README.md

---
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: audio
    dtype: audio
  - name: sample_id
    dtype: string
  - name: system_id
    dtype: string
  - name: distill_mos
    dtype: float32
  - name: dnsmos_ovrl
    dtype: float32
  - name: estoi
    dtype: float32
  - name: lps
    dtype: float32
  - name: lsd
    dtype: float32
  - name: mcd
    dtype: float32
  - name: mos
    dtype: float32
  - name: nisqa_mos
    dtype: float32
  - name: pesq
    dtype: float32
  - name: pesqc2
    dtype: float32
  - name: sbert
    dtype: float32
  - name: scoreq
    dtype: float32
  - name: sdr
    dtype: float32
  - name: sigmos_col
    dtype: float32
  - name: sigmos_disc
    dtype: float32
  - name: sigmos_loud
    dtype: float32
  - name: sigmos_noise
    dtype: float32
  - name: sigmos_ovrl
    dtype: float32
  - name: sigmos_reverb
    dtype: float32
  - name: sigmos_sig
    dtype: float32
  - name: spksim
    dtype: float32
  - name: utmos
    dtype: float32
  splits:
  - name: blind_test_mos
    num_bytes: 1389061983.1
    num_examples: 6900
  - name: validation
    num_bytes: 7970138575
    num_examples: 67000
  - name: blind_test
    num_bytes: 17529748955.8
    num_examples: 79400
  - name: nonblind_test
    num_bytes: 31304135944
    num_examples: 171000
  download_size: 57624434841
  dataset_size: 58193085457.9
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: blind_test_mos
    path: data/blind_test_mos/*
  - split: validation
    path: data/validation/*
  - split: blind_test
    path: data/blind_test/*
  - split: nonblind_test
    path: data/nonblind_test/*
license: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
language:
- en
tags:
- speech
- audio
- speech enhancement
- speech quality assessment
---



## Dataset Description

This dataset comprises noisy and enhanced speech from the URGENT Speech Enhancement Challenge (NeurIPS 2024), curated for SQA/SE research. Each entry includes audio/IDs with a comprehensive suite of objective and model-predicted quality metrics, and human MOS where available (see [Data fields](#data-fields)).

<!-- The dataset consists of the noisy and 22 enhanced versions of a subset (300 samples) of the [blind test dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/urgent-challenge/urgent2024_official) in the 2024 URGENT Speech Enhancement Challenge. In total, it 6900 speech samples with MOS labels (~13.8 hours). -->
> The MOS label for each speech sample were collected from 8 distinct human subjects through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform, following the P.808 recommendation. The raw ratings from each subject were averaged to obtain the final MOS score.
>
> Detailed information about the MOS collection process can be found in our [summary paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.11306).

All speech samples in this dataset are in English, with a single microphone channel and sampling frequencies ranging from 8 kHz to 48 kHz.

## Example Usage

The dataset can be loaded using the [`datasets`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/en/installation) library.

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

data = load_dataset("urgent-challenge/urgent2024-sqa")

# Load a single sample
sample = data["blind_test_mos"][100]

print(sample)
# Iterate over all samples
# for idx, sample in enumerate(data["blind_test_mos"]):
#     print(sample)
```

This will generate the following output:

```json
{
    "audio": {
        "path": "fileid_338.flac",
        "array": array([0.00027466, -0.00161743, 0.00033569, ...,  0., 0., 0.]),
        "sampling_rate": 16000
    },
    "sample_id": "urgent24_blind_test_submission_422_fileid_000338",
    "system_id": "urgent24_blind_test_submission_422",
    "distill_mos": 2.5663137435913086,
    "dnsmos_ovrl": 3.025352716445923,
    "estoi": None,
    "lps": None,
    "lsd": None,
    "mcd": None,
    "mos": 2.5,
    "nisqa_mos": 2.630293607711792,
    "pesq": None,
    "pesqc2": None,
    "sbert": None,
    "scoreq": 2.496799945831299,
    "sdr": None,
    "sigmos_col": 3.276144504547119,
    "sigmos_disc": 2.80405330657959,
    "sigmos_loud": 3.370774984359741,
    "sigmos_noise": 3.403278350830078,
    "sigmos_ovrl": 2.105903148651123,
    "sigmos_reverb": 4.257360935211182,
    "sigmos_sig": 2.3926312923431396,
    "spksim": None,
    "utmos": 2.594034433364868
}
```

## Data fields

### Audio

* **`audio`** *(dict)*

  * **`path`** *(str | null)*
  * **`array`** *(float32 ndarray)*: Mono waveform, typically \~\[-1, 1].
  * **`sampling_rate`** *(int)*: e.g., 16000.

### Identifiers

* **`sample_id`** *(str)*: `"{system_id}_fileid_{fileid:06d}"`
* **`system_id`** *(str)*: Participant/system identifier.

### Metrics

| Metric            | Range             | Opt. | Reference Type |
| ----------------- | ----------------- | :--: | -------------- |
| PESQ              | \[1, 4.5]         |   ↑  | Signal         |
| PESQc2            | \[1, 4.5]         |   ↑  | Signal         |
| DNSMOS            | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| SIGMOS\_OVRL      | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| SIGMOS\_DISC      | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| SIGMOS\_NOISE     | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| SIGMOS\_REVERB    | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| SIGMOS\_COL       | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| SIGMOS\_LOUD      | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| SIGMOS\_SIG       | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| LSD               | \[0, ∞)           |   ↓  | Signal         |
| SDR               | (−∞, ∞)           |   ↑  | Signal         |
| UTMOS             | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| Distill\_MOS      | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| NISQA\_MOS        | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| SCOREQ            | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |
| ESTOI             | \[0, 1]           |   ↑  | Signal         |
| SpeechBERTScore (sbert)   | \[0, 1]           |   ↑  | Signal         |
| PhonemeSimilarity (lps) | \[0, 1] |   ↑  | Signal         |
| SpeakerSimilarity (spksim) | \[−1, 1]          |   ↑  | Signal         |
| MCD               | \[0, ∞)           |   ↓  | Signal         |
| MOS (human)       | \[1, 5]           |   ↑  | No-reference   |


## More information and analysis

For more information about the dataset, please refer to our [speech quality assessment paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.12260) and [analysis paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01611).

## Acknowledgment and license information

The 2024 URGENT Challenge data were created based on the following source speech, noise, and room impulse response (RIR) data, which are publicly available with varying licenses:

### Source speech

| Source | License |
|--------|---------|
| [LibriVox in DNS5 Challenge](https://github.com/microsoft/DNS-Challenge/blob/master/download-dns-challenge-5-headset-training.sh#L70-L90) | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
| [LibriTTS](https://www.openslr.org/60/) | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
| [CommonVoice 11.0 (English portion)](https://commonvoice.mozilla.org/en/datasets) | [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/public-domain/cc0/) |
| [VCTK](https://datashare.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/3443) | [ODC-BY](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/) |
| [SLR83](https://www.openslr.org/83/) | [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) |
| [CHiME-6](https://openslr.org/150/) | [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) |
| [VOiCES](https://voices18.github.io/) | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
| [EasyCom](https://github.com/facebookresearch/EasyComDataset) | [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) |
| Audios extracted from Youtube videos | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |

<details><summary>Expand to see a full list of Youtube audio data used in this competition</summary><div>

[2ziV6vH-5wo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ziV6vH-5wo), [4SzRZvEvyr8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SzRZvEvyr8), 
[7XcyE1Rrp8g](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XcyE1Rrp8g), [5ZqqXHz_xyo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZqqXHz_xyo), 
[617jBfdO8MQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=617jBfdO8MQ), [AOvV9m7feKo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOvV9m7feKo), 
[JDAYv4tv7yk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDAYv4tv7yk), [JQkewbO-qf4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQkewbO-qf4), 
[rj27kDNtl2c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rj27kDNtl2c), [uB_ykR_yjnY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uB_ykR_yjnY), 
[4G1__QdEp0U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G1__QdEp0U), [AbixsuKqfLQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbixsuKqfLQ), 
[G3zK1aB_zU4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3zK1aB_zU4), [LWC3dS8EEDM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWC3dS8EEDM), 
[LZnNzQse2OA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZnNzQse2OA), [QCltA8fDdQw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCltA8fDdQw), 
[RaQ96aK4f58](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaQ96aK4f58), [WFAf2kEEBaI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFAf2kEEBaI), 
[c6UOJfoenss](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6UOJfoenss), [kBJ2yTaq-UU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBJ2yTaq-UU), 
[klvdARnvpjg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klvdARnvpjg), [kmQBICeWhAQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmQBICeWhAQ), 
[mWF5GXvfP-4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWF5GXvfP-4), [q_Tjw0SnRu8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_Tjw0SnRu8), 
[ud0Aqc3lqLU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ud0Aqc3lqLU), [wr1hs6geXyk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wr1hs6geXyk), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), 
[xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), [i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), [In35ZJEGtu8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In35ZJEGtu8), 
[bLVLhLMoV70](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLVLhLMoV70), [pkc-AJTfNDY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkc-AJTfNDY), 
[nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), [GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [FtN8XzP8ZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtN8XzP8ZWg), 
[9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), [i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), 
[zWDJojt_KTU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWDJojt_KTU), [AAckOJEBODk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AAckOJEBODk), 
[VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), [kDDEQUfMT_8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDDEQUfMT_8), 
[d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), [DUAdarwNCRs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAdarwNCRs), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), 
[9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), [pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), 
[GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), [5YrhJMiyaPM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YrhJMiyaPM), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [5YrhJMiyaPM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YrhJMiyaPM), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [FtN8XzP8ZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtN8XzP8ZWg), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [DUAdarwNCRs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAdarwNCRs), 
[pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[4geYwpsHQd8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4geYwpsHQd8), [2r2BRN2tAFc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2r2BRN2tAFc), 
[pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), [xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), 
[ZtUv67HHw6g](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtUv67HHw6g), [POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), 
[Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), [zWDJojt_KTU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWDJojt_KTU), 
[nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), [d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), 
[COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), [9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), 
[l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), [nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [zWDJojt_KTU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWDJojt_KTU), 
[COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), [GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), 
[nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), [mL6-d5mTQuM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mL6-d5mTQuM), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [bLVLhLMoV70](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLVLhLMoV70), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [kDDEQUfMT_8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDDEQUfMT_8), 
[zY4K3sEL5lU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY4K3sEL5lU), [9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [sG548miBvh0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sG548miBvh0), 
[9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), [2t18v4HnQxY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2t18v4HnQxY), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [zWDJojt_KTU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWDJojt_KTU), 
[Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), [FtN8XzP8ZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtN8XzP8ZWg), 
[In35ZJEGtu8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In35ZJEGtu8), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [9zy1SdoIpkA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zy1SdoIpkA), 
[nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), [l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), 
[xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [R5gE6vK8c7Y](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5gE6vK8c7Y), 
[9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), [pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), 
[9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), [omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), 
[zY4K3sEL5lU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY4K3sEL5lU), [omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), 
[6vcXN7ko3Fk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vcXN7ko3Fk), [COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), 
[FmtbYlybAlo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmtbYlybAlo), [zWDJojt_KTU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWDJojt_KTU), 
[9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), [9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), 
[i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[541Dq1D1_JY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=541Dq1D1_JY), [9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), 
[9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), [l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [sk53YzngvEs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sk53YzngvEs), 
[ZtUv67HHw6g](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtUv67HHw6g), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), [bLVLhLMoV70](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLVLhLMoV70), 
[COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), [9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), [DUAdarwNCRs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAdarwNCRs), 
[5YrhJMiyaPM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YrhJMiyaPM), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[zWDJojt_KTU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWDJojt_KTU), [DUAdarwNCRs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAdarwNCRs), 
[pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), [sk53YzngvEs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sk53YzngvEs), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), 
[OB9GAgiEVqk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB9GAgiEVqk), [xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), 
[WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), [s4HerxySu4c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4HerxySu4c), 
[pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), [9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), 
[DUAdarwNCRs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAdarwNCRs), [9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), [GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), 
[In35ZJEGtu8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In35ZJEGtu8), [WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), 
[pkc-AJTfNDY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkc-AJTfNDY), [jzcrUdexbNE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzcrUdexbNE), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [FtN8XzP8ZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtN8XzP8ZWg), 
[Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[6vcXN7ko3Fk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vcXN7ko3Fk), [VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), 
[GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), [s4HerxySu4c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4HerxySu4c), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), 
[2MZR4cT7GbY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MZR4cT7GbY), [nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), 
[d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), [xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), 
[Yvy_WkwkufU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yvy_WkwkufU), [d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), 
[s4HerxySu4c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4HerxySu4c), [9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), 
[l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), [WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), 
[9zy1SdoIpkA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zy1SdoIpkA), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), 
[i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), [jzcrUdexbNE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzcrUdexbNE), 
[DUAdarwNCRs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAdarwNCRs), [d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), 
[5YrhJMiyaPM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YrhJMiyaPM), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), [Yvy_WkwkufU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yvy_WkwkufU), 
[5YrhJMiyaPM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YrhJMiyaPM), [sk53YzngvEs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sk53YzngvEs), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[2t18v4HnQxY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2t18v4HnQxY), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), [DUAdarwNCRs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAdarwNCRs), 
[ZtUv67HHw6g](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtUv67HHw6g), [i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), 
[s4HerxySu4c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4HerxySu4c), [COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), 
[zWDJojt_KTU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWDJojt_KTU), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[ZtUv67HHw6g](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtUv67HHw6g), [omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), 
[nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), [9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), 
[5YrhJMiyaPM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YrhJMiyaPM), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), [pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), 
[VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), [GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), 
[VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), [Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), 
[WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[jzcrUdexbNE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzcrUdexbNE), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), 
[FtN8XzP8ZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtN8XzP8ZWg), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), [In35ZJEGtu8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In35ZJEGtu8), 
[6vcXN7ko3Fk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vcXN7ko3Fk), [GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), 
[pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), [nIWnC9RMW08](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIWnC9RMW08), 
[FtN8XzP8ZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtN8XzP8ZWg), [WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), 
[DUAdarwNCRs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAdarwNCRs), [xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), 
[l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), [SPxCCLU0cTs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPxCCLU0cTs), 
[Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), [xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), 
[pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), [sG548miBvh0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sG548miBvh0), 
[i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), [SSNfXY_xwxc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSNfXY_xwxc), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [s4HerxySu4c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4HerxySu4c), 
[5YrhJMiyaPM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YrhJMiyaPM), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[bLVLhLMoV70](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLVLhLMoV70), [9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [Yvy_WkwkufU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yvy_WkwkufU), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [2t18v4HnQxY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2t18v4HnQxY), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [zWDJojt_KTU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWDJojt_KTU), 
[Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), 
[COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), [VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), 
[pkc-AJTfNDY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkc-AJTfNDY), [VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), 
[UFADTgwc4ew](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFADTgwc4ew), [COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), 
[s4HerxySu4c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4HerxySu4c), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[6vcXN7ko3Fk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vcXN7ko3Fk), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [s4HerxySu4c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4HerxySu4c), 
[FmtbYlybAlo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmtbYlybAlo), [xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), 
[GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), [d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), 
[9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), [d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), 
[i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), [9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), 
[d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), [9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), 
[9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), [COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), 
[9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), [bLVLhLMoV70](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLVLhLMoV70), 
[GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), [zWDJojt_KTU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWDJojt_KTU), 
[UFADTgwc4ew](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFADTgwc4ew), [9up7LiqU9u4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up7LiqU9u4), 
[9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), [VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [ZtUv67HHw6g](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtUv67HHw6g), 
[WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), [d5NEhm7ZOyc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5NEhm7ZOyc), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), 
[s4HerxySu4c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4HerxySu4c), [i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), 
[4geYwpsHQd8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4geYwpsHQd8), [Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), [pauj3PKE6L4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pauj3PKE6L4), 
[omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), [COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [9R4O3bzONQQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4O3bzONQQ), 
[SPxCCLU0cTs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPxCCLU0cTs), [l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [i_r3gCZrdSc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3gCZrdSc), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [SPxCCLU0cTs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPxCCLU0cTs), 
[l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[sk53YzngvEs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sk53YzngvEs), [l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), 
[POXAC1WpDBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POXAC1WpDBU), [9jiyee7zCXo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jiyee7zCXo), 
[Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), [WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), 
[COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), [WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), 
[GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), [qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), 
[VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), [6vcXN7ko3Fk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vcXN7ko3Fk), 
[bLVLhLMoV70](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLVLhLMoV70), [VE0v1gsOMlw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VE0v1gsOMlw), 
[xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), [UFADTgwc4ew](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFADTgwc4ew), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), 
[l6rHUHZx5Vc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6rHUHZx5Vc), [omhUqE0SANk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omhUqE0SANk), 
[xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), [COls47WPPNk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COls47WPPNk), 
[2t18v4HnQxY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2t18v4HnQxY), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[SSNfXY_xwxc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSNfXY_xwxc), [GLeoET3gZWg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLeoET3gZWg), 
[WyugIciIeq8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyugIciIeq8), [FmtbYlybAlo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmtbYlybAlo), 
[qQrY8ZjSCnQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQrY8ZjSCnQ), [l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U), 
[Ab6ryHD_ahQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab6ryHD_ahQ), [pkc-AJTfNDY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkc-AJTfNDY), 
[xw39PKAXkdE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw39PKAXkdE), [mL6-d5mTQuM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mL6-d5mTQuM), 
[l6L2xaYRm7U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6L2xaYRm7U)
</div></details>


### Source noise

| Source | License |
|--------|---------|
| [Audioset+FreeSound noise in DNS5 Challenge](https://github.com/microsoft/DNS-Challenge/blob/master/download-dns-challenge-5-noise-ir.sh) | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
| [WHAM! 48kHz noise](http://wham.whisper.ai) | [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) |
| [DEMAND](https://zenodo.org/records/1227121) | [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) |
| [TUT Urban Acoustic Scenes 2018 Mobile, Evaluation dataset](https://zenodo.org/records/1293901) | Non-Commercial |
| [FSD50K](https://zenodo.org/records/4060432) | mixed: CC0, CC BY, CC BY-NC, CC Sampling+ |
| [SoundingEarth](https://zenodo.org/records/5600379) | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
| additional noise audios from [Freesound](https://freesound.org) | [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/public-domain/cc0/) |

### Source RIRs

| Source | License |
|--------|---------|
| [Simulated RIRs in DNS5 Challenge](https://github.com/microsoft/DNS-Challenge/blob/master/download-dns-challenge-5-noise-ir.sh) | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
| [SLR28](https://www.openslr.org/28/) | [Apache 2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) |
| [MYRiAD](https://zenodo.org/records/7389996#.ZGJMCezMIUE) | [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) |
| [BRAS](https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/items/38410727-febb-4769-8002-9c710ba393c4) | [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) |
| [BUT_ReverbDB](http://merlin.fit.vutbr.cz/ReverbDB) | [Apache 2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) |
| [voiceHome](https://zenodo.org/records/1314196) | [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) |
| additional RIRs from [Freesound](https://freesound.org) | [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/public-domain/cc0/) |


## Citation:

Please cite the following papers if you use this dataset in your research. The first reference creates the dataset annotation, the second describes the URGENT Challenge, and the third details the MOS annotation protocol:

```bibtex
@article{UniVersaExt-Wang2025,
  title={Improving Speech Enhancement with Multi-Metric Supervision from Learned Quality Assessment},
  author={Wang, Wei and Zhang, Wangyou and Li, Chenda and Shi, Jiatong and Watanabe, Shinji and Qian, Yanmin},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.12260},
  year={2025}
}

@inproceedings{URGENT-Zhang2024,
  title={{URGENT} Challenge: Universality, Robustness, and Generalizability For Speech Enhancement},
  author={Zhang, Wangyou and Scheibler, Robin and Saijo, Kohei and Cornell, Samuele and Li, Chenda and Ni, Zhaoheng and Pirklbauer, Jan and Sach, Marvin and Watanabe, Shinji and Fingscheidt, Tim and Qian, Yanmin},
  booktitle={Proc. Interspeech},
  pages={4868--4872},
  year={2024},
}

@article{P808-Sach2025,
  title={P.808 Multilingual Speech Enhancement Testing: Approach and Results of {URGENT} 2025 Challenge},
  author={Sach, Marvin and Fu, Yihui and Saijo, Kohei and Zhang, Wangyou and Cornell, Samuele and Scheibler, Robin and Li, Chenda and Kumar, Anurag and Wang, Wei and Qian, Yanmin and Watanabe, Shinji and Fingscheidt, Tim},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.11306},
  year={2025}
}
```