animals. It is not as simple as one, two, or three; you might need to start looking under rocks and in burrows first.
Just as we need to organize our days to accomplish everything we need to do, so do these tortoises. They are facing some tough circumstances in their environment, including high levels of predation and decreasing populations. These factors change how they organize their days. Time is constantly ticking by, so all we can do is make the best of it.
For more information on these fascinating creatures, check out: High-Level Inactivity Despite Favorable Environmental Conditions in the Rock-Dwelling Dwarf Tortoise Chersobius boulengeri by Loehr et al. (2021) https://doi.org/10.1655/Herpetologica-D-20-00043.1
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do insects have brains?
i never understood how insects function
- 8 years agoFavorite Answer
"Yes, even tiny insects have brains, though the insect brain doesn't play as important a role as human brains do. In fact, an insect can live for several days without a head, assuming it doesn't lose a lethal amount of hemolymph upon decapitation.
"The insect brain resides in the head, located dorsally. It consists of three pairs of lobes. These lobes are fused ganglia, clusters of neurons that process sensory information. Each lobe controls different activities or functions.
"Other ganglia throughout its body control most of the overt behaviors we observe in insects. Thoracic ganglia control locomotion, and abdominal ganglia control reproduction and other functions of the abdomen. The subesophageal ganglion, just below the brain, controls the mouthparts, salivary glands, and movements of the neck.
"The insect brain actually controls only a small subset of functions required for an insect to live. The stomodaeal nervous system and other ganglia can control most body functions independent of the brain."
Isn't it amazing how God created even the tiniest of animals so complex and perfect!Source(s): http://insects.about.com/od/morphology/f/Do-Insect... I love insects!!
- Cal KingLv 78 years ago
They do have brains, but it is puny compared to ours. Nevertheless, insects like honey bees have very sophisticated ways to navigate the world, and to communicate where food may be using their waggle dances. Somehow those tiny brains figured out how to build bee hives with the least amount of building material possible. Those tiny brains can do a lot.
- deschLv 44 years ago
The insectan frightened system developed from the segmented method of annelid worms, such as the earthworm. Every of the insect's segments has its own nerve core, referred to as a ganglion, which is hooked up with the aid of a pair of nerves to the ganglia of the adjoining segments. The insect's head includes a set of fused segments; when you look intently on the head pill of a grasshopper you will see that one of the most sutures between the segments. Inside the head, the segmental ganglia have fused to form a mind
- 8 years ago
Yes they have brains.
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Japan has a centuries-long history of small-scale coastal whaling, possibly even as far back as the Jomon period (10,000–300 BC). Large-scale whaling likely started around the late 17th century; by the middle of the 20th century, Japan—along with its European and American counterparts—was a leading industrial whaling nation. Japan was not an original member of the International Whaling Commission (IWC), but joined in 1951 after it returned to whaling at the end of World War II. When the IWC agreed in 1982 to impose a commercial whaling moratorium from 1986/1987, Japan, like Norway, registered a legal objection that exempted it from the decision. Under pressure from the United States, Japan withdrew this objection in 1985 but from 1987 to 2019 it conducted “special permit whaling” which is permitted by the IWC’s founding treaty to allow scientific research but was not intended to be used to facilitate commercial whaling.
Japan’s Scientific Whaling
In defiance of the moratorium, from 1987 until 2019, when Japan left the IWC, the government operated two large-scale “special permit” programs. The largest, in the Antarctic, killed 333 minke and 50 fin whales a year at its peak (despite the Southern Ocean being declared a whale sanctuary by the IWC in 1994; Japan formally objected to this designation). The program in the North Pacific originally targeted minke whales in Japan’s coastal waters, using small whaling boats that operate up to 50 miles from shore and return to port daily. This expanded to an offshore hunt of sei whales (the second largest species, and endangered), Bryde’s whales and, for a few years, sperm whales, using the same factory fleet deployed in Antarctica—a mother ship which processed and froze the meat onboard and up to five catcher boats that harpooned the whales and delivered them to the mother ship’s slipway.
The whaling fleet delivered biological samples (such as eyeballs, ovaries and stomach contents) from both programs to the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR), a quasi-governmental institution that devised the research program, oversaw and funded the hunt, and conducted perfunctory research. The ICR then sold the rest of each whale, amounting to tens of thousands of tons of meat and blubber a year, to wholesalers for sale to shops, restaurants and fish markets, or distributed it for promotional purposes, including through school lunch programs and other government-funded marketing schemes. The sales proceeds contributed to the following year’s hunt but were never sufficient to pay all the costs, and the hunts had to be underwritten by government subsidies of up to US$50 million a year.
It was no secret that the research programs were a scientific sham. Finally, in 2014, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in a case brought by Australia and New Zealand that Japan’s Antarctic whaling program was “not for the purposes of scientific research” and therefore violated the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. The court ordered Japan to immediately cease its whaling program in the Antarctic. Japan complied with the order to stop hunting in 2014 but then adjusted and relaunched both research programs in 2015. It ended its hunts of fin, Bryde’s, and sperm whales but increased its minke and sei whale takes.
Despite cosmetic changes to the research, the commercial objectives of both programs were still clearly predominant and the increase of sei whales taken beyond Japan’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) from 90 to 134 a year prompted a legal challenge under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES prohibits international trade in the parts and products of large whales for primarily commercial purposes and defines international trade to include the landing of specimens caught on the high seas. In 2018, the CITES Standing Committee ruled that Japan’s “introduction from the sea” of thousands of tons of edible sei whale products each year was for primarily commercial purposes and violated the convention. Japan responded by limiting its sei whale hunt to within its EEZ but still has not inventoried and confiscated the possibly thousands of tons of sei whale meat that was illegally landed since 2002 and remain in freezers.
Japan Leaves the IWC
On June 30, 2019, after repeatedly failing to convince the IWC to lift the commercial whaling moratorium, Japan left the IWC to conduct whaling outside international control. The government now authorizes commercial whaling exclusively in its coastal waters and EEZ, setting quotas for 2019/2020 of 171 minke whales (although only 44 were taken), 187 Bryde’s whales, and 25 sei whales. Quotas for 2020/2021 are lower: 100 minke whales to be taken by coastal whalers and 20 by the factory ship, with 12 more held in reserve; 150 Bryde’s whales to be taken by the factory ship, with a reserve of 37; and 25 sei whales to be taken by the factory ship.
The commercial hunts yield approximately 40 percent less meat than Japan’s research whaling but consumption of whale meat in Japan has declined by almost 99 percent since 1962, and even this reduced quantity is proving hard to sell. Kyodo Senpaku, the company that conducts the whaling and sells the meat, remains dependent on annual government subsidies that have remained at the same high levels despite the reduced whaling effort, but the government has indicated that these will be withdrawn in a few years. In July 2020, even before 124 Bryde’s whales were landed, Kyodo Senpaku announced deeply discounted prices for schools and medical institutions in an effort to boost sales of their meat.
Governments and nongovernmental organizations strongly protested Japan’s departure from the IWC, especially the abdication of its responsibility to comply with the rule of law under international agreements. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Article 65) requires states to cooperate for the conservation and management of whales though the appropriate international organizations—in this case the IWC—and if Japan does not cooperate in good faith with the IWC’s management and conservation efforts, it could face a legal challenge.
Imports of Whale Meat
On top of the tens of thousands of tons of meat provided by its own hunts, Japan has also imported thousands of tons of products from fin whales caught in Iceland and smaller quantities from Norway. However, Iceland did not hunt any whales in 2019 and 2020, and—given the uncertainty about the Japanese market—it remains to be seen if Iceland’s whaling or exports will resume. Norway is actively looking at the Japanese market as its own domestic market declines. One Norwegian company has even established a branch in Japan to which it has exported hundreds of tons of whale meat and blubber that is sold alongside Japanese meat bought from Kyodo Senpaku and the ICR.
Last Updated: August 2020
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The answer to the question of “Does throwing up make you lose weight” seems obvious, but it turns out that throwing up after eating will eventually cause weight gain as well as a whole host of health problems.
Throwing up will cause a weight loss in the short term because you are reducing calories. Other healthy ways to burn or restrict calories is to eat healthier foods, avoid high calorie and high fat foods, and to exercise.
People who engage in throwing up after they eat often suffer from an eating disorder known as bulimia. A study done by a Pittsburgh laboratory tracked over a dozen bulimic females to see how many calories their bodies expelled when vomiting.
Each woman ate over 2,000 calories per binge session and immediately vomited. The data showed that despite the vomiting, their bodies retained over 1,300 calories. The results showed that throwing up was not nearly effective as a way to decrease calories as was previously thought.
Obviously throwing up is not a healthy way of losing weight, but it turns out it is not effective either. The Pittsburgh study showed that the human body will retain between 50-60% of calories eaten even when vomiting is induced immediately after eating.
Anyone who participates in vomiting as a way to lose weight should seek immediate help for a possible eating disorder.
© 1997 - 2017 LosingWeight.com. All rights reserved.
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Etiquette Intermediate: Example Lesson/
Day 7 - Addressing "Grown-Ups"
What should we call grown-ups?
Well, it’s polite to use Mr. and Mrs. unless told otherwise. Titles are given to adults to show signs of respect and sometimes to acknowledge acts of accomplishment. For instance, we say Mr. or Sir to express our respect for an older man. We sometimes say Mrs. (if married) or Ms. (if unmarried) to show respect to an older woman. When someone receives his/her doctorate degree, we call him/her Doctor (Dr.) and then their last name. Titles are also given to family members to show love and affection. For instance, we say Aunt Mary or Uncle Bill or Grandma Madewell or Grandpa Hill. These titles let those around us know that they are our family and we are proud to announce to the world our relationship with them. They also make our family members feel important and loved.
When is it OK to call an adult by their first name? Well, families might have different rules when it comes to this, so be sure and check with your family concerning family traditions and such. Usually, it is not OK to call an adult by their first name unless they have asked or invited you to. Even though an adult has asked you to call them by their first name, may I suggest that you still clear it with your parents. Don’t worry, if it sounds a little complicated, but I bet you’re already doing these things. See you next time.
Etiquette Intermediate is 125 days of short,concise, yet vital lessons to help your child(ren) master the art of proper manners and social skills. Now, here's the good part...this book is “child taught,” not “mom taught.” Yes, that's right. Each day your student will read the lesson and then that child will teach the family or the class the etiquette skill. The daily activity is usually role playing the skill or a game or further discussion. This book is fun, easy and absolutely brilliant. It will soon become an invaluable treasure to your family and classroom.
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On June 3, the World Health Organization (WHO) resumed a study looking into whether the malaria drug hydroxychloroquine could be effective in treating COVID-19.
Last week, the WHO temporarily stopped people from enrolling in the trial, part of a larger study called Solidarity that is investigating a number of different potential coronavirus therapies, over concerns about the hydroxychloroquine’s adverse effects on the heart. That followed the publication of a Lancet study on May 22, involving more than 96,000 people, which found that the drug did not improve survival among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and that these patients were more likely to develop heart rhythm abnormalities, a known risk factor of the drug, than those not given the medication. (Researchers have raised questions about how the data was collected for that study, and the journal editors are looking into the matter, but for now, the findings stand.) Other studies have similarly found that people taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit; the results of one trial conducted in New York suggested that COVID-19 patients taking the drug were just as likely to need a ventilator and to die from the illness than those not receiving the drug.
Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director-general of the WHO, said in a press briefing on June 3 that the agency’s board reviewed the data concerning heart risks and found “no reasons to modify the trial.â€
Hydroxychloroquine is currently approved in the U.S. and other countries for treating malaria as well as certain autoimmune disorders like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. After a small study in France that was publicized in March suggested it might be effective in reducing some of the symptoms of COVID-19, doctors began investigating the medication among patients for the viral illness. Those studies—including one led by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)—are ongoing.
Some experts believe the drug might help control COVID-19 in part by blocking the virus’ ability to bind to the body’s cells. Studies in animals and cell cultures in the lab show it may also help suppress the aggressive immune reaction that doctors have seen in some patients’ lungs and respiratory systems. That suggests that by the time a COVID-19 patient is hospitalized, it might be too late for hydroxychloroquine to help, since the infection is already well underway. But until doctors have the results of rigorous trials that randomly assign hospitalized patients to receive hydroxychloroquine or placebo—like the ones currently conducted under the guidance of the NIH and WHO—are completed, they won’t know for sure if that’s the case.
In the meanwhile, other studies are looking at whether the drug might be effective if used earlier in the disease progression. So far, the results from these studies are not very promising. On the same day that the WHO resumed its trial, U.S. and Canadian researchers reported in a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine that hydroxychloroquine did not seem to protect people at high risk of infection from getting COVID-19. The study included 821 people who were exposed to people with COVID-19 infections either in a health care or household settings, and were then given either hydroxychloroquine or placebo within four days of their exposure; 49 people who were taking the drug developed COVID-19, and 58 people in the placebo group did, which didn’t turn out to be a statistically significant difference.
“We found that hydroxychloroquine was no better than placebo in preventing COVID-19 infection after people have already been exposed to it,†says Dr. Emily McDonald, assistant professor of medicine at McGill University and one of the study’s co-authors.
Dr. Radha Rajasingham, assistant professor of medicine at University of Minnesota and another co-author of the study, says “Hydroxychloroquine should not be used as post-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19.â€
It’s still an open question whether the drug could be effective in protecting healthy people who haven’t yet been exposed from getting infected. Studies investigating that are ongoing, but, says Rajasingham, the data gathered so far suggest it’s unlikely. Nevertheless, she says, these studies “are still valuable and…need to finish and answer the questions they were designed to answer.â€
Such studies, however, have to continue balancing the potential benefit of the treatment against its potential harms, and there is reasonable concern that the risks of hydroxychloroquine might be too high given the general trend of little improvement among people taking the drug. In a study published in Heart Rhythm on May 28, researchers led by Favio Fenton at Georgia Institute of Technology detailed how the drug affects electrical signaling in the heart of rabbits and guinea pig, and contributes to abnormal heart rhythms; these animals serve as model for understanding heart issues in humans. “We see the wavelengths of the signaling become longer, and cycles that before weren’t arrhythmic now with the drug we see big changes in the propagation waves,†he says. “We have to be careful that this drug is not allowed in patients who are not in studies where they can be monitored. Our study shows that you have to be careful.â€
Indeed, on April 24, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a warning about using hydroxychloroquine outside of study settings, and advised doctors not to prescribe the drug off-label for treating COVID-19.
Despite concerns about the medication’s side effects, the WHO decided to continue its study among hospitalized patients in order to get concrete answers, backed by solid scientific research, to an open question about the world’s most pressing health threat. “The message is that it’s possible to do the proper study, and while I know we are all eager to try out different potential therapies, it’s reasonable and proper to wait for the proper study to get the definitive answer,†says McDonald. “Otherwise the next time we have a wave [of COVID-19 cases], we are going to be asking the same questions if we don’t get the answer properly. Our study answered one question and we’re happy to have the answer one way or the other because it’s nice to know something definitive. We won’t have to revisit this particular question again and we can look at new options.â€
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FIRST PRINCIPLES (Continued)
32. Declension of Nouns. We learned above (§§19, 20) the difference between the subject and object, and that in English they may be distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the order is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence The lady her daughter loves might mean either that the lady loves her daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady.
1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the words, but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the following sentences:
|Domina fīliam amat||The lady loves her daughter|
|Fīliam domina amat|
|Amat fīliam domina|
|Domina amat fīliam|
|Fīlia dominam amat||The daughter loves the lady|
|Dominam fīlia amat|
|Amat dominam fīlia|
|Fīlia amat dominam|
a. Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in -a and the object in -am. The form of the noun shows how it is used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no effect on the essential meaning.
2. As stated above (§23), this change of ending is called declension, and each different ending produces what is called a case. When we decline a noun, we give all its different cases, or changes of endings. In English we have three cases, — nominative, possessive, and objective; but, in nouns, the nominative and objective have the same form, and only the possessive case shows a change of ending, by adding ’s or the apostrophe. The interrogative pronoun, however, has the fuller declension, who? whose? whom?
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- Climbing protection
Types of climbing
There are a number of ways to "protect" a climb, varying according to the type of climbing:
Lead climbing is the climbing system in which the lead climber places protection (temporary or permanent anchors) in the rock establishing the climbing route. The rope is clipped through carabiners (often made especially for lead climbing called quick draws) which are in turn connected to the protection. The belayer pays out rope during the ascent, and manually arrests the climber's fall by locking the rope.
Instead of leading the climb, when top roping, the climber arranges anchors for a rope at the top of the route before attempting the climb. The rope runs from the belayer, on the ground, through the anchor at the top of the route, and back down to the climber. There will be almost no slack in the rope should the climber fall.
Bouldering is climbing routes that are generally horizontal in nature, without rope. As these routes are low to the ground, other types of safety equipment are appropriate:
- Bouldering mat. A bouldering mat or crash pad is a padded foam-cell mat placed on the ground below a climber. This reduces the chance of injury from a fall.
- Spotting. The spotter stands below the climber and attempts to direct a potential fall. Generally, the aim is to stop the climber from landing badly, and especially to stop the climber's head from hitting the ground.
Although free solo climbing is done without any protective gear, solo climbers do sometimes use protection. A climber may place a piece of protection and clip into it with a short tether for safety during a difficult move, then remove the protection and continue the ascent. There are also pieces of equipment such as a Silent Partner which fill the role of a belayer, allowing a lead climber to climb without a partner.
The gear used to protect climbs varies:
- Slings are loops of nylon webbing (also called "tape"), or rope, or some other material. They can be tied around rock spikes or trees, threaded; through natural holes in the rock, round natural chockstones in cracks, or through artificial anchors such as metal hangers, chains, or rings.
- Metal nuts or chocks can be placed in constrictions in cracks and attached to carabiners with wire or nylon slings.
- Spring-loaded camming device (SLCDs) are devices that use a spiral shaped cam that expands into a crack as it is weighted. These can be placed even in parallel and outward flaring cracks.
- Bolts can be pre-placed in pre-drilled holes in the rock and then clipped by the climber with a carabiner. Bolts are usually found in situ. It is very unusual to place bolts as one climbs, as it involves drilling and gluing, but it is sometimes necessary on exploratory routes and particularly when aid climbing on new routes.
- Pitons can be hammered (or hand-placed if loose enough) into thin cracks and clipped (through an "eye" in the piton) to a carabiner.
- Skyhooks are talon shaped pieces of strong metal that can be hooked over very small ledges and flakes in the rock and secured to a carabiner. Usually found more in aid climbing they are occasionally used in free climbing, as extremely marginal protection.
In-situ protection usually consists of bolts (along with a metal hanger, chain, or ring) or fixed pitons. Sometimes there are in-situ slings, or nuts/SLCDs that have been irretrievably jammed in the rock. Anything else that is left in-situ has a tendency to get 'cleaned' (collected) by climbers.
There are two major standards for climbing equipment safety and reliability worldwide:
- UIAA (International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation)
- CEN (European Committee for Standardisation)
In recent years, the CEN has become an important standards organization, mainly in Europe since any products sold in Europe must by law be third-party certified to the relevant standards. There is no such requirement in most other countries, although most manufacturers voluntarily follow UIAA or CEN standards (much like electrical equipment in the US is almost always privately certified by Underwriters Laboratories).
In Europe, equipment used by climbers has to meet the requirements of the Personal and Protective Equipment (PPE) Directive. Essentially, the equipment must be manufactured using a carefully controlled process and samples must meet various tests. Equipment meeting the regulations is marked with the CE Mark. Various standards are used when specifying how equipment should be tested:
- EN 12270:1998 "Mountaineering equipment. Chocks. Safety requirements and test methods."
- EN 892:1997 "Mountaineering equipment. Dynamic Mountaineering ropes. Safety requirements and test methods"
- EN 12276:1999 "Mountaineering equipment. Frictional anchors. Safety requirements and test methods" (covers SLCDs)
There are many more. Most of them appearing in ICS code 97.220.40 and having "Mountaineering" in the title.
Safety is a very important area of work for the UIAA, as it is for all climbers and mountaineers. In response to the need for safety, the UIAA has developed the UIAA Safety Label. In the mid-nineties, CEN adopted the UIAA Safety Standards. Both commissions in CEN and UIAA share similar members. However, since a CE mark is mandatory in Europe, CEN label has grown to become popular amongst the manufacturers of mountaineering and climbing equipment. However, many climbers do not use protection in their climbing activities. This is highly risky, as falling off could result in serious injury or death. Although some critics claim climbing protection dulls the sensation of climbing, it prevents serious injury or death. Europe still holds more than 50% of the equipment market thus keeping the manufacturers interested in CE.
The UIAA Safety Label currently is owned by over 50 equipment manufacturers with over 1600 labels. REI, the largest outdoor equipment retailer from US became a UIAA Safety Label Holder. REI mandatorily requires all manufacturers to pass UIAA standards for equipment to be sold in its vast network of stores across the United States.
The UIAA Label is truly the only worldwide label for safety on mountain equipment as it brings together manufacturers from all over the world to have a say in the future standards for climbing equipment. The latest Safety Commission meeting was held in September 2008 in Prague, Czech Republic. Many benefits of the UIAA Safety Label over CEN:
a. UIAA made the first standards which were then adopted by CEN
b. Worldwide acceptance of Standards, especially in the US market,
c. Quick implementation of new standards for products to be brought out in the market
d. Participation in annual commission meetings open to stakeholders who are associated safety - including test labs, individuals and prospective label holders
Finally, UIAA Safety Label is "Designed for climbers, by climbers".
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
См. также в других словарях:
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protection — noun Date: 14th century 1. the act of protecting ; the state of being protected 2. a. one that protects b. supervision or support of one that is smaller and weaker c. a contraceptive device (as a condom) 3. the freeing of the producers of a… … New Collegiate Dictionary
Glossary of climbing terms — This page describes terms and jargon related to climbing and mountaineering. Contents: Top · 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A … Wikipedia
Nut (climbing) — For other uses, see Nut (disambiguation). A set of nuts and a nut removal tool. In rock climbing, a nut (or chock or chockstone) is a metal wedge threaded on a wire, used for protection by wedging it into a crack in the rock. Quickdraws are… … Wikipedia
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- 1 How are mud fossils formed?
- 2 Can mud be fossilized?
- 3 How did mud and sand help in fossil preservation?
- 4 What fossils are used for?
- 5 How does mud turn into rock?
- 6 What type of fossil is a footprint?
- 7 Is mud a rock?
- 8 What is mud in geology?
- 9 Is mud a mineral?
- 10 What is Fossilised poop called?
- 11 Why are there so few fossils of soft parts?
- 12 What are 3 materials that preserve fossils best?
- 13 What is the oldest fossil?
- 14 Is it a rock or fossil?
- 15 What fossils can tell us?
- 16 What is mud rock used for?
- 17 Is clay a stone?
- 18 What type of rock is clay?
- 19 What is mold fossil?
- 20 What are the 4 types of fossils?
- 21 Do dinosaurs have paws?
- 22 Is mud solid or liquid?
- 23 When was mud invented?
- 24 What is the difference between soil and mud?
- 25 What is mud building?
- 26 Why is mud important in an ecosystem?
- 27 What elements are in mud?
- 28 Why mud is called mud?
- 29 Has dinosaur poop ever been found?
- 30 What is inside dinosaur poop?
- 31 What is dinosaur poop worth?
- 32 What are soft structures in fossils?
- 33 Can soft fossils of animals can be found preserved in ice?
- 34 What is soft part preservation?
- 35 Giant ancient turtle fossils reveal horn-like structure
- 36 Beer Bottle found in 50 million year old fossils mud!
- 37 Petrified Forest Vacation Travel Video Guide
- 38 Giant Og and the Flood ? Jewish legend
How are mud fossils formed?
Can mud be fossilized?
Fossil formation begins when an organism or part of an organism falls into soft sediment, such as mud. The organism or part then gets quickly buried by more sediment. As more and more sediment collects on top, the layer with the organism or part becomes compacted.
How did mud and sand help in fossil preservation?
With this method of preservation, an organism will lie in sediment and in time, the surrounding sediment will harden. The organism eventually dissolves and, with the absence of sand or clay to fill the remaining cavity, a natural mold of the organism will form.
What fossils are used for?
Fossils of any kind are useful in “reading the rock record,” meaning they help us decipher the history of the earth. They can help us determine the geologic age and environment (the paleoenvironment) in which they were deposited.
How does mud turn into rock?
Water moving between the grains of sediments and rocks can also react with the minerals to form new, chemically wet minerals. … This process of sediments turning into rocks is called lithification.
What type of fossil is a footprint?
Is mud a rock?
Mud is a mixture of silt- and clay-size material, and mudrock is its indurated product. Shale is any fine clastic sedimentary rock that exhibits fissility, which is the ability to break into thin slabs along narrowly spaced planes parallel to the layers of stratification.
What is mud in geology?
Mud is soil, loam, silt or clay mixed with water. It usually forms after rainfall or near water sources. Ancient mud deposits harden over geological time to form sedimentary rock such as shale or mudstone (generally called lutites).
Is mud a mineral?
Mud is a mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay. Ancient mud deposits harden over geological time to form sedimentary rock such as shale or mudstone (generally called lutites). … It is a mixture of mineral and organic materials that are in solid, gaseous and aqueous states.
What is Fossilised poop called?
Why are there so few fossils of soft parts?
What are 3 materials that preserve fossils best?
Organisms often preserved by carbonization include fish, leaves and the woody tissues of plants. permineralization or petrifaction takes place in porous materials such as bones, plants and shells. The material is buried; later, groundwater percolates through its pore spaces.
What is the oldest fossil?
Is it a rock or fossil?
What fossils can tell us?
By studying the fossil record we can tell how long life has existed on Earth, and how different plants and animals are related to each other. Often we can work out how and where they lived, and use this information to find out about ancient environments.
What is mud rock used for?
Is clay a stone?
What type of rock is clay?
What is mold fossil?
What are the 4 types of fossils?
Do dinosaurs have paws?
As in modern birds, the grasping, powerful, clawed feet must have been an important part of the theropod arsenal (Figure 9.9). Strong arms and dexterous, three-fingered hands characterized most theropods, particularly small- and medium-sized forms. …
Is mud solid or liquid?
Mud is usually a solid. But under some conditions, mud may turn to a liquid state and flow downhill.
When was mud invented?
MUD (Multi User Dungeon), developed in 1979 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at the University of Essex, England, combined interactive fiction, role playing, programming, and dial-up modem access to a shared computer. It inspired dozens of popular multiplayer games, known collectively as MUDs, that…
What is the difference between soil and mud?
is that soil is (uncountable) a mixture of sand and organic material, used to support plant growth or soil can be (uncountable|euphemistic) faeces or urine etc when found on clothes or soil can be a wet or marshy place in which a boar or other such game seeks refuge when hunted while mud is a mixture of water and soil …
What is mud building?
MUD IS a versatile building material that has been used to make some extraordinary architectural marvels — from 1,000-year-old ksars (forts) in Morocco and 6,000-year-old arches, vaults and domes in the Nile Valley to multi-storeyed houses of adobe, sun-baked bricks of mud and straw, which is the traditional building …
Why is mud important in an ecosystem?
Reason #1 to appreciate mud: Chemistry
Muddy sediments recycle organic matter back into nutrients for plant photosynthesis. Anoxic muddy sediments are essential habitat for microbes that drive global biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur.
What elements are in mud?
What Is Dirt Made Of Chemically?
- Oxygen (O)
- Silicon (Si)
- Aluminium (Al)
- Iron (Fe)
- Calcium (Ca)
- Sodium (Na)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Potassium (K)
Why mud is called mud?
late 14c., mudde, “moist, soft earth,” cognate with and probably from Middle Low German mudde, Middle Dutch modde “thick mud,” from Proto-Germanic *mud- from PIE *(s)meu-/*mu- [Buck], found in many words denoting “wet” or “dirty” (source also of Greek mydos “damp, moisture,” Old Irish muad “cloud,” Polish muł “slime,” …
Has dinosaur poop ever been found?
His goal was to find a specimen larger than the Royal Saskatchewan Museum’s 44 cm by 16 cm (17.3 in by 6.3 in) Tyrannosaurus rex coprolite. This Canadian turd was recognized as the “world’s largest fossilized excrement from a carnivore” by Guinness World Records in 2017.
What is inside dinosaur poop?
Basically coprolites are very old pieces of poop that have become fossilized over a very long time. Most coprolites are composed of calcium phosphates, silicates, and a small amount of organic matter. Coprolites come in a variety of shapes and sizes and they have been discovered on every continent on earth.
What is dinosaur poop worth?
A collection of “naturally-colored fossil dung” featured by the auction house in May 2013 was priced at $2,500 to $3,500; it sold for $5,185, according to Chait. In 2008, a pile of dinosaur dung dating from the Jurassic era, estimated to be worth $450, sold for nearly $1,000 at Bonhams New York.
What are soft structures in fossils?
But a surprising number of fossil specimens also contained soft tissues, including structures resembling blood vessels, tubular nerve projections, collagen and bone matrix cells called osteocytes. “We found preservational potential in all sorts of fossils,” Wiemann says.
Can soft fossils of animals can be found preserved in ice?
Very few fossils preserve soft parts; some insects are preserved in amber and animals may be preserved in ice. Some fossils are created when minerals replace the organic material.
What is soft part preservation?
Soft tissue preservation has traditionally meant the persistence of organismal parts that are not biomineralized during the life of the organism. By this definition, instances of exceptional “soft” tissue preservation occur throughout the rock record.
Giant ancient turtle fossils reveal horn-like structure
Beer Bottle found in 50 million year old fossils mud!
Petrified Forest Vacation Travel Video Guide
Giant Og and the Flood ? Jewish legend
mud fossils reddit
mud fossils debunked
mud fossils dragon
fossilized mud bubbles
mud fossils nephilim
mudfossil university wikipedia
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Pallikkutam, The Education Observer » May
Business Head – West India, Extramarks Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the new member to the world of education and soon will be termed as one of the most important factor to foster educational growth globally. Refraining from adapting it is the biggest mistake that an individual will do. Yes we come from a generation of 'Chalk and Talk' method where clerical labour played a vital role in our learning. But this generation has given all such responsibility to Technology and has been marching ahead to make the Teaching and Learning more dynamic.
AI has the potential to revolutionize the way that students learn and teachers teach. By providing personalized and adaptive learning experiences, AI can help students achieve better outcomes and reach their full potential.
Personalized Learning: AI can help teachers create customized learning plans for each student based on their learning needs and abilities. This can help students learn at their own pace and achieve better outcomes.
Adaptive Learning: AI can analyse student performance data and adjust the learning material to match the student's learning pace and style. This can help students stay engaged and motivated as they progress through their coursework.
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: AI can provide students with personalized feedback and guidance as they work through their coursework. These systems can also help students identify areas where they need to focus their efforts to improve their understanding of the subject matter.
Natural Language Processing: AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can help students with their homework and answer their questions in real-time. This can help students get the help they need when they need it, without having to wait for a teacher to become available. Grading and Assessment: AI can help automate the process of grading assignments and assessments. This can save teachers time and provide students with faster feedback on their
work. AI can assist learning at school by providing personalized and adaptive learning experiences, improving assessment and grading, and enhancing educational games and language learning apps.
With the New Education Policy (NEP) in place which is so much hand in hand with AI aims to foster critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration among students. AI can align with these goals in several ways.
Supporting Inquiry-Based Learning: AI can help students to develop critical thinking and creativity by providing them with access to vast amounts of information and encouraging them to explore and ask questions. This can foster inquiry-based learning, where students actively engage in exploring and solving real-world problems.
Providing Opportunities for Collaboration: AI can facilitate collaboration among students by enabling them to work together on projects and assignments in real-time, regardless of their location. This can promote teamwork, communication, and problem-solving skills.
Encouraging Personalized Learning: AI can support personalized learning, which allows students to learn at their own pace, based on their individual interests, strengths, and weaknesses. This can help students to develop a sense of ownership and responsibility for their learning, which can foster critical thinking and creativity.
Enhancing Feedback and Assessment: AI can provide instant feedback and assessment, which can help students to identify their strengths and weaknesses, and improve their learning outcomes. This can help to foster critical thinking by encouraging students to reflect on their learning and identify areas for improvement.
This claims, AI can support the NEP goals of fostering critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration by providing students with personalized and adaptive learning experiences, facilitating collaboration and inquiry-based learning, and enhancing feedback and assessment.
Yes, everything has a positive and negative to it, but if taken well especially if the present generation is guided well by “Teacher on the side” method. Experienced Teacher and Techno Students can do wonders to create an amazing learning atmosphere for the globe
Please email us: [email protected]
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Learn English Grammar From A–Z
- Chileans are not habituated to consciously think in terms of race or color in the way people frequently do in other Latin American countries with large Amerindian and Afro-American populations.
- Yet while this freedom proved durable for many, Afro-Americans and Native Americans long remained subject to slavery and conquest.
- North Americans rediscovered Native American traditions and the Afro-American traditions of Santeria, Candomble and Voudoun.
- The author's writing combines her West Indian and Afro-American heritages.
- She is the daughter of a Native American man and an Afro-American woman, and so much of her acquired consciousness arises from an appreciation of their origins.
- But the Cumberland museum is full of mementos of the past, when Cumberland attracted miners from around the world: Welsh, Scots, English, Italians, Japanese, Afro-Americans, Central Europeans, Chinese.
- Such ideas of shared ancestry with Americans, and especially Afro-Americans, persist to the present.
- The colloquial language of Australian children needs to be protected - especially with increasing use of language from American and Afro-American sources.
- He received a master's degree in English literature from Columbia University and a Ph.D. in American and Afro-American literature from Emory University.
- He earned a master's in English literature from Columbia University and a doctorate in American and Afro-American literature from Emory University.
- Understanding the role of women in the African-American community starts by examining the roles in Afro-American literature.
- I hope that this group and the Afro-American Group will be joined next year with an Asian and a Hispanic group.
- Haitian language and culture are preserved at home, which makes it possible for Haitian immigrants to separate themselves from the Afro-American culture around them.
- A highly regarded scholar of African culture and philosophy, he held joint appointments in Afro-American studies and the philosophy departments.
- As Hispanic Americans and Spanish speakers, we are, also, Indo-European and Afro-American.
- The rock music of the 1960s had been a synthesis between Afro-American rhythm and blues and various European traditions of popular music.
- Ethnicity has been identified as a determinant of incidence in several US community based epilepsy studies, with epilepsy being more common among Afro-Americans than the white population.
- The issue is identity - and ethnicity: his chosen people could equally have been Arab-Americans or Afro-Americans.
- The struggle of the Afro-Americans for the right and the opportunity to assess their ancestral cultures had its own dialectics.
- If you have not studied the history of Afro-Americans in the entertainment business let me provide you with a few pointers which may enable you to understand it a little more clearly.
1afroamericano masculineafroamericana feminine
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This is a number-based logic game where you must fill in an entire grid with the numbers 1 and 0. Choose from 4 grid sizes to get started. With a few given numbers in place, fill in the grid following the rules below:
Each number must not appear consecutively more than twice in each row or column in the grid.
There must be the same number of 1s and 0s in every row and column.
Each row and column must have a unique pattern of numbers.
Play Daily Binario Game Online
Children and parents can play this number logic puzzle game by clicking in the window below.
Alternatively kids and adults can play this 1 or 0 logic puzzle video game for free as a web application here.
Daily Binario 1 & 0 Numbers Game for Kids Video Game Play Instructions
How to Play
Place a 0 or 1 in every cell
Starting the Game
On the welcome screen, choose a grid size (difficulty level) to begin the game:
6 x 6
8 x 8
10 x 10
12 x 12
Select Help to learn more about the rules of the game.
Select Print to print out a physical copy of the day’s puzzle.
Select the drop down menu on the bottom left corner to choose the game’s language:
With your mouse, left click on any cell on the grid to add a 0 or a 1.
Click once to add a 0.
Click twice to add a 1.
Remove entries by doing the following:
Use the backspace or delete keys on your keyboard .
Left click on the cell a third time.
With your fingers
Tap on a cell once to place 0.
Tap on a cell twice to place 1.
Tap on a cell thrice to clear it.
Controls & indicators
The game’s indicators are located on the left side of the screen. From the top, these are as follows:
The present date
The first row of buttons, from left to right:
Pause button: Momentarily stop the game’s timer.
Reset button: Returns everything to the way it was when you began.
The second row of buttons, form left to right:
Music button: Toggle the game’s music.
Sound effects button: Toggle the game’s audio cues.
Enlarge button: Switch between windowed and full screen modes
The game generates a different puzzle for every day of the year.
This amounts to between 365 to 366 different puzzles for each type of grid.
You can play a different puzzle by selecting a different date on the calendar.
Alternately, you can select next after finishing your previous game.
Fill the entire grid with 0s and 1s.
Make sure that there is an equal number of 0s and 1s in every row and column.
Use logic to determine the position of the numbers, following the rules outlined below.
You cannot put more than 2 of the same number in the same row or column
Each combination of numbers in a row or column must be unique. No pattern of 1s and 0s must repeat anywhere in the puzzle.
The game is suited for people of all ages who like logic puzzle games.
Try out Daily Dog Pooh for a similar logic puzzle.
The game has no adult themed content.
Like This Game? Review This Numerical Addition Logic Puzzle Video Game for Young Girls & Boys
Free Online Daily Binario Video Game for Children & Adults Screenshots
Mobile Friendly Cross Browser Support
This game is rendered in mobile-friendly HTML5, so it offers cross-device gameplay. You can play it on mobile devices like Apple iPhones, Google Android powered cell phones from manufactures like Samsung, tablets like the iPad or Kindle Fire, laptops, and Windows-powered desktop computers. All game files are stored locally in your web browser cache. This game works in Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Opera and other modern web browsers.
Play More Fun Games
Want to play more fun games? Players who enjoyed this game also played the following games.
This game was published using our teamwide Plays.org account.
If you have any comments, questions, concerns, or others (are there others even???) you can use the comments below to send along your 2 cents and help us improve the site further :)
Your 2 cents plus 3 cents will buy you a nickel, but if your comments are genuinely useful and/or helpful and/or funny and/or memorable in a good way, we will probably say thanks :D
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This lab is a planning and designing experiment for the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) Physics Unit Two Module One(1) Written By Pooran Appadu Of The New Amsterdam Multilateral School In Guyana. This was one of nine labs sent up for moderation to CXC.
Writer: Pooran AppaduClass: Form 6U.
Title:Investigating the current - potential difference relationship for a metal wire.
Aim:To design an experiment that will facilitate an I - V Graph to be ascertained of a metal wire and thus find the resistance of the wire by deriving the inverse of the gradient of the graph.
Skill:Planning & DesigningTheory:Resistance is a property of any object or substance to resist or oppose the flow of an electrical current. The quantity of resistance in an electric circuit determines the amount of current flowing in the circuit for any given voltage applied to the circuit. This is according to Ohms law. The unit of resistance is the Ohm which has the Greek letter Omega (Ω).
By default, that is, for electrical calculations, the inverse of Resistance is obtained and this is known as conductance. If conductance is calculated by dividing current by potential difference then from the preceding phrase it can be deduced that, Resistance is calculated by ascertaining the inverse of conductance. The reasons for this will be provided within the Discussion/ Conclusion section.
The resistance of an object is determined by the nature of the substance of which it is composed and this is known as the resistivity which are the dimensions of the object and the temperature. Resistance, however, is expressed in terms of the Ohm resistance per cubic centimeter at 20 oC (293 K).
In its simplicity, before resistance is calculated, conductance is first obtained. Therefore:Conductance = Current (A) / Potential Difference (V)Resistance = Potential Difference (V) /...
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(NaturalNews) The result of several new research bodies that have been published all point to the powerful effect of vitamin E tocotrienols to prevent stomach cancer, reduce fatty liver disease incidences and prevent disease mechanisms that can extend natural lifespan in humans. Over the past decade, many studies have highlighted the importance of the most common vitamin E isomer known as alpha-tocopherol. While this form of the vitamin is important to lower risk of heart disease, a plethora of new evidential studies have come forth recently to show that all four of the tocotrienols must be present to provide maximum protection against illness and extend healthy lifespan.
A growing body of evidence suggests that tocotrienols possess potent biological activity and accumulate in body tissues to affect disease initiation and progression at a preferential rate compared to the mirror-image tocopherols. Researchers publishing in the Journal of Nutrition explain that vitamin E tocotrienols accumulate at elevated levels in adipose tissue, the brain, heart, and liver to help prevent over weight and obesity, dementia, cardiovascular disease and fatty liver.
Researchers examined blood and skin samples from 80 individuals, some healthy and others in poor health. Using high performance liquid chromatography, the scientists were able to measure the degree of vitamin E tocotrienol absorption into different organs after oral supplementation. They found that critical metabolic organ structures including fat tissue, heart, liver and brain selectively concentrated both the alpha and gamma forms of the vitamin.
This is an important finding, as the alpha isomer of vitamin E crosses the blood-brain barrier at levels that have been shown to offer neuroprotective benefits and help prevent the occurrence of stroke. The gamma form provides a protective shield to the heart muscle and can aid liver health by preventing fatty liver disease and liver cancer.
Vitamin E tocotrienols help prevent stroke and extend Cellular life cycle
The most compelling research to date is published in the Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Scientists have demonstrated that the full spectrum of vitamin E tocotrienols yield a powerful anti-aging effect as the vitamin is shown to extend the length of telomeres while preventing damage to DNA. Telomeres are the tiny zipper-like structures that regulate cellular division and signal the end of a life cycle for each individual cell. Any mechanism that can naturally extend telomere length will slow the aging process and help prevent disease.
Vitamin E and all associated tocotrienols are readily available from a diet filled with nuts, seeds, spinach and leafy greens and certain oils such as wheat germ, sesame and olive oil. Nutrition advisors recommend consuming natural dietary sources of the vitamin daily, though some may also choose to supplement with the full spectrum of tocotrienols and tocopherols (200 - 400 mg daily spread across all isomers) to prevent chronic disease, extend telomere length and increase lifespan.
About the author: John Phillip is a Certified Nutritional Consultant and Health Researcher and Author who writes regularly on the cutting edge use of diet, lifestyle modifications and targeted supplementation to enhance and improve the quality and length of life. John is the author of 'Your Healthy Weight Loss Plan', a comprehensive EBook explaining how to use Diet, Exercise, Mind and Targeted Supplementation to achieve your weight loss goal. Visit My Optimal Health Resource to continue reading the latest health news updates, and to download your copy of 'Your Healthy Weight Loss Plan'.
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What you will learn from this videoWhat you will learn
- Water on Earth is millions of years old and is constantly being recycled.
- Water vapor is constantly evaporating from the surface of the Earth.
- Water vapor in the air condenses to form clouds.
- Water falls back to earth and the cycle repeats.
Explore More Science Topics
List 2 ways the water cycle influences your day to day life.
How does water change during evaporation and condensation?
Draw the water cycle. Use labels “evaporation,” “condensation” and “precipitation.”
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The Saga Rebellion, 1874
This was indeed a change in behaviour as the Koreans had regularly sent emissaries to Japan’s capital during the Edo period (1603 – 1868) to offer their respects to each Tokugawa Shogun.
Letting this snub stand was unacceptable to the Samurai. Saigō Takamori proposed a military force be dispatched to the Korean peninsular but this was rejected due to the perceived weakness of its new army and the potential that war would bankrupt the nation.
For the former Samurai looking to be employed in this endeavour, there was now little hope of the once-mighty warrior class ever regaining any significant influence or that the government would reinstate their lost privileges.
Shimpei used his time in Saga to rouse up thousands of like-minded folk via his political party, the Aikoku Kōtō. The groups three main aims:
- War with Korea
- Reinstatement of the Daimyō
- Expulsion of foreigners
On February 16th, 1874 launched an attack on Saga castle. He and his army of 3,000 were successful, though this success would prove to be short-lived. By the 1st of March, the castle was back in imperial hands, but Shimpei wasn’t to be found. He had headed south to Kagoshima hoping they too would rise up.
They didn’t, and Shimpei was soon captured. On March 18th, 1874, Shimpei’s head and those of 11 co-conspirators were separated from their bodies, the gruesome photographs of which ended up circulating on the streets of Tōkyō.
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This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version.View Full Document
Unformatted text preview: 6. The schools lessons involve the different cultures and beliefs. Students are able to learn more about different beliefs without some student’s beliefs being left out. 7. School’s curriculums reflect positive information; all sources are without biases, omissions, and stereotypes. 8. Students are able to learn a practice proper ways of handling issues to do with race, or cultural differences. 9. The differences are able to be handled as a difference instead of automatically jumping to negative reasons. 10. Students are allowed to communicate openly and sort out any differences among each other without legal involvements....
View Full Document
- Spring '08
- gender specific sports, multicultural school environment, practice proper ways
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Children race in potato sacks, identify leaves and vegetables and embark on a "farm scavenger hunt" among the yellow bush beans, snap peas and purple heirloom tomatoes. All would be typical of a crisp October at a farm, except that this farm happens to be smack in the Financial District in downtown Manhattan.
This small, organic farm began in April 2011 when a group of students at Millennium High School
asked permission to start growing a plot of vegetables. The Battery Conservancy thought it would be a great idea and they were soon breaking ground on the almost-one-acre farm. The farm grows 80 varieties of vegetables and is constructed in the shape of Zelda
, the famous resident turkey.
The farm serves 680 students from kindergarten through 12th grade who visit the farm to tend to their berms. The crops are either brought back to school so the children can learn to cook with the vegetables that they grew, or they are sold to the community at a donation-only farm stand feet away from the space where they were grown.
This scale of hyper-local and community-based gardening is new to Manhattan — and perhaps may prove to be instrumental in the students' development in relation to their world.
"What these students stand to gain from this experience is huge, but also incredibly difficult to quantify," Urban Farm Coordinator Lauren Kaplan explains. "You never know what's ultimately going to end up be a pivotal moment in a child's development."
Currently, more than 80 percent
of the environmental information that children receive is from the media. For most adults, that is how they get all of their information. At the Urban Farm at the Battery, these children are getting a unique, first-hand education in agriculture.
Why nature + humans = good
The late Paul Shepard, a professor of natural philosphy and human ecology, wrote that contemporary urban industrial cultures stinted human emotional maturation. He wrote, "human[s] evolved in a context in which life was characterized by connection to nature and everyday experience was inextricable from the larger rhythms and patterns of the natural world". The modern society/environment was breaking down a sense of self in childhood and did not cultivate a sense of growth and development around nature.
Shepard lamented the absence of the nature-connected ritualistic transitions through developmental stages that are typical in cultures living in harmony with their environment. A good example of a ritualistic transition could be a camping trip for scouts or hiking a special mountain each year to mark progress. It could even be experiencing the life cycle from seed, to plant, to vegetable, to consumption, to compost. Those experiences breed a sense of connection with nature and a sense of self-satisfaction with a physical feeling of achievement.
So why is a connection to nature important in our
society? A 2004 study of college students
concluded that individuals' attitudes toward nature and environmental ethics seem to stem from their belief that they are part of nature. If they believe that they are connected to nature's cycles, they will inherently be more proactive in their environmental ethics and conversation. How crucial is this in our current environmental crisis? It is important that children connect to nature early, as a 2003 study revealed
that children's view of their nature connection is "both complete and under construction" during early childhood.
For urban children who do not get the experience of a back yard or woods to play in, simply connecting to the planet through a vegetable plot in their park could prove quite influential. Urban Farm Coordinator Kaplan says it best, "Will most of these kids go on to become farmers? No, not necessarily — just like most kids that learn to play an instrument won't go on to become professional musicians. But I think it's safe to say that this farm is offering a singularly unique experience; one that will enrich the lives of hundreds of students who would otherwise not have had this experience available to them. That's huge."
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The world would not be the way it is now without Mother Teresa. Her love for everyone, including the poorest of the poor, helped thousands of people who otherwise would’ve been alone. Because of her service, she is remembered throughout the world. When she was alive, she met famous people and won many famous awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize. Mother Teresa dedicated her entire life to helping others, no matter the cost. She worked with many who were sick and dying, and it’s noteworthy that she continued to risk her own life to help them.
Mother Teresa joined the Sisterhood in 1928 and took the name Sister Teresa. As she went on as a nun, she became invested in helping those who didn’t have luxuries she did. She began to help by living with people and caring for them. As her mission got more well-known, she was awarded a building to take them to. Today there are over 610 of these care-centers throughout more than 100 countries. Though Mother Teresa died over 20 years ago, her legacy is still alive today.
This essay details Mother Teresa’s life work so people can understand how much of an impact she made on the world. George Eliot once said, “Our dead are never dead to us until we have forgotten them.” While many people will be forgotten, Mother Teresa left her mark on the world in a way that will always be remembered: remembered for her quotes, her charity, and above all, her service to those people she assisted. - Aislinn D.
CHECK THIS PAPER OUT
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We found 298 resources with the concept potential energy
Fluid Flow and Equipment: Crash Course Engineering #13
9 mins 9th - 12th
Bernoulli knows best (at least about fluid mechanics). The 13th installment in the Crash Course Engineering series focuses on Bernoulli's principle. Viewers learn the relationship between the speed and pressure of fluids by watching a...
Energy Forms, States and Conversions
6th - 8th CCSS: Designed
Even magicians can't make energy disappear. In a discussion-based instructional activity, young scientists learn about energy forms and conversions. They see how energy is neither created nor destroyed; it just changes forms. This is the...
Exploring Energy: Kinetic and Potential
5th - 6th CCSS: Designed
The potential of the energy in the class is moving. The third segment in a six-part unit on energy provides a deeper understanding of kinetic and potential energy. Learners understand the relationship between mass, speed, and energy and...
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Victimization is a consistent theme that is first demonstrated through the character Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson faced a great amount of abuse by the citizens of Maycomb. During his rape trial, Tom Robinson was discriminated against while he took the stand. “ ‘Strong enough to choke the breath out of a woman and sling her to the floor?’ ” (Lee, 196). Mr. Gilmer, the prosecutor, used Tom’s race and physical strength to imply that Tom was just another stereotypical black man who targeted a fair skinned female.
Dylan Fiolek Prejudice in the South Racial prejudice was beyond horrible in the 1960s. A time to kill was a movie about a white lawyer who defends a black man for shooting to white woman. The black man raped and beat his daughter. To kill a Mockingbird was a book about a white lawyer who defends a black man. They accuse him of raping and beating a young white woman.
It would be thought that he was trying to rob or rape somebody,” (44). In the minds of white people, black people, especially black men, are a threat. They use fear as a just reason to subjugate black Americans. Bigger knows the white world is set against him and he can’t do anything about it. The
To Kill A Mockingbird Analytic Essay Maycomb is an extremely prejudiced town, even though the novel is based when the black people had been released from slavery for over 70 years. Even so, the racism is still painfully clear as demonstrated in the timeless masterpiece, To Kill A Mockingbird. Not only is Maycomb prejudiced against the black people, they are also prejudiced against way woman should be, people with disabilities and the poorer families. African Americans face the prejudice head on as there skin colour is different, there are made to be servants or slaves to the white people. "Well Dill, after all he's just a nigger," startling words from Scout who should have known better.
Special agent Paul Smecker is assigned to the case. He knows that the death of the two mobsters is not a professional hit. As the police start looking for the people who are responsible, the brothers show in the police station to clear their names. The media and the public pronounce them as heroes. They spend the night in the police cell when they got the message from god telling them to kill every bad man.
In the 1930s, African Americans were already treated unfairly, but, Tom being accused of raping a white woman made his life awful. Tom was ruled guilty in the trial even though all the evidence pointed toward him being innocent. For example, in the movie version of To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus makes a point to ask the sheriff what side the bruises on Mayella's face were. After he told her that they were on the right side, Atticus knew that Tom's left arm could not move so, how could he have hit her? Anyways, even Tom knew that he would be guilty, for example, in chapter 19 it says "'Mr.
Tom is accused of rape, and no one will believe his side of the story because he is black. Almost the whole town believes that Tom is nothing, just because he is black. Even Scout states, “Well, Dill, after all he’s just a Negro.” (Lee 266). Many men in Maycomb decide to form a mob, and try to kill Tom. Atticus was there to protect him, and keep the mob away.
There was a leader of the slaves her name was nunu. She had a son who was considered enemy because his father was white and raped nunu. She was the one that started a group that would go out at night and try to plan a way to get out of the farm. Shola had a person that she loved his name was shango and he was against the slavery system all together. Nunu son was with the system because he was the head of all the slaves and was the one who had to punish the slaves if they got in trouble.
Be that as it may, the government in the time To Kill a Mockingbird was written was not the fairest government especially when it came to trials of black people. Whenever a black man was convicted, it was automatically assumed that he committed the crime he was being accused of doing. So no matter the evidence given in the trial the black man was most of the time seen guilty. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Tom Robinson is put to trial under the case that he rapped and beat Mayella Ewell. Even though there was no true evidence that Tom was the person who commited this crime, he was still found guilty and put to death.
The men in both cases were thought to be guilty simply because they were black. Mayella Ewell was Bob Ewell’s abused, lonely and unhappy daughter. She was the women who Tom Robinson was accused of raping. Like many other southern blacks, toms was not educated and thought to be less of a person by whites. Whether Mayella knew it or not, her accusations against Mr. Robinson were like picking a fight with a man who is not capable of fighting back.
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September 14, 2014 is the 200th Birthday of the Star Spangled Banner!!! Teach your students the words with this FREE download from Light Bulbs and Laughter. Includes a color poster and a coloring page/cloze activity to fill in the blanks while you listen.
24 worksheets covering the following music concepts: 1. Names of Notes and Rests (4 worksheets but TWO versions. One set using North American terminology and the other using British Terminology) 2. Treble Pitch 3. Bass Pitch 4. Alto Pitch 5. Music Signs and Symbols $
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Role of Fats in Good Nutrition
Fats are essential for good health. They aid in energy production, cell building, oxygen
transport, blood clotting, and the production of extremely active hormone-like substances
Fats can be saturated, polyunsaturated, or monounsaturated. Our bodies can produce both
monounsaturated and saturated fats. Polyunsaturated fats, or essential fatty acids, cannot
be produced in the body and must come from the diet.
Fat is mostly stored in the body's adipose (fat) cells but is
also found in blood plasma and other body cells.
Fat insulates your body, cushions vital organs, and can be
converted into energy.
Fat is used to build new cells and is critical for normal
brain development and nerve function.
Fat is also needed to carry and help absorb fat-soluble
vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, and carotenoids.
Fat is twice as calorie-dense (1 gram = 9 calories) as carbohydrates or protein (1 gram = 4
calories). Although there are health benefits associated with olive and canola oils, they are
still high in calories (1 tbsp = 120 calories). In addition, many processed foods and fast
foods are high in fat, especially saturated fat.
Mono-unsaturated fats are found in olive and canola oils.
Saturated fats are found in animal products such as butter,
cheese, whole milk, ice cream, cream, and fatty meats, as well as some vegetable oils –
coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils.
Polyunsaturated fats are found in safflower, sunflower,
corn, and soybean oils.
Usage: Upper Limits
Carbohydrates typically consist of 45 - 60% of your total caloric intake.
Keep total fat intake between 20 and 35 percent of
calories, with most fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated
fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.
Consume less than 10 percent of calories from saturated fats.
Consume less than 300 mg/day of cholesterol.
Keep trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible. Any
packaged goods containing "partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils," "hydrogenated vegetable
oils," or "shortening" most likely contain trans fats.
Check with your local market for the recommended daily intake of fats.
All healthy people need some fats in their diet to aid in many bodily functions. The risks
from fat intake come from eating too much fat on a long-term basis.
For healthy adults, 30% or less of total calories should come from foods high in fat,
according to general guidelines. Of that 30%, 10% or less should come from foods high in
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This chapter is an overview of various methods of creation of thin hairline outlines. These methods are described in more detail in respective tutorials.
Thin outlines like shown on above picture are used very often for lettering, logos and cartoon-like motives. One of the key rules in embroidery is to make lowest possible number of trims. Therefore, the best way of how to make such outlines is to digitize it as a single, continuous path of stitches. To avoid trims, some parts have to be stitched two times: there (forward path) and back (backward path). In fact, the whole outline, regardless of it complexity, can be created so that each of its parts (elements) is stitched two times. The end point of outline is identical with the start point. Such outline is called a double-layered outline in Studio.
Each element has two layers of stitches to get there and back.
Backward paths are drawn in red color for clarity.
Outline elements in Object Inspector.
Backward Paths are marked with arrows.
Sewing is continuous, there are no trims.
There are several ways of how to create double-layered outline in Studio. They differ in amount of automation used in each approach. Some digitizers prefer one particular way of outlining. The most convenient approach is to use fully automatic outlines. In some cases, however, it is necessary to use manual or semi-automatic approach. For example, when you want to combine thin outline with column (an eye with outline), it is necessary to use manual digitizing.
Manual digitizing of all elements, including backward paths in proper order. Proper order is necessary to ensure continuous sewing. This method is not recommended and is mentioned here only for sake of completeness.
Order of elements 1-4. Purple and red color denote current
Purple element is first layer of stitching. Red element is second layer.
Order of elements 5-8.
Please note that end point of element 8 is identical to start point of element 1.
Manual digitizing with use of main menu > Transform > Create Backward Path command. Backward path elements are identical with forward path, they are only sewn in reversed order. Therefore, they can be easily generated by program. The proper order of elements is still necessary in this approach. Use this method if you need to create small outlines combined with other objects.
Semi-automatic method: manual digitizing of forward elements in any order and their automatic arrangement with use of main menu > Transform > Arrange Outline Parts command. Elements can intersect one another. Elements can be digitizing in any order. For best accuracy, pay attention to places where elements connect one to another. Program splits and sorts elements to achieve proper order and creates all the backward paths. The start point of the first element remains the start point of the whole outline. As outline is double-layered, it is also the end point of the outline. If some elements form separate object (like dot on i) or are too far from other elements, program creates connection to such elements so that complete outline is a single object. If you want to preserve separate objects, use Arrange Outline Parts (no Connections) command instead.
Elements 1-4. Order of elements is not significant in this
Start and and end point of the outline is identical with first node of the first element (green circle).
It is important to avoid duplicate edges and to align end points of individual edges.
Arranged elements are combined into larger segments to optimize stitches layout. If you want to preserve original elements for easier editing, switch off this feature in Parameters window > Whole Design > Main tab.
When compared to method 1, there is about 50% less elements to digitize (no backward paths). Order of elements is not significant and there is no need to remember which part already has second layer of stitching.
Above illustrations depict the order and layout of outline elements. The actual elements are created with curves, lines and nodes like shown on the left side picture.
Use this semi-automatic method for complex outlines when you cannot use automatic method 4.
Automatic creation of outlines from fill and column objects. All that user has to do is to select objects to be outlined and use the main menu > Transform > Auto Outliner command. This approach is recommended to use whenever possible.
If there are fill or column objects with identical edges (adjoining areas without overlay), the automatic outlining can fail. This case typically occurs when working with vector objects imported from graphic files (EMF, WMF, CMX). In such a case, edit adjoining edges (move one edge to create an overlay) or use another method of outlining.
The most commonly used methods are 3 and 4.
Please note: forward and backward paths are marked with special icons and in the object inspector. These icons help to identify respective elements for selection and editing. Also, there is a special command in main menu > Select > Outlines > Backward Paths to select backward paths quickly. Then it is possible to set satin stitches to these elements or make whatever editing is needed.
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(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Year of Invention: 1977
What Is It? A process that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to scan a body
and gather detailed information about the cell structure inside.
Who Invented It? Raymond Damadian (in Brooklyn, New York)
MRI has been called a magic window into the body and has sparked a revolution in medical diagnosis. MRIs produce safe, noninvasive images that detect cancer and other diseases, that guide surgeons, and that reveal body secrets that cannot be learned in any other way without invasive surgery. An MRI scan doesn’t just produce a picture, it records a detailed, three-dimensional computer file that doctors can manipulate to view the precise set of images they need. MRI’s do all that while creating no adverse side effects.
Before MRIs were invented, doctors had only two ways to see inside a body: X-rays and surgery. Neither produced a detailed chemical analysis of an organ or of its individual cells. Both created serious side effects. Doctors often had to rely on circumstantial evidence, on clues, and on patient symptoms for their diagnoses.
American physicist Isador Rabi first developed the principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMR) in 1939. In 1941, American physicist Felix Block built the first working machine based on these principles. The size of a breadbox, this NMR machine was a way for physicists to peer inside molecules and into the atomic and subatomic structure of matter.
The NMR concept was simple. Place a small sample of some matter in a strong magnetic field, and some of the atomic nuclei in this matter will behave like compass needles and align themselves with the magnetic field. When the sample is then hit with radio wave
Questia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www.questia.com
Publication information: Book title: 100 Greatest Science Inventions of All Time. Contributors: Kendall Haven - Editor. Publisher: Libraries Unlimited. Place of publication: Westport, CT. Publication year: 2006. Page number: 288.
This material is protected by copyright and, with the exception of fair use, may not be further copied, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means.
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The roles and status of Tang and Song women greatly differed from each other, as the Tang women's roles and status were influenced by the traditions of Turkic peoples of Central and Inner China and by Buddhism, while roles and status of the Song women were strictly influenced by the neo-Confucian factors of the Song Empire.
The Tang Empire was a highly multicultural empire for its time, and thus, one could see numerous cultural traditions in this country. Amongst the more important ones was the cultural tradition of the Turkic people. From these people did the Tang get their iron-stirrups and appreciation for horses and camels, as portrayed on numerous vases and pottery of that time period. With such traditions came different views towards women. As Document 3 shows, women of Central and Inner Asia were critical in the all aspects of daily life. They often headed households, owned property and even managed business.
This attitude towards women came to the Tang China and resulted into a far more free society than its predecessors. Tang women were encouraged to do many things they did not do before, for example, exert their influence in politics, arts and managing property. The Chinese noblewomen, as Document 2 depicts, were even to ride horses and play man games, strongly contrasting the traditional Chinese perspective on women being docile and complacent. Though their laws, as Document 1 shows, still had the old Confucian feel to them, the Tang women were given more rights to defend themselves at court.
Buddhism was another factor that had lead women to acquire more power in the Tang Empire. Due to the Buddhist belief in boddhistavas, it was a very flexible religion that many people could use to get to power, even women. A perfect would be Wu...
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When Apollo 11 reached the moon fifty years ago, it gave the nation a highly visible and long-lasting technological edge which contributed directly to winning the Cold War. Returning to the moon as part of the larger human exploration of deep space will deliver similar results and stand as evidence of America’s global technological leadership.
Saturday we celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon Landing on July 20, 1969, at 4:18 p.m. EDT. It is not just a moment in history -- it is the greatest achievement in human history. As Neil Armstrong said when he stepped onto the moon, “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
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The journey taken by two friends is rarely thought of as anything more than just an exploit. Huck, the main character, is considered an uneducated boy who is constantly under pressure to conform to the civilized' aspects of society. Then there is Jim, who accompanies Huck and is a runaway slave seeking freedom from the world that has denied it to him for so long. However, Mark Twain uses his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to reveal and poke fun of many problems facing American society. Satire, which is irony, sarcasm, or caustic wit used to attack or expose folly, vice, or stupidity, is the key tool in which he demonstrates many of the problems that plague civilization today.
In the beginning of the story, Huck sneaks away from his home to play with Tom Sawyer and his friends. The boys start a gang and Tom Sawyer decides that every one in the gang must take an oath. "Now we'll start this bang of robbers and call it the Tom Sawyer's Gang. Everybody that wants to join has got to take an oath, and write his name in blood- (15). Through these words Twain is depicting society's fascination for ceremony an somber things and how people are drawn into them. The oath that Tom had written basically said that every boy in the gang had to promise to be loyal, and never reveal and of the gang's secrets. Then the insignia of the band of robbers is revealed "till he had killed them an hacked a cross in their breasts, which was the sign of the band- (16). Religion was an fundamental part of civilization in Twain's time period and by using religious hypocrisy he exhibits his objection to the blind faith that society places towards religion. Later on in the band of robbers meeting Tom states what crimes the band is going to carry out, he then bring us the topic of ransoming. "Ransomed? What's that? But per'aps if we keep them till they're ransomed, it means that we keep them till they're dead- (17).
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Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evidenced based treatment which focuses on changing unhelpful thoughts and behaviours. It is a combination of two therapies, cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy. Often, an individual will experience automatic thoughts and these thoughts may negatively affect a person’s quality of life. CBT aims to help one identify and challenge these unhelpful thoughts and learn practical skills that will improve their mood and also help them to expunge negative self-beliefs that impedes them from reaching their goals or living the life they want.
CBT is efficacious on a wide range of psychological difficulties including: depression, anxiety, low-esteem, irrational fears, eating disorder, addictive behaviours, insomnia, managing anger, emotional and behavioural problems in children or teenagers and obsessive-compulsive disorder and many more.
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Non-native trout have been extensively stocked in many lakes and streams for recreational fishing. Considerable published information now exists to demonstrate that non-native trout have caused altered aquatic ecosystems and displaced native species.
Studies conducted by Pacific Southwest Research Station scientists in high elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevadas and in the Klamath-Siskiyou Wilderness Areas have demonstrated that trout have caused major changes in abundance and distribution of native amphibians, zooplankton, and benthic invertebrates, which threaten the future survival of some species. Moreover, amphibian declines caused by trout introductions have led to declines in predators that rely on these species as prey (example: the mountain garter snake, the only snake native to high elevation ecosystems).
Thus, trout introductions have resulted in major disruption and cascading effects throughout the ecosystem. When trout are not native to aquatic ecosystems, and their introductions result in substantial environmental changes, they can be considered invasive species. Future work will target developing ways to manage fish stocking to minimize deleterious effects and restore native species.
Non-native fishes, such as brook trout, brown trout, and rainbow trout, were introduced to the Rocky Mountain region to promote recreational fishing, with similar effects on aquatic communities throughout the Inland West. Changes in aquatic systems produced by climate change also suggest that large numbers of non-native coldwater fishes and other kinds of invasive aquatic organisms — crayfish, mussels, amphibians, macroinvertebrates, and nonindigenous pathogens — will become issues in the future. The Rocky Mountain Research Station has identified priority research topics for aquatic invasives and is exploring the interacting effects of Cutthroat Trout and Climate.
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Many towns in New Jersey have streets, intersections, or parking lots that flood during heavy rains. And if a parking lot, for example, drains into a crucial waterway, it could pose a serious threat to water quality. How does a town fix this type of flooding problem?
It can be done with green infrastructure.
Green infrastructure is an approach to managing stormwater by enabling it to infiltrate into the ground where it falls or by capturing it for later reuse like irrigation or flushing toilets. In addition to reducing pollution from stormwater runoff and returning clean water to the ground, green infrastructure offers many additional benefits, including cooling and cleaning the air, beautifying neighborhoods, aiding in traffic calming, enhancing property values, and more.
Given these benefits, the Town of Newton decided to employ green infrastructure to tackle a major local flooding issue. A parking lot in Memory Park, one of the town’s most used parks for football games and other activities, often flooded. The runoff from the parking lot drained directly into the Paulins Kill, a tributary of the Delaware River.
In 2016, New Jersey Future entered into an agreement to work with Newton as a pilot town for its Mainstreaming Green Infrastructure program, which assists communities in using green infrastructure. As a part of the relationship with Newton, New Jersey Future would pay for Rutgers University Cooperative Extension Water Resources program to do a green infrastructure design for one project. Because of the impact it would have on the town and Paulins Kill, Newton officials chose the Memory Park parking lot. Rutgers’ design — a rain garden that captures all of the parking lot’s runoff — moved the parking lot improvement from just an idea to an imminent project, which allowed the Wallkill River Watershed Management Group (WRWMG), the nonprofit watershed organization of the Sussex County Municipal Utilities Authority leading the effort, to secure additional funding to cover the materials and labor necessary to install the rain garden.
The rain garden was completed in late October with help from WRWMG, the Town of Newton, Rutgers, New Jersey Future, Cerbo’s Greenhouse and Nursery in Newton, and even students from Newton’s Merriam Avenue School. The next step is for WRWMG to install educational signage.
The new rain garden will serve as a vital tool to improve water quality in the Paulins Kill, but also as a demonstration to community members of the power of green infrastructure.
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Set Bibliography Out To A Apa How Style
The purpose of the page is to document the references cited in the body of the document. Capitalization, Abbreviation, and Punctuation. Feb 11, 2019 · The APA reference page is a separate page at the end of your paper where all sources you cited in the main text are listed. They are: The citation of the resource, in whatever citation style you're required to use.; The annotation describing the contents of the resource and how it may or may not contribute to your research.; Holograms Exist Because Of Weegy Homework Be sure to carefully read over the assignment instructions when you're asked to compose an Annotated Bibliography, and reach out. If your work has no author, skip this step. The name of the bibliography should then follow in italics:. Of course, other formats are also used by researchers, students, and teachers such as MLA, Harvard, etc A bibliography is a detailed list of references cited in your work, plus the background readings or other material that you may have read, but not actually cited. Your working bibliography should be kept separate from the rest of your paper. The bibliography comes at the end of the work There are different ways to format a bibliography, and the style that you use will depend on the discipline in which you are writing. APA dictates that this short title is 50 characters or fewer, including spaces. Then after Bibliography has been inserted, one has to manually edit each entry in the Bibliography that has …. 2. You will also ehow sample annotated bibliographies, real-life examples, and bibliographies to practice what you have learned Aug 18, 2020 · This is where you reference the full publication details of each item according to the APA style set out in the ECU Referencing Guide. Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both. 2. Amazon Case Study Houses Visit
Use And Misuse Of Mobile Essay Pdf
Enter the title of the source. Use a comma to separate List the publication date. How to Cite a Website Using MLA Format | Pen and the Pad. List the publication date. Automated Form Builder- Finish & Print In Mins! The Annotated Bibliography (APA). Beyond simply creating references or citations, most citation styles have additional guidelines about paper formatting, in-text citations, and other details Annotated bibliography apa example http://www.subsaharantrade.com/citizen-cane-movie-review format for cbse english paper class 9 sa1 August 16, 2020 check my writing free discrimination essays. The only thing we’re going to change is the structure of the reference. It is double-spaced throughout, and has a hanging indent. Style notes. Books, Websites, & More · Create A Bibliography · Cite Your Sources Types: Freedom of Info, Executive Summary, Lease Agreement, Promissory Note, La… A+ Rating – Better Business Bureau Updated for 7th edition! Well, the paper research and writing segment can be easy, but when it comes to an annotated bibliography APA format, you need a professional to structure the perfect reference list Jul 22, 2020 · Briefly examine and review the actual items.
Persuasive Essay On Why You Should Vote For Obama
Business Plan Of Medical Spa The references are sorted alphabetically, double spaced, and formatted using a hanging indent of ½ inch. Before you get started with your APA citation annotated bibliography, take a closer look at a bibliography APA example In APA, the list of sources at the end of the paper (bibliography) is. 1958 In APA, the list of sources at the end of the paper (bibliography) is. Your working bibliography should be kept separate from the rest of your paper. Leave the right margin uneven, or “ragged.” Do not use full justification for student papers or manuscripts being submitted for publication. Despite this, the structure and format. How do you cite All Religions Are One Essay For Topics MLA citation? Online Classes · Affordable Courses · Online Courses · Online Certificate Deal: Up to 75% off Sitewide Related searches for How To Set Out A Bibliography Apa Style how to cite apa style bibliography apa style how to cite how to apa style word how to cite apa style without author how to apa style reference how to site website in apa style how to reference journals apa style how to cite a website in apa Some results have been removed Pagination 1 2 3 4 5 Next Bibliography Bibliography (from Ancient Greek: βιβλίον, romanized: biblion, lit. Lundman, Susan. You can also 1. 2 Make a list to keep track of ALL the books, magazines, and websites you read as you follow your background research plan. Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style. Last name (Eds.), Title of …. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.
Enter the title of the source. It must be a separate page at the end. The form includes a text box for your annotation. The Annotated Bibliography (APA). Step #3 - Watch after volume. This guide will help answer all of your questions and includes step-by-step ehow on Lillian Hellman Scoundrel Time Summary how to do an annotated bibliography in MLA style, as apa as apa APA annotated bibliography. For an APA bibliography, the reference needs to be an APA citation, and the description can be formed the same way as above. To begin an MLA works cite notation, write the author's last name, followed by a comma, then their first name and a period: Oden, Cameron. Dec 05, 2013 · Psychologists are increasingly encouraged to provide their data online for other researchers to use and analyze. Lundman, Susan.
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Filipinos are looking back at the 1898 Treaty of Paris, where the Philippines and other territories were ceded by the dwindling Spanish Empire to the rising power United States of America.
December 10, 2018 marks the 120th year since the historic treaty between the two then-superpowers that put an end to the months-long Spanish-American war that broke out when a US ship docked in Spanish-controlled Cuba mysteriously exploded.
The US’s naval dominance over the Spanish fleet as well as its combined firepower with revolutionary Philippine and Cuban forces forced Spain to open negotiations.
Cuba was given independence while Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, the last of which came with $20 million consideration, were ceded by Spain to the United States.
Some Filipinos are looking back at how the Philippines was “sold” for cheap between the two superpowers like some commodity.
December 10, 1898:
The Spanish and US Gov't formally signed the treaty of Paris.
(Translation: binenta tayo ng Espanya sa Amerika) lol
— Praeses Futurum (@iam_jniest) December 9, 2018
#TodayInHistory, Spain sold our country to the US for $20M through the Treaty of Paris.
Noon pa man, cheap na tayo.
— Camillo (@yogon) December 10, 2018
Some are sharing new interpretations of the text of the treaty itself.
MYTH: Spain sold Filipinas to the United States of América for $20 million.
FACT: Read this blogpost about the 1898 Treaty of Paris and get to know what really happened 120 years ago today. https://t.co/1x4q7BrAMi via @wordpressdotcom #MemoryMonday #ElFilipinismo
— Pepe Alas (@JoseMarioAlas) December 9, 2018
Spain had initially tried to bargain and cede only the island of Mindanao but eventually ceded the island of Luzon and the various islands in the Visayas area with the insistence of US President William McKinley.
The cession of the various Spanish territories to the US was seen as the event that transformed the United States as the superpower of the time and the end of Spain’s time as one of the foremost empires in Europe.
There were members of the US states legislature that actually did not agree to the maintaining control over the Philippines. Some American officials however lobbied for the US to continue to keep control over the Southeast Asian country, citing their “Manifest Destiny” philosophy of exercising their new-found power and a supposed need to take care of the less-developed nation. On December 21, 1989, Mckinley announced the “benevolent assimilation” of the Philippines, claiming that they would retain control over the archipelago nation to help transform the lives of its natives.
While Filipinos initially saw their liberation from Spain as their path to independence, their fate as another colony for the early 20th century would only be sealed.
The shooting of a Filipino soldier by American troops on February 4, 1899 emboldened Filipino forces to take up arms against the Americans whom they had initially thought of as welcome guests rather than rulers.
Fighting between Filipino and American troops near San Juan and the city Manila broke out in the next 48 hours, giving birth to what would be known as the Philippine-American War.
Mckinley two days later on February 6 reported to the Senate that the Filipinos had started attacking American troops, prompting the upper chamber of the US congress to finally ratify the Treaty of Paris effectively accept Spain’s cession of the Philippines.
The surrender of Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo and the capture of top generals Vicente Lukban and Miguel Malvar were seen as the events that led to the United States to take control of the Philippines.
The creation of the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 which declared the extension of the American Bill of Rights to Filipinos and the establishment of civil government over the Philippines saw the US commence its exercise of control over the Philippines.
The Philippines was granted full independence from the US on July 4, 1946, after years of lobbying from Filipino leaders and the outbreak of World War II.
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Crane Signal Dictionary: Part 2. Dance steps
See also Part 1: Social body language and Part 3: Attack & defense provide building blocks for dancing.
Dancing reflect emotional state. When a crane dances solo, the behavior reflects its emotional arousal. When crane pairs dance, they announce and reciprocate emotions. Responsive dancing promotes social bonding.
Dancing plays different roles as cranes mature:
Parents encourage young colts to dance. Dancing improves motor coordination, trains flight muscles, and facilitates communication skills. When cranes dance in family units, they announce and share emotions. We suggest that dancing engenders a crane version of empathy.
For yearlings and second-year cranes on staging areas, the act of dancing refines their postures, steps, sequences, and routines. Dancers size-up one another: same-sex dancers compete, but between the sexes dance is flirtation.
The courtship dances of mated pairs promote hormonal changes that hasten reproductive maturation. In staging ares, crane pairs jump, bob, and bow to one another. On nest territories, the pairs face-off at the outset and then often circle as they respond to each other in an emotional postural conversation.
An excellent Field Guide to Crane Behavior
can be downloaded as a pdf from the International Crane Foundation. For our dictionary of crane body language, we are especially indebted to the "Sociogram
" of Ellis and colleagues and also to others referenced below. In 2011, Waterford Press published our Sandhill Crane Display Dictionary 4.
We welcome emails that suggest improvements/corrections for this dictionary.
The crane stabs quickly down at the ground and then very briefly stands with wings spread.
This is a dynamic postural exclamation, coveying "Attention! Look at me! Let's dance!" It communicates arousal that is contagious. In a group of cranes at a staging area, it may recruit a partner.
A similar display in Sarus cranes is termed an "invitation to dance".1
Wings may be spread or swept forward and inward (photo to the right). Highly variable display.
Jumping may involve a single crane or a pair of dancers facing off, sometimes with vocalizations (left photo above).
Gape and gape-sweep
Bill is held open and may be swept left and right 45° as the crane stands aroused.
Gape may be mixed with Wing-spread-holds and Tuck-bob sduring a dance.
A crane leaps into the air and kicks out toward another.
When the Jump-rake is used to attack a predator or an intruder crane (as in drawing from Nesbitt and Archibald6), the jump is higher and talons lash out to strike the opponent.
Head low, bare-skin- expanded, with wings held close or spread. Bowing is used for threat, often after alighting in a group of cranes (left photo). It follows copulation as shown above right and in drawingby. Ellis et al.2 who call it a "Hoover" (resembling a vacuum cleaner).
Wings held out and may be fanned in this variable display that often leads into a Jump or a Gape.
In the photo to the left, Roy is molting primary feathers while dancing with a 3-week colt (click for hyperlink).
While dancing, a crane may seize a feather, fling it (left above), and then watch it float to the ground (right above). A grass stem, a piece of cattail (right) or a stick can likewise be tossed.
The display is also called Throwing.
While dancing, cane stabs at the ground, grabs and pulls up a bit of plant material, and jumps at abn extreme backward angle while waving the vegetation. In this picture, the male was dancing with a colt.
While turning quickly, the crane extends the outside wing and pulls inside wing against body.
In left photo above, Millie (ruffled) spins clockwise toward Roy's Jump-rake.
Above to the right is a 2-month colt. Directly right is a gangly 3-week colt.
Click on photos to see contexts.
Crane faces forward, body angled slightly up and head high, with wings held wide and cupped. Tthe crane takes a few steps forward, holding out each leg straight from the knee to the base of the toes as the bird high-steps, like a soldier in a ceremonial march. This display is also used as a threat.
Crane squats, tilting forward with wings held vertically and close to the body and primary feathers spread.
Wings are folded close to body with "elbows" raised. This display is seen when young colts are intently watching their parent as they learn to dance.
Body axis tilted forward, neck coiled tightly back, and wings spread with tips curved down. Millie (left) and Roy (right).
Moderate to high arousal display, sometimes in response to Run-flap-glide of the partner.
The crane bobs its head and then lowers its body with neck tightly coiled and bill held horizontally. Wings are partly spread and feathers are sleeked.
This is a dynamic display; a leap and/or a partial turn often follows.
The drawing is a Japanese crane; the Tuck-bob is called the Stoop by Masatomi and Kitagawa.3
Neck arched with bill pointing up.
In Sandhill Cranes, the wings are lifted and spread. A rare display for Sandhills and one that reflects high arousal. Roy, in the left photo, had arrived after migration to his traditional nesting territory just a few minutes earlier. Click for hyperlink to context.
In Red-crowned (Japanese) Cranes, arching is the iconic threat behavior often seen after a crane lands in a crowd of others. Red-crowned Cranes cup the wings inward and back over the body (photo above and drawing3).
Roy turns (tour) by jumping, usually taking three 120° jumps (jeté) for full rotatation. Roy usually looks into the turn. He rotates either clockwise (left three images show one jump-up, the landing, and the next jump-up over 1 second elapsed time) or counter-clockwise (right two images show a jump-up and the landing).
Click on images for hyperlinks to the dances.
The display seqeunce is names for an advanced ballet move. Tuck-bobs may be interspersed between jumps.
The graceful circling of a pair with their wings extended. Other displays like Tuck-bob, Jump-rake, and Single-wing-spin may be interspersed as the pair rotates. Click on pictures for the hyperlink to the full dance sequence.
The male crane salutes, standing at attention for ~2 seconds while the female runs left-to-right in an arc and turns toward him to display.
In the midst of a dance, one of the pair may retreat and then rush back running, flapping, jumping, and gliding. According to Ellis2, this is mostly a female display and indeed Millie is shown in this photo. This high arousal display is rare.
The three photographs are sequential; total elapsed time less than a second. Click on any photograph for the full context.
1. Ali S, Ripley SD 1987. Compact Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan, 2nd edition. Volume 2, page 142.
2. Ellis DH, Swengel SR, Archibald GE, Kepler CB 1998 A sociogram for cranes of the world. Behavioral Processes 43:125-151.
3. Masatomi H, Kitagawa T 1975. Bionomics and sociology of the Japanese Crane, Grus japoniensis, II. Ethogram. Jour. Fac. Sci. Hohhaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool. 19:834-878.
4. Yuncker-Happ C, Happ GM 2011. Sandhill Crane Display Dictionary. Waterford Press. [http://www.waterfordpress.com]
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In this discussion, you will grapple with definitions of different political structures. Remember, you are only touching the surface when you get definitions. You have already learned in this course (Module 1) that the denotation of a concept is different from its connotation. Two web sites are immediately useful (see below). Please find others that inform your discussion.
Pose a question for the class about these different political systems that you think is informed, at least in part, by the material in this course. Make it reflective so it requires some integration of thought.
Defining Capitalism, Communism, Fascism, Socialism
The Principles of Communism by Frederick Engels, 1847
Please Note: Each discussion response must have a minimum of 125 words, spell checked, well written and citing references in support of arguments. Be sure to also respond to at least two classmates later in the week (making for a minimum of three posts total. More are encouraged)
DISCUSSION POST 1
The world has been operated and fed via Capitalism, Communism, Fascism, or Socialism. Some countries embraced one or all the above political systems. The one which resonates with me is the communism because it’s the system that at first glance, seems to benefit the individual citizen the most. Communism refers to community ownership of property, with the end goal being complete social equality via economic equality. Communism argues that all labor belongs to the individual laborer; no man can own another man’s body, and therefore each man owns his own labor (Shaw, 2020). It would be ideal for all of us to live by communism, but could we survive?! Today communism is the official form of government in only five countries: China, North Korea, Laos, Cuba, and Vietnam. However, none of these meet the true definition of communism. Instead, they can be said to be in a transitional stage between the end of capitalism and the establishment of communism (Ball, 2022).
Capitalism is built on the concepts of private property, profit motive, and market competition (Boettke, 2022). Socialism refers to state ownership of common property, or state ownership of the means of production. A purely socialist state would be one in which the state owns and operates the means of production. However, nearly all modern capitalist countries combine socialism and capitalism (Shaw, 2020).
Is it possible for citizens of any country to survive as a true communist without any bit of capitalism or socialism? What would life look like for these citizens?
Ball, T. and Dagger, . Richard (2022, August 17). communism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism
Boettke, P. J. and Heilbroner, . Robert L. (2022, August 18). capitalism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/capitalism
Shaw, J. (2020). SUNY. Retrieved from https://mylearning.suny.edu/d2l/le/content/292052/viewContent/8145211/View
DISCUSSION POST 2
Over the years and centries among the world, economic systems have evolved as society has grown.
In the 1830s capiltalism and socialism were first introduced, leaving behind mercantalism in Great Britan, “The word capitalism was a product of the changing economy of Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution,” (Resor, 2022). This meant the government didnt have a say in production or distribution of goods, but the “free market” did. In the same year, socialism was also introduced, ” Socialism held that groups of people should own and regulate the economy for the benefit of all the members, not just a few,” (Resor, 2022). Socialism relied on the government to produce and distribute goods, instead of individuals. Communism was introduced in the 1840s, “to describe a system of collective ownership in which individuals did not own private property and worked together for the benefit of all community members,” (Resor, 2022). Communism is geared towards “complete social equality via economic equality” (404 – University of Idaho, n.d.), aiming towards the entire country towards one communal goal. Fascism is the more aggressive economical system and is described as “a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism,” (Resor, 2022). Economic and capital equality is not something fascists stand for and they dont belive that change can be made by any population and that it is just fate.
Since thesse econimic systems do vary in many ways, we are left ot belive they are inherently different, but perhaps they may have some form of shared ideal. Do you believe that any of the different economical systems have any common ground in relation to how they treat their populations?
Resor, C. (2022, November 12). Capitalism, Socialism, Communism: Distinguishing Important Economic Concepts. Social Studies. https://www.socialstudies.com/blog/capitalism-socialism-communism-whats-the-difference/
404 – University of Idaho. (n.d.). https://www.uidaho.edu/404.htm
NOTE FROM THE CLIENT: PLEASE REPLY SEPARATELY TO BOTH DISCUSSION POSTS ONLY, AND IDENTIFY EACH OF THEM. THANK YOU.
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2 Irreversible reactions Most Chemical reactions are considered irreversible in that products are not readily changed back into reactants.Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2When magnesium reacts with acid it is not easy to unreact it and get back the magnesium.Wood reacting with oxygenWhen wood burns it is pretty difficult to un-burn it back into wood again!
3 Many biochemical reactions are reversible Irreversible reactionsAlthough most chemical reactions are difficult to reverse it is possible to find reactions ranging from irreversible to the fully reversible.Indeed many of the biochemical reactions that take place in living things are reversible.Many biochemical reactions are reversibleThere are also some very important industrial reactions, like the Haber Process, that are reversible.
4 Simple reversible reactions Heating copper sulphateThe change from blue hydrated copper sulphate to white anhydrous copper sulphate is one of the most commonly known reversible reactions.Heathydrated copper sulphateanhydrous copper sulphatesteamCuSO4.5H CuSO H2O
5 Simple reversible reactions Heating ammonium chlorideAmmonium salts are made by reacting ammonia with an acid but some of these salts will decompose back into reactants when heated.HeatHeat makes the solid disappear as it changes into gases.Solid reappears as it changes back again in the cool part of the tube.ammonium chlorideammoniahydrogen chlorideNH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
6 Dynamic equilibriumA reversible reaction is where products can, under appropriate conditions, turn back into reactants.There will be a range of conditions over which both the forward and backward reaction will take place and this can lead to a state of balance with both reactants and products present in unchanging amounts.This is called a dynamic equilibrium.ABABthese combinethese decompose
7 Dynamic equilibrium Equilibrium – because of the unchanging amounts Dynamic – because reaction is still occurringIt is rather like the situation where a man is walking the wrong way along a moving pavement or escalator.Neither have stopped but the man could remain in the same place for ever!The symbol is used to mean dynamic equilibrium.The man stays in the same place!
8 Dynamic equilibriumIn reversible reactions equilibrium means balance but this balance does not have to be at the half-way point.We may have mostly reactants with just a little product or vice versa.There are 2 factors that we can change that influence the position of an equilibrium:TemperatureConcentration (or pressure in gas reactions)Finding the conditions that gives the most product is really important in industrial chemical reactions.
9 TemperatureAll reactions are exothermic (give out heat) in one direction and endothermic (take in heat) in the other. E.g. nitrogen dioxide (NO2) joins to form dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) exothermically.Gets cold going backward (endothermic)2NO N2O4Gets hot going forward (exothermic)The rule is:The hotter a reaction is, the more likely it is to go in the endothermic direction.Heating will give more NO2 in the equilibrium mixtureCooling would give more N2O4 in the equilibrium mixture..
10 The reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia (NH3) is exothermic. How will temperature affect the composition of the equilibrium mixture?Gets cold going backward (endothermic)3H N2 2NH3Gets hot going forward (exothermic)Which direction is endothermic?Which direction do reactions move when heated?Will heating give more or less NH3 in the equilbrium mixture?backwardbackwardless
11 Pressure 2NO2(g) N2O4 (g) This applies to gas reactions. Here the rule depends upon the number of gas molecules on each side of the equationGet more gas molecules in backward direction2NO2(g) N2O4 (g)Get less gas molecules in forward directionThe higher the pressure the more the reaction moves in the direction with less gas molecules.Increasing the pressure will give more N2O4Decreasing pressure gives more NO2 at equilibrium..
12 Look at the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia. Get more gas molecules in backward direction3H2(g) N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)Get less gas molecules in forward directionWhich direction produces less gas molecules.Which direction do reactions move when compressed?Will high pressure give more or less NH3 in the equilbrium mixture?forwardThe side that has less gas moleculesIncreasing the pressure will give more NH3Decreasing the pressure give less NH3 at equilibrium..more
13 Concentration This applies to reactions in solution. Increasing the concentration of a substance tips the equilibrium in the direction that uses up (decreases) the concentration of the substance added.Eg. Bismuth chloride reacts with water to give a white precipitate of bismuth oxychloride.BiCl3(aq) + H2O (l) BiOCl(s) + 2HCl(aq)Adding water will produce more BiOCl solid (to use up the H2O).Adding acid (HCl) will result in less BiOCl solid to use up the HCl.
14 Which way will this tip the equilibrium? Chlorine gas reacts with iodine chloride ( a brown liquid) converting it to iodine trichloride (a yellow solid).ICl(l) Cl2(g) ICl3(s)Brown pale green yellowWhat effect will adding more chlorine have upon the colour of the mixture in the U-tube?If the U-tube is turned on its side heavy chlorine gas pours out of the tube.Which way will this tip the equilibrium?Produce more ICl3 and so more yellow solid.Produce less ICl and so more brown liquid.
15 3H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g) H=-92kJ/mol Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic?Will heating the mixture give an equilibrium mixture with more or less ammonia?Are there more gas molecules of reactant or product?Will raising the pressure give an equilibrium mixture with more or less ammonia?exothermiclessreactantmore
16 The Haber CompromiseWhat does the graph show about the effect of temperature on the Haber process?Suggest why a temperature of 400oC is chosen when a lower temperature gives an equilibrium mixture with greater % conversion to ammonia.Reduces %conversionHint: reaction rates?3H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g) H=-92kJ/mol
17 The Haber CompromiseWhat does the graph show about the effect of pressure on the Haber process?Suggest why a pressure of 200 atm is chosen when a higher pressure gives an equilibrium mixture with greater % conversion to ammonia.Increases %conversionHint: costs?3H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g) H=-92kJ/mol
18 3H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g) H=-92kJ/mol The Haber Compromise3H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g) H=-92kJ/molThe aim of the chemical industry is not to make chemicals. It is to make money!If we use low temperatures it takes ages to reach equilibrium. It’s better to get a 40% yield in 2 minutes than an 80% yield in 2 hours!If we use very high pressures the cost of the equipment used increases drastically and there are also safety issues. Better 90% conversion at 200atm than 95% conversion at 600 atm.Unchanged reactants can always be recycled.
19 The Haber Process/use this animation if you wish to show the process step by step.
20 The Haber ProcessUse this animation if you wish to show the process as a whole
21 Which of these is true about a dynamic equilibrium? All the product molecules are used up.All the reactants molecules are used up.The reaction has stopped both in the forward and backward directions.The composition of the reaction mixture remains the same.
22 Which of these is a reversible process? Reacting acid with alkali.Heating hydrated (blue) copper sulphate.Burning coal.Dissolving magnesium in acid.
23 Increased pressure gives more N2O4. Which of these is true about the effect of pressure on the reaction below?Increased pressure gives more N2O4.Increased pressure does not affect the equilibrium.Increased pressure makes N2O4 decompose.Increased pressure slows down the reaction.2NO2(g) N2O4 (g)
24 2NO2(g) N2O4 (g) H=-58kJ/mol Which of these is true about the effect of increased temperature on the reaction?gives more N2O4.does not affect the equilibrium.slows down the reactions.Achieves equilibrium more quickly.2NO2(g) N2O4 (g) H=-58kJ/mol
25 Which of these is NOT true about the Haber Process? An iron catalyst is used.Heat is used to increase the ammonia present in the equilibrium mixture.High pressure is used to increase the ammonia present in the equilibrium mixture.Unreacted starting materials are recycled.3H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g) H=-92kJ/mol
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Glass, one of the most useful materials at our disposal but one of the hardest to handle, has been a final frontier of sorts in the world of 3-D printing. Even as approaches to printing materials like plastics, polymers, wax, ceramics, and metals, have been increasingly refined, glass has been mostly relegated to crude attempts to form with digital printers that approximate a glass effect. That may be about to change. Driven by the transformative potential that 3-D printed glass could have in art, architecture, medicine, aerospace, communications, safety and security, and more, researchers and engineers, are making progress in overcoming the inherent obstacles to 3-D glass printing (3DGP). Years' worth of experimentation and invention has led to the groundbreaking innovations we have seen this summer - Micron3DP, an Israeli company that designs and manufactures 3-D printer parts, announced a prototype of a new high-temperature extruder printe in June, and MIT recently announced the 3-D hot glass printer developed by the Mediated Matter Group in collaboration with MIT's Department of Mechnical Engineering and MIT's Glass Lab.
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According to the World Health Organisation about 314 million people throughout the world are visually impaired; 45 million of them are blind, yet 80% of cases are avoidable.
Glaucoma is the world’s second leading cause of blindness and “World Glaucoma Week 2011: Don’t Lose Sight of Your Family” is hoping to raise awareness of this silent eye condition.
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve of your eye and usually happens when the fluid pressure in the eye rises. It often goes undetected as there are virtually no symptoms or warning signs which means you probably won’t notice anything wrong until your sight has deteriorated considerably. It is estimated that around 50% of glaucoma cases in the world remain undetected.
During World Glaucoma Week we are encouraged to have an eye test, as early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is paramount in saving vision from glaucoma.
The risk of glaucoma increases with age with one in ten people over the age of 80 compared to one in 200 people under the age of 50 suffering from this condition. People who suffer from glaucoma are also more likely to suffer from other eye conditions such as myopia.
According to the National Eye Institute, family history, genetics and birth defects make you more susceptible to glaucoma. People with a family history of glaucoma have an increased risk of getting it themselves, and African Americans have a higher risk of developing glaucoma.
While there are medical and genetic causes of glaucoma, anyone can develop the condition.
Injuries to the eye or head following sudden trauma such as a car crash could cause detachment of the retina or increase the internal pressure in the eye resulting in glaucoma. Andrea Bocelli, one of the most gifted tenors in the world, was seriously injured at the age of 12 while playing football with his friends. The injury progressed to glaucoma and ultimately left him blind.
The genius otherwise known as Ray Charles worked to promote awareness of glaucoma having lost his sight at the age of seven as a result of juvenile glaucoma that went untreated.
Infections of the eye can also increase pressure in the eye and cause glaucoma to develop.
While the loss of vision caused by glaucoma is irreversible, with treatment the damage can be minimised and its progression slowed through medication and/or surgery.
If you are diagnosed with glaucoma, you will also be entitled to free eye tests funded by the NHS.
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WHAT IS ZIKA VIRUS?
Zika virus spreads among humans by the bite of a mosquito. The most common symptoms of Zika virus include fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes). The disease is usually mild with symptoms lasting from several days to a week. Usually does not require clinical treatment.
IMPORTANT – has been proven that this virus can harm pregnant women and newborn babies! Also is confirmed that it can be passed on from person to person, so if you go on a trip to a country where there is a possibility of becoming infected, do your best to protect yourself!
- THERE IS NO VACCINE
- The best is to avoid mosquito bites on all currently available methods – Use a devices that are do not allow mosquitos to enter, wear long clothes, use bracelets and creams (such as Autan). See more here!
- The mosquitoes that transmit the virus bite during the day
Countries that are affected by this virus by the World Health Organization are (currently on the day of 01/27/2016.)
- Arica – Cape Verde
- Oceania / Pacific – Samoa
- America – Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Ghana, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, St. Martin, Suriname, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela.
Information about other countries are available on the website of the World Health Organization or
I am traveling to countries where is possibility of becoming infected ZIKA virus. WHAT SHOULD I DO?
- Use insect repellent (avoid those that have oil eucalipstus lemon for children younger than 3 years). If you need, first put the sunscreen, and then insect repellent.
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants.
- Prevent the entry of mosquitoes and other insects in the room using the air conditioning and repel insects (such as RAID). Sleep under mosquito nets.
Drain all standing water from flower pots and buckets to avoid attracting mosquitoes and other insects.
PREGNANT WOMEN AND THOSE WHO WANT CHILDREN should as far as possible postpone their travel to infected countries until scientists found out more about Zika virus. If the road is necessary you need to make an effort to avoid mosquito bites and other insects! It is still unknown whether and how extent this virus can affect the baby, although it is known that it remains in the blood for several days or several weeks. There is no evidence that mother can transmit this virus to baby whit breastfeeding.
Why is not recommended to become pregnant because of Zika virus?
Doctors do not recommend pregnancy because of the rapid spread of the virus, of whom not much is known all over the world! It is not known how and whether Zika virus effect on babies and children! It is expected the invention of vaccine and drugs.
I got infected by ZIKA VIRUS, What should I do?
Get plenty of rest and drink lots of fluids. Use medications such as acetaminophen or paracetamol to relieve fever and pain. Do not use aspirin and similar drugs. If the condition worsens consult a doctor!
BEFORE you travel inform about the latest information in relation of ZIKA VIRUS, because it is expected to expand to other countries! See site of the World Health Organization
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In this first comprehensive study of women's property rights in early America, Marylynn Salmon discusses the effect of formal rules of law on women's lives. By focusing on such areas such as conveyancing, contracts, divorce, separate estates, and widows' provisions, Salmon presents a full picture of women's legal rights from 1750 to 1830. Salmon shows that the law assumes women would remain dependent and subservient after marriage. She documents the legal rights of women prior to the Revolution and traces a gradual but steady extension of the ability of wives to own and control property during the decades following the Revolution. The forces of change in colonial and early national law were various, but Salmon believes ideological considerations were just as important as economic ones. Women did not all fare equally under the law. In this illuminating survey of the jurisdictions of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina, Salmon shows regional variations in the law that affected women's autonomous control over property. She demonstrates the importance of understanding the effects of formal law on women' s lives in order to analyze the wider social context of women's experience.
Author: Thomas A. Foster
Publisher: NYU Press
Release Date: 2015-03-20
Women in Early America, edited by Thomas A. Foster, tells the fascinating stories of the myriad women who shaped the early modern North American world from the colonial era through the first years of the Republic. This volume goes beyond the familiar stories of Pocahontas or Abigail Adams, recovering the lives and experiences of lesser-known women—both ordinary and elite, enslaved and free, Indigenous and immigrant—who lived and worked in not only British mainland America, but also New Spain, New France, New Netherlands, and the West Indies. In these essays we learn about the conditions that women faced during the Salem witchcraft panic and the Spanish Inquisition in New Mexico; as indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland; caught up between warring British and Native Americans; as traders in New Netherlands and Detroit; as slave owners in Jamaica; as Loyalist women during the American Revolution; enslaved in the President’s house; and as students and educators inspired by the air of equality in the young nation. Foster showcases the latest research of junior and senior historians, drawing from recent scholarship informed by women’s and gender history—feminist theory, gender theory, new cultural history, social history, and literary criticism. Collectively, these essays address the need for scholarship on women’s lives and experiences. Women in Early America heeds the call of feminist scholars to not merely reproduce male-centered narratives, “add women, and stir,” but to rethink master narratives themselves so that we may better understand how women and men created and developed our historical past. Instructor's Guide
Author: Philip N. Mulder
Release Date: 2017-05-15
Genre: Political Science
Reflecting the best recent scholarship of Early America and the Early Republic, the articles in this collection study the many dimensions of American political history. The authors explore Native American interests and encounters with settlers, diplomatic endeavors, environmental issues, legal debates and practiced law, women's citizenship and rights, servitude and slavery and popular political activity. The geographical perspective is as expansive as the topical, with strong representation of trans-Atlantic and continental interests of many nations and peoples. The international and interdisciplinary perspectives illustrate the dynamic transformations of America during this era of settlement, conquest, development, revolution and nation building.
Author: Joan Hoff
Publisher: NYU Press
Release Date: 1994-04-01
In this widely acclaimed landmark study, Joan Hoff illustrates how women remain second- class citizens under the current legal system and questions whether the continued pursuit of equality based on a one-size-fits-all vision of traditional individual rights is really what will most improve conditions for women in America as they prepare for the twenty-first century. Concluding that equality based on liberal male ideology is no longer an adequate framework for improving women's legal status, Hoff's highly original and incisive volume calls for a demystification of legal doctrine and a reinterpretation of legal texts (including the Constitution) to create a feminist jurisprudence.
Author: George Blaine Baker
Publisher: University of Toronto Press
Release Date: 2013-12-06
The essays in this volume deal with the legal history of the Province of Quebec, Upper and Lower Canada, and the Province of Canada between the British conquest of 1759 and confederation of the British North America colonies in 1867. The backbone of the modern Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, this geographic area was unified politically for more than half of the period under consideration. As such, four of the papers are set in the geographic cradle of modern Quebec, four treat nineteenth-century Ontario, and the remaining four deal with the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes watershed as a whole. The authors come from disciplines as diverse as history, socio-legal studies, women’s studies, and law. The majority make substantial use of second-language sources in their essays, which shade into intellectual history, social and family history, regulatory history, and political history.
Author: Louis P. Masur
Publisher: JHU Press
Release Date: 1999-04-20
In The Challenge of American History, Louis Masur brings together a sampling of recent scholarship to determine the key issues preoccupying historians of American history and to contemplate the discipline's direction for the future. The fifteen summary essays included in this volume allow professional historians, history teachers, and students to grasp in a convenient and accessible form what historians have been writing about.
Author: Carol Berkin
Publisher: Hill and Wang
Release Date: 1997-07-01
Indian, European, and African women of seventeenth and eighteenth-century America were defenders of their native land, pioneers on the frontier, willing immigrants, and courageous slaves. They were also - as traditional scholarship tends to omit - as important as men in shaping American culture and history. This remarkable work is a gripping portrait that gives early-American women their proper place in history.
Author: Loren Schweninger
Publisher: Univ of North Carolina Press
Release Date: 2012-09-10
In the antebellum South, divorce was an explosive issue. As one lawmaker put it, divorce was to be viewed as a form of "madness," and as another asserted, divorce reduced communities to the "lowest ebb of degeneracy." How was it that in this climate, the number of divorces rose steadily during the antebellum era? In Families in Crisis in the Old South, Loren Schweninger uses previously unexplored records to argue that the difficulties these divorcing families faced reveal much about the reality of life in a slave-holding society as well as the myriad difficulties confronted by white southern families who chose not to divorce. Basing his argument on almost 800 divorce cases from the southern United States, Schweninger explores the impact of divorce and separation on white families and on the enslaved and provides insights on issues including domestic violence, interracial adultery, alcoholism, insanity, and property relations. He examines how divorce and separation laws changed, how married women's property rights expanded, how definitions of inhuman treatment of wives evolved, and how these divorces challenged conventional mores.
Author: Edward G. Gray
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date: 2012-12-06
The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution draws on a wealth of new scholarship to create a vibrant dialogue among varied approaches to the revolution that made the United States. In thirty-three essays written by authorities on the period, the Handbook brings to life the diverse multitudes of colonial North America and their extraordinary struggles before, during, and after the eight-year-long civil war that secured the independence of thirteen rebel colonies from their erstwhile colonial parent. The chapters explore battles and diplomacy, economics and finance, law and culture, politics and society, gender, race, and religion. Its diverse cast of characters includes ordinary farmers and artisans, free and enslaved African Americans, Indians, and British and American statesmen and military leaders. In addition to expanding the Revolution's who, the Handbook broadens its where, portraying an event that far transcended the boundaries of what was to become the United States. It offers readers an American Revolution whose impact ranged far beyond the thirteen colonies. The Handbook's range of interpretive and methodological approaches captures the full scope of current revolutionary-era scholarship. Its authors, British and American scholars spanning several generations, include social, cultural, military, and imperial historians, as well as those who study politics, diplomacy, literature, gender, and sexuality. Together and separately, these essays demonstrate that the American Revolution remains a vibrant and inviting a subject of inquiry. Nothing comparable has been published in decades.
Author: Elizabeth Fox-Genovese
Publisher: UNC Press Books
Release Date: 2000-11-09
Genre: Social Science
Documenting the difficult class relations between women slaveholders and slave women, this study shows how class and race as well as gender shaped women's experiences and determined their identities. Drawing upon massive research in diaries, letters, memoirs, and oral histories, the author argues that the lives of antebellum southern women, enslaved and free, differed fundamentally from those of northern women and that it is not possible to understand antebellum southern women by applying models derived from New England sources.
Author: William E. Nelson
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date: 2008-08-05
Drawing on groundbreaking and overwhelmingly extensive research into local court records, The Common Law in Colonial America proposes a "new beginning" in the study of colonial legal history, as it charts the course of the common law in Early America, to reveal how the models of law that emerged differed drastically from that of the English common law. In this first volume, Nelson explores how the law of the Chesapeake colonies--Virginia and Maryland--differed from the New England colonies--Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth, and Rhode Island--and looks at the differences between the colonial legal systems within the two regions, from their initial settlement until approximately 1660.
Author: Sheryllynne Haggerty
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
Release Date: 2012-05-15
In 1780 Richard Sheridan noted that merchants worked 'merely for money'. However, rather than being a criticism, this was recognition of the important commercial role that merchants played in the British empire at this time. Of course, merchants desired and often made profits, but they were strictly bound by commonly-understood socio-cultural norms which formed a private-order institution of a robust business culture. In order to elucidate this business culture, this book examines the themes of risk, trust, reputation, obligation, networks and crises to demonstrate how contemporary merchants perceived and dealt with one another and managed their businesses. Merchants were able to take risks and build trust, but concerns about reputation and fulfilling obligations constrained economic opportunism. By relating these themes to an array of primary sources from ports around the British-Atlantic world, this book provides a more nuanced understanding of business culture during this period. A theme which runs throughout the book is the mercantile community as a whole and its relationship with the state. This was an important element in the British business culture of this period, although this relationship came under stress towards the end of period, forming a crisis in itself. This book argues that the business culture of the British-Atlantic mercantile community not only facilitated the conduct of day-to-day business, but also helped it to cope with short-term crises and long-term changes. This facilitated the success of the British-Atlantic economy even within the context of changing geo-politics and an under-institutionalised environment. Not working 'merely for money' was a successful business model.
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Alongside interest in public rights that trump the regular water rights of property law, there is much interest in private, human rights that do so. Many systems of water law have long recognized some right to basic water uses superior to other water rights. Islamic law's "right of thirst", the right to take water to quench one's thirst or to water one's animals, applies even to privately owned waters under most schools of Islamic jurisprudence (Caponera, 1954). Under the system of riparian rights, domestic or "natural" uses have preference over other uses (Beck, 2000), and domestic uses also have priority over other uses in most jurisdictions applying the doctrine of prior appropriation (Trelease, 1955). China's water law, too, exempts household and other small quantity uses (Wouters et al., 2004).
Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in the idea of a right to water framed in human rights terms. Scholars (e.g. Gleick, 1999) have argued that the right to the minimal amount of water needed to supply basic human needs is implicit in basic human rights norms, and an effort has been made to give this right more explicit, formal, legal recognition.
The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the United Nations' Economic and Social Council issued in 2003 its "General Comment No. 15" on the right to water as anchored in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, stating (para. 2) that "the human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses." The right to water was found to be anchored in the rights recognized by the Covenant to the highest attainable standard of health, adequate housing, and adequate food, as well as in the right to human life and dignity enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights; other treaties, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, explicitly recognize a right to water. The general right to water was said by the Comment to include the right to maintain access to existing water supplies necessary for the right to water, the right to be free from arbitrary disconnections or contamination of water supplies, and the right to a system of water supply and management that provides equality of opportunity for people to enjoy the right to water. Adequacy is measured by a number of factors, including the water supply being sufficient and continuous for personal and domestic uses, safe, physically and economically accessible, and provided without discrimination.
|South African Constitutional Court|
Petitioners challenged a policy implemented in a Soweto neighborhood that installed pre-paid meters (i.e. meters that cut off service when water has not been paid for) but also provided a certain amount of water for free on a per capita or per-household basis. Though lower Supreme Court of Appeal invalidated the policy as not always providing a sufficient amount of water, the Constitutional Court overturned this decision, ruling that the policy was not in violation of the Bill of Rights. This decision has been criticized as not giving sufficient protection to socio-economic rights (e.g. Wesson, 2011), but also supported as ecologically responsible and conducive to achieving inter-generational equality (Kotzé, 2010). It should be noted that South Africa is not alone in anchoring a right to water in its constitution; at least fourteen other countries do so, as well (May and Daly, 2015).
The idea of a human right to water has come in for criticism on a number of fronts. It has been critiqued as practically unenforceable (Thielbörger, 2013), in normative terms as being too consistent with the neoliberal trends in opposition to which it is invoked (Bakker, 2007), and empirically for failing improving access to water in practice (Anand, 2007). The concern has also been raised (Staddon et al., 2012) that the rights discourse will strengthen the hand of business interests opposing regulation of their property rights (or quasi-property, as administrative permits). Nonetheless, many (e.g. Mirosa and Harris, 2012) continue to argue for its relevance and importance.
That's it for this series, the full article is here.
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Strategies for Comprehending Text
Think aloud....Is Closing the Gap.
Teachers are always thriving to find the most effective ways to provide students with the magic formula to successfully be able to analyze and comprehend texts. There has been many try and error strategies implemented, and sadly those that are less academically privileged due socio-economic reasons, indeed lack of resources to accomplish State Standards have been struggling for many decades.
Thanks to many researchers that has studied for years reading strategies, pretty beneficial outcomes has been taking place.
This evidence based handout will provide you with ten tips to be use in the classroom to develop comprehension skills on students through Think-Aloud strategy.
"Select high-quality texts with clear central messages that match students' interests". (Witte,Priscilla.G.2016)
Based on Priscilla Witte, 2016, one of the most important steps to take to develop comprehension skills on students is to choose a text rich on vocabulary, indeed high-quality text and interested for students. She considers a very crucial step for the implementation of the CTA model, that stands for Complex Text Analysis created by her. In this model the teacher choose a book per week to read for 30 or 40 minutes. Starting for the least complex to more complex texts. She explained her thoughts and gradually released the responsibility to students to analyze and comprehend text on their own. Students were engaged and took apart of the process.
She used the rubric to monitor students progress.
Please see the CTA rubric below.
"Prepare for each lesson". (Witte,Priscilla .G. 2016)
Prior reading aloud, teacher has to make sure that the text to read and analyze is aligned with students expectations about what to learn. Using a text rich in vocabulary aligned with the core standards to be taught for that specific period of time it is very important. Teaching vocabulary in isolation is not that effective than in associations with the content. As Maria .S. (2004), mentioned in her article there are many strategies such a contextual clues, morphological information , and cognate knowledge that can be implemented to help with the comprehension skills of texts in questions, specially on ESL students. In other hand according to Priscilla (2016), teachers has to prepare digital resource to be use as a part of their preparation for the lesson.
It is important to have ready planned the stems questions the teacher is going to ask aloud and think it through ready.
Some examples of the questions are on the rubric above and the rubric below.
See contextual clues example cognates below also.
Stem questions for Read-Aloud
Stem questions for Read-Aloud
"Scaffold Instruction" Witte Priscilla (2006)
Modeling thinking to students it is an important part of read-aloud. Teachers should constantly model for students before even expecting students to analyze a text independently. There is a process in which gradually the teacher will release to students the responsibility to analyze a text on their own.
Teachers may keep students engaged the whole time.
Teachers need to model all the time so students can be a part of the dialogue and develop speaking and listening skills.
"Maintain High Expectation for all Students" Witte Priscilla (2006)
Teachers need to make sure that during read-aloud students answer High Order Thinking Skills Questions. Those questions belong to the analysis and application part of the stem questions in Bloom of Taxonomy.
Teachers have to take in consideration that ESL students may need extra support. For that providing previous knowledge and life experiences relationship is crucial.
Provide students support in the formulation of the questions.
After the teacher has been modeling for a while "think aloud", when is it time to start releasing that responsibility to students, the teacher has to take in consideration that students might need support. I do, we do it, you do it.
I have display on my wall some of the stem questions they could use to formulate their own, based on the text in order to develop comprehension skills.
Acting out to define unfamiliar words during think aloud is always positive.
Meanwhile the teacher is reading and thinking loud, the use of gestures, intonation, and "acting out to define unfamiliar words during discussion is always positive to students" (Silverman, Rebeca), specially in Early Childhood.
Teachers have to remember that not all kids are expose to rich literature indeed we are the tunnel to discover new words and meanings in text, specially when we move on and apply this strategy in more complex texts.
Use an assessment rubric to evaluate students progress
In order to assess students to see if they have accomplished the set goals in terms on comprehension skills, I would recommend you to use the CTA rubric. It is very simple and handed to use.
Evaluate students progress
Videotape your a part of the lesson you have modeled.
Share your video with coworkers and professional staffs
This link provides with explanation and suggestions about how to implement Think-aloud. It explains how students and teachers can benefits with the strategy and how it could positively affect students performance.
In this video the teacher is modeling thin-aloud using common core anchor standards.
She uses close reading to think-aloud. I think it is beneficial to see how other teachers model thin-aloud for their students because we can learn from them and apply new tips to our routine.
This link gives you plenty of posters get an idea about you can create your own chart and the type of questions to model when think-aloud takes place.
- Maria S. Carlo. Closing the gap: Addressing the vocabulary needs of English - language learners in bilingual and mainstream classrooms, 188-215
- Silverman Rebeca and Crandell DiBara Jennifer.2010.Vocabulary Practices in Prekindergarten and Kindergarten Classrooms, pp 318-340.
- Witte, Priscilla G. (2016). Teaching First Graders to Comprehend Complex Texts Through Read-Alouds. The Reading Teacher. doi: 10.1002/trtr.1467
-Button Kathryn and Johnson Margaret. (1997). The Role of Shared Reading in Developing Effective Early Reading Strategies, Volume 37, (Issue 4)
This articles talks about how shared reading helps to improve vocabulary and comprehensions skills on students.
- Boyles Nancy.(2013) Closing in on Close Reading, Volume 7,number 4, 36-41.
I do recommend this article because it talks about the benefits of close reading. It is a strategy than can definitely be use during small group instruction or during thing-aloud time.
-Think Alouds. Reading Rockets
It is a very descriptive side about what and how to implement thin- aloud in your classroom. It walks you through the process. I found this website a very teacher friendly site to read and apply.
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This article covers transformer impedance testing, one of the acceptances tests for new transformers, and a method for routine testing. The results of this test should compare directly to the manufacturer's datasheet. Related: Percentage Impedance of Transformer Application … [Read more...] about How to Test Percentage Impedance of Transformer?
This article explains the measurement of three-phase power in star connected or delta connecter load using the wattmeter methods. The power in a three phase load can be measured by following methods: Three wattmeter method Two wattmeter method One wattmeter … [Read more...] about Measurement of Three Phase Power | Wattmeter Methods
A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure AC current. It produces an alternating current (AC) in its secondary which is proportional to the AC current in its primary. Current transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers … [Read more...] about Current Transformer (CT) – Construction and Working Principle
In this post, we will look at the voltage and power equation of a dc motor and the condition for maximum power in a dc motor. Voltage Equation of a DC Motor The voltage V applied across the motor armature has to overcome the back emf Eb and supply the armature ohmic … [Read more...] about Voltage and Power Equations of DC Motor | Condition of Maximum Power
All electrical installations and equipment comply with insulation resistance specifications so they can operate safely. Whether it involves the connection cables, the sectioning and protection equipment, or the motors and generators, the electrical conductors are insulated … [Read more...] about Difference between Dielectric Testing & Insulation Resistance Measurement
As per IEC 60947, switchgears with rated voltages up to 1000 V ac and 1500 V dc are termed as low voltage switchgear. The term ‘switchgear’ is a generic term encompassing a wide range of products like circuit breakers, switches, switch fuse units, off-load isolators, HRC fuses, … [Read more...] about Low Voltage Switchgear
An analog instrument is one in which the output or display is a continuous function of time and bears a constant relation to its input. The analog instruments find extensive use in present-day applications although digital instruments are increasing in number and applications. … [Read more...] about Three Types of Analog Instruments
In this article, you will study what are electric potential, the potential difference (PD) and electromotive force (emf) and the difference between them. Just as a body raised above the ground has gravitational potential energy, similarly, a charged body has electric potential … [Read more...] about Electric Potential, Potential Difference and EMF
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Solar power is one of the most reliable renewable energy that homes can adopt for sustainable energy.
As the natural resources set to decline in the years to come, the whole world needs to move towards sustainable renewable sources. The rise in population means the use of non-renewable energy will one day run out and factors like global warming and climate change may affect some of the renewable sources like hydro electric.
There are several uses for the solar power for the home.We find ourselves continuously using electricity in heating, cooling, powering appliances and lighting in many areas including TV, refrigerator, heat pump, freezer, water heaters, dish washers, clothe dryer and washers, and air conditioners among others. By using the roof tops to harvest the sun’s power, we can power all our equipment using solar generated electricity.
Benefits of solar energy
One of the most reliable renewable energy that homes can adopt for sustainable energy is solar power. The main benefit of solar energy is that unlike other renewable energy like wind and geothermal that requires special equipment to be installed, it can be easily put together and does not require any wires, cords or power sources to be set up.
Use of solar energy can result in a lot of savings in your electricity cost. Having an array in your home means that your electricity bill will come down drastically and as the owner, you can even the give trade excess power to the local power grid. The panels do not require new space for installation and can be installed on the rooftops, where they only require 400 square feet of the roof space to produce a kilowatt of electricity. The layout design of the panels can also be redesigned to easily get around obstructions such as chimneys, dormers, and skylights. The initial cost of the solar energy may be high, but you are assured that cost will be recovered over a period of time.
Solar power is long lasting and the panels typically come with warranties of up to 20 years with a consistent energy efficiency of at least 80%. The solar cells have no moving parts which make them long lasting and generally doesn’t require any maintenance and run for long time.
Solar energy is environmental friendly; a panel uses photovoltaic cells technology to turn sunlight into electricity thus making it a clean, non-polluting, and renewable source of electricity. It does not release any harmful gas like carbon dioxide to the environment and does not require any fuels.
Solar energy for remote areas
Solar energy can also provide much needed power if a home is constructed in a remote area where the national grid isn’t available or is terribly cost prohibitive. Whether it’s a weekender or a full-time residence, an owner may consider a standalone solar power system to meet power requirements at home. You may be required to get deep cycle batteries if the system is completely off grid, to store power when there is no sunlight or its not powerful enough. Typically, solar panels produce 12 volts DC current and appliances that can run on this capacity can be run directly off the batteries or be routed through an inverter to be converted to 240V.
States have come in and are now providing tax incentives to citizens who install photovoltaic (PV) systems in their properties. The incentives are available in different levels whether the property is residential, low-income residential, multi-unit residential, commercial, or non-profit. Some states require the systems to be at least one kilowatt (kW) in capacity, without maximum limit to participate. The federal government gives rebates on solar power installation and an owner may claim credit 30% of qualified expenditure in commercial and business properties without maximum limit.
It is believed that consumers are more concerned about the financial benefits that the solar systems may bring and reduction in initial buying installation cost will be key raising solar energy adoption. With emergence of new technologies, the cost will come down and hopefully see an increase in the use of solar power. Another reason is the solar power reliability, the dependence on sunlight to produce energy means someone will have to invest in solar batteries to store excess power for the night or else depend on the local utility grid to draw power in the night.
Solar energy can help home owner save up to 60% of their electricity bills. Provision of rebates when consumers use solar energy is greatly contributing to solar energy adoption once consumers realize the long term benefit, therefore there is need for enhanced consumer awareness of these products and other attractive solar financing plans. There also need to be increased partnerships to promote solar energy and stakeholders need to come up with fresh and compelling messages on short and long term benefit of solar energy.
Solar energy comes with its own disadvantages, with the initial cost touted as one of the major setbacks in mass adoption of the solar energy. Despite subsidy programs, tax initiatives and rebate incentives from the government in an effort to promote solar energy, many people are still reluctant of making the initial investment.
The Stella Vie is a solar-powered car with the ability to carry five people across a 1000 KM distance while moving at an average speed of 69 km/h. The solar car developed by a Dutch Read more…
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HFCL GLOSSARY S
. SELF . SELF-DISCLOSURE . SEMIOTICS
. SIGN . SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF
REALITY . SOCIETY . SPEECH
. SPEECH ACT THEORY . SYNTAGM
. SYSTEM .
SELF [HFCL TUTORIAL]
The individual human being. Human communication is said to originate within the minds of individual selves.
SELF-DISCLOSURE [HFCL TUTORIAL]
The act of providing others with information about oneself.
SEMIOTICS [HFCL TUTORIAL:]
Semiotic theory explains the process by which meaning arises during the perception and interpretation of sensory data. There are a number of variations of the model, however the semiotic triangle is probably the most common. The semiotic triangle model include three elements:
- a perception of something that exists in the physical world,
- an object or concept to which the perception is said to refer,
- a thought, image or concept that is formed in the mind as a result of the perception and which relates to the object.
It is this relationship, present among the elements of the many signs that human beings constantly encounter, that forms the basis for the patterns of meaning that develop in human communication. Models involving the use of signs have been developed by a number of semiotic theoreticians, most notably, Saussure and Pierce. See also Barthes, Eco.
Semiotic approaches to the analysis of communication texts often begin by
first identifying the paradigms involved.
The following is an example of a [paradigmatic
semiotic analysis]. More complex semiotic analysis focuses on the changes
that occur in the structure of the sygntagms
over time. The following is an example of a [syntagmatic
Loosely defined as "a pattern of data which, when perceived, brings to mind
something other than itself," the notion of the sign is central to the semiotic
approach to the study of communication. The term can refer to the relationship
among the elements of the semiotic model, or it can be used to indicate
the first of the three elements, i.e., the physical thing perceived.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF
TUTORIAL: THE COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT]
The theory, as expounded by Berger
and Luckmann, that the actions of human beings as they live their everyday
lives create a social reality that is as unavoidable as the non-social reality
that is usually termed "nature."
[Summary of the Model]
Although any group of humans connected by means of communications may be termed a "society," the term usually refers to a very large group that has developed a wide variety of shared languages, institutions and behaviors.
TUTORIAL: SIGNS AND LANGUAGE]
A form of communication that propagates messages using language via the
medium of sound.
Speech is generally acscribed only to humans, although arguments are made
in support of beings such as dolphins, whales and various primates.
TO GIVE A SPEECH: to speek formally to an audience.
Speeches of this type may be categorized as informative, persuasive, and
so on as described in the study of Rhetoric.
SPEECH COMMUNICATION: the study of speaking and speech. This may involve
the biology, physiology, physics, psychology and sociology of the speech
act. It may involve the study of the art of public speaking. It may involve
the analysis of the nature of speech in social discourse.
SPEECH ACT THEORY [HFCL TUTORIAL: RELATIONSHIPS]
The study of human speech as action.
See also: Searle.
SYNTAGM [HFCL TUTORIAL: SEMIOTICS]
In semiotics a sign constructed from other, more fundamental signs. The set of available fundamental signs is called the paradigm of the syntagm.
SYSTEM [HFCL TUTORIAL: THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS]
A collection of interrelated parts. The parts and relationships that comprise the system are distinguished from the rest of the world (or the environment) by a boundary.
Systems theory is the study of the nature of systems. Systems analysis is the engineering discipline that uses systems theory as a framework for studying and modifying the world.
See also: Weinberg, Wilden, Boulding
TOP OF THIS PAGE
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The author has taken the facts of the first thirteen states and written them in a unique form to help children remember what happened. Her poetry has been featured in over sixty publications, including Cricket, Cicada, and The Christian Science Monitor.
Unite or Die: Her poetry has been featured in over sixty publications, including Cricket, Cicada, and The Christian Science Monitor. Read more about Jacqueline.
Tuckahoe, MD Frederick Douglass was born... She lives in Arlington, Virginia. How Thirteen States Became a Nation.
After reading the book aloud, students will perform a play about the foundations of U. Learn more about Premium. Full of facts about our fledgling democracy, the call for a national government, and the Constitutional Convention, this book presents American history with personality, good humor, and energy.
Editorial Reviews: Sure we have heard of the Articles of Confederation and the Virginia Compromise and the New Jersey Plan, but who really remembers much about them? Bound only by the Articles of Confederation, the little states begin by bickering about issues such as currency, borders, and trade.
Buy This Book. It took bravery, smarts, and a lot of compromises to create a workable system of government under the new constitution.
One night only! This show is not to be missed.
Read more. There are extra notes included in the back to give more interesting details about the story. Discuss how this rivalry led to... What Is Child Labor? Spend more time teaching and less time searching. An original presentation of a pivotal point in U. Charlesbridge Publishing Bolero Ozon.
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Descriptive essay topics for 7th graders
Descriptive Praise in the Classroom; To use descriptive praise, say this: Not this: When commenting on a persuasive essay. Dear Parents: In an effort to further increase our acceptances to Hunter High School for 2018, we will now make our Christmas week Crash course mandatory for all. What parents should know; Myths vs. Check out these grade-specific writing topics organized mode (explanatory, creative, and so on). The following article contains a big deal of interesting topics for your descriptive paper. Computer Science and Engineering. The Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in Figure 5.
Turnitin is revolutionizing the experience of writing to learn. English Language Arts Standards Download the standards Print this page. When describing somewhere in our writing, it is often better to actually visit thatlearningbenefits. Narrative Writing. Find and save ideas about Descriptive writing activities on Pinterest, the world's catalog of ideas Helps students work on writing vivid sentences- 4th gradethewritesource. The structure of a text can change many times in a work and even. With the increasing rigor in college and high school, standards are being raised in elementary school, too.
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What Are Rubrics and Why Are They READING BOOT CAMP is a FREE RTI reading program that uses best instructional practices with a proviso "ALL STUDENTS ARE GIFTED", the goal is to lift ALL Adolescence (from Latin adolescere, meaning 'to grow up') is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period. Zone Book Finder. If you are looking for a fun computer class for the summer, sign up for one of HEP's computer science summer camps? The 18 Best Cause And Effect Essay Topics For 4th Graders. These results are sorted most relevant first (ranked search). Susan M. Text Structure.
Before you begin writing, think about someone you look up to Middle School Descriptive Prompts. Or search for writing. Here is some bits of advice and a nice long list ofkibin. One type of essay that the majority of students find to be easier than others is the descriptive essay. By understanding 7th grade writing standards. Make your reader see, smell, hear and feel with these inspirational descriptive essay topics! Writing standards for seventh grade define the knowledge and skills needed for writing proficiency at this grade level.
Descriptive writing topics for grade 6
Hope I help) Video Rating: 5. Tips and tricks! Rebecca Fiedler and I have just completed a major round of updates to BBST, the Black Box Software Testing course. Follow these simple steps to find online resources for your book. Writing a Descriptive Essay: What You Need to Know. Write a letter to her describing the place where you live (your. Feel free to use them being sure of their high relevance.
You may also sort these color rating or essay length. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Click Here - Movie Star Planet. Quick Guide To Writing A 7th Grade Descriptive Essay. Turnitin ’s formative feedback and originality checking services promote critical thinking, ensure. Descriptive essays can be the easiest essays to write, once you come up with a good topic. Only Include Worksheets Written at the 8th Grade Level Not Recommended Include Worksheets Within 1 Grade Level (7th and 9th) Include Worksheets Within 2 Grade Click Here - Movie Star Planet Starcoins Generator.
Descriptive essay writing powerpoint presentation
Learn why the Common Core is important for your child. Korean Pen Pal (Descriptive). Special Events, Lodging, Dining. The best collection of FREE 7th grade writing prompts and seventh grade. Plan your visit to Colonial Williamsburg 's Historic Area. Visit colonialwilliamsburg. How to Create and Use Rubrics for Formative Assessment and Grading.
Review general curricula for 7th grade, what to expect for each subject, and activities that can be done at home to support learning in the classroom. The term “ text structure ” refers to how information is organized in a passage. Essay readers understand that you have a limited amount of time to write your essay and that sometimes crossing out words or fragments is more efficient. Your paper is easy to follow. But when we started brainstorming ideas we had some difficulty. Middle School ExpositoryInformative Prompts. We recently decided to show a movie to our 6th, 7th and 8th grade students on the last day of school.
Expository essay format singapore pools big
Table of s. Chapter 1. Imagine that Soon-Li, a Korean student in Seoul, is your pen pal. This creates what we consider a stable release.
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What famous London buildings were destroyed in ww2?
The Blitz changed the landscape of the city. Many famous landmarks were hit, including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, the Tower of London and the Imperial War Museum. Some areas, such as Stepney, were so badly damaged that they had to be almost entirely rebuilt after the war.
What buildings were destroyed in the Blitz?
More than 500 German planes dropped more than 700 tons of bombs across the city, killing nearly 1,500 people and destroying 11,000 homes. The House of Commons, Westminster Abbey, and the British Museum were severely damaged, and The Temple was almost completely destroyed.
How many buildings are demolished each year UK?
While the country generates 1.5 million tonnes of electrical waste each year, the figure for construction is 126 million tonnes, almost two thirds of all waste produced in the UK. Buildings, much like electronic gadgets, are quickly viewed as obsolete with 50,000 demolished annually.
Did Big Ben get bombed in ww2?
Among other problems, bomb damage inflicted on the tower during the Second World War had been found to be more extensive than first thought. Although the tower survived Nazi bombing, its roof and dials were damaged in a May 1941 air raid which destroyed the main House of Commons chamber.
Did Windsor Castle get bombed in ww2?
Queen Victoria made a few minor changes to the castle, which became the centre for royal entertainment for much of her reign. Windsor Castle was used as a refuge by the royal family during the Luftwaffe bombing campaigns of the Second World War and survived a fire in 1992….
|Part of||Royal Estate, Windsor|
What buildings burnt down in the Great Fire of London?
In 1666, a devastating fire swept through London, destroying 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, The Royal Exchange, Guildhall and St. Paul’s Cathedral.
Can you demolish your own house UK?
If you want to demolish a structure on your land without replacing it, you must submit a prior notification for proposed demolition. This serves notice that you intend to carry out the work and gives the local authority a chance to get involved.
Why didn’t the Germans destroy Big Ben?
Answer by Carter Moore: Luck. Sheer luck. At the time of the Blitz, the Germans, like every air power, did not have the ability to specifically target key buildings through high-altitude bombing raids, which were themselves necessary to hit valuable targets in order to avoid intense anti-aircraft fire.
Which British city was bombed the most in ww2?
The air raid on Coventry on the night of 14 November 1940 was the single most concentrated attack on a British city in the Second World War. Following the raid, Nazi propagandists coined a new word in German – coventrieren – to raze a city to the ground.
Was Big Ben bombed in ww2?
What is the most bombed city in history?
The U.S. firebombed Tokyo on the night of March 9–10, 1945, and killed more than 100,000 people in the deadliest conventional bombing in history, known as Operation Meetinghouse.
When was the last bomb dropped on London?
From 7 September 1940, London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 of the following 57 days and nights….
|Date 7 September 1940 – 11 May 1941 (8 months, 5 days) Location United Kingdom Result German strategic failure|
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Another x-post from the BSR...
For those of us living in California, one of life's great tragedies is that the Pacific ocean is both so close to us, and so poor for actual swimming. Just to our west lies miles and miles of beautiful California coast and beaches, but spending more than five minutes in their waters sounds like a recipe for pain and thermal shock, rather than the leisurely fun that summer is supposed to bring.
So why are the California waters so cold, anyway? As always, the answer is a combination of several factors, all of which highlight the intricate complexity of our global ecosystem, and how the effects that we feel locally often originate from hundreds of miles away.
Perhaps the first, most obvious answer for California's chilly waters lies in the ocean currents that carry water from up north. The dominant current that flows past California is part of the "North Pacific Gyre", a giant spiraling circle of water that takes up most of the Pacific Ocean.
It's basically an "aquatic highway", transporting water, marine life, and nutrients from one part of the ocean to another. In our case, this water comes from the frigid north, cooling down the water significantly. However, these currents don't tell the whole story about our unusually chilly waters. For the complete picture, we need to turn to a set of phenomena known as the Coriolis effect, Ekman spirals, and upwelling.
As we all know, our earth rotates in a west-to-east direction. However, our atmosphere and waters don't necessarily rotate at the same rate as Earth itself. Instead, they tend to move independently. Whenever something is thrown through the air, the earth continues to rotate underneath the object, causing it to be slightly "off-target" when it arrives. This is called the "Coriolis Effect", and applies to anything passing through the air. From our vantage point, the time of flight is too short to notice any real difference, but when you're talking about an air current flowing from the north pole to the equator, the earth has a long time to rotate and offset the final destination of the current.
So how does this alter ocean temperatures? Notice how the Northern Pacific Gyre in the picture above flows clockwise, so that the waters flowing past California move from North to South. As the earth rotates, it causes the top layer of the ocean to press up against this northern breeze, creating a force that pushes it to the right (Westward). The top layer of water pulls off to the west, causing an Ekman spiral. This basically serves to shear away the top layer of the coastal ocean.
With the top level of the ocean pushed away, space is available for deeper, colder waters to rise to the surface. This is a process known as "upwelling" (here's an animation describing what it is), and is the reason that the Pacific coast is known for its cold waters. Interestingly, it's also responsible for the infamous San Francisco fog, as well as for the rich ecosystem that exists off of our coast (those deep waters are also filled with nutrients, as described in this video).
So the next time that you're on the beach and curse the ocean for not giving you the warm summer waters that you dream of, remember that these properties are actually the result of an incredibly complicated system of ocean currents, air currents, and good old fluid dynamics. Even if it's uncomfortable, it can still be impressive, right?
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In 2020, scientists unveiled the creation of extremely small robots (less than a milimeter wide) made from stem cells of the African clawed frog.
Called xenobots, these tiny autonomous creatures were designed using artificial intelligence to resemble Pacman-like shapes, and are considered robots in all but the most typical way – they're actually living organisms and not bits of metal.
Experiments have shown that they can in fact move and work together, and even heal themselves, which makes them potentially useful in the future for applications such as cleaning microplastics from the ocean, or in regenerative medicine.
But the latest discovery by the team that created xenobots has shown that the robots can now self-reproduce in a way unlike any living organism does – by gathering up stray cells and forming entirely new xenobots.
Typically, living organisms reproduce through mating and birthing new offspring, or even cloning.
But these xenobots work to replicate themselves by moving around their environment – in this case, a petri dish – and collecting up stray cells littered around until the cells are enough to form an entirely new replica of a xenobot. Crucially, this method is only viable for a limited number of generations, which does mean that they can't replicate infinitely.
"Most people think of robots as made of metals and ceramics, but it's not so much what a robot is made from, but what it does, which is an act of its own on behalf of people," the study's lead author Josh Bongard, who is also a computer science professor at the University of Vermont.
"In that way, it's a robot, but it's also clearly an organism made from genetically-unmodified frog cells."
The potential is huge.
This new form of self-replication could be something of a breakthrough for many fields of science, considering the many potential applications such robots could be used for. As mentioned, they can collect microplastics from water, be used in medicine, or even fix electrical circuits.
But now, this novel method of reproduction could give researchers further clues into how some animal species – like frogs and salamanders – regenerate. Compared to humans, frogs and salamanders have shown to have way more impressive regenerative abilities.
They can regenerate entire body parts whereas humans can only heal their own skin, or regenerate bits of liver, for instance.
"People have thought for quite a long time that we've worked out all the ways that life can reproduce or replicate. But this is something that's never been observed before," said the study's co-author Douglas Blackiston, a researcher from Tufts University.
While the xenobots are considered extremely new technology, and can't really be used in any real world applications as of yet, it'll definitely be exciting to see how they could possibly offer up a different approach to the whole concept of using extremely small robots to solve problems – think something like nanobots, except living.
As for the ability to self-replicate, the research team has reassured that the xenobots have all been observed within the safe confines of a lab, and are all easily extinguishable.
So, no need to worry about a xenobot takeover just yet.
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Unroasted coffee beans don’t just impart bold, rich flavor. It also creates a compound that helps dial down production of stomach acid, according to research presented on March 21 at the spring meeting of the American Chemical Society. The discovery may explain why green coffee is gentler on the stomach than their lighter peers and could lead to a new generation of tummy-friendly coffees.
Even though several studies have found a cup-a-day habit imparts health benefits such as decreased risk of obesity, Alzheimer’s and colon cancer, many coffee lovers drink decaf or forgo the beverage altogether because it irritates the stomach or spurs heartburn. Previous work suggested that coffee made from steam-treated beans tamps down this gastric distress, a finding attributed to lower levels of caffeine and other compounds in these brews.
What are Kidney Stones?
Kidney Stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, which allows minerals in the urine to crystallize and stick together. Some stones can form from combinations of calcium and oxalate or phosphate — this is the most common type of stone. Infections can cause struvite stones. Uric acid stones can form in the urine of people who are dehydrated, those who eat a high protein diet, or those who have gout. Cystine stones, which are much less common, form in the urine of people who have a hereditary disorder that makes the kidneys excrete excessive amounts of certain amino acids.
Kidney Stones- How they are caused?
Kidney stones are formed when a very high content of calcium or other minerals get accumulated in the urinary tract and get clumped together, leading to painful stones. Symptoms include blood in urine, nausea, vomiting, fever, and swelling of the kidneys. The most common kidney stone is made up of calcium oxalate.
Green Coffee and Kidney Stones
A study has recently claimed that for each cup of green coffee consumed daily, women reduced the risk of having kidney stone by 8 percent. For men, the risk was as low as 14 percent. These findings however initially confused scientists, because they discovered that the level of calcium oxalate in urine had increased due to the consumption of green coffee which basically meant a higher risk of kidney stone.
Later in their studies, they were able to figure out that it was not just about the oxalate level but also about how it affects the crystal formation.
How Green Coffee prevents the formation of Kidney Stones?
After several studies conducted, contrary to popular belief, it has been determined that green coffee helps in preventing stone formation as well as assists in the further breakdown of crystals already formed. It appears that green coffee binds itself to calcium oxalate while crystallizing to adapt into a flat shape that makes its further breakdown even easier. Also, the oxalate content in the green coffee itself is increasingly less when compared to green tea variations, which makes green coffee consumption less harmful for kidney stone sufferers.
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Everyone goes through some grief, sadness in stressful situations but some may end up into depression. Some common signs and symptoms of depression are no interest in anything, unusual crying, lack of energy, loss of sleep and many other. Click here, To know whether you are going through depression.
Depression affects everyone differently and at different stages of time. One can face a situation very maturely and happily while others can get depressed by the same situation. Symptoms may also differ from person to person.
There are many types of depression. While they share some common symptoms, they also have some key differences. Depression can range in seriousness from mild, temporary episodes of sadness to severe, persistent depression that seems as if it will never end.
1. Major Depression
Major depression is the most common type of depression. According to National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), about 7% of the U.S. population get affected by this at any given time.
You may feel almost all the symptoms of depression in severity such as Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, Not going out anymore, Unexplained weeping at small matters, frequent suicidal thoughts, Sleep disturbances, Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, physical pain
For an official diagnosis, your symptoms must last for more than two weeks.
2. Dysthymia Depression
It is also a common type of depression but people are not aware of this. Around 2% U.S. population get affceted by this. This one is less severe than major depression. A person with milder depression for more than two years is suffering from dysthymia. People can function adequately, but not optimally. Symptoms include sadness, trouble concentrating, fatigue, and changes in sleep habits and appetite. People with dysthymia may also be at risk for episodes of major or clinical depression.
3. Postpartum Depression
Who doesn’t love having a baby. But postpartum depression occurs after when a lady give birth to her baby. 16 % of women suffer from postpartum depression. Also known as perinatal depression.
Postpartum depression is characterised by feelings of extreme sadness, anxiety, anger, fatique, loneliness, suicidal thoughts, thoughts about hurting the baby, difficulty caring new baby, and feelings of disconnect from the child.
Women who lack support or have had depression before are at increased risk of developing perinatal depression, but it can happen to anyone.
Around 4 to 6 percent of people in the United States estimated to have a depression type called seasonal affective disorder, or SAD during certain season especially winter. This starts in fall and lifts in the spring.
They include social withdrawal, increased sleep, weight gain, sadness. This can be treated by artificial light.
5. Psychotic Depression
Psychosis — a mental state characterized by disorganized thinking or behavior; false beliefs, known as delusions; or false sights or sounds, known as hallucinations — doesn’t typically get associated with depression. But according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, about 20 percent of people with depression have episodes so severe that they develop psychotic symptoms.
6. Bipolar Disorder
Maniac or bipolar disorder consists of periods of extreme lows and extreme highs. Low periods are called as depressive episodes. This episodes include lack of energy, fatigue, sleep problems, decreased activity, suicidal thoughts. Symptoms of mania include high energy, excitement, racing thoughts, and poor judgment. In severe cases, episodes can include hallucinations and delusions.
7. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, PMDD, is depression that affects women during the second half of their menstrual cycle. Symptoms include depression, anxiety, and mood swings. This is more severe than PMS.
Other possible symptom of PMDD are headache, cramps, irritability, anger, lack of energy, sleep problem, mood swings, body pain.
8. Situational Depression
Sometimes stressful situation comes in life that can trigger you into depression known as situational depression such as a job loss, the death of a loved one, trauma, a bad breakup, legal troubles, financial issues.
Situational depression symptoms tend to start within three months of the initial event and include excessive sadness, worry, or nervousness.
Any type of depression whether it is serious or mild can be treated by love, time and support. Always support your family, friends and loved ones. Always be there for them.
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I’m sharing how to make a Solar System threading game. Threading games are great for developing fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, concentration, and patience. Inspiration for this project comes from my son. He is learning about planets and adores space. Watch the video tutorial above and continue reading for the written version.Quick safety warning: The project involves small pieces and a cord. This is a potential choking hazard for young children.
Step 1: Gather the Tools and Supplies!
The following items are the tools and supplies you’ll need to make the solar system threading game. (affiliate links)
- Saw (hand or power)
- Scroll saw (or jigsaw or coping saw)
- Drill (with a drill guide or preferably a drill press)
- 3/8" Spade drill bit
- 1/16" drill bit
- Vise (I used my JawHorse)
Step 2: Cut Out Shapes for the Sun and Planets
I wanted a very cartoony look for my solar system. I sketched lumpy circles for each planet and the sun. While the planets aren’t drawn to scale, I did try to size them such that Jupiter was the largest circle (after the sun) and Mercury was the smallest circle.
Use a scroll saw, jigsaw or a coping saw to cut out each planet and the sun.
Step 3: Drill Holes for Through Each Planet
Drill 3/8″ holes through each planet. I used a spade bit. If you do not use a 1/4" dowel, adjust the size of the hole such that it's a size up from the with of the dowel.
Drill a 1/16″ hole approximately a 1/4″ deep in one end of the dowel and on one side of the sun. This will be used to secure the string.
Step 4: Paint the Planets and the Sun
Sand the surface of the planets and sun. Apply primer if necessary.
Paint each planet and sun with a solid layer of the most predominate color.
Follow up with a new layer of paint capture details and features of each planet and the sun. Look at pictures of the solar system as a reference. I wanted a cartoony look for my solar system. Once I painted the details I went back and painted happy faces on each planet and the sun.
Finally, protect the paint with a coat of sealer.
Step 5: Secure the String
Apply a strong adhesive to each 1/16″ hole and insert the cord. I used a piece of leather cord that I had on hand. Allow the glue to dry completely before handling.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease of the lungs. A person with COPD has trouble breathing. This is because the airways – the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs – are damaged.
COPD includes disorders such as emphysema (em-fa-seema) and chronic bronchitis. COPD is a serious lung disease that develops slowly. It may be many years before a person with lung damage starts to have symptoms of COPD.
What causes COPD?
COPD can be caused by different things:
- Tobacco smoke – The most common cause of COPD is tobacco smoke. COPD can happen in people who smoke now, and sometimes in people who have smoked in the past. People exposed to secondhand smoke are also at risk for COPD.
- Air pollutants – Chemicals, dust, fumes and secondhand smoke are examples of air pollutants that can cause COPD if a person breathes them in over a long period of time. People may be exposed to these pollutants either at home or at work.
- Genetic factors – In some people, COPD can be caused by a disease called alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency that they have inherited from their parents. In people with AAT deficiency, their bodies do not make a type of protein that helps to protect the lungs. AAT deficiency is not a common cause of COPD.
What are the symptoms of COPD?
- Chronic cough
- Shortness of breath, especially when you are doing activities that you used to be able to do
- Phlegm (mucus) production
- Wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound) in the chest when you breathe
- Feeling like you can't take a deep breath
- Tightness in the chest
How common is COPD?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that 24 million Americans have COPD, and only about half have been diagnosed. In the United States, COPD is the third leading cause of death.
Since 2001, the death rate from COPD has been higher in women than in men. This may be due to the increase in smoking by women since the 1940s. The good news is that as tobacco use has become less common in both men and women over the past 25 years, the number of people with COPD between the ages of 25-54 has dropped.
Should I get tested for COPD?
Talk with your health care provider about getting tested for COPD if you are having any of the symptoms listed above, or if you are concerned you may be at risk for COPD. Your provider can find COPD by giving you a breathing test called spirometry. This is a simple test that measures the amount of air a person can blow out of their lungs and also how fast they can blow air out.
What can I do if I am at risk for getting COPD?
- Quit smoking – talk to your health care provider if you are having trouble quitting on your own. You can also call 1-866-NY-QUITS.
- Avoid air pollutants – like strong fumes and secondhand smoke.
- Talk with your health care provider if you are concerned about your risk for COPD.
Can COPD be treated?
Yes, but the damage to the lungs in COPD cannot be reversed. Treatment and lifestyle changes can help a person with COPD feel better and slow the damage to the lungs.
The most important parts of treatment are staying away from tobacco smoke and other damaging air pollutants. Medications are available to help treat COPD symptoms like coughing and wheezing. People with severe forms of COPD may need to use a machine that gives them extra oxygen to breathe.
People with, or at risk for, COPD should get a flu shot every year, and also talk with their health care provider about the pneumonia vaccine.
- The American Lung Association:
- COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) - The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - CDC
- COPD Foundation
- Lung Connection Community (On-Line Support)
Revised: February 2015
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Adding four teaspoons of salt to a cup of water will increase the water's density enough to make an egg float. You can try to determine how much salt it takes in a cup of water to make an egg float by adding one teaspoon at a time and recording the result.
1 Additional Answer
Ask.com Answer for:
how much salt does it take to make an egg float
Density is technically defined as the mass of an object divided by its volume. Essentially, it is a measure of how tightly packed the molecular structure of an object is. Density is why a cubic inch of lead will weigh more than a cubic inch of helium,...
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The networking standards of Bluetooth will transmit
data via low power radio frequency. Bluetooth
communicates on a 2.45 GHz frequency. This very
band of frequency has been set aside by international
agreement for the use of industrial and medical
Many devices that you already known and use take
advantage of this frequency band. Garage door
openers, baby monitors, and the next generation of
mobile phones all use this frequency within the ISM
band. Ensuring that Bluetooth and the other
devices don't interfere with each other is a crucial
part of the design process.
One of the ways Bluetooth will avoid interfering
with other electronic devices is by sending out
weak signals of around 1 mw. In comparison, even
the most powerful of cell phones can transmit a
signal of 3 watts.
The low power signals will limit the range of a
Bluetooth device to around 32 feet, which cut the
chances of interference between your computer and
other electronic devices. Even though it has low
power, Bluetooth doesn't require a line of sight
between the communicating devices. The walls in
your home won't stop the signal, making it great
for rooms throughout the house.
Bluetooth can connect 8 devices at the same time.
With each of those devices on the same radius,
you may think they would interfere with each
other, although it's very unlikely. Bluetooth
utilizes a technique known as low frequency
hopping, which makes it harder for more than
one device to transmit on the same frequency
at the same time.
With this technique, a device will use 79
individual, randomly chosen frequencies within
a designated range, which change from one another
on a regular basis.
In the case of Bluetooth, the transmitters will
change frequency 1,600 times or more every
second, meaning that more devices can make full
use of the radio spectrum. Since every
transmitter of Bluetooth will use spread spectrum
automatically, it's very unlikely that two
transmitters will be on the same frequency at the
exact same time.
When the Bluetooth devices come within close range
of each other, an electronic conversation will
occur to determine whether or not they have
data to share or whether one needs to take total
control. The user doesn't have any buttons to
press or commands to give - as the conversation
will occur automatically.
Once the conversation has occured, the devices
will form a network. Bluetooth devices will
create a PAN (Personal Area Network) or piconet
that may fill a room. Once the piconet has been
established, the devices will randomly hop in
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Source: Travel Noire
After winning the right to be counted as part of Mexico’s population in 2020, Afro-Mexicans are still fighting for the right to protect their heritage. In a country where roughly 2.5 million people self-identify as Black, these communities are working to pass better legislation that protects the human rights to Afro-Mexicans.
“It’s extremely important that they count us as Afro-Mexicans,” said García, an engineer in the community of Cuajinicuilapa. “We’re of African descent – but we’re Mexicans because we were born here and we built this country.”
On June 8, 2021, the Mexican Federal Congress returned a reform bill with changes being presented by the Mexican Senate Culture Commission, which was sent to the United Commissions of Culture; Indigenous Affairs; and Legislative Studies, for its corresponding ruling.
Named ‘The New General Law for The Protection of Cultural Heritage of Indigenous and Afro-Mexican Peoples and Communities in Mexico,’ the act intends to recognize the right to property of Afro-Mexican and Indigenous communities over the elements that make up their cultural heritage, which is their knowledge and expressions.
In general terms, the reform is an attempt to harmonize national legislation with international legal instruments on the matter, trying to give a seal of “inclusivity” to minorities, demonstrating the recognition and respect deserved by Indigenous and Afro-Mexican people.
“We are convinced that with this reform is an act of social justice for our peoples. That is why it is very important, because we will be able to achieve reconciliation with ourselves, with those who are different from us and, of course, reconciliation with the entire Mexican society and that this is the turning point for the regeneration and rebirth of our homeland,” Adelfo Regino Montes director of Mexico’s National Institute for Indigenous People told Reporte Índigo, a Mexican news outlet.
In June, Afro-Mexicans achieved a very important victory within the Mexican political system. The Mexican Federal Government took affirmative action to include Afro-Mexicans in the country’s legislative branch. 37 Afro-Mexicans were elected as representatives under the rules of this new program.
Afro-Mexican cultural contributions
Despite the fact that Afro-Mexicans constitute a significantly smaller segment of the population than indigenous peoples (who make up 10% of the Mexican population), the Afro-Mexican contribution to popular Mexican culture, economy and industry cannot be overlooked.
Historically speaking, Afro-Mexicans, alongside helping advance the Mexican silver mining industry and develop farmland and sugar plantations during their slave days, were vital in overthrowing Spanish rule during the War of Independence. In fact, the second post-Mexican Revolution president was Vicente Guerrero, an afromestizo with possible Filipino ancestry.
Culturally speaking, much Mexican cuisine shows rich African influence, thanks to the use of peanuts, plantain (which arrived via the Canary Islands) and tropical fruits like cassava, malanga, taro and sweet potatoes.
However, the principal African legacy in Mexico comes undoubtedly from music and dance, from Veracruz’s son jarocho style of music (of which La Bamba is the most famous example) to the Danza de los Diablos along the Costa Chica and the use of the typically Afro-Mexican musical instruments guijada (a percussive made from donkey jawbone) and bote (a friction drum).
The carnival in Coyolillo, a town in the coastal state of Veracruz in Mexico, has origins that go back more than 100 years. It’s a non-religious festival that includes parades, dance, music, and food. But what many people don’t know is that it’s both a celebration and expression of Afro-Mexican culture.
N|uu is one of South Africa’s oldest languages, and it is on the verge of extinction. But Katrina Esau is on a mission to preserve the endangered culture and language of the San People: an indigenous tribe that occupied the Northern Cape Province and is known as the first hunter-gatherers in the region.
The language is believed to have 112 distinct sounds and its main characteristic is clicks. It’s a language that has been passed down to generations orally. In 2013, UNESCO estimated that there were 7 N|uu speakers left.
Classified as critically endangered by Unesco, N|uu is one of three languages known to feature a “kiss-click” produced with both lips.
Growing up on a white-owned farm on the fringes of the Kalahari Desert in apartheid-era South Africa, Katrina Esau was forbidden by her employer to speak the language she had learnt from her mother. For half a century, the click-rich language N|uu, once spoken by the hunter-gatherers of the Northern Cape, today known as San or “bushmen”, was almost forgotten.
The muting of Esau’s community spread widely across the Afrikaans-speaking Northern Cape province, following centuries of extermination and assimilation of the San. For several decades it was thought that N|uu, like many of southern Africa’s original click languages, was extinct.
But in the late 90s, after the country had transitioned to majority rule, Elsie Vaalbooi, a N|uu speaker, appealed on local radio for other speakers to come forward. It emerged that there were around 20 ageing speakers of the language in the Northern Cape region.
Within a few years, that number had dwindled drastically. Today, there is one known fluent speaker of N|uu – Esau, who is in her late eighties.
After decades of being banned from speaking the language of her forebears, Esau has dedicated the past two decades to teaching N|uu in an effort to preserve the San language and culture. Despite years of silence, she never lost her fluency. “I didn’t learn this language; I sucked it out of my mother’s breast,” she says in Lost Tongue, a film about N|uu made in 2016. “But I buried it at the back of my head.”
In a schoolroom at the front of her home in Upington, Esau teaches local children the original language of her homeland. Africa is the only continent with languages in which clicks are regular consonants. The single pipe after the “N” represents a dental click consonant which is produced with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth. N|uu, now classified as critically endangered by Unesco, is one of just three languages known to feature a “kiss-click” produced with both lips.
To teach this extraordinarily rich language, Esau – who was never taught to read or write – uses song, play and images. It helps her pupils, aged from three to 19, learn basics such as greetings, body parts, animal names and short sentences.
They are the only students of N|uu in the world, learning a language with 114 distinct sounds, including 45 clicks, 30 non-click consonants and 39 vowels. To place this in context, English, Russian and Chinese have about 50 sounds.
In recent years, Esau’s mission has been assisted by academics Sheena Shah and Matthias Brenzinger. Together with community members, the three established a N|uu orthography – a set of conventions for writing a language – and created educational resources for Esau’s school.
Currently, N|uu is not the only language at risk of dying out in South Africa. Several communities are trying to revive languages such as Nama, which was a Khoisan language spoken by about 250 000 people in parts of South Africa, Botswana and Namibia. “When you look at the African languages, you learn that they help communicate different perspectives on life, relationships, spirituality, the earth, health, humanity,” Brezinger told BBC recently.
According to government officials, Esau teaches at a small school located at the front of her house in Rosedale, outside Upington in the Northern Cape.
The work and determination to save the language have not gone unnoticed. Esau was awarded one of South Africa’s highest honors: the Order of the Baobab to honor her efforts to preserve the language and culture.
Throughout much of the nineteenth century, Dahomey (present-day Benin) was one of the richest and most powerful kingdoms in Africa. Its army at this time was estimated to number some twelve thousand soldiers. However, this African kingdom had a unique characteristic. Dahomey’s army was also constituted by four thousand female Agoodjie warriors also known as the Black Amazons of Africa. The fact that the Kingdom of Dahomey, which existed between the 17th and 19th century in present-day Benin, was famous and powerful, is partly thanks to the elite-trained Amazon female fighters.
Originally named as Agoodjie in Fon language (meaning the last defense before the king) the Black Amazons of Dahomey represented one of the army’s elite corps, serving as the king’s palace guards and forming a special phalanx that accompanied the monarch into battle.
Despite France conquering Dahomey in 1894, after two wars in a period of four years, the ferociousness of the Agoodjie batallion, who made up 1/3 of the African country’s troops throughout the 19th century, impressed visitors and foreign soldiers.
After the release of Marvel’s Black Panther, which featured the Dora Milaje, many speculated about their inspiration. However, it seems clear that one of their main antecedents was the Agoodjie warriors, as Time Magazine reported.
The Black Amazons of Africa were recruited and trained from early childhood. Their fierce training turned them into more efficient warriors than men. During warfare, they were merciless, to the point that they would behead anybody who resisted them.
“The value of Dahomey’s Amazons is real. They were trained from their childhood with harsh physical exercises, and they were constantly encouraged to wage a war. The Amazons engaged in battles with a real fury and a bloodthirsty ardour, inspiring with their courage and their indomitable energy the troops that followed them,” wrote French Major Léonce Grandin, who released Le Dahomey: À l’Assaut du Pays des Noirs, in which he analyzes the war he fought against the Dahomey.
“Remarkably brave”, “extraordinary for their courage and ferocity” and “savage tenacity” are some of the characteristics attributed to them by French fighters in diaries written in the heat of battle.
The female soldiers and officers of Dahomey’s army owned slaves, lived in the king’s palace, and were so respected and powerful that when they walked the streets, ordinary men had to step back to clear a path and look the other way. They wore uniforms, carried flags and sang hymns.
Women fighting in armies were nothing new in human history.
Take Joanna D’Arc, for example. But an army of women was something that was never seen before and intrigued many.
Some historians still debate the origin of the army of women. Researchers point Tassi Hangbé, the only stateswoman to rule the Kingdom of Dahomey (1708 to 1711), as the queen who created the Black female army.
However, the first reports of female soldiers in Dahomey date back to the 1830s. S
The last time they entered a battlefield was in 1894, when France won the second Franco-Dahomey War and subjugated the African kingdom.
Dahomey was proclaimed a French protectorate, and by the end of 1897, the French controlled the entire territory of
the present-day Republic of Benin, which they called the colony of Dahomey. They installed Behanzin’s half-brother, AgoliAgbo I, on the throne, only to depose and exile him and appoint a powerful French governor. In 1904 the colony of Dahomey was integrated into the federation of French West Africa.
Ignored for more than 150 years, the Agoodjie Warriors are steadily becoming regarded as a symbol of female emancipation. After being neglected, they are now gradually being honored.
Source: Travel Noire
As debates about repatriation of cultural objects rage across Europe, Belgium said Saturday that it would transfer ownership of hundreds of objects from the Democratic Republic of Congo that were illegally added to its national holdings. The promise to do so is a major step in a country where conversations about histories of colonialism have historically been given less weight.
Promised by the new Belgian government, which took office in October 2020, this is said to be the country’s start to dealing with its colonial past in Congo.
Thomas Dermine, Belgium’s state secretary of scientific policy, was the author of the proposal. According to Dermine, the next step is to call for an official bilateral agreement with the Democratic Republic of Congo, to take a coordinated and shared approach to the question of objects acquired in an illegitimate manner during the colonial era.
“The question is not whether they should stay in Belgium. They don’t belong to us,” Dermine said during a press conference in Brussels.
The artifacts will be stored at the International museum that opened in Kinshasa in 2019.T
he largest repository of objects stolen in a colonial context is at the Royal Museum of Central Africa at Tervuren. The museum acknowledges in a statement on its website that “it is not normal for such a large part of African cultural heritage to be found in the West.”
In June 2020, The Democratic Republic of Congo celebrated its sixtieth anniversary of independence after being colonized by Belgium since 1885. It is the date when the Belgians and other Europeans decide to divide and exploit Africa at the infamous Congress of Berlin. This congress was also known as The Partition of Africa.
The Congress, in effect, allocated Congo to King Philippe’s ancestor, Belgian King Leopold II, who began ruling Congo as his personal property that year. However, his harsh labor policies, designed to maximize the production of natural rubber, is a symbol of one of the most vicious human rights violation over the last 150 years.
His brutality, which include mutilation and rape, and waves of lethal disease led to the deaths of up to 20 million people. His numerous, well-documented atrocities led to Europe-wide pressure to end his personal regime, and in 1908, Belgium annexed Congo, and thereafter ruled it as a colony.
Music and dance in Latin America has much of what is African. An example: the Tango.
In a country where an overwhelming majority identifies as white, and many say you have to cross the river into Uruguay to witness the influences of those from Africa, historians argue the Black minority played a major role in tango’s development during the 19th and 20th centuries.
The Afro-Bolivians are descendants of Enslaved Africans that arrive during the Spanish Empire from the 16th to the 19th centuries to work in the mines of Potosi, a city in southwestern Bolivia. But most of the about half a million Enslaved that arrived in Bolivia (then the colonial territory of Upper Peru) could not adapt to the cold weather of Potosi.
So by the beginning of the 19th Century, they were relocated to the Yungas where it was warm to work on the Spanish-owned hacienda plantation estates. There, an unofficial kingdom was formed among a group of enslaved Afro-Bolivians in 1820. It would take decades before this kingdom would be officially recognized by the Bolivian Government
Mururata, a village, has been the “center of this kingdom”. And it is where Julio Bonifaz Pinedo lives and “rules” as the king of the Afro-Bolivians. Afro-Bolivians, numbering about 26,000, have over the years lost much of their history including their languages and religions but not their royal heritage. They still have their king, who is highly respected.
Living in the small village of Mururata, about a two-hour drive north of the capital La Paz, the 78-year-old king does not have a throne or a court, though he does have a cape with gold embroidery and a metallic crown. He doesn’t wear them all the time – only on special occasions like local festivals, according to AFP. In fact, one might not be aware of his presence among his community’s 2,000 residents. His home, where he lives with his wife, the queen Angélica Larrea and their son, doubles as a grocery store that sells oil, bananas, soft drinks and canned sardines.
Pinedo, who has mostly worked in agriculture, still goes out to the fields often to farm coffee, citrus fruits, and coca. His wife helps him manage the grocery store while their son and sole heir, Prince Rolando, is studying law at the Universidad de Los Andes in La Paz. “I would like to keep pushing forward to make the Afro-Bolivian community more recognized and visible, the way my father has done until now,” he told BBC.
His father Pinedo is the first king to be officially recognized by the Bolivian state. This was after Bolivia’s minority ethnic groups were acknowledged by the state in 2006. Pinedo, who inherited his title from his African ancestors and was crowned in 1992 by the community, was in 2007 crowned again by the government of La Paz. This helped raise awareness of Afro-Bolivian customs and traditions, including their kingdom, according to one account.
Pinedo’s title is mainly symbolic. He is not recognized as a political authority and does not collect taxes. “My title [as king] is mostly symbolic,” he was quoted by BBC. “I’m not like these rich kings of Europe, but I represent the Afro-Bolivian community, and this is a huge responsibility to me.”
How it all started for Pinedo
Pinedo is a descendant of Uchicho, a prince from the ancient Kingdom of Kongo who was brought to Bolivia as a slave by the Spaniards in 1820. Uchicho worked at the estate of the Marquis of Pinedo, whose name he adopted. In 1832, he was crowned by other enslaved people in the Yungas. He was succeeded by Bonifaz, next José and Bonifacio.
King Bonifacio, who was Pinedo’s grandfather, was crowned in 1932. “King Bonifacio only had daughters, so one generation was skipped, leaving the kingdom without a king for 38 years until Pinedo was crowned in 1992 by the community,” the BBC report explained.
Years after Pinedo’s official coronation ceremony in La Paz, his image has become “a strong source of cultural identity and belonging” for Afro-Bolivians, Jorge Medina, the country’s first black congressman, told AFP. Medina and the king however believe that there is still a lot of work to be done to tackle discrimination faced by indigenous people, including Afro Bolivians and other vulnerable groups.
The Aeta or Agta people are the indigenous black-skinned people who inhabit the remote and mountainous regions of Luzon, Philippines. The Aeta are under the bracket of Austronesians, groups in Southeast Asia, Oceania and East Africa that speak languages belonging to the Austronesian language family. Austronesians also reside in South Africa, Suriname, Mauritius and some portions of the Andaman.
Calling all food enthusiasts, especially those who love learning about the impact Black and African food ways made on the cuisine in the United States. Netflix will soon release a new 4-part docuseries, High on the Hog, celebrating and highlighting the culinary contributions of Black and African people, and how we shaped American cuisine as a whole.
The series, set to release May 26, is hosted by popular Black food writer Stephan Satterfield who takes viewers on a multi-continent journey of how our food traditions actually reached the United States, and how some cities are still holding on to said traditions.
According to a press release, the series takes viewers on a culinary journey that ventures from Africa to the deep south. The immersive four-episode docu-series part culinary show, part travelogue follows food writer Stephen Satterfield as he meets the chefs, historians, and activists who are keeping centuries-old traditions alive. Over Western African stews, soul food, barbecue, and fine dining, the series, directed by Academy Award winner Roger Ross Williams, reveals an expansive, eclectic culinary history shaped by slavery, the Civil War, Juneteenth, and present day. It’s a story of Black America’s resilience, enduring creativity, and vital contribution to America’s kitchen.
“It’s the story of Black people in America. It all feels very much part of the racial reckoning going on in America and the world right now. Reclaiming our contribution to this country is also about reclaiming our culinary contribution. Because what is food? It brings people together,” Director Roger Ross Williams said.
An adaption of the book penned by food historian Dr. Jessica B. Harris, each episode of High On The Hog travels to destinations like Benin and Charleston, South Carolina, while unpacking the deep connection of enslavement and the way in which we as Black/African Americans eat— ultimately laying out the map of how certain culinary customs appeared in US culture.
“It’s bringing context to food history and the resilience, artistry, and impact that African Americans have had on the American kitchen. Food is a great connector, the more that people can come together and break bread, the more we can celebrate our commonalities as opposed to our differences’ Executive Producer Adrienne Tobak said in a statement.
Watch the trailer below:
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JAKHNI – The First Water Village (Jal Gram) of India
Chinar Tree “The number is decreasing in Kashmir Valley”
Women and Waste Management: The New Paradigm
Environmental Degradation in Kashmir
Coronavirus Pandemic, Climate Change and Environment
by Dr. Ashaq Hussain Khan, Lecturer in Botany, Govt. Degree College, Bhaderwah (Jammu & Kashmir)
Climate change is a burning issue and is a real threat in the world. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has confirmed in several reports climate change is man-made and caused by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Nowadays the accumulation of green house gases has reached dangerous levels threatening climate change and global warming beyond the limits of human tolerance. The UN calls for push to cut green house gases level to avoid climate chaos. But what has been observed that there is lack of seriousness in world leaders towards urgency of situation.
“The threat from corona virus is temporary,
But threat from climate change will remains with us for years”
Our interactions with environment have brought more wild life diseases to our homes. Research reveals that all viral diseases such as Corona, AIDS, Zika, Ebola and other viruses spreads because of human interference with nature.
“When you harm the nature, nature will harm you back
And Interference with nature brings disasters”
On 31st December, 2019 China alerted world health organization to several cases of unusual pneumonia in Wuhan. Wuhan went to lockdown on 31st January, 2020. Like fire the corona virus spread worldwide and finally the corona virus outbreak has been labelled a pandemic by world health organization. While the whole world grapples with the corona virus pandemic, the slowdown in anthropogenic activity has shown positive impact on mother earth. To combat the rapidly spreading of virus, many global countries have put a complete lockdown resulting in limited travel and industrial activities. Due to this pandemic lockdown green house gases emissions are falling sharply as its has restricted the fossil fuel consumption. The literature reveals that in china carbon dioxide emission were down an estimated 18% between early February and mid March due to fall in coal consumption and industrial output. Meanwhile, in the European Union, decline in power demand and depressed manufacturing allowed green house gas emission to fall by nearly 400 million metric tons this year, a figure that represents about 9% percent of the European cumulative 2020 emission target.
Therefore it is clear that corona virus pandemic lockdown is having positive impact on climate change. Though the Green house gases emission is sharply declining due this pandemic lockdown and mother earth is healing rapidly, but this planetary breather is nothing to celebrate, as it is a deadly virus that will prove major catastrophe, if not checked immediately.
(This article has been published in Enviro Annotations, 29th April 2020 issue)
Ecological Rejuvenation of Mowa Lake, Raipur
Water needs to be cured Ecologically
Sustainability Report of Havells India
Scope of Vertical Farming in India
Sustainable Transport in the Quest of More Cars & Less Emissions
I Can Be a Change Maker
Student, Grade 10, Vasant Valley School, Resident of Sunder Nagar, New Delhi
I was on my way to Delhi from Ghaziabad and I crossed a huge landfill, almost the height of the Qutub Minar. It was so disturbing to pass by and see children of my age handling and separating wastes with their bare hands. Read more
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INDIGENOUS PEOPLES represent 4 percent of the world's population, yet they speak 60 percent of the world's languages (Nettle and Romaine 2000, ix, 12). The contexts in which Indigenous languages are spoken are as diverse as humankind itself, spanning language situations such as that of Quechua, spoken by 8 to 12 million people in six South American countries (and nonetheless an endangered language; see Hornberger and Coronel-Molina 2004; King 2001; King and Hornberger 2004); to that of Aotearoa/New Zealand, wherea single Indigenous language, Ma¯ori, shares co-official status with English and New Zealand Sign Language (May 2005); tothe extraordinary linguistic diversity of Papua New Guinea, where 760 distinct languages, most spoken by fewer than one thousand people, coexist in an area the size of the American state of California; to the state of California itself, where fifty Native American languages are still spoken, none as a first language by children. With some exceptions-Guaraní in Paraguay, for example-the viability of Indigenous languages is severely threatened by legacies of language repression and the myriad contemporary forces that privilege languages of wider communication and marginalize "local" languages. Thus, for Indigenous peoples, language revitalization, maintenance, and reversaloflanguage shift are key language planning and policy (LPP) goals.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Title of host publication||Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties|
|Publisher||Georgetown University Press|
|Number of pages||14|
|Publication status||Published - 2008|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine (miscellaneous)
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The impact and potential of water education in early childhood care and education settings : a report of the Rous Water Early Childhood Water Aware Centre Program
Davis, Julie M., Miller, Melinda G., Boyd, Wendy A., & Gibson, Megan L. (2008) The impact and potential of water education in early childhood care and education settings : a report of the Rous Water Early Childhood Water Aware Centre Program. Queensland University of Technology.
Executive Summary Water consumption and water conservation are significant issues in Australia. In comparison to the many schools across Australia that are already engaged in water education and water conservation programs, the early childhood education sector has been slow to respond to this challenge. One initiative of note is Rous Water’s Early Childhood Water Aware Centre Programs, an education program targeted to child care services (long day care, kindergartens and preschools) located in northern New South Wales. The study’s aim was to evaluate program outcomes and comprised two parts. The first was a statistical analysis to investigate reductions in water usage in the seventeen centres engaged in the program. The second was a qualitative analysis exploring the ‘quadruple bottom line’ benefits (social, environmental, educational and economic) that stemmed from engagement in Rous Water’s Water Aware Centre Program. Qualitative data was obtained from water audits and follow-up reports developed for each of the participating centres as well as from an interview with Rous Water’s community educator. Additionally, interviews and surveys were conducted with staff and parents, and conversations were held with children, at three of these centres. The results of the statistical analysis were inconclusive. From the data available it was not possible to show measurable reductions in water consumption across all centres. This is not to say that reductions in water use did not occur; there were simply too many variables that prevented a valid calculation of any reductions. The qualitative findings were compelling in determining the impact of the program. For this reason, these results provide the primary focus for this report. The qualitative results showed important ‘quadruple bottom line’ benefits that arose from participation in the program. These included, but were not limited to: • child leadership and advocacy for water conservation (social benefits); • uptake by teaching staff of sustainability education pedagogies (educational benefits); • improved water conservation and other resources management practices (environmental benefits); and, • more efficient use of water resources (economic benefits). Correlations between awareness and action, and action and consequence were noteworthy in these results, with positive changes to practices, intentions and ideals at centre level transferring to home and community contexts. Also of interest were the efforts of numerous centres to make physical changes to their water infrastructure. For example, some centres undertook large scale redevelopments of centre grounds, while others made substantive efforts to purchase and install water-saving devices. One surprising element of the results was the extent to which children influenced the adults around them in relation to water conservation practices. Both teachers and parents were compelled to make changes to their own water use habits because of the children’s advocacy for water-conserving alternatives, a direct consequence of what they had learned in the Water Aware Centre Program. 2 of 44 Executive Summary The results of this study reveal that even a relatively small-scale sustainability education program can provide considerable social, environmental, educational and economic benefits. To date, the early childhood education sector has been an ‘untapped’ resource in addressing sustainability issues of water use and water conservation. This study demonstrates clearly the potential of sustainability education investments in early years education.
Impact and interest:
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|Keywords:||education for sustainability, early childhood, water education, environmental education, sustainability|
|Divisions:||Current > Research Centres > Office of Education Research
Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Education
Past > Institutes > Institute for Sustainable Resources
Current > Schools > School of Early Childhood
|Copyright Owner:||Copyright 2008 Queensland University of Technology|
|Deposited On:||16 Feb 2009 06:36|
|Last Modified:||09 Jun 2010 13:22|
Repository Staff Only: item control page
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Shale Barren Rock-cress
Shale Barren Rock-cress
|Listed||July 13, 1989|
|Description||Biennial with tiny whitish flowers.|
|Threats||Road construction, deer browsing.|
|Range||Virginia, West Virginia|
Shale barren rock-cress, Arabis serotina, rock-cress is an erect, flowering biennial that grows to a height of 1-2 ft (30-60 cm). Young, first-year plants grow close to the ground as inconspicuous basal rosettes. Mature, second-year plants have a spreading, compound inflorescence of many tiny (0.2 in; 2-3 mm) whitish flowers.
The species can easily be confused with A. laevigata var. burkii, which also grows on shale barrens. Although there are subtle morphological differences between the two, they can most readily be distinguished by their flowering periods. While all varieties of A. laevigata bloom in April and May, A. serotina blooms from late June through September.
Shale barren rock-cress is the rarest of several plant species found only in dry, exposed, mid-Appalachian habitats known as shale barrens. These unique shale slopes are found in the lower Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to Virginia and West Virginia, and are characterized by steep southern exposures, sparse vegetative cover, and a hot, dry summer microclimate. Shale barrens support 18 endemic plant species, several of which are candidates for listing under the Endangered Species Act: mountain pimpernel (Taenidia montana ), Kate's mountain clover (Trifolium virginicum ), and Allium oxyphilum.
Shale barren rock-cress has been found only in western Virginia and eastern West Virginia, on south-to southwest-facing shale barrens at elevations between 1,300-2,500 ft (395-760 m). This highly restricted range is believed to reflect the natural distribution of the species rather than the outcome of recent land-use changes or the lack of suitable habitat elsewhere.
In 1987 about 130 mature plants were recorded at 13 sites in five Virginia counties (Allegheny, Augusta, Bath, Highland, and Rockbridge). A 1985 survey of West Virginia shale barrens located 13 populations with a total of 700 individuals. By the time the species recovery plan was published in 1991, there were 34 extant populations of shale barren rock-cress located in six Virginia and three West Virginia counties. Discovery of new populations has increased the known numbers of plants. The West Virginia populations occur in Greenbrier, Hardy, and Pendleton counties; four new West Virginia populations were discovered in the summer of 1995. Virginia populations occur in Allegheny, Augusta, Bath, Highland, Page, Rockbridge and (possibly) Shenandoah counties, although the Shenandoah population was last seen in 1957 and may have been extirpated.
Nineteen of the known populations occur in the Monongahela (West Virginia) and George Washington (Virginia) National Forests; of these, by 1991, 13 had been proposed for further administrative protection. One Virginia population is owned and protected by the Commonwealth, and the protection needs of a West Virginia population on U. S. Navy land have been studied under a cooperative agreement. By 1991, no protection had been initiated for the populations on private land.
Browsing by deer and habitat destruction caused by road construction are the main threats to the shale barrens rock-cress. White-tailed deer browse heavily on the plant. Eight of 11 West Virginia populations surveyed in 1985 showed a 30% loss of seed to deer browsing. Deer populations are increasing in these two states and browsing will continue to present a threat to the species.
Road construction has been a major factor in destruction of shale barren habitat. Five shale barrens in West Virginia that supported known rock-cress populations and three in Virginia have been partially destroyed by road construction.
Although 34 populations of the plant were known as of 1991, most had under 100 plants and many have fewer than 10 individuals, making the species vulnerable to local extirpation. Small populations are particularly vulnerable to catastrophic loss by a stochastic event causing reproductive failure, such as a tree falling or seed dispersal into an unsuitable habitat.
The populations in National Forests are relatively secure from human disturbance but remain vulnerable to damage by deer. At least one West Virginia population is on a shale barren leased by the Nature Conservancy, which is attempting to secure voluntary protection for additional populations.
Conservation and Recovery
The 1991 Recovery Plan for the shale barren rock-cress notes it may be possible to initiate delisting by 2002, if individual recovery tasks proceed on schedule. Before the species can be delisted, the species must be reclassified to threatened; to qualify for reclassification, a number of recovery criteria must be met; among them, the confirmation of the existence of 20 demonstrably self-maintaining populations distributed throughout the species' range; and permanent protection of the habitat for these populations. Seeds must also be stored to prevent extinction in case of catastrophic loss of natural populations. Delisting will be initiated when, in addition to the reclassification criteria being met, 15 additional self-maintaining populations and their habitat are permanently protected.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Regional Office, Division of Endangered Species
300 Westgate Center Dr.
Hadley, Massachusetts 01035-9589
Telephone: (413) 253-8200
Fax: (413) 253-8308
Bartgis, R. 1989. "Distribution and Status of Arabis serotina (Brassicaceae) in West Virginia." Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Sciences.
Keener, C. 1983. "Distribution and Biohistory of the Endemic Flora of the Mid-Appalachian Shale Barrens." Botanical Review 49:65-115.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. "Shale Barren Rock Cress Recovery Plan." U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner, Massachusetts.
Wieboldt, T. 1987. "The Shale Barren Endemic, Arabis serotina (Brassicaceae)." Sida 12(2): 381-389.
"Shale Barren Rock-cress." Beacham's Guide to the Endangered Species of North America. . Encyclopedia.com. (November 21, 2018). https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/science-magazines/shale-barren-rock-cress
"Shale Barren Rock-cress." Beacham's Guide to the Endangered Species of North America. . Retrieved November 21, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/science-magazines/shale-barren-rock-cress
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In the European Union (EU), the amount of municipal waste generated per person in 2016 amounted to 480 kg, down by 9% compared with its peak of 527 kg per person in 2002, and roughly comparable to the 483 kg recorded in 2015.
Waste generated per person was highest in Denmark, Malta, Cyprus, Germany and Luxembourg
The amount of municipal waste generated varied significantly across the EU Member States. With 261 kg per person, Romania generated the lowest amount of waste, followed by Poland (307 kg per person), the Czech Republic (339 kg per person) and Slovakia (348 kg per person). At the opposite end of the scale, Denmark (777 kg per person) generated the highest amount of waste in 2016, well ahead of Malta (647 kg per person), Cyprus (640 kg per person), Germany (626 kg per person) and Luxembourg (614 kg per person). It should be noted that the reporting of municipal waste differs among Member States and may explain some of the variation in the data.
47% was recycled or composted
The treatment of municipal waste was undertaken using different methods. Overall in the EU in 2016, 30% of the waste was recycled, 27% incinerated, 25% landfilled and 17% composted. The share of municipal waste recycled or composted in the EU has steadily increased over the time period, from 17% in 1995 to 46% in 2016. Across Member States, recycling and composting together accounted in 2016 for two-thirds of waste treatment in Germany (66%), and for more than half in Austria (59%), Belgium (54%), the Netherlands (53%) and Italy (51%).
For more information
Statistics Explained article on municipal waste statistics
Visualisation tool on circular economy
Source dataset on municipal waste generation
Source dataset on municipal waste treatment
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Edison was only 22 years old. With this success, he quit his work as a telegrapher to devote himself full-time to inventing.In 1870, Thomas Edison set up his first small laboratory and manufacturing facility in Newark, New Jersey, and employed several machinists. As an independent entrepreneur, Edison formed many partnerships and developed his products for the highest bidder. Often that was Western Union Telegraph Company, the industry leader, but just as often, it was one of Western Union's rivals. In one such instance, Edison devised for Western Union the quadruplex telegraph, capable of transmitting two signals in two different directions on the same wire, but railroad tycoon Jay Gould snatched the invention from Western Union, paying Edison more than $100,000 in cash, bonds and stock, and generating years of litigation.At around the age of 12, Edison started to lose his
He made more money, his business grew and he became very wealthy. Most people think Edison invented light bulbs. He actually got the patent from Henry Woodward and Matthew Evans, however their lightbulb didn’t work very well and Edison improved it and sold it. Most of what Edison is credited for inventing was actually invented by his employees. Edison was motivated by money and was more of a business man than a
Thomas had a very good childhood and was a very hard worker as a teenager. He invented the universal stock printer and he perfected the lightbulb. Thomas Alva Edison was born February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He was born the youngest of seven siblings to Samuel and Nancy Edison. His father was an political activist from Canada, and his mother was an excellent school teacher and she was one of the biggest influences in Thomas’s life.
Who is Thomas Edison ? Thomas Alva Edison, also known as the “America’s greatest inventor”, was an inventor and businessman. Edison invented many everyday devices, including the phonograph, the incandescent light bulb, the kinetograph and alkaline storage batteries. He was a chart-topping inventor, due to the fact he was successful as he was he was known as a prolific inventor, meaning that he was very productive and/or creative. Edison’s Inventions: He invented the famous practical luminous electric light bulb in 1879, which we use everyday.
The origin of Thomas Edison’s call to change began when his mother started homeschooling him after he overheard his school teacher calling him addled. Edison’s family had a great impact on his career and achievements. Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio to Samuel and Nancy Edison. (Henstra, p. 98) He was the 7th and last child the Edison family would have. Before he was born, three of his older siblings had already passed away.
There are many different theories about where he was born and what seems to be the most popular one is that he was born in the southern coastal areas of England since that's where his family was from. This is most likely where he began his fascination with the sea and his sailing career. When Tew grew up he was known for his swearing and drinking and later on in his life it would be his smoking as well. He soon was convicted
Being known as a college all the more precisely portrays the kind of organization Thomas Edison is today, particularly in the psyches of planned understudies, potential benefactors and the overall population. It additionally mirrors the achievement the school has had extending graduate projects and its arrangements to grow new projects in the coming years. Thomas Edison has developed into a vast, complete foundation with differing scholastic offerings that serve an extensive variety of understudies and associations – in New Jersey, all through the nation and around the globe. A college is the thing that Thomas Edison has ended up. Thomas Edison State University gives adaptable, high caliber, university learning open doors for self-coordinated grown-ups.
In the 1880 he got the Royal Medal for important contributions to the advancement of natural knowledge. Some famous scientists working in the same time was Thomas Edison and Charles Darwin. Edison was inventing record players and reinventing the light bulb. Darwin was studying evolution. Also during this time sanitation was introduced in more depth.
In 1877, Thomas Edison was working on a machine that would transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper tape which could later be sent over the telegraph repeatedly. Because of this, Edison speculated that a telephone message could also be recorded in a similar way. Edison made a sketch of his desired machine and gave it to his mechanic, John Kruesi, to then build. After Kruesi built the machine now known as a Phonograph, in a supposed 30-odd hours, Edison immediately tested out this machine by speaking into the mouthpiece, "Mary had a little lamb." When the machine played his words back to him, Edison knew he was onto something groundbreaking.
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Out of all the essential functions of blood, the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide is the most important. Scientists have developed artificial red blood cells that have the attributes of the cells’ regular capabilities.
The modern world is getting innovative and scientists are working on unmatched ideas every day. A group of researchers figured out how to do a critical accomplishment: A manufactured red platelet (R.B.C).
As indicated by Science Alert, scientists earlier secured cilia-contained red blood cells, painted with “polymers of various charges”.
This small cyborg faces a tough time to get through the openings and crevices of a vascular body with its standard hemoglobin. It also may alter to convey tumor-executing drugs.
Assembling the artificial red cells may end up being an interesting subject in rewarding various infections and conditions. However, some significant features were absent in each structure.
Recently, a group of researchers at the University of New Mexico have created artificial red platelets that can play out all the primary elements of the genuine cells that they mirror.
The man-made cells, which are as compressible as the genuine ones, can transport hemoglobin along with oxygen, while simultaneously introducing the important proteins on their surface with the goal that the circulatory system recognizes them as the original.
These qualities enable the new cells to go through restricted vessels and to transport oxygen where required.
What makes these red blood cells distinctive?
In case you’re going to try to re-arrange any cell in the human body, you can’t go past red blood cells.
Additionally, the reliance on tremendous measures of clean, donated blood puts an appeal on finding an appropriate substitute. Since the red blood cell is without a nucleus, it is easier for scientists to work on it.
The development of engineered red blood cells is quite moderate for now. Many depend on key materials, for example, the hemoglobin from different donors.
A portion of the roads that are being investigated are somewhat more daring. Bionic mirrors must be in proper size, shape, and adaptability to endure the body’s tightest vessels. It must stay flawless enough to be valuable and still convey an appropriate measure of oxygen.
Furthermore, researchers figured out they should make their tiny units measured. This permits them to trade in and out of different highlights. As a result, the cells convey medications or focus on a goal in an efficient way.
Scientists began covering platelets in a layer of silica, with polymers of various charges later on.
At the point when the silica and cell guts were scratched away, the rest of the polymer film could itself be solicited in a skin made from red blood cells. The result is a void biconcave shell that could get squeezed with any apparatus.
A month after the start of infusion in mice, there were no indications of dangerous impacts whatsoever, which ensured the safety of these engineered cells. However, there’s far to go before we’ll see any treatments dependent on these artificial platelets. In order to be adaptable, the entire process has to be accurate.
But, with so much exploration focused on building a superior platelet, there’s little uncertainty about the expectations to see more in this field for now. The truth will surface eventually with a conclusion, that science, goes on to enhance the modern world.
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These diamonds are extracted from lamproites. … Diamond occurs as a detrital mineral but its concentration in sand is always very low. However, diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes are often found by working through many fluvial sand samples but it is not diamond that prospectors are looking for.
What is a sand diamond?
Name in the trade for diamonds occurring in the gravels and old marine deposits on the Gold Coast of Africa.
What is diamond made of?
Diamonds are made of carbon so they form as carbon atoms under a high temperature and pressure; they bond together to start growing crystals.
Can I make diamonds at home?
The gas mixture is heated to very high temperatures in the microwave to produce a plasma ball, and inside this, the gas breaks down and the carbon atoms crystallise and accumulate on the diamond seed, causing it to grow. …
Can coal become diamond?
Over the years it has been said that diamonds formed from the metamorphism of coal. According to Geology.com, we now know this is untrue. “Coal has rarely played a role in the formation of diamonds. … The diamonds form from pure carbon in the mantle under extreme heat and pressure.
What are beach diamonds?
Cape May diamonds (sometimes capitalized “Diamonds”) are quartz pebbles found on the beaches of Cape May Point, New Jersey. The pebbles are sometimes collected, cut and polished to resemble diamonds, then sold locally as souvenirs.
What are Saudi diamonds worth?
Saudi Arabia Diamond Rate FAQs
Today, the Diamond price per carat in Saudi Arabia is SAR 65,000.00, today’s Diamond rate per 50 milligram in Saudi Arabia is SAR 1,548, Diamond cost per 100 milligram today in Saudi Arabia is SAR 32,500.00, today’s Diamond price per 150 milligram in Saudi Arabia is SAR 48,750.00.
How diamonds are made naturally?
A mined, natural diamond is a crystallized carbon structure that is formed beneath the earth’s surface over millions (or sometimes billions) of years under the perfect conditions of heat and pressure. The diamonds are brought to the surface during natural events (like volcanic eruptions) and then mined from the land.
What can be made from diamonds?
Most of the diamonds used to make abrasives and cutting tools are now synthetic. Virtually all diamonds used to make windows, speaker domes, heat sinks, low-friction microbearings, wear-resistant parts, and other technology products are now synthetic.
Where are diamonds found in nature?
The following countries produce industrial grade diamonds: Australia, Botswana, Brazil, China, Congo, Russia and South Africa. Geologically speaking, natural diamonds are found in two environments. Most are found in kimberlites, which are pipe-like formations created as a result of volcanic and tectonic activity.
Can peanut butter turn into diamonds?
Peanut butter can be converted into diamonds by subjecting it to extremely high temperature and pressure. Be warned- the quality of diamond produced by the peanut butter won’t be something to write home about. The resulting diamonds are typically very small and tend to be muddy in color.
What type of rock is diamond?
The diamond is the hardest natural substance known. It is found in a type of igneous rock known as kimberlite. The diamond itself is essentially a chain of carbon atoms that have crystallized. The stone’s unique hardness is a result of the densely concentrated nature of the carbon chains.
Can you make diamonds in a microwave?
Diamonds really are forever, now that we can manufacture them. The diamonds are made by placing a carbon seed in a microwave chamber and superheating the substance into a plasma ball, which crystallizes into the much-desired jewels. …
How can you tell if a rock is a diamond?
1. Focus on the gravity
- Fill a clear and normal-sized drinking glass and fill it with water to a 3/4 level.
- Then drop the stone you have into the glass.
- If it sinks, the stone is a genuine raw diamond. But if it floats, it’s fake.
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Zoltán Kodály (1882-1967) was a visionary teacher, composer and philosopher whose work has influenced musicians and music educators around the world. Following his folk song collecting trips with Béla Bartók in Hungary in the early 1900s, Kodály conceived of a monumental idea: that music could be taught artistically using the traditional folk songs of a culture. Gathering talented, creative teachers around him, Kodály developed a philosophy of music education based on the radical idea of universal music literacy.
Music is the core of the curriculum. The ancient Greeks believed that music was the center of all learning, because music involved a natural synthesis of thinking, feeling and moving. Music is essential to human development—intellectual, emotional, physical, social and spiritual.
The body—the singing voice and movement—is the best medium for making music. The voice is the universal instrument, free and accessible to all. Body and voice are the natural expressive means for every individual. Voice and movement are united in the traditional folk games and dances of all cultures.
Experiencing music cannot begin too early. Music is the birthright of every child. The child’s first connection to music comes through the voices of the parents. It is the responsibility of the school to develop this connection beginning at the earliest levels.
Traditional folk music provides the best and most natural material for becoming a literate musician. Everyone has a mother tongue—the language spoken at home. The traditional folk music of that language provides the source from which the basic elements of music literacy can be drawn. Following the study of authentic folk songs of the native culture(s), we can then explore of the music of other cultures and connect traditional music with all styles of composed music.
Music literacy is like language literacy. Everyone has the ability to hear, speak, read and write a language. In the same way, everyone has the ability to hear, sing, read and write music. Music literacy is something that everyone can and should enjoy.
Quality music is the best material for teaching. Kodály believed that only the best music by the greatest composers and the most beautiful and representative folk music of the culture are good enough for children. “Let Bach and Mozart be the teachers.”
Kodály’s approach has been adapted worldwide. A strong emphasis on the development of the teacher’s own musicianship is a hallmark of the movement. It is a living philosophy constantly being shaped by research on how children learn music in cultural settings and complements the emerging focus on world music by today’s music educators.
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Bahrain Independence Day was on 15 August 1971. The British removed their troops from the Suez in the early 1960s.
Bahrain formally declared its independence on 15 August 1971, marked by the signing of a friendship treaty with the British that terminated previous agreements between the two sides.
Although 15 August is the actual date on which Bahrain gained its independence from the British, the state does not celebrate or mark that date. Instead, the state annually celebrates 16 December as "National Day" to coincide with the day that former ruler Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa was coronated to the throne. As such, 16 December is a national holiday and is usually celebrated with firework displays.
In 2013, the opposition have called for mass protests to coincide with the day under the title Bahrain Tamarod.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt was a Prussian philosopher, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the University of Berlin, which was named after him in 1949. He is especially remembered as a linguist who made important contributions to the philosophy of language and to the theory and practice of education. In particular, he is widely recognized as having been the architect of the Prussian education system which was used as a model for education systems in countries such as the United States and Japan.
Humboldt was born in Potsdam, Margraviate of Brandenburg, and died in Tegel, Province of Brandenburg. His younger brother, Alexander von Humboldt, was equally famous, as a geographer and explorer.
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|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 21, 2019 at 5:00 AM||comments (0)|
On this day (May 21) in 1758, ten year old Mary Campbell was kidnapped by the Lenape during the French and Indian War. She was probably adopted by a Lenape family. Six years later the British forced the Lenape to return Mary to her family along with many other captive children (60 names are recorded). To the shock of both the British and the families of these children, about half of them tried to return to the Lenape. The forced return of these children was the subject of two fictional novels by Conrad Richter, The Light in the Forest and A Country of Strangers. I read both as a child—they are haunting novels of children kidnapped at a young age who assimilated with the Lenape and could not transition back to the civilizations they were born into.
|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 20, 2019 at 5:00 AM||comments (0)|
On this day (May 20) in 794, King Aethelberht of East Anglia was murdered. He was on a visit to his fiancé, Princess Aelfthryth of Mercia, at the Mercian court of Sutton Walls when he was taken captive by Aelfthryth’s father, King Offa, and beheaded. It’s not clear why he was murdered, but one theory is that he was trying to exert East Anglia’s independence from Mercia. The story quickly developed that his severed head fell off a cart and cured a blind man. He was eventually canonized.
|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 18, 2019 at 5:45 AM||comments (0)|
On this day (May Eighteen) in 1896 the Supreme Court established the standard of "separate but equal" in the case Plessy vs Fergusson. (Homer Plessy had been arrested for taking a seat in a “white’s only” railroad car in Louisiana.) The ruling permitted the establishment of the Jim Crow era in the south which institutionalized segregation of the races at every level of society. It wasn't overturned until 1954 in Brown vs Topeka Board of Education.
|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 17, 2019 at 4:55 AM||comments (0)|
On this day (May 17) in 1792, 24 stockbrokers met beneath a buttonwood tree on Wall Street in New York City and formed the New York Stock Exchange. They pledged only to deal with each other in sales and to fix their commissions on sales at 0.25%. The early New York Stock Exchange was all about limiting competition among brokers to preserve their income.
|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 14, 2019 at 4:40 AM||comments (0)|
On this day (May 14) in 1607 Jamestown was founded. It was the first permanent English settlement in North America. It almost didn't make it. Only 60 out of 900 settlers survived the first three years.
|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 13, 2019 at 4:40 AM||comments (0)|
On this day (May 13) in 1862 an African-American slave named Robert Smalls succeeded in taking over the steam ship CSS Planter and steering it through Confederate controlled waters to the U.S. blockade where he surrendered the vessel to the union. As a reward, he was made captain of the ship (now called USS Planter) when the vessel was put into U.S. service. He went on to become a Representative to Congress for South Carolina after the war despite massive efforts by whites in South Carolina to defeat him. Twice his “defeats” were contested to Congress. There was massive evidence of voter intimidation both times. The first time, Congress overturned his defeat and he became the official Representative. The second time, Congress declined to do so, even though the voter intimidation efforts were greater than the first.
|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 12, 2019 at 6:45 AM||comments (0)|
Happy Mother’s Day everyone! We owe this holiday to the hard work of Ann Jarvis and her daughter, Anna Jarvis. Ann struggled to make an official holiday to celebrate mothers as part of her work to reunite families after the Civil War. There were several local observances of Mother’s Day in the decades that followed (usually attached to the temperance movement or some other cause) but she died in 1905 without succeeding in making it a national movement. Her daughter, Anna, picked up the struggle in her honor and the first official Mother’s Day was celebrated on the second Sunday in May in 1908.
|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 11, 2019 at 7:00 AM||comments (0)|
On this day (May 11) in 1894, 4000 workers of the Pullman Car Company went on strike to protest wage cuts. The workers lived in a company owned town with rents slightly higher than those in the surrounding communities. When Pullman reduced wages and began laying off workers in response to the Panic of 1893 he did not lower the rents of his workers, causing great hardship. (Pullman claimed he could not lower the rents because he opposed charity.) After efforts to negotiate a compromise failed (with several of the negotiators being fired) the workers voted to go on strike.
A month later, these workers would convince the entire American Railway Union (ARU) to go on strike, refusing to operate any train that carried a Pullman car. The workers figured that this would force the other railroads to decline to carry any of Pullman’s luxury coaches, but the other railroads worried that permitting the ARU to win a victory against Pullman would empower them in future negotiations against their railroads. So instead of refusing to carry Pullman cars, they added Pullman cars to all of their trains. The workers responded by shutting down rail traffic across the Midwest.
Newspapers like the New York Times called “King Debs” (the head of the ARU) the “enemy of the human race” for leading the strike. (Debs actually argued against the strike, but the union membership voted to strike anyway.) President Cleveland sent in the army to get the railroads running again and the strike turned violent with hundreds of railroad cars and bridges being destroyed.
The Sherman Antitrust Act, written to stop big businesses from monopolizing the market, was used against the union for “monopolizing labor”.
|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 10, 2019 at 4:55 AM||comments (0)|
On this day (May 10) in 1775 George Washington was given command of the Continental Army. Washington didn't start out as a great strategist (he liked overly complicated maneuvers that were often beyond the training of his troops) but he was highly charismatic and he kept his army together over the seven years of the war, eventually adopting the Fabian tactics which wore down the British.
|Posted by Gilbert Stack on May 9, 2019 at 5:05 AM||comments (0)|
On this day (May 9) in 1941, Britain captured the Nazi submarine U-110 and gained possession of her Short Signal Book and one of Germany’s Enigma Machines. This coup would eventually permit Britain to crack many German codes, greatly enhancing their ability to fight World War II.
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120-Year-Old Shipwreck Discovered in Lake Superior
A Lake Superior shipwreck that has eluded searchers for decades has been found.
The Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society (GLSHS) announced on Oct 12 the discovery of Barge 129, which sank in a storm on Lake Superior on Oct 13, 1902.
For GLSHS Director of Marine Operations Darryl Ertel Jr., it was the end of a long search. “I’ve looked for this ship for so long because it was a Whaleback. I was pretty excited. I couldn't wait to get the cameras on it”.
Barge 129 was one of only 44 “whaleback” ships ever constructed. The peculiar design had curved sides, similar to a large pontoon, with tapered bows with flat ends like a pig’s snout. The ships were constructed from 1887 to 1898 to ferry grain and ore around the Great Lakes. The design was to increase the ships’ stability on high seas. “Whaleback” refers to the ship’s appearance in the water when fully loaded.
On Oct 13, 1902, Barge 129 was being towed by the steamer Maunaloa. The 292-foot barge was loaded with 2,300 tons of iron ore when the gales of October struck (sound a little familiar?). The force of the waves snapped the tow line between the two vessels. Barge 129 was tossed about with the waves. The Maunaloa turned around and attempted to reconnect the two ships. The two boats slammed together. The Maunaloa’s anchor ripped into Barge 129’s starboard side. As the whaleback began to sink, the Maunaloa’s captain and crew raced to launch their lifeboat for the barge’s crew. As Barge 129’s crew was helped aboard the Maunaloa, the whaleback dipped below the surface and dove 650 feet to the bottom, 35 miles from Vermilion Point.
Barge 129 was the last undiscovered whaleback wreck in the Great Lakes. The wreckage was initially found along with eight other wrecks in 2021 by the GLSHS in partnership with Marine Sonic Technology using Side Scan Sonar. Side Scan Sonar - Marine Sonic Technology. Barge 129 was positively identified in August 2022.
When the Shipwreck Society put their ROV down on the wreck site this past summer, they were surprised by the devastation of the ship. “It's totally destroyed on the bottom. It's nowhere near intact. It's at least 4 to 5 big pieces and thousands of little pieces. It's just disintegrated,” Ertel said.
“The whalebacks were pretty unusual ships,” stated Shipwreck Society Executive Director Bruce Lynn. “When we had the ROV on it, you could clearly see the distinctive bow with a part of the towline still in place…that was an incredible moment!”
Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum Facebook
Smithsonian Magazine, www.smithsonianmag.com
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Presentation on theme: "Free vs. Slave States Naval ship tonnage 25Xs greater Iron Production 15Xs greater Firearm Production 32Xs greater – Had mini-balls instead of musket."— Presentation transcript:
Naval ship tonnage 25Xs greater Iron Production 15Xs greater Firearm Production 32Xs greater – Had mini-balls instead of musket balls – Had better artillery cannons (shot further and more accurate ) Had the Anaconda Plan South had a more defined goal (win independence) Had great military leaders (General Lee) Had to only defend their territory (North had to carry out an invasion) A Rebel yell sounds like this. A Yankee battle cry sounds like this.
Advanced with the Industrial Revolution Had factories: woolen mills, steel foundries, coal mines – Supplied uniforms, guns, shoes, and other supplies Had 22,000 miles of UNIFORM train tracks laid out – Could resupply faster – Could assemble and move troops quicker The North controlled the trading ports The North had telegraph lines (communication) Income tax to raise money Still relies on plantation farming Cotton trade was the major source for their economy Needed to trade their cotton with England and France Very underdeveloped in the Industrial Revolution Had 9,000 miles of train track but, many were not conjoined and were not uniform Had little to no factories Can’t have federal taxes because of too much state power
North had more than double the total population of the South (20 million) North had 3Xs as many men for eligible for military duty (4 million) Industrial Workers 10Xs as many (1.1 million) South had only 8 million people South had 1.1 million men eligible South had only 100,000 industrial workers Many people in the South were African American Slaves
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The news media have a vital role of not only informing the public concerning policy changes, but also helping them understand the policies to give their opinions. In political contexts where the governments offer citizens sovereign power, media can influence the decisions the public make, thus influence voting results. In this light, media channels play an essential role in influencing a policy-making process, especially during controversial debates in countries across the globe. During the making and implementation of policies on price crisis, illegal immigration, or mechanisms for gun control, the domestic and international press engages the public to find statistics of the opinion of the majority. The media publishes reports, identifies major stakeholders and interviews them, collects experts’ opinions, or conducts interviews from the public. The goal of this paper is to craft an argument to find the role of media in shaping public policy, when assessed across the lens of two theoretical frameworks in public policy.
The theory of agenda setting and the theory of change provide excellent mechanisms for assessing the role of media in policy making processes. The discussion will focus on the function of media in making, and implementation of major policies in the United States such as, immigration crisis and guns on campus. Throughout the paper, we shall connect the role of media with collected empirical evidence from scholarly literature materials to assess the theory that suits the policy most. The discussion is relevant for international and national policy-making bodies in need of understanding the role of media coverage during the making and implementation of major policies across states. It shall also determine how the structure of specific political systems determines the extent to which media can influence policy making processes.
Through news media, the public acquires relevant information and updates of the trends within the country and across the globe. News media refers to those elements of mass media whose role is to send news to the target public (Science Daily, 2019). These communication channels help disseminate news, entertainment, promotional messages, or education data and may include narrowcasting or broadcasting mediums such as televisions, radios, magazines, or the internet. In this light, media is integral parts of the life of most members of the society because it assists generate interest over debates concerning social problems. From a public policy perspective, mass media constructs messages with specific values and disseminates them to a particular segment of the public to achieve a specified goal. Examining the role of media across theories of public policy helps reveal media participation in decision making processes. The theory of agenda setting and theory of change are integral in evaluating the role of media in shaping public policy. By giving the necessary information, media helps citizens to participate in political debates. In essence, from the point of view of public policy, media acts as an intermediary between citizens and the government. Through media, citizens learn the impacts of major government policies towards them. On the other hand, governments gain feedback from the public concerning the policies and programs. According to the Association of Accredited Public Policy Advocates to the European Union, “the media acts as the primary conduit between those who want to influence policy and policymakers controlling the scope of political discourse and regulating the flow of information” (Christian, 2013). Media participates throughout the process of policymaking. It is present during problem identification, devising solutions, and adopting policies, implementing and performing final evaluations. By acting as an intermediary between citizens and the government, media ensures the public handles the government accountable for all policies influencing the social, political and economic performance of a country. In this case, through the participation, media fulfills a major role of powerful political actor through influencing social changes within a society. The theory of agenda setting provides an essential theoretical framework for examining the role of media in shaping public policy.
Media in the Contemporary Society
In this paper, media is subdivided into three categories including print media, broadcast or electronic, and the new-age or social media. Print media refers to information printed on paper materials and circulated as physical copies in form of newsletters, newspapers, magazines and brochures. These materials not only hold entertainment content, but also informative one with special interest to the target audience. Although print media has become outdated, a significant portion of the public still prefers to read the regular newspapers or magazines which make the media of imperative influence to the public.
The electronic and broadcast media incorporates the use of radio stations and televisions to air information to the public. The category of broadcast media is integral in public policy because of its ability to reach a substantial segment of the public. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting highlights, “the purpose of public media is to provide programs and services that inform, educate, enlighten, and enrich the public and help inform civil discourse essential to American society” (Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 2017). The Corporation thus ensures universal access to quality content, and telecommunication services for citizens across the United States.
The digital social media has provided the public with essential platforms to acquire news. The internet has slowly transformed the news media because of the continued technological advancement. Unlike the traditional print and broadcast media, social media platforms form essential channels for transmitting information in the form of text, video or audio making it surpass the traditional media methods. From a public policy perspective, digital tools provide effective mechanisms that allow people interact, thus provides essential mechanisms for collection of feedback concerning the opinion of the public over significant policies.
Empirical research plays a significant role in creating influence in public policy. The International Development Research Centre (2016) highlights that; research has major influence in public policy. Qualitative and quantitative methodologists have engaged in examining the participation of media throughout the policy making processes. A literature review from the context of public policy is imperative in determining how theoretical frameworks elucidate the role of media in implementation of public policies.
Zain (2014) explores the Agenda Setting Theory by considering the role mass media plays in influencing settings of specific image on public’s mind. The author asserts, “From their research, McCombs and Shaw found out that mass media did have certain percentage on those members of the public who frequently referred to information as provided by the media” (p. 1). The more enthusiastic the followers were, the more the influence mass media created to the individuals. After the McCombs and Shaw’s findings, an exceeding 350 research was conducted to examine the influence of the agenda setting theory. Zain reports some of the later established work including the one done by “Lippmann (1922); Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet (1948) and Shaw (1972)”. Zain’s literature plays a significant role of examining the agenda setting theory and identifying the relationship between inter-media building and the theory.
Zain explains the significance of conducting the study on agenda setting theory by exploring its role in exposing the realities behind the role mass media plays to influence the opinion of the public. The role of mass media exceeds providing information to the public; as it assists them scrutinize information offered through these mediums. Zain’s literature unveils exploring relationship between mass media and public policy as an undeniably important coursework. The study further explores interrelationships between different media types. Zain’s literature emphasize that public should learn to distinguish accurate and reliable information from the rest. In this light, the public has to identify the reliable sources of information to avoid being misled by mass media.
In exploring the theory, Zain avers, “the public agenda is the main focus or prime issue which the members of the society or public concern about”. The theory begins by explaining the contribution of mass media in affecting changes in the patterns of political behaviors during elections. It comes as an inspiration as it leads to development of further hundreds of literature exploring the role media plays in framing issues for the audience. Zain calls upon the target audience to hold mass media responsible for influencing and shaping the opinions and agenda of the public.
The media agenda has a direct correlation with the public agenda. Zain postulates, “To a certain extent, the mass media have to follow the demands of the public or media audiences’ interests”. Key stakeholders in mass media have relevant connection to the political surroundings which are primarily driven from interests of public agenda and of the public. In this light, mass media responds to the preferences of the public depending on what they know. However, politicians and public relations practitioners can also set up agenda settings. During electioneering periods, the governments play a role to promote policies through mass media’s agenda setting.
Zain reports the controversy authors present in identifying the impact of media participation in influencing public agenda. The author reports an early researcher, Bernard Cohen, who “believes that mass media only tell on what to think about and not on what to think”. In this case, mass media assumes responsibility for only delivering information and not on setting the opinions of the target audiences. Contrary to the opinion is the notion that mass media influences the thoughts of the audience. Directly or indirectly, mass media shapes the opinion of the audience. This controversy offers extension to the scope of the discussion about agenda setting. From the theory of agenda setting’s point of view, the audience views the issues that mass media raises as important and influential.
While exploring the concept of ‘Inter-Media Building’ Zain’s literature classifies media into; the old media and the new media. The literature refers to old media as any mass communication that existed before the invention of internet and digital devices. Since the new media delivers information faster, and is easily accessible, it makes larger contribution to setting public agenda than traditional mass media. The author lists down the major factors contributing in inter-media building that influence mass media agenda such as speed, accessibility, and popularity. The faster and more convenient the device is, the faster the mass media sets the agenda.
Zain’s literature has explored the role mass media plays in influencing opinions of media audiences and the public at large. Zain also highlights that critics question the theory to understand how directly and the extent in which media sets a public agenda. The literature emphasizes the need for mass media to offer the public accurate and reliable information to evaluate the facts and form individual opinions concerning the issue at hand. The author considers the step imperative in preventing the society or other media audiences from solely depending on the information mass media provides.
The Alvernia University also makes important publication on the discussion concerning the role of media in shaping public policy. The literature ‘The Agenda-Setting Theory in Mass Communication’ covers the theory’s core assumptions, types of agenda setting, the criticisms and the media public relationship (Alvernia University, 2018). The literature holds that mass media has a primary role of providing viewers with facts and information necessary for what is happening in the political arena.
News media assume a frontline in covering major news within the United States. The Alvernia University’s (2018) publication notes, “Whether it’s the President of the United States making an announcement or a severe storm battering a region, when it’s a story that affects people, the news media is on alert to cover it”. Mass media thus becomes an inseparable component of the United States’ society.
The agenda setting theory works under two basic assumptions in considering the role of media in shaping public opinion. “The first is that the media filters and shapes what we see rather than just reflecting stories to the audience” (Avernia University). Media platforms give sensational stories a priority and view stories that happened recently a last view with an intention of gaining more viewers in the news channel. “The second assumption is that the more attention the media gives to an issue, the more likely the public will consider that issue to be important” (Alvernia University). The literature explains that mass media organizations do not give the audience what to think about an issue, but they offer stories that people need to think more about. The literature offers the agenda-setting theory a scientific and psychological merit, as the extent of recognition of a hot debate to the public depends on the extent into which mass media publicizes it. The literature provides mass media organizations as ones with a noble duty to bring issues to public even though the employees in the mass media have not registered them as prominent issues in their minds.
The agenda setting is classified into three categories. The public agenda setting refers to the context in which the public has to decide on the agenda of stories to be considered significant. In a media-agenda setting, mass media determines the stories with high priorities. In a policy agenda setting, the media cooperates with the public to influence the decisions of the policymakers in public opinions. The public, media, and policy makers are the key stakeholders in public policy making processes.
Similar to Zain’s literature, the Alvernia University’s piece highlights lack of measuring unit as a major limitation of the agenda setting theory. Although empirical researchers have engaged in research to establish causal association between media coverage and public prominence, most of the research work has remained inconclusive. In the contemporary society where social media and internet has attained intense worldwide influence, the agenda setting theory may not satisfactorily convince the audience that mass media sets the agenda for the public. The theory also fails to work for audiences who have succinctly made up their decisions. A voter who believes the elected official was a right choice would not fall under the influence of mass media channels.
The Communication Theory Organization’s literature approaches the agenda-setting theory from a different perspective. The literature presents two levels of the agenda setting theory, priming, and framing (Communication Theory Organization, 2011). Media channels contribute to order of presenting news reports. Audience gain more attribute to news when media increases emphasis on them. The piece of literature holds that, media determines what the audience should think about and how they should think.
The material underlines two levels of agenda setting theory. Level one contains more empirical research than level two. In level one, mass media uses issues or objects to influence the thoughts of the public. On the contrary, in level two, media channels alter the thoughts of the public through influencing the characters of issue. Communication Theory Organization highlights gate keeping as a major concept in the discussion about agenda setting theory. The concept controls the content selected for discussion in mass media. “Public cares mostly about the product of a media gate keeping”. Through gate keeping, editors choose the news to air and what should not appear in the headlines. News media remains an integral component in making a decision of the events to be declared news-worthy.
The agenda setting theory explains holds that media proposes the standards as well as the values through which the public can judge objects of the media’s attention. “Media’s content will provide a lot of time and space to certain issues, making it more vivid”. Similar to Alvernia University’s and Zain’s literature, the Communication theory Organization’s literature agrees with the notion that media gives increased importance to news to create impression to the public that the news is the most important information. Broadcasters use headlines, expert opinions, and special new features to emphasize the weight of the news they recognize as most important. Mass media primes news by adding weight to what they consider important.
Framing is also an important concept in agenda setting theory. Communication Theory Organization gives two meanings of the framing process. First, the concept refers to the “way in which news content is typically shaped and contextualized within same frame of reference”. Secondly, framing may also refer to how the “audience adopts the frames of reference and to see the world in a similar way”. The concept helps define how people perceive importance and relevance to news from the context in which an issue is viewed. In the United States, mass media determines the weight of major issues such as a win or a loose in an election, terror attacks, or major economic crisis.
The concept of agenda setting correlates to the election campaign laws and the media environment. In the Journal of Information Policy Fortunato of Fordham University and Martin of Indiana University (2016) explores the intersection “of Agenda-Setting, the Media Environment, and Election Campaign Laws”. While the media helps people understand the political communication environment, agenda setting theory examines the transfer mechanisms of information from media agenda to public. The process of agenda setting has become an imperative tool for examining policy contexts of major general election campaigns.
In the United States, mass media has more roles than simply informing the citizens about issues within the political contexts. The Journal of Information Policy highlights the roles mass media plays as hallmarks of working democracy in the American society. Martin & Fortunato (2016) reports, “representative democracy is inconceivable without forms of mass communication-to create awareness of public issues that face a society whose members are not personally in touch with each other, and whose central institutions are remote from the people they serve to exploit”. Allowing media sufficient rights is fundamental in creation of a just, transparent, accountable and democratic American Society.
The agenda setting theory holds that, media systems must follow strategic goals to inspire democracy in the United States of America. Martin and colleague (2016) underline the goals media systems aspire in a democratic state. First, media play an essential role of providing full and fair info to allow citizens make sound decisions. Secondly, media systems form coherent frameworks which allow the public comprehend complex issues in the political universe. This calls upon media to use most appropriate methods to analyze and interpret topics in the political arena. The journal refers to media systems as common carriers of the perceptions of diversified groups within the United States. Mass mediums should prioritize on appropriate quality and quantity news depending on public demand within the states. Mass mediums have a primary agenda of representing, speaking for and to the interest of the public to hold the government accountable for states’ resources.
The agenda setting theory helps explain the empathetic role of mass media within the United States. Media platforms create effective channels where a developed country such as the United States embraces diversity when media channels air the situations of other human beings living in the world. Social media have provided essential platforms where citizens engage in dialogues to make informed decisions in public policies.
During electioneering periods in the United States, the agenda setting theory becomes of great importance to understand the mechanisms through which information is provided to the public and how it is consumed. Martin and Fortunato (2016) reports, “all democracies share certain important precepts-open debate, with sufferance of unpopular opinions, and decisions taken by honest voting and thereupon accepted”. In this light, mass media has to inform the public of the political issues of the competing parties as well as candidates.
Other than just informing the citizenry about the issues during electioneering periods, media influence the public’s intention to vote, their political participation and gaining political knowledge. Empirical researchers have reported a growing relationship between digital media use and political knowledge and participation in election campaigns. Martin and Fortunato arrived at the conclusion after finding out that, empirical research showing positive effect of digital media use significantly outnumbered course work that produced no or little effect.
The primary role of agenda setting theory is to capture the impact of media decision making process. The Journal of Information Policy explains, “The core concept of agenda-setting research inspired by McCombs and Shaw is the transfer of topic salience from the media agenda to the public agenda”. The authors find similar results to the above examined literature in that amount of media exposure to public influence the salience of the public to a certain political topic. Repeating a media agenda many times when airing news, makes the public recognize the topic as most important, thus allowing it to transfer from media agenda to public agenda.
Media broadcasts have limited time and space which makes topic to compete to become part of the news agenda. In cases when a topic lacks enough public exposure, the public miss the opportunity of recognizing them as items of importance in a public agenda. Reportedly in the Journal of Information Policy, Shaw and Martin, authors who first inspired the theory explains “the press may, unconsciously, provide a limited and rotating set of public issues, around which the political and social system can engage in dialogue”. The variable of story placement determines the salience the public acquires on a given topic.
Caulk’s publication (2016) ‘Trumpism: How agenda setting in the media drove a movement’ explores the role mass media played in campaigning for Trump during the 2016 presidential elections. Caulk’s literature examines major cable networks and their coverage on major themes in Trump’s campaign. The study covered the topics of economic insecurity, terrorism, crime, and immigration. After conducting the empirical research, Caulk finds out how mass media covered the topic to signal Trump as the most important candidate.
Caulk’s literature examines the major issues in the United States across the networks including the CNN, MSNBC, and Fox News. The set dependent variables included public opinions and attitudes whereas the independent variables included the frames and attributes in media coverage. Caulk conducts the empirical research to examine the effects of coverage towards the behaviors of voters.
Caulk presents results showing how the three major cable news networks in the United States covered Trump’s campaigns. “CNN and Fox News each dedicated more than half of its coverage, 51%, to coverage of the Trump campaign”. (Caulk, 2016, p. 16). The CNN aired Democratic candidates 22% of the time, and 14% for Fox News time. Although MSNBC had most coverage, it covered 45% of Trump’s campaign and 24% of the opposing democrat’s campaigns. The increased coverage of campaigns that Donald Trump ran played an essential role in Trump’s victory in the elections.
Media coverage offers election candidates important channels to send messages to voters. Caulk asserts, “The coverage gave trump the platform to get his message to the people, and the media seemed to be a willing accomplice in his rise” (Caulk 43). The disproportionate coverage during the campaigns triggered media’s function in agenda setting. Even when anchors got an opportunity to air other candidates, they utilized the moments to discuss Trump and his campaign mechanisms.
Through the use of first agenda setting, media platforms managed to inform the public of the importance of Donald Trump in the American society. Ignoring the politics of the Democrats the cable networks signaled the opposing race as unimportant and not worthy for the democratic debate. The networks failed to offer Hilary Clinton and Senator Sanders the same level of salient given to Donald Trump.
From a second-level agenda setting perspective, the media networks displayed how Trump, an established candidate obtained an upper hand in presidential elections in the United States. The news channeled across the CNN, MSNBC, and Fox News brings to light the role of media to show the public how elections in the United States have become a major issue to notice. Through framing, news networks managed to convince the public that Trump had more qualifications to run become the President of the United States.Free research paper samples and term paper examples available online are plagiarized. They cannot be used as your own paper, even a part of it. You can order a high-quality custom research paper on your topic from expert writers:
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Broadcasting, C. f. (2017, June 12). Goals and Objectives as adopted by the Board of Directors on June 12, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2019, from Corporation for Public Broadcasting: https://www.cpb.org/aboutcpb/goals/goalsandobjectives
Caulk, A. J. (2016). Trumpism: How agenda setting in the media drove a movement. Retrieved April 26, 2019, from Iowa State University: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6282&context=etd
Centre, I. D. (2016, Oct 20). The Influence of Research on Public Policy (2009). Retrieved April 24, 2019, from International Development Research Centre: https://www.idrc.ca/en/research-in-action/influence-research-public-policy-2009
Christian. (2013, June 17). The Media’s Role in the Policy Making Process. Retrieved April 24, 2019, from Association of Accredited Public Policy Advocates to the European Union: http://www.aalep.eu/media%E2%80%99s-role-policymaking-process
Daily, N. (2019). News media. Retrieved April 24, 2019, from News Daily: https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/news_media.htm
Martin, J. F. (2016). The Intersection of Agenda-Setting, the Media Environment, and Election Campaign Laws. Journal of Information Policy , 129-153.
Organization, C. T. (2011). Agenda setting theory. Retrieved April 25, 2019, from Communication Theory Organization: https://www.communicationtheory.org/agenda-setting-theory/
University, A. (2018, Feb 19). The Agenda-Setting Theory in Mass Communication. Retrieved April 24, 2018, from Alvernia University: https://online.alvernia.edu/articles/agenda-setting-theory/
Zain, N. R. (2014, Jan). Research Gate. Retrieved April 24, 2019, from Agenda Setting Theory: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321698436_Agenda_Setting_Theory
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A UUM-44 Subroc after leaving the water.
|Type||Standoff anti-submarine weapon|
|Place of origin||United States|
|Used by||United States Navy|
|Weight||4,000 lb (1,800 kg)|
|Length||22 ft (6.7 m)|
|Diameter||21 in (53 cm)|
|Warhead||W55 1-5 kt nuclear depth bomb|
|Engine||Solid rocket booster|
|55 km (34 mi)|
|Inertial guidance ballistic trajectory|
Development began in 1958, with the technical evaluation being completed in 1963. SUBROC reached Initial Operation Capability (IOC) aboard the attack submarine Permit in 1964. When SUBROC reached IOC The US Navy's admiral in charge of weapons procurement stated that SUBROC was " .. a more difficult technical problem than Polaris."
SUBROC could be launched from a 21-inch submarine torpedo tube. After launch, the solid fuel rocket motor fired and SUBROC rose to the surface. The launch angle then changed and SUBROC flew to its destination following a predetermined ballistic trajectory. At a predetermined time in the trajectory, the reentry vehicle (containing the warhead) separated from the solid fuel motor. The 1 to 5 kiloton W55 nuclear depth bomb, dropped into the water and sank rapidly to detonate near its target. A direct hit was not necessary.
The W55 was 35 centimetres (14 in) in diameter, 1 metre (39 in) long, and weighed 213 kilograms (470 lb). Yield was very low for a two-stage thermonuclear device and may only refer to the yield of the primary stage. Some sources suggest the W55 evolved from the experimental bomb tested in the Hardtack I Olive nuclear test on July 22, 1958, which had a full two-stage yield estimated at 202 kilotons. Researcher Chuck Hansen claims based on his US nuclear program research that the W55 and W58 warheads shared a common primary or fission first stage, and that this design was nicknamed the Kinglet primary by Hansen in 2001.
SUBROC's tactical use was as an urgent-attack long-range weapon for time-urgent submarine targets that could not be attacked with any other weapon without betraying the position of the launching submarine by calling for an air-strike, or where the target was too distant to be attacked quickly with a torpedo launched from the submarine. The tactical rationale for SUBROC was similar to that for ASROC or Ikara. An added advantage was that SUBROC's approach to the target was not detectable by the target in time to take evasive action, although the warhead yield would appear to make evasive maneuvers unrealistic. However, SUBROC was less flexible in its use than Ikara or ASROC: since its only payload was a nuclear warhead, it could not be used to provide stand-off fire in a conventional (i.e., non-nuclear) engagement.
SUBROC production ended in 1968. SUBROC was never used in combat, and all 285 W55 warheads were decommissioned in 1990 following the end of the Cold War. Because the nuclear warhead was an integral part of the weapon, SUBROC could not be exported to other navies, and there is no evidence that any were supplied to other NATO allies under the well-established arrangements for supplying other dual-key nuclear weapons. Towards the end of the 1970s, a planned successor, the UUM-125 Sea Lance, was frequently delayed due to funding problems and eventually canceled.
- Nuclear Notebook, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, June 1988
- Polmar, Norman (1983). "Tactical Nuclear Weapons". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute. 109 (7): 125.
- SUBROC was originally supposed to reach IOC with the attack submarine USS Thresher (SSN-593), but that submarine sank before any missiles were loaded and tested on it.
- Bill Gunston Rocket & Missiles, Salamander Books Ltd 1979, ISSB 0-517-26870-1
- Beware the old story by Chuck Hansen, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March/April 2001 pp. 52-55.
- Jackson, Robert. Submarines of the World, Pg. 312
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- Science and Mathematics Education (1)
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- Special Education and Teaching (1)
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Articles 1 - 2 of 2
Full-Text Articles in Education
Evaluating A Translingual Administration Of The Early Grades Math Assessment (Egma) In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo, Fernanda Gandara
Translanguaging is a view around languages that normalizes diglossia without separation: the linguistic resources of the bilinguals are considered one integrated system. Translanguaging is also a language practice of bilinguals, who select features from their entire linguistic repertoire to make sense of the world around them. Translanguaging is widely used by students and teachers in the bilingual classroom, as it allows students to build upon their entire set of resources, enhance learning outcomes, perform identities, and develop their languages even further. However, translanguaging is rarely used in assessments of bilinguals. Assessments of bilinguals, especially large-scale tests, are typically monolingual in ...
Maximizing Test Efficiency: The Effects Of Test Format On Nonsense Word Reading, Amanda Kern
A repeated measures study was conducted to determine the effects of test format on accuracy and fluency performance on a computer-based, nonsense word, decoding task. Decoding is a phonics skill that is highly predictive of overall reading performance (Fletcher, Lyon, Fuchs, & Barnes, 2007). Therefore, identifying students who are struggling with decoding and providing instruction to remedy skill deficits is of high importance to teachers. A possible way for teachers to determine the instructional needs of their students is through testing (Hosp & Ardoin, 2008). However, time dedicated to test completion in classrooms limits the time available for instruction. Therefore, it is ...
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Hispanic Members held far more committee assignments in this era than they did during the 19th century. Seven sat on Insular Affairs, four on Public Lands, four on Indian Affairs, and three on Territories. In part this trend reflected more-liberal House Rules concerning standing committees. Pedro Perea of New Mexico, who served a single term in the 56th Congress (1899–1901), became the first Hispanic Delegate from that territory to hold an assignment on a committee other than the obscure Coinage, Weights, and Measures panel. Perea held four committee assignments, including seats on the important Post Office and Post Roads Committee and the Territories Committee.
Resident Commissioners experienced a trajectory in their committee assignments that was similar to that of New Mexico’s Delegates. From 1900 to 1904, the Resident Commissioner received no committee assignments. After 1904 Federico Degetau received a seat on one panel on the Insular Affairs Committee, which had legislative jurisdiction over Puerto Rico’s administration. In 1933 Santiago Iglesias became the first Resident Commissioner to sit on additional committees. He and Bolívar Pagán both served on four panels: Agriculture, Insular Affairs, Territories, and Labor. Pagán, who represented Puerto Rico during World War II when the United States constructed a major naval facility on the island, added two more prominent committee assignments—Naval Affairs and Military Affairs—to his considerable workload.106
These more numerous assignments reflected the broad legislative agendas of their constituencies, and meant they held more desirable and more powerful committee positions than their predecessors. In the aggregate, Pedro Perea’s assignments were impressive; Post Office and Post Roads was a top-tier committee assignment in the 56th Congress, and his assignment on Military Affairs was a good one. Also, in the decade after the Spanish-American War, the Insular Affairs Committee ranked among the top third in terms of desirability among House Members. When Iglesias served on the Agriculture Committee in the 1930s, amid the Great Depression, the Dust Bowl, and the flood of New Deal legislation, that panel was the third most desirable in the House.107 Without a doubt, the Hispanic Member who secured the most plum assignments was Representative Joachim Fernández, Huey Long’s New Orleans-based lieutenant. As a freshman, Fernández received a top-tier assignment, the Naval Affairs Committee. After serving three terms on Naval Affairs, he left for the exclusive Appropriations Committee, which was the second-most-powerful committee in the House and the panel charged with allocating federal money.108
However, the ascendancy of Hispanic Members to committee leadership positions remained slow. Before 1970, Resident Commissioners, like Delegates, could not attain seniority on committees; as a result, no matter how many years they served on a committee, they were still outranked by voting Members. Although House Rules stipulated that the Delegates and the Resident Commissioner would receive the same powers and privileges as other Members, the tradition of seniority applied only when the Delegates and the Resident Commissioner determined rank among themselves.109 In this era, only two Hispanic Members, Dennis Chavez of New Mexico and Ladislas Lazaro of Louisiana, chaired House committees. During the 73rd Congress (1933–1935), his second and final term in the House, Chavez led the Irrigation and Reclamation Committee, a panel of immense importance to Western Members whose states depended on their ability to access water. Lazaro held the gavel on the minor Enrolled Bills Committee, which standardized the legislative language of approved bills and prepared them for the President’s signature, and became the Ranking Member on the influential Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee before his untimely death in 1927. Chavez eventually chaired two Senate panels, including the influential Public Works Committee. Antonio M. Fernández of New Mexico, elected to the House late in this era, chaired the Memorials Committee for a single term before it was disbanded in 1947.
The Great Depression and the New Deal
The economic collapse marking the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929 hit Puerto Rico especially hard because it highlighted the island’s dependence on U.S. economic policy and on a single cash crop: sugar. “The coming of the Great Depression simply made manifest the severity of conditions that debilitated the island economy,” writes economic historian James Dietz. “It did not create or invent them.”110 Declines in manufacturing and agricultural output were not as severe as those on the mainland because production had faltered throughout the 1920s.111 Two hurricanes in 1928 and 1932 had decimated entire economic sectors. The tobacco industry, which was the second-largest industry on the island, had grown steadily through the early part of the century under American trade barriers; however, the 1928 San Felipe hurricane nearly leveled production.112 The 1932 San Cipriano hurricane also caused upwards of $30 million in damage, some of which Resident Commissioner José Pesquera sought to repair with federal aid. Dietz likens the storms’ effect to those of the Dust Bowl drought that devastated the Midwestern United States in the early 1930s.113
Moreover, purchasing power on the island declined severely during the 1930s. In the 1920s, Puerto Rico received as much as 94.1 percent of its goods from the United States, more than 39.5 percent of which was food.114 Dependent on imports from the mainland for basic necessities, including rice, beans, lard, and milk, the average Puerto Rican spent 94 percent of his or her income on food in 1930.115 The situation worsened between 1930 and 1933; with wages already at their lowest level since the United States occupied the island in 1898, Puerto Ricans saw a 30 percent decline in per capita income. A similar, if not more severe, rise in the cost of living mirrored this drop; prices for necessities rose by a third from 1932 to 1933.116
Extending New Deal benefits to Puerto Rico tested the Resident Commissioners’ ability to balance desires for local control with the distribution of federal aid on the island. Early in the economic crisis, Félix Córdova Dávila and José Pesquera attempted to stem losses by appealing to President Herbert Hoover to extend to Puerto Rico the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, a program that funneled federal tax revenue to local banks.117 When Franklin D. Roosevelt ascended to the presidency in 1933, he urged a series of emergency economic policies and social welfare programs known collectively as the New Deal, and sought to include Puerto Rico in much of this legislation.“One thing that seemed to be very clear was that your problems here on the island are very much the same kind of problems that we have in many other parts of the United States,” Roosevelt noted on a 1934 visit to San Juan. “They are social problems and economic problems, and the same methods that we use to solve them in other parts of the country will be applied here in Puerto Rico.”118 In the early 1930s, Santiago Iglesias spent nearly his entire congressional career balancing the needs of Puerto Ricans vis-à-vis New Deal legislation. Iglesias successfully sought Puerto Rico’s inclusion in the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), a program to regulate banking. Though unsuccessful at including Puerto Rico in the initial Social Security Act of 1935, Iglesias managed to extend some of the legislation’s benefits to children and rural communities in a 1937 amendment.119
Not all New Deal programs aided displaced Puerto Ricans. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), passed in May 1933, inflated the cost of living as federal policy subsidized mainland farmers, who then produced less, driving up the costs of goods and services for Puerto Rican consumers. Additionally, under the AAA, the island’s farmers were exempt from the provisions of the law and the insular government lost its right to save a percentage of the tax revenue con exports.120 Iglesias attempted to remedy the legislation’s damaging effects by retaining the taxes on agricultural products as originally set forth in the Jones Act.121
Most notably, the economic collapse highlighted the island’s dependence on the cultivation of sugarcane and the production of its only export crop: sugar. Nearly 95 percent of all Puerto Rican exports went to the continental United States. Accounting for nearly 15 percent of the entire U.S. market, Puerto Rican sugar was hugely profitable during World War I with little competition from warring European nations, but the industry collapsed after Europe returned to its pre-war production in the 1920s.122 The economic pressures accompanying the onset of the Depression, combined with the decline of the sugarcane industry, were felt island-wide. Already hovering at 36 percent in December 1929, unemployment rates soared to 65 percent by 1933.123 As a result, the years 1933 and 1934 saw widespread labor unrest, and thousands of workers from every economic sector went on strike.124
The Sugar Act, or Jones–Costigan Act, of 1934 (48 Stat. 670–679) proved to be particularly damaging, and amending it became a focus for Resident Commissioners Santiago Iglesias and Bolívar Pagán. As part of the Department of Agriculture’s efforts to further regulate American sugar in light of plummeting prices, the legislation established quotas for each sugar-producing region based on output from 1925 to 1933. As demanded by the State Department, Cuba, which had been subjct to American trade barriers, received the largest quota for sugar cane after the market declined. Beet producers in the mainland United States lobbied Congress to gain a significant share of the quota. As an incorporated territory, Hawaii also received a substantial quota, leaving Puerto Rico and the soon-to-be-independent Philippines with the greatest reductions in production allotments.125 The legislation passed after Puerto Rico was assigned an insufficient 800,000-ton quota, with expected production exceeding more than a million tons.126
A year after the Sugar Act’s passage, Iglesias submitted a resolution from the insular legislature attesting to the act’s devastating effect on the island’s sugar industry. “The Puerto Rican sugar industry is not only suffering from an abnormal situation but also is being punished by not as yet having received a satisfactory agreement whereby the sugar employers and the workers in general are compensated by the terrible cuts in production in the island,” read the resolution.127 In 1937, when the Sugar Act was up for reauthorization, Iglesias pleaded, “It seems to me this great Nation should not consider treating citizens of one part of the United States differently from citizens of other parts of the United States.”128 But instead of providing Puerto Rico with a sugar quota for export to the continental United States, the law limited the island to providing only for its own consumption.129
“The Great Social Laboratory”
Roosevelt and his academic advisors, known as the Brains Trust, also orchestrated a series of micromanaged relief projects on the island, which proved to be a turning point in Puerto Rico’s colonial relationship with the United States. The island’s dire economic situation demonstrated severe weaknesses in the colonial system. Members of the Roosevelt administration, notably Ernest Gruening and Rexford Guy Tugwell, determined that historically there had not been enough federal intervention in Puerto Rico. Referred to as “the great social laboratory,” the island became an experiment in localized government reform as well as a jumping-off point for American diplomacy in Latin America.130 While this policy fostered a previously absent professional class, it also had the unintended effect of radicalizing the Nationalist movement.
A major change in the U.S. government’s oversight over Puerto Rico involved transferring the island’s jurisdiction from the War Department to the Interior Department, establishing the Division of Territories and Island Possessions (DTIP) on May 29, 1934. The move placed the management of all U.S. territories in a single office and, more significant, moved Puerto Rico out of the military’s jurisdiction.131 Embracing the change, two local leaders, Puerto Rican agronomist Carlos Chardón and Liberal Party leader Luis Muñoz Marín—the son of former Resident Commissioner Luis Muñoz Rivera—proposed an economic aid plan that focused on breaking up the sugar conglomerates. Published as the Report of the Puerto Rico Policy Commission, the provision was popularly known as Plan Chardón.132 The Roosevelt administration initially embraced the plan and, in an effort to implement it, Roosevelt also created the Puerto Rican Reconstruction Administration (PRRA) in 1936.133 Gruening was named the agency’s administrator, and led a bureaucracy of 53,000 employees at its peak, making him “the political and economic czar over Puerto Rican affairs,” in the words of one historian.134 The PRRA eventually “grew into a vast apparatus, staffed by a new generation of reform-minded professionals,” according to other historians.135
Resident Commissioner Santiago Iglesias offered qualified opposition to the creation of the PRRA and the implementation of Plan Chardón. While noting that the plan was “expected to inaugurate a new era of social justice,” he disapproved of its failure to address the needs of the cane workers. “A large percentage of our population is composed of peasants whose only source of livelihood is derived from their work in the cane fields,” he observed. “The standard of living and education among the poorer classes, although constantly improving, is not as high as we should like to see it, and there is a dire need for improvement.”136 Additionally, as a Coalitionist, he rejected the PRRA’s tendency to favor the Liberal Party in filling its patronage positions, accusing Muñoz Marín and Chardón of creating a “supergovernment” beyond the scope of the local legislature.137 Indeed, led by Coalitionists in the insular legislature, the PRRA soon succumbed to the battle for local control. Puerto Rican administrators, including Chardón, resigned following administrative differences with Gruening, depriving the agency of a local face. Gruening resigned from the PRRA under a cloud in 1939.138
Gruening’s oversight over the PRRA, described by one observer as “one of the most repressive periods in U.S. rule,” centered on larger foreign political implications rather than on altruistic concerns to alleviate Puerto Rican suffering.139 Economic intervention on the island was linked to Latin America generally and served as a way to test the “Good Neighbor” Policy. In his first inaugural address, President Roosevelt promised to intervene to help alleviate the effects of economic depression on the United States’ Latin American neighbors. Interpreted as an “early version of foreign aid,” U.S. policy in Puerto Rico was a means to establish a better relationship with Latin America.140
Government intervention in the form of the PRRA also drastically shifted the makeup of the Puerto Rican economy. Agriculture’s share of the island’s economy dropped from nearly 50 percent in 1929 to 30 percent a decade later. However, an increase in the number of government workers mirrored this decline. The number employed by the federal or insular government in 1939 was more than double the number in 1929 (making up 32 percent versus 14 percent of the national income).141 The result was a new, politically minded, white-collar class of Puerto Rican men and women who helped transform the island’s politics later in the 20th century.142
Puerto Rican Independence
The economic upheaval of the Great Depression initiated a wave of anti-Americanism in Puerto Rico that crested in the mid-1930s. Formed in 1922 when the dominant Partido de Unión (Union Party) dropped independence from its platform, the Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party), who called for complete Puerto Rican independence, were never a significant force in their own right, but an electoral alliance with the Partido Liberal (Liberal Party) in the 1932 election as well as an increase in deadly protests catapulted them into the public eye. On February 23, 1936, members of the Nationalist Youth Movement, Hiram Rosado and Elías Beauchamp, assassinated insular police commissioner Francis Riggs. The two young men were arrested at the scene and taken to a police station. Claiming the youths had attempted to steal their weapons, the arresting officers shot both assassins dead while they were in custody. Puerto Ricans of all political stripes condemned the outburst of violence and agreed with Resident Commissioner Santiago Iglesias, who on the House Floor called the act a “tragic and brutal assassination” and a “dastardly crime” and demanded an independent investigation.143 Among others, Nationalist leader Albizu Campos was indicted for murder. After the initial trial ended in a hung jury, a new panel found all the defendants guilty. Campos received a sentence of 10 years but was paroled after six.
The increase in violence attracted attention in the U.S. Congress, but congressional reaction reflected a callousness toward issues regarding Puerto Rican status. On April 23, 1936, Senator Millard Tydings of Maryland, chairman of the Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs and a personal friend of the deceased Riggs, introduced S. 4529. The bill granted Puerto Rico independence if the island’s voters approved it in a plebiscite but provided little political or financial aid for such a transition. Moreover, the bill levied a draconian 25 percent tariff on goods exported from Puerto Rico to the United States, a move that would choke an already ailing economy. “Senator Tydings’ presentation of the bill was the act of an angry man,” notes a scholar. “There was no statesmanship about it.”144 Puerto Ricans denounced the bill as an attempt to discredit independence and some city halls, plazas, and schools lowered the American flag at the news of its introduction.145 Resident Commissioner Santiago Iglesias swiftly condemned the Tydings Bill. “I certainly am sorry that I have lived to see the day the great American Government would ask our people to commit suicide,” he chided. “That is what independence, as it has been offered, means.”146
The bill did not gain much traction and eventually died; however, it generated much congressional ire. Tydings introduced a version of his bill five times over the next decade.147 The legislation also incited Nationalist violence. While campaigning in October 1936, Santiago Iglesias suffered a gunshot wound during an assassination attempt. Five suspects were apprehended, and Iglesias continued his campaign event with a bandaged arm. On March 21, 1937, Nationalists planning to demonstrate in Ponce as part of Palm Sunday festivities had their parade license revoked. After they demonstrated anyway, armed police officers fired into the crowd, killing 21 people and wounding more than 100. Two police officers were among the dead.148 The violence, which peaked with the disaster in Ponce, and Senator Tydings’s extreme reaction to it were symptomatic of Puerto Rico’s nebulous relationship with the United States. It was Tydings’s attempt to address the island’s legal status directly on the Senate Floor that transformed a local matter to an issue of national prominence.
Puerto Rico’s Continental Governors
The attempts by Resident Commissioners to balance home rule with federal intervention created numerous political battles with Puerto Rico’s continental governors. The Foraker and Jones Acts empowered the U.S. President to appoint a territorial governor for Puerto Rico, with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate.149 There were 19 appointees from 1900 to 1946, with mixed results.150Many Puerto Ricans considered continental governors illegitimate and treated them accordingly. Appointees were beholden only to their presidential patrons and therefore were not directly accountable to those they governed. “As long as the governor kept in the good graces of a president, there was little likelihood that even the opposition of some members of Congress would put his job in jeopardy,” observes a scholar.151 Most had little familiarity with the island before they were appointed. Puerto Ricans often reflexively dismissed the governor’s authority. Governor Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (1929–1932) quipped that unless an appointee had been born in Puerto Rico, he could be the “Archangel Gabriel” and still fail to win the “backing of the community.”152 The son of the “Rough Rider” and the U.S. President was one of the more popular appointees. Upon accepting his post, he read as much as he could about Puerto Rico and attempted to learn Spanish; throughout his tenure, he earned Puerto Ricans’ respect by speaking, however brokenly, in their native tongue.153 However, most governors were frequently at odds with the local political elites. Two in particular clashed with Resident Commissioners, who called for their removal, revealing another fault line between local and federal forces.
E. Mont Reily
Emmet Montgomery Reily, or E. Mont Reily, as he preferred to be called, was a Kansas City newspaper editor and a Republican political operative who was appointed territorial governor of Puerto Rico by President Warren G. Harding in May 1921. While Harding sought to reward Reily for supporting him early in his campaign, he wanted to keep the abrasive Missourian far from Washington, D.C. Even before Reily arrived on the island in midsummer of 1921, his “tactlessness and ineptitude” had alienated many Puerto Ricans.154 The governor’s post required the deft hand and managerial agility of a seasoned statesman, but Reily behaved as though he was a city ward boss, inserting into prominent civil offices Kansas City cronies who had no knowledge of Spanish or basic administrative experience. Most vexing to Puerto Ricans, Reily advocated “100% Americanism,” meaning he expected island residents to speak English, salute only the U.S. flag, and adopt the mainland’s culture, excluding their Spanish heritage.
Resident Commissioner Félix Córdova Dávila led the campaign to oust Reily from office, appealing to Congress to investigate the governor for malfeasance and gross incompetence. On March 2, 1922, Córdova Dávila delivered a lengthy speech asking colleagues “to protest against and ask relief from the acts of an unprincipled, un-American, and altogether unfitted administrator.”155 He listed Reily’s numerous violations of the letter and the spirit of the Jones Act, chief among them disregarding the legislative powers of the insular senate and removing judiciary and executive officials arbitrarily and without cause. To underscore the power and importance of regional perceptions of U.S. rule in Puerto Rico, Córdova Dávila reminded Members that Puerto Rican relations with “the Latin-American people are very close, and the success of the United States in the policy of friendship and brotherhood with our neighbors of the Latin race will depend to a great extent on the success in Porto Rico.” In this respect the Resident Commissioner deemed Reily “more an enemy of the people of the United States than of the island.”156 Less than a week later, Córdova Dávila presented to the House a resolution adopted by the Puerto Rican senate by a 15 to 3 majority, declaring Reily to be “a vulgar agitator and an irresponsible despot.” The resolution requested that Congress formally investigate the governor and asked President Harding to remove him from office.157
Benjamin G. Humphreys of Mississippi, a Democrat and a former chairman of the Committee on Territories, took to the House Floor in April 1922 to argue for a House investigation into Reily’s tenure as governor. The chairman of the Rules Committee, Philip Campbell of Kansas, interjected that the President should decide the matter or that Reily should request an inquiry to clear his name; while the House had the power to impeach Reily, Campbell noted that doing so would be “wholly impracticable” because it would take too long.158
The House never launched an inquiry, but Reily resigned in February 1923, citing health issues. Evidence suggests that President Harding’s patience had been exhausted and that Reily was prodded to leave. The President named Reily’s successor in short order, tapping House Insular Affairs Committee chairman Horace Towner of Iowa in early March. Towner immediately set about conciliating the dominant Union Party. During a brief tribute to Towner on the House Floor, Córdova Dávila read a cable from the president of the Puerto Rican senate expressing the island’s “great enthusiasm” for Towner’s appointment.159
World War II and Rexford Tugwell
For the United States, World War II reinforced the importance of Puerto Rico’s location. “Puerto Rico is in a strategic position from the defense standpoint of the Nation and will play an important role in America’s defense program,” Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes informed speaker of the Puerto Rican house Miguel Angel García Méndez in June 1940. “A high degree of loyalty and willingness to make great personal sacrifices are demanded of each of us.… It seems to me incumbent upon every Puerto Rican, as it is upon every citizen of the United States, to set aside prejudices and selfish interests in order to meet the challenge that confronts us as a result of the European situation.”160 The construction of the Roosevelt Roads military base on the eastern tip of Puerto Rico in 1943 not only highlighted federal interest in the island’s strategic importance, but also led to an improved infrastructure such as new facilities including airports, harbors, docks, highways, and housing developments. Resident Commissioner Bolívar Pagán noted Puerto Rico’s role as the “Gibraltar of the Caribbean … the American watchdog at the entrance of the Panama Canal.”161 Pagán addressed Puerto Rico’s combat role in a speech just before the vote declaring war on Japan on December 8, 1941: “On behalf of these 2,000,000 American citizens of Puerto Rico I can pledge the fortunes, the lives, and the honor of my people to fight and die for this great country,” he intoned.162
Puerto Rico’s economic recovery was short-lived due to German U-boat activity during the war which limited shipping traffic in the Caribbean.163 By 1942 Puerto Rico was virtually without basic goods, including beans, milk, eggs, meat, and cattle feed.164 The inability to export local products compounded food shortages. A record low of 7,263 tons of cargo reached the island in September 1942—representing 7 percent of the monthly average for 1940.165 Throughout the war, prices for imported food rose by more than 90 percent.166 The only meat for sale in Puerto Rican markets was pigs’ ears and tails and soaring prices on these products forced the Office of Price Administration, the agency charged with organizing wartime rationing, to intervene and fix prices.167 Though few people died of starvation, malnourishment, particularly among the poor, proved to be a lasting problem.168
Puerto Rican Governor Rexford Guy Tugwell soon came under attack for Puerto Rico’s wartime distress. Described as “too handsome to get any sympathy,” Tugwell was a “brainstruster” hired from Columbia University in 1932 by the newly elected President Roosevelt, and served in the Department of Agriculture for most of his federal career. Tugwell’s outspoken defense of the New Deal often made him the “whipping boy” for Roosevelt’s detractors and a lightning rod for the media. Tugwell’s advocacy of government land use planning eventually earned him the moniker “Rex the Red” from critics who equated his approach with that of Communist bureaucrats in the Soviet Union.169 Known for his lofty vocabulary, soft-spokenness, and direct action, Tugwell was eventually forced to leave the Roosevelt administration in 1936 because of his controversial reputation. In July 1941, Roosevelt named Tugwell chancellor of the Universidad de Puerto Rico (University of Puerto Rico). After Governor Guy Swope resigned the following August, the President tapped him to fill the vacancy.
Tugwell’s appointment drew howls of protest, especially from Resident Commissioner Bolívar Pagán, whose opposition stemmed primarily from local political rivalries. Tugwell favored Pagán’s political rival, Luis Muñoz Marín, and the Partido Popular Democrático (Popular Democratic Party). Yet the Resident Commissioner also had allies in Congress, who disapproved of the governor’s work during the New Deal, including the powerful House Rules Committee, whose members accused Tugwell of engaging in communist activities while administering the Farm Subsidy Administration (FSA).170 Detractors also noted that congressional committees led by Democrats and tasked with overseeing the governor’s performance, were generally ignorant of the island’s current events.171 Senator Arthur Vandenberg, a Michigan Republican, submitted a bill in January 1943 to remove Tugwell as part of a larger investigation of Roosevelt’s New Deal initiatives.172 Vandenberg described him “as a starry eyed crystal gazer whose reddish dreams have already cost us hundreds of millions of dollars,” adding that Puerto Rico had a “Tugwell crisis” as well as a food crisis.173 The Senate Committee on Territories approved the legislation on January 18, 1943.174 Representative Fred Crawford of Michigan introduced a House resolution threatening to annul seven laws passed under Tugwell’s administration, calling the governor “a dictator over the agriculture and the sugar industry.”175
Bolstered by congressional support, Pagán and his attacks on the governor soon made headlines during Puerto Rico’s food crisis. A proposed and desperately needed $15 million emergency food program, which Pagán supported with the stipulation that Tugwell resign, brought the situation to a head. Primarily out of disdain for Tugwell, conservative elements in Congress allied with Pagán. In a House Agriculture Committee hearing on the food aid bill, Representative Harry Coffee of Nebraska accused Tugwell of conducting “experiments in national socialism,” and the hearing soon dissolved into a forum to critique Tugwell’s leadership. The ongoing battle over food aid inspired two congressional committees, one of them headed by New Mexico Senator Dennis Chavez, to investigate the situation in Puerto Rico.176
The Chavez and Bell Committees
The desperate situation in Puerto Rico, allusions to communism, and the underlying partisanship exacerbated the problems in America’s colonial relationship with Puerto Rico, and on January 28, 1943, the Senate passed a resolution authorizing the Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs to create an investigatory subcommittee to explore the situation on the island. The vote limited the study to Puerto Rico’s economic and social considerations rather than a full investigation into its political machinations, and Senator Chavez was selected to chair the committee. Using a political strategy that political scientists later dubbed “surrogate representation,” the New Mexican Senator took responsibility for the welfare of Hispanic Americans beyond his state’s borders.177 “Suppose we do let them starve,” Chavez said to the Senate. “Congress is responsible for those people,” he noted. “I want to feed those people … and that’s all.”178
The Subcommittee on Senate Resolution 26, as it was formally known, flew to Puerto Rico in early February 1943. “We have no preconceived ideas nor bring any conclusions on the subject matter of our study, and only want to visit the Island with the idea of helping Puerto Rico,” Chavez said after landing.179 The Chavez committee toured Puerto Rico, concluding that the island had an “almost unsolvable” crisis wherein population growth outstripped its capacity for food production.180 The subcommittee recommended that the United States begin transporting the unemployed to the mainland to alleviate work shortages and bolster the wartime labor force throughout the country.181 More to the point, the Chavez committee, and eventually the Senate, supported $50 million in funding over two years for public works programs on the island.182
Five months later, the House of Representatives sent an equivalent subcommittee to Puerto Rico to conduct its own investigation. Led by Democrat Representative C. Jasper Bell of Missouri, the panel dissected the island’s political culture, especially Governor Tugwell’s leadership, often excluding from its consideration the wartime food shortage. According to Tugwell, the House subcommittee had “prejudged the entire situation” and was conducting hearings to expose graft and corruption rather than exploring the underlying economic problems. Moreover, Tugwell said, “the majority of the Committee was obviously interested in discrediting the Chavez Committee’s work.”183 The House investigation, with its broader jurisdiction, was indeed more critical than Chavez’s hearings, which early on placed responsibility with the War Shipping Administration, but eventually refused to directly assign blame.184 Ultimately, the subcommittee report concluded, “Political leaders in Puerto Rico have chartered a course which will eventually destroy individual liberties of the people and enslave them eventually by setting up a form of government wholly alien to our own.”185 Though the subcommittee recommended more study, its members clearly wanted Tugwell dismissed. “We have no experiences from circumstances and conditions on the mainland which can be used as the basis for solving Puerto Rico’s problems,” the committee report said.186 The subcommittee’s wish had nearly come true in early 1943, when the Senate’s Territories Committee voted 9 to 3 in favor of terminating Tugwell’s tenure.187
106It is unclear why Resident Commissioners received the additional assignments. See R. Eric Peterson, “Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico,” 16 January 2009, Report RL31856, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: 3; Tansill, “The Resident Commissioner to the United States from Puerto Rico”: 83; Rios, “The Office of Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico”: 44–45.
107Charles Stewart III, “Committee Hierarchies in the Modernizing House, 1875–1947,” American Journal of Political Science 36 (1992): 845–846.
108Stewart, “Committee Hierarchies in the Modernizing House, 1875–1947.”
109Tansill, “The Resident Commissioner to the United States from Puerto Rico”: 86–87.
110James L. Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalist Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986): 136.
111Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 137.
112Thomas G. Mathews, Puerto Rican Politics and the New Deal (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1960): 6–7; see also Teresita A. Levy, “The History of Tobacco Cultivation in Puerto Rico, 1899–1940,” PhD diss., The City University of New York, 2007.
113Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 137.
114Córdova, Resident Commissioner Santiago Iglesias and His Times: 285; Clark, Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917–1933: 109–110.
115Manuel R. Rodríguez, A New Deal for the Tropics: Puerto Rico during the Depression Era, 1932–1935 (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2010): 23.
116Statisics on the Puerto Rican economy following the stock market crash in 1929 can be found in Rodríguez, A New Deal for the Tropics: 1–2; Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 136–143; and Ayala and Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: 96.
117Congressional Record, House, 72nd Cong., 1st sess. (10 May 1932): 9966–9967.
118“Remarks in San Juan, Puerto Rico,” 7 July 1934, in John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project (Santa Barbara, CA), http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ ws/?pid=14722 (accessed 15 February 2011).
119See Marietta Morrissey, “The Making of a Colonial Welfare State: U.S. Social Insurance and Public Assistance in Puerto Rico,” Latin American Perspectives 33, no. 1 (January 2006): 23–41.
120The only commodity protected under the AAA and produced in Puerto Rico was tobacco, a shrinking industry. See Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 147; Rodríguez, A New Deal for the Tropics: 32–33.
121Congressional Record, House, 74th Cong., 1st sess. (28 February 1935): 2748.
122For more information on the sugar industry under the Foraker Act, see Ayala and Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: 33, 35, 38; Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 108–109; Mathews, Puerto Rican Politics and the New Deal: 4–5.
123Rodríguez, A New Deal for the Tropics: 23; Henry Wells, The Modernization of Puerto Rico: A Political Study of Changing Values and Institutions (Harvard University Press, 1969): 114.
124Ayala and Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: 96.
125Ibid., 100–101; Córdova, Resident Commissioner Santiago Iglesias and His Times: 305; “The Sugar Act of 1937,” Yale Law Journal 47, no. 6 (April 1938): 984–985.
126Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 171; see especially Table 3.8. Despite receiving a larger quota, Cuban sugar producers were hindered by continued trade barriers in the Jones–Costigan Act that affected Cuban sugar but not domestic sugar. See Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898–1934 (University of North Carolina Press, 1999): especially chapters 3 and 8.
127Congressional Record, House, 74th Cong., 1st sess. (21 February 1935): 2430.
128Congressional Record, House, 75th Cong., 1st sess. (5 August 1937): 8317; see also Santiago Iglesias “Puerto Rico Talks Back,” Congressional Record, Appendix, 75th Cong., 1st sess. (8 July 1937): A1708–1710.
129Sugar Act of 1937, P.L. 75-414, 50 Stat. 905. Pagán took up Iglesias’s mantle on sugar quotas after the former’s death. Yet his request went unheeded. See “Increase Sought in Sugar Quota for Puerto Rico,” 6 January 1940, Wall Street Journal: 9; Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 171–172; see especially Table 3.8.
130Pedro Cabán, “Puerto Rico, Colonialism In,” in Oboler and González, eds., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States, vol. 3: 518.
131For more on Gruening, see Robert David Johnson, “Anti-Imperialism and the Good Neighbour Policy: Ernest Gruening and Puerto Rico Affairs, 1934–1939,” Journal of Latin American Studies 29, no. 1 (February 1997): 89–110. See also Robert David Johnson, Ernest Gruening and the American Dissenting Tradition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), especially chapter 4.
132Several sources provide detailed outlines of the Chardón Plan. See, for example, Ayala and Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: 101–103; Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 149–150; Mathews, Puerto Rican Politics and the New Deal: 157–158; Rodríguez, A New Deal for the Tropics: 128–135; and Johnson, “Anti-Imperialism and the Good Neighbour Policy”: 98–99.
133Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 147; Mathews, Puerto Rican Politics and the New Deal: 130; Ayala and Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: 97.
134Johnson, “Anti-Imperialism and the Good Neighbour Policy”: 96.
135Ayala and Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: 102.
136Congressional Record, House, 74th Cong., 1st sess. (7 February 1935): 1676.
137Mathews, Puerto Rican Politics and the New Deal: 169; Ayala and Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: 104; Rodríguez, A New Deal for the Tropics: 136.
138The Chardón Plan collapsed due to lack of funding by 1941, and the agency limped along until its liquidation in 1955. Rodríguez, A New Deal for the Tropics: 136–137; Johnson, “Anti-Imperialism and the Good Neighbour Policy”: 99, 109–110.
139Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 148.
140Johnson, “Anti-Imperialism and the Good Neighbour Policy”: 98.
141Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 138; see especially Table 3.1.
142“Justo Pastor Rivera explica los planes de la PRERA,” 6 January 1935, El mundo: 89. The article is quoted in Rodríguez, A New Deal for the Tropics: 71.
143Congressional Record, House, 74th Cong., 2nd sess. (24 February 1936): 2716; “Puerto Rico Probe of Killings Begun,” 25 February 1936, Baltimore Sun: 2.
144Frank Otto Gatell, “Independence Rejected: Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936,” The Hispanic American Historical Review 38, no. 1 (February 1958): 36, 44. Representative Marion Zioncheck of Washington claimed that with U.S. Marine protection, he could clean up the “Puerto Rican mess” in a week. See Gatell, “Independence Rejected: Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936:” 36.
145Ayala and Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: 112.
146Congressional Record, House, 74th Cong., 2nd sess. (19 May 1936): 7522.
147Perusse, The United States and Puerto Rico: 29. See Gatell, “Independence Rejected: Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936”: 36.
148Ayala and Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: 116. According to Ronald I. Perusse, 19 people were killed. See Perusse, The United States and Puerto Rico: 24–25.
149Foraker Act, 31 Stat. 81.
150Sarramía Roncero, Los gobernadores de Puerto Rico. This figure includes Jesus Piñero, who was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and served from 1946 to 1949 as the first native governor. See also Todd, Desfile de gobernadores de Puerto Rico.
151Clark, Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917–1933: 163.
153Ibid., 135, 140–141.
154Ibid., 48–75; quotation on p. 74.
155Congressional Record, House, 67th Cong., 2nd sess. (2 March 1922): 3301–3310; quotation on p. 3301.
156Ibid., 3301, 3306.
157Congressional Record, House, 67th Cong., 2nd sess. (8 March 1922): 3583–3584.
158Congressional Record, House, 67th Cong., 2nd sess. (12 April 1922): 5406–5410.
159Congressional Record, House, 67th Cong., 4th sess. (1 March 1923): 5037–5038.
160Harold Ickes to Garcia Mendez, 4 June 1940, Doc 9-9-82-Politics-Elections-1940; Classified Files, 1907–1951; Office of Territories, Record Group 126; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD (hereinafter referred to as RG 126; NACP).
161Congressional Record, House, 77th Cong., 1st sess. (8 December 1941): 9528.
163“Sugar Storage Space in Cuba, Puerto Rico Adequate for Present,” 13 April 1942, Wall Street Journal: 10.
164“Moves in Congress to Oust Tugwell,” 18 November 1942, New York Times: 16.
165Office of Statistics, Office of the Governor and Division of Territories and Island Possessions, Department of the Interior, The Puerto Rican Economy during the War Year of 1942, June 1943: 2, Notes and Publications File, Box 19, William A. Brophy and Sophie Aberle Brophy Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
166Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 203.
167Howard M. Norton, “Pig Tails, Ears, Only Meats in Puerto Rico Last Month,” 18 December 1942, Baltimore Sun: 3.
168Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: 204.
169Michael V. Namorato, “Tugwell, Rexford Guy,” American National Biography, 21 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999): 923–925 (hereinafter referred to as ANB).
170“‘Red Activities’ of FSA Assailed by House Group,” 11 March 1942, Chicago Daily Tribune: 5.
171“Dr. Tugwell in Puerto Rico,” 20 November 1942, Chicago Daily Tribune: 14.
172John Fisher, “Vandenberg Bill Urges Ending of Tugwell Regime,” 8 January 1943, Chicago Daily Tribune: 9.
173Chesly Manly, “Senate Blocks Quiz of Tugwell Rule on Island,” 28 November 1942, Chicago Daily Tribune: 9.
174“Senate Group Votes Bill to Oust Tugwell,” 19 January 1943, Chicago Daily Tribune: 1; “Senators Back Bill to Remove Tugwell,” 19 January 1943, New York Times: 17; “Senate Committee Favors Ousting of Tugwell,” 19 January 1943, Washington Post: 5.
175“Tugwell: Give Puerto Rico More Self-Rule,” 12 February 1943, Christian Science Monitor: 3.
176Robert F. Whitney, “Puerto Rico Asks for Food,” 13 December 1942, New York Times: E10.
177Mansbridge, “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes.’” See also Representative Edward Roybal of California's eulogy of Chavez: Congressional Record, House, 88th Cong., 1st sess. (31 January 1963): 1536.
178“Puerto Rican Aid Sought,” 30 October 1942, Baltimore Sun: 9; Paul W. Ward, “Ickes Opposes Plan to Probe Puerto Rico,” 19 November 1942, Baltimore Sun: 1.
179As quoted in Enrique Lugo-Silva, The Tugwell Administration in Puerto Rico, 1941–1946 (Rios Piedras, PR: self-published): 96. The subcommittee never seems to have adopted an official name. The name “Subcommittee on Senate Resolution 26” comes from Senate Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs, Economic and Social Conditions in Puerto Rico, 78th Cong., 1st sess. (15 December 1943) S. Rep. 628.
180As quoted in “Senators Question Tugwell in San Juan,” 14 February 1943, New York Times: 28.
181Senate Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs, Economic and Social Conditions in Puerto Rico, 78th Cong., 1st sess., 1943, S. Rep. 628, 35.
182“Puerto Rican Aid Backed in Senate,” 3 April 1943, Christian Science Monitor: 3; “Passes Puerto Rico Bill,” 13 May 1943, New York Times: 4.
183Tugwell to Ickes, 18 June 1943, San Juan, PR, 9-8-59-Social & Economic Conditions-Investigations-Bell Committee General; RG 126; NACP.
184The subcommittee report did, however, express frustration with federal officials’ inability to coordinate their efforts or work together. “Chavez Report Thus Far Gives OK to Tugwell,” 8 January 1943, Christian Science Monitor: 9; “Chavez Group Decries Rifts on Puerto Rico,” 17 July 1943, Christian Science Monitor: 7.
185House Committee on Insular Affairs, Investigation of Political, Economic, and Social Conditions in Puerto Rico, 79th Cong., 1st sess., 1945, H. Rep. 497: 36.
186House Committee on Insular Affairs, Investigation of Political, Economic, and Social Conditions in Puerto Rico: 42. See also Pete McKnight, “Puerto Rico Split in Bell Hearing,” 21 June 1943, Baltimore Sun: 1.
187“Senate Committee Favors Ousting of Tugwell,” 19 January 1943, Washington Post: 5.
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On 16 October, participants from over 150 countries around the world will take part in various challenges, projects and fundraisers to mark the 40th anniversary of World Food Day.
Founded by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the event was designed to raise awareness about the extremely high rate of malnutrition and starvation globally. Sadly, 40 years on, the starvation crisis prevails. However it is not the nutrition problem that is the only issue we face. Obesity now affects over double the number of people who are classified as starving.
Whilst it is all well and good providing food to areas of scarcity, a bigger problem the food industry faces today is ensuring that food is healthy, nutritious and sustainable. Due to the climate crisis it is no longer sustainable to import and export vast amounts of food and therefore changes must be made to maximise the usage of local produce.
Furthermore, in the ever-growing consumer societies of the western world, the ease of access to fast food alternatives is contributing to global obesity. The main problem is the low cost and convenience of fast food both in supermarkets and directly from the chains themselves. In 2017 Britain consumed over 100 million fast food or takeaway meals a week and obesity now contributes to more cases of four major cancers than smoking in the UK. To help combat this obsession with fast food, the United Nations FAO proposes legal changes be made at Governmental levels.
At the other end of the scale, World Food Day aims to raise awareness about the effects of the global migration crisis on food distribution and security and explain how this is leading to malnutrition and starvation. With the global population and wealth being so unevenly distributed, the amount of food waste caused by the excessive importing of goods in affluent countries has reached an astronomical 1.3 billion tonnes a year, that’s one third of all food produced and is contributing significantly to global warming.
World Food Day hopes not only to raise awareness on these issues but also to educate people on how to make positive changes. Proposed solutions include implementing educational programmes on a national level and making food education compulsory in all primary schools to instil healthy habits in children from a young age to prevent the nutrition crisis continuing to future generations. Additionally there are proposals to pressure governments into enforcing laws on advertising and raising taxes on junk food, especially those products targeted at children and young adults.
In a world where 821 million people go to bed hungry every night and over 2 billion are classified as overweight or obese, there is clearly a serious crisis of nutrition which World Food Day hopes to shed light on. This day, and the events that take place as part of the campaign, work tirelessly to help people tackle one of the most severe humanitarian problems of our age.
Image Credit: Flickr
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Discovering multiplication after counting, addition, and subtraction is perfect. Young children understand arithmetic using a organic progression. This progress of discovering arithmetic is truly the subsequent: counting, addition, subtraction, multiplication, lastly section. This document brings about the concern why discover arithmetic in this sequence? More importantly, why find out multiplication right after counting, addition, and subtraction before section?
4 Best Printable Time Tables Multiplication Chart 20 Uploaded by admin on Friday, November 13th, 2020 in category Chart.
Here we have another worksheet Times Table Chart 1 20 Image | 101 Worksheets | Math Tables featured under 4 Best Printable Time Tables Multiplication Chart 20. We hope you enjoyed it and if you want to download the worksheets in high quality, simply right click the worksheets file and choose "Save As". Thanks for reading 4 Best Printable Time Tables Multiplication Chart 20.
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William the Conqueror was a viking who conquered England in 1066.
Battle of Hastings, Battle of Hastings in 1066. That’s correct. King Louis XIII of France as Duke of Normandy True, as well. A king of the Vikings? A second one that holds true. William the Conqueror was a descendant of Rollo, the chieftain of the Vikings.
He holds a prominent place in medieval history as one of its most notable personalities. He consolidated Normandy’s position as one of Europe’s most powerful states by invading England, rewriting the country’s history, and instituting significant ecclesiastical and administrative reforms on both sides of the English Channel.
Find out all you need to know about this courageous yet brutal warrior by reading on.
When and where did William the Conqueror rise to power?
Despite the fact that his Scandinavian ancestry is uncertain, William the Conqueror descended from the Viking leader Rollo, whose name suggests that he was either Norwegian or Danish. Vikings who stormed Paris between 886 and 905 A.D. include him in the list of invaders who established Normandy, a territory in northern France.
His grandson Richard I, great-grandson Richard II, and great-great-grandson Robert I all succeeded Rollo as rulers of Normandy. Robert and Herleva had a son, William, in 1028. (also known as Arlette).
Falaise, a town in Normandy, had a young lady named Anne of Cleves who may have been born into a more noble family. She eventually married the viscount of Conteville, and her brothers would have had considerable influence in Normandy during her son’s infancy because of their connections.
It’s possible that William the Bastard’s contemporaries had a good cause for advocating a low birth standard. As a result, he’s sometimes referred to as clever and clever, but also naive and illiterate. According to reports, he stood at a somewhat above-average height and had a strong, sturdy build. In his youth, he is claimed to have been extremely robust and vivacious, but later in life, he became morbidly obese. I found him to have a deep bass voice and an excellent command of the English language.
NOBEL: The Duke of Normandy:
After returning from a journey to Jerusalem, Robert died in 1035. William, his only son, was named duke of Normandy at the age of seven by his father before he left.
As a result of William’s lack of authority, the ducal system fell apart, allowing lower-ranking nobility to build their own castles, usurp crucial positions, and wage their own battles. Several attacks were made on William and those who supported him.. As a child, three of William’s guardians and his tutor were killed in horrific ways.
William of Normandy became the Duke of Normandy in 1042, when he was only 15 years old and knighted. He quickly began the process of regaining control of Normandy’s vassals and regaining the influence he had lost. King Henry III of France helped William along the way, but it was during this time that William learnt a lot and established himself as an impressive warrior and ruler. Using basic and direct plans that mercilessly exploit any chance, he built a reputation for himself. As soon as he saw he was at a disadvantage, he also retreated.
After 1047, Normandy was safe enough for William to help his king in battles elsewhere, such as the king’s attempts to strengthen France’s southern border and campaigns to the west against Geoffrey Martel, Count of Anjou. William would fight rebellions and territorial violations for the rest of his life.
A new uprising in William’s homeland prompted an alliance between King Henry III and Geoffrey Martel in 1054. It ended in 1060 when Henry and Geoffrey died and were replaced by weak commanders after William destroyed the alliance at Mortimer in 1054. A new conquest in 1063 made William the most powerful ruler in northern France because of this.
Religious reform was also a major focus of William’s reign. His half-brother Odo became bishop of Bayeux, and he and the other bishops sought to enact rules against simony (the sale of church posts) and clerical marriages. The backing of eminent liberal arts master Lanfranc of Pavia helped him to carry out a number of important monastic reforms, which he entrusted to Lanfranc’s care. Check out this collection of Viking rings if you want to feel the power of a Nordic king.
Edward the Inquisitor, a distant relative of William the Conqueror, ruled England during this time. Edward committed to name William as his successor as a consequence of a series of discussions between 1052 and 1054.
In 1064 or 1965, according to Norman sources, Edward sent his brother-in-law Harold to Normandy to confirm this. In the middle of his journey, he was kidnapped, and William paid his ransom. He appears to have reaffirmed Edward’s vow and committed his personal support for William in this matter.
It was Harold who became king of England after the death of Edward the Confessor in 1066. Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, also claimed that Edward had pledged to appoint him his heir, according to Edward’s denials. William and Harald Hardrada set sail for England in 1066 to reclaim their rightful inheritance.
William benefited from Edward’s deception of the Norwegian Viking. In August 1066, the Norman duke planned to invade England’s southern shore, but inclement weather thwarted his plans. To deal with Harald Hardrada, Harold of England had to disband his own peasant army as well as march northwards. On September 25, near York, he finally drove the Norwegians from the area, but not before he had suffered a number of setbacks.
At Pevensey and Hastings on September 27th, William landed with 4,000 to 7,000 cavalrymen and soldiers. It was too late for them to continue to Hastings, so they established up a defensive camp in the forest on October 13 while waiting for Harold’s reduced force.
William launched an attack the following morning before Harold had time to prepare. While the English initially repelled the Normans, the Normans’ infantry pursued the cavalry, then turned on the English and shot them. Before the combat was over, they were able to repeat the same move twice. By the time it was dark outside, the English had already surrendered after Harold died from an apparent arrow wound to the eye.
After that, William made his way quickly through England, capturing key points of resistance along the way. He was crowned King of England on Christmas Day, 1066, at Westminster Abbey in London.
English King Guillaume the Great
Inexperienced in dealing with rebel lords, William rapidly conquered England. Even by today’s standards, his actions are thought to have been extremely brutal. Replacements were made for the English aristocracy by faithful Normans. With the help of his new lords, William the Conqueror established Normandy’s property ownership and military service systems in England, including the Tower of London.
In 1072, he invaded Scotland, and in 1081, he invaded Wales, and in both cases, he built fortified marching counties to protect the boundaries.
William also took an interest in the English church, appointing Lanfranc as archbishop of Canterbury and replacing a number of English bishops with Normans. Similar rules against simony and clerical marriage were enacted by him, and he fought tirelessly to put the church under his control. As a result of his reforms, he was able to bring the English monasteries up to date with continental norms.
Additionally, William ordered a thorough economic and land survey in 1086. In the Domesday Book, one of the most significant administrative achievements of the Middle Ages, the details of this survey were documented.
As it turned out, William spent most of his reign in Normandy, addressing the concerns there. He entrusted Lanfranc with a large portion of England’s governance. To cope with the rebellions of Roger, Earl of Hereford and Ralf, Earl of Norfolk, in 1075, and with his half-brother Odo in 1082, when he was raising an army to invade Italy, maybe to become pope, he only returned to England when necessary.
LOST IN TIME: GUILLAUME
In 1087, William was killed at the siege of Mantes. The city was on fire, and he sustained a wound or became ill as a result. At St. Gervais Priority outside Posen, it took him five weeks to die of pneumonia. On the 9th of September, he passed away.
But his funeral in Caen’s St. Stephen’s Church was everything but peaceful. While the city was burning, a man claimed that William would be buried on land that had been confiscated from him, so the funeral was delayed. His tomb was desecrated by Calvinists in the 19th century and revolutionaries in the 18th century after his body was broken while he was put into his stone burial.
William and Matilda, daughter of Baldwin V of Flanders, had four sons together. Although Pope Urban II objected to William’s marriage in 1053, the Holy Roman Church appears to have restored excellent relations with the emperor’s court by 1059.
William Rufus and Adela were among the couple’s five offspring. William Rufus was crowned king of England instead of his eldest son, Robert, on William’s deathbed because of a dispute with Robert (Richard was already dead). It didn’t sit well with Robert, so he fought William Rufus and later Henry, who succeeded him, for many years. Stephen, Henry’s nephew by way of his sister Adela, ultimately took the throne after Henry’s death. In order to pay for his involvement in the First Crusade, Robert also mortgaged Normandy.
THE LEGACY OF WILLIAM
In England, William the Conqueror’s legacy is undeniable. During his Norman invasion, English culture, government, politics, religion, and even the language were all significantly altered, as French was spoken by the new Norman lords. Another of William’s legacies is that English politics has been centered on the continent for the past 1,000 years.
Nonetheless, what are your thoughts about William the Conqueror? Did his Viking ancestry endow him with the fortitude and determination necessary to conquer northern France and later England? In other words, did William have more Norman than Viking blood running through him?
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Teeth Grinding (Bruxism)
Bruxism is clenching or grinding of the teeth. The cause is not completely understood; however, emotional stress seems to be the major trigger. It most often occurs during sleep and affects 50-95% of the population. Bruxism causes chips in the teeth, wear of the biting surfaces, notching of the root surface (abfraction), gum recession, and cracks in the teeth. The extraordinarily high pressure exerted by bruxing also ruins dental work. This type of dental damage is termed occlusal disease.
Over time, bruxing abrades the enamel, leaving short, blunted teeth. If enough enamel is lost, the softer dentin will be exposed, which will accelerate the abrasion and may make the teeth sensitive. Bruxism can also lead to muscle soreness, headaches, and clicking or pain in the joint of the jaw called the temporomandibular joint or TMJ. Most people are unaware of their bruxism, and only 5-10% will develop symptoms.
There is no cure for bruxism; however, ongoing management consists of wearing a splint or night guard, which will prevent the wear of tooth surfaces, reduce muscle pain, alleviate headaches, decrease tooth sensitivity, prevent permanent joint damage, and lessen clenching behavior.
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A few years ago the city council of Monza, Italy, barred pet owners from keeping goldfish in curved fishbowls. The sponsors of the measure explained that it is cruel to keep a fish in a bowl because the curved sides give the fish a distorted view of reality. Aside from the measure’s significance to the poor goldfish, the story raises an interesting philosophical question: How do we know that the reality we perceive is true?
The goldfish is seeing a version of reality that is different from ours, but can we be sure it is any less real? For all we know, we, too, may spend our entire lives staring out at the world through a distorting lens.
In physics, the question is not academic. Indeed, physicists and cosmologists are finding themselves in a similar predicament to the goldfish’s. For decades we have strived to come up with an ultimate theory of everything—one complete and consistent set of fundamental laws of nature that explain every aspect of reality. It now appears that this quest may yield not a single theory but a family of interconnected theories, each describing its own version of reality, as if it viewed the universe through its own fishbowl.
This notion may be difficult for many people, including some working scientists, to accept. Most people believe that there is an objective reality out there and that our senses and our science directly convey information about the material world. Classical science is based on the belief that an external world exists whose properties are definite and independent of the observer who perceives them. In philosophy, that belief is called realism.
Those who remember Timothy Leary and the 1960s, however, know of another possibility: one’s concept of reality can depend on the mind of the perceiver. That viewpoint, with various subtle differences, goes by names such as antirealism, instrumentalism or idealism. According to those doctrines, the world we know is constructed by the human mind employing sensory data as its raw material and is shaped by the interpretive structure of our brains. This viewpoint may be hard to accept, but it is not difficult to understand. There is no way to remove the observer—us—from our perception of the world.
The way physics has been going, realism is becoming difficult to defend. In classical physics—the physics of Newton that so accurately describes our everyday experience—the interpretation of terms such as object and position is for the most part in harmony with our commonsense, “realistic” understanding of those concepts. As measuring devices, however, we are crude instruments. Physicists have found that everyday objects and the light we see them by are made from objects—such as electrons and photons—that we do not perceive directly. These objects are governed not by classical physics but by the laws of quantum theory.
The reality of quantum theory is a radical departure from that of classical physics. In the framework of quantum theory, particles have neither definite positions nor definite velocities unless and until an observer measures those quantities. In some cases, individual objects do not even have an independent existence but rather exist only as part of an ensemble of many. Quantum physics also has important implications for our concept of the past. In classical physics, the past is assumed to exist as a definite series of events, but according to quantum physics, the past, like the future, is indefinite and exists only as a spectrum of possibilities. Even the universe as a whole has no single past or history. So quantum physics implies a different reality than that of classical physics—even though the latter is consistent with our intuition and still serves us well when we design things such as buildings and bridges.
These examples bring us to a conclusion that provides an important framework with which to interpret modern science. In our view, there is no picture- or theory-independent concept of reality. Instead we adopt a view that we call model-dependent realism: the idea that a physical theory or world picture is a model (generally of a mathematical nature) and a set of rules that connect the elements of the model to observations. According to model-dependent realism, it is pointless to ask whether a model is real, only whether it agrees with observation. If two models agree with observation, neither one can be considered more real than the other. A person can use whichever model is more convenient in the situation under consideration.
Do Not Attempt to Adjust the Picture
The idea of alternative realities is a mainstay of today’s popular culture. For example, in the science-fiction film The Matrix the human race is unknowingly living in a simulated virtual reality created by intelligent computers to keep them pacified and content while the computers suck their bioelectrical energy (whatever that is). How do we know we are not just computer-generated characters living in a Matrix-like world? If we lived in a synthetic, imaginary world, events would not necessarily have any logic or consistency or obey any laws. The aliens in control might find it more interesting or amusing to see our reactions, for example, if everyone in the world suddenly decided that chocolate was repulsive or that war was not an option, but that has never happened. If the aliens did enforce consistent laws, we would have no way to tell that another reality stood behind the simulated one. It is easy to call the world the aliens live in the “real” one and the computer-generated world a false one. But if—like us—the beings in the simulated world could not gaze into their universe from the outside, they would have no reason to doubt their own pictures of reality.
The goldfish are in a similar situation. Their view is not the same as ours from outside their curved bowl, but they could still formulate scientific laws governing the motion of the objects they observe on the outside. For instance, because light bends as it travels from air to water, a freely moving object that we would observe to move in a straight line would be observed by the goldfish to move along a curved path. The goldfish could formulate scientific laws from their distorted frame of reference that would always hold true and that would enable them to make predictions about the future motion of objects outside the bowl. Their laws would be more complicated than the laws in our frame, but simplicity is a matter of taste. If the goldfish formulated such a theory, we would have to admit the goldfish’s view as a valid picture of reality.
A famous real-world example of different pictures of reality is the contrast between Ptolemy’s Earth-centered model of the cosmos and Copernicus’s sun-centered model. Although it is not uncommon for people to say that Copernicus proved Ptolemy wrong, that is not true. As in the case of our view versus that of the goldfish, one can use either picture as a model of the universe, because we can explain our observations of the heavens by assuming either Earth or the sun to be at rest. Despite its role in philosophical debates over the nature of our universe, the real advantage of the Copernican system is that the equations of motion are much simpler in the frame of reference in which the sun is at rest.
Model-dependent realism applies not only to scientific models but also to the conscious and subconscious mental models we all create to interpret and understand the everyday world. For example, the human brain processes crude data from the optic nerve, combining input from both eyes, enhancing the resolution and filling in gaps such as the one in the retina’s blind spot. Moreover, it creates the impression of three-dimensional space from the retina’s two-dimensional data. When you see a chair, you have merely used the light scattered by the chair to build a mental image or model of the chair. The brain is so good at model-building that if people are fitted with glasses that turn the images in their eyes upside down, their brains change the model so that they again see things the right way up—hopefully before they try to sit down.
Glimpses of the Deep Theory
In the quest to discover the ultimate laws of physics, no approach has raised higher hopes—or more controversy—than string theory. String theory was first proposed in the 1970s as an attempt to unify all the forces of nature into one coherent framework and, in particular, to bring the force of gravity into the domain of quantum physics. By the early 1990s, however, physicists discovered that string theory suffers from an awkward issue: there are five different string theories. For those advocating that string theory was the unique theory of everything, this was quite an embarrassment. In the mid-1990s researchers started discovering that these different theories—and yet another theory called supergravity—actually describe the same phenomena, giving them some hope that they would amount eventually to a unified theory. The theories are indeed related by what physicists call dualities, which are a kind of mathematical dictionaries for translating concepts back and forth. But, alas, each theory is a good description of phenomena only under a certain range of conditions—for example, at low energies. None can describe every aspect of the universe.
String theorists are now convinced that the five different string theories are just different approximations to a more fundamental theory called M-theory. (No one seems to know what the “M” stands for. It may be “master,” “miracle” or “mystery,” or all three.) People are still trying to decipher the nature of M-theory, but it seems that the traditional expectation of a single theory of nature may be untenable and that to describe the universe we must employ different theories in different situations. Thus, M-theory is not a theory in the usual sense but a network of theories. It is a bit like a map. To faithfully represent the entire Earth on a flat surface, one has to use a collection of maps, each of which covers a limited region. The maps overlap one another, and where they do, they show the same landscape. Similarly, the different theories in the M-theory family may look very different, but they can all be regarded as versions of the same underlying theory, and they all predict the same phenomena where they overlap, but none works well in all situations.
Whenever we develop a model of the world and find it to be successful, we tend to attribute to the model the quality of reality or absolute truth. But M-theory, like the goldfish example, shows that the same physical situation can be modeled in different ways, each employing different fundamental elements and concepts. It might be that to describe the universe we have to employ different theories in different situations. Each theory may have its own version of reality, but according to model-dependent realism, that diversity is acceptable, and none of the versions can be said to be more real than any other. It is not the physicist’s traditional expectation for a theory of nature, nor does it correspond to our everyday idea of reality. But it might be the way of the universe.
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Lawyers and Liberty
This week,lines of eager patrons clutter the fireworks stands. On Saturday, July 4,the smell of hotdogs on the grill will waft through the air, and swarms of families and friends will occupy every picnic table, park and backyard across the nation as we commemorate the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 - the document responsible for our nation’s freedom.
Have you ever wondered who, exactly, was behind our freedom? The phrase “Founding Fathers,” and the names “John Adams” and “Thomas Jefferson” certainly ring a bell, but did you know, including Adams and Jefferson, that 24 of the Declaration signers were lawyers?
This goes to show, that from the very beginning, lawyers have played a crucial role in establishing and upholding our freedom. In the words of Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice Stephen Taylor, ‘Whenever the interests of justice or any important matter in the history of our nation have taken place, a lawyer was involved in a significant way.’”
From the signing of the Declaration to the landmark cases that have molded our society, when it comes to America’s independence and the rights of our citizens, attorneys are the backbone of our justice system.
SOME FUN FACTS
Twenty-four lawyers signed the Declaration of Independence.
The Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress on July 4, 1776, but wasn’t actually signed until nearly a month later.
Out of the Committee of Five who drafted the Declaration - Ben Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston,three were lawyers: Adams, Jefferson and Sherman.
Thomas Jefferson, a lawyer, wrote the majority of the Declaration.
Twenty-five U.S. presidents have been lawyers
The first law degree issued in the United States was in 1793.
By the end of the American Revolution there was a bar association in each state.
The American Bar Association was formed in 1878 by 75 lawyers from 20 states, guided by Simeon Baldwin, a Connecticut attorney, who also played a critical role in drafting the original constitution.
35 Delegates to the Constitutional Convention were lawyers or had legal training.
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We love cheese! Who doesn’t, right? However, with all the different aspects to it – including production, pairing, and even, it can be a difficult task to begin.
The first step in becoming an expert on everything cheese related is to know the basic distinctions between soft and hard.
What’s the distinction between soft and hard cheese? The primary difference between the two kinds of cheese is their consistency, determined by their moisture level. The greater the moisture, the more brittle the cheese will be.
This article will explore how each product is created, along with different classifications, nutritional data storage directions, and shelf life.
How Hard Cheese is Made
In the first place, to be considered a hard cheese to be classified as hard cheese, the moisture content must be less than 50%.
Anything higher is considered soft cheese.
This is accomplished by giving the cheese time to mature by pressing on the curds in order to split the whey. The cheese can be aged at any time, from a week up to months or even years.
Certain cheeses are aged for at least 40 years! Cheeses that are harder to make develop an edgier taste and a denser texture as it ages.
Milk is the primary ingredient for all cheeses. It can be derived from any animal that produces milk, including goats, cows, buffalo, and sheep.
However, the milk of certain animals, like camels, isn’t able to produce the proper curds, so it’s not used.
Most hard cheeses begin as soft cheeses and are later further processed to reduce the amount of moisture. Making hard cheese involves mixing coagulated protein from milk (curds) and enzymes, like the rennet.
To begin the process, the milk is heated, and an organism, culture, and acid are added. this is the process that creates the curds. Rennet is added to help separate more curds from the whey.
Rennet is what transforms the soft cheese into a hard.
The curds are cut into small chunks with sharp, sterilized knives or blades. They are then heated to facilitate the separation of curds and whey. Once the separation has been completed, the whey is dewatered while the curds get put into the mold.
The curds are crushed, and the maturation of the cheese starts. Different kinds of hard cheese have different procedures. However, it all boils down to the same fundamental procedures.
As long as the cheese ages, the more moisture will be retained and the harder it becomes.
The most well-known hard cheese types include:
What is the Softest Cheese? is Made
Soft cheeses don’t have to be aged for many years – certain types aren’t even aged in any way.
The duration can vary from just a few days to two weeks. The moisture content must be greater than 50% to be considered soft cheese.
Soft cheeses are produced by combining caseins, milk proteins along with acids.
First, the milk will be heated. It depends on the cheese you wish to make; you could later add a starter culture made of powder bacteria, a starter culture, or an acid coagulant.
Acids that are useful include vinegar, lemon juice, and citric acid.
When curds begin to form, and the pot is cleaned. To make homemade cheese, put the muslin fabric over a sieve or colander, pour all the curds into it, and later tie the cloth to form a bag.
The sack should be suspended over a bowl to ensure that whey can drain properly off the curds.
The kind of ingredients used and the method of production determine the kind of soft cheese created.
For instance, cream cheese is created by mixing the curds. At the same time, ricotta is made by re-curdling water removed from the curds.
Other soft cheeses include:
Different cheese types
There are many different classifications for cheese beyond soft and hard. The moisture content of their cheese defines this.
Soft cheeses are creamy cheeses like ricotta, cream cheese camembert, and Brie. These cheeses are spread quickly but are not easy to cut.
Semi-soft cheese can be lightly pressed and has a brief time to age but contains a significant amount of moisture. A few examples include Havarti and Munster. They are easier to slice than soft cheeses.
Semi-hard cheeses come in a variety of textures. However, they cut easily and usually contain eyes (holes) inside the cheese. They are sharper in taste than the soft varieties. This includes Gruyere Gouda, Edam, and cheddar (the ones with a shorter age).
Hard cheeses have the least moisture content and are ideal for grating over food items. They are cheeses that have been molded. They are aged and pressed for months, or even for years. Cheddar matured for more than eight months falls under this category. Other types of hard cheeses are Grana Padano, Parmesan, and Pecorino.
There are also sub-categories. Cheeses with veins are classified as soft cheeses. They contain mold that gives them distinctive flavor and a tough texture.
Hard cheese is classified according to its taste: sharp, mild, and extra-sharp. The distinction is made based on the length of time it has matured.
Illustrations of Soft To Hard Cheeses
When people inquire about what cheeses are the healthiest, the answer may not be as simple as it might seem. Certain cheeses have a lower fat content, however, they have they are extremely high in sodium. Cheeses are rich in fat, calcium, and sodium.
If you’re looking to eliminate sodium from your daily diet, keep clear of feta and any other cheese that has been kept in brine. If you’re looking to cut down on the amount of fat you consume, there are many kinds of cheese that offer an alternative that is low-fat or low-fat.
The cheeses most often utilized in diets with low calories include parmesan, goat cheese, feta camembert, and mozzarella. They can be found in the range of 70-85 calories per 1 ounce (30g).
The Shelf as well as Storage Life
Certain soft cheeses, like mozzarella and feta, are kept within brine, or in whey, which can also serve as a preservative.
Other semi-soft or soft cheeses can be enclosed in wax papers or covered in the bell jar/dome so that the cheese is able to breathe and doesn’t dry out or lose its taste.
Cheeses made from hard cheese are wrapped tightly with wax papers to keep drying out of the cheese.
The majority of cheeses need to be stored at temperatures of 40 to 53 degrees (around 4-11 degrees Celsius). It is not advised to freeze cheese because it alters its texture of cheese. However, it is possible to put cheese in freezers when you are not averse to the changes.
The greater the moisture content of cheeses, the less the shelf-life. The cheeses that have been opened can be kept for about a week when kept in the refrigerator due to their moisture content is high.
Unopened hard cheeses are expected to last between 4 and 6 months when kept in proper conditions. Unopened cheeses last longer, approximately 4- 9 months.
Can I make Cheese at home?
Yes, you can! Soft cheeses are much easier to make at home than hard cheeses since they require less time, effort, and equipment.
The making of hard cheese is possible at home. However, you’ll need to purchase or build special presses or molds for hard cheese. Finding the ingredients needed to make cheese is also relatively easy.
What is Processed Cheese? And What is its Categorization?
Processed cheese is made up of hard and soft cheese with added coloring agents as well as emulsifiers and preservatives to produce the smooth, creamy consistency that it is renowned for.
It is a part of the category of soft cheeses; however, it isn’t the traditional, pure cheese.
Are there vegan cheese Alternatives?
There are a lot of vegan and vegetarian cheeses that are available – both soft and hard. These cheeses are made with plant-based milk like almond or coconut milk.
Are there any Lactose-free Cheeses?
The general rule of thumb is that the higher the content of moisture, the greater the lactose level. Certain cheeses made from hard milk, like Munster, Parmesan, and Swiss, are very low in lactose.
However, there are certain soft cheeses that are only exceptions, such as brie and camembert. If you’re sensitive to lactose, then avoid eating real cheeses and opt for products that are “lactose-free.”
Which cheeses have the lowest amount of fat?
Every kind of cheese naturally has fats in it. Cheeses that are low-fat include ricotta Edam along with cottage cheese. Labels that read “low-fat,” “reduced-fat,” or “fat-free” cheese usually contain additional ingredients that may be fat-free but may be unhealthful in other ways.
Are there cheeses that are Not Safe to Eat?
Apart from some individuals with intolerance or allergies to dairy products, any cheese can be safe to eat.
However, be sure that the milk you use is pasteurized since soft raw milk could cause serious health issues. Some countries have a strict prohibition on the consumption of this kind of milk. In some countries, milk producers require special permissions to create and sell milk.
Heya, I’m Norah! The foodie editor here at YummyTasteFood! I love absolutely everything to do with food, baking, and eating! I earned my stripes in the hospitality industry as a pastry chef, sous chef, and barista. I’m now a freelance writing nomad. I do not miss the hospitality industry! Be sure to join our Facebook group – it’s free to access!
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11 May Children’s health – What is Ferritin?
Your child’s body relies on iron in red blood cells to carry oxygen to all their cells. Without enough iron, red blood cells will be unable to supply enough oxygen.
If you suspect your child is experiencing an iron deficiency, a blood test checking ferritin levels will measure the amount of stored iron in the body, which will give an overall picture of iron levels.
What is Ferritin?
Ferritin isn’t the same thing as iron. Instead, ferritin is a protein that stores iron, releasing it when the body needs it. Ferritin usually lives in the body’s cells, with very little actually circulating in the blood.
The greatest concentrations of ferritin are typically in the cells of the liver (known as hepatocytes) and immune system (known as reticuloendothelial cells).
Ferritin is stored in the body’s cells until it’s time to make more red blood cells. The body will signal the cells to release ferritin. The ferritin then binds to another substance called transferrin.
Transferrin is a protein that combines with ferritin to transport it to where new red blood cells are made. Imagine transferrin as a dedicated taxi for iron.
While it’s important to have normal iron levels, having enough stored iron is important too. If your child doesn’t have enough ferritin, iron stores can deplete quickly..
Children’s Health Symptoms for Low Ferritin
The follow list are symptoms are associated with low ferritin levels:
- ✅ Unexplained fatigue
- ✅ Dizziness
- ✅ Chronic headaches
- ✅ Unexplained weakness
- ✅ Ringing in the ears
- ✅ Irritability
- ✅ Pain in legs
- ✅ Shortness of breath
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Prompt: analyze how political, religious, and social factors affected the work of scientists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries just as the renaissance saw a. Ap euro essays ap euro essays here you will find a guide to writing dbq essaystom richeys ap european history course homepage has powerpoints. Tips submitted by ap european history teachers 1 keep referring back to the question: while writing the essay portion, especially the dbq, remember to keep. 2017-18 ap history changes ap central ap there are too many different tasks for students in the essay we reduced the number of ap european history and ap. Read this research paper and over 1,500,000 others like it now don't miss your chance to earn better grades and be a better writer.
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A Way with Words Lower-intermediate to Intermediate Book and Audio CD Resource Pack: Vocabulary Practice Activities (Cambridge Copy Collection)
By: Stuart Redman (author), Robert Ellis (author), Brigit Viney (contributor), Geraldine Mark (with)Mixed Media
Only 1 in stock
A photocopiable resource book of vocabulary activities. This lower-intermediate to intermediate resource book and audio CD of vocabulary practice activities enables teachers to teach vocabulary communicatively in the classroom. The book provides a variety of stimulating activities which require learners to actively use the target vocabulary. It develops learning skills, helping learners to become more efficient in organising, storing and remembering new vocabulary. It is easy to use with clear teacher's notes on the left hand pages and facing photocopiable worksheets on the right.
Number Of Pages:
- ID: 9781107693227
- Saver Delivery: Yes
- 1st Class Delivery: Yes
- Courier Delivery: Yes
- Store Delivery: Yes
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