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There are a large number of people who bird these days and many may not be familiar with aspects of the rare-bird documentation. "Why should I bother?" is one often-asked question. There are several reasons to document the sightings that you make of rare birds. First, careful documentation of the birds you see improves your birding ability and increases your knowledge of birds. One individual that submitted documentation of a rare bird in 2002 wrote on his documentation form that the process of documenting a rarity made him “really look at the whole bird” and note details that he otherwise would have missed. In comparing your observations to field guides and other books, you will learn a great deal about similar species, and about the level of variation within a given species. Documenting a rarity often gives you a better understanding of how the appearance of a bird varies depending on its age and sex, or how species differ across their geographic range. The learning that takes place while researching a rarity that you see will make you a better birder.
Second, making a permanent record of your observations will increase the confidence with which you remember your birding achievements in the future. Having a written record will allow you to maintain your life list (if you keep one) more accurately, and will allow you to compare future observations to those in your past.
In addition, your observations will be extremely useful in understanding the true status of birds in Indiana. For that reason, we encourage birders to document their observations and submit them to the appropriate compilers and committees for use in research projects by future ornithologists. While this use may not be the most important factor for you, it can be a valuable contribution that you can make to the understanding and conservation of Indiana’s avian species. Your sighting can expand the data available for determining the range, time period and extent of migration or nesting for birds for which there are currently little or incomplete data. Documenting your finds allows for objective evaluation of the field marks noted and helps to keep unintentional errors out of print. This helps documentation become more of a learning experience for everyone involved, and helps to ensure that valuable contributions made are put into the published record.
Another question often raised is that "Won’t someone else document it?" Some birders assume that the “experts” will document most birds, so “regular” birders don’t have to. Unfortunately a number of important records have been excluded from published records because no documentation was submitted: everyone thought that someone else would take care of it. Even if other documentation is received, your observations could very well supply the one field mark that could clinch a difficult identification, allowing a record to be accepted that might otherwise be inadequate. It is remarkable how differently two persons observing the same bird at the same time can describe what they saw. In general we believe that the more information available about a sighting, the better.
Okay, now you've decided that maybe you better start keeping records of anything that seems out of place. How do you go about it? A good start would be to carry a notebook and pen with you every time you go into the field. An alternative is to carry a tape recorder and blank tape with you, although some people argue that tapes can break and recorders can malfunction. A piece of paper and a pencil rarely are subjected to mechanical breakdown. You might think that it would be easier to write information down when you get home. Well, quite frankly if you are like most of us, by the time you get home late from a day in the bush, you will forget many details of what you saw, perhaps even whole species. By taking notes in the field, you not only get information down while it's fresh in your mind, and may even think to look for additional details. Memory is at best a tricky way to document birds as the tendency is to remember more than you actually saw.
One important thing is to include only those field marks that you actually observe, not what you think should be there or what someone tells you that they saw. These are your notes after all, so why confuse the issue by including things that you didn’t really see. It is also important to note things that you looked for, but did not observe. If you were documenting that a small, dark goose is a Brant, rather than the more common Canada Goose, it would be important to note that you looked for the white chinstrap of the Canada, but it was not present on your bird.
Things to look for are numerous in some situations and less so in others, but it's important to record even the most minute details that you see, as they may matter in differentiating one species from another. Most people tend to emphasize the color of the bird when recording details, but other aspects may be just as important, or even more important. Body size is always a handy thing to note. When birding, this virtually always means a relative size: the bird you saw was as big as or as small as other birds with which it was observed. Actual size is difficult for most people to estimate without some frame of reference. In fact, it may be challenging to get an actual size unless you have the bird in hand and measure it. Since many species that are difficult to separate may differ in actual size by only fractions of an inch, guessing at a bird’s actual dimensions may be worthless.
Shape of the bill, wings, and other parts are also useful in differentiating some birds so include this in your notes. Many birders look at bill shape first to identify an unusual bird, since the bill often tells you what group a bird belongs to. In 2002, a difficult bird appeared in the Indianapolis area and speculation centered on whether the bird was an immature gull or some kind of duck. These two groups have very different bills, and that could have settled that part of the debate easily. [The bird turned out to be an exotic species of duck.]
Plumage coloration is one of the most diagnostic marks available in identification of avian species. Take meticulous notes on the colors of the back, underparts, wings and tail of the bird being studied. Be as accurate about the colors as possible. "Is it light gray or dark gray?" or better yet, if you're familiar with color charts, use those to pin down the exact color of gray. Just be sure to include whose color chart you use. All of the field guides give a description of the various parts of the bird often in the beginning of the guides. Become familiar with these terms and use them to make an accurate description. David Sibley’s Birding Basics also provides an excellent description of the parts of birds. There are differences between wing bars versus wing stripes and eyebrows versus eye lines. Improper use of terms can lead to future confusion on the part of everyone. The size, shape and color of soft parts (non-feathered areas such as the bill, legs and eyes) are also vital pieces of information. All of the above information that applies to plumage is relevant to describing soft parts as well.
Behavior is an important aid to bird identification. How was the bird acting – how would you describe its flight, feeding, or other behavior? Bird flight can tell a lot about a bird. Is the flight rapid and smooth or slow and floppy? Did the bird hover? Are the wings pointed or round, and is the tail forked or square in flight? Can you observe any additional field marks when the bird was flying that you couldn't see when the bird was at rest?
Did the bird vocalize while you were watching it? This doesn't mean just singing, but did it make any calls such as chips or alarm calls. What else did the bird do while you watched it? Was it feeding? Was it gathering nest material or food? Did you find a nest? Was it interacting with other species of birds? If so, what kind and how many? What type of habitat was it located in: old field, deep woods, marsh, etc.? While habitat is not diagnostic, it is an indicator in certain situations.
Additional details to record include: the date and time of day, how far from the bird you were, what type and power of optics you were using, lighting and sun position in relation to both you and the bird, who was with you and did they agree with your identification, and if anyone got pictures of the bird. Many people are now combining digital cameras and spotting scopes to get fantastic long-distance photos to document rare birds. Other people use light-weight video cameras to record an unusual bird, which allows you to record its behavior as well as its appearance.
Now you've seen that rare Monkey-eating Eagle in University Park and taken excellent field notes, what next? You had first better call us (just kidding) and then you need to acquire or formulate your own documentation form.
Referring back to your field notes, fill in as much of the documentation form as you can, without the aid of other references that could influence your writing. Once this is done, you can dig into your reference library and compare the bird that you saw with other similar species. Explain, as fully as possible, why the bird that you saw cannot be any of these. This is where all of the detailed notes that you took will be invaluable. List the materials consulted to eliminate similar species.
So you say "Great, now I know how to do it, but do I document everything, or should I be more selective?" For your own purposes, that is a personal decision to make. Many people document fully every species that they see for the first time. For your records, it is valuable to document your life birds regardless of whether the species is unusual in an area.
The Indiana Bird Records Committee is interested in reviewing documentation of species that are rare in the state, and has published a review list of species for that purpose. Many of these species have been recorded rarely in the state, or present difficult identification challenges. The entire list of species that have been recorded in Indiana can be viewed at the the Indiana Audubon website.
So far everything is going as planned. You've located a bird that is rarely observed in Indiana. You took good notes and filled out the appropriate documentation. Now where do you send it? If you are doing a spring, summer, or Christmas count, you should give a copy to the count compiler that you report to. Otherwise forms should be sent to the appropriate field notes editor for the Indiana Audubon Quarterly, the state compiler for North American Birds, and the Indiana Bird Records Committee.
One other issue must be addressed. Some people work hard to document their sightings, only to have compilers, regional editors, or the Indiana Bird Records Committee reject their observations. “Why go to all the trouble if the record is just going to be doubted?” This is admittedly a frustrating part of the process. There are several parts to the answer. First, remember that there are personal benefits that you gain from the documentation process. The gains in knowledge and birding skill and the better personal records that you gain are yours to keep, regardless of any other use of the record.
It is true that some documented birds are readily accepted by compilers and rare-bird committees, while others are not. Why is that true? First, some species are just easier to identify than others. White Ibis and Wood Stork are on the Indiana review list, because they have been rarely found in our state. When one of these birds shows up, any birder with good note-taking skills can write a convincing documentation. Other species, such as the three jaegers or many rare shorebirds, are much more difficult to document convincingly with a written description. For these species, a picture can truly be worth a thousand words.
A second point is that many birds, while rare in Indiana, have established patterns as to their typical habitat, their migration timing and their tendency to wander out of range. Some species are also much more commonly held in captivity (and are therefore likely to show up out-of-range by escaping). A documented record is much more likely to be accepted if the observation fits a species’ known pattern of habitat and season of occurrence, even if the documentation is less than ideal. For instance, a Snowy Owl report in the summer is unlikely to be accepted without physical evidence or very detailed documentation, while the same observation in early winter better fits the known pattern for this species. Snowy Owl numbers also vary from year to year. A documentation that is short on detail is more likely to be accepted during an invasion year when many Snowy Owls are known to be present. In other years, more details may be needed.
Finally, most compilers and rare-bird committees are most stringent when it comes to records that involve first state records. For these rarest-of-the-rare, there is no background pattern of records with which to assess the likelihood of an observation. Each record must stand on its own. Ideally, to document a first state record, you should get physical evidence such as photographs, videos, or recordings. If that is impossible, multiple written documentations submitted by different observers are preferred by most committee members. Even then, some cases will get rejected. In 2002, a potential first state record of Great Cormorant was rejected by the Indiana Rare Bird Committee, even though many of the documentations submitted were written by members of the committee itself! Some members voted against their own documentations in this case, because research with the published literature on cormorants had shown that it was too difficult to eliminate the more-expected Double-crested Cormorant with the evidence that had been assembled. Still, it was a valuable learning experience for all involved.
Now you know the importance of documentation! You've been given a rough outline of how to do them, and you know where to send them. Why not give it a try! Just going through the process can teach you a lot about birds that you might otherwise miss. Making comparisons to similar species can help to ingrain fine details of plumages that normally can be difficult to remember and you can personally make a contribution to Indiana's ornithological record.
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It’s Valentine’s Day, or “single awareness day” as college students without a date often say. They may be confusing it with the Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre, when seven mobsters were killed in a Chicago gang feud.
They do well to be confused about the significance of this holiday, since the romantic notions have little to do with Saint Valentine himself. Whoever he was.
Actually there are 14 Saint Valentines, but only three have been attributed to February 14. The most likely candidate is Valentine of Rome, who was deleted from the General Roman Calendar of Saints in 1969 by Pope Paul VI.
Here is what the Pope said, although he probably didn’t write it himself:
“Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was buried on the Via Flaminia
View original post 525 more words
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Cocaine is the drug of the rich and famous, it symbolizes success, fame, and fortune. There are so many artists and successful people throughout the last century that surrendered to the white powder and even today, with the awareness of cocaine’s possible damage, it is one of the most desirable and demanded products in the world.
Cocaine (coca leaf) has some other hidden benefits. Yes, there have been some really cool people that used and use cocaine just for fun or to escape the harsh reality, but what about Hitler? There are pieces of evidence that Hitler used cocaine during WW2. It’s hard to believe that Hitler used cocaine to get high right?? He probably used cocaine because he had to operate the biggest war in history and had to be focused. Remember this word, focus.
While Hitler’s cocaine use is questionable, Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, had a passion for cocaine and a strong belief that the drug can be used as a medical treatment to fight depression. In 1884, Freud released a medical analysis called Uber Coca in favor of cocaine usage as a medical drug. However, even Freud failed to integrate cocaine as a medical drug.
A brief history of cocaine
As a matter of fact, archeological findings prove that cocaine in its pure form, meaning coca leaves were used in South America since ancient times. The Inca Indians respected the plant and used coca leaves for sacred ceremonies. The use of coca leaves was forbidden and was given to the community’s leaders only. Once the Spanish and the Portuguese arrived in South America, they immediately reported about the coca plant. The Europeans realized that the coca leaves prevent hunger and stimulate the body and therefore used it to increase slave’s work stability. Cocaine was first extracted from the coca leaves in 1859 and in 1880 cocaine was at the center of the medical community owing to the behavior, fast heartbeat, and nervous system effects.
Cocaine (coca leaf) medical uses
So it has been more than a hundred years since modern medicine discovered cocaine and it is fair to conclude that cocaine’s negative effects outweigh the positive. Yet, what are the new/old discoveries and benefits that cocaine, or more accurately coca leaves, can offer these days in a legitimate way?
Anesthesia – Cocaine main medical use is for anesthesia, usually in surgeries. The fact that cocaine blocks nerve impulses cause the anesthetic effect and due to its vasoconstrictive quality, cocaine creates less bleeding at the time of incision.
ADHD – Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder with symptoms of hyperactivity, low attention, and impulsivity. The connection between ADHD and cocaine (also methamphetamine) is not certain but one research shows that 10%-30% of those who are addicted to cocaine have ADHD.
We said before that cocaine (coca leaf) helps with focus. There are some who use the expensive drug for the purpose of succeed in their career, sports, music, and him again, to win a war. Another research shows that cocaine increases the brain’s ability to absorb new information and take decisions but in a way that involves addiction.
Wound Healing – As we mentioned, cocaine has the ability to reduce bleeding and therefore is recommended as a treatment for children with wounds without toxic side effects.
Stomach, Bowel, Asthma, Indigestion, and Malaria – Cocaine is a stimulant substance and therefore creates a healthy metabolism which cleanses the body. The Andean tribes use to chew coca leaf as a medicine for various diseases that contain bacterias.
Prevents Altitude Sickness – Well, the Andeans were mostly located in altitude locations and had to solve altitude sickness. There are many studies that approved the effects of coca leaf as a cure to altitude sickness.
Weight Loss – Another cocaine’s effect is weight loss. Apparently, models know what they do as cocaine prevents hunger and thirst. However, the implications for body health are not clear and can also harm the body and of course, you would not suggest any person with an overweight problem to start sniffing cocaine.
Cocaine changes the way your body stores fat and for the long term creates a weight loss. Again, although nowadays you would not recommend any person to use cocaine for the benefit of losing weight, we could not know what the future might bring us – same as weed companies that discovered medical qualities of the plant, perhaps someone might discover a healthy way for overweight treatment using cocaine.
No, we do not support cocaine as it is an addictive drug and has a damaging effect on the human body and mental health. Yet, every plant in nature has two sides of a coin, even heroin has some positive effects and might contribute to the human body. Similarly to the process of cannabis and the extraction of CBD, perhaps cocaine will be used as healthy medicine in very small doses to help people. Until then, the use of coca leaf tea can be the most legitimate way to consume cocaine and enjoy its benefits.
The chemist Albert Hoffman, who was the creator of LSD, argued until the end of his life that LDS can be beneficial if used in small doses. Perhaps coca leaves have some unknown magic besides the high feeling that yet to be discovered.
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5 Tips for Food That’s Safe to Eat
Simple steps to dramatically cut your risk for food-related illness
Each year, invisible pathogens cause about 48 million cases of food poisoning and 3,000 deaths in the United States. The risk is higher in older adults, pregnant women, and people with diseases such as cancer and diabetes. And those people are more likely to be hospitalized when sick. Some bouts of sickness are immediate and brief. In others, foodborne illness can have serious long-term effects, such as arthritis, kidney failure, and nerve damage.
“The problem with the pathogens that cause food poisoning is you can’t see them, smell them, or taste them,” says Shelley Feist, executive director of the nonprofit Partnership for Food Safety Education. There are simple, easy steps you can take, however, to drastically lower your chances of contracting a foodborne disease.
1. Clean It.
Although you may associate food poisoning with dining out, your home can house contaminants, too. “A significant portion of [food-poisoning cases] are caused by people in their own homes,” says Arthur Whitmore, a spokesperson for the Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Food Safety.
Food safety starts in the kitchen—a clean kitchen. While unhealthy bacteria may be present on your food when you purchase it, you can also introduce bacteria to clean food if you don’t prepare it properly.
The first order of business: Wash your hands. Even if they look clean, your hands could be harboring some dangerous bacteria. Use soap and warm water, and rub your hands together for at least 20 seconds—about how long it takes to sing “Happy Birthday” twice.
It’s also important to thoroughly wash produce (even fruits and veggies you plan to peel) with running tap water. “You shouldn’t clean fruits and vegetables in standing water,” says Feist. “There’s potential for cross-contamination—unless you keep a very clean sink.” Either rub fruits and veggies thoroughly or use a clean scrub brush. No soap is necessary—soap products aren’t safe to eat, and despite thorough rinsing, residue may remain. Don’t rinse meats, however. That can spread bacteria and increase your risk of foodborne sickness.
After handling food, make sure to wash your hands again. While most people wash their hands after touching raw meat, it’s often too brief. “If you handle raw meat or poultry, washing your hands needs to be more than running your hands under water for three seconds,” says Feist. Always lather up with soap for about 20 seconds, rinse, and dry well.
Clean kitchen gear is also important. Make sure dishes, cutting boards, knives, and other utensils have been thoroughly cleaned with soap and hot water before use. Habits such as placing grocery bags on the counter could transfer bacteria to your workspace, so it’s important to start with a freshly cleaned surface.
Consider, too, how you dry your hands, tools, and workspace. Reusable towels, if not cleaned often, can collect pathogens and transfer them to and from your hands and food. Paper towels, on the other hand, can be thrown out after one use, lowering your chances of spreading bacteria.
2. Separate It.
Separating raw meat and seafood from the rest of your food can prevent cross-contamination. By chopping veggies on the same cutting board used to slice raw meat, for instance, you increase the likelihood that bacteria from the meat will spread to other parts of your meal. Use one cutting board for raw meat or seafood and another for produce.
Always use separate plates and utensils for raw and cooked foods. Instead of placing cooked steak on the same plate that once held raw beef, get another dish. And if you plan to use the same utensils, be sure to thoroughly wash them between tasks.
3. Thaw It.
Pathogens multiply at room temperature, even in partially thawed food. Let meat and seafood defrost in the refrigerator on top of a plate that can catch any juices. Don’t have time? Submerge the sealed package of frozen meat in cold water, changing the water every half hour. Or defrost in the microwave. Keep in mind: When thawed in water or the microwave, food needs to be cooked immediately. If you plan to marinate food to give it flavor before you cook it, be sure to store it in the refrigerator while it marinates.
4. Heat It.
Cooking is a crucial step in preventing foodborne illness. Pathogens multiply in what’s known as the “danger zone,” a range between 40 and 140 degrees Fahrenheit. “A lot of chicken has salmonella on it,” says Whitmore. “It’s in the environment. But it’s not a problem if you cook it properly.” Note that putting seafood in citrus juice, as with ceviche, does not cook it.
Yet despite understanding that cooking zaps pathogens, most people just eyeball food to see whether it’s done. How can you be certain that chicken you just removed from the oven is at its minimum safe internal temperature for eating? “Use a thermometer because you will know when it reaches a safe temperature and you won’t overcook it,” Feist says. Using a food thermometer is easy—just stick it in the thickest part of the meat, away from any bone, fat, or gristle. The tool is readily available at most grocery stores. (For minimum internal temperatures for various foods, see below.)
It’s also important to keep food warm after cooking. Once a cooked food starts to cool, bacteria flourish. To prevent this, keep cooked food at 140 degrees, either on the stove, in the oven, or with a warming dish.
5. Cool It.
Pathogens can grow within two hours of a food being removed from the heat or taken from the refrigerator. That safe time drops by an hour in the summer, when outdoor temps reach 90 degrees. Cold temperatures stall growth (aside from listeria, which grows at cold temperatures), so perishable foods should be stored in the refrigerator within a couple of hours.
Do a fridge check to make sure it’s cooling quickly. Too much food can prevent air circulation in your refrigerator, making it harder to chill food. Another way to speed up cooling time (and prevent pathogens from growing) is to pack and refrigerate still-hot food in small, shallow containers instead of one larger one.
Storage time is another concern, and not just because of dangerous pathogens. Mold is a sure sign a food has gone bad. Not sure if you should trash an item? In general, moldy food should be discarded—even if you only spot mold in a small area. When it comes to dangerous mold, toxins may spread throughout a food even though the telltale “fur” appears in only one area.
That said, it’s safe to eat hard cheeses and firm fruits and veggies (such as carrots and cabbage) if you remove an inch around and below moldy spots. But, Whitmore says, “if it looks bad, if it smells bad, if you’re in doubt, throw it out.”
Wash sponges daily in the dishwasher or microwave them, damp, for one minute. Replace sponges often.
Buy colorful cutting boards. Use red for raw meat and seafood, green for produce to help prevent mix-ups.
Cloth shopping bags can transfer bacteria from one food to another, so wash them frequently.
Keep your refrigerator between 32 and 40 degrees F. Your freezer should be set to 0 or below.
More Food Safety Tips
For tips on dining out, grocery shopping, and avoiding pesticides, visit diabetesforecast.org/foodsafety-may2014.
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Tactics for Officers of Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery by L. v.Buckholtz was printed in Richmond in 1861. This is a book about the strategy of waging war. Tactics is usually used to refer to the actual drill maneuvers, formations and manual of arms to organize train and move bodies of troops. Strategy refers to the arm of moving troops to gain an advantage over an opponent or defend a city or position. This book deals with the Strategy aspect of military education. With the mobilization of 1861 and 1862 both sides were tasked with training large numbers of men into functioning armies.
This is an excellent example of this work. The binding is tight and all original. The pages are all intact with little to no foxing. There is a period note in the front end page reading "No. 50" in pencil. The front board is embossed with "Science of War" over an oval panoply of arms.
This is a rare work.
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Cyclamen, Cyclamen persicum
Cyclamen is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants In the past they have traditionally been classified in the family Primulaceae, but in recent years they have been reclassified in the family Myrsinaceae. The genus is most widely known by its scientific name cyclamen being taken into common usage; other names occasionally used include sowbread and sometimes, confusingly, persian violet (it is not related to the violets), or primrose (neither is it a primrose).
Cyclamens are native to the Mediterranean region from Spain east to Iran, and also in northeast Africa south to Somalia. They are perennial herbaceous aestivating plants, with a surface or underground corm (derived from the hypocotyl) 4-12 cm diameter, which produces leaves in late winter, and flowers in the autumn; the leaves die down during the hottest part of the Mediterranean summer drought to conserve water. The leaves are rounded to triangular, 2-10 cm long and 2-7 cm broad, and usually variegated with a pale silvery horseshoe-shaped mark round the middle of the leaf. The variegation is thought by some botanists to be a form of natural disruptive camouflage to reduce grazing damage by animals. The flowers are produced in whorls of 3-10, each flower on a slender stem 3-12 cm tall, with five united petals; the petals are usually reflexed back 90° to 180° erect above the flower, and vary from white through pink to red-purple, most commonly pale pink. The fruit is a five-chambered capsule 1-2 cm diameter, containing numerous sticky seeds about 2 mm diameter. Natural seed dispersal is by ants, which eat the sticky covering and then discard the seeds.
Cyclamens typically grow in dry forest or scrub, where they are at least partly shaded from intense sunlight. The species vary greatly in winter frost tolerance, with the hardiest species (C. hederifolium) tolerating temperatures down to -15°C, or -30°C if covered by snow; others, such as C. somalense from northeastern Somalia, do not tolerate any frost at all.
Cultivation and uses
Cyclamens are commonly grown for their flowers, both outdoors and indoors in pots. Several species are hardy and can be grown outdoors in mild climates such as northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest. The cyclamen commonly sold by florists is C. persicum, which is frost-tender. Selected cyclamen cultivars can have white, bright pink, red or purple flowers.
In many areas within the native range, cyclamen populations have been severely depleted by collection from the wild, often illegally, for the horticultural trade; some species are now endangered as a result. However, in a few areas, plant conservation charities have educated local people to control the harvest carefully at a sustainable level, including sowing seed for future crops, both sustaining the wild populations and producing a reliable long-term income. Many cyclamens are also propagated in nurseries without harm to the wild plants.
Cyclamen species have been used medicinally, though not applied to the skin as an emetic as rumor tells.
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Gardening books, magazines and plant labels refer to plants as "Hardy" or "Frost hardy" with a "H" rating, which until recently, was a fairly basic indication of the degree of cold and frost the plant or shrub would withstand during the winter. It is important to know because if the plant is not sufficiently hardy for UK winters, it will die over winter, or will need winter protection. It is time consuming to grow less hardy plants, which need to be moved under glass, or sheltered and/or wrapped up for the winter. It is also costly if they do not survive the winter. It is easy to spot a lovely-looking plant in the garden centre only to find it is not fully hardy, which means the plant's ability to survive an English winter is limited.
Confusingly similar plants and plants in the same group can have different hardy ratings. For example, some varieties of Lavender are more hardy than others, as are different types of Salvia. This means when buying a plant you need to check the label for information not just about the group, or genus, but also the variety.
The original basic system of hardiness classification was to demonstrate the level of cold and frost the plant could withstand and was in widespread use until relatively recently. It was a simple *** rating.
The previous system was fine up to a point, but had several drawbacks. It was broadly based on the USA zones, which didn't correspond with the UK climate. Also in practise, the previous classification was not sufficiently detailed for the wide variety of growing conditions in the UK. The conditions experienced in more exposed Northerly, or wetter gardens, meant in effect the plant was in reality less hardy than its classification; equally, most gardens have some more sheltered areas and micro climates.
Illustrated above are the three extremes of plant hardiness: the Orchid (left) originally from tropical areas is very tender and really only an indoor plant, Sweet Peas (image center) are hardy annuals and will take a degree of frost, and Heathers (image right) are very hardy, as tough as old boots growing as they do at high altitudes in the North and Scotland.
It isn't just the cold which takes its toll on plants, other factors such as rainfall, chilly winds, high levels of water. Pittosporum tenuifolium which initially survived for several years in my garden, in a sheltered spot, was classified as *** hardy under the old plant hardiness rating system, perished in a bad winter, because my garden was no just cold but wet as well. Under the 2013 scheme, Pittosporum would be classified as H3 showing a more tender nature. In a more protected spot or in a different garden the Pittosporum may have survived.
Lavender, more particularly the English Lavender Angustifolia, is generally hardy but really dislikes the wet. English lavender may be fine in most winters if it is in the right spot, which is dry and well drained soil, but it loathes having its roots in the wet soil, which will kill it more quickly than the cold. The French lavender, Stoechas is borderline hardy. The the current system introduced in 2013 takes into account more variables.
The hardiness classification system is there to inform the buyer. More detailed information has refined the classification. For example, on the question of lavender, Lavender Angustifolia 'Hidcote' has been moved to H5 so the buyer knows if choosing a Lavender for a more exposed site to pick H5 not H4. The same applies when choosing shrubs, allowing a buyer to choose a shrub which has higher hardiness rating. All the RHS Garden merit plants are labelled under the new plant hardiness rating. This helps to avoid a situation where, after a bad winter in the spring, the border has gaps where plants and shrubs have failed to make it through the winter.
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Definitions of Camera Angle Shots
By Finn McCuhil
Every picture tells a story. Whether it's a still shot or a movie, camera angles influence the look, feel and mood of that story. Photographers and filmmakers know this and choose angles deliberately to shape and enhance the impact of their work. Knowing how and why these angles are created can help amateurs make more compelling pictures or films.
The eye-level angle is the most common shot. The camera is positioned so the subject can look directly into the lens without moving his eyes up or down -- whether or not the subject actually looks into the lens. It is considered to be emotionally neutral and is best used for straight, factual presentation.
This shot is taken from directly above the subject. Often used as an establishing shot to set the location of a scene in films, they can also capture action or objects that may be obscured by other figures on a ground-level view. These shots are frequently taken from cranes or aircraft. Amateurs with lower budgets may need to be satisfied with a tall ladder or a rooftop.
Taken from well above the height of the subject, the high-angle shot establishes the dominance of the camera. It is used to make the subject look weak, intimidated or frightened.
The low-angle shot, taken from below the eye level of the subject, gives the opposite impression of the high-angle shot. It makes the subject appear dominant or in charge.
The Dutch tilt is achieved by tilting the camera so the horizon is no longer level. Used judiciously, it can provide an unusual or dramatic perspective. When overdone in film, it can irritate the viewers.
Point of View
Effective mostly in narratives, the point-of-view angle is used to give the viewer the impression of seeing action happen through the eyes of a character. To achieve this effect, the camera is carefully controlled to mimic the actor's motion and viewpoint. An eye-level shot of an actor glancing at her wristwatch, for example, may be followed by a P.O.V. closeup shot of the watch face, apparently revealing to the audience what the character sees there.
Finn McCuhil is a freelance writer based in Northern Michigan. He worked as a reporter and columnist in South Florida before becoming fascinated with computers. After studying programming at University of South Florida, he spent more than 20 years heading up IT departments at three tier-one automotive suppliers. He now builds wooden boats in the north woods.
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Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a chronic mental illness characterized by swings between depression and grandiose moods. Over five million people live with the illness. The disorder often runs in families, affects women and men equally, and appears around the average age of twenty-five.
To fully explain bipolar disorder, we must first look at the two “poles” of the disease: mania and depression. Mania includes racing thoughts, elevated mood, over-excitement, a lack of a need to sleep, irritability, impulsive decisions, and sometimes delusions. Depression includes feeling sad or sluggish, overeating, insomnia or over-sleeping, severe lack of energy, trouble making decisions, and possibly thoughts of suicide. People with bipolar disorder can swing between these two states over periods of days, weeks, months, or even years. Rapid cycling occurs when four or more mood episodes happen over the course of a year, which is difficult to treat. Four episodes per day is called “Ultradian Cycling.”
Mixed episodes occur when symptoms of mania and symptoms of depression happen at the same time, increasing the risk of suicide. It is very difficult to treat a mixed episode, as most medications do not treat both sets of symptoms at the same time.
Children with bipolar disorder tend to have tantrums that last for hours, and possibly turn violent. Thirty percent of kids who have a major depressive diagnosis will eventually receive a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. During mania, kids tend to have trouble sleeping, be irritable, and speak quickly about a variety of topics. Depressive episodes see children complaining a lot about stomachaches or headaches, have no interest in fun, and possibly think about death or suicide.
There are three types of the disorder: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymia.
Bipolar I is diagnosed when a person suffers from manic symptoms longer than seven days, or severe enough to require immediate hospitalization. Depressive episodes often last two weeks or more. Both states prevent normal function, and require treatment in order for the individual to fully live their life.
Four times more common than Bipolar I, Bipolar II is characterized by both depression and hypomanic (“below mania”) episodes, but not full-blown mania. Often productive, persons with Bipolar II are rarely hospitalized.
Cyclothmia is a tricky diagnosis with manic symptoms less severe than Bipolar I and depressive symptoms less severe than Bipolar II. Impact on productivity varies; some individuals may be hyper-productive with little impairment, whereas others are manic or severely depressed for most of their lives. Cyclothimics may have periods of stability, but those last less than eight weeks.
There are several risk factors under consideration. Genetics may play a part, though studies of identical twins have found that one twin may develop the disorder while the other twin does not. Brain scans show that the structure of the brains of sufferers of bipolar disorder have differently sized portions of the brain compared to healthy people. Family history seems to contribute as well, as those who have a family history of the disorder tend to develop it more often than those who do not.
Treatment for bipolar disorder requires a range of psychotherapy and mood stabilizing drugs like lithium and Depakote. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is also used, with mixed results. Several illnesses are comorbid with bipolar disorder, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or anxiety-related illnesses. These related conditions make it difficult to treat the underlying bipolar disorder, as stimulants used to treat ADHD can sometimes trigger a manic episode.
With treatment, people with bipolar disorder can lead productive, healthy lives, managing their illness as it comes.
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One of the lasting insights from Andrew Feenberg is that fashionable societies emerge from the discharge of the facility of questioning against traditional types of thought.” Out of this unfolding came a brand new approach of taking a look at issues, whose influence has made science and know-how the foundation for our fashionable culture. The Web’s possibilities by way of learning and training had been rapidly realized, and computers with Internet connections quickly became extensively adopted by many college techniques. To conclude, though trendy know-how brings us some goods benefits, it also gives lots of dangerous outcomes. Expertise is correctly defined as any utility of science to accomplish a function. Go to the Inventor’s Toolbox on the Boston Museum of Science web site to study about the elements of simple machines.
You can check it out right here Beneath are just a few of Johnson’s finest quotes about trendy expertise. The FCS model is also a very good instance of timeless modeling strategies outfitted with fashionable strategies. For years these nations have realised the coverage through which basic stress is positioned on education and training of modern employees and on the enlargement of the analysis and growth sphere. The modern know-how shouldn’t be only serving to us in schooling sector it additionally altering the world.
Know-how has ushered us trendy humans to a sedentary lifestyle that is having a devastating effect on our health. Fortunately, some technology suppliers recognize this issue and will help school directors get the expertise they should update their school. But more faculty administrators are realizing the educational advantages trendy technologies offer college students. Right this moment technology is very important in society because it makes life simpler to live on and not time consuming.
Though it might appear that modern expertise is slowing stealing our jobs and affecting our livelihoods, it’s nonetheless people who control the modern know-how. Nevertheless, many younger folks hunt down ‘Americanized’-i.e. commercial, world, branded-websites, as highlighted by Sonia Livingstone, researcher from the London Faculty of Economics and Political Science. At this time’s expertise is already producing a marked shift in the way we expect and behave, particularly among the young.
Touring by autos like vehicles or buses are a necessity in the fashionable world, however these habits are what makes the world seem so bone-lazy nowadays. Modern medicine additionally permits sufferers to manage persistent circumstances that have been once debilitating and life-threatening, corresponding to diabetes and hypertension. A highly expert technical service can provide effective technical solutions to higher manage the infestation. Fashionable expertise doesn’t ALWAYS enhance the standard of individuals’s lives’ regardless of whether or not it is in a developed or much less developed countries. Moreover, current day factories have modern amenities like machines and comfortable ware that facilitate production.
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A long time ago, 13 animals lived in harmony. The 13 animals were the rat, cat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, goat, monkey, rooster, dog and pig. The king organized a race, telling the animals that they must compete in the race. In this race, the animals had to cross a fast flowing river and get to the other side to receive their prize, but there were only 12 prizes available. The rat and cat were really good friends, but were worried that they would not finish the race because they were both poor swimmers. The two came up with a plan. They went to the ox and admired the ox’s strength, asking if the ox would be kind enough to let them ride on its back across the river. The ox agreed. The race began and the ox quickly took the lead with the rat and cat sitting on his shoulders. When the ox neared the bank of the river, the rat pushed the cat into the river. The cat struggled to swim but was washed away by the currents. Then, the rat decided to jump off the shoulder of the ox, taking first place. The king gave the rat its reward, which was that the first year of the zodiac would be named after it. The ox received second place and got the second year of the zodiac named after him. Then the tiger crossed the bank and got the third year named after it. Then the rabbit appeared and got the fourth year named after it. Then the dragon appeared and got the fifth year named after it. Then the snake appeared and got the sixth year named after it. Then the horse appeared and got the seventh year named after it. Then the goat appeared and got the eighth year named after it. Then the monkey appeared and got the ninth year named after it. Then the rooster appeared and got the tenth year named after it. Then the dog appeared and got the eleventh year named after it. And then, in last place the pig appeared, slowly trudging along, and got the twelfth year named after it. Crawling out of the water, the cat appeared, but did not receive a prize. Since then, cats and rats have always been enemies. And that is how the animals of the Chinese Zodiac came to be.
My informant first heard this myth from his parents around Chinese New Year. That time of year lends itself to this story as it serves as an explanation for the ordering of the years in the Chinese Zodiac and is the basis for the personality profiles of people born in the different years.. This myth is fairly wide spread and has a number of different forms. Here I have included my informants favorite version, but there are others that include why the dragon. This myth emphasizes intelligence and cunning over brute strength, as the meek rat is ultimately triumphant. It also seems to condone betrayal, as the rat is rewarded despite his actions.
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Focus on Education: Classroom Careers for Scientists
It was during “sharing” time in my first week as a teacher’s aide at Sunset View Elementary School in San Diego. Mike, a second-grader, shared a newspaper article about black holes. The teacher, Anne Earlywine, is one of the best I have ever seen, and I learned much of what I know about teaching from her. But she did not know much about black holes. The little astronomy I knew at the time (I was a college freshman) allowed me to engage the class in Mike’s report and give him some guidance on how to take his interest further.
For me, the lesson was this: While a deep understanding of science may not be necessary for school teachers, it sure can’t hurt.
So how can we get our school teachers to know more about science? One approach is to provide science enrichment programs for current and prospective teachers, and many such programs have had success. But there’s a second approach that deserves far more attention than it has received: providing opportunities for scientists to become classroom teachers.
The idea of putting scientists in the classroom tends to raise eyebrows, but it makes sense on many levels. For example, the United States is facing a dire shortage of teachers of any kind, let alone those with science expertise. At the same time, graduate programs are creating many more new scientists than can be accommodated on the traditional pathway to becoming a college professor. Surely these practical considerations call for making elementary and secondary teaching respectable alternative careers for scientists.
On the level of teaching excellence, most scientists are wildly enthusiastic about their subjects, so with proper training many of them could make outstanding teachers. (Yes, I know that many scientists don’t make good teachers – but I would bet that the proportion of people who can make great teachers is higher among scientists than in the public at large.) Moreover, because the traditional graduate pathway leads to a college faculty position, most people who enter science have at least some intention of teaching. In fact, many scientists have experience as instructors or teaching assistants – often more total hours of teaching experience than are required to obtain a teaching credential.
The only questions are whether scientists would be attracted to classroom careers and, if so, how to help them follow this route. From discussions with graduate students and postdoctoral researchers, I’ve learned that teaching careers would be very attractive to many scientists if just two conditions could be met:
- making sure that these individuals can remain respected scientists at the same time that they are teachers by, for example, providing them opportunities to stay involved in research; and
- providing an alternative path to teacher certification that gives all the necessary training but also recognizes the experience and advanced education that these individuals already possess.
Both conditions are more difficult to satisfy than you might guess. With respect to the first, a teaching career leaves research time only in summers and perhaps occasional hours during the academic year. In open competition for research grants, scientist-teachers would, therefore, be at a disadvantage against full-time scientific researchers. Yet there’s no shortage of research work: scientists are already overwhelmed by the enormous amount of data coming from current projects, and the situation will become more daunting in the future. A natural solution to this dilemma would be to create funding opportunities that support scientist-teachers in research and scientific development. But creating such opportunities requires widespread support from the scientific community and federal funding agencies – support that does not yet exist.
Meeting the second condition is even more challenging. A few years back, I worked on a project to create an alternative certification pathway with Catharine Garmany (University of Colorado, and a member of the ASP Board of Directors) and Richard McCray (University of Colorado, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences). Everyone we spoke to was supportive of the idea, including people at the Colorado Department of Education, the University of Colorado School of Education, and Superintendents of regional school districts. But no one had the time or energy required to push through all the bureaucratic steps involved in making the program happen (and a proposal for funding to continue our efforts was rejected).
Despite this setback, I am more convinced than ever that the time has come for efforts to make teachers out of interested scientists. I know of researchers who have already chosen this route. But if we can find a way to meet the two conditions above, I believe we’ll open floodgates through which thousands of bright students will enter teaching via graduate programs in science. These individuals will personally benefit from careers that enable them to pursue their passions for both science and teaching. Science will benefit from their work as part-time researchers and the encouragement they will provide to the next generation of scientists. The nation will benefit from a large pool of scientifically trained teachers. There’s no downside – so when do we start?
JEFF BENNETT’s first popular book, On the Cosmic Horizon, will be published by Addison Wesley in September. He is also the lead author for Addison Wesley textbooks in astronomy (The Cosmic Perspective, full and Brief editions), mathematics (Using and Understanding Mathematics), and statistics (Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life; forthcoming). He welcomes email correspondence about these columns and other issues at [email protected].
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Arachosia (Old-Persian: Harauvatiš, "well watered"): satrapy of the Achaemenid empire (Kandahâr in modern Afghanistan) along the Tarnak river. The country is part of the road from the west of Iran across the mountains to the Indus valley.
Arachosia is situated between Drangiana on the lower Helmond in the southwest and the mountains and valley of Gandara in the northeast. In the Arachosian capital, Kapisakaniš (modern Kandahâr), the road divides: a traveler coming from the west can go upstream along the Tarnak to modern Kabul and the Punjab, or to the southeast, across the Bolan pass to the lower Indus, to Sattagydia.
Arachosia was probably added to the Achaemenid empire during the reign of king Cyrus the Great (559-530 BCE); there are indications that a Persian fortress at Kapisakaniš was built in these years. During the troubles after the death of Cyrus' son and successor Cambyses in the summer of 522, Arachosia sided with the Persian pretender Vahyazdâta. But the legitimate satrap Vivâna stood his ground against Vahyazdâta's troops and secured the loyalty of the region to the new king Darius I the Great in two battles (29 December 522 and 21 February 521).
It seems that Vivâna was succeeded by one Bakabaduš. Later satraps are unknown, except for Barsaentes, who ruled Arachosia under Darius III Codomannus. This was during a war; it is possible that Arachosia was under normal circumstances governed by the satrap of Drangiana.
The Macedonian king Alexander the Great visited Arachosia in March 329 BCE. Afterwards, Kapisakaniš was called Alexandria in Arachosia. After the death of Alexander, it became part of the Seleucid empire. It was briefly subjected to the Indian emperor Ashoka Maurya (272-232 BCE - famous for his rock edicts) and became Sacan and Parthian in the second century BCE.
After the Sacae, the country was called Sacastane, from which the modern name Sistan is derived. The people are known to have believed in a god named Zun, which was worshipped in the shape of a golden statue with eyes made of rubies. The Sistanis managed to ward off Arabian attacks in 653-654 and 699-700; the cult continued until the eleventh century.
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U.S. Department of State Background Note
Sponsored LinksTravel reviews & great deals at TripAdvisor:
Portuguese explorers established contacts with Liberia as early as 1461 and named the area Grain Coast because of the abundance of grains of Malegueta Pepper. In 1663 the British installed trading posts on the Grain Coast, but the Dutch destroyed these posts a year later. There were no further reports of European settlements along the Grain Coast until the arrival of freed slaves in the early 1800s.
Liberia, which means "land of the free," was founded by free African-Americans and freed slaves from the United States in 1820. An initial group of 86 immigrants, who came to be called Americo-Liberians, established a settlement in Christopolis (now Monrovia, named after U.S. President James Monroe) on February 6, 1820.
Thousands of freed American slaves and free African-Americans arrived during the following years, leading to the formation of more settlements and culminating in a declaration of independence of the Republic of Liberia on July 26, 1847. The drive to resettle freed slaves in Africa was promoted by the American Colonization Society (ACS), an organization of white clergymen, abolitionists, and slave owners founded in 1816 by Robert Finley, a Presbyterian minister. Between 1821 and 1867 the ACS resettled some 10,000 African-Americans and several thousand Africans from interdicted slave ships; it governed the Commonwealth of Liberia until independence in 1847.
In Liberia's early years, the Americo-Liberian settlers periodically encountered stiff and sometimes violent opposition from indigenous Africans, who were excluded from citizenship in the new Republic until 1904. At the same time, British and French colonial expansionists encroached upon Liberia, taking over much of its territory. Politically, the country was a one-party state ruled by the True Whig Party (TWP). Joseph Jenkins Roberts, who was born and raised in America, was Liberia's first President. The style of government and constitution was fashioned on that of the United States, and the Americo-Liberian elite monopolized political power and restricted the voting rights of the indigenous population. The True Whig Party dominated all sectors of Liberia from independence in 1847 until April 12, 1980, when indigenous Liberian Master Sergeant Samuel K. Doe (from the Krahn ethnic group) seized power in a coup d'etat. Doe's forces executed President William R. Tolbert and several officials of his government, mostly of Americo-Liberian descent. One hundred and thirty-three years of Americo-Liberian political domination ended with the formation of the People's Redemption Council (PRC).
Over time, the Doe government began promoting members of Doe's Krahn ethnic group, who soon dominated political and military life in Liberia. This raised ethnic tension and caused frequent hostilities between the politically and militarily dominant Krahns and other ethnic groups in the country.
After the October 1985 elections, characterized by widespread fraud, Doe solidified his control. The period after the elections saw increased human rights abuses, corruption, and ethnic tensions. The standard of living further deteriorated. On November 12, 1985, former Army Commanding Gen. Thomas Quiwonkpa almost succeeded in toppling the government of Samuel Doe. The Armed Forces of Liberia repelled Quiwonkpa's attack and executed him in Monrovia. Doe's Krahn-dominated forces carried out reprisals against Mano and Gio civilians suspected of supporting Quiwonkpa.
Despite Doe's poor human rights record and questionable democratic credentials, he retained close relations with Washington. A staunch U.S. ally, Doe met twice with President Ronald Reagan and enjoyed considerable U.S. financial support.
On December 24, 1989, a small band of rebels led by Doe's former procurement chief, Charles Taylor, invaded Liberia from the Ivory Coast. Taylor and his National Patriotic Front rebels rapidly gained the support of many Liberians and reached the outskirts of Monrovia within six months.
From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa's bloodiest civil wars ensued, claiming the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and displacing a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened in 1990 and succeeded in preventing Charles Taylor from capturing Monrovia. Prince Johnson--formerly a member of Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL)--formed the break-away Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL). Johnson's forces captured and killed Doe on September 9, 1990. Taking refuge in Sierra Leone and other neighboring countries, former AFL soldiers founded the new insurgent United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO), fighting back Taylor’s NPFL.
An Interim Government of National Unity (IGNU) was formed in Gambia under the auspices of ECOWAS in October 1990, headed by Dr. Amos C. Sawyer. Taylor (along with other Liberian factions) refused to work with the interim government and continued fighting. After more than a dozen peace accords and declining military power, Taylor finally agreed to the formation of a five-man transitional government. A hasty disarmament and demobilization of warring factions was followed by special elections on July 19, 1997. Charles Taylor and his National Patriotic Party emerged victorious. Taylor won the election by a large majority, primarily because Liberians feared a return to war had Taylor lost.
For the next six years, the Taylor government did not improve the lives of Liberians. Unemployment and illiteracy stood above 75%, and little investment was made in the country's infrastructure. Liberia is trying to recover from the ravages of war; pipe-borne water and electricity are generally unavailable to most of the population, especially outside Monrovia, and schools, hospitals, roads, and infrastructure remain derelict. Rather than work to improve the lives of Liberians, Taylor supported the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone (see Sierra Leone Country Background Note). Taylor’s misrule led to the resumption of armed rebellion from among Taylor's former adversaries. By 2003, armed groups called "Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy" (LURD) and "Movement for Democracy in Liberia" (MODEL), largely representing elements of the former ULIMO-K and ULIMO-J factions that fought Taylor during Liberia’s previous civil war (1989-1996), were challenging Taylor and his increasingly fragmented supporters on the outskirts of Monrovia.
On June 4, 2003 in Accra, Ghana, ECOWAS facilitated peace talks among the Government of Liberia, civil society, and the LURD and MODEL rebel groups. On the same day, the Chief Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone issued a press statement announcing the opening of a sealed March 7, 2003 indictment of Liberian President Charles Taylor for "bearing the greatest responsibility" for atrocities in Sierra Leone since November 1996. In July 2003 the Government of Liberia, LURD, and MODEL signed a cease-fire that all sides failed to respect; bitter fighting reached downtown Monrovia in July and August 2003, creating a massive humanitarian disaster.
On August 11, 2003, under intense U.S. and international pressure, President Taylor resigned office and departed into exile in Nigeria. This move paved the way for the deployment by ECOWAS of what became a 3,600-strong peacekeeping mission in Liberia (ECOMIL). On August 18, leaders from the Liberian Government, the rebels, political parties, and civil society signed a comprehensive peace agreement that laid the framework for constructing a 2-year National Transitional Government of Liberia (NTGL), headed by businessman Gyude Bryant. The UN took over security in Liberia in October 2003, subsuming ECOMIL into the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), a force that grew to its present size of nearly 15,000.
The October 11, 2005 presidential and legislative elections and the subsequent November 8, 2005 presidential run-off were the most free, fair, and peaceful elections in Liberia’s history. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf defeated international soccer star George Weah 59.4% to 40.6% to become Africa’s first democratically elected female president. She was inaugurated in January 2006 and has formed a government of technocrats drawn from among Liberia's ethnic groups and including members of the Liberian diaspora who have returned to the country to rebuild government institutions. The president's party, the Unity Party, does not control the legislature, in which 12 of the 30 registered political parties are represented.
President--Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Vice President--Joseph Nyumah Boakai
Speaker of the House of Representatives--J. Alex Tyler
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court--Johnnie N. Lewis
Minister of Foreign Affairs--George W. Wallace
Minister of Finance--Antoinette Sayeh
Minister of Justice--Frances Johnson Morris
Minister of Defense--Brownie Samukai
Minister of Post and Telecommunication--Jackson E. Doe
Minister of Internal Affairs--Ambulai Johnson
Minister of Education--Joseph Korto
Minister of Public Works--Luseni Donzo
Minister of Agriculture--Christopher Toe
Minister of Health and Social Welfare--Walter Gwenigale
Minister of Commerce and Industry--Olubanke King-Akerele
Acting Minister of Information, Culture and Tourism--Lawrence Bropleh
Minister of Planning and Economic Affairs--Toga Gaywea McIntosh
Acting Minister of State and Chief of Staff--Edward McClain
Minister of Land, Mines and Energy--Eugene Shannon
Minister of Labor--Samuel Kofi Woods
Minister of Youth and Sports--Etmoniah Tarpeh
Minister of Gender and Development--Varbah Gayflor
Chairman, National Investment Commission--Richard Tolbert
Director, Bureau of the Budget--Augustine Ngafua
Director General, General Service Agency--Willard Russell
Executive Governor, Central Bank of Liberia--J. Mills Jones
Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization--Abla G. Williams (Acting)
Inspector-General, Liberia National Police Force--Beatrice Seah
Director, National Security Agency--Fombah Sirleaf
Director General, National Fire Service--Joseph A.B. Derrick
Chairman, Governance Reform Commission--Amos C. Sawyer
Chairman, National Elections Commission--James Fromoyan
Chairman, Truth and Reconciliation Commission--Jerome Verdier
Liberia maintains an embassy in the United States at 5201 16th Street, NW, Washington DC, 202-723-0437.
The Liberian economy relied heavily on the mining of iron ore and on the export of natural rubber prior to the civil war. Liberia was a major exporter of iron ore on the world market. In the 1970s and 1980s, iron mining accounted for more than half of Liberia's export earnings. Following the coup d'etat of 1980, the country's economic growth rate slowed down because of a decline in the demand for iron ore on the world market and political upheavals in Liberia. Liberia's foreign debt amounts to about $3.7 billion. Efforts are currently underway to relieve Liberia of its bilateral and multilateral debts. Some bilateral creditors, including the United States, have pledged debt relief, and discussions of Liberia's arrears are underway at the international financial institutions (World Bank, International Monetary Fund, African Development Bank).
The 1989-2003 civil war had a devastating effect on the country's economy. Most major businesses were destroyed or heavily damaged, and most foreign investors and businesses left the country. Iron ore production stopped completely, and the United Nations banned timber and diamond exports from Liberia. UN sanctions on Liberian timber were removed in 2006; however, activity in the timber sector has not yet resumed on a large scale. Diamond sanctions were terminated by the UN Security Council on April 27, 2007 in Resolution 1753. Liberian diamond exports will be certified through the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.
Currently, Liberia's few earnings come primarily from rubber exports and revenues from its maritime registry program. With the second-largest maritime registry in the world--there are more than 2,350 vessels registered under its flag, and some 35% of the oil imported to the United States is transported on Liberian-flagged ships--Liberia earns over $15 million annually from the flag registry. There is increasing interest in the possibility of commercially exploitable offshore crude oil deposits along Liberia's Atlantic Coast.
With a new, democratically elected government in place since January 2006, Liberia seeks to reconstruct its shattered economy. The Governance and Economic Management Program (GEMAP), which started under the 2003-2006 transitional government, is designed to help the Liberian Government raise and spend revenues in an efficient, transparent way.
Foreign direct investment is returning to Liberia, attracted to the stable security situation provided by the large UN peacekeeping force and the demonstrated commitment to reform on the part of the Sirleaf administration. Investors are now seeking opportunities in mining, rubber, agro-forestry, light industry, and other sectors. Large-scale activity in Liberia's logging industry is expected to resume in 2007, and significant diamond sector activity could follow the lifting of UN sanctions. Arcelor Mittal Steel has negotiated an agreement to invest over $1 billion in the mining sector.
Liberia is a member of ECOWAS. With Guinea and Sierra Leone, it formed the Mano River Union (MRU) for development and the promotion of regional economic integration. The MRU became all but defunct because of the Liberian civil war, which spilled over into neighboring Sierra Leone and Guinea. There has been some revival of MRU cooperation discussions in recent years, particularly since the January 2006 inauguration of Liberian President Sirleaf.
Liberia has maintained traditionally cordial relations with the West. Liberia currently also maintains diplomatic relations with Libya, Cuba, and China.
Liberia is a founding member of the United Nations and its specialized agencies and is a member of the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the African Development Bank (ADB), the Mano River Union (MRU), and the Non-Aligned Movement.
U.S. relations with Liberia date back to the 1820s when the first group of settlers arrived in Liberia from the United States. As early as 1819, Congress appropriated $100,000 for the establishment of Liberia (and resettlement of freemen and freed slaves from North America) by the American Colonization Society, led by prominent Americans such as Francis Scott Key, George Washington's nephew Bushrod, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Presidents Monroe, Adams, and Jackson. The United States, which officially recognized Liberia in 1862, shared particularly close relations with Liberia during the Cold War. The outbreak of civil war in Liberia and the long dominance of Charles Taylor soured bilateral relations. However, Liberia now counts the United States as its strongest supporter in its democratization and reconstruction efforts. Since the end of Liberia's civil war in 2003, the United States has contributed some $570 million toward Liberia's reconstruction and development and nearly $600 million to support the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). The U.S. plans to commit another $200 million in fiscal years 2007 and 2008.
Principal U.S. Officials
Ambassador-- Donald E. Booth
Deputy Chief of Mission--Louis Mazel
Political Counselor--Silvia Eiriz
Economic Counselor--Alfreda Meyers
Public Affairs Officer--Meg Riggs
Consular Officer--John Marietti
USAID Director--Wilbur Thomas
TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION
The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information Program advises Americans traveling and residing abroad through Consular Information Sheets, Public Announcements, and Travel Warnings. Consular Information Sheets exist for all countries and include information on entry and exit requirements, currency regulations, health conditions, safety and security, crime, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. Public Announcements are issued to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively short-term conditions overseas that pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends that Americans avoid travel to a certain country because the situation is dangerous or unstable.
For the latest security information, Americans living and traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department's Bureau of Consular Affairs Internet web site at http://www.travel.state.gov, where the current Worldwide Caution, Public Announcements, and Travel Warnings can be found. Consular Affairs Publications, which contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad, are also available at http://www.travel.state.gov. For additional information on international travel, see http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Travel/International.shtml.
The Department of State encourages all U.S citizens traveling or residing abroad to register via the State Department's travel registration website or at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate abroad. Registration will make your presence and whereabouts known in case it is necessary to contact you in an emergency and will enable you to receive up-to-date information on security conditions.
Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U.S. and Canada or the regular toll line 1-202-501-4444 for callers outside the U.S. and Canada.
The National Passport Information Center (NPIC) is the U.S. Department of State's single, centralized public contact center for U.S. passport information. Telephone: 1-877-4USA-PPT (1-877-487-2778). Customer service representatives and operators for TDD/TTY are available Monday-Friday, 7:00 a.m. to 12:00 midnight, Eastern Time, excluding federal holidays.
Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at 877-FYI-TRIP (877-394-8747) and a web site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel/index.htm give the most recent health advisories, immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for regions and countries. A booklet entitled "Health Information for International Travel" (HHS publication number CDC-95-8280) is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, tel. (202) 512-1800.
Further Electronic Information
Department of State Web Site. Available on the Internet at http://www.state.gov, the Department of State web site provides timely, global access to official U.S. foreign policy information, including Background Notes and daily press briefings along with the directory of key officers of Foreign Service posts and more. The Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) provides security information and regional news that impact U.S. companies working abroad through its website http://www.osac.gov
Export.gov provides a portal to all export-related assistance and market information offered by the federal government and provides trade leads, free export counseling, help with the export process, and more.STAT-USA/Internet, a service of the U.S. Department of Commerce, provides authoritative economic, business, and international trade information from the Federal government. The site includes current and historical trade-related releases, international market research, trade opportunities, and country analysis and provides access to the National Trade Data Bank.
Revised: May. 2007
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A clue given by residents of Vaikunthapuram, located in the capital Amaravati region, led veteran archaeologist E. Siva Nagi Reddy to Buddhist remains of 1st Century BC atop a hill in the village.
Assisted by village residents, he conducted a thorough search on the hill which yielded three mounds studded with brickbats and pottery in red colour. The mounds were formed on huge boulders on which a brick-built stupa was raised.
The bricks invariably belonged to the Satavahana era (1st Century B.C.). Huge fragments of terracotta and brick tiles used to cover chaityas and viharas were also found.
The bricks used in the construction of the Stupas and Viharas measure 60X30X8cm and 58X28X7cm invariability belonging to the Satavahana times i.e., 1st century BC. There are terracotta and brick tiles in huge quantities, of course in a broken form, used to cover the Chaityas and Viharas, Dr. Reddy said.
Further excavations revealed that the Buddhist monks relied for drinking water mainly on two tanks spread in an extent of half an acre and two rock-cut cisterns.
Villagers informed that a few years ago, treasure-hunters dug up at the centre of the stupa and found a relic casket with a gold leaf, which was later handed over to the then Collector of Guntur district.
Buddhist remains like stupas, chaityas and viharas yielded on Vaikunthapuram hill show that Buddhism existed from 1st Century B.C. to the 5th Century AD, but later the region came under the influence of Saivism in the Vishnukundin era, and under Vaishnavites between the 13th and 17th centuries AD.
This is evident in the existence of two Venkateswara temples —one at the foot of the hill and another on the hill top,” said Dr. Reddy.
Dr. Reddy also stumbled upon two Siva lingas on the Krishna river bed. It appeared that the lingas surfaced recently due to receding of the river water. These Siva lingas, he said, portrayed stylistic ground art of 5th century AD (Vishnukundin era).
Featured Image & Source: The Hindu
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Colorado’s Animas River turned mustard yellow as a toxic leak of wastewater is three times larger than officials had originally estimated.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) now says that three million gallons of wastewater spilled from an abandoned mine last week.
The EPA does not believe wildlife is in significant danger because the sludge moved so quickly downstream.
Local authorities took steps to protect drinking water supplies and farms.
The spill began on August 5 when EPA workers, who were cleaning up the closed Gold King Mine, accidentally sent the toxic water flowing into a tributary of the Animas River.
The Animas River has been closed and local officials have advised people to stay out of the water.
The EPA is meeting with Colorado residents this week and testing local wells for contamination. More than 1,000 wells may have been contaminated.
“We’re going to continue to work until this is cleaned up and hold ourselves to the same standards that we would anyone that would have created this situation,” Shaun McGrath, an EPA official, told residents at one of the community meetings, according the New York Times.
Some residents derided the agency, calling it the “Environmental Pollution Agency”.
The EPA is still investigating the health effects of the leak, which included heavy metals including lead and arsenic.
The discolored water, which is now beginning to dissipate, stretched more than 100 miles into neighboring New Mexico.
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https://www.bellenews.com/2015/08/11/world/us-news/animas-river-turns-yellow-after-colorado-mine-waste-spill/
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You know that your job as a firefighter is one of the most dangerous professions in the world. Risking your life and limb every day to save homes, businesses and forests is respectable and honorable as well as hazardous. You and your associates can face immediate dangers resulting from burns and smoke inhalation while fighting California wildfires, but you may not anticipate some of the lesser-known health risks of this industry.
You may be exposed to toxins from smoke and debris for an extended time while fighting wildfires. According to Wildfire Today, studies have shown that firefighters who served 10 years on a project fire crew were 22 to 24 percent more likely to die from contracting lung cancer, ischemic heart disease or cardiovascular disease than they were before joining a crew. After 15 to 20 years, the risks become even more elevated.
Deadly toxins in smoke and their effects
Why is this so, you may wonder? Smoke and airborne particles from wildfires contain numerous toxins that, after prolonged exposure, can have a devastating effect on your health. These toxins include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, crystalline silica and benzene, among others.
The adverse health effects caused by exposure to these toxins can range from skin, eye and lung irritation to breathing difficulties, confusion, memory loss, heart disease, lung deterioration and numerous cancers.
You might preclude a devastating illness caused by wildfire toxins by having your teams rotate frequently out of areas containing heavy smoke or limiting the length of your active firefighting shifts. It is also important to stay up to date on protective equipment and safety procedures that can reduce your exposure to smoke and airborne particles.
In the same way workers’ compensation can cover you after an injury such as a burn or fracture resulting from a fall, you may be eligible for workers’ compensation if you develop an illness caused by long-term exposure to smoke and toxins.
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://www.occupationalinjurylawcenter.com/blog/2018/05/the-unforeseen-consequences-of-wildfire-fighting/
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A person’s life only changes when they change their thoughts. Everything you have done up until now is a result of the thoughts you’ve had.
Your decisions are influenced by your thoughts, and they guide your reactions. So if you want an improved life, you have to develop the raw materials that are formed in your mind.
So what are the raw materials? They are everything that has an influence on your behaviour, attitude and understanding. They include:
These are your ideologies and concepts. The firmer they are, the less likely others will have an influence on you. At the same time, the more realistic they are, the wiser your decisions will become.
These are the customs and traditions you grew up with. For example, you may have been brought up to take off your shoes when entering a house as a guest. There is no right or wrong choice about taking off your shoes, but your culture will have an impact on your decision.
WHAT YOU SEE AND WHAT YOU HEAR
This becomes part of your memory. Sometimes, when we dwell on negative things, they can cause an unwanted reaction.
The people around you can shape the way you think. This is because you’re likely to have similar characteristics, or share the same sense of humor as them. Traits like these are often what attracted you to become friends in the first place.
The comments and beliefs of others can cause you to change your own viewpoint. This can happen if your own beliefs are not strong.
YOUR PRINCIPLES AND VALUES
These include the moral views you uphold. If you believe that telling a lie can be beneficial, you are more likely to bend the truth in order to make others feel happy.
Some of these things are rooted in us, observed from birth. Others are around us constantly, influencing our thoughts every minute. But thanks to the way we were designed, our brain adapts to what we feed it. That’s why the fastest way to permanently change your life is to guard what you allow into your head.
And all of this is totally under your control.
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https://www.uckg.org/the-secret-to-changing-your-life/
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The Osirion, Abydos The Osirion is located at Abydos, behind, below and connected to the Temple of Seti I. When archaeologists like Flinders Petrie and Margaret Murray were working at Abydos in the early 20th century, they discovered the Osirion by accident while excavating Seti’s Temple. The Osirion was originally constructed at a much lower level than the foundations of Seti’s temple, and although orthodox Egyptologists regard the two as contemporary, there is ample evidence that this is definately NOT the case. This evidence will be discussed later in this section. The Osirion is also known as the Tomb of Osiris, just as Seti’s temple is known as the Temple of Osiris . Abydos was the chief seat of worship of Osiris, Lord of the Underworld. Osiris, his sister Isis, and their son Horus were fundamental figures in the religion of ancient Egypt – they were neterw, a race of devine beings that ruled Egypt from way before the 1st Dynasty, from a period known as Zep Tepi, the “First Time”. Below is a diagram of the layout of the Osirion, “borrowed” from The Traveller’s Guide to Ancient Egypt, by John Anthony West. The Osirion was orignally meant to be entered from the Transverse passageway leading from the back of Seti’s temple, but nowdays the passageway is not open to the public, and the tourist must exit Seti’s temple at the rear, climb up, and approach the Osirion from above at modern ground level. The first thing that strikes the visitor is the enormous size of the red granite blocks used in its construction, and it is easy to draw architectural parallels with similar megalithic structures, like the Valley Temple, and the Sphinx Temple at Giza. The similarities are inescapable – the stark and simple megalithic design, the lack of prolific inscriptions, and the fact that some of the larger stone blocks weigh up to 100 tons.
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| 0.969895 | 442 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Definition of infringement
infringement (plural infringements)
- a violation or breach, as of a law
* 2011 September 18, Ben Dirs, “Rugby World Cup 2011: England 41-10 Georgia”, BBC Sport:
Georgia, ranked 16th in the world, dominated the breakdown before half-time and forced England into a host of infringements, but fly-half Merab Kvirikashvili missed three penalties.
Infringement, when used alone, has several possible meanings in the English language.
In a legal context, an infringement refers to the violation of a law or a right. This includes intellectual property infringements such as:
- Wiktionary. Published under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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| 0.860613 | 179 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The scientific consensus on the causes of climate change is in contrast to a widespread confusion among the public. Several studies (e.g. Sterman et al. 2000; Author, 2012, 2013, 2014) indicate that not only school students but even qualified science graduates face serious problems to explain how the emission and capture of CO2 influence the atmospheric CO2-budget: Asked to predict the rate of CO2-emissions and removal that is needed to stabilise the atmospheric CO2-level, most students believe that stopping the growth of emissions stops the increase of CO2 concentration (Sterman et al., 2000). That vast majority of students (84%) asserted that the atmospheric CO2-level would stabilise even though emissions exceed removal. This is in fact wrong —emissions and removal need to be the same to stabilise the CO2-level. We use the theoretical framework of embodied cognition to analyse why these principles of climate change are so hard to grasp.
Conceptual metaphor as a theory within the framework of embodied cognition argues that understanding is ultimately grounded in embodied conceptions, either directly, or by imaginatively mapping its structure to the abstract concept to be understood. (Lakoff, 1990; Author, 2013). Embodied cognition explains why we have problems in understanding science concepts like climate change or the atmospheric CO2-budget: They are of abstract nature and therefore imaginative thought is needed. The purpose of this study is to find out: Which embodied conceptions guide students understanding of the CO2-budget? How can external representations that address these embodied conceptions engender understanding the CO2-budget?
Methodology, Methods, Research Instruments or Sources Used
We collected students’ and scientists’ conceptions on the atmospheric CO2 budget from an own interview study (Author 2010), from climate change reports (IPCC, 2013) and from a reanalysis of the study of Sterman et al. (2000). To analyse the conceptions, all data were investigated using qualitative content analysis (Mayring, 2002) and metaphor analysis (Schmitt, 2005). The data are presented on the level of conceptual metaphors (CM) (Lakoff, 1990). Based on the differences and commonalities between scientists’ and students’ conceptions we developed external representations (ER) that meet the students’ learning demand. These external representations were probed in teaching experiments (Steffe, Thompson, & Glasersfeld, 2000) with 39 students in groups of 2-3 students.
Conclusions, Expected Outcomes or Findings
Our analyses of students and scientists CMs on the CO2-budget has shown that in this case students refer to the same image schemata as scientists. Divergences in the conceptions are due to a difference in mapping this image schematic structure to the CO2-budget.
In our teaching experiments we disclosed the balance schema in an ER consisting of a beaker with a valve at the bottom, fed and drained by water. If the valve at the bottom was medium open, the inflow and outflow of water were constant. Our ERs and reflecting on water flowing through a beaker are material representations of image schemata that students and scientists employ in understanding the carbon cycle. These ERs of cognitive schemata helped our students to re-experience the inherent structure of the schema, identify its essential elements, and reflect on how they employ it in their effort to understand the phenomenon. This kind of representation sheds light on the embodied conceptions that shape students’ conceptual understanding. Models in classrooms often work in such a way that they provide new experiences students may use as a source for understanding. Representations that visualise an image schema and its mapping on a scientific concept work differently. They do not provide new experience; they induce an instance of a relived embodied experience. By working with these ER students got the chance to analyse the structure of this specific experience and reflect on their embodied cognition. After experiencing the balance schema and reflecting upon its adaption to the CO2-budget 32 of 39 students were able to argue correctly.
IPCC. (2013). Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. (1990). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (Vol. 64). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by. London: The University of Chicago Press.
Mayring, P. (2002). Qualitative Content Analysis – Research Instrument or Mode of Interpretation? In M. Kiegelmann, The Role of the Researcher in Qualitative Psychology (pp. 139–148). Tübingen: UTB.
Schmitt, R. (2005). Systematic Metaphor Analysis as a Method of Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report, 10(2), 358–394.
Steffe, L., Thompson, P., & Glasersfeld, von, E. (2000). Teaching Experiment Methodology: Underlying Principles and Essential Elements. In A. Kelly & R. Lesh, Handbook of Research Design in Mathematics and Science Education (pp. 277–309). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sterman, J. D. (2000). Risk Communication on Climate : Mental Models and Mass Balance. Science, (2).
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Maps are deceptive — especially flat ones. Although educators have made some headway in resolving the dissonance between the world that maps perceive and the real one, you needn't wait for that to happen to have your mind blown. Indeed, all you need to do is consider these 9 shocking facts about distance to shatter any illusions you have about travel.
01 of 09
Miami Is Closer to Brazil Than It Is to Washington State
It's no secret that Miami—both the city and its airport—is the hub of Latin America. What some people don't realize is that this is not only a result of culture, but geography. For example, did you know that the flight from Miami to Manaus, Brazil (hub of the Amazon Rainforest) is 300 miles shorter than the flight from Miami to Seattle, where Amazon (the hub of online retail) is headquartered? Unfortunately, Prime service is not available in Brazil as of this writing.
02 of 09
Boston Is Approximately Equidistant From the West Coasts of Europe and the U.S.
Officially, the flight between Boston and Shannon, Ireland is a bit longer than the one between Logan Airport and Lindbergh Field, in San Diego. Due to wind patterns, however, it takes about 20 minutes longer in the air to reach San Diego from Bean Town than it does to reach Ireland. Still greater is the discrepancy when you consider Ponta Delgada Airport in Portugal's Azores islands: It's about the same distance from Boston as Las Vegas, which presents an interesting dilemma the next time a wild weekend away is on your horizon.
03 of 09
The World's Current Longest Flight Isn't Really That Long
As of February 2017, Qatar Airways operates the longest flight in the world, with its nonstop service between Doha and Auckland, the largest city in New Zealand. From a passenger perspective (particularly one seated in economy class), this flight is very long—its 9,032 miles take between 16-18 hours, depending on which direction you fly.
On the other hand, consider this. Hypothetical nonstop flights between the world's largest unserved city-pair—Tokyo, Japan and São Paulo, Brazil—would require planes capable of traversing 27% more distance than DOH-AKL, a feat that may prove insurmountable even to in-development aircraft such as the Boeing 777X or the ultra-long range variants of Airbus' new A350.
04 of 09
There's Almost Nowhere You Can't Fly Nonstop From Dubai
The good news, if you don't mind a stop that is, is that there are plenty of places you can connect en route from Tokyo to São Paulo, from dozens of cities in the U.S. and Europe, as well as via Middle Eastern mega-hubs such as Emirates' operation in Dubai.
This last point is important, because it helps explain why an airline whose local market is so small (the U.A.E. has a population smaller than the New York metro area) has built up one of the largest passenger-flight operations on the planet: Dubai is literally at the center of the world, which means that almost every significant population center is reachable nonstop from its airport.
Currently, the only major city Emirates doesn't serve from its hub is Santiago, Chile. But Santiago is only about 100 miles further from Dubai than the distance of the world's current longest flight, which means it's really only a matter of time.Continue to 5 of 9 below.
05 of 09
Hawaii Is Closer to Japan Than It Is to New York—Way Closer
If you've ever been to Hawaii, you know the islands are a popular vacation spot for Japanese tourists, to the extent that you often see more Japanese vacationers there than you do any other nationality, by a long shot. This is not just due to the historical ties between the two Pacific archipelagos, it turns out (although it still seems to contradict the existence of a less-busy island paradise within Japan's territory).
To be sure, geography plays a part in this as well: While getting to Hawaii from, say, New York requires an 11-hour flight that covers almost 5,000 miles, the popular Tokyo to Honolulu route traverses less than 4,000 miles and requires only seven hours (and some change) at 35,000 feet.
06 of 09
El Paso Is Halfway From Texas to California
Nobody knows better than Texas (particularly road-bound Texans) how big the Lone Star State is. One adage in particular—that El Paso is halfway to California—exemplifies this, although many outsiders believe it to be hyperbolic. In fact, the math backs it up: The flight distance from Beaumont, the furthest-east airport in Texas, to El Paso is greater than the distance from El Paso to Los Angeles.
(To say nothing of the perpetual gridlock that is I-10 westbound.)
07 of 09
The North Pole Is Between the West Coast and the Middle East
When you look at a map, or even at a globe, you think of most destinations east or west of one another as requiring a trip over either the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. When it comes to flying between, say, San Francisco and Abu Dhabi, this is inaccurate: The most direct path requires take-off due north, which will see you fly over the North Pole.
In fact, polar routes are far from uncommon, although they are somewhat controversial: Scientists agree they help the environment, but some speculate they might be bad for human health.
08 of 09
The World's Longest Domestic Flight Isn't in Russia or the U.S.
It might be tempting, looking at the map, to assume that the world's longest domestic flight would exist within the territory of one of the world's largest countries, namely Russia (the largest) or the U.S., the one with the greatest abundance of spread-out population centers. In fact, the world's longest domestic flight is in France—at least in French territory.
Specifically, the route between Paris' Charles De Gaulle Airport and St. Denis, an airport located on the island of Reunion (a French territory) is the world's longest domestic flight, with a length of nearly 6,000 miles. This dwarfs the length of long domestic flights in the U.S. (the aforementioned New York to Honolulu route is under 5,000 miles), Russia (Moscow to Vladivostok is 3,991 miles) and Australia (Sydney to Perth is just 2,041 miles).Continue to 9 of 9 below.
09 of 09
Future Flight Technologies Could Distort Perception of Distance Even More
Qantas recently reaffirmed its intention to begin flying London to Sydney nonstop as soon as possible, but some travelers aren't thrilled, give the 19+ length that would be required for such a flight. Enter Richard Branson, who proposed (long ago, actually) to fly the route with hybrid air-space craft, which would exit the Earth's atmosphere and travel in orbit around the planet in order to substantially reduce travel time.
We're a long way off from mass use of this technology, of course, but needless to say it would make this entire article irrelevant.
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Like many predators, the fringe-lipped bat primarily uses its hearing to find prey.
But with human-generated noise on the rise, bats and other animals have figured out how to adapt to find their next meal: When noise masks the mating calls of the bat’s prey, túngara frogs, they shift to another sensory mode—echolocation.
The bats are doing something similar to what we do at a noisy party, says Mike Ryan, a professor of integrative biology at the University of Texas at Austin and coauthor of a new study in the journal Science. Amid all the conversations, we can turn our attention to one speaker and tune out the rest.
“If there’s just one person talking and it’s quiet, all we have to do is listen with our ears. But if there are more and more people talking, we have to be looking at them to figure out what each person is saying. So we have to recruit this other sensory channel we have, our eyes, to help us figure out what we’re hearing.”
In this case, the bats are shifting from detecting one kind of sound—the low frequency mating calls produced by the frogs—to the high frequency sounds emitted by the bat to navigate and hunt with echolocation. Echolocation is a way of sensing objects and movement by scanning the environment with high frequency sounds and evaluating the reflections.
Hear a túngara frog calling in the rainforest:
Unfortunately for the frogs, when they produce mating calls, they’re really sending two signals: the sound intended to attract females and the movement of their vocal sacs, which inflate quickly like a balloon.
Predators that can shift their sensory mode will do better in noisy environments and this in turn might alter the long-term success of specific predator and prey species.
“Our study ties together behavior, sensory ecology, and conservation,” says lead author Dylan Gomes, who conducted the research during an internship at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama. “As sources of anthropogenic noise continue to expand, animals will ultimately have to face noise in one way or another.”
Research into the effects of human-generated noise on animal behavior has primarily focused on birds and whales, Gomes says. The impact of noise on bats, however, is a relatively new field of study.
For the study, researchers used two robotic frogs that precisely mimic the calls and vocal sac expansion of the túngara frog. The robofrogs were placed inside a flight cage with the fringe-lipped bat. One robofrog played the frog’s distinct mating call, with the other playing the call and expanding its robotic vocal sac.
When the researchers played a masking noise over the call, the hunting bat’s echolocation activity increased and it more often attacked the frog emitting both signals than the frog emitting just mating calls. Without the masking sound, the bat attacked both frogs equally.
“We show how animals can adapt to increased noise levels by making use of their other senses, which has important implications for other species that try to find prey, avoid predators or attract mates in human-impacted environments,” says Wouter Halfwerk, professor at VU University Amsterdam and a former postdoctoral researcher in Ryan’s lab.
The National Science Foundation and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute funded the work.
Source: University of Texas at Austin
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This set of Engineering Metrology Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Gauges for Tapers”.
1. What is important in testing a tapered job?
a) Check the diameter at smaller end
b) Change of diameter per unit mass
c) Change in length per unit weight
d) Change of diameter per unit length
Explanation: Taper plug and ring gauges are used to test tapers. A taper has two ends, one of bigger diameter and other of smaller diameter. To test a tapered job it is important to check bigger diameter and also the change of diameter per unit length.
2. How correctness of taper can be checked?
a) Draw a single line of Persian blue along the length
b) Draw two lines of Persian blue at any distance along the diameter
c) Draw three lines of Persian blue at equidistant along the length
d) No need of Persian blue, it can be checked simply by seeing the rotation of spindle
Explanation: 3 lines are drawn with Persian blue along the length on the plug gauge or spindle to test the taper. It is fitted in the gauge and rotated once or twice. If these marks of Persian blue are not rubbed evenly then the taper is not correct.
3. What is the tolerance for bigger diameter of taper in limit gauges?
a) ± IT4
b) ± IT5
c) ± IT6
d) ± IT7
Explanation: Bigger diameter is situated in the gauge plane. Tolerance on both bigger and smaller diameter will be ± IT6 on the basic size. It can be calculated from taper ratio.
4. What is the distance (approx.) of bigger diameter from face if the value of diameter is 200mm?
a) 5 mm
b) 7 mm
c) 10 mm
d) 12 mm
Explanation: Distance of diameter at bigger end from face depends upon the value of diameter itself. For example, if the value of diameter is 200 mm then this distance will be 2 mm or varies between 0.5 to 2 mm.
5. What are the value of hardness for plug and ring gauges used for self-holding tapers?
a) 750 to 860 HV
b) 120 to 540 HV
c) 550 to 740 HV
d) 900 to 1200 HV
Explanation: Good quality steel is used for making these gauges and these are suitably heat treated to give hardness of 750 to 860 HV and for stabilization. Gauges surfaces should be free from rust, crack and burrs.
6. Which of the following option is true for given statements regarding gauges for tapers?
Statement 1: Use of double ended gauges is very important in limit gauges for tapers.
Statement 2: Gauges should be packed in non-absorbent paper.
a) T, T
b) F, T
c) T, F
d) F, F
Explanation: Use of double ended gauges is unnecessary in this case because the diameter difference between low and high limit of the tolerances is converted into lengthwise dimension. Thus hole will be within the tolerance. Diameter at the large end of hole falls between gauge plane and other line at distance Z from it.
7. What is the tolerance for plug gauge on basic size?
a) + IT5
b) – IT7
c) + IT8
d) – IT9
Explanation: Distance between gauge plane and free end in plug gauges is sometimes denoted as ‘a’. Distance ‘a’ varies between 2 mm to 12 mm. IT5 is the tolerance for plug gauges on the basic size.
8. Which of the following is incorrect about gauges?
a) Wear allowance is of main consideration in limit gauges for tapers
b) Cylindrical ring gauges can be used for gauging external diameters
c) Position gauges can be used to check geometric relationship of features
d) Workshop and inspection gauges with same tolerance limits are more beneficial
Explanation: Wear allowance is not considered on the gauges. It is because of high cost is involved in manufacturing to that level of accuracy. If the tolerance limit of workshop and inspection gauges is same then the same gauges can be used for both the purposes.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Engineering Metrology.
To practice all areas of Engineering Metrology, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers.
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Electricity is used to run households throughout the United States. While some households may utilize generators, others predominantly use the energy provided by their local power company. Given the costs associated with household electric usage, many homeowners may be searching for ways to reduce their bills as well as their energy usage.
How to Lower Electric Bills
The U.S. Department of Energy reported that the average family’s utility bill is roughly $2,200.00 a year. One way to reduce these bills is to have solar panels installed. While savings will vary, households can usually save an average of $84.00 a month. Furthermore, having solar panels installed can significantly reduce a household’s carbon footprint. On average, this can amount to an annual reduction of 35,180 pounds of carbon dioxide.
Another way to save energy and reduce electrical bills is to unplug televisions, computers, and similar devices. This is because home electronics still use energy when Continue reading “Contact Your Local Electrical Contractor to Learn How to Increase Your Home’s Energy Efficiency”
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Elizabeth Catlett (1915 – 2012) was a teacher and a successful artist. She graduated cum laude from Howard University in 1935. Catlett had not originally planned on going to Howard because she won a scholarship to the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh. After the college found out she was black, however, the university denied her the chance to enroll.
She focused her art on the continuous struggle for equality, Black people, and women. Catlett worked with clay, wood, and stone for her sculptures, as well as creating woodcuts and linocuts. Her work was inspired by her firsthand experience of the segregation between ethnic groups. Catlett focused on depicting African American women as strong, maternal figures.
An accomplished sculptor and printmaker, Elizabeth Catlett remains one of the leading African American political artists of her generation. Beginning in the 1940s, she created several sculptural representations of seated women and she returned to this theme repeatedly throughout her career. With the extraneous details eliminated, even her smaller figures are imbued with a feeling of dignity and monumentality.
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What is an Associate Degree?
The associate degree is an undergraduate degree that normally requires two years of full-time coursework. Associate degrees are primarily offered at community colleges, vocational schools, and technical colleges, as well as colleges and universities that also provide bachelor's and graduate degree programs. An associate degree is considered the minimum educational attainment level for jobs in many industries, including select positions in nursing and healthcare, information technology, social work, and criminal justice. An associate can also serve as a useful stepping-stone for students who also plan to earn a bachelor's, master's, or Ph.D. degree.
As the table below demonstrates, the number of students in the U.S. who have earned at least an associate degree has more than doubled since 1990.
Source: US Census
According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), more than 1 million associate degrees were conferred during the 2013-14 academic year; this represents a 10-year increase of roughly 51%. Many of today's students choose to pursue an associate degree at a community, vocational, or technical college because these institutions tend to have lower tuition rates than four-year universities. They can significantly lower their education costs by earning an associate at a two-year school, and then transferring into a four-year institution in order to complete their undergraduate studies.
The rise of online associate degree programs has made it even easier for men and women to complete their first two years of postsecondary education. Online programs enable students to complete all required learning tasks entirely or mostly from home. These include accessing lectures and course materials, submitting written assignments, taking exams, participating in online discussions with their fellow students, and communicating with professors, advisors, and other faculty members. The asynchronous (or self-paced) format of most online associate degree programs is also ideal for students with part-time jobs or childcare duties.
ONLINE VS. CAMPUS-BASED ASSOCIATE DEGREES
- On-Campus Full Time
- Unlimited access to campus resources, including libraries, computer labs, and writing centers
- Many courses include labs, practicum training, and other types of hands-on learning
- Students can easily arrange face-to-face meetings with fellow learners and faculty members
- College campuses foster social interaction and extracurricular engagement among students who attend
- Weekly course attendance and a synchronous schedule can be difficult to manage for students who have jobs, family obligations, and other commitments
- Many on-campus courses are larger in size, which results in less individualized attention from teachers and other staff
- Attending courses on-campus can create higher costs for living accommodations, commuting and parking, food, and other student expenses
- Evening/Weekend Classes
- These courses are designed to accommodate students with busy weekly schedules
- A significant number of students actually learn more effectively at night
- Fewer weekly meetings means that students have more time to prepare for class
- Synchronous courses can be difficult for students with part-time jobs, family care duties, and other conflicting commitments
- Class sessions are longer in order to meet curricular requirements
- Night and weekend meetings can interfere with family time and social activities
- Online and on-campus coursework is often a happy medium for students who have been unsatisfied with 100% online or 100% on-campus learning
- Current technology enables students to easily access classroom lectures using playback tools, which may cut down on the need to take notes in class
- A lower number of campus visits will reduce commuting and parking expenses
- Blended programs require constant access to high-speed Internet, which may be prohibitive for some students
- Some students fare better online than on-campus (and vice versa), which may result in mixed performance throughout the program
- Hybrid programs are not as common, so certain associate degrees may not be offered in this format
- Asynchronous online associate degrees are designed for students who prefer to study on their own time, such as those who work or have family commitments
- Online students can study away from home using tablets, smartphones, and other portable Wi-Fi devices, as well as laptop computers
- Online associate degrees reduce many overhead costs that are associated with on-campus or blended learning, such as commuting and parking, living accommodations, and food
- Online programs require constant access to high-speed Internet, which may be an issue for some students
- Students in asynchronous online programs may struggle due to the lack of in-person interaction with peers and faculty members
- Little to no hands-on training may not be ideal for students pursuing associate degrees in technical fields
HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO GET AN ONLINE ASSOCIATE DEGREE?
The majority of today's associate degree programs are designed for completion after two years of full-time enrollment. For schools that follow a semester-based calendar, the average associate degree program spans 60 credits in length; for quarter-based schools, associate degrees typically span 90 credits in length. According to the NCES, 31.6% of students who began pursuing an associate degree in 2012 completed their program within 150% of normal time (or three years). A credit breakdown for semester and quarter programs is featured in the table below.
However, several factors can affect the length of a given associate degree program. One factor is transfer credits, or credits from courses a student has previously completed at another accredited institution. A 2016 study by Learning House found that only 13% of online students had not earned any prior credits before enrolling in an online degree program; the study also noted that 40% of students had earned between 1 and 30 prior credits, while another 40% had earned between 31 and 90 credits.
Enrollment status is another important variable; those who enroll part-time in an associate program may require four years or more to complete their degree requirements. Some associate degree programs also follow a 'cohort-based' system, in which a group of students begin their program at the same time and complete all courses together. Cohort associate degree pathways build positive student relationships among learning groups that do not regularly meet in classrooms, but some students may prefer to follow an individualized learning track and potentially finish their degree ahead of schedule.
How Much Does an Online Associate Degree Cost?
The cost of earning an associate degree represents a major investment for most U.S. college students. In addition to college tuition and interest rates, students must also calculate expected costs related to living accommodations, meal plans, textbooks, administrative fees, and other necessary expenses. Commuting and parking may also be an issue for students attending programs with on-campus components.
Generally speaking, associate degrees are significantly cheaper than bachelor's degrees because they require two years of coursework, as opposed to four years. However, expected costs will vary by the type of institution where a student earns his or her associate. The table below looks at average costs of attendance for public, private nonprofit and private for-profit institutions.
Average Cost of Attendance
|Type of School||Average Total Cost of Attendance|
Average total cost of attending degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time undergraduate students
WHAT ELSE SHOULD I CONSIDER WHEN PAYING FOR AN ONLINE ASSOCIATE DEGREE?
Prospective students should take time to compare the costs of earning an associate degree online or on-campus. A recent survey from WCET noted that roughly 75% of online courses offered in the U.S. follow the same tuition rate as comparable brick-and-mortar courses. Additionally, 53.6% of WCET survey respondents reported that students enrolled completely online do not pay all of the fees assessed to students who exclusively attend courses on campus.
However, state residency can affect the cost of learning online. Most postsecondary institutions charge higher tuition rates for out-of-state students than in-state students. A recent survey from U.S. News & World Report noted that the average cost of an online course charged at an in-state rate is $277 per credit. Comparatively, the average cost of a brick-and-mortar course at the in-state rate is $243 per credit. However, online courses are less expensive per-credit than courses for out-of-state students or those attending private colleges.
Students who earn an associate degree online save money related to commuting and parking, as well as extra time they would normally spend travelling to and from campus. This enables them to possibly work more and earn more money while pursuing their degree, as well as save money on childcare costs. Additionally, most online classes utilize digital textbooks and course materials, which tend to be cheaper than the required materials for brick-and-mortar courses.
Living accommodations are generally comparable for online and on-campus students. While web-based learners may not need to live in on-campus housing (which tends to be more expensive than renting an off-campus house or apartment), they must also pay for utilities, Internet access, and other amenities that are usually available for free to those who reside on campus.
HOW MUCH FINANCIAL AID CAN I RECEIVE TO PAY FOR MY ONLINE ASSOCIATE DEGREE?
Annual Financial Aid Awarded
|Type of Aid||Average Amount per Student|
|Education Tax Credits/Deductions||$1,290|
|Total per year||$14,460|
Average total cost of attending degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time undergraduate students
Average federal financial aid per full time enrolled student for the 2015-2016 school year
Source: College Board
Because a college education represents such a significant financial investment, many students rely on financial aid to cover some or all of their academic costs. Unfortunately, a large amount of available financial aid goes unused each year. According to a recent survey by NerdWallet, eligible high school students missed out on roughly $2.7 billion in federal grant money in 2015 alone.
At the associate degree level, students may qualify for loans through the U.S. government; these loans have a fixed interest rate and allow students to repay loans based on their employment level, making them a safer option that most private student loans offered through banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions. Associate degree-earning students who demonstrate financial need may qualify for subsidized federal loans, while those with no financial need will likely be eligible for unsubsidized federal loans.
Federal Pell Grants are also offered through the U.S. government to undergraduate students that have not yet earned a bachelor's or professional degree; currently, these renewable grants award up to $5,815 per year, and do not need to be repaid. A survey by FinAid found that 25.3% of undergraduates pursuing a certificate or associate degree receive Pell Grant funding. Private scholarships awarded by companies, degree-granting institutions, and other private organizations are another form of financial aid that does not require repayment. The FinAid survey noted that 16.2% of associate degree students receive financial support through private scholarships.
For more information about financial aid opportunities for students pursuing an associate degree, please visit the three links below.
Who Should Consider an Online Associate Degree?
An associate degree is the ideal academic pathway for students who plan to enter careers that do not require a bachelor's degree or higher. Many associate degree programs prepare students to enter the workforce and land jobs without further training. Additionally, the associate is a suitable, cost-effective degree option for students who plan to eventually transfer into a bachelor's program. They will be able to gain foundational knowledge and skills in their area of academic interest, and then enter their bachelor's studies with many of their credit requirements complete. In most cases, associate and bachelor's degree programs in the same field offer identical course options in order to ease the credit-transfer process.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), those who earn an associate degree face an unemployment rate of 3.6%. By comparison, those who attend college without picking up a degree face a 4.4% unemployment rate, and those who complete their education with a high school diploma face a 5.2% unemployment rate. The NCES notes that this gap is particularly wide in people between the ages of 20 and 24; associate degree recipients in this age bracket face a 3.8% unemployment rate, while those with a high school diploma face a 5.4% unemployment rate.
The table below compares lifetime earnings of associate degree-earners, high school diploma recipients, and those who earn less than a high school diploma. As the data indicates, associate degree-holders in both the 25th and 75th percentiles outearn their counterparts by a considerable margin.
Lifetime Earnings by Education - 2009 Dollars
|Less than a High School Diploma||High School Diploma||Associate Degree|
Source: CEW Georgetown
TYPES OF ONLINE STUDENTS
Online associate degree programs attract a diverse pool of students. The following profiles describe some of the learners you're likely to meet while pursuing an associate degree online:
- Aspiring Academics
Students in this group are usually between the ages of 18 and 24. They typically attend college immediately following high school, and take a wide range of courses in order to gain a well-rounded academic perspective. At the associate level, these learners tend to earn Associate of Arts degrees. According to U.S. News & World Report, 34% of undergraduate online students are under the age of 25.
- Career Starters
While Aspiring Academics are driven to explore a diverse course selection, Career Starters tend to focus their studies on courses and trainings that are relevant to their professional pathway. These learners are usually drawn to Associate of Science or Associate of Applied Science degree programs. They are typically between the ages of 18 and 24, and attend college after finishing high school with little to no work experience.
- Career Accelerators
These learners have spent some time in the workforce ― and as a result, tend to be older than Aspiring Academics and Career Starters. They typically pursue associate degrees online in order to earn higher salaries and qualify for advancement opportunities in their current job. Career Accelerators represent 32% of all online undergraduate students.
- Industry Switchers
These learners choose to earn an associate degree because they would like to transition into a different career altogether. Like Career Accelerators, these students tend to be older than 25. They are drawn to online associate degree programs because of the flexibility, which allows them to continue working until they have graduated. Industry Switchers represent 36% of online undergraduate students.
How to Choose an Online Associate Degree
Students should thoroughly research a wide range of associate online programs before making a final decision on where to earn their degree. Key considerations include the following:
The vast majority of colleges and universities post tuition rates online, including separate rates for in-state, out-of-state, and online learners. However, students should also complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to determine how much financial aid (if any) they qualify for. They should also research any scholarships or grants offered exclusively by different schools. It's important to evaluate all potential expenses ― including tuition, living accommodations, transportation, and meals ― in order to accurately calculate overall college costs.
Some students learn better in asynchronous (or self-paced) associate degree online programs, while others thrive in a synchronous format. Asynchronous programs are ideal for students with jobs, childcare duties, and other commitments that may interfere with non-self-paced coursework. These pathways also enable motivated students to complete their degrees ahead of schedule. On the flip side, synchronous programs ― particularly those with cohort groups ― may be the best option for students who do not have other commitments and prefer a standard college schedule. These programs also tend to foster more social interaction and discussion.
Many online associate programs ― even some that are advertised as 100% online ― will require students to occasionally visit the physical campus for orientations, lab work, and/or hands-on trainings. Living close to campus also means easier access to libraries, computer labs, gyms, and other student resources, as well as face-time opportunities with faculty members and other students.
- Not-for-profit vs. For-profit
The term 'for-profit school' has earned some notoriety in recent years; several notable figures, including President Obama, have criticized these degree-granting institutions for providing subpar academic programs that produce below-average student outcomes in terms of employment, earnings, and debt default (or inability to repay loans). However, for-profit colleges and universities may be the most suitable option for some students. Regardless of whether a school is not-for-profit or for-profit, students should carefully research all prospective schools to learn more about criticisms, controversies, and student outcome issues.
- Private vs. Public
Students face a significant tradeoff when deciding between private and public degree-granting institutions. Private schools tend to be much more expensive (especially for out-of-state students), but smaller class sizes and more favorable student-to-faculty ratios mean more individualized attention for each learner. Public universities may be larger and provide less individualized attention, but they are usually the cheaper option. This decision often comes down to other factors, such as educational budget, proximity, and program flexibility.
TYPES OF ASSOCIATE DEGREES
Currently, most students pursuing an associate degree will be able to choose from four different degree options: an Associate of Arts (AA), an Associate of Science (AS), an Associate of Applied Science (AAS), and an Associate of General Studies (AGS). The definition and distinctions of each are below.
Associate of Arts (AA): The Associate of Arts degree (or AA degree) is awarded in fields related to the humanities and social sciences. These include education, English and foreign languages, psychology, business, art, and music. AA degrees are designed for students who plan to eventually transfer into a bachelor's degree program; in most cases, these programs are concentrated in fields that require students to earn at least a bachelor's before entering the workforce. In many cases, AA programs are 100% online and require little to no campus visits.
Associate of Science (AS): AS degrees are also aimed at students who plan to transfer into a bachelor's program, though depending on the field of study, they may also be suitable for those who wish to enter the workforce without further education. Unlike the AA degree, AS degrees are largely concentrated in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. The coursework typically includes more hands-on training, and many feature labs and practicum courses that require on-campus or on-site student training.
Associate of Applied Science (AAS): The AAS is exclusively designed for students who plan to enter the workforce immediately after graduation, and will not be suitable for prospective transfer students. AAS degrees are often concentrated in technical or vocational fields that require little to no college education from employees. These include automotive technology, computer programming, clerical work, or medical billing and coding.
Associate of General Studies (AGS): The AGS is ideal for students who do not know what field they would like to focus on, as well as those who wish to earn a customized degree that draws from both AA and AS components. Most AGS students must coordinate their learning track with academic advisers in order to ensure their degree plan is practical and in line with the school's educational standards.
Please note that there may be some overlap in terms of associate degrees available in certain fields. For example, both AS and AAS degrees are offered in nursing. The key difference between these two pathways is that the AS recipient will be able to transfer into a bachelor's program after graduation and complete all requirements within two years; comparatively, the AAS recipient will not be able to transfer their credits, and will most likely require an additional three to four years to earn their bachelor's.
Below you will find descriptions of four of the most popular associate degree programs among today's students:
The associate in criminal justice is suitable for students planning careers in law enforcement, juvenile justice, probation, and other related fields. The coursework will include studies in law and ethics, principles of law enforcement including criminal investigation, homeland security, and the U.S. justice system.
Many corporate employees begin their careers by gaining foundational knowledge and skills as part of an associate degree online program in business administration. The coursework will focus on areas like finance and accounting, logistics, office administration, marketing, and human resources. The bulk of business administration associate degrees are designed for prospective transfer students.
The associate in medical assisting is designed for students who plan to advance into careers in hospitals, clinics, physician's offices, and other healthcare facilities. Coursework will combine course lectures and readings with hands-on training; students learn how to perform different diagnostics, provide support to physicians and top-level nursing staff, collect patient data, and keep organized, up-to-date medical records.
The associate in paralegal studies is a popular pathway for students who are interested in legal careers, but would rather enter the workforce than continue studying toward a law degree. Paralegals provide essential support in law offices across the country. Paralegal associate degree programs cover the basics of this job, as well as the legal and ethical guidelines that have shaped the current justice system.
IS IT BETTER TO ATTEND AN ONLINE ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAM IN MY STATE?
As indicated by the graphic below, more than half of today's online students currently live in the same state as the degree-granting institution where they are enrolled. There are many perks for students who attend a college or university in the same state where they reside. In-state tuition rates are one major benefit, since most schools charge higher rates for out-of-state learners. According to a recent College Data survey, the average in-state tuition rate at a U.S. public university is $9,650 per year; by comparison, the average out-of-state tuition rate is $24,930 per year.
Current educational technology enables schools to track the current locations of online students to determine whether they should be paying in-state or out-of-state tuition rates. In most cases, the tuition rates for online students will be higher than the rates for in-state students attending brick-and-mortar courses at the same school. However, some colleges and universities assess a flat tuition rate for all online students regardless of their state residency. Online students may also qualify for state authorization reciprocity, or lower tuition rates awarded to those who live in certain states or regions of the country. For instance, the Midwest Student Exchange Program is a reciprocity agreement that reduces tuition rates for students from nine different states in the midwestern U.S.; these students must also attend MSEP schools in order to qualify for the decreased tuition rates. Students should research the tuition rates and policies of all schools on their list before making a final decision.
In addition to lower tuition rates, students choose to remain in-state for other reasons. Many prefer to attend a school close to their family's home, and taking online courses may even mean they are able to remain at home while enrolled in a degree program. Name recognition is another consideration for many high school students, as well, and they may choose a school if they have friends or family who are also planning to attend. Other factors include interesting or top-ranked degree programs in certain fields, access to campus resources, athletic programs, and unique financial aid opportunities.
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS?
Aspiring college students should consider both public and private degree-granting institutions. For those pursuing an associate degree, most options will be public community, technical, or vocational colleges, as well as colleges and universities that award two-year undergraduate degrees. However, there are private associate degree-granting options available, including private junior colleges located across the U.S. and select four-year private colleges that currently offer associate programs.
Public colleges and universities are funded primarily through the federal government. Student populations are typically higher, class sizes are larger (many have more than 30 students), and tuition rates are generally lower. Private colleges receive most of their financial support through donors and grants, as well as student expenses like tuition, housing, and administrative fees. These institutions generally have lower student populations, and smaller classes that rarely exceed 30 students. The tuition rates also tend to be significantly higher.
There are other notable differences between public and private schools, as well. The NCES notes that, during the 2014-15 academic year, average annual tuition rates were $16,188 for public schools and $41,970 for private schools ― a difference of more than $50,000 over the course of a two-year program. Public universities also tend to have larger campuses and more extracurricular activities. Private colleges, on the other hand, provide a more intimate learning environment. The campuses are usually smaller, and students may also be able to choose from more specialized degree programs.
These differences leave several factors to consider. Cost is a major concern, since private colleges are generally much more expensive than state universities. According to the NCES, average annual tuition rates during the 2014-15 academic year stood at $16,188 for public institutions and $41,970 for private non-profit institutions. However, private institutions offer a more inclusive atmosphere for students; courses typically emphasize individualized education, and the student-to-faculty ratios are much lower. These institutions tend to offer more specialized degree programs, as well. Public universities may be more appealing for students who value social and extracurricular activities, as well as large class sizes.
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOR-PROFIT AND NONPROFIT SCHOOLS?
A for-profit institution is essentially defined as any college or university that operates as a profit-seeking business. The school treats higher education like any other product that is marketed and sold, with the goal of producing positive returns for the institution's shareholders. Not-for-profit institutions, on the other hand, do not generate returns for investors; all profits are funneled back into the institution to fund faculty salaries, academic facilities, student resources, and other campus expenses.
Some for-profit schools have come under fire in recent years for providing a substandard education at a higher-than-average price, resulting in students who are saddled with debt and unable to find postgraduate work. In some cases, for-profit institutions have also been accused of misleading marketing tactics. However, the negative press surrounding for-profit education has largely focused on a handful of select schools ― and educational experts note certain benefits to attending these schools for an online associate degree. Reduced tuition is one perk; according to the NCES, the average student at a for-profit school paid $23,372 in tuition during the 2014-15 academic year; this figure is slightly higher than the annual tuition at public universities, and much lower than the rates found at most private colleges. Admission rates also tend to be more favorable at for-profit schools, making them a good backup option for students who may not earn acceptance to more selective public universities or private colleges.
Students should carefully research all colleges and universities on their wishlist. A good rule of thumb: if a college or university is currently accredited, has recorded decent student outcomes, and offers associate degree programs in the student's area of academic interest, then it is likely a suitable candidate ― whether the school is for-profit or not-for-profit. For more information about accreditation, please scroll down to the section below.
IS AN ONLINE ASSOCIATE DEGREE AS GOOD AS AN ON-CAMPUS DEGREE?
In recent years, the overall perception of online college education has significantly shifted. As opinions have changed, more colleges and universities have introduced web-based courses and degree programs. A report by the University of the Potomac found that more than 275 accredited colleges and universities currently offer online, for-credit courses. As more options become available, online learning has grown in popularity with students nationwide. According to a 2015 survey from the Babson Research Group, roughly 5.8 million college students ― or roughly 28.4% of the U.S. collegiate population ― enrolled in at least one online course in 2014. This represents a two-year increase of 2.5%.
71.4% OF ACADEMIC LEADERS VIEW LEARNING OUTCOMES – THE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE A STUDENT IS EXPECTED TO ATTAIN – FROM ONLINE CLASSES AS COMPARABLE OR SUPERIOR TO FACE-TO-FACE COURSES
Student and faculty member attitudes toward online education have improved in recent years. Employer perceptions have also changed as the job market has become flooded with online degree program graduates ― although some remain more inclined to hire those who earn degrees through brick-and-mortar coursework. According to today's academic experts, a good rule of thumb when choosing an online associate program is to prioritize those with strong name recognition in the student's chosen professional field. If the student plans a career in nursing, for instance, then he or she should first apply to schools with favorable outcomes for nursing program graduates. Curriculum is another important consideration; students should make sure an online associate program features identical or very similar coursework to brick-and-mortar programs offered in the same subject.
Why Accreditation is Key
Accreditation is one of the most important considerations to make when researching colleges and universities. Accreditation is defined as a thorough vetting process that degree-granting institutions must undergo in order to prove they are providing valuable educational experiences for enrolled students. Accreditation is awarded by official, accreditation-granting agencies after the school has been evaluated on the merits of its academic offerings, faculty, student outcomes, and campus resources. The vetting process can take up to several months.
Three types of accreditation are conferred in the U.S. Regional accreditation is reserved for academic, degree-granting colleges and universities. A total of six regional accreditors provide this type of accreditation nationwide. Not to be confused with regional accreditation, national accreditation is typically given to technical colleges, vocational schools, and for-profit institutions. The U.S. Department of Education currently recognizes 10 national accreditation agencies. Some critics argue that the standards for national accreditation are too relaxed compared to those of regional accreditation; however, national accreditation may be the best option for those earning associate degrees online in certain technical or career fields. The third accreditation level, programmatic accreditation is awarded to specialized schools or subdivisions found on larger colleges and universities, such as business schools or teaching academies. More than 1,200 of the country's community and junior colleges have received special programmatic accreditation through the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC). Additionally, associate degree programs in select fields ― such as nursing or health education ― may also receive programmatic accreditation. There is no current accreditation distinction for online or blended degree programs; students should instead defer to the regional or national accreditation of the school as a whole, or the programmatic accreditation awarded to the school for all programs in that particular field (online, hybrid and brick-and-mortar).
Applying to an Associate Degree Program
Every college and university requires a different application process. In order to complete all the necessary steps and ensure good odds of gaining admission, students must dedicate several months ― up to a year in some cases. This next section will cover some of the most critical steps for collecting application materials and submitting required forms ahead of deadlines.
GUIDELINES FOR HIGH SCHOOL JUNIORS AND SENIORS
- Standardized Tests
A large number of community colleges, vocational schools, technical colleges, and other institutions with two-year associate degree programs offer 'open enrollment'; this generally means that any applicant will be admitted as long as they have received a high school diploma or GED. However, some schools require associate program applicants to also submit standardized test scores. Test scores may also be required for certain degree programs ― such as nursing and education ― as well as transfer-degree programs aimed at future bachelor's recipients. In the U.S., two standardized exams are offered to high school juniors and seniors.
The first option, the SAT, features three components: multiple-choice sections in math and reading comprehension; and a long-form essay. Currently, SAT exams are scored out of 2,400 possible points; the average SAT score in 2015 was 1,490 points.
Option two, the ACT, is slightly different. The ACT features four required sections ― reading, English, math, and scientific reasoning ― as well as an optional essay. Each required section is graded on a scale of 1 to 36 points; the four scores are then combined to yield an aggregate score. The optional essay is graded separately on a 1-12 point scale.
These exams are widely considered comparable with one another. However, certain schools may accept one but not the other ― so students must make sure they submit the correct scores to each school on their list. If applying to a diverse pool of schools, students may want to consider sitting for both exams during their junior or senior years. In order to meet most application deadlines, students should make sure to sit for the SAT and/or ACT prior to January of their senior year of high school. Please refer to the SAT and ACT guides below for more information.
- Application Strategy
Regardless of their grades and academic achievements, high school students should err on the side of caution and apply to more than one school. All schools under consideration will fall into one of three categories. Safety schools are the most likely schools to accept you based on your credentials, but may not be your first choice as an academic destination. Target schools represent institutions who will most likely accept you, and are the institutions you would like to attend. Finally, reach schools, while unlikely to grant you admission, are well-renowned institutions with reputable degree programs in your desired area of study. While the total number of schools will vary by applicant, PrepScholar suggests sending applications to a total of two to three target schools, two to three reach schools, and two safety schools. Keep in mind that submitting a college application can cost anywhere from $30 to $90 a piece.
GUIDELINES FOR CAREER ACCELERATORS AND INDUSTRY SWITCHERS
Be sure to compare schools based on required time commitment for both part- and full-time students. An asynchronous program format will be ideal for students who are currently employed, such as Career Accelerators and Industry Switchers. On the flipside, those who complete a synchronous associate online degree track may complete their program faster and advance more quickly in their current position or new career.
- Transfer Credit Opportunities
All credits earned at regionally accredited colleges and universities will be transferable to other accredited institutions ― but some do not accept credits from nationally accredited schools, so students must ensure credit transferability from all technical, vocational, and for-profit schools on their list. In some cases, online associate degree students will qualify for course credits without completing the classes. This is known as 'experiential credit', and it is widely available for students who have career and/or military experience related to certain academic fields. Experiential credit is more common in AS and AAS degree programs, but students should look into experiential opportunities for all degree programs.
- Admissions Deadline
Application and admission deadlines can creep up on students who are ill-prepared. Some schools will only receive applications and grant admission during certain months of the year; the deadline for enrolling in the fall term for these schools usually occurs between January and March. Other schools provide 'rolling admission', and will receive applications year-round. Most candidates who submit applications to rolling admissions schools will receive a response about their submission within four to six weeks.
- Technology Requirements
Technical requirements are crucial for online students. A reliable computer and high-speed Internet are absolute musts. Certain programs may also require certain computer applications, plugins, and software programs. Students who are unsure if they meet technology requirements should reach out to the school's online programs division for more information.
REQUIREMENTS TO APPLY TO AN ONLINE ASSOCIATE DEGREE
- Letters of Recommendation
A letter of recommendation on a college application should come from former teachers, employers, coaches, youth leaders, and other authoritative figures with knowledge of the student's academic and extracurricular achievements. Applicants should never seek letters of recommendation from family members or friends that they have not worked with in the past. Obtaining letters may take some time, so applicants should give each person at least six weeks before they plan to mail the application ― and follow up with anyone who appears to be delaying the process.
A resume is a comprehensive summary of the applicant's employment history, academic achievements, and volunteer projects. High school college applicants should include all past jobs; if they haven't held an official job before, then they should provide details about volunteer work, school leadership projects, and other similar experiences. For Career Accelerators and Industry Switchers who have been out of high school for several years, their resume should focus primarily on work experiences and professional recognition. Applicants must go through their resume to ensure all information is accurate and up-to-date.
- Personal Statement/Essay
College applications will widely vary in terms of personal statement and essay requirements. In some cases, applicants will be asked to write a summary of their academic and professional goals as they relate to that particular degree program. Other applications ask students to write essays in response to a given prompt. The amount of writing will also vary from school to school; some applications will require one to two, while others may feature as many as five or six. Applicants should write or type everything out to ensure good flow, voice, and comprehension, and also check for spelling and grammar errors.
- Official Transcripts
The vast majority of accredited public and private colleges and universities will ask applicants to provide official high school transcripts that include all course grades and the student's cumulative GPA. Transcripts may be used to grant or deny admission ― or, at schools with open admission, determine the level where the applicant should begin their studies. Most applications will require official transcripts, which are printed on official school stationery and sealed in tamper-proof envelopes. Be careful when requesting transcripts because unofficial transcripts are also widely available, even though they are not deemed acceptable by most admissions officers.
- Additional Testing for Students
Some community colleges will ask students to sit for English and math placement exams to determine their academic level, and which courses they should enroll in first. Additionally, college applicants who are non-native English speakers may be asked to sit for an English as a Second Language (ESL) placement test to evaluate their language skills. None of these tests are 'pass/fail', and used instead to help students follow an academic path that is suitable for their knowledge, skills, and abilities.
TRANSFERRING TO A DEGREE PROGRAM
Many students who pursue an associate degree plan to eventually transfer into a bachelor's degree program with up to half of their credit requirements already completed. Many community and technical colleges have transfer agreements with larger public universities and private colleges in the same state; these agreements enable students to earn their associate in a given field, and then transfer into a bachelor's program as juniors at participating four-year institutions. Transfer agreements are most often available for Associate of Arts (AA) and Associate of Science (AS) degree pathways. Additionally, some state schools offer non-direct transfer opportunities for AS or Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degree recipients. In these cases, students may be able to transfer some but not all of their associate degree credits; those who are unable to transfer all of their credits may be required to take additional coursework at the four-year school. Students can learn more about transfer agreements by visiting the websites for both the two- and four-year schools on their list. Please note: most public and private schools that have earned regional accreditation will not accept credits from nationally accredited or unaccredited two-year schools.
Transferring credits is free-of-charge, and students can save a lot of money by attending community, technical, or vocational colleges for two years before transferring to a larger, more expensive four-year school. However, there are hidden costs associated with transferring credits. If a student is unable to transfer all of their credits and must take additional courses at the four-year-school, then this could represent thousands of dollars in extra tuition costs. Other considerations ― such as living accommodations and meal plans ― are associated with the student leaving home in order to live closer to campus. Online students may be able to mitigate some of these expenses by remaining at home and earning their bachelor's degree remotely.
For more information about transferring college credits, please visit our transfer guide below.
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TORONTO, Ont. -- May 21, 2009 -- Inuit children have the highest rate of hospital admission for Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) globally, but new research shows that lowering risk factors though public health interventions and an enhanced immunization program could improve health for Inuit children and lower health care costs significantly. The first-of-its-kind case control research was conducted by Dr. Anna Banerji, a pediatric infectious disease specialist and researcher at St. Michael's Hospital.
"Infants of Inuit race were nearly four times more likely to be admitted for LRTI than mixed or non-Inuit infants," explains Dr. Banerji. "LRTI increases the risk of recurrent infections, chronic lung disease and asthma so there are many potential health complications." According to recent Statistics Canada data, the Aboriginal infant mortality rate in Nunavut is two-to-three times the Canadian average so exploring the effectiveness of immunization could have a major impact on children's health and mortality rates.
Respiratory infections are the leading cause for admission, medical evacuation and expenditure for Inuit children in the health care system and can result in serious health complications for those affected. Dr. Banerji's key findings on the risk factors that contribute to LRTIs among Inuit children include:
- Infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy were four times more likely to be admitted for LRTI
- Inuit infants were four times more likely to be admitted for LRTI than mixed or non-Inuit infants. It was not determined if this was a result of genetic factors or socio-economic factors
- Overcrowded living conditions increased the risk of admission by 2.5 times
- Living in a rural community without a hospital increased risk of admission by 2.7 times
- Prematurity was not associated with an increased risk of admission
- Infants who were not breast-fed were 3.6 times more likely to be admitted for LRTI
- Infants who were custom adopted had 4.4 times the risk
Dr. Banerji also conducted a cost analysis by age and location that compared the costs of administering Palivisumab prophylaxis vaccine, an antibody approved for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) - the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections. The vaccine is used only for prevention and is usually a monthly injection during RSV season.
The results demonstrated that by immunizing rural Inuit infants with the vaccine, the health care system could save money - up to $8,000 per admission avoided. The analysis concludes that preventative measures in infancy can both improve the health of children and result in a significant cost savings for the health-care system.
Dr. Banerji's research papers are posted online as of today (Thursday, May 21) in the Published Ahead-Of-Print section of The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal website (www.journals.lww.com/pidj).
The research by Dr. Banerji is the second major study on Indigenous children's health recently released by the Keenan Research Centre at Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital. Earlier this year, the centre released the Indigenous Children's Health Report: Health Assessment in Action a project led by Dr. Janet Smylie.
St. Michael's Hospital is a large and vibrant teaching and research hospital in the heart of Toronto. Fully affiliated with the University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital leads with innovation and serves with compassion. Renowned for providing exceptional patient care, St. Michael's Hospital is a regional trauma centre.
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Lessons Learned: Cash Payments for the Economically Distressed
Many residents of Los Angeles struggle to meet their basic needs such as food and safe housing on a daily basis, and the COVID-19 pandemic has only heightened these difficulties for many. College students are particularly vulnerable to being unable to pay for basic necessities due to the existing barriers to employment, combined with the economic downturn and lack of jobs caused by the pandemic. One possible solution to help this at-risk population better meet their basic needs is to provide emergency aid, frequently in the form of cash transfers. These payments ensure that in times of distress, vulnerable populations can meet their basic needs. Further, the lessons learned from cash payments to these at-risk populations can have wider applications for other innovative cash transfer programs like Universal Basic Income.
Food & Housing Insecurity Among College Students
Although pursuing higher education is a privilege not available to everyone, contrary to popular belief, not all college students are in an economically stable position. In fact, food and housing insecurity are a serious issue among college students, particularly those attending community college. Los Angeles Community College District’s Fall 2016 Student Background Survey revealed that 63% of students surveyed were food insecure, 55% were housing insecure, and 19% were experiencing homelessness. Another report from the Regents of the University of California Special Committee on Basic Needs found that, in 2020, 39% of University of California (UC) undergraduates had been food insecure during their enrollment, and, in 2016, 5% of undergraduate and graduate students had experienced homelessness. These percentages were even higher for students of color. Additionally, 64% of undergraduate students at UC schools were concerned about the effects of the COVID pandemic on their ability to meet basic needs.
Experiencing housing and food insecurity as well as homelessness creates high barriers for academic achievement and graduation. The four-year graduation rate for UC students who experienced food insecurity and homelessness was 11% lower compared to those students that were food secure and housed, and the GPAs of food and housing insecure students were significantly lower as well.
Due to the time and energy commitment that is required of college students, it is difficult to balance studies with employment. Though jobs can help to alleviate financial burdens that students experience, there are emotional and mental tolls impacts of taking on school and work simultaneously. A study of Black college students found that those that pursue higher education while working are more susceptible to burnout, both at work and at school. Measures must be taken to ensure that college students are able to meet their basic needs without experiencing emotional and mental exhaustion. A Georgetown University study on low-income working students (both financially independent or otherwise) found that low-income students are more likely to work full-time and experience declining grades as a result. Furthermore, Black and Latino students were more represented among these workers, contributing to further racial inequity in a higher education system that is already fraught with disparities along racial and ethnic lines.
Emergency Aid for College Students
Given the high rates of food and housing insecurity experienced by some college students, emergency aid programs are intended to contribute to long-term academic achievement by addressing short-term financial emergencies that can derail students’ studies. Such programs provide money for necessities such as food, rent, and bills, so that students are not forced to take on additional jobs or work longer hours while enrolled in school.
In 2019, the Leonetti O’Connell Family Foundation established a pilot program providing emergency aid for income-qualifying undergraduate students at the University of Southern California (USC) and the Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD). According to a program evaluation by the USC Price Center, the pilot program proved to be a success, especially for those that were sent money directly. Students reported that the program relieved emotional and monetary stress, which then allowed them to focus on school and continue their education without having to take additional measures that may have prevented them from completing their degrees.
Applying Lessons: Universal Basic Income
Although certain groups like students have traditionally faced unique struggles with maintaining employment, the COVID-19 pandemic has exemplified how precarious the job market can be for millions of people from differing backgrounds and sectors relatively instantly. Although there is often political resistance to providing direct cash payments to individuals for fear that they will spend the money irresponsibly, evaluations of such programs for students and unhoused people have found that people in precarious situations can be trusted to decide how to spend cash to best meet their needs.
Universal Basic Income programs seek to expand the idea of cash payments to a more general population. Such programs are being piloted in a few locations across the U.S., and studies have shown that universal basic income benefits both individuals and communities, and that it has a positive impact on school enrollment and attendance as well as the alleviation of wealth inequality.
One such local program is the Compton Pledge Program, where 800 low-income residents in Compton (which has a total population of just under 110,000) will be offered $300 to $600 a month for two years. Inspired by a similar program in Stockton, CA, the Compton Pledge aims to use universal basic income as a form of reparations, helping to alleviate systemic economic and racial injustices and target vulnerable populations. This includes formerly incarcerated people who are denied welfare, as well as undocumented and unbanked people. Additionally, over 65% of Compton’s population consists of immigrants who are not naturalized citizens and are thus considered high risk borrowers. These residents are particularly susceptible to predatory lending institutions that require extreme loan terms; the Compton Pledge could assist these community members with their financial woes without the need to engage with lenders.
Results from the program in Stockton, CA found that those receiving basic income were able to find employment more successfully when compared to a control group that did not receive the income. These programs would also help to assuage stigmas associated with welfare and food stamps, as well as eliminate oversights such as work requirements or conditions that the money be spent on specific items. The County of Los Angeles is considering a similar program.
Emergency aid and cash payments are, on balance, an effective way to prevent students and other vulnerable populations from experiencing additional financial hardship. Though these programs are effective ways in which to alleviate temporary financial stresses, it is important to note that they are not long-term solutions. Because these measures are one-time payments, they can only do so much to ease persistent financial problems. Those experiencing economic hardships are capable of spending their money responsibly. More consistent measures such as universal basic income that allow the financially vulnerable the freedom to spend their money as they see fit must be taken to alleviate systemic inequalities.
Bidadanure, J., Kline, S., Moore, C., Rainwater, B., & Thomas, C. (2018). Basic Income In Cities: A guide to city experiments and pilot projects. National League of Cities Basic Income Lab. https://basicincome.stanford.edu/uploads/BasicIncomeInCities_Report.pdf
Broslawsky, A. (n.d.). Cash Payments to People Experiencing Homelessness. Homelessness Policy Research Institute. https://socialinnovation.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Cash-Payments-Lit-Review_final.pdf
Carnevale, A. P. & Smith, N. (2018). Balancing Work and Learning: Implications for Low-Income Students. Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, McCourt School of Public Policy. https://1gyhoq479ufd3yna29x7ubjn-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/Low-Income-Working-Learners-FR.pdf
Cosgrove, J. (2021, May 13). L.A. County considering $1,000 for 1,000 residents in basic income program. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-05-13/l-a-county-considering-1-000-for-1-000-residents-in-basic-income-program
Desai, M. S., Parayitam, S., Khosrovani, M., Desai, K. J. (2018). Experiencing Burnout by African-American College Students Who Hold Employment. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 83 (3), 17-29. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A596575956/AONE?
Fund for Guaranteed Income. (n.d.). Compton Pledge. https://comptonpledge.org/
Hasdell, R. (2020). What We Know About Universal Basic Income: A Cross Synthesis of Reviews. Stanford Basic Income Lab. https://basicincome.stanford.edu/uploads/Umbrella%20Review%20BI_final.pdf
Hasdell, R., Bidadanure, J., & Gonzalez, S. B. (2021). Healthy Communities and Universal Basic Income: A Conceptual Framework and Evidence Review. Stanford Basic Income Lab. https://basicincome.stanford.edu/uploads/healthy-communities_ubi-paper_final.pdf
Los Angeles Community College District (n.d.). Survey on Food & Housing Insecurity: LACCD Results, Fall 2016. http://www.laccd.edu/Documents/NewsDocuments/LACCD-HOPE-LAB-Survey-Results.pdf
Olson, H., Cornelious, K., Carbonneau, R., Ciudad-Real, V., Rosen, J., Barboza-Wilkes, C., Lee, H., Painter, G. (2021). An Evaluation of the Emergency Aid Programs at the University of Southern California and Los Angeles Community College District. USC Price, Sol Price School of Public Policy, Sol Price Center for Social Innovation. https://socialinnovation.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/USC-Price-Emergency-Response-REPORT_FINAL_authorship.pdf
Regents of the University of California Special Committee on Basic Needs (2020). The University of California’s Next Phase of Improving Student Basic Needs. University of California. https://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/regmeet/nov20/s1attach.pdf
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How to grow your
own strawberries, blackcurrants, redcurrants and raspberries.
one of the richest sources of vitamin C. In fact, dieticians tell
us we should try to eat a portion of berries every day to keep our
levels of infection-fighting antioxidants at a high level.
But they're none
to cheap in the shops, so why not grow your own? And as it
happens, autumn is the best time to plant your berries. Prof Walker
shows us how...
Dig holes larger than
the existing root system and insert the plants. Be sure the roots
are not crowded or doubled under the plant. If container plants
are used, be sure the roots of pot-bound plants are cut once or
twice to allow better root spread and development. Place roots into
hole and firmly pack soil around them.
A general garden fertiliser,
citrus fertiliser or rose fertiliser is best applied in spring.
A very important part
of growing your own berries is to prune your plants, and this process
is different for every plant.
Pruning is undertaken
to control growth, define shape, create flowering/fruiting branches
for the following season and probably most importantly to remove
dead, damaged and diseased areas of a plant. Here's how to prune...
produce runners they then form individual roots which enables you
to have many separate plants from the one plant.
A good trick that Prof
uses is to place the runners into a 40 litre bag of compost. By
lying the plastic bag on its side and putting holes into the plastic,
runners can be planted into the bag providing a very simple and
effective way of growing your strawberries in a small space.
produce fruit on 2-year-old canes, which die after the crop has
Raspberries should be
allowed to produce long, unbranched canes rather than branched canes
like the black and purple varieties. The new canes are, therefore,
unpruned during their first season's growth.
Remove old canes, leaving
new ones 5cm apart.
After the old canes die
they should be removed as early as possible in order to remove sources
Redcurrants fruit on old wood, so pruning should be limited
to thinning out and the removal of weaker branches.
Blackcurrants produce fruit on the previous year's growth, so it's
important to encourage as much new growth as possible while ensuring
that stems don't become too overcrowded.
density of foliage and stems cuts down air circulation through the
bush creating ideal conditions for diseases such as mildew. Therefore
cut old wood out of the plant.
All types of currants
are best pruned between late autumn and early spring when plants
with permission from NZOOM Home and Garden content,
from the previous
The views expressed here are not necessarily those of the RNZIH
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A Tesla coil is a type of transformer used to produce low current, high voltage or high alternating current electric energy. The transformer provides high voltage power supply to charge the capacitors, which in turn store electric energy to be transferred to the primary coils and to the secondary coils. To charge your batteries, you can substitute rechargeable batteries for capacitors since they can be used to serve the same purpose.
Things You'll Need
- 2-by-2-inch plywood ¾ inch thick
- Neon sign transformer
- 1/4-inch copper tubing
- Battery holder
- Automotive battery
- Metal bolts
- Screw driver
- Cardboard mailing tube
- Top electrode
- Copper wire
- Power drill, 1/16-inch and 1/4-inch drill bit
- 1/2-inch copper pipe with fasteners
Set up your step up transformer to the left corner of your plywood. Score marks into the plywood through the holes at the transformer. Drill holes into your plywood and use them to screw the transformer to the plywood.
Create the primary coil. Wind up the copper tubing to make a flat spiral. Leave a straight length of 6 inches after you finish the final outside turn. Check that the inside diameter is 6 inches while the space separating the turns is 1/4 inch.
Install your primary coil at the right corner of your plywood. Ensure that the straight length runs along the edge and points towards your step up transformer. Drill a hole using a 1/4-inch drill bit into the plywood next to the end of the tube at the inside end of your coil. Pass the end of the tube through the hole.
Create the secondary coil. Measure 1 inch from one end of your mailing tube and poke a hole into it. Pass the end of the magnet wire through the hole. Leave a length of 6 inches loose. Wind 1,000 feet of wire onto the mailing tube. Make another hole near its end and pass the end of the wire through it.
Drill a hole in the center of your primary coil using a 1/16-inch drill bit. Position your secondary coil through the hole and secure it into place with glue. Set the top electrode over the secondary coil and connect it to the coil wire.
Install the automotive batteries to the battery holder. Set the holder next to your plywood.
Install the spark gap. Hammer one end of your copper pipe shut. Position the two lengths of the pipe on pieces of lumber. Screw them down with fasteners. Attach the lumber to your plywood at the bottom right corner. Loosen the tightened copper pipe fasteners and turn the pipes to create a gap of about 1/4 inch.
Wire up your apparatus. Bend the number 10 wire into shape and then solder it into position to connect. Connect the transformer’s ground wire to the coil wire under your plywood. Connect one end of the transformer high voltage winding to the copper tubing’s straight length over your plywood. Connect the copper tubing to the spark plug.
Connect the remaining end of the transformer's high voltage winding to one end of your battery holder and ultimately to the spark plug. Connect the other side of your battery holder to the end of the copper tubing. This will ensure you complete setting up a Tesla coil and batteries to it.
Plug the low voltage winding of your step up transformer into a power outlet and switch on power.
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Research on global surface ozone levels shows populations most affected by air pollution
- Ozone found at the Earth's surface (the troposphere) is an air pollutant harmful to human health. The regulatory ozone limit values designed to protect human health vary by country. This study uses a variety of ways of measuring the occurrence of high ozone levels to assess the frequency of periods a given population is exposed to harmful ozone levels and how this has changed over time.
- A large international team has produced the first surface ozone assessment report based on all available surface observations across the globe using data from over 4,800 monitoring stations.
- Surface ozone levels potentially detrimental to human health are found in many regions around the globe, both in urban and non-urban areas.
- Our different methods of determining high and peak ozone levels worldwide produce generally similar results.
- While ozone has decreased in much of Europe and the North America over the past 15 years, the study shows it is increasing in parts of East Asia with increasing development and pollution emissions.
- A large publicly available database has been compiled which includes a complete set of statistics and graphics available for viewing and download.
Maps of present-day ozone levels and changes between 2000 and 2014 throughout North America, Europe and East Asia are available here: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/ilmf18lcihumwe6/AADHWAmPQCh7V6RD_gwabaaWa?dl=0
"Despite improvements in air pollution emissions in Europe and North America, ozone levels that are harmful to human health are still a cause for concern across the world and ozone is rising in East Asia" – Dr Zo? Fleming, National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leicester
New research led by the Universities of Leicester and Edinburgh and twelve other institutions worldwide (listed below) has analysed ozone levels across the globe, with some regions of East Asia showing increasing levels of ozone air pollution.
The other institutions involved were the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) and Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany, the Universities of Colorado, North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and Maryland as well as A.S.L. and Associates in the U.S., the Stockholm Environment institute in the UK, INERIS in France, the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and Chinese Academy of Science in China, NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research) and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute in Norway, Chalmers University in Sweden and the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa.
The research is a component of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR), an international effort to improve scientific understanding of ozone's global distribution and trends. Published today in the scientific journal Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, the results provide the most ambitious ever ground-level ozone assessment, using data from over 4,800 monitoring stations across the globe.
As part of the study, ozone levels potentially detrimental to human health have been assessed where data are available, both in urban and non-urban areas worldwide. There is considerable variation within regions and hot-spot locations with the highest ozone levels have been identified.
Changes in ozone levels from trend analysis shows that ozone has decreased in much of Europe and North America over the last 15 years. However, the research shows that ozone is rising in some parts of East Asia over the same period, reflecting increasing development and pollution emissions.
Previously, analyses of ozone trends at individual or smaller groups of sites often left researchers unable to draw robust conclusions about regional trends in areas such as Europe and North America. The large number of sites now included in this more comprehensive dataset have allowed for more robust conclusions that reveal that a decrease predominates in these regions.
Dr Zo? Fleming, from the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) at the University of Leicester's Department of Chemistry, said: "TOAR is the most ambitious project to date to assess global ozone levels at the surface of the Earth, helping us to better understand potential human health impacts.
"Despite some improvements in air pollution emissions in Europe and North America, human health impacts from ozone are still a cause for concern across the world and are rising in East Asia, with the potential for serious health consequences on their populations.
"There is an increasing awareness of the issues of human health from poor air quality and making such a database freely available and disseminating the results from the study will inform the public on the health implications of ozone."
The data come from certified monitoring stations with rigorous calibration procedures. Statistical analysis was carried out on the data, in order to calculate peak and high ozone levels and to interpret trends and changes in the data. The study uses five different recognized methods for measuring the daily or seasonally highest ozone levels. These so-called metrics show similar patterns and highlight the different assessment methods. TOAR has created a large publicly available database which also includes a complete set of statistics and graphical downloads.
Air quality monitoring is a crucial element for quantifying current air pollution levels and evaluating the effectiveness of emissions controls and informing the evolution of air pollution policy. There are still large regions of the world where such monitoring is sparse or non-existent. To effectively understand and tackle air pollution, expanded monitoring is critical.
Professor Ruth Doherty, from the School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, said: "The ability to quantify for urban regions worldwide the changes in high and peak ozone levels over the last 15 years and longer is an exciting research development, that we hope will be useful to air quality managers to inform and evaluate strategies to protect human health from the adverse effects of ozone."
Dr Owen Cooper, from the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US, said: "TOAR was made possible by an international team of scientists who volunteered their time and expertise to build the world's largest database of ozone metrics and then made those data completely open access."
The research is funded by the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry project (IGAC), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Forschungszentrum Jülich with the support of a large international team of experts who recognized the need for an up-to-date tropospheric ozone assessment.
- More information about the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) is available here: https://collections.elementascience.org/toar
- A copy of the paper 'Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Present-day ozone distribution and trends relevant to human health' published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene is available here (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.273) from Monday 5 February 2018.
Dr Zoe Fleming
Related Journal Article
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Guidelines for Identifying Young Children with Special Needs: Diving In! Engaging With the New Child Find Guidelines
Audience: Educators | Topic: Early Childhood Special Education | Hosted by: Office of Special Education, About the Office of Elementary Literacy and School Readiness (ELSR)
This is a self-paced module on engaging with the newly revised Colorado Department of Education Guidelines for Identifying Young Children with Special Needs, ages three through five years old. The module itself contains a short series of slides describing the guidelines. Participants will then be asked to identify activities to help their team engage with this important resource.
The link to "More Info" will take you to the course in the CDE LMS which is a Moodle platform.
- You may access the course as a guest.
- If you would like to receive a certificate, you will need an account in the CDE LMS.
- You can log in with an existing account and self-enroll in the course following the instructions in the General Information section, or
- Contact Marcia Blum to request an account.
Contact InformationMarcia Blum
1 Contact Hour of Professional Development
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Hidden figures: The numbers show absolute deterioration in the condition of farmers
There are occasions when one suddenly becomes aware not just of the inadequacy of economic concepts for understanding reality but even of their obfuscating role. One such occasion was the recent kisan march in Delhi. The peasants have been facing distress for long, which has resulted in more than three lakh suicides over the last two-and-a-half decades, in growing indebtedness relieved only by occasional debt-waivers, and in a mass exodus out of the agricultural sector which has swollen the reserve army of labour in towns.
Now, a commonly used indicator in the economics of changes in peasant well-being is the movement in the ‘net barter terms of trade between agriculture and industry’, which is the movement in the ratio of agricultural to industrial prices compared to some base year. A movement of this ratio against agriculture is supposed to indicate a worsening in the condition of the agriculturists compared to the base year, while a movement in favour is supposed to indicate the opposite.
It so happens, however, that an index of the ratio of these two prices which is readily available in official statistics does not show any decline in the agricultural prices relative to the industrial prices. This appears to contradict claims of peasant distress. Indeed, some have argued on the basis of these statistics that the extent and depth of peasant distress is exaggerated. True, they say, the poor peasants and agricultural labourers, who are at the bottom of the heap, may have seen a worsening in their lot, but the richer peasants are unlikely to have done so. It follows that increasing the procurement prices as demanded by the kisan march would only result in a squeeze on the net buyers of foodgrains, who also include the rural poor, just for a further enrichment of the better-off peasants and landlords, who have not been subject to distress anyway.
This argument, however, far from proving the absence of peasant distress, only proves the inadequacy of looking at the terms of trade movement for assessing peasant distress. This inadequacy arises for several reasons. First, the agricultural price that is used for measuring the terms of trade does not refer to the price that the peasants actually get. In fact, no information is available in any official source about the farm-gate price, or the price that peasants actually get. We have official data on the minimum support price and procurement price declared by the government, and about wholesale prices, apart from the various consumer price indices, but not about producers’ prices; and the crude measure of the terms of trade given in official sources is based on wholesale prices. Since one of the main complaints of the peasants aired at the kisan rally was that the price they get is only a fraction of the wholesale price, to deny their distress by citing a measure based on the wholesale price itself is absurd.
Second, the industrial price that appears in the crude terms of trade calculation in official statistics is also the wholesale price, which differs from the retail price that the peasants have to pay when they buy industrial goods. Third, the basket of goods which are covered in the calculation of the wholesale price index for industry is not the same as the basket of goods that the peasants buy, either as inputs or for consumption. And finally, industrial goods are not the only ones that the peasants buy from outside; in fact, a very important part of their consumption basket consists of services such as healthcare and the education of their children, and the prices for these services are not covered in any terms of trade calculations.
Inter-sectoral terms of trade statistics, therefore, are totally irrelevant for assessing peasant distress. The peasants buy two kinds of goods, inputs and consumption goods, and one way of getting an idea of peasants’ condition is to take official statistics on the value added in the agricultural sector, which is the excess of the total value of the output it produces over the value of the current inputs it uses. Since all incomes derived from agriculture have their origin in the value added in this sector, if we deflate the per capita value added figures by the consumer price index for rural India, which we can get from official statistics, then we can get a better idea of movements in peasants’ real incomes than what terms of trade figures can possibly give.
Such an exercise shows that the per capita real income of the agriculture-dependent population (whose ratio to the total population is, quite plausibly, assumed to remain unchanged over the brief time-period covered by the exercise) declined slightly between 2013-14, on the eve of the present government’s coming to power, and 2016-17, the latest year for which we can do these calculations.
Three additional factors have to be borne in mind here. First, the slight decline we noted is for the agriculture-dependent population as a whole. If we assume, quite reasonably, that within agriculture the landlords and the capitalist farmers have not witnessed any decline in their per capita real income, then it follows that the decline must have been quite noticeable for the peasants and agricultural labourers taken together.
Second, the interest paid by the peasants on the debt they have incurred in the past, as well as any repayment of that debt, has to come out of their incomes; it follows that their incomes after deducting interest payments and debt repayments must have been even smaller. In fact, the burden of debt is one of the main complaints that the peasants marching in the kisan rally had.
Third, the consumer price index for rural India which appears in official statistics does not adequately capture the actual increase in the cost of living of the peasantry for the following reason. This price index captures the increase in price of a basket of goods that was consumed in the base year; since there has been a continuous tendency towards privatization of education and healthcare, the consumers in any later year access a greater amount of private healthcare and education facilities, which are much more expensive, than in the base year. There is thus a forced shift to more expensive services, which is not captured through the consumer price-index. The index thus understates the rise in cost of living.
Taking all this into account we can safely conclude that there has been an absolute deterioration in the condition of the peasantry, at least in the recent past. The demand for amelioration in their condition through providing assured remunerative prices, therefore, is perfectly justified. As for its impact on the prices paid by the final consumers, including the net buyers of food in rural areas, it can always be taken care of through an appropriate increase in food subsidy.
The conflict between producer and consumer interests has been resolved in India through a subsidized food distribution system that has evolved over time. Harping on this conflict amounts to subscribing to the idea of a fiscal limit on the food subsidy. In a country where the tax-GDP ratio is among the lowest in the world, this is absurd.The author is Professor Emeritus, Centre for Economic Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
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Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS): The Moods of Sea and SkySeptember 21st, 2012 by Maria-Jose Viñas
By Eric Lindstrom
From the shipboard perspective, all we really see of the sea is the surface. Of course we can see into the water a short way, right close to the ship, but not very far. The horizon is 360 degrees and the great dome of sky seems endless.
Being that we are about a thousand miles from the nearest port, it is also fair to say that all we see from the ship is sea surface and sky. These are the shades of blue that I referred to in an earlier post. When this is all one has to see aside from the Knorr, our shipmates, and interesting oceanographic data (OK, we watch movies too!), it should come as no surprise that everyone becomes sensitive to the moods of the sea and sky. When you want a moment alone, the likely place to go is on deck, and there you are confronted with some new variation of the sea and sky.
We are working in what is called the trade winds zone. It is a belt of generally east and northeast winds north of the equator and east or southeast winds south of the equator that are quite steady and global in extent (in the days of sail, one’s trade depended on using routes through these reliable wind zones). In the trades zone, we might expect relatively steady 10-15 mph winds and fair skies with broken clouds. One characteristic of the fair weather cumulus clouds in the trades is that they lean over because of wind shear in the atmosphere. The blue sky dominates the evenly scattered puffy white leaning clouds that seem to all have the same base (maybe 3,000 feet above the sea).
The trade wind cumulus clouds break up the bright shades of blue on the sea surface by casting rapidly evolving shadows across the sea. The color of the sea surface certainly depends on the light reflected from the sky (a gray sky can give the ocean a grayer look) but also depends on the intrinsic color of water, which is blue.
We had few days where there seemed to be a pink hue to the sky (especially at the low sun angles of morning and late afternoon). This is likely the result of having more Saharan dust suspended in the atmosphere. It is quite common for dust storms to carry thousands of miles out over the ocean.
The color of the water depends on the angle at which you view it and the height of the sun. One of the cool things I see in the open ocean is that when you look down into the deep waters in the middle of a sunny day there is a radiation of sunbeams seemingly coming back at you from the depths. It gives the blue ocean a kind of jewel-like quality.
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Research highlights red yeast rice reactions over 14 years
Red yeast rice (RYR) is often used by patients with high cholesterol, and is hailed as an alternative to statin drugs. It has an EU-approved health claim for cholesterol management at 10 milligrams (mg) per day of its prime constituent, monacolin K.
However researchers have collated some adverse effects over more than a decade, including myopathies and liver issues.
Adverse reaction tally
Scientists from Sapienza University and the National Institute of Health in Rome in Italy analysed 1261 suspected adverse reactions (ARs) recorded in World Health Organisation (WHO) databases.
From April 2002 to September 2015 there were 52 RYR ARs.
These reactions ranged from muscle pain and/or increase in creatine phosphokinase (19), muscle injury (1), liver injury (10), gastrointestinal reactions (12), skin reactions (9) and other reactions (4).
Women were involved in 70% of cases and 13 cases resulted in hospitalisation. 28 of these patients were taking other medications including ACE inhibitors, thyroid hormones, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, oral contraceptives, antibiotics, benzodiazepines, calcium antagonists, beta-blocking agents and diuretics. Some were taking food supplements such as vitamin D, fish oil and olive extracts.
“Monacolin K contained in RYR is identical to lovastatin, and early monitoring of liver function and signs of muscle injury should be considered,” the study’s authors recommended.
“When used as self-prescription, without medical advice and monitoring and possibly for long term, patients should be aware adverse reactions, such as hepatitis or rhabdomyolysis, can remain asymptomatic for long periods.”
RYR is derived by fermenting steamed rice with a fungus belonging to the Monascus genus, mainly M. purpureus (Aspergillaceae family).
During this process monacolins are produced as well as pigments, which are responsible for the rice’s red colour.
Between 2009 and 2013, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) recorded 30 ARs linked with food supplements containing RYR, mainly consisting of myopathies and liver injury. It is not known if these were also logged with the WHO.
The researchers recommended future studies using questionnaires to gain information on specific uses of RYRs in order to make cross-national comparisons.
Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
Published online ahead of print: DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13171
“Adverse reactions to dietary supplements containing red yeast rice: assessment of cases from the Italian surveillance system.”
Authors: G. Mazzanti et al.
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Most people save money because of the unpredictable future. The main importance of saving money is for emergency cushioning; this could be a number of thinks that might affect an individual alike a new roof, out of pocket emergency medical expense and so many others. Some of them explain below.
Save Money for Retirement
Individually to know the importance of save money is most important in life, many people fail to know the importance of saving money. The main importance of save money is for retirement, the savings help individuals after retiring from their job. These savings can help an individual start a business or other investment that will help him or her get income even after retirement.
It will keep one on foot during the retirement period; many people end up having a hard life after retirement for they lack the money. It is always advisable for one to save money when he or she is still working.
Save Money for Child Education
Another importance of saveing money is for the future of your children. Many people save money for their children. Some of money always applies for educating children, and the rest is used to start investments for the children. Many parents would love their children to pick up from where they left; they love guiding their children to being successful. The savings will also be used to educate children especially at higher learning levels like the University and other institutions that offer education.
Save Money for Medical Emergencies
Saving money for medical expenses is the most important. An emergency medical treatment is always affecting big impact on regular routine life. A medical survey says most of medical expenses go through pocket in rainy seasons. Always preparation for these impacts is so much necessary. Whole family Medical insurance or Mediclaim is very important risk cover factor for life.
The best time to start saving money in life
Mr. Warren Buffett, a Multi-millionaire, says SAVE MONEY is the first step of the ladder which goes towards millionaire’s path. In this era save money and the perfectly invest it can make your life full of joy and happiness.
It is good for one to know the importance of saving money at an early stage; they will save more when they start early. As a college student it is important to saveing money for the future, the money will help them especially when they start life after university.
Take precaution while use the savings
As much as is good to know the importance of save money in life, it is good to know how to use the money when the time comes. Many people save a lot of money but end up misusing it in a go. Some invest in bad business that ends up making a loss. It is always good for all to seek help from the various financial institutions; they will give the best advice on how best one can use the savings.
The earning money and save money for better today and tomorrow is never been easy task in this high expensive days. No worry Make Moneys will give better tips for Make Money, Save Money and also securely Invest Money.
So be with Make Moneys, and start Save Money for Happy and Joyful
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Also found in: Dictionary.
Related to flush out: flash out
flush something out
to clean something out with a flow of liquid. Flush the fuel line out to clean it. Please flush out the fuel line and clean it.
flush out somebody/somethingalso flush somebody/something out
to force a person or animal to stop hiding The military stormed the building and set it on fire to flush out the militants hidden inside. A hunting dog's job is to flush out whatever it is you're hunting.
flush out somethingalso flush something out
to cause something to become obvious We ran the new computer system for a week to flush out any problems with the software.
1. To empty or clean something by a flow of water or liquid: After coming in contact with the caustic substance, she flushed out her eye, which was red and puffy. The school nurse flushed the child's eyes out after he got fingerpaint in them.
2. To cause something to leave or be removed from something with a flow of water or liquid: She ran to the sink to flush out the dirt from her cut. My tears flushed the sand out of my eye.
3. To frighten someone or something from a concealed place: The golden retriever jumped into the reeds and flushed out the ducks. The passing car flushed the birds out of the thicket.
4. To drive or force someone into the open: The sniper is hiding in one of the buildings to the south and won't be easy to flush out. The army pledged to flush all insurgents out of the village.
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Hard-up astronomers are raising funds for research by selling the only wares they have: the stars.
A nonprofit organisation has started an adopt-a-star programme to raise money for an international research consortium to analyse data from NASA’s planet-hunting Kepler mission.
The programme, which is not affiliated with NASA, is called “Pale Blue Dot” to echo Carl Sagan’s description of Earth as seen from space. It encourages donors to pick one of 100,000 stars in Kepler’s field of view that show promise for hosting planets.
For $10, you – and you alone – can plant your personal flag in that star on Google Sky. As Kepler makes new discoveries, you will get email updates about your star and its potential planets.
“There are plenty of phony name-a-star things on the web, but I think we were the first scientists to use this sort of model for fundraising, and as a public outreach tool,” says project leader Travis Metcalfe of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado. “We’re trying to educate people about what the Kepler mission does, and to get them excited about the quest for other Earths.”
The money raised will go to the Kepler Astroseismic Science Consortium, an international group of researchers who study the seismology of stars. The group cannot get NASA funding to support its research because the agency can’t fund foreign organisations.
“We’re always short of funding, of course, as scientists,” says consortium leader Jorgen Christensen-Dalsgaard of Aarhus University in Denmark.
The consortium will help the Kepler mission pin down the size of the planets it finds. Kepler finds planets by watching for the dip in a star’s brightness when the planet crosses in front of it. Known as transits, these events can only reveal the ratio between the planet’s size and that of its star. To find the planet’s absolute size, they’ll need to know the size of the star.
But Kepler will observe some stars frequently enough that scientists will be able to detect pulsations in the star. Convection on the star’s surface can cause these pulsations by sending waves echoing through the star’s interior.
“We’ll use those pulsations the way seismologists use earthquakes on Earth to measure the internal properties of the star,” Metcalfe says. Scientists can use pulsations to measure the radius of the star to within a few per cent, giving NASA a way to determine the size of the planet.
Pulsations can also help determine the stars’ ages, which can help give an idea of how planetary systems form over time.
The researchers may even be able to detect non-transiting planets that the main Kepler team would miss, if the planet is massive enough to make the star wobble towards and away from Earth.
Stellar scientists see Kepler’s data as a windfall. “We see this as a fantastic opportunity to get data on stellar interiors and stellar processes basically for free, because it’s the same kind of data we’re using,” Christensen-Dalsgaard says.
“With Kepler’s sensitivity, we’ll get unprecedented observations of these variable stars that we’ve tried to understand from the ground,” Metcalfe says.
Christensen-Dalsgaard roughly estimates that the consortium will need about $1 million, give or take a factor of two, to pay scientists’ salaries and bring them together at conferences. If all 100,000 stars sell, they’ll make exactly that. Interest has been high so far, but Christensen-Dalsgaard doubts they’ll sell all of them.
What about the planets that Kepler has already detected? Last week, the Kepler team announced they had detected three previously known planets, confirming that the telescope is operating as it should.
“Those are reserved for a special purpose,” Metcalfe says. Initially he tried to get television personality Steven Colbert to adopt one, but the comedian hasn’t responded. Metcalfe isn’t sure what to do with those planets yet – but he says, “it’s gonna be good”.
More on these topics:
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The expression “a bowl of cherries” means something wonderful and delicious. The song “Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries” (1931) popularized the term. American humorist Erma Bombeck (1927-1996) used the expression in the title of her book, If Life Is a Bowl of Cherries, What Am I Doing in the Pits? (1978).
“Bowl of cherries” existed as a Broadway expression before the 1931 song. “That, of course, in Broadway patter, is a bowl of cherries.” was cited in 1928. The expression “life is not a bowl of cherries” (that is, life is not so wonderful) has been cited in print since at least 1931.
The Free Dictionary
Life is just a bowl of cherries.
something that you say which means that life is very pleasant
Usage notes: This phrase is sometimes used humorously to mean the opposite
Wikipedia: Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries
“Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries” is a popular song with music by Ray Henderson and lyrics by Buddy G. DeSylva and Lew Brown, published in 1931.
It was Ethel Merman who introduced this song in George White’s Scandals of 1931. A Rudy Vallee version, recorded in 1931, spent five weeks in the top 10 pop music charts. The song was revived in 1953 by singer Jaye P. Morgan.
The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs
Edited by Charles Clay Doyle, Wolfgang Mieder and Fred R. Shapiro
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Life is not a bowl of cherries.
1931 New York Times 13 Nov.: “But the score was 7–6 in favor of Georgia, leading N.Y.U. rooters to the conclusion that there is no justice, life is not a bowl of cherries and Russia may have the right idea after all.
1932 Ad for subscription Life Magazine 99 (Apr.) 62: “Contrary to the popular phrase,life is NOT a bowl of cherries—and LIFE treats life with respect but always with a smile (that is, Life the magazine treats the phenomenon life with respect and a smile, capitalization as shown)
28 February 1928, San Diego (CA) Union, “New York Day by Day” by O.O. McIntyre, pg. 24, col. 4:
A banker from Montreal in the smoking room today insisted I should not call him Mister. That, of course, in Broadway patter, is a bowl of cherries.
18 May 1928, The Plain Dealer and Daily Leader (Cleveland, OH), “Sidelights of New York” by Grant Dixon, pg. 20, col. 5:
“And why not?” asked the star manicurist of one of the big uptown hotels the other day. ‘The life of a manicurist on one of the big liners is a bowl of cherries, my boy, just a bowl of cherries with whipped cream on the side.”
30 October 1930, Seattle (WA) Daily Times, “Amusements,” pg. 21, col. 1:
Miss Moran plays the spoiled little English girl, while others in the cast include that favorite character woman, Mrs. Patrick Campbell, who has a lovely bit of comedy about “a bowl of cherries”; ...
10 January 1931, Morning Advocate (Baton Rouge, LA), “New York Day by Day” by O. O. McIntyre, pg. 4, col. 8:
“That’s a bowl of cherries,"she cracked.
OCLC WorldCat record
Life is just a bowl of cherries
Author: Lew Brown; Ray Henderson
Publisher: New York : De Sylva, Brown and Henderson, ©1931.
Edition/Format: Musical score : Musical revues & comedies : English : Eleventh ed
OCLC WorldCat record
If life is a bowl of cherries, what am I doing in the pits?
Author: Erma Bombeck
Publisher: New York : McGraw-Hill, ©1978.
Edition/Format: Book : EnglishView all editions and formats
Humorous commentaries on American life in the 70’s.
New York City • Food/Drink • (0) Comments • Wednesday, October 03, 2012 • Permalink
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Yes, there is a unique approach to Montessori Geography!
There are two main geography pieces within the Montessori Early Childhood classroom: physical geography & political geography (also know as culture).
Begin with physical and then introduce political.
Montessori Geography Overview
When introducing geography to a child, I witnessed a lovely lesson using the tops of nesting boxes to depict the child’s place in the great, big universe. The largest box top was the universe ending with the smallest top representing the child.
Montessori Geography Sequence
From there, move to the Sandpaper Globe: “This is how we see the earth from the sky. This is land. This is water.” Here is a great Youtube video on how to give a Sandpaper Globe lesson. We don’t have sandpaper globes yet but I have introduced my son to geography.
Related Read: Teaching Preschoolers about Habitats
Typically, the World Map is introduced within the context of “political geography” after you’ve done work with landforms and climates. As I mentioned, I introduced the World Map after a few simple lessons on Land, Air & Water. We are working simultaneously on land form models and our World Continent Map. I will share our work with you as we move through it.
Montessori Geography Lesson
Then say: “We also use maps to show us places on Earth but maps are flat. They are not spheres. It is easier to use maps if they are flat. To make a map, we basically flatten a globe. I will show you with this Earth. It is a sphere now but watch as I open the valve and let the air out. Now we flatten the globe.”
I pushed out all the air and flattened it on the ground and pointed out the continents. Then, I pulled out the World Puzzle Map.
To introduce the World Map, us your dominant hand and using a 3 finger grip, grasp the knob and lift North America from the puzzle: “This is North America, where we live.” Place the inset down in front of the frame.
Trace the frame with my index finger. Then pick up the inset and trace the outline with my index finger.
Finally, place the inset gently back into the frame. Do this for all the continent pieces. Occasionally refer back to the flattened globe. I took the opportunity to introduce the Control Map too. I demonstrated how to match the pieces.
Montessori Geography Extensions
There are a number of Montessori early childhood geography extensions with the continent map introducing language and fine motor skill work that I will share with you over the next few weeks.
This post is brought to you by Montessori Outlet, a company that offers premium quality at outlet prices. Be good to them and go check out their line of Montessori products. You will be happy that you did it.
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The Giver gives Jonas a memory of falling from the sled, breaking his leg and scraping his face on ice. In agony, Jonas begs for medicine to relieve the pain. The Giver refuses, and Jonas remembers the rule in his instruction file.
The Giver's refusal to give Jonas pain medication indicates that he still believes in, or at least follows, the community's rules.
That afternoon, with his leg uninjured but still aching, Jonas goes home feeling lonely because no one else can experience the kind of pain he feels. He realizes why the Chief Elder told him he needed courage.
Through Jonas's experiences, The Giver makes the claim that it is only by facing pain, loneliness, and other trials that a person can grow and develop courage.
After many more days in which The Giver transmits painful memories to him, Jonas, frustrated, asks The Giver why they have to hold all of those terrible memories. The Giver tells him that such pain gives them wisdom. For example, when the Committee of Elders wanted to increase the rate of births in order to have more Laborers, The Giver was able to warn them against it, because he had a memory of terrible hunger. And when the strange plane flew over the community, The Giver told them not to shoot it down because he knew it wasn't a danger.
The Giver's story shows how the Committee, like the community members, just blindly follows the rules set down for it by the community founders. It has no knowledge that it can draw upon to adapt to new circumstances. Even so, The Giver can only try to influence the Committee. He lacks the power and the will to use his wisdom to make decisions himself.
The Giver tells Jonas that people do not want memories of pain. The Receiver's job is so important and honored because he can carry the memories for them. When Jonas voices a desire to change things, The Giver responds that it has been this way for many generations.
The Receiver has been in place for so long that people don't know that they're giving up joy by not having pain. The Giver seems to think that there is no other way for society to work.
Meanwhile, at Jonas's home, Gabriel is growing but is still fretful at night. Jonas's father worries that he may still have to release Gabriel, but he comments that first he will have to release one of the identical twins scheduled to be born soon. Because the community does not allow identical twins, the smaller twin must be released.
Identical twins would have a closeness that is forbidden in the community. The decision between the twins based on size is totally pragmatic and unsentimental: the large twin is more likely to thrive, so the smaller twin will be released.
Jonas wonders where people who are released go. He hopes that release means that the little twin will be sent Elsewhere where he will meet Larissa, the old woman Jonas had bathed and who had recently been released. He has a vision of Larissa welcoming the twin into open arms. But secretly, even from himself, he senses that this is a false hope.
Jonas's intuition that release is not as beautiful as people believe foreshadows his discovery of the true meaning of release in Chapter 19.
Jonas, hoping he can somehow help Gabriel avoid release, asks his father if Gabriel can sleep in his room that night. His father agrees. That night when Gabriel is restless, Jonas puts his hands on him. As he does, he idly thinks about a memory of a beautiful day spent sailing that The Giver transmitted to him, and realizes with a start that he is transmitting the memory to Gabriel. He stops transmitting, but when Gabriel starts to fret again he transmits the full memory. Gabriel is calmed and is able to sleep.
When Jonas first accidentally transmits his memories to Gabriel, he stops, realizing that he was breaking the rules. So when he then decides to transmit the memories to Gabriel after all, Jonas is making a conscious choice—his first real choice—to break the rules of the community in order to try to save an individual.
Worried that he will be reprimanded or worse, Jonas decides not to tell The Giver about what he has done. He frightens himself with the thought that he has more power than he ever realized.
Jonas's newfound power is not only the ability to transmit memories, but also to take action, to choose to break the rules, and to work for the individual good regardless of the will of the community.
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Crime is a serious issue of many countries in the contemporary society in particular, the crime rate gradually increases annually in some sectors worldwide. Essay on crime: free examples of essays, research and term papers examples of crime essay topics, questions and thesis satatements. Suggested essay topics and study questions for fyodor dostoevsky's crime and punishment perfect for students who have to write crime and punishment essays. Cesare bonesana di beccaria, an essay on crimes and punishments a crime already committed, and for which there can be no remedy. The term white-collar crime was first used by criminologist edwin sutherland back in 1939 for the various nonviolent crimes usually committed in commercial.
Free essay on crime problems available totally free at echeatcom, the largest free essay community. 3/23/2016 crime essays home crime essays what's new about the test by ali (iran) ielts lessons criminal lawyers all lessons. Geography homework help year 8 essay on crime essay writing an introduction to a research paper writing essays for scholarships. Ielts sample writing task 2 - this example crime essay will help you prepare for your exam read the essay & then compare it to our alternative essay plan.
When internet is an indispensable part of our life, risk of becoming a victim of threat,fraud or vandalism is so high use great essay sample on this topic. Below is a collection of ielts essay questions for the topic of crime and punishment these questions have been written based on common issues in ielts and some have. Film crime essay 1549 words | 7 pages they all speak the same discursive language (baxter 7) crime films are often set in a large, crowded city.
Crime essays: over 180,000 crime essays, crime term papers, crime research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. Every day the morning papers bring news of dacoities and murders, kidnappings and rapes, hold-ups of trains and hijackings of planes, adulteration of foodstuffs.
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Bend Insensitive Optical Fiber
Bend insensitivity can be considered in terms of both the mechanical and optical performance of a fiber.
In the case of a mechanically bend insensitive fiber, a reduced cladding such as 80µm or 50µm offers an improved coil lifetime *(see Reduced Clad 80µm Fiber entry)*.
In terms of optically bend insensitive fiber, this means that a fiber has been designed to mitigate the optical losses that are associated with tight bend radii. This can be achieved by a few different approaches:
1. Increased germanium content in the core (as indicated by an increased numerical aperture (NA)).
2. Increased core diameter (as indicated by an increased second order cut-off wavelength).
3. Fluorine doped inner cladding (either as doping immediately surrounding the core to increase NA, or as a trench at small distance radially out from the core edge).
Both of these approaches ensure that the light is more tightly confined within the core and thereby reduce Bend Induced Losses (BIL).
For more information, please request our technical note
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At The Junk Wave we LOVE to upcycle aluminum cans. We have made boxes and angels from aluminum cans.
We pick aluminium cans up off the street whenever we see them and have people collect them for us. We could easily recycle them for cash to NQ Recycling Agents but where is the fun in that!
This is the current aluminium can project:
Aluminium cans make for a pretty smart art material, right? Yes they do.
Look what these dudes do with aluminium cans (I am in love with them): Tesscar Aluminum Craft. Best of all, they offer a free pattern sheet to make a shark from used aluminium cans. FANTASTIC – what a way to remind us to keep our junk out of our oceans.
Finally a word of recycling aluminium cans from my UK based recycling cyber colleague, Zero Waste:
Why bother recycling aluminium?
1- Less energy
Compared to mining and smelting, recycling aluminium drink cans is far less energy intensive. Recycling aluminium requires only 5% of the energy and produces only 5% of the CO2 emissions as compared with primary production.
A recycled aluminium can saves enough energy to run a television for three hours.
2- Less raw materials
Recycling aluminium reduces the need to mine bauxite, which, as we have seen, can have negative consequences for the surrounding areas and the people living there.
3- Less landfill
Keeping anything out of the landfill is a bonus! With an estimated nine years worth of landfill space in the UK, we all need to recycle more and keep things out of the landfill. If all of these cans were recycled there would be 14 million fewer dustbins emptied into the country’s landfill sites every year.
4- Cost effective
Aluminium can be recycled indefinitely, as reprocessing does not damage its structure. Aluminium is also the most cost-effective material to recycle.
5- Easy to recycle
Aluminium cans are one of the easiest materials to recycle. New drinks cans appear on the shelf just six weeks after recycling!
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A team of physicists from five European universities have devised a means of using spin currents to process information without the motion of electrical charges. The research, carried out under the EU-funded INSPIN project, represents a significant advance in the emerging field of spintronics — the study of the properties of the electron spin — which could pave the way for new alternatives to conventional electronics in the future. Magnons, the quasiparticles which are associated with the excitations of magnetic materials known as spin waves, are seen as an interesting candidate for carrying information as they have a low rate of energy dissipation. New way of carrying information The INSPIN team has spent the past three years devising ways of detecting, manipulating and transporting spin currents inside magnetic insulators. ‘A magnon … behaves like a particle although it is actually a wave and that is what carries the information,’ says Arne Brataas, project coordinator and professor of physics at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. ‘By manipulating this wave, we can change the way that we can manipulate and transport information.’ In order to work, this new kind of insulator spintronics must be able to be seamlessly integrated with conventional electronics. Finding the right interface between the insulator and metal was therefore vital. ‘The biggest challenge was to convert the electrical signal into this spin signal inside the insulator and the related process to extract it – how to get the signal in and out,’ says Prof Brataas. ‘This was difficult because at the start of the project we didn’t know which mechanism responsible for transferring the information from the electrical charge to the spin was dominant.’ The team also explored whether different combinations of materials would make the conversion more or less efficient. ‘Many different kinds of materials were explored, but what we found was that the conversion is quite robust so it doesn’t depend so much on the type of material,’ says Prof Brataas. Less heat The fact that this new way of transporting information is accompanied by very little dissipation of energy is significant. With devices based on conventional charge-based electronics, the smaller they become the harder it is to avoid them overheating. ‘One of our motivations in doing this is to find ways to process information that generate less heat,’ says Prof Brataas, ‘so if we can make it low power, that means we can generate signals without generating a lot of heat.’ Three years from the start of the project the INSPIN team has achieved its main aim of using a completely different entity for carrying information by making a transistor that works entirely based on spin. Although INSPIN has finished, the researchers involved will continue exploring this area of fundamental science and to continue developing what they believe has the potential to become a revolutionary, disruptive technology in the future.
INSPIN, spintronics, spin currents, magnons, magnetic insulators, energy dissipation
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The first mermaids in ancient cultures were worshiped as gods and goddesses and appeared in mythology between 700 b.c. to 1000 b.c. The earliest mermaid myth appeared in Assyeria in 1000 b.c. and told the story of how a goddess named Atargatis became a mermaid.
Atargatis was in love with a human shepherd but accidentally killed him. Out of guilt, the goddess flung herself into the ocean hoping to become a fish. But her beauty was so great, that she never could fully become a fish. Instead she became half goddess, half fish, with a tail below the waist and human body above the waist.
The worship of Atargatis began in ancient Assyria and spread as far as Rome and Greece. She is also known as Derketo in Greek mythology and is thought to have been the inspiration for the worship of the Greek goddess Aphrodite. Atargatis is considered to be Great Mother and Goddesss of Fertility of the earth and water. The spread of civilization in the ancient East is also attributed to Atargatis as she is said to have taught the people social and religious practices.
Doves and fish were her sacred animals, doves symbolizing love and fish symbolizing that she was the fertility of the waters. Fish were so sacred to her that in the Syrian town of Ascalon, people were forbidden from eating fish from a lake near Atargatis’s temple. These fish were very well kept, had jewels on their head and were as affectionate as pets when they were approached by people from the town. Her close ties to the conservation of fish and water fertility explain why the ancient goddess was depicted as a mermaid.
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40 CFR 439.1 - General definitions.
As used in this part:
(b)Bench-scale operation means the laboratory testing of materials, methods, or processes on a small scale, such as on a laboratory worktable.
(c)Cyanide (T) means the parameter total cyanide.
(d)In-plant monitoring point means a location within a plant, where an individual process effluent can be exclusively monitored before it is diluted or mixed with other process wastewaters en route to the end-of-pipe.
(e)Maximum daily means the highest allowable discharge of wastewater pollutants during a calendar day or any 24 hour period that reasonably represents a calendar day for purposes of sampling.
(f)Maximum monthly average means the highest allowable average of daily discharges of wastewater pollutants over a calendar month, and is calculated as the sum of all daily values measured during a calendar month divided by the number of daily values measured during that month.
(g)mg/L means milligrams per liter or parts per million (ppm)
(h)Minimum level means the level at which an analytical system gives recognizable signals and an acceptable calibration point.
(i)Nitrification capability means the capability of a POTW treatment system to oxidize ammonia or ammonium salts initially to nitrites (via Nitrosomonas bacteria) and subsequently to nitrates (via Nitrobacter bacteria). Criteria for determining the nitrification capability of a POTW treatment system are: bioassays confirming the presence of nitrifying bacteria; and analyses of the nitrogen balance demonstrating a reduction in the concentration of ammonia or ammonium salts and an increase in the concentrations of nitrites and nitrates.
(j)Non-detect (ND) means a concentration value below the minimum level that can be reliably measured by the analytical method.
(k)Pilot-scale operation means processing equipment being operated at an intermediate stage between laboratory-scale and full-scale operation for the purpose of developing a new product or manufacturing process.
(m)Process wastewater, as defined at 40 CFR 122.2 and for the purposes of this part, does not include the following:
(1) Trimethyl silanol, any active anti-microbial materials, process wastewater from imperfect fermentation batches, and process area spills. Discharges containing such materials are not subject to the limitations and standards of this part.
(2) Non-contact cooling water, utility wastewaters, general site surface runoff, groundwater (e.g., contaminated groundwaters from on-site or off-site groundwater remediation projects), and other non-process water generated on site. Discharges of such waters and wastewaters are not subject to the limitations and standards of this part.
(o)Surrogate pollutant means a regulated parameter that, for the purpose of compliance monitoring, is allowed to serve as a surrogate for a group of specific regulated parameters. Plants would be allowed to monitor for a surrogate pollutant(s), when the other parameters for which it stands are receiving the same degree of treatment as the surrogate pollutant(s) and all of the parameters discharged are in the same treatability class(es) as their respective surrogate pollutant(s). Treatability classes have been identified in appendix A of this part for both steam stripping and biological treatment technologies, which are the respective technology bases for PSES/PSNS and BAT/NSPS limitations controlling the discharge of regulated organic parameters.
(p)Xylenes means a combination of the three isomers: o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene.
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Studying abroad is the act of a student pursuing educational opportunities in another country.
Length of study can range from one week, usually during a domestic break, to an academic year, encompassing a couple academic terms, to an entire degree program that spans several years. The most common are semester long programs that cover either the spring or fall semester. There are also winter and summer semester programs. The winter semester programs, for public, 4-year universities, are usually more focused on a specific area of the countries culture due to the shortened time students have in the country.
Some students choose to study abroad to learn a language from native speakers. Others may take classes in their academic major in a place that allows them to expand their hands-on experience (e.g. someone who’s studying marine biology studying abroad in Jamaica or a student of sustainable development living and studying in a remote village in Senegal). Other students may study abroad in order to get a credential within the framework of a different educational system (e.g. a student who goes to the United States to study medicine), or a university student from Albania who goes to Germany to study mechanical engineering.
Before you opt for studying abroad; you need to take care of certain factors like:
- Quality of education of the concerned country you are planning to travel.
- Cost of living
- Scholarship Programs
- Course Fees
The following points are to be taken care of:
- Consulting the study abroad advisor is a must as you get to know the different university programs you will be offered.
- Taking help of the academic advisor will let you know the type of credit you can receive.
- To ensure the facility of education loans for the students studying abroad, you need to take help of the financial advisor.
- Apply for your passport and visa and make sure the type of Visa you require.
- Do some homework and get a better picture of the country you are about to travel.
- Apply for the travel insurance and make sure that it should cover migration and homecoming.
- Chalk out a budget and find out how much will be the cost of living and what are things you cannot afford to do in that foreign land.
Study abroad programs have a spectrum of integration, from those that offer the greatest integration into host institutions to those offering the most assistance to students.
- Integrated - Complete (or nearly complete) integration into the host academic programming; the director is often a citizen of the host country; students take regular university courses with locals. Examples include interstudy.
- Peninsula - Mix of selected local resources and provider-managed resources. Some courses may only be available to program participants, others may be taught by local university faculty.
- Island - Strong support services enhance the local experience and give it context. This allows an overseas experience without diverging from the home school's degree program.
Costs for a study abroad program include:
- Health insurance
- Living costs incurred during the program
- Passport and visa fees
- Round-trip transportation for the approved program
- Tuition and fees for the program
Students who wish to study abroad fund their studies through a variety of sources, including gifts or loans from family, grants from their home governments, grants from host nations or host universities, scholarships and bank loans.
Financial aid for U.S. students who wish to study abroad may include a combination of scholarships, government student loans, and private student loans.
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(Born January 28, 1457- Died April 21, 1509). Son of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. Married to Elizabeth of York. Father of Arthur, Prince of Wales, Margaret, Queen of Scots, Henry VIII, King of England and Mary, Queen of France. Henry VII went from an exile to the founder of one of the most powerful dynasties in all of English history, the Tudor Dynasty.
Henry Tudor, later Henry VII, was born at Pembroke Castle to Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond on January 28, 1457. Henry never met his father Edmund because he died three months before Henry was born. His grandfather, Owen Tudor, was married to Katherine of Valois which made Henry’s father half brother of King Henry VI. Henry’s mother was the great granddaughter of John of Gaunt and his third wife Katherine Swynford. Henry’s mother Margaret Beaufort was only 13 when she gave birth to Henry and because his father died, his uncle Jasper Tudor took care of him.
Life was stable for Henry Tudor for a few years, until Edward IV won the crown in 1461, sending Henry’s uncle Jasper into exile and the title of Earl of Pembroke as well as Pembroke Castle and the wardship of Henry went to a Yorkist supporter William Herbert. Henry stayed with William Herbert until 1469, when the Earl of Warwick Richard Neville switched sides to the Lancastrians and had Herbert executed. Warwick restored Henry VI to the throne in 1470, Jasper came back from exile, and Henry was allowed to go to court.
This return of Henry VI would not last long as Edward IV was restored to the throne and Warwick was killed. Henry and Jasper tried to gather more support for the Lancastrian cause but they got caught in a bad storm in the English Channel while escaping from Tenby. They landed in Brittany where they sought the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany, which he did give to them. The Lancastrians along with Jasper and Henry, were housed at the Château de Suscinio in Sarzeau. Edward IV tried his best to apprehend Jasper and Henry but he failed to do so. Edward IV died on April 9, 1483, leaving his throne to his young son Edward V. After a few weeks, Edward V and his siblings were declared illegitimate and the throne was passed onto Edward V’s uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester, who became Richard III. Edward V and his brother Richard Duke of York were never seen again.
Henry’s mother Margaret Beaufort saw an opportunity for her son to become king. During this time Margaret was plotting with Elizabeth Woodville to arrange a marriage between Henry and Elizabeth Woodville eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York. Henry and Jasper tried to invade England in October 1483, but they were forced to go back to Brittany. It was in December 1483 that Henry made an oath in Rennes, France to marry Elizabeth of York when he became King of England. When the Duke of Brittany got very ill in 1484, his treasurer Pierre Landais made a deal with Richard III to give over Henry and Jasper Tudor in exchange for 3,000 English archers to defend a French attack. A bishop in Flanders John Morton heard about the deal and warned Henry and Jasper just before Landais could reach them. Henry and Jasper fled into France where King Charles VIII allowed them to stay until Duke Francis II felt better.
Henry and Jasper Tudor made their way back to England in August 1485, where they faced off against Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field on August 22, 1485. Richard III was defeated and Henry became Henry VII. Henry was crowned king on October 30, 1485 and he would marry Elizabeth of York the following year on January 18, 1486. The couple had their first child, Arthur, on September 20, 1486. Henry and Elizabeth would have 4 children who would survive into adulthood; Arthur Tudor, Margaret Tudor, Henry Tudor, and Mary Tudor. During 1487, a young man named Lambert Simnel, claimed that he was the earl of Warwick, Elizabeth’s cousin, so Henry VII had the real earl of Warwick taken from the Tower and paraded through London. It was at the last battle of the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Stoke Field on June 16, 1487 that Lambert Simnel was defeated. Henry decided to let the boy live and gave him a job at the castle.
In 1490, a young man named Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard Duke of York. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV’s sister Margaret of Burgundy and James IV of Scotland. In September 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured. He was allowed to live in the court and his wife Lady Catherine Gordon was made one of the ladies in waiting for Elizabeth of York. Warbeck tried to escape and it landed him in the Tower of London, close to Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, son of the late George, Duke of Clarence. Warbeck and Warwick plotted to escape the Tower, but the plan was uncovered and both men were charged with treason. Perkin Warbeck was hanged at Tyburn on November 23, 1499.
Henry VII was a cautious man and decided that it was better to make alliances through marriages than to launch into expensive wars, like his predecessors. Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom under Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon and concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son, Arthur Tudor, was married to Catherine of Aragon. He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland, which betrothed his daughter Margaret to King James IV of Scotland. Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France through the marriage of Margaret to the Scottish king, but it did not happen. Henry was also able to form alliances with Pope Innocent VIII and Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I.
On November 14, 1501, Arthur Tudor married Katherine of Aragon. The following year, tragedy hit hard as Arthur died on April 2, 1502. His son’s death hit Henry hard and it was his wife Elizabeth of York who consoled him and convinced him that he still had Henry, his youngest son, as his heir and that they were still young enough to have children. Henry VII wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. He therefore arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother’s widow Katherine. Elizabeth would have one more child, a girl named Katherine, on February 2, 1503, but the baby would not live long. Elizabeth of York would die on her 37th birthday, on February 11, 1503. Henry would grieve over the loss of his wife and son the rest of his life. He retreated to Richmond Palace, which was the former Sheen Palace but it was badly damaged in a fire in 1497 and rebuilt. Henry’s health failed him and he would die on April 21, 1509 at Richmond Palace. His only son Henry Tudor succeeded his father and became Henry VIII.
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Horsepower (or "HP") is the unit of measurement that describes the power of engines in various machines. However, there are various types of horsepower measurements, including the DIN HP (a version of horsepower that is measurement protocol in Germany) and SAE (which is the standard definition of horsepower). While the two measurements are close, the difference is enough that it must be calculated.
Find the DIN HP. If you are finding this manually, measure the horsepower at the point of the engine's output. This is different from SAE horsepower because that is measured at the flywheel point of the engine.
Divide the DIN HP by 1.0139 to find the SAE. This is to account for the small difference between testing methods.
In most cases, the difference in DIN HP and SAE is so negligible that the two numbers are interchangeable and engineers don't use the formula to find the actual difference.
- Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
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Suite Francaise is a novel that’s waited 60 years to be published. Scribbled in notebooks during the occupation of France in World War II, the novel was lost when its author, Irene Nemirovsky, was deported to Auschwitz in 1942. Nemirovsky died a month later and for decades her notebooks–crammed with pages of tiny handwriting–were assumed by her daughters to be diaries. It was only in 2004 that “Suite Francaise” received its first printing.
Prior to Suite Francaise, Nemirovsky had published a dozen books that were good enough to bring her international renown. In 1936 the New York Times Book Review called her “one of our first-rank novelists,” and before the war Nemirosky was a bright star in Paris’s social firmament. She had converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1939, but that wasn’t enough to grant her a reprieve from the occupying Nazis. Neither was the fact that during the occupation she published numerous stories (under various pseudonyms) in the virulently anti-Semitic newspaper “Gringoire.” Although she had the opportunity to escape to neutral Switzerland, Nemirovsky remained in occupied France where she was forced to wear the yellow star. We may never know why Nemirovsky chose to remain in France, and why she ran in anti-Semitic circles, but it is beyond doubt that her life was far from simple.
It is fitting that the story of Nemirovsky’s life is so complex because Suite Francaise is a novel of immense complexity. It was meant to be a five-book epic of occupied France, and although Nemirovsky only completed the first two books, she nevertheless captured the full panorama of French society through several effortlessly drawn, detailed characters.
The first book “Days in June” takes place in the week after the Nazis reached Paris and deals almost exclusively with the mass exodus from that city. The description is surprisingly similar to apocalyptic scenes in popular movies: the packed roads quickly become hopelessly gridlocked, mobs of refugees walk the 200 miles to Tours carrying what they can on their backs, and all the while German warplanes drop indiscriminate terror.
Within the first few pages of the book, Nemirovsky establishes that France was a society deeply fractured along class lines. When the wealthy matriarch of a large Parisian family allows her servants to listen to the grim war news on the radio with them, she worries that “such a breach of the normal rules seemed a frightening indication of things to come.”
Although classes weren’t meant to mix in ’40s France, Nemirovsky clearly transcended her social sphere. In “Days in June,” she inhabits the consciousness of a matriarch and her family, a wealthy, pompous author, middle-class bureaucrats, a hermit-like priest, a wounded soldier who is barely yet a man, and common servants. In short, potent chapters, the book moves quickly across several different plotlines, and Nemirovsky is so skilled at characterization that she needs little more than a paragraph to put us in a character’s mind. Take this example, where a young wounded soldier is taken in by a peasant family and cared for by two sisters:
He wondered if all the people here spoke like them or whether it was something much deeper, rooted in the very souls of these girls, in their youth, some instinct that told them that wars end and invaders leave, that even when distorted, even when mutilated, life goes on. His own mother, knitting while the soup was cooking, would sigh and say, ‘Nineteen-fourteen? That’s the year your father and I got married. We were miserable by the end of it, but very happy at the beginning.’ Even that bleak year was sweetened, bathed in the reflection of their love.
In the same way, he thought, the summer of 1940 would remain in the memories of these young women as the summer they were twenty, in spite of everything.”
“Days in June” is intriguing because the chaos of the exodus momentarily erased class boundaries. We watch as wealthy Parisians grow terrified because the unspoken rules of civilization are no longer there to protect them from the steerage, and we laugh cynically when those trampled-on commoners use their newfound freedom to enact tiny acts of vengeance. What comes through most of all is the humanity at the heart of the exodus: how quickly the people move from solidarity to self-interest.
There was, of course, another alien element that the French had to deal with in addition to each other: namely Germans. If “Days in June” is the story of how the French acclimate themselves to the mixture of societal classes, then “Dolce,” the novel’s second book, is the story of how the French acclimate themselves to living with Germans.
“Dolce” begins after the fall of France, as Lucille and her mother-in-law prepare to meet a German officer who has been assigned to live with them. Notably, Lucille’s husband, the man of the house, is at war–perhaps captured, perhaps dead. At first Lucille finds the German strange and frightening, but as the town comes to accept their new occupiers the lonely wife falls in love. It’s a love that founders when the woman is asked to hide a town member who has murdered another German, and Nemirovsky masterfully bends this plot toward tragedy.
Incomplete as it is, Suite Francaise is brilliant, and it is likely that the completed five-book cycle would have been a masterpiece. It is nothing short of amazing that in 1942 Nemirovsky had enough perspective on the occupation to write so knowingly of it. Her strength is to explore the complexity in every one of her characters, imbuing them with life and finding the world in their personal thoughts.
But if Nemirovsky’s strength is complexity, then it is ironic that coverage of her own story has been so one-sided. Portraying her solely as a victim of the Holocaust, many reviewers have neglected to explain that Nemirovsky herself was a conflicted person. It’s a shame, because Nemirovsky is enhanced–not diminished–by a full account of her life. Likewise, Suite Francaise only becomes more interesting when we know the full extent of its author’s story.
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The killing of a human being is called "homicide" when it is caused by another person, whether intentionally or accidentally.
The most serious homicides are murders, which carry the most serious penalties. Other forms of homicide demonstrate reduced levels of intent. These include manslaughter, reckless homicide, negligent homicide, and vehicular homicide. In rare cases, a killing is classified as legally justified by self-defense or some other reason and is not punished as a crime.
Families who have lost a loved one may seek financial damages separately from the criminal justice system. This takes place in civil court with a wrongful death lawsuit.
This article discusses types of homicide, when a homicide is considered legally justified, and when one could face civil liability for a wrongful death.
- Legal Homicide
- Examples of Homicide
- Related Claim: Wrongful Death
Murder is the most serious charge of criminal homicide. State statutes typically divide murder into different degrees of wrongfulness. The typical definition of first-degree murder is a killing that is both intentional and premeditated.
The premeditation requirement does not require evidence of elaborate or lengthy planning. Courts have ruled that premeditation could have occurred after only a few seconds of reflection and consideration.
The requirement of intent can be similarly elastic. To convict for first-degree murder, a jury does not need to find that the defendant intended to cause death. Instead, the prosecutors can show that the defendant intended to cause serious bodily injury or killed while attempting to commit some other felony.
Intent also does not need to be directed at a specific person. If someone planned to kill one person, but accidentally killed someone else, the murder was still intentional and premeditated. A killer who delivers a poisoned meal to his victim, only for it to be eaten by someone else, could still be convicted on a first-degree murder charge.
When there is a lack of premeditation, the defendant could be charged with second-degree murder or voluntary manslaughter, depending on the laws of the state.
Manslaughter can be categorized as voluntary or involuntary. The primary difference between manslaughter and murder is the killer's state of mind, or mens rea. Some states define that mental state as "under the influence of extreme emotional distress" caused by provocation. Texas defines manslaughter as "recklessly" causing the death of a person.
Voluntary manslaughter means the offender had no prior intent to kill. The murder may have occurred "in the heat of passion" and without forethought. An example of this would be a jilted spouse who murdered "in the heat of passion" after finding their partner in bed with a lover.
Every state's laws are different. In some states, this crime could be charged as second-degree murder.
In some states, statutes define an unintentional form of manslaughter as involuntary manslaughter or negligent homicide. In these cases, the perpetrator accidentally killed the victim as a result of engaging in risky or criminally negligent behavior. This applies to defendants who should have been aware that their actions were risky or negligent or those who, like parents, had a special duty of care toward the victim.
Examples of negligent homicide deaths that result from:
- Operating a dangerous amusement park ride with defective safety equipment
- Failing to provide medical care to a child who is clearly sick and suffering
- Leaving a loaded gun unsecured in the home within reach of a child
- Driving while intoxicated (in some states - other states create a specific definition for these crimes)
Reckless or Negligent Homicide
Because different states have different names for similar criminal charges. Reckless homicide and negligent homicide are the preferred modern terms because the title defines the state of mind or mens rea possessed by the killer. These charges require either that the defendant knew the lethal actions were risky and could cause harm or that the defendant failed to abide by a duty of care or special responsibility toward the victim. These charges are commonly used in jurisdictions that have eliminated voluntary and involuntary manslaughter charges from their criminal statutes.
When the operator of a vehicle - a car, boat, jet ski, snowmobile, or ATV — causes the death of another, they could face a charge of vehicular homicide. This crime is defined and subcategorized in different ways by different states.
In general, automobile crashes are not charged as first- or second-degree murder because the vehicle operator had no intent to kill anyone. Many fatal car accidents are just that - accidents. No criminal charges follow those incidents, however tragic. The deaths that draw criminal charges tend to result from the dangerously reckless or negligent operation of a vehicle. Examples of vehicular homicide include causing a death while:
- Committing a misdemeanor traffic violation, such as failing to stop at a stop sign
- Driving at an unreasonable speed, such as street racing
- Operating a vehicle under the influence of drugs or alcohol
- Eluding police or causing a high-speed chase
- Failing to stop and render aid after a crash (a "hit and run")
Some killings that would fall under criminal laws against manslaughter or murder are not illegal. These are sometimes referred to as "justifiable homicide." A prime example is killing to protect human life, in self-defense or in defense of someone else.
A homicide is deemed justified if state law allows lethal force in a self-defense situation. Most state laws allow justified homicide to defend oneself or another when faced with a credible threat of bodily harm such as rape, armed robbery, or murder.
Justifiable homicide is not a common phenomenon. In a study of more than 4,500 handgun homicide cases from FBI records, only some 7% of murders were found to be justified. The study found one important caveat: If the killer was white and the victim was black, and the state where they lived has a Stand Your Ground law, a murder as almost twice as likely (13.6%) to be ruled a justifiable homicide.
Killings by a police officers in the line of duty is often considered a justified homicide. There have been a few high-profile cases of police killings leading to criminal charges (most notably the Derek Chauvin case), but these prosecutions represent a tiny fraction of the cases of civilians killed by police each year. In 2020, there were 1,021 fatal police shootings, with black and Hispanic victims about twice as likely to be killed.
Related Wrongful Death Claims
Regardless of the type of homicide, it could also lead to a civil lawsuit for wrongful death. Family members of the victim may sue the alleged perpetrator, even if they were not found guilty of the killing of another person in criminal court. The standard of proof for a wrongful death lawsuit is much lower than the criminal standard of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Wrongful death lawsuits result in awards of monetary damages rather than criminal punishment. This is exemplified in the famous case of O.J. Simpson, who was held civilly responsible for the deaths of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and Ron Goldman, a guest at her home. Simpson had been previously acquitted of murder in a Los Angeles criminal court, but a civil court jury found him financially liable and ordered him to pay the $33.5 million in damages.
Sometimes the civil case for wrongful death proceeds in advance of criminal prosecutions. After the 2019 death of Elijah McClain, who died in police custody after a controversial arrest in Aurora, Colorado. local prosecutors initially declined to charge any of the police or paramedics involved. McClain's parents sued the city for wrongful death, and the city government agreed to a $15 million settlement. Criminal charges followed much later, after political pressure led to a renewed investigation. In September 2021, a grand jury indicted three Aurora police officers and two paramedics on charges related to McClain's death.
Intentional Murder Using a Vehicle
Although vehicular homicides are usually unintentional and is not charged as murder, some killers use their vehicles as their weapon of choice for intentional killings.
Recent years have seen a number of high-profile cases in which drivers intentionally drove into pedestrians on the sidewalk or protestors at a demonstration. The intentional use of a vehicle to cause injury is usually charged as murder.
One notorious example is the case against Nicholas Kraus. Kraus killed a woman after driving into a crowd of protestors in Minneapolis in 2021. Kraus was drunk at the time, but his actions were found to be intentional but not premeditated. He was charged with second-degree murder because he sped up as he approached a barricade separating vehicles from the protestors, who were demonstrating against the police shooting of a black man.
Similarly, James Alex Fields, Jr. was convicted of first-degree murder, eight counts of malicious wounding, and hit and run after he intentionally drove his car into a crowd of peaceful counter-protesters during the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, NC. Fields, who espoused neo-Nazi beliefs, pled guilty to 29 of 30 charges, including federal hate crimes, in order to avoid the death penalty.
Curiously, this has led to a legislative response from politicians who support killing protestors with vehicles. In April 2021, Oklahoma governor Kevin Stitt signed House Bill 1674, granting immunity to drivers who unintentionally injure or kill protesters if they are "fleeing from a riot," and there is "reasonable belief" that they are in danger. The new law also protects drivers from being held civilly liable for killing a protestor in a wrongful death suit.
In response, the local chapter of the NAACP sued to stop implementation of the law. In October of 2021, U.S. District Judge Robin Cauthron granted a preliminary injunction that blocked parts of the law from taking effect on the basis that the law was unconstitutionally vague and posed "a distinct risk of sweeping an improper application." The appeals process is ongoing.
Five other states introduced similar bills that would have created a legal defense for drivers who kill protesters with their vehicles, but none have been passed into law.
Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide
Physician-assisted suicide is the controversial practice of providing terminally ill people with a lethal dose of medication that allows them to painlessly end their own lives. This process is sometimes incorrectly referred to "euthanasia," but it is not truly homicide because the ultimate decision to die is made by the deceased.
This issue was thrust into the national spotlight in the 1990's when Dr. Jack Kevorkian was tried four times for assisting suicides in Michigan. He was not convicted in any of those first four trials. In 1998, he administered a lethal injection to a terminally ill patient suffering from ALS and allowed a video of the death to be televised on a national broadcast.
As a result, he was tried and convicted for first-degree murder. In addition to the television broadcast, there was key difference between the televised death and the 130 other cases where he had presided over the death of a patient. In all the other cases, the lethal dosage was furnished to the patient but not administered; the patients themselves pressed a button to receive the drugs or put on a mask to inhale deadly carbon monoxide.
Since then, ten states and the District of Columbia have legalized the process of physician-assisted suicide for patients who are competent adults with confirmed terminal illnesses.
Get Legal Help Against Homicide Criminal Charges
Any criminal charge that meets the legal definition of homicide is serious. Defense in homicide cases is complicated and requires intensive preparation. If you've been charged with a homicide-related crime, or any crime for that matter, meet with an experienced criminal defense attorney.
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The methods for teaching toddlers the skill using the toilet have changed over time. When parents forced training on children during the first half of the twentieth century, failures of that approach led experts to develop alternatives.
Pediatrician Dr. T. Berry Brazelton developed his own child-centered, slower-paced potty training method over years working with children and their parents. In 1962, the medical journal Pediatrics published the successful results of a study he did using this technique with his patients. In 2004, he published “Toilet Training the Brazelton Way.”
The book covers Brazelton’s toilet training in great detail and encourages a child to set the pace, encouraging her to want to use the toilet. This way, she will not get angry and oppositional because her parents are trying to force her.
Readiness for Toilet Training
Before starting with Brazelton toilet training, a child must be ready. He lists seven specifics your child should exhibit to indicate readiness for potty training. You need to see that:
- She’s not as excited about walking and being on her feet all the time. Your child can stay still long enough to sit on the potty.
- She has receptive language. She can understand your instructions.
- She can say, “No!” She can make up her own mind. When she learns something, she feels like it is her idea, too.
- She will start putting things where they belong. She knows that different things belong in different places.
- She imitates your behavior. She wants to do things like you do, which can include using the potty.
- The child starts to urinate and move her bowels at predictable times. This makes knowing when to use the potty easier.
- She becomes aware of her body. She is starting to understand when she is going to urinate or have a bowel movement.
Brazelton believes that most children are ready for toilet training around two years of age. If your child is going through the terrible twos and is not cooperative, you have to wait until she is.
Brazelton Toilet Training Steps
If you think your child is ready for toilet training, there are five main steps. You will repeat each step until she seems to understand. If your child gets upset at any time, stop and wait. Brazelton toilet training emphasizes that the child’s interest, cooperation, and lack of fear are all key. There is never any punishment.
Step 1. Pick out a potty with your child, one that she likes. This is her potty.
Step 2. Let her sit on her potty with her clothes on, if she seems interested. Her potty should be next to your potty, so you sit down on yours. You can add fun activities while sitting, like playing a game, singing, or telling a story.
Step 3. Take her to the bathroom to empty her diaper contents into her potty. Help her understand that diaper contents belong in the potty. This is a good time to teach handwashing.
Step 4. This is the “big step.” Ask her if she wants to take off her diaper off. She will spend time with nothing on below the waist in a specific area of your home. Put the potty in this area. You can ask her if she wants to try using the potty herself, or she might do it without prompting. If any of this succeeds, don’t get too excited. Compliment her calmly.
Step 5. If she continues to use the potty, ask her if she wants training pants that will be easy to pull up and down so she can use the potty without your help.
After this, everything else depends on your child’s level of interest and success with potty training. Nothing should be forced. Other steps should be explained when she is interested, like emptying the potty into a big toilet and flushing it. Boys should be taught to urinate standing up when they express interest.
The Brazelton toilet training is one of many child-centered approaches that the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends. There is no one potty training method that works for every child. You have to try and decide what will work best for yours. The AAP has a number of helpful articles that you can read on its Healthy Children Website.
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Dental Bridges are devices used to fill the space where teeth have fallen out or have been removed. A typical bridge consists of a pontic (the tooth that replaces the gap) and this is attatched either side to two surrounding crowns called abutments. If a space in the mouth is left without placing a bridge, the teeth either side of the space shift and tilt leading to further movement of teeth above the gap and further along in the jaw. This leads to gum disease and further irrepairable loss of teeth. A bridge is the easiest and most economical fixed method of replacing a tooth in the mouth. N.B Dentures are a removable method of replacing a tooth.
Dental bridges process
At ZEN-SMILE-SPA, fixed dental bridges usually require three trips to the surgery. During the initial visit, the surrounding teeth are prepared and made parallel and an impression is taken which is sent to the laboratory, at this appointment temporary crowns are fitted to the prepared teeth. At the interim visit, the fit and colour of the bridge is checked as well as the height in the mouth. Any instructions for finishing touches required to be made to the bridge are relayed by the dentist to the technician and at the final appointment the bridge is fitted with cement. A dental bridge can replace several teeth or just one – it can be made of zirconia, porcelain or metal and porcelain and will always remain lifelike and natural in the mouth.
Proper maintenance of dental bridges
Special care must be taken to ensure that the gumline and area surrounding the new bridge are kept clean. Special floss is necessary to clean underneath the teeth and to maintain the gums in a healthy condition. With proper dental care bridges can last a lifetime.
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Embracing a Generation into Greatness
You loved or loathed him, he rarely provoked a neutral response. Miller swaggered through life foul-mouthed and feral, relishing a good argument, and even better, a great fight. The Army refused his enlistment in World War I, so he joined the American Red Cross. He was serving in Italy when 200 pieces of Austrian shrapnel shredded into his legs. Returning to America Miller moved to Chicago. He chose Chicago, because it was home to a famous author named Sherwood Anderson. Anderson had a reputation for helping young writers. Miller was a fledging writer who wanted badly to improve.
Anderson, burrowed into Miller's soul. He met with him, gave him books to read, tore apart his writing. For two years the famous author invested long hours into this brash young man. Sparing Miller no mercy, Anderson red-inked his work till it sprang to life-sharp and vivid with immediacy.
When Miller moved to Paris, Anderson wrote a glowing letter of introduction for him to a famous circle of writers and artists. In 1926, Miller, claiming everything he ever learned about writing he learned from Anderson, published his first novel called The Sun Also Rises. The world remembers Miller for his unforgettable stories, and by his full name-Ernest Miller Hemingway.
Hemingway was just the beginning. Anderson moved on to New Orleans, where he befriended another writer, a poet thirsty to fine-tune his craft. Anderson critiqued and cajoled, spurring the young man toward excellence. A year later, Anderson helped this man publish his first novel, Soldier's Pay. That man's name was William Faulkner. Three years later Faulkner produced The Sound and the Fury, which instantly became a smashing success.
Hemingway and Faulkner are just half the story. Anderson moved on to California, and ploughed his life into mentoring playwright Thomas Wolfe. With Hemingway, Faulkner, and Thomas Wolfe under his belt, you'd imagine Anderson might have stopped. But you'd imagine incorrectly. For California had another promising young writer with a fertile pen, John Steinbeck. Anderson invested his life in Steinbeck as well. By the time Anderson was finished, three of his protégés earned Nobel Prizes and four, Pulitzer prizes for literature.
Anderson's influence was phenomenal. What was behind this man's jaw-dropping legacy? His personal success as a writer lasted just a decade. How did he use his short-lived fame to produce writers of such renown? It is said that he was the only author of his day, to reproduce his style and vision of writing into the next generation of writers; writers that will be read for decades to come. Anderson's secret is summed up in a curious word, a word that I hope will become a part of your vocabulary, a part of your thinking, and life. Anderson you see, was a generative man.
Anderson sculpted the future of literature by pouring his life into writers who would eventually eclipse his own talent, young men who needed him to reach their destiny. By investing his time and insight into another generation, Anderson was generative. Generativity, a term coined by prize winning author Eric Erikson, is defined as the care taken in establishing and guiding the next generation. Anderson embraced a generation of writers' into greatness by taking the time to care for them and see them established.
A sad disclaimer to this amazing story; Anderson, while spectacularly generative to young writers, was unfortunately no role-model of generativity for his own family. He abandoned his wife and children in order to become a writer. (His life illustrates to us the tragedy of being to others what you are not for your own family). But for all his personal and moral faults, he invested what he knew about writing into another generation, and for literature that made all the difference.
The Secret of Greatness
Generativity, the care taken in guiding and establishing the next generation, is the secret core of greatness. We tend to think of greatness as an individual accomplishment. We say he's a great tennis player, or she is a great speaker. But greatness is not great unless it's transferred to the next generation. You are not truly great unless something great survives after you're gone. Someone said it succinctly like this; you are only what survives you.
My hope as you read this book is that you will hear an invitation from God to be a generative person. The consequences are extraordinary and eternal. Of course, generativity is probably not a subject you were discussing just last week over coffee. It's a word easy to dismiss because it's unfamiliar. But don't let the strangeness of the term, keep you from its riches. This word could change, even revolutionize your priorities. Generativity is a way for you to join with God in creating countless futures and holy outcomes.
Generativity is a a very simple concept; simple to understand, and simple to do. Everyone, no matter their culture, social, or economic class, no matter their education, can engage in generativity. It's not difficult to grasp. Generativity, the care taken in guiding and establishing the next generation, when done well, creates future, creates destiny. Generativity creates an environment in which greatness can be nurtured..
To understand generativity we must look to the ultimate generative person, God. "In the beginning, God created..." The first five words of God's revelation to us in the Old Testament we see God generating. He is spinning galaxies, unrolling the universe, setting stars to burning, creating futures, establishing foundations. He is brooding over the earth and creating order. God didn't just wake up one morning, feeling creative, and set about to make a lovely planet. Oh no! God intentionally created a cosmos with a future built into it. Every tree, every plant, everything in the garden God made had within it the capacity to create future.
God is passionate about the future! Everything alive was given the capacity to perpetuate itself into the next generation Generativity is a part of God's character, a holy feature of who He is. God doesn't have gunnysacks around the throne, where He dips out heaps of generativity. He didn't read about generativity in a book like this, and decide it was a good character quality to develop. Oh no! God is timeless. He is the God of generations. His plans and purposes can never be confined to a single generation, a single era, even a single millennium. In fact Scripture reveals that God's holy ambitions cannot be confined to time. God's intentions go farther into the future than we can ever imagine.
God was busy sculpting the future, before the foundations of the world. This intriguing phrase 'before the foundation of the world appears 9 times in the New Testament. In these verses we find that there are secrets that have been kept from us from before the foundation of the world. The Bible says we were chosen by God before the foundation of the world. And it goes on to say that our works were finished, that our name was written in the Lamb's book of life, that we have an inheritance in His kingdom, all these heart stopping wonders are said to have happened "before the foundation of the world." How could all that have happened before earth was even created? How can this be?
Of course we don't fully know. The most intelligent of theologians stumble when it comes to answering that question. I won't attempt to add my ignorance to the age old discussion of sovereignty and predestination. That is not my point. But what we can know most certainly from those passages, is that God in the act of creation, was not singing "Que Sera, Sera, Whatever Will Be, Will Be." He was not engaged in some creative experiment and wondering how it all might turn out someday. God was highly intentional. God, being a generative God, was taking attentive care in guiding and establishing future generations, even before they were born. God was investing Himself, His very breath into Adam, and His mandate was generational. Be fruitful and multiply. To paraphrase, God was saying be fruitful-take attentive care in guiding and establishing the generations that will come from you as you multiply."
God is the God of generations. Even His name tells us He is a generative God. He is the God of Abraham, Isacc and Jacob. God is not just the God of one generation. One generation could never know His fullness. Isaac knew God in a way that Abraham could not, and Jacob knew God in a way Isaac could not. But every man since Abraham needs the cumulative knowledge from past generations to get a fuller picture. God has never been confined in His purposes or in His heart, to one generation. It is blasphemy to freeze frame God to one period.
God stakes His supremacy above other gods in Isaiah 46:9 on the basis of His generativity, when He says;
" Remember the former things of old: for I am God, and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like me, Declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure:
God is validating His supremacy with the fact that He is the only God who tells the destiny of generations. God is generative and we can know nothing about true generativity apart from Him. As children made in His image, we too are designed to be generative. We were custom-designed to be generative, it is in our DNA.
When God comes down to judge Sodom and Gomorrah He says a curious thing
about why He picked Abraham to be a blessing in the earth. God says basically He blessed Abraham because God knew he'd be a generative man. "I know him
That he will faithfully teach his children and his children's children justice." God chose Abraham because he knew he'd have an eye and heart for the future, and would invest his time in caring for the establishing and guidance of the next generation.
Generativity is an act of shared causality. It is how we join God in influencing generations yet to be born. God gives us the dignity of shared causality. We create-either for ill or for good. If we are generative, we create a future consistent with greatness. If we are careless we doom future generations to a lifetime of mediocrity and squalor.
Generativity-is the core of history. It is why things are as they are. Is societal greatness a faint memory? Do you live in a town where school systems are failing, where spirituality is thin, where the economy is weak, and justice and truth stagger in the streets? History is complex, and includes multiple dynamics, but when you see the deterioration of all that you know to be great and good, a lack of generativity by godly people invariably is the culprit.
In Psalm 78, the Generativity Psalm, David gives one of the foundational secrets in transferring greatness. It's a simple recipe.
"What we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us, we will not hide them from their children, telling to the generation to come the praises of the Lord, and His strength and His wonderful works that He has done. ...that the generation to come might know them, the children who would be born, that they may arise and declare them to their children, that they may set their hope in God, and not forget the works of God but keep His commandments."
David says..." One generation will tell another of God's wonderful deeds, and they will tell them to a generation yet to be born, who will tell them to their children." Is David just talking about putting our children in Sunday School to hear Bible stories? And then our children grow up to do the same? I think not. This is not simply an individual directive, but a corporate directive.
We are to tell a generation, not just our children, but a generation, God's wonderful deeds, His personality and character, His intervention throughout history. We are to be highly intentional in creating for the next generation, a culture of continuity. This is how God has been with us in past generations, this is how He will be for us today, this is how your children can expect Him to be tomorrow.
The Psalm goes on to say the purpose of transferring God's glory stories, is so the next generation will not harden their hearts like their fathers. Every generation needs an expectancy of God's intervention in their own story, that results in an actual encounter with God, or there hearts harden to the possibilities. When God's glory stories are not imparted to a new generation, that generations departs from God.
The secret to producing a Psalm 78 generation, is intentionality. Tell God's glory stories, to the next generation and you create a climate of faith and expectancy. When a generation embraces that story, faith is generated which leads to an actual encounter with God for themselves. Every God story has within it the seed to reproduce itself on some level for the next generation.
In a few days our son Joel who is 13 is going to Uganda. Why are we sending our young son to Africa? Why are we thrilled he's going? This trip is not just for Joel, it's for his eventual children. Uganda is undergoing a phenomenal transformation. The AIDS rate has gone from 30 to 6 percent, and Kampala is experiencing a massive turning toward Christ. When Joel becomes a father he will tell his children first hand accounts of God's transforming of Uganda. And as he tells that story, faith and expectancy will rise in them. They too can lay hold of God for transformed communities within their own time and geography.
The richest inheritance of every generation is God's glory stories of the past. We are to impart the history of God's character, His person, His strength, His miraculous intervention in the past, in order to create expectancy for the immediate. Every generation needs to embrace God's history with His people, in order to produce faith for an encounter in the now. Generativity creates a culture of continuity. It creates an immediate expectation for a potential encounter with God.
How we live this moment, our obedience determines the greatness of future generations. Are we engaged in giving what we know to the next generation? Respected author/futurist/theologian, Leonard Sweet, takes a new bible each year with wide margins, and writes in it for a year, his prayers for one of his children or grandchildren. Leonard Sweet is generative man.
The next generation may be any age. If you are in your sixty's to seventy's, the next generation may be thirty to forty year old's. If you are thirty to forty the next generation may be teenagers. If you are a teenager, the next generation may be children. Everyone, no matter their age, has the privilege of being generative. It's a holy opportunity to sculpt the future long after you've left this earth. It would be good to get started today.
How Do We Embrace a Generation into Greatness?
How do we embrace a generation into greatness? Do we just tell God's glory stories?
No-that's just the beginning. We embrace a generation, into greatness when we decide to live as if they deeply matter. When we take time to be present for them, when we notice, affirm, listen, pray, care, do practical, intentional not random, deeds of kindness. When we share with them our story (wart stories as well as God's glory stories). After being a worshipper of God, (our highest and holiest work), we are being generative when we make the next generation our strongest and most intentional investment.
Generative and Holy One,
Teach me to know You as You know yourself to be- gracious , tender-hearted, keeping mercy to generations, forgiving iniquity, abounding in love. Make me like You in your generativity. Give me an eye for the future, a heart to pour my life into the next generation. Make me awake, aware and accessible to the generation
coming after me, and let me love them into greatness with your strength..
In Jesus name,
Scriptures for Meditation:
Questions to Ponder
1. Who is there in my life I could begin to intentionally help guide and establish?
2. What are my fears about reaching out to the generation below mine?
3. What are God's glory stories in my own life, that someone might find encouraging?
4. In what ways am I generative?
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Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 2, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although people only started using the term decades after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States.
Martha Dandridge Custis Washington
|1st First Lady of the United States|
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
|Succeeded by||Abigail Adams|
|Born||June 2, 1731|
Chestnut Grove Plantation, New Kent County, Virginia
|Died||May 22, 1802 (aged 70)|
Mount Vernon, Virginia
|Spouse(s)||Daniel Parke Custis (1749-1758) |
George Washington (1759-1799)
|Relations||John Dandridge (father) and Frances Jones (mother)|
|Children||Daniel Parke Custis, Jr., Frances Custis, John Parke "Jacky" Custis, Martha Parke "Patsy" Custis|
|Occupation||First Lady of the United States|
She was born on June 2, 1731, at Chestnut Grove Plantation near Williamsburg, Virginia. Her parents were John Dandridge, an immigrant from England, and his wife Frances Jones. Her education consisted of the womanly arts such as needlework and playing musical instruments. Later in life, she would learn to manage a plantation.
At 18, she married Daniel Parke Custis, a tobacco planter 20 years older than her. She bore him four children. Only two, John "Jacky" and Martha "Patsy", survived to young adulthood. She was widowed in 1757 at age 26. In 1759, she married George Washington, a colonel in the British Army. Their marriage was one of mutual affection and respect, but not one of passion. The Washingtons had no biological children.
During the American Revolutionary War, Martha visited the cold and starving Continental troops spending the winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She donated as much food as possible, and sewed clothing for the soldiers. She nursed those who were ill or dying. She urged local women to do the same. Her commitment to the welfare of the veterans of the Revolution would remain lifelong. They addressed her as "Lady Washington."
Washington was unanimously elected president in 1789. Martha served as First Lady from April 30, 1789 to March 4, 1797. She found the job unpleasant. She complained of the journalists who followed her everywhere (even to the circus with her grandson), and of the many restrictions placed upon her as First Lady (she was not allowed to accept dinner invitations, for example).
She set many of the customs and standards that were observed by future First Ladies. She retired to Mount Vernon with her husband after serving her country.
She died in Mount Vernon on May 22, 1802. Her obituary (death notice) was widely printed in regional newspapers. She is buried in the vault at Mount Vernon. She was the first historical female figure to be depicted by the United States government on postage stamps and currency.
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An increasing number of engineers and scientists are using Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and other inexpensive hardware for testing ideas and prototyping algorithms. Although these hardware boards may not have all the features and power of more traditional commercial hardware, they are good enough for many prototyping tasks, and their low cost and vibrant user communities make them easy to buy and get started with.
In this session, we will show how MATLAB and Simulink can be used to quickly develop and iterate on algorithms in areas such as signal processing, controls, and image processing, and run them standalone on these hardware boards. We will use a motor control example to highlight how you can:
- Run your MATLAB and Simulink algorithms standalone on your Arduino with the click of a button
- Refine and enhance your algorithms to take advantage of additional capabilities of production hardware
- Automatically generate targeted C code for a variety of hardware
This presentation will be relevant to both R&D engineers involved with developing and prototyping algorithms and software engineers writing optimized code for specific hardware.
Please allow approximately 45 minutes to attend the presentation and Q&A session. We will be recording this webinar, so if you can't make it for the live broadcast, register and we will send you a link to watch it on-demand.
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Canadian aaa explorers hockey. Nike bauer hockey tournament april. World hockey schedule 2011.
Canadian Aaa Explorers Hockey
- Exploration is the act of searching or traveling a terrain (including space, see space exploration) for the purpose of discovery of resources or information. Exploration occurs in all non-sessile animal species, including humans.
- One of Bartle’s gamer classifications in which players will spend hours looking for glitches or easter eggs hidden in games simply for the joy of knowing they discovered something. Very rarely do Explorers like to follow a game’s timeline and like to look around at their own pace.
- A person who explores an unfamiliar area; an adventurer
- Explorers is a 1985 family-oriented science-fiction fantasy film written by Eric Luke and directed by Joe Dante. It was the first feature film for both River Phoenix and Ethan Hawke.
- a native or inhabitant of Canada
- of or relating to Canada or its people
- a river rising in northeastern New Mexico and flowing eastward across the Texas panhandle to become a tributary of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma
- field hockey: a game resembling ice hockey that is played on an open field; two opposing teams use curved sticks try to drive a ball into the opponents' net
- Hockey refers to a family of sports in which two teams play against each other by trying to maneuver a ball, or a puck, into the opponent's goal, using a hockey stick.
- Hockey is an album by John Zorn featuring his early "game piece" composition of the same name. The album, first released on vinyl on Parachute Records in 1980, (tracks 4-9), and later re-released on CD on Tzadik Records with additional bonus tracks as part of the The Parachute Years Box Set in
canadian aaa explorers hockey - Explorers: Tales
Explorers: Tales of Endurance and Exploration
From the first people to leave Africa to the first to leave the planet, the urge to explore the unknown has driven human progress. DK's Explorers tells the story of humanity's explorations, taking the reader into the lives of some of the most intrepid people ever known. Focusing on 50 of the world's greatest explorers, with shorter entries on 60 of their helpers and companions, the book is filled with first-person accounts in the explorers' own words, rare maps, specially commissioned photographs, and artworks re-create history s greatest expeditions. From trade and the search for lands to colonize, to scientific curiosity and missionary zeal, Explorers introduces history's most famous trail blazers-people whose courage opened frontiers, turned voids into maps, forged nations, connected cultures, and added to humankind's knowledge of the world by leaps and bounds.
EXPLORER IS GONE!
Yesterday, my son had a friend over to play. They giggled a lot about Explorer putting himself into the toy box. Unfortunatelly these are the last photos I took of him, before he was gone. :-( When I fed the cats in the evening I wondered why there were only three of them. I searched all over the appartment, but I couldn't find Explorer. On the balcony there was no hole in the net, so he couldn't get out there. And it's the 4th floor anyway. But still I went down and looked if he might have fallen and be injured - but there was nothing to be seen. I searched the staircase, I called him outside - nothing. Then I thought, he might be sitting in a wardrobe thinking how silly I was, searching for him outside... But even this morning when it was feeding time he didn't appear. Again I searched outside, but then I had to go to work. My kids looked for him when they came home, and so did I. But still no sign of him whatsoever. I have told my blind neighbour, in case she hears miowing. I also told some other neighbours. The only thing I can think of about how he escaped, is that when I took that friend of my son home, he might have left through the door with us unnoticed. But then.... how could I have NOT noticed him going through the door? We're always very careful not to let the cats out... Sigh. I really hope he's fine wherever he is now. And I do hope he'll return.
Super Shooter ID-UV (exp. 2005) Peeled Early "Men should be explorers, no matter how old they are." - a line from Don Ameche's character, Art Selwyn, from the 1985 movie, Cocoon. This image, once I peeked (which resulted in me peeling it early anyway because I liked what I saw) at it, made me immediately think of the movie Cocoon. Why, I don't know, because that movie scared me for some reason as a child. I've seen it since then and its not so scary now but back then, something about it just freaked me out.
canadian aaa explorers hockey
EXPLORERS are the inventive story about three idealistic and thrill-seeking boys who combine their wits and astuteness to build their own spaceship. Accordingly, the boys blast-off into the galaxy and embark on journeys both whimsical and weird.
It's only in retrospect that one can see that Joe Dante's Explorers is an awful lot like Robert Zemeckis's Contact. An alien race, determined to make contact with earthlings, feeds some unsuspecting individuals the blueprints for space travel. Instead of the big gyroscope that Jodie Foster was strapped into in Contact, the three kids in Explorers make their intergalactic trip in crystalline blue Flubber. River Phoenix looks shockingly prepubescent (which he was) as Wolfgang, the brains of the trio, while Ethan Hawke looks like a young lady-killer as Ben. Fitting into the "whatever happened to?" category is Jason Presson as Darren, an outcast who joins the two eggheads. Joe Dante's career, cruising after Gremlins was a smash, faced a serious "hitch in the giddyup" when this film sputtered through the 1985 summer season without much of an impact. The effects still hold up nicely, as does Dante's incessant need to pay homage to other, older sci-fi films. The whole thing seems like a lot of trouble for some smackingly bland and silly results, but it's a harmless, initially involving diversion. --Keith Simanton
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AN ANALYSIS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: TOURISM PARADOX, TOURISM EQUINOX AND TOURISM DETOX
Having the tourism industry as the only development model for a country with its natural and cultural resources could not only destroy the social life but also the tourism industry itself. Although the equation “more tourists = more tourism income” is so simple, it is not a sustainable approach for the development plans of the destinations. New buildings, new lifestyles, new social and commercial relationships will rapidly replace old ones at the destination. The prospects of even more income will cause an increase in the tourism revenue generation capacity of the destination which often causes deterioration and devastation of the attractions at the destination and a decrease of the tourism earnings. This process leads to overuse of natural and cultural attractions and places pressures on tourism earnings. ”Tourism paradox” is the name of this concept. Tourism paradox is the name given to this phenomenon where tourism industry destroys natural and cultural environment that is necessary for tourism activities. The growth of tourism cannot be always considered as having a positive impact for destinations. The balance, which does not change and disturbs the social and economic relations at the destination is called “tourism equinox”. New projects and approaches to solve the problems caused by the growth of urban populations and establish healthy sustainable tourism destinations are becoming more important than ever. Tourism detox is a treatment that is intended to remove harmful substances from the destination. Detox is a radical decision and it is not an easy process.
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Official records show that the first Greeks to set foot in Australia were seven sailors who arrived on 27 August, 1829. These were Georgios Vasilakis, Gikas Voulgaris, Georgios Laritsos, Antonis Manolis, Damianos Ninis, Nikolaos Papandreas and Konstantinos Strombolis, who were all convicted by the British Empire for piracy and exiled to Australia, a fate better than death which was the other option for their crime.
The sailors were convicted after they stopped the British ship Alceste, heading to Alexandria, and removed part of its cargo, which included pepper, utility, ropes and sulfur, in July 1827. Arrested near Crete, they went to court in Malta which was under British sovereignty at the time. During the trial, the sailors claimed they had attacked the ship because it was transporting supplies for the Turks, enemies of Greece during the country’s struggle for independence. Seven of the crew members were sentenced to death and another two were found not guilty. Following backroom negotiations and an intervention by Greek shipowner/politician George Kountouriotis in London, the death sentences were convicted to penalties of exile.
After diplomatic efforts, five of the sailors were pardoned in 1834 and returned to Greece, except for Voulgaris and Manolis who remained in Australia as free settlers. Manolis married an Irish woman and remained in NSW where he is buried at the Upper Picton Cemetery at Picton village, around 100 km southwest of Sydney.
Though 27 August is an anniversary date, the seven sailors may not be the first Greeks in Australia. Damianos Gikas, a captain from the island of Hydra, was wrongly convicted for piracy by the British navy and exiled to Sydney, however there are no records of him neither in Australia nor in Greece so it is unknown whether he came to the country.
In 1814, George Pappas came to Australia as a crew member on a ship of settlers. he married an Aboriginal woman, left his ship and settled in Sydney.
Newspaper articles from 1900 refer to a number of Greek names of people who arrived in the country between 1803 and 1920.
When the founding meeting of the GOCMV took place on 22 August 1897, the 57 members – Greeks living in Melbourne – would have never imagined that what they created would grow to become the greatest, in terms of history and massive participation, organisation of the Greek diaspora in Australia.
The Greek Community of Melbourne may be older than the Australian Federation itself, however the Greek presence in the country this year marks 190 years.
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| 0.982877 | 538 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Policy Initiatives: Coastal Policy Initiative
The Sea Turtle Conservancy initiated a campaign to address the threats to Florida’s nesting sea turtles posed by coastal development, construction of sea walls, and increasing reliance on beach nourishment to protect poorly sited upland development. STC’s Coastal Policy Initiative seeks to eliminate or reduce the continued destruction of Florida’s remaining coastal habitat by addressing the root causes – poorly designed coastal management policies and ineffective enforcement of existing laws and regulations.
Ahead of the Tide
Highlighting the effects of sea level rise and climate change on Florida’s beaches through the stories and voices of Floridians.
A growing battle to hold back the rising sea and steady the constant ebb and flow of sand along the shoreline.
Armoring structures help protect private property from erosion, but reduce suitable sea turtle nesting sites.
A unique, intact, integrated, historical landscape representing a microcosm of history.
For more information about STC’s Coastal Policy Initiative, please contact Gary Appelson or David Godfrey or call 352-373-6441.
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| 0.869127 | 226 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Urinalysis is analysis of urine sample to diagnose various conditions such as kidney disorders, liver problems, diabetes or other metabolic conditions, and urinary tract infections. Urinalysis comprises several microscopic, visual, or chemical examinations used to detect cells or substances associated with various conditions listed above.
Dipstick urinalysis is a basic diagnostic tool to determine pathological changes in patient’s urine. Dipstick urine strips comprise various reagents, when the urine sample comes in contact with the stripe the change in color is seen. Urine dipsticks are small strips with plastic coating and different colors of squares are attached to it. Each square of different color represents a factor of test used to understand urinalysis. The color conversion takes approximately some seconds to a few minutes from dipping the strip. The complete test strip is immersed in the urine sample and changes in color are measured. The change in color on specific square shows specific defects in the sample caused by certain chemical reaction. The reference for the color changes is noted from container of urine strip. The color square on the dipstick represents components such as concentration of urine that is specific gravity, pH of urine, and presence of some other components such as ketones, proteins, nitrite, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and blood in urine.
The dipstick urinalysis market has been segmented based on application, end-user, and region. In terms of application, the market has been segmented into disease diagnosis and pregnancy test. The disease diagnosis segment is sub-segmented into urinary tract infections (Utis), kidney diseases, diabetes, liver diseases, and other diseases. Increasing geriatric population and rising prevalence of urinary tract infections are the key factors driving the segment. Increasing prevalence of diabetes is also one of key factors likely to fuel the growth of the segment. The rise in sugar can also be measured by urine test.
Based on end-user, the dipstick urinalysis market has been segmented into hospitals, clinics, diagnostic laboratories, research laboratories and institutes, and home care settings. Dipstick urinalysis is a point-of-care diagnostics tool, which provides quick results. Rising demand for research is expected to fuel the growth of the market during the forecast period. Dipstick test strips are easily available and cost effective. Dipstick urinalysis is easy to handle and hence this method has become the choice of tool for urine analysis and interpretation of disease. The home care settings segment is expected to experience robust growth during the forecast period. Rising patient education and availability of test for home use is anticipated boost growth of the segment.
In terms of region, the global dipstick urinalysis market has been segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North America and Europe dominate the dipstick urinalysis market. Rising research in the region is the key factor driving the dipstick urinalysis market in North America. Asia Pacific is the most progressive market for dipstick urinalysis. Increasing prevalence of urinary tract infection and kidney disease in the region is likely to boost market growth in Asia Pacific and expected to register highest CAGR. Growing awareness about women’s health in developing countries is the key factor fueling growth of the market.
Major players in the dipstick urinalysis market are Siemens Healthcare, F. Hoffmann-LA Roche Ltd., Danaher Corporation (Beckman Coulter, Inc.), Arkray, Inc., Acon Laboratories, Inc., Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., 77 Elektronika Kft., Mindray Medical International Limited, and Urit Medical Electronic Group Co., Ltd., among others. Dipstick urinalysis is a cost effective method and is sensitive in nature. Increasing competition among global and regional players is likely to drive the dipstick urinalysis market during the forecast period.
The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet of the market, including but not limited to: Regional markets, technology, types, and applications.
The study is a source of reliable data on:
- Market segments and sub-segments
- Market trends and dynamics
- Supply and demand
- Market size
- Current trends/opportunities/challenges
- Competitive landscape
- Technological breakthroughs
- Value chain and stakeholder analysis
The regional analysis covers:
- North America (U.S. and Canada)
- Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Chile, and others)
- Western Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Spain, Italy, Nordic countries, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg)
- Eastern Europe (Poland and Russia)
- Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, ASEAN, Australia, and New Zealand)
- Middle East and Africa (GCC, Southern Africa, and North Africa)
The report has been compiled through extensive primary research (through interviews, surveys, and observations of seasoned analysts) and secondary research (which entails reputable paid sources, trade journals, and industry body databases). The report also features a complete qualitative and quantitative assessment by analyzing data gathered from industry analysts and market participants across key points in the industry’s value chain.
A separate analysis of prevailing trends in the parent market, macro- and micro-economic indicators, and regulations and mandates is included under the purview of the study. By doing so, the report projects the attractiveness of each major segment over the forecast period.
Highlights of the report:
- A complete backdrop analysis, which includes an assessment of the parent market
- Important changes in market dynamics
- Market segmentation up to the second or third level
- Historical, current, and projected size of the market from the standpoint of both value and volume
- Reporting and evaluation of recent industry developments
- Market shares and strategies of key players
- Emerging niche segments and regional markets
- An objective assessment of the trajectory of the market
- Recommendations to companies for strengthening their foothold in the market
Note: Although care has been taken to maintain the highest levels of accuracy in TMR’s reports, recent market/vendor-specific changes may take time to reflect in the analysis.
Note : All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in reports are those of the respective analysts. They do not necessarily reflect formal positions or views of Transparency Market Research.
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| 0.927655 | 1,357 | 3.03125 | 3 |
At a time of severe gales, in January 1871, the Brigatine Sarah, carrying coal, was aground on Margate Sands. The crew of the lifeboat Quiver and a local lugger Ocean went to the rescue.
In 1897 Margate was once again to witness the tragic loss of life of nine of its lifeboat crew.
One of the crew was John Benjamin Dike, descended from Henry Emptage and Ann Peal.
Albert John Emptage was coxswain of the lifebaot Quiver and was a witness at the inquest and the Board of Trade Inquiry.
Thomas was called upon to do his duty and hire out his cutter to the Navy Board, to help service the English fleet at war with France.
If you hire something out, you expect to be paid for your time and expenses especially when, during the period of the hire, you’ve not had any other form of income and have incurred debts on behalf of your country.
Thomas, like many other people at the time, found himself having to argue with the Navy Board in order to be paid.
The story of an encounter with a veteran boat man named Hemptage and of his meeting with Napoleon Bonaparte. Why was it so important?
The brigantine ‘Druide of Cardiff’ was driven ashore on rocks opposite Fore Point, Margate. Subsequent events led to the shaming of Edwin Robert Emptage, second coxswain of the lifeboat Quiver and the awarding of Sea Gallantry medals to Albert John Emptage and six others. Did Edwin deserve to be pilloried or were political forces at work, using him as scapegoat?
Thomas Hepburn married Elizabeth Emptage and they had two young children. He was 30, a ploughman and a wheel wright and yet, he risked everything, including jail, execution or transportation to a penal colony on the other side of the world if he were caught carrying out the action which he and others were planning on the night of 21st November 1830.
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| 0.98387 | 425 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Whether the symptoms of headache are due to sinus disease should be determined through an examination by a physician.
The headache of sinus origin or acute sinusitis is usually associated with constant pain and tenderness over the affected sinus, a deep dull ache, and exaggerated by head movements or straining. Nasal symptoms are prominent, including sinus pain which is usually accompanied by other symptoms of sinus disease such as nasal discharge, ear sensations or fullness, and facial swelling. Allergic reactions and tumors in the sinuses also can produce inflammation, swelling, and blockage of the sinuses. However, vascular headaches can cause similar symptoms. The vast majority of people who think they are experiencing “sinus” problems are actually suffering from a vascular type of headache. When sinus disease is the cause of the headache, an accompanying fever is often present, and x-rays or a sinus CT scan will indicate some sinus blockage. One or both nostrils are blocked and the pain extends over the cheek or forehead. The area is tender to the touch.
Therapy is usually directed toward relief of infection or accompanying allergy. Symptomatic relief includes analgesics and nasal vasoconstrictors. The use of local corticosteroids may offer the allergic individual added relief where nasal symptoms are prominent. Therapy of the symptomatic type is similar in both cases where sinus and nasal symptoms are prominent, but the acute sinusitis requires the added therapy directed toward the offending organism or allergy. The migrainous individual requires the added therapy directed toward the basic migraine disorder.
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CC-MAIN-2015-40
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http://www.headaches.org/2007/10/25/sinus-headache/
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en
| 0.940372 | 324 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Losing a loved one is always difficult, but it can be especially hard for children who may be too young to understand and process that kind of grief. For this week’s Neighbors in Action we talk to Kelly Koerner, associate program director of Ele’s Place, a non-profit where children can receive grief counseling and find peer support.
Grieving the death of a loved one is one of life’s most difficult experiences.
For children who lose someone, the experience can be really confusing. They can feel alone and keep their feelings inside, not wanting to burden their parents or other family members. Often, friends don’t seem to understand if they haven’t had a similar experience.
Ele’s Place, with locations in Lansing, Grand Rapids, Ann Arbor and Flint, facilitates support groups for grieving children and teens from ages three to 18. They can meet new friends who understand how they feel, and work through their grief in a safe environment.
For Neighbors in Action this week, Current State talks with Associate Program Director of Ele’s Place in Lansing, Kelly Koerner.
“Children grieve very differently than adults,” says Koerner. “The grief is very intermittent, where they need a lot of breaks within their sadness.”
Younger children can also struggle to understand the permanency of death.
“It’s very hard for them to understand, for example, that their dad is not coming home again,” says Koerner.
“At Ele’s place we’re able to help the kids process their feelings – and also understand what death is.”
This honesty with the children can go a long way towards avoiding problems later in life, according to Koerner.
“Unaddressed grief can really lead to a lot of negative consequences on a child’s well-being and health,” says Koerner.
“We tend to find that unresolved childhood grief is linked to depression, truancy, drug abuse – and oftentimes suicidal thoughts.”
So how does Ele’s Place get those who are grieving to express themselves and share how they’re feeling?
“We do a lot of games, art and creative activities to help the kids express their feelings,” says Koerner.
One example is an activity that is often done with the teenage groups involves making what Koerner calls “inside-outside” masks.
“What does your face look like when you’re walking into school after the death of a parent?” she says they might ask the teens.
They then decorate the outside of their masks to represent the faces they show to their community. The inside is decorated according to how they truly feel.
“Typically what we see is kids will decorate the smiling face, happiness and confidence on the outside, but on the inside it’s a lot of struggling and feeling alone.”
But Koerner says that when the kids can share these things in a group setting, it normalizes it for them, so they don’t feel so isolated.
Article by Ethan Merrill, Current State intern.
Current State is always looking for more nominations for our “Neighbors In Action” feature. Please help us out and e-mail us your suggestions to [email protected]. Put ‘Neighbors in Action’ in the subject line. Or tweet us: @KARCurrentState and tell us a little about why you think they should be featured.
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| 0.952502 | 757 | 2.671875 | 3 |
MHG4882 - Cairn - Coille Grulla, Glen Brittle
No summary available.
Type and Period (1)
- CAIRN (Bronze Age - 2400 BC to 551 BC)
- None recorded
No. 492 Cairn, Chambered (?), Loch Eynort
On a small plateau on the steep south-western slope of Coille Grula, about 1 mile east-north-east of Kraiknish and about 200 yards from the eastern shore of Loch Eynort, at an elevation of about 150 feet above sea-level, are the remains of a cairn. It is circular and now measures some 27 feet in diameter and 4 feet in height. The cairn seems to have been reduced in size, as the cover stone of a central chamber has been laid bare. This slab of irregular shape measures 5 feet 6 inches in length, 3 feet in breadth, and 1 foot in thickness. The interior of the chamber beneath is exposed by a gap in the building under the north side of the cover and is seen to be circular, measuring about 4 feet in diameter above the debris with which it is more than half full. The wall of the chamber is formed of drystone building, no upright slabs being noticeable, and is of beehive shape. There is no trace of an entrance passage.
Visited by RCAHMS (JGC) 15 May 1915
NG32SE 1 3779 2394.
(NG 3779 2394) On a small plateau on the steep SW slope of Coille Grulla, about 1 mile ENE of Kraiknish and about 200 yards from the E shore of Loch Eynort, at an elevation of about 150' OD, are the remains of a circular cairn some 27' in diameter and 4' in height. It seems to have been reduced in height as the cover stone of the central chamber has been laid bare (RCAHMS 1928).
The central chamber was excavated in 1929 and found to be pentagonal in shape, about 4' in diameter, and formed of six vertical slabs all rising to a height of about 2' from the floor which was composed of small neatly fitted slabs of irregular shape. The chamber contained two beakers, type CA and CB, (M E C Mitchell 1934) and a tiny flint button scraper 0.7" in length.
Both the beakers were retained by Lindsay Scott (W L Scott 1929).
The RCAHMS in their report suggest that the chamber was of beehive shape but this was not borne out by excavation. Their statement that there is no trace of an entrance passage is apparently accepted by the excavator and points to this being a cairn with short cist and not a chambered cairn.
Visited by OS (C F W) 8 December 1960; RCAHMS 1928; W L Scott 1929; 1932; Antiquty, 1929, Vol. 3, 486; M E C Mitchell 1934.
Sited at NG 3779 2394: as described above.
Visited by OS (A S P) 7 June 1961.
The two Beakers recovered from this site in 1929 are held by National Museums Scotland, reference nos. NMS EG 62 and EG 63.
Information in an email from Alison Sheridan (NMS) to George Geddes (HES), 5 July 2016.
This moss-grown Bronze Age cairn stands on a W-facing slope in a dense coniferous plantation between two overgrown forestry roads and about 10m N of an unnamed stream. The cairn has been damaged by forestry ploughing which extends across its northern edge and clips the remaining sides; two mature conifers are growing out of the SE quadrant. Though originally recorded as circular, the visible remains of the cairn measure about 9.5m from E to W by 4.8m transversely and up to 0.8m in height. Two trenches have been excavated into the cairn. The larger, southern, trench measures 2.5m by 1.5m and 0.5m in depth, the other 1.5m square and 0.3m in depth. Additional cairn material to the S is probably spoil from the excavation.
A second cairn that stands about 20m to the NNE measures 5.8m from E to W by 4m transversely and 1m in height. Its steep sides and proximity to the forestry track suggest that it may be modern.
Visited by HES Survey and Recording (GG, OA, MM) 1 September 2016.
- --- Text/Publication/Article: Scott, W L. 1932. 'Rudh' an Dunain chambered cairn, Skye', Proc Soc Antiq Scot Vol. 66 1931-2, p.183-213. Proc Soc Antiq Scot. 183-213. 185-6.
- --- Text/Report: RCAHMS. 1928. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions of Scotland. Ninth report with inventory of monuments and constructions in the Outer Hebrides, Skye and the Small Isles. . 147, No. 492.
- --- Dataset/Database File: National Museums Scotland. 2019. Highland Finds from the NMS Catalogue. National Museums Scotland. Digital. EG 62, EG 63.
- --- Text/Publication/Article: Scott, W L. 1929. Man, p.165-6. Man. 165-6. 165-6; illust..
- --- Text/Publication/Article: Mitchell, M E C. 1934. 'A new analysis of the Early Bronze Age beaker pottery of Scotland', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, Vol 68 (1933-34), pp 132-89. p 183.
|Grid reference||Centred NG 3778 2394 (14m by 14m) (Buffered by site type)|
|Geographical Area||SKYE AND LOCHALSH|
- BEAKER (Bronze Age - 2400 BC to 551 BC)
- SCRAPER (TOOL) (Bronze Age - 2400 BC to 551 BC)
Related Monuments/Buildings (0)
Related Investigations/Events (0)
External Links (1)
- https://canmore.org.uk/site/11041 (View RCAHMS Canmore entry for this site)
Comments and Feedback
Do you have any more information about this record? Please feel free to comment with information and photographs, or ask any questions, using the "Disqus" tool below. Comments are moderated, and we aim to respond/publish as soon as possible.
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| 0.934899 | 1,419 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Functions and structure
- Carries blood away from the heart to the body.
- Relatively small lumen to withstand high pressure
- Endothelium so it can fold and unfold
- Smooth muscle to relax and constrict the lumen
- Fibrous Collagen
- For strength
- Elastic fibers
- So it can stretch and recoil
Function: Helps blood return to the heart
Structure: Lumen is large and floppy to allow easy flow of blood.
The rest is the same as above.
Function: Exchange of gases
One thin layer of endothelium only to allow rapid gas exchanges.
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| 0.812883 | 131 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Besides brightening our winter weary days, house plants clean the indoor air. In the process that adds oxygen to the atmosphere, house plants absorb gasses and chemicals, such as carbon dioxide and formaldehyde.
Most house plants come from the tropics, where the weather is warm and humid. There are many, however, that will tolerate, even thrive in the low-light, low-humidity environment of our Midwest winter homes.
The tips of house plant leaves may turn brown, which usually indicates a lack of humidity. Consider placing the plant on a tray of pebbles and water, but don’t allow the pot to sit in water. Or, group house plants so that they can create a slightly more humid micro-climate.
House plants benefit from an occasional shower to wash the dust off of leaves. Also, it’s best to under water than over water house plants. Here are three house plants that are beautiful, easy and extremely tolerant of benign neglect.
- Peace lily (Spathiphyllum) is a long-lived house plant that blooms, even in low light. The flowers are white and rise on sturdy stems above dark green, long oval leaves. It should get medium to low light, so it can be placed in a bright area, but out of direct sun.
- Water when the soil surface feels dry. Peace lily goes limp if it gets too dry. Apply a water soluble fertilizer monthly according to label directions. Do not fertilizer in winter.
- Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema modestum) is another plant that is extremely tolerant of low- to high-light exposure. The foliage may be solid green or variegated green and white. The more light this plant gets, the more likely it is to bloom. The flower resembles a jack-in-the-pulpit bloom and is not particularly showy.
This is one tough plant that can tolerate long dry spells, although it does best watered when the soil surface feels dry. Apply a water-soluble fertilizer every two or three months according to label directions. Do not fertilize in winter.
- Red-edged dracaena or Madagascar dragon tree (Dracaena marginata) has a completely different form than the two house plants above. Dracaena’s sword like leaves grow upright from a central stalk. The more mature the plant, the wider the leaves. As the plant matures, it usually drops its lower leaves.
Dracaena tolerates low light but would be happiest with bright, indirect light. Soil should be well drained and evenly moist, but not wet. It’s best not to let dracaena dry out. Apply a water soluble fertilizer every two to three months according to label directions. Do not fertilize in winter when growth has slowed or stopped.
See Web extra for a complete list of air purifying house plants.
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| 0.917186 | 598 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Research shows that eating high amounts of red meat increases risk of colorectal cancer, possibly because it may spur inflammation. A new animal study published in The Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences now points to a sugar molecule found in red meat as one mechanism responsible.
The molecule called N-glycolylneuraminic acid, or Neu5Gc for short, sticks to the ends of sugars found in red meats such as beef, pork, and lamb. Although most mammals produce Neu5Gc, humans don’t. Humans are “immunized” against Neu5Gc shortly after birth by an unusual process involving gut bacteria. As a result, when people eat foods that contain Neu5Gc, we produce antibodies that react to Neu5Gc, triggering inflammation.
Previous research has detected relatively high amounts of Neu5Gc in cancerous tissue.
In foods, Neu5Gc can be free or it can be bound to the ends of long sugar chains attached to proteins. The bound form is highly bioavailable, meaning it can easily be taken up into the body’s cells. Neu5Gc tends to accumulate in cells of the colon, prostate, and ovary.
In the study, the researchers first assessed the Neu5Gc content in 62 commonly eaten foods, including dairy products, red meats, poultry, seafood, fruits, and vegetables. Whereas red meats had the highest amount of Neu5Gc, poultry, seafood (except caviar), fruits, and vegetables had none. Beef had the highest levels of all the categories of red meat. Cow’s milk had very little Neu5Gc but cheeses from cow’s milk or goat’s milk had levels comparable to red meats.
Cooking had no effect on Neu5Gc levels.
Then, using a special kind of mice that can’t produce Neu5Gc, they gauged the effect of dietary Neu5Gc on inflammation and tumors. For twelve weeks, they fed the Neu5Gc-deficient mice one of two diets – a Neu5Gc-free diet or a Neu5Gc-rich diet. (Mice have a shorter lifespan than humans so a 12-week Neu5Gc-rich diet simulated a human diet rich in red meat for many years.)
At the end of the 12-week period, they injected some of the mice with Neu5Gc antibodies, to mirror the antibody response of humans. It was only the mice that received both the Neu5Gc-rich diet and the antibodies that showed evidence of systemic inflammation.
Next, they fed a group of specialized mice either a Neu5Gc-rich diet or Neu5Gc-poor diet (control). The mice were prone to developing liver tumors and immunized against Neu5Gc to mimic human-like Neu5Gc immunity and the antibody response.
The mice consuming the Neu5Gc-rich diet had higher levels of inflammatory proteins, more lesions on their livers and eventually, more liver cancer than the animals eating no Neu5Gc.
In a similar experiment that was longer (85 weeks), mice that ate the Neu5Gc-rich diet and were immunized against Neu5Gc were five times more likely to develop liver tumors than non-immunized mice eating no Neu5Gc.
The researchers admit it’s difficult to apply the results of this study to humans because, unlike the mice, humans eat a varied diet and levels of Neu5Gc antibodies can vary from person to person. But the study does show some similarities to the situation in which people eat a diet high in red meat and, as a result, have higher rates of cancer, especially colorectal cancer.
More study is needed to determine exactly how eating red meat contributes to cancer risk. In the meantime, AICR recommends limiting consumption of red meat to 18 ounces (cooked) per week. That’s roughly equivalent to a small lean hamburger or a small steak filet once a day.
This study was funded by a Samuel and Ruth Engelberg Fellowship from the Cancer Research Institute (to O.M.T.P.), the Swiss National Science Foundation (H.L.), the Ellison Medical Foundation (A.V.), and NIH Grant R01CA38701 (to A.V.).
Teresa L. Johnson, MSPH, RDN, is a nutrition and health communications consultant with a long-time interest in the role of plant-based diets and cancer prevention. Her work draws on elements of nutritional biochemistry, phytochemistry, toxicology, and epidemiology.
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| 0.946617 | 996 | 3.546875 | 4 |
23 Jan Are Your New Year’s Resolutions Damaging Your Oral Health?
Why “healthy” habits can cause problems you don’t expect.
At this time of the year, most people are still going strong with their resolutions for the new year. This is great news, as it means a lot of our local Egham dental patients are enjoying a healthier life. Common resolutions you might be pursuing include quitting alcohol, quitting smoking, exercising more, enjoying a healthier diet, and perhaps taking up a new hobby.
What you may not realise, is that although these new changes are healthy for your body, they could have a detrimental effect on your oral health. No need to light up, eat a chocolate bar, or quit that new sport just yet though; these tips will help ensure your new healthy habits can go hand in hand with a well maintained healthy smile:
Adding juices to your daily routine is beneficial to your body, because increasing your intake of fruit and vegetables can only ever be a good thing. The only issue you may struggle with, is the effect of juices on your teeth. Juices, or particularly, high acid juices containing fruit, can attack the teeth and damage the enamel, causing the teeth to be more sensitive. The way to balance this out, is to try and opt for more vegetable based juices, to drink your juice through a straw, and to follow your juice with water.
Exercise is an important part of a healthy life, but certain sports could be risky for your teeth. Rugby, cricket, football and any sport where contact or balls are involved could cause a hazard for your teeth if they are not protected. Teeth and gums can be injured easily in certain sports, but a personalised mouthguard from your Egham dentist can help you avoid a dental emergency. Personalised mouthguards made to fit your specific teeth and gums are known to be more effective in protecting the mouth during sports.
Whether you are quitting alcohol, smoking, bread, smoking, or anything else, you’re likely to want to lean on something else to counteract what you are missing. Those quitting smoking might suck sugary sweets, those quitting alcohol might opt for sugary non-alcoholic wines – there are a lot of pitfalls for the teeth in terms of quitting. When quitting something, try to ensure:
● You have plenty of sugar free sweets and alternatives to get you through cravings
● Keep your body and your mind active, so you aren’t constantly craving
● You seek advice and help on support with your lifestyle change to give you a stronger chance of success
Visit Your Egham Dentist For Advice
If you think your new habits could have an affect on your teeth, please call us on 01784432641 and we will be pleased to make you an appointment at our friendly and professional clinic in TW20. We can give you advice that ensures you can smile with confidence about your new healthy changes, without having to worry about harming your smile!
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DR ABC is a new magazine teaching 7-11 year olds (Key Stage 2) the basics of First Aid. It is the brainchild of Deborah Slator. A few years back, Deborah produced another First Aid magazine called ‘Focus on First Aid’ that covered many aspects of First Aid – history, news, awards and so on. Sadly it had a limited life but production standards were high and I had similarly high hopes for this new magazine.
The magazine is a glossy 36-page cartoon-style magazine. It introduces us to a group of pupils at a School (“Learnalot”) as well as others such as the caretaker and a paramedic. Through cartoons, quizzes and ‘handy facts’ we are introduced to the human body and the basics of various First Aid techniques up to and including the use of a defibrillator (“defib”).
It is a very interactive magazine with colouring-in pages, a crossword and a word search amongst other features as well as step-by-step instruction on the techniques for dealing with choking, bleeding and unconscious casualties. The bulk of the middle section is a story about how the pupils save the day following an incident and any child reading it should be inspired by it.
There are a couple of minor typos but nothing to detract from what is a very good magazine and, at £3.50 including postage, is excellent value for money. It is not clear whether this is a one-off or the first in a number of occasional print runs. Knowing the effort that has been put in, it could never be a magazine with a regular publication but I do hope that it has siblings one day.
To get your own copy, drop us a line (name and email) and we will pass your details on to the Editor.
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The weather is nice and it is time to get out your bike.
Bicycle riding is one of the easiest ways to stay fit, promote cardiovascular health and improve muscular endurance. It is a relatively inexpensive exercise to be enjoyed by the whole family. However, a correct bike fit is essential.
Did you know that in a one hour bike ride, the average cyclist completes over 3000 strokes? If your bike does not fit, your joy of bike riding can easily turn to pain.
A bike that fits properly – frame size, alignment of the pedal and foot, position of handlebars and saddle height – promotes good posture.
According to the Canadian Physiotherapy Association, each spring and summer, Canadians suffer from all kinds of aches and pains including knee problems, neck and low back pain and fatigue because the distance between the seat and handlebars is too great or the saddle is not at the correct height.
Cycling should be about fun not pain.Proper fit will minimize discomfort and ensure safe bike operation. A few simple modifications can dramatically boost performance, increase comfort and reduce the risk of cycling induced injuries.
The Canadian Physiotherapy Association recommends the following bike tips to ensure a longer, more enjoyable riding season:
FRAME SIZE: The first step to proper bike positioning is to make sure you have the right bike frame size. Stand over your bicycle's top tube (between the saddle and the handlebar).
The general rule of thumb for road biking is to have roughly one inch of clearance between your buttocks and the frame.
For mountain biking on trails, you should have two to six inches depending on the terrain and the slope on which you are riding so that you are nice and compact and can easily put feet down quickly.
SADDLE POSITIONING AND HEIGHT: The saddle should be level for endurance and recreational riding. If you are sliding forward from a forward-tilting saddle, your arms and back will be taking too much weight. If the seat is tilted backwards, you may place undue strain on your low back and may experience discomfort or pain in the saddle area.
Saddle height should be set so your legs are not quite fully extended at the bottom of each peddle stroke. The straight leg should have a slight bend in the knee, roughly 30 degrees. If you have to shift your seat with each stroke, your saddle is too high and needs to be lowered.
HANDLEBAR POSITION: The handlebar's position can make a difference to the comfort of your back and upper body while riding. Handlebars that are too low or too far forward force you to stretch and bend down too far, placing undue stress on your back and neck.
Higher handlebars will have you put more weight through the saddle. Generally, taller riders should have lower handlebars in relation to the height of the saddle.
SHOE/CLEAT ALIGNMENT: If you ride your bike with clip less pedals, the position of the cleats on your cycling shoes determines the comfort of your feet, ankles, knees, hips and back. Misaligned cleats can put stress through all joints from your foot to your low back with every pedal stoke.
Your feet should point straight ahead when clipped into the pedals. The rule of thumb is to adjust the cleats so there is no twisting stress in your leg as you pedal.
BICYCLE SAFETY: Cyclists must track multiple objects simultaneously while riding including surrounding vehicular traffic, parked vehicles and pedestrian traffic. Road safety skills are critical to help prevent serious accidents and injury on the road.
Most importantly, your bicycle must be road worthy and in good condition and you should be wearing the right equipment. Helmets are critical for safety and should be worn properly to prevent serious head injuries.
CYCLING WITH CHILDREN: Set an example by wearing helmets properly, using mirrors and obeying the rules of the road. Always ride SAFELY!
BE SEEN: Cyclist who stand out are safer. Make sure that you have working lights. The Highway Act requires reflectors and bells. Cyclists need space. Ensure you know what is around you on the road.
Use hand signals before you start to turn, always be on the lookout for car doors being opened by motorist and avoid open cracks in the road and loose gravel.
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Native Languages of the Americas: Paiute Indian Legends
This is our collection of links to Paiute folktales and traditional stories that can be read online.
We have indexed our Indian stories section
by tribe to make them easier to locate; however, variants on the same
legend are often told by American Indians from different tribes, especially if those tribes are kinfolk or neighbors to
each other. In particular, though these legends come from the Paiutes, the traditional stories of
related tribes like the Ute and
Shoshone tribes are very similar.
Enjoy the stories! If you would like to recommend a Paiute legend for this page or think one of the ones on here
should be removed, please let us know.
Creator and culture hero of the Paiute tribe. Like other figures from the Paiute mythic age,
Wolf is usually represented as a man, but sometimes takes on the literal form of a wolf.
Wolf's younger brother, Coyote is a trickster spirit. Though he often assists his brother
and sometimes even does good deeds for the people, Coyotes behavior is so irresponsible
and frivolous that he is constantly getting himself and those around him into trouble.
A violent race of magical little people who were said to kill and eat people.
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In this article, you learn how to build basic ASP.NET Web Forms Pages. Don't let the Forms part of the name mislead you. Web Forms Pages can do much more than display standard HTML forms. Most, if not all, the pages of your ASP.NET application will be Web Forms Pages, which enable you to create pages with interactive, dynamic, or database-driven content.
Web Forms Pages are pieced together out of two building blocks. First, you assemble the dynamic portion of the user interface by using ASP.NET controls. ASP.NET controls enable you to display "smart" HTML forms, for example, and present interactive grids of database data. The first part of this article provides an overview of all the ASP.NET controls.
The second building block of a Web Forms Page is the application logic, which includes the code that executes when you click a form button or the code that retrieves the database data displayed within a control. In the second part of this article, you learn how to add application logic to your Web Forms Pages to handle both control and page events.
Finally, in the last part of this article, you are formally introduced to the structure of an ASP.NET Web Forms Page. You learn about the different sections of a Web Forms Page and the type of content appropriate to each section.
After reading this article, you can start creating dynamic Web sites by building interactive, dynamic pages using ASP.NET controls and handling control and page events with application logic.
ASP.NET and the .NET Framework
ASP.NET is part of Microsoft's overall .NET framework, which contains a vast set of programming classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. In the following two sections, you learn how ASP.NET fits within the .NET framework, and you learn about the languages you can use in your ASP.NET pages.
The .NET Framework Class Library
Imagine that you are Microsoft. Imagine that you have to support multiple programming languagessuch as Visual Basic, JScript, and C++. A great deal of the functionality of these programming languages overlaps. For example, for each language, you would have to include methods for accessing the file system, working with databases, and manipulating strings.
Furthermore, these languages contain similar programming constructs. Every language, for example, can represent loops and conditionals. Even though the syntax of a conditional written in Visual Basic differs from the syntax of a conditional written in C++, the programming function is the same.
Finally, most programming languages have similar variable data types. In most languages, you have some means of representing strings and integers, for example. The maximum and minimum size of an integer might depend on the language, but the basic data type is the same.
Maintaining all this functionality for multiple languages requires a lot of work. Why keep reinventing the wheel? Wouldn't it be easier to create all this functionality once and use it for every language?
The .NET Framework Class Library does exactly that. It consists of a vast set of classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. For example, the .NET framework contains classes for handling database access, working with the file system, manipulating text, and generating graphics. In addition, it contains more specialized classes for performing tasks such as working with regular expressions and handling network protocols.
The .NET framework, furthermore, contains classes that represent all the basic variable data types such as strings, integers, bytes, characters, and arrays.
Most importantly, for purposes of this book, the .NET Framework Class Library contains classes for building ASP.NET pages. You need to understand, however, that you can access any of the .NET framework classes when you are building your ASP.NET pages.
As you might guess, the .NET framework is huge. It contains thousands of classes (over 3,400). Fortunately, the classes are not simply jumbled together. The classes of the .NET framework are organized into a hierarchy of namespaces.
In previous versions of Active Server Pages, you had access to only five standard classes (the Response, Request, Session, Application, and Server objects). ASP.NET, in contrast, provides you with access to over 3,400 classes!
A namespace is a logical grouping of classes. For example, all the classes that relate to working with the file system are gathered together into the System.IO namespace.
The namespaces are organized into a hierarchy (a logical tree). At the root of the tree is the System namespace. This namespace contains all the classes for the base data types, such as strings and arrays. It also contains classes for working with random numbers and dates and times.
You can uniquely identify any class in the .NET framework by using the full namespace of the class. For example, to uniquely refer to the class that represents a file system file (the File class), you would use the following:
System.IO refers to the namespace, and File refers to the particular class.
You can view all the namespaces of the standard classes in the .NET Framework Class Library by viewing the Reference Documentation for the .NET Framework.
Standard ASP.NET Namespaces
The classes contained in a select number of namespaces are available in your ASP.NET pages by default. (You must explicitly import other namespaces.) These default namespaces contain classes that you use most often in your ASP.NET applications:
SystemContains all the base data types and other useful classes such as those related to generating random numbers and working with dates and times
System.CollectionsContains classes for working with standard collection types such as hash tables, and array lists
System.Collections.SpecializedContains classes that represent specialized collections such as linked lists and string collections
System.ConfigurationContains classes for working with configuration files (Web.config files)
System.TextContains classes for encoding, decoding, and manipulating the contents of strings
System.Text.RegularExpressionsContains classes for performing regular expression match and replace operations.
System.WebContains the basic classes for working with the World Wide Web, including classes for representing browser requests and server responses
System.Web.CachingContains classes used for caching the content of pages and classes for performing custom caching operations
System.Web.SecurityContains classes for implementing authentication and authorization such as Forms and Passport authentication
System.Web.SessionStateContains classes for implementing session state
System.Web.UIContains the basic classes used in building the user interface of ASP.NET pages
System.Web.UI.HTMLControlsContains the classes for the HTML controls
System.Web.UI.WebControlsContains the classes for the Web controls
.NET Framework-Compatible Languages
Dozens of other languages created by companies other than Microsoft have been developed to work with the .NET Framework. Some examples of these other languages include Python, SmallTalk, Eiffel, and COBOL. This means that you could, if you really wanted to, write ASP.NET pages using COBOL.
Regardless of the language that you use to develop your ASP.NET pages, you need to understand that ASP.NET pages are compiled before they are executed. This means that ASP.NET pages can execute very fast.
The first time you request an ASP.NET page, the page is compiled into a .NET class, and the resulting class file is saved beneath a special directory on your server named Temporary ASP.NET Files. For each and every ASP.NET page, a corresponding class file appears in the Temporary ASP.NET Files directory. Whenever you request the same ASP.NET page in the future, the corresponding class file is executed.
When an ASP.NET page is compiled, it is not compiled directly into machine code. Instead, it is compiled into an intermediate-level language called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). All .NET-compatible languages are compiled into this intermediate language.
An ASP.NET page isn't compiled into native machine code until it is actually requested by a browser. At that point, the class file contained in the Temporary ASP.NET Files directory is compiled with the .NET framework Just in Time (JIT) compiler and executed.
The magical aspect of this whole process is that it happens automatically in the background. All you have to do is create a text file with the source code for your ASP.NET page, and the .NET framework handles all the hard work of converting it into compiled code for you.
What about VBScript? Before ASP.NET, VBScript was the most popular language for developing Active Server Pages.
ASP.NET does not support VBScript, and this is good news. Visual Basic is a superset of VBScript, which means that Visual Basic has all the functionality of VBScript and more. So, you have a richer set of functions and statements with Visual Basic.
Furthermore, unlike VBScript, Visual Basic is a compiled language. This means that if you use Visual Basic to rewrite the same code that you wrote with VBScript, you can get better performance.
If you have worked only with VBScript and not Visual Basic in the past, don't worry. Since VBScript is so closely related to Visual Basic, you'll find it easy to transition between the two languages.
Microsoft includes an interesting tool named the IL Disassembler (ILDASM) with the .NET framework. You can use this tool to view the disassembled code for any of the ASP.NET classes in the Temporary ASP.NET Files directory. It lists all the methods and properties of the class and enables you to view the intermediate-level code.
This tool also works with all the ASP.NET controls discussed in this article. For example, you can use the IL Disassembler to view the intermediate-level code for the TextBox control (located in a file named System.Web.dll).
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Karst Valleys of Slovakia
Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic
Le Secrétariat de l’UNESCO et le Centre du patrimoine mondial ne garantissent pas l’exactitude et la fiabilité des avis, opinions, déclarations et autres informations ou documentations fournis au Secrétariat de l’UNESCO et au Centre du patrimoine mondial par les Etats Parties à la Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel.
La publication de tels avis, opinions, déclarations, informations ou documentations sur le site internet et/ou dans les documents de travail du Centre du patrimoine mondial n’implique nullement l’expression d’une quelconque opinion de la part du Secrétariat de l’UNESCO ou du Centre du patrimoine mondial concernant le statut juridique de tout pays, territoire, ville ou région, ou de leurs autorités, ou le tracé de leurs frontières.
Les noms des biens figurent dans la langue dans laquelle les Etats parties les ont soumis.
The locality consists of a series of karst phenomena in nature reserves on the territory of Slovakia. Whole area of Slovakia had been evaluated in order to select representative localities. Localities chosen into representative sample have following attributes: low anthropic impact and well-preserved nature ecosystems, high degree of ecological stability and high biodiversity of flora and fauna, well-preserved relict communities of flora and fauna, high abundance of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna on a small territory.Selected karst areas in Slovakia represent main stages of the geological and geomorphological development of the territory in the period from Late Tertiary till Quaternary. Geological structure, petrographic composition and rocks proportion, tectonic movements and exogene agents created specific karst areas, very rich in natural values and beauties. The landscape of karst valleys, unlike other landscape types, has many specific features, which evidently differ it from non-karst areas. It is mainly strong interaction of all nature factors of the landscape (geological basement, relief, water, soil, climate, vegetation, fauna) and their evolution knot. This fact underlines the complexity of natural conditions of the karst area as a whole and also in individual details. Limestone and dolomite substratum, its karst forms and special development create conditions for specific elements of flora and fauna, which are connected with this environment. The occurrence of Carpathians plant and animal species, often endemic or endangered species, is typical for karst areas. Karst areas give landscape an individual high significance landscaping-esthetical scenery by their morphological segmentation. From the botanical point of view, the karst valleys are an example of vegetation development from the end of the Ice Age. From the ph, togeographical point of view, the proposed sites belong to the western Carpathian flora (Carpaticum occidentale) with the occurrence of characteristic species and Carpathian endemics and sub-endemics. From the zoological point of view, the areas of karst valleys are very important for the preservation of many endemic and zoo-geographically significant species as well as for the maintenance of native, typical fauna of the Carpathians. Big terrain division, alternation of diverse and intact communities determine unusual rich biodiversity, concentrated on a relatively small area.
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Peptides play significant role in cell signaling and function and can be used as an important tool for research and therapeutic treatments. Here we discuss both the structure and activities of peptides as well as strategies for their synthesis. Both peptides and proteins fall under a category called polypeptide chains. These chains contain two or more amino acids (forming amino acid polymers) that are coupled by a peptide bond. The bond is a special linkage between the nitrogen atom of one amino acid and the carboxyl carbon atom of another. Peptides differ from proteins by amount of amino acid residues the molecule contains. Polymer molecules with ten or fewer amino acid residues are called oligopeptides. Peptides often contain up to fifty amino acid residues, protein are molecules with more than fifty amino acid residues. Peptides are functioning in human body on many ways, such as regulating metabolism (insulin) and mediating pain signals (dynorphin). They also play a role in endocrine signaling and can act as a growth factor. Other organisms have produced peptides as a means for defense, such as fungal production of cyclosporin A used clinically as an immunosuppressant, and cone snail secretion of Ziconotide which is used to treat a pain. Modern medicinal and biochemical research is unthinkable without peptides application because of their selectivity, specificity and potency interaction with the target proteins. Peptides’ large size and surface area allow for more specific docking to the target molecules. Researchers’ interest in developing peptide ligands and probes for studying target receptors’ structures and functions has increased dramatically lately. More recently, peptides have been considered as the desirable candidates for therapeutics. Not only can peptides be made very selelctive, decreasing the risk of side effects, but they rapidly metabolize by proteases and allow short time activity in the body. Peptides’ activity can be lengthened by incorporating modifications, such as non-natural and D-amino acids, cyclization and modifications at the N or C-terminus. Therapeutic peptides also have some advantages compared to their protein counterparts. Biological therapeutics, which are generally proteins, have earned an increasing share of the pharmaceutical marketplace over the past few years. While biologics are often highly safe and effective, they must be produced in bioreactors, which use whole cells. Their purification and structural analysis is often complex and expensive. Further, biologics almost invariable must be injected. Peptides, on the other hand, can often be accessed chemically, and their purification and analysis is much simpler. There is also an increasing number of examples of orally active peptides, which make them more desirable for drug development. Endogenous peptides have also been utilized for research and medical interventions. They can be monitored for diagnostic purposes, such as in the case of C-peptide, which is used to monitor insulin production and to help determine the cause of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). This will be added to Biological Informatics Subject Tracer™.
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AUTOMOTIVE TECHNICIAN TRAINING In less than a year, you could be a trained automotive technician.7 It all starts with completing a core program at one of our auto mechanic schools. These foundational courses build your base knowledge from the ground up, teaching you how to diagnose, maintain and repair domestic and foreign vehicles like a true automotive professional. From here, you can move on to Manufacturer-Specific Advanced Training courses.15 Our campuses feature a blended learning model, which combines instructor-led online training with hands-on application in the lab.18 This training provides more flexibility for you as a student and also prepares you for the type of training you’ll experience in the field. While our Automotive Technology program is not an online mechanic school, students typically spend about half their day completing online coursework and about half in the lab. VEHICLE ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY In our electronic technology classes, you'll learn the basics of how electricity functions within a vehicle. Use tools like multimeters, oscilloscopes and hand-held scanners to read and diagnose the various electrical components in a vehicle. SUSPENSION SYSTEMS You'll work with front- and rear-wheel alignments to understand how the suspension parts all need to work together to allow a vehicle to travel straight on the road and the tires to wear normally. Struts, ball joints, tie-rod ends, rack and pinion, and steering gear boxes are just a few of the components that will be covered. DIAGNOSTICS & DRIVABILITY Vehicle diagnostic knowledge is a must for any entry-level technician. Use computer-aided systems and scan tools to perform data retrieval and diagnose drivability issues. In the lab, you'll use real-world scenarios to learn the correct procedures for realizing on-board diagnostic problems in today's vehicles. POWER & PERFORMANCE This is where you'll put all of your training to the test! Install performance parts and make tuning adjustments on a high-performance engine to understand how the right combination of parts and tuning helps to maximize engine performance and drivability. Major equipment you'll use include chassis dynamometers, T-bucket style roadsters and computers. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY Learn how the engine, powertrain and electrical systems of a hybrid differ from electrical systems and transmissions found in a regular gas-powered vehicle.
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Trials, using viruses to eliminate bacterial infections linked to alcoholic hepatitis, show the hints of a new wave of treatments for the age of antibiotic resistance. The work, headed by researchers at the University of California and lead by Dr. Yi Duan and Dr. Cristina Llornete, promises an improved prognosis for those suffering from liver disease. The research also has much wider implications for the targeted control and manipulation of the gut microbiome.
Chronic liver disease is a life-threatening condition heavily associated with alcoholism. It is one of the leading causes of the more than 7,000 alcohol-associated deaths in the UK every year. In the past, the mechanism by which a high alcohol intake is related to liver disease has been poorly understood. Treatments have been focused on mitigating the symptoms rather than directly treating the cause.
The research also has much wider implications for the targeted control and manipulation of the gut microbiome
In a publication in Nature Magazine this month a cross-institutional group has shown evidence that the bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, can make the transition from an ambivalent gut dweller to a potentially deadly pathogen. This finding is just the latest in a long series of publications linking diseases to imbalances in the human microbiome. Studies of the human microbiome have proved to be highly complex. The same strain of bacteria can have drastically different impacts on its host’s health depending on a range of genetic and environmental factors. Certain types of E. faecalis produce the toxin cytolysin, which has been shown to damage liver cells. In a healthy gut, although E. faecalis may be present, bacteria are prevented from reaching the liver by the gut lining. The authors of this study suggest that high levels of alcohol consumption can damage the gut lining, allowing both bacteria and toxin through. The result is the development of chronic liver failure. The study describes how cytolysin-producing E. faecalis was transplanted to mice from a human host. Infected mice treated with high levels of alcohol went on to develop symptoms of liver disease. The researchers then went a step further by treating afflicted mice with a bacteriophage virus, vastly reducing the numbers of E. faecalis and effectively preventing liver disease.
Enterococcus faecalis, can make the transition from ambivalent gut dweller to potentially deadly pathogen
Bacteriophages, or phages, require a bacterial host to survive and replicate. They are the most numerous types of virus on the planet and are responsible for the death of an astonishing 40% of all ocean-dwelling bacteria. Phages have evolved over millions of years to target specific bacterial hosts, meaning they pose no threat to human cells, or even the non-host bacteria found within us. Antibiotic resistance is considered a threat to modern medicine as the treatments we have relied on for close to 90 years lose their ability to treat bacterial infections. The search for alternative treatments to combat “superbugs”, resistant to even our most powerful antibiotics, has been the focus of many research institutions. No clear answer to the problem has emerged, however, viral treatments of infections have shown promise. Antibiotics are the molecular equivalent of a nuclear bomb and effectively wipe out a large proportion of the body’s microbiome.
Over the past two decades, studies have shown how a healthy microbiome can have an impact on our digestive and immune systems, and even our mental health. The use of phages to target a particular bacterial strain has the potential to remove a pathogen while leaving beneficial bacteria behind. The second advantage of phages is that they evolve at a rate equal to their bacterial targets. In the future, learning how to treat a new type of infection may require seeking the natural combatant of the bacteria rather than developing new chemicals.
Antibiotics are the molecular equivalent of a nuclear bomb and effectively wipe out a large proportion of the body’s microbiome
The next stage of this novel treatment of chronic liver disease will be human trials. The wide-reaching implications of the findings, beyond saving lives threatened by chronic liver failure, means the medical and scientific community will eagerly await seeing these results translated to humans.
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Amenemhat IV. Could this be Moses of the Bible?
Moses was brought up as Egyptian Royalty for the first 40 years of his life. After that, he fled to Midian and stayed there for 40 years. When he was 80 years old, he returned to Egypt to confront a different Pharaoh with the message that God had given him. Amenemhet IV co-reigned with Amenemhet III for 9 years and then suddenly disappeared. Sobeknefru, the sister or daughter of Amenemhet III, was childless and seems to have adopted Amenemhet IV (Moses). As he disappeared, Sobeknefru had to become the Queen (Pharaoh) when her brother or father, Amenemhet III died. She reigned for almost 4 years and then she died. There was nobody to inherit the throne when she died and so the 12th dynasty ended. Egypt became destabilized and a number of pharaohs followed in quick succession until Neferhotep of the 13th dynasty. Neferhotep was the Pharaoh when Moses returned to Egypt at the age of 80. Neferhotep and his army, with over 600 chariots, chased the Israelites when they did not return form a gathering in the desert to worship their God. When they got to the Nuweiba, the Israelites were able to cross the Red Sea but when Pharaoh and his army tried to follow, they all drowned. Neferhotep’s brother had to take over the throne. He did not last long as he was easy pickings for the Hyksos without the Egyptian army and their chariots to help him.
This is Amenemhet II – the the 3rd pharaoh of the 12th dynasty. The father of Sesostris II.
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It’s true that some people attract more mosquitoes than others, and with insect-borne illnesses like dengue and chikungunya appearing in startling numbers, it might pay to understand why certain individuals seem to be mosquito magnets.
According to the American Mosquito Association (AMA), over 350 compounds have been isolated from odors produced by human skin. Either singly or in combination, many of these compounds may be attractants – and many may be repellents. At this time, science has yet to completely uncover the intricacies of these compounds, but there are some things we do know about being a mosquito magnet.
SEE ALSO: Chikungunya cases reported In Florida
What attracts mosquitoes to you
- Carbon dioxide: The AMA explains that carbon dioxide makes all humans susceptible to mosquito bites. Carbon dioxide is the most universally recognized mosquito attractant and draws mosquitoes from up to 35 meters away. When female mosquitoes sense carbon dioxide they usually adopt a zigzagging flight path within the area to try and locate the source.
- You have larger body mass: Based on the fact mosquitoes are drawn to carbon dioxide, it makes sense that the more of this gas you produce, the more of a mosquito magnet you tend to be. Larger people–in height or weight–produce more carbon dioxide than smaller people. This is why men tend to be bitten more than women, and adults tend to be bitten more than children. Pregnant women are also highly susceptible to mosquito bites for this reason.
- You have poor foot hygiene: A study published in the research journal PLoS ONE found that low diversity but high quantity of bacteria on the feet act as an attractant to mosquitoes. It isn’t the bacteria themselves that draws in the insects, but rather the smell those bacteria create. Similar results are seen in people who eat pungent Limburger cheese, wear perfume, or consume beer regularly. What doesn’t impact the attraction: Bananas. That’s right, contrary to popular belief, the AMA indicates eating bananas has no impact on being a mosquito magnet.
- You work out: Unfortunately, being a healthy individual also makes you more of a risk for being a mosquito magnet. According to German researchers, exercising produces lactic acid, a compound found to be an attractant for mosquitoes at close range.
- Genetics: Though it can’t be stated for certain, some studies have suggested genetics can come into play when someone seems to be a mosquito magnet. A study published in Infections, Genetics, and Evolution found that people with a particular HLA gene are more likely to be bitten.
- You have the right kind of blood: Another still-debatable factor in why some people get bitten more than others may have to do with blood type. Several studies have indicated people with type “O” blood are more at-risk for bites than others.
What can you do to lower your risk for mosquito bites?
Unfortunately there isn’t too much that can be done to keep mosquitoes from biting short of covering all exposed skin from head to toe. Avoiding perfume, beer and smelly cheeses is one way to go, but you shouldn’t fore go exercise or starting a family just to keep insect bites away.
Aside from using a mosquito repellent, the best bet is to cover up as reasonably as possible without causing heat stroke.
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FSU art professor’s latest project targets sustainability and anxiety caused by hurricanes
The onset of a massive hurricane can cause environmental damage, threats to sustainability and even psychological suffering. A Florida State University art professor is tackling two of these detrimental effects in one project by producing a Hurricane Emergency Art Kit. Professor Holly Hanessian recently unveiled the kit at a public event held at the FSU Museum of Fine Arts. The project has received support from both the FSU Office of Research and corporate partner Sawyer International.
Hanessian’s first objective in developing the project was to address water sustainability and disaster resiliency in underserved communities. The kit encourages the use of appropriate water filtration technology and seeks to decrease the reliance on single-use plastic water bottles.
“Right before Hurricane Michael, I was in Walmart’s camping section and found the Sawyer mini-filter,” Hanessian said. “I was amazed that the filter could clean 100,000 gallons of dirty water and wondered why they couldn’t be at the front of the store, where mounds of plastic bottles of water were piled? This thought ignited my passion for this project and for others to connect the idea of global warming and increased hurricanes to plastic water bottle-use.”
The Hurricane Emergency Art Kit is enclosed in a tin that floats and includes one Sawyer mini-water filtration system and a series of handmade porcelain objects designed for self-soothing. In addition, the kit comes with a handmade book containing hurricane preparedness tips, games, guides for reducing anxiety in anticipation of a hurricane and poems from local writer Christine Poreba.
Interested in learning more? Find the complete article written by Anna Prentiss & Miranda Wonder of Florida State University here.
May 8, 2022
Outdoor Life: Do You Really Need a Water Filter for Backpacking and Mountain Hunting?
My only complaint is that eventually, backflushing won’t be enough. These can clog up after some time and no amount of back flushing will fix its low flow. I went through 2 on the AT. However, it will attach to Smart Water Bottles and most bladders!
Built for backcountry reliability and portability, the Sawyer Squeeze filter is our pick for the best portable water purifier.
The Sawyer Squeeze was (by far) the most common Pacific Crest Trail water filter this year – for the fifth year in a row. It’s a $39, 3 oz / 85 g hollow fiber filter that rids your drinking water of protozoa and bacteria (and floaties). It can be used with Sawyer bags (included with the filter) or with compatible water bottles (Smartwater is the bottle of choice for many hikers).
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On April 1st, 2015, the European Union officially did away with the milk quota regime that has applied to dairy farmers in all EU member states for the past 31 years. The dairy industry and indeed the European agricultural economy are now discerning the best measures to take to ensure a viable dairy sector in the EU.
The milk quota system was established by the European Union Council in 1984, a period of surplus dairy production. Under this regime, each member state had a national production quota which it would then apportion to its dairy farmers. Any farmer that exceeded production levels was required to pay a fine. Now, in 2015, demand for milk has outpaced production and as of April 1, 2015, EU farmers can produce as much milk as they want without being fined.
In the recent wake of this repeal of regulation in the dairy sector, COPA COGECA, a European agricultural union joining farmers and cooperatives, summarized the implications for European dairy farmers and suggested strategies for moving forward. COPA COGECA’s Secretary General Pekka Pesonen stated that “the EU’s regulatory framework already includes market measures which could help protect producers against market volatility…” but they “no longer represent a real ‘safety net’ able to help milk producers in times of severe market imbalance.” Possible solutions included reevaluating income and margins insurance to better help farmers manage the multiple risks and a call for the development of future markets to stabilize volatility. He continued by stressing the importance of coupled support for Less Favoured Areas (LFAs), for which there are many structural and natural difficulties, such as higher milk collection costs in mountainous regions, for example.
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Biometric technologies such as voiceprints, retina, iris and face scanners, digitized fingerprints, even implantable chips can benefit us. Look for the technologies in cell phones, mobile computers, cars doors, doorknobs, and office keys-basically everywhere. They’ll bolster online commerce, help locate a lost youngster, and transmit medical information to doctors. They promise increased privacy by preventing identity theft.
But no one wants to be treated like human bar code by the authorities.
What are the benefits and concerns surrounding the further deployment of biometric identification techniques into our lives? While they promise new levels of physical security and secure commerce, they can also threaten fundamental values of privacy and liberty. We need a framework by which to judge biometric deployment, to make distinctions appropriate and inappropriate uses. The management of databases that underlie biometric applications can impact anonymity, privacy, and even authentication technology itself.
The most pressing threat to liberty is a government-mandated database containing all of us, corresponding to a National ID with biometric identifiers. This is the Big Brother scenario that would lead to the asking for ID everywhere, and devolve into a general law enforcement tool having nothing to do with the terrorism that prompted recent calls for National IDs. National IDs threaten liberty and anonymity, and, ironically, they undermine security itself by moving the locus of technological advancement in authentication technologies out of the private sector and into government.
A less sweeping biometric database is a partial one containing criminals and suspects – but not the general population. An example would be government-run face recognition cameras deployed in public places that have garnered so much attention lately. Individuals are observed, but presumably only to see if they match a face already in the underlying database. Allegedly, the information collection – that pertaining to the criminals—has already taken place under appropriate Fourth Amendment procedures, and no data is ever collected on individuals not already in the database. Nevertheless, many properly doubt governments can be trusted to discard incidental data collected on innocents. Applications of biometrics to identify and track individuals, even in "public" places, can constitute an unreasonable search and easily be abused. Stringent safeguards are required, but they do not yet exist. This will be the locus of much of the "privacy" debate in the coming years.
Finally, private, limited applications of biometrics are less worrisome. These might constitute databases of "members," as contrasted with governmental "bad guy" databases. Such tailored solutions exist where security clearances are needed, like factories and laboratories, and can offer the opportunity for extraordinary security by preventing others from posing as us. These proclaim, in effect, "You may enter my privately owned building, airplane, parking garage, neighborhood, house, etc., but only if I know who you are."
These offerings hold the most promise in the field of biometrics. However, these applications must not be allowed access to individual data gleaned by government coercion. If that happens, they will turn society against the technology and make it impossible to defend the industry from regulation. Let’s keep it self-regulated.
Biometrics offers tremendous promise, but also risk. To safeguard civil liberties, there are basically three requirements. In a nutshell: (1) avoid mandatory databases or any form of National ID; (2) Ensure Fourth Amendment protections even for public surveillance, and; (3) avoid the mixing of public and private databases as new biometrics technologies emerge and proliferate: Instead of granting the private sector the use of government-mandated information, private industry must generate its own information, for purposes limited by the market’s twin engines of consumer choice – and consumer rejection. Privacy, liberty, and even authentication technology will be all the better for it.
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John F. Kennedy
By: Kenny W.
Washington, Age 11
John F. Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 at Brookline Mass. He died in11/22/1963. He had three children. John F. Kennedy gave us so much peace and encouragement we have today. “Kennedy set forth the goals of his new Frontier program.” He promised to work for freedom .He did all he could for freedom, and a good future. I really think he was a good president.
John F. Kennedy fought for civil rights. He gave peace and hope to all the people of the nation.
He was one of the youngest men ever elected. He was also one of the most popular presidents.
When he was making one of his speeches, some one shot two shots at him from the “Texas School Book Depository” building, one hit him in the front of the throat and one hit him in the back of the head. The young president died a half hour later
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The United States of America consists of fifty states, one federal district and several territories. Forty-eight contiguous states sit between Mexico to the south and Canada to the north. Alaska, the forty-ninth state, is located to the west of Canada, and Hawaii, the fiftieth, is an island located in the Pacific Ocean.
Initially, the country was made up of a loose group of British colonies that had developed along the eastern shore of present day USA. The original thirteen colonies were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. British rule within the colonies increased following the end of a six year war between Britain and the French in the northern territories. Relations between the colonies and Britain soon soured over lack of representation within the British Parliament and the increased taxation to pay for the war. The American Revolutionary War began in 1775. On July 4, 1776 the colonists adopted a Declaration of Independence from Britain. The short document had many innovations, such as the declaration that all men are created equal and that the people have the right to choose their governments. Needing a framework for a federal government to govern the thirteen independent states, the Second Continental Congress appointed a thirteen member committee to prepare a draft constitution. After a year of debates, the Articles of Confederation were completed on November 15, 1777, with the last state signing on November 20, 1778. However, because they vested almost all power in the states and gave very little authority to the federal government, the Articles soon led to confusion and infighting among the states, especially once the Revolutionary War ended in 1783.
Recognizing the need for a new system, a constitutional convention was organized to revise the Articles in May 1787. It was attended by delegates from the different states, drawn from all sectors of society. Despite its limited mandate to only revise the Articles of the Confederation, delegates decided to adopt a completely new instrument of government. Following further debates, the instrument was finally submitted to the states for ratification as a new Constitution in September 1787. One year later, in September 1788, the new Constitution came into effect.
Key Country Documents Index
A very short document consisting of seven articles, the Constitution was designed to set up a federal government of limited power and to protect the rights of the states. Articles I-III focus on the power and authority belonging to the three branches of the federal government: the Legislature, the Executive, and the Judiciary. Article IV addresses the relationship among the several states. Article V establishes the guidelines for amending the Constitution. Article VI declares the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, and Article VII describes the process of ratification. The Constitution, as ratified, did not provide for protection of civil liberties. These were established through the Constitution’s first ten Amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, in1789. These amendments limit the federal government’s abilities to restrain or dictate the behavior of the individual.
Including the Bill of Rights, the Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times. The 17 additional amendments have addressed several issues, including criminalizing slavery, introducing female suffrage, and ensuring the protection of voting rights. The most recent amendment, in 1992, established that any law changing the compensation of members of Congress would not take effect until after a new Congressional election had been held.
Executive power is vested in the President, who serves a four-year term, renewable once. To qualify for the Presidency, an individual must be a natural born US citizen who has been a resident of the United States for at least fourteen years and is at least thirty-five years old. The President is the Head-of -State, Head-of-Government, and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President receives foreign diplomats and, with the consent of the Senate, makes treaties.
All legislative power, both enumerated and implied, granted to the federal government vest in the Congress comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Representatives must be at least twenty-five years old, be a citizen of the United States for seven years, and live in the district they represent. Senators must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen for nine years, and live in the state they represent. Representatives are directly elected for a two-year term, while Senators serve six. The Vice President serves as the President of the Senate. An overturn of a President’s veto requires a two-third majority from both Houses. Article I, Section 8 enumerates the legislative powers, which include: To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, to provide for the common welfare, to provide for and maintain the armed forces, to borrow money and to declare war. The Constitution also gives Congress the power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce.
The Constitution vests the judicial power of the United States in the Supreme Court and any other inferior courts that may be created. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state is a party, the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. Because the Court has jurisdiction over issues arising under the Constitution, it has the power of judicial review. The court can decide whether the actions taken by the states, the executive, or the legislature are constitutional. Supreme Court Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed by a majority of the Senate. Justices have a lifetenure, unless he or she retires or is impeached.
System of Government
|11 November 1620|| |
First government document, the Mayflower Compact, is signed.
|19 October 1765|| |
Stamp Act Congress: A congress of delegates from nine colonies adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which petitioned Parliament and the King to repeal the Stamp Act.
|18 March 1788|| |
The British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and issued the Declaratory Act, which asserted its "full power and authority to make laws and statutes... to bind the colonies and people of America... in all cases whatsoever."
First Continental Congress
Second Continental Congress
American Revolution commences.
|4 July 1776|| |
Declaration of Independence is signed by Congress
|15 November 1777|| |
Second Continental Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation.
The 13 original states form a loose confederation, codified in the Articles of Confederation
|3 September 1783|| |
Treaty of Paris ends the Revolutionary War and creates new United States of America
New Constitution drafted to address the weakness of the federal government
Constitution becomes law and George Washington is elected the first president
First 10 Amendments to the Constitution, Bill of Rights, are ratified
Marbury v. Madison - The Supreme Court establishes the principle of Judicial Review.
Twelfth Amendment - amends the procedure for electing the president and vice president
Atlantic slave trade abolished
McCulloch v. Maryland – Supreme Court ruling prohibited state laws from infringing upon federal Constitutional authority.
Anti-slavery Republican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln is elected president
Eleven pro-slavery southern states secede from Union and form Confederate States of America under leadership of Jefferson Davis, triggering civil war with abolitionist northern states
|1 January 1863|| |
Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves in the secessionist states
Confederates are defeated, and slavery is abolished under the Thirteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, second of the Reconstruction Amendments, was ratified.
Civil Rights Act of 1875: Enforcement act guaranteeing African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and prohibited exclusion from jury service.
Chinese Exclusion Act – banning migration of all Chinese laborers – passed
Supreme Court declares the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
Plessey v. Ferguson – Supreme Court deems “separate but equal” facilities on the basis of race constitutionally valid
Seventeenth Amendment - establishes direct elections of Senators by state citizens
Nineteenth Amendment gives women the right to vote
Indian Citizen Act of 1924 - Congress gives indigenous people the rights of citizenship.
McCarthyism takes hold of the nation, suppressing all communism and all those suspected of being communist.
Brown v. Board of Education – Supreme Court overturns Plessey v. Ferguson, declaring that separate facilities were not equal
27th Amendment changes when laws for Congressional compensation take effect
The Charters of Freedom. Constitution of the United States A History. Web. 2013 July 7. http://tinyurl.com/n4s654.
Scholastic. How the US Constitution Has Evolved Over Time. Web. 2013 July 7. http://tinyurl.com/qjmjccq.
Historical Boys Clothing. American History: The Constitution. Web. 2013 July 7. http://tinyurl.com/ne4uo72 .
Congressional Research Service Library of Congress. The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation. Web. 2013 July 7. (available at http://constitution.org/cons/GPO-CONAN-2002.pdf).
BBC News. United States Country Profile., 2011. Web. 2013 July 7.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057.
United States. CIA World Factbook: United States. Web. 2013 July 7.http://tinyurl.com/2l9rcv.
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Bigger Than Life, But Not Necessarily Better
Students evaluate images of health in American society, then students examine where one develops his or her views about health.
34 Views 36 Downloads
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass
Imagine what it was like to be a slave in the United States in 1845. Eighth graders are given an opportunity to experience life from the point of view of Frederick Douglass as they read and discuss an annotated passage from Narrative of...
7th - 9th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Activities for Teaching “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost
Use all of these exercises, assignments, and assessments or pick and choose your favorites for your study of "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost. In this resource you will find: an informational text to examine, vocabulary lists and...
7th - 9th English Language Arts
Figurative Language and Word Choice: A Closer Look at Bud, Not Buddy
The difference between an average piece of writing and an unforgettable piece of writing can lie in the author's word choice. The figurative language in Chapter 2 of Christopher Paul Curtis's Newbery Medal winner, Bud, Not Buddy, is the...
4th - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
What Lies Beneath: A Strategy for Introducing Literary Symbolism
“It’s not about what it is, it’s about what it can become.” You’re never too old for Dr. Seuss and using The Sneetches and The Lorax is a great way to introduce readers to allegories, parables, and literary symbolism. The lessons...
9th - 12th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Jamie Nabozny: Bullying: Language, Literature and Life
Class members identify bullying in contemporary texts and role play how they might change those scenes to examples of anti-bullying. They then re-define their initial definitions of bullying and discuss what they would like to see as...
7th - 12th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
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Biomimicry’s path to success in the 20th centuryThe real focus on developing bio-inspired technology began in the 1950s. Numerous products, applications and methods that have been designed through the transfer of natural phenomena are in use today.
George de Mestral developed and patented Velcro in 1955 by recreating the adhesive properties of the burdock plant for instance. Velcro is meanwhile a common household item the world over. The Lotus effect used by self-cleaning surfaces is popular as well. Paints, glassware and textiles are available with specific micro and nanostructures that transmit a clean drip off and protect against dirt. Another innovation is Gecko-Tape® which adheres to all types of smooth surfaces without glue and instead relies on a technology that mimics gecko feet with thousands of tiny hair structures.
Apart from every day products, the building and construction industry can also benefit from nature templates. Specific surface structures that mimic shark skin can protect ships from fouling, or improve aircraft aerodynamics, leading to significant fuel savings. Lightweight constructions such as the Bird Nest, Beijing’s national Olympic stadium, feature innovative designs, high stability and minimal material consumption.
Medicine is another suitable area for biomimicry. More than 300,000 people around the world wear the Cochlea implant, a hearing device developed as far back as 1970 that imitates the natural human hearing process. Other promising applications include mussel-inspired wound adhesives or micro endoscope robots with frog feet that can adhere to soggy mucous membranes during keyhole surgery. Research is being carried out in many directions in the area of medicine.
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A lane, a narrow passage to Jallianwala Bagh Garden inside the old city of Amritsar, in the state of Punjab. It is a monument now, one of the testaments to madness and crimes committed by the British Empire during its colonial reign over Sub-Continent.
This is where, on April 13 1919, thousands of people gathered, demanding release of two of their detained leaders, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin. It was right before the day of Baisakhi, the main Sikh festival, and the pilgrims came to the city, in multitudes, from all corners of Punjab.
The British Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer brought fifty Gurkha riflemen to a raised bank, and then ordered them to shoot at the crowd.
Bipan Chandra, an Indian historian, wrote in his iconic work, “India’s Struggle for Independence”:
“On the orders of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, the army fired on the crowd for ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to run out. The figures released by the British government were 370 dead and 1200 wounded. Other sources place the number dead at well over 1000.”
While reading through the draft of this essay, my friend and comrade, renowned Canadian international lawyer Christopher Black, added:
“… At the investigation into the Amritsar massacre, General Dyer said his only regret was that he had not killed more people. He also used armoured cars to block the entrances and machine guns were also used on the crowd. After that the British made people in the streets crawl on the stomachs when they passed a British officer. Terrible, terrible things-and what the British did in Kenya in the 50’s is worse than what the Nazis did in Europe.”
Jallianwala Bagh is now a monument, a testament, a warning. There are bullet holes clearly marked in white, penetrating the walls of surrounding buildings. There is a well, where bodies of countless victims had fallen. Some people had chosen to jump, to escape the bullets.
There is a museum, containing historic documents: statements of defiance and spite from the officials of British Raj, as well as declarations of several maverick Indian figures, including Rabindranath Tagore, one of the greatest writers of India, who threw his knighthood back in the face of the British oppressors, after he learned about the massacre.
There are old black and white photos of Punjabi people tied to the polls, their buttocks exposed, being flagged by shorts-wearing British soldiers, who were apparently enjoying their heinous acts.
There is also a statement of General Dyer himself. It is chilling, arrogant and unapologetic statement:
“I fired and continued to fire until the crowd dispersed, and I consider this is the least amount of firing which would produce the necessary moral and widespread effect it was my duty to produce if I was to justify my action. If more troops had been at hand the casualties would have been greater in proportion. It was no longer a question of merely dispersing the crowd, but one of producing a sufficient moral effect from a military point of view not only on those who were present, but more especially throughout the Punjab. There could be no question of undue severity.”
Not everyone in India is outraged by former crimes of the British Empire. Some want to forget and to “move on”, especially those closely linked to the establishment; to the new corporate and pro-Western India, where education is being privatized, mass media controlled by big business interests, and progressive ideologies buried under unsavory layers of greed.
At the grounds of Jallianwala Bagh, Anand P. Mishra, Professor at O. P. Jindal Global University, Haryana, spreads his arms:
“This happened almost 100 years ago and I don’t hold any grudges towards British, anymore.”
But when I approach Ms. Garima Sahata, a Punjabi student, she does not hide her feelings towards the British Empire and the West:
“I feel ager, thinking what they had done to our people. I think it is important for us to come here and to see the remnants of the massacre. I still feel angry towards the British people, even now… but in a different way… They are not killing us the same way, as they used to in the past, but they are killing us nevertheless.”
The British Empire was actually based on enforcing full submission and obedience on its local subjects, in all corners of the world; it was based on fear and terror, on disinformation, propaganda, supremacist concepts, and on shameless collaboration of the local “elites”. “Law and order” was maintained by using torture and extra-judiciary executions, “divide and rule” strategies, and by building countless prisons and concentration camps.
To kill 1.000 or more “niggers,” to borrow from the colorful, racist dictionary of Lloyd George, who was serving as British Prime Minister between 1916 and 1922, was never something that Western empires would feel ashamed of. For centuries, the British Kingdom was murdering merrily, all over Africa and the Middle East, as well as in the Punjab, Kerala, Gujarat, in fact all over the Sub-Continent. In London the acts of smashing unruly nations were considered as something “normal”, even praiseworthy. Commanders in charge of slaughtering thousands of people in the colonies were promoted, not demoted, and their statues have been decorating countless squares and government buildings.
The British Empire has been above the law. All rights to punish “locals” were reserved. But British citizens were almost never punished for their horrendous crimes committed in foreign lands.
When the Nazis grabbed power in Germany, they immediately began enjoying a dedicating following from the elites in the United Kingdom. It is because British colonialism and German Nazism were in essence not too different from each other.
Today’s Western Empire is clearly following its predecessor. Not much has changed. Technology improved, that is about all.
Standing at the monument of colonial carnage in Punjab, I recalled dozens of horrific crimes of the British Empire, committed all over the world:
I thought about those concentration camps in Africa, and about the stations where slaves who were first hunted down like animals were shackled and beaten, then put on boats and forced to undergo voyages to the “new world” – voyages that most of them never managed to survive. I thought about murder, torture, flogging, raping women and men, destruction of entire countries, tribes and families. It is all connected: colonialism, present-day riots in Baltimore, horrid ruins of Africa.
In Kenya, near Voi, I was shown a British prison for resistance cadres, which was surrounded by wilderness and dangerous animals. This is where the leaders of local rebellions were jailed, tortured and exterminated.
In Uganda, I was told stories about how British colonizers used to humiliate local people and break their pride: in the villages, they would hunt down the tallest and the strongest man; they would shackled him, beat him up, and then the British officer would rape him, sodomize him in public, so there would be no doubts left of who was in charge.
In the Middle East, people still remember those savage chemical bombings of the “locals”, the extermination of entire tribes. Winston Churchill made it clear, on several occasions: “I do not understand the squeamishness about the use of gas,” he told the House of Commons during an address in the autumn of 1937. “I am strongly in favour of using poisonous gas against uncivilised tribes.”
In Malaya, I was told, as the Japanese were approaching, British soldiers were chaining locals to the cannons, forcing them to fight and die.
The Brits triggered countless famines all over India, killing dozens of millions. To them, Indian people were not humans. When Churchill was begged to send food to Bengal that was ravished by famine in 1943, he replied that it was their own fault for “breeding like rabbits” and that the plague was “merrily” culling the population. At least 3 million died.
Wherever the British Empire, or any other European empire, grabbed control over the territory – in Africa, Caribbean, the Middle East, Asia, in Sub-Continent, Oceania – horror and brutality reigned.
V. Arun Kumar, MPhil in International Organization and researcher at Jawaharlal Nehru University, expressed his feelings regarding Partition, doubtlessly one more terrible result of the British “divide and rule” policy:
“India and Pakistan, two children born out of the same mother’s womb have today reached at a juncture where no mother would bear. From their birth and to more than sixty years down the history, India and Pakistan has gained the label of archenemies. These two countries have fought numerous wars over a narrow thread that divides them – which they call as border. State machinery on the both sides has constructed massive hatred-mongering propaganda programs, which ensure constant creation of fear psychosis in the minds of people against the other. Even when two countries are not in actual war, they are always in a state of war. A visit to Wagah border between India and Pakistan, one can see the mockery of peace, when soldiers on the both side perform a war like aggressive drill manoeuvre while opening the gates at the border. And the sea of people on both sides enthusiastically claps shouting abusive slogans on the other country- forgetting that they are abusing their own siblings.”
Beautifully said, and so true!
Only 30 kilometers from Amritsar, one of the most grotesque events on earth takes place: “Lowering of the Flag” on the Indian/Pakistani border. Here, what is often described as the perfectly choreographed expression of hate, takes place in front of thousands of visitors from both countries.
Wagah Border has even tribunes built to accommodate aggressive spectators. It goes everyday like this:
“Death to Pakistan!
Long Live India!”
“Death to India! Long live Pakistan!”
“Hindustaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaan Zindabad!!!!!!” They shout here, “Long Live India!!!!” and those endless spasms are immediately followed by barks glorifying India and insulting Pakistan. And vice versa.
Border guards, male and female, are then performing short marches, at a tremendously aggressive and fast pace, towards the border gate. The public, sick from the murderous heat and the fascist, nationalist idiocy, speeches and shouts, is roaring.
As I am made to sit on the pavement, right next to the border gate of Wagah, squeezed between two corpulent women wearing sweat-soaked saris, flies are buzzing all over my cameras. Here I feel hate being omnipresent: there is hate expressed by the Indian crowd towards Pakistan, hate of the border guards towards its own unruly crowd, even hate of the crowd towards me, a daring foreigner who came, most likely, to poke fun at this insane martial ceremony.
The issue is so explosive, that my friends from nearby Lahore conveniently “forgot” to supply me with their quote. Few people in New Delhi “forgot” as well.
Now, Punjab is split, because that old “divide and rule” scheme was applied here meticulously, as it was almost everywhere at the Sub-Continent.
The British never really left: they live in the minds of the Indian elites.
Punjab suffered terribly during the Partition, and later, too, from brutality of the Indian state. In fact, almost entire India is now suffering, unable to shake off those racist, religious and social prejudices.
Delhi behaves like a colonialist master in Kashmir (where it is committing one of the most brutal genocides on earth), the Northeast and in several other areas. Indian elites are almost as ruthless and barbaric as were the British colonizers; the faces changed, but the power system remained almost intact.
It goes without saying that the Indian elites, disciples and admirers of the British Raj, are treating its own people with similar spite and cruelty.
The seeds sown by the British Raj have been inherited by several successive states of the Sub-Continent. They are now growing, blooming into a tremendous toxic and murderous insanity. Instead of turning against the homicidal elites, the poor majority is yelling nationalist slogans.
Everything here is deeply connected: the colonial torture, the post-colonial genocides, the prostitution of the local elites, who are offering themselves to the Western rulers of the world, the over-militarization, the institutionalized spite for the poor and for the lower castes and classes.
Confusion is omnipresent. Words and terminology have lost their meanings. Dust, injustice, pain and insecurity are everywhere.
Anyone who claims that colonialism is dead is either a liar or a madman.
And if this – the direct result of colonialism – is “democracy”, then we should all, immediately, take a bus in the opposite direction!
Andre Vltchek is a philosopher, novelist, filmmaker and investigative journalist. He covered wars and conflicts in dozens of countries. His latest books are: “Exposing Lies Of The Empire” and “Fighting Against Western Imperialism”.Discussion with Noam Chomsky: On Western Terrorism. Point of No Return is his critically acclaimed political novel. Oceania – a book on Western imperialism in the South Pacific. His provocative book about Indonesia: “Indonesia – The Archipelago of Fear”. Andre is making films for teleSUR and Press TV. After living for many years in Latin America and Oceania, Vltchek presently resides and works in East Asia and the Middle East. He can be reached through his website or his Twitter.
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Centuries of Standing: A History of Platform Interpreting in the UK and US
This presentation documents selected milestones in the development of platform signed language interpreting, from the late 18th to early 20th centuries, among British Sign Language (BSL) and American Sign Language (ASL) communities of practice. “Platform” is a term of art in the signed language interpreting field to indicate working with a larger audience, where signers and interpreters typically stand upon a feature that is positioned above the audience. Platform work can have signed or spoken source and target texts, in various language combinations, e.g.,
[signed to spoken] [spoken to signed] [signed to signed]
Archival methods, supplemented with research into personal histories, situates subjects within their lives and times. The last workshop described legal precedents for intermediaries working with deaf parties. Turning to the later practice of platform interpreting in this session broadens historical analyses away from deaf individuals toward settings more rooted in the service of signing Deaf communities. These examples given can be categorized as:
Churches - Professional - Community
The work of both hearing and deaf interpreters will be covered, in the UK and US; one French precursor is also included.
Anne grew up in St. Louis, Missouri, the home to three schools for Deaf children, and minutes away from the St. Louis Club for the Deaf. However, she never visited any of those places—the schools were all privately operated, and taught only through speechreading. All of the locals she met used their voices, and she never saw people signing in public. She quickly chose language as her specialty, and entered kindergarten with a 5th grade reading level.
While at Brigham Young University, Anne’s roommates wanted the apartment to take a class together, and decided on American Sign Language. Two months after they began in January 1988, the Deaf President Now protest at Gallaudet University left a permanent impact on both the Deaf and interpreting communities. Each semester at BYU, another roommate would bow out, and in the end, Anne is the only one who signs in a professional capacity, or at all. She began interpreting in November 1989, and was certified by the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in 1994. She is very much a product of her time, and the trajectory of arriving just as the interpreting field accelerated its progress through social and legislative actions.
Her master's thesis found Anglo–American legal interpreting practice with signing deaf parties developed before Deaf schools, signed languages, and communities were formed. She is currently expanding her historical study through a PhD by research in Translation Studies at the University of Birmingham (UK), to be completed in 2019. Anne has taken her private practice to the Chicago and Washington, DC areas, and is now based in Salt Lake City, Utah, but continues to travel nationwide and internationally on assignments.
For more information, please see interpreterhistory.com, Facebook at InterpreterHistory, or Twitter @interphistory.
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International Confederation of Midwives
The International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) supports, represents and works to strengthen professional associations of midwives on a global basis. At present ICM has over 100 members, representing midwifery associations in around 100 countries.
The ICM works with midwives and midwifery associations globally to secure women’s rights and access to midwifery care before, during and after childbirth. The ICM has worked alongside UN agencies and other partners for decades in global initiatives to help reduce the numbers of mothers and babies who die in and around childbirth, and evidence is growing that shows expanding midwifery care is one of the best ways to combat maternal mortality. The drive for safer motherhood continues to gain strength as more women worldwide achieve access to midwifery care.
ICM envisions a world where every childbearing woman has access to a midwife's care for herself and her newborn.
ICM seeks to strengthen member associations and to advance the profession of midwifery globally by promoting autonomous midwives as the most appropriate caregivers for childbearing women and in keeping birth normal, in order to enhance the reproductive health of women, and the health of their newborn and their families.
"ICM Global standards for midwifery education" are one of the essential pillars of ICM’s efforts to strengthen midwifery worldwide by preparing fully qualified midwives to provide high quality, evidence-based health services for women,newborns and childbearing families. The education standards were developed in tandem with the update of essential competencies for basic midwifery practice, which define the core content of any midwifery education programme. They are available on the ICM Website in English, French and Spanish.
It is known that midwives have been making efforts to meet internationally for over 100 years. There are records of a midwives´ conference held in Berlin, Germany, in the year 1900, when over 1,000 midwives attended. This was arranged at a time without the use of telephones, computers, credit cards or aeroplanes, and women travelling on their own was difficult and not always acceptable.
In 1919, a group of European midwives, centred in Antwerp, Belgium, established the first beginnings of what was to become the International Confederation of Midwives. By this time, many countries already had a national association of midwives; communication among them increased and a series of regular meetings was launched.
During the 1930s and 1940s, travel and communication in Europe was disrupted by war and unrest. Unfortunately, the detailed records of the earlier midwives´ meetings and documents were destroyed. However, the desire to continue international work was still strong. In 1954, the initiative grew again and this time the location was London, UK. For the first time, the name of ´International Confederation of Midwives´ was decided, and also the idea of regular triennial congresses was established. Since 1954 the series of such meetings every three years has remained unbroken.
The ICM now has over 100 members – all autonomous midwifery associations, from around 100 countries spanning four regions: Africa, Asia Pacific, the Americas and Europe. Each member association sends delegates to the ICM Council, which is the overall governing body; each region elects representatives to a smaller board, which oversees the continuing business of the Confederation.
The ICM Council decided in 1999 to move the location of the headquarters office from London to The Hague, in the Netherlands, and it has been established there ever since. The headquarters permanent staff has increased from the appointment in 1987 of one part-time executive secretary, to the present larger group including the Secretary General, Programme Co-ordinator, Communications Manager and other part-time administrative assistance. The ICM journal, International Midwifery, is now in its 18th year of communicating "to, from and among midwives across the world" and the ICM website at www.internationalmidwives.org has been assisting speedier access to ICM news and activities since 2000.
International congresses are held every three years. The site of each is decided six years ahead, and the event is co-hosted by ICM and one of its member associations. Venues over the past 50 years have included Jerusalem, Kobe, Manila, Santiago, Sydney, Vancouver and Washington, as well as numerous European cities. These congresses have become the major regular focus for midwives’ global business, professional and scientific meetings. In addition, regional meetings and conferences are often held in the years between congresses.
The ICM's Mission is to "advance world-wide the aims and aspirations of midwives in the attainment of improved outcomes for women in their childbearing years, their newborn and their families wherever they reside".
The ICM is an official supporting organisation of Healthcare Information For All by 2015, a global initiative whose goals include: By 2015, every midwife will have access to the information they need to learn, to diagnose, to provide appropriate care and treatment, and to save lives.
Since its founding, the ICM has grown from a small group of midwifery associations in western Europe to a major confederation of over 100 autonomous member associations from countries in every part of the globe. Criteria for membership demand that each association is headed by midwives who determine their own governance and activities, and are committed to the mission, vision and aims of ICM.
Websites and Contacts of the Member Associations can be found on the ICM Website.
- A: Afghanistan: Afghan Midwives Association, Argentina: Colegio de Obstetricas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Australia: Australian College of Midwives, Austria - Österreichisches Hebammengremium
- B: Bangladesh - Bangladesh Midwifery Society, Barbados - Barbados Nurses Association, Midwives Group, Belgium - Belgian Midwives Association (BMA), Benin - Association des Sages-Femmes du Bénin, Bosnia and Herzegowina - Udruzenje Babica u Bosni I Herscegovini, Brazil - Associação Brazileira de Obstetrizes e Enfermeiros Obstetras, Burkina Faso - Association Burkininabé des Sages-Femmes
- C: Cambodia - Cambodia Midwives Association, Cameroon - Assocasfiasar, Canada - Canadian Association of Midwives, Chile - Colegio de Matronas de Chile, China - Zhejiang Midwives’ Association (An Affiliate of the Zhejiang Nurses’ Association), Croatia - Hrvatska Udruga Primalja, Cyprus - Cyprus Nurses and Midwives Association, Czech Republic - Czech Confederation of Midwives
- D: Denmark - Danish Association of Midwives
- E: Ecuador - Federacion Nacional de Obstetrices y Obstetras del Ecuador, Estonia - Estonian Midwives Association, Ethiopia - The Ethiopian Nurse Midwives Association
- F: Finland - Federation of Finnish Midwives, France - Collège National des Sages-Femmes
- G: Gabon - Association des Sages femmes du Gabon, Gambia - The Gambia Midwives' Association, Georgia - Midwives Association of Georgia (MAG), Germany - Bund Deutscher Hebammen, Ghana - Ghana Registered Midwives´ Association, Greece - The Hellenic Midwives' Association
- H: Haiti - Association des Infirmieres Sages-Femmes d'Haiti, Hong Kong - Hong Kong Midwives' Association, Hungary - Országos Bábaszövetség
- I: Iceland - Icelandic Midwives' Association, India - Society of Midwives of India, Indonesia - Indonesian Midwives Association, Iran - Iran Midwifery Population, Ireland - INMO Irish Nurses and Midwives Association, Israel - Israel Midwives´ Association, Italy - Italian Association of Midwives for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (AIORCE)
- J: Jamaica - Jamaica Midwives' Association, Japan - Japanese Midwives' Association, Japan - Japan Academy of Midwifery, Japan - Midwives´ Division, Japanese Nursing Association
- K: Kenya - Midwives' Chapter of the National Nurses Association of Kenya, Korea, Republic of - Korean Midwives´ Association
- L: Latvia - Association of Midwives of Latvia, Lebanon - Association des Sages-Femmes Diplomées de la Faculté Francaise de Médecine, Lesotho - Independent Midwives Association Lesotho, Liberia - Liberian Midwives´ Association, Luxembourg - Association Luxembourgeoise des Sages-Femmes
- M: Madagascar - Fédération Nationale des Sages Femmes de Madagascar, Malawi - The Association of Malawian Midwives, Mali - Association des Sages-Femmes du Mali (ASFM), Malta - Midwives Association of Malta, Mongolia - Mongolian Midwives and Feldsher's Association, Morocco- Association Marocaine de Sages-Femmes, Mozambique - Association of Midwives of Mozambique
- N: Netherlands Koninklijke Nederlandse Organisatie van Verloskundigen, New Zealand - New Zealand College of Midwives Inc., Nigeria - Professional Association of Midwives of Nigeria, Norway - Norwegian Nurses' Association National Midwifery Section, Norway - Norwegian Association of Midwives
- P: Pakistan - Midwifery Association of Pakistan, Papua New Guinea - Papua New Guinea Midwifery Society, Paraguay - Asociación de Obstetras del Paraguay (A.O.P.), Peru - Colegio de Obstetrices del Peru, Philippines - Integrated Midwives' Association of the Philippines, Philippines - National Capital Region Midwives Association Inc., Philippines - Philippine League of Government and Private Midwives Inc., Poland - Polish Midwives Association, Portugal - Associação Portuguesa Dos Enfermeiros Obstetras (APEO)
- R: Republic of Macedonia - Macedonian Association of Nurses and Midwives, Russia - Interregional League of Midwives of Russia
- S: Sarawak - Sarawak Midwives' Association, Senegal - Association Nationale es Sages-Femmes du Senegal (ANSFES), Sierra Leone - Sierra Leone Midwives' Association, Slovenia - Zbornica Zdravstvene Nege-Slovenije, South Africa - The Society of Midwives of South Africa, Spain - Asociacion Espanola de Matronas, Spain - Consejo General de Enfermeria (Vocalia Matrona), Spain - Federacion de Asociaciones de Matronas (FAME), Sri Lanka - Government Midwifery Service Association ´Janasuwasevana´, Suriname - Suriname Organization of Midwives, Sweden - Swedish Association of Midwives (Svenska Barnmorskeforbundet), Switzerland - Swiss Federation of Midwives
- T: Taiwan - Taiwan Midwives Association, Tanzania - Tanzania Registered Midwives´ Association (TAMA), Trinidad & Tobago - Trinidad & Tobago Association of Midwives, Turkey - Midwives Association of Turkey,
- U: Uganda - Uganda Private Midwives´ Association (UPMA), Uganda - Uganda National Association for Nurses and Midwives (UNANM), United Arab Emirates - Midwives Section, Emirates Nursing Association, United Kingdom - Association of Radical Midwives, United Kingdom - Independent Midwives´ Association, United Kingdom - Midwifery Society, Royal College of Nursing, United Kingdom - The Royal College of Midwives, United States of America - American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM), United States of America - Midwives' Alliance of North America (MANA), Uruguay - Asociacion Obstétrica del Uruguay
- V: Vietnam - Vietnamese Association of Midwives
- Y: Republic of Yemen - National Yemeni Midwives Association
- Z: Zambia - Midwives Association of Zambia, Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe Confederation of Midwives
- ICM website
- Official website for ICM 29th Triennial Congress, South Africa, June 2011
- The Global Library of Women's Medicine Safer Motherhood Section. Non-profit website offering freely downloadable material for healthcare professionals
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Now from the standpoint of tradition, modern Orthodoxy and traditional Orthodoxy are not the same. Of course, they share something in common - the Bible - but that is only part of tradition. The question remains: what is the essence of tradition? What is the core of tradition? You will find the answer to this question if you approach it as you would approach any problem in an exact science.
In Orthodox tradition, there are written texts in addition to the oral tradition. We Orthodox Christians have the Old Testament, we have the New Testament, we have the decisions and proceedings from the Ecumenical and Local Councils, we have the writings of the Church Fathers, and so forth. But even Roman Catholics and Protestants have quite a few of these written texts. So the question is raised: what is the fundamental difference between Orthodox Christians and members of other Christian confessions? What makes some people Orthodox and others heretics? What is the crucial difference between Orthodox Christians and heretics?
I think that we will be able to understand the fundamental difference if we look to medical science as a model. In the field of medicine, doctors belong to a medical association. If a doctor is not a member of the medical association, he cannot practice medicine or work in the medical profession. In order to legally become a doctor, you not only have to graduate from a recognized medical school, but you also have to be a member of a medical association. The same kind of standards applies to lawyers as well. In these professions, constant review and re-evaluation are the norm. So if someone is guilty of misconduct and does not properly practice his profession, he is tried by the appropriate board in the professional association that he belongs to and is removed from the body of the profession.
But the same proceedings also take place in the Church when a member of the Church is expelled or cut off from the Church Body. If that person is a layman, the corresponding process is called "excommunication". If he is in holy orders, it is called "removal from the ranks of the clergy" [kathairesis]. In this way, heretics are excommunicated from the Body of the Church. It is impossible for the medical establishment to give a quack permission to treat patients, and in like manner it is impossible for the Church to give a heretic permission to treat the spiritually sick. After all, since he is a heretic, he does not know how to treat others and is not able to heal others. Heretics are not able to cure the spiritually sick.
Just as there can never be a union between the medical association and an association of quack doctors under any condition, so there can never be a union between Orthodox Christians and heretics at any time. Reading a lot of medical books does not make you a genuine doctor. Being a bona fide doctor means that you have not only graduated from a university medical school, but that you have also been an intern for a considerable period of time near an experienced medical school professor who has demonstrated his competence by curing the sick.
From Patristic Theology, pp. 199-200.
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At this time of year, the eagles and humans who want to see them, traditionally flock to Brackendale for a feast on spawning salmon. This year, with frozen rivers and fewer fish, the eagles haven’t landed.
The average eagle count in Brackendale is 1442, this year there was 1000 fewer birds, the lowest in 30 years or more. The highest was closer to 4000, in ’94. While there is concern that Eagle numbers may be dropping, there have been an increased number of sights elsewhere.
On Bowen, people have seen as many as 15 bald eagles riding a thermal over the southwest tip of the island, and many more have been spotted around the shores.
What may be happening is that the eagles are scattering to various locations where food is more accessible.
Richard Wing, of the Bowen Island Nature Club has seen a significant number of the birds over the southwest side of the island shores but Wing says the data from the bird count on Bowen has not come in yet. In the past, it has been common for around 30 eagles to be sighted.
Eagles and Turkey Vultures are frequently seen together soaring over Bowen, riding the thermals above rock ridges. Both types of birds are similar in size, but the wing shape of the eagles is more tapered when seen in silhouette against the sky. The juvenile eagles lack the white heads and tails of the adults and are more likely to be mistaken for a vulture at a distance.
The wings of a bald eagle span 8’, or nearly 2.5 m across. One powerful flap carries them a great distance. On Bowen I have watched the eagles during mating season somersaulting as if from a cloud, tumbling with talons locked together. They once landed in a bush when they didn’t release claws in time, and another time, they tumbled earthward oblivious to the van that would break their fall. The birds broke their hold on each other just in time, splitting off just above the roof of the van, a flight feather falling to my feet.
Eagles, like owls, can spin their heads to look for prey, and may be able to see prey from a distance of 5 miles, and through water. If an eagle gazes at you, you can sense what it must be like to be prey with a predator assessing your ingestibility. Eagles can spot their prey from five miles away and through water. When they look at you with their yellow eyes, it feels nothing like the gaze of a Canada goose.
Last summer, my daughter and I were out swimming a fair distance from shore by Tunstall Bay when an eagle appeared in a flash, wings and talons outstretched, he skimmed in just over her head, and just in time for me to shout for her to turn, he dropped his talons into a fish that was swimming below the surface between us. In a rush of huge wings, the bird picked up the fish from between us, and was gone. We had not seen the fish in the water at all.
I have seen a black lab cower and hide from the golden gaze of eagles. A park ranger on Vancouver Island told me that she had to deal with someone whose dog was taken by an eagle. An eagle isn’t likely to eat a dog but they can pick up fish that weigh up to 15 lbs or nearly 7 kilograms. Once the talons are in the fish, it is hard for the talons to release. The birds usually take their food to shore where they can use the ground to push away from the food and release their claws. If they catch a heavy fish in deep water the bird may be able to row in a butterfly kind of stoke to get to shore. If the bird can’t release the fish, both will drown.
During salmon spawning season, the eagles are more likely to scavenge dead and dying fish from the edges of a river. On Bowen, one man was known for illegally feeding the eagles pieces of fish he would toss into the sky for the birds. In most cases, eagles stop eating if people approach to within 150 m. Usually an eagle will roost up to 5 km from where they feed.
When the fish are done spawning and eagles have to work harder for a meal, they will take the young from other large bird’s nests. In Snug Cove, we used to see epic battles waged between attacking eagles and the heron parents desperate to protect their young. The outcome was never pretty.
Bald eagles have always had their favourite snags to sit on and scope out the land and sea for food around the island. The trees strong enough to hold the massive nests are hard to find, but the birds are still here. The trees along the water’s edge have been a traditional resting place for eagles. While their bodies blend in with the bark, their white heads are a give-away as to their presence; their heads and the sound of their seagull-like shriek.
By February, the eagle numbers will dwindle, but you can still see the bald eagles year round on Bowen, usually close to the water.
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| 0.974238 | 1,078 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In fact there are many people who would argue that we could not function without religion. The biggest reason that society needs religion is to regulate behavior. Most of the laws that we follow today have their basis in religious teachings. There is considerable debate as to whether or not religion is required to make us good people but what is beyond dispute is that the rules for what is acceptable for society are largely based on religion. Without religion we would almost certainly live in a different type of society.
Islam is absolutely generous with other cultures. In Kuwait, the labor forces involve 1.3 million people. We have got people who only speak Arabic, only speak English, or both. Kuwaitis’ first language is Arabic and the majority of people in Kuwait speak English, which also show how Islam is with multiculturalism since Kuwait is an Islamic country. The multicultural criticism of some individuals claims that cultural neutrality in non-private organizations is not possible.
While the reactions of hostility and awe demonstrate that Christianity is God’s chosen religion, and that Islamic people are the enemy, their criticisms of Christians’ sins are correct. Christendom’s punishment for this is the loss of the Holy Land, but these mistakes are reversible and destined to occur. The ultimate insight from Mandeville’s description of the Islamic kingsdoms is that Europeans believed their continent to be a shining light of good surrounded by darkness and violence. However, rather than retreat from the outside, Europeans praised the courageous explorers who ventured out of the safety of Christendom to grow the kingdom of Christ. Mandeville’s message of Islam’s flaws and criticisms are, like most medieval literature, ultimately optimistic.
He said: “Verily, merchants shall be raised up sinners on the day of resurrection, except he who fears God, and is good, and speaks the truth.” According to Islam, the following things must be avoided to commence fair business. 1-No fraud or deceit, the Prophet (PBUH) is reported to have said: “When a sale is held, say, there is no cheating.” 2-Sellers must avoid taking too many oaths when selling merchandise. The Prophet (PBUH) is reported to have said: “Be careful of excessive oaths in a sale. Though it finds markets, it reduces abundance.” 3-Mutual consent is necessary. The Prophet (PBUH) is reported to have said: “The sale is complete when the two involved depart with mutual
Each group ignores others and yet the three religion have their roots traced back to the father Abraham. History said that Israelites are the chosen people of god but these all other faiths sees themselves as the chosen ones and so this debate affected their relationships so badly. Most human beings needs more time to revisit classes so that they can be corrected in either ways round. According to the trends I saw in reading the
The History of the Swastika The Swastika was a symbol of peace and unity, a symbol of positivity, accepted and used by a lot of religions and different people, but now it is a representation of hatred and a symbol of Hitler and the Nazi. How did the Swastika effect, not just the Germans and the Nazis, but the rest of the world? The Swastika long ago and the Swastika now are two very different symbols even though they look alike. It was once a great symbol, representing everything positive. Just like the symbols, the cross for Christianity, the Star of David for Jews, the lotus flower for Buddhist, and the Crescent for Muslim, the Swastika represented good fortune and well-being.
MORALITY AND RELIGION Sudakhya (434), First year, Philosophy Hons Miranda House "Does God love goodness because it is good, or is it good because God loves it?" PARAPHRASE OF SOCRATES’ QUESTION IN PLATO’S EUTHYPHRO This paper will discuss the relationship between religion and morals. Specifically, this paper will explore if morality depends on religion and whether one needs to be religious to be moral. Ever since the earlier times when human beings started documenting historical events it has been noticed that morality has persistently been linked with religion. Morality has been identified with adherence to godliness and divine, immorality with sin, and the moral law with the command of God so that the moral life is seen as a direct and personal relationship with the ultimate one.
They are Shi'a Muslim and are notoriously persecuted by the Pashtuni (Ethnic Groups, 88-103). The subculture of Afghanistan is made up of hundreds of tribes, clans, and subgroups that are all united together by one religion. "The strongest tie among these various groups is their Islamic religion"
Introduction Wealth is one of the things which man covets. It can either lead him astray (away from God) or bring him closer to God. Islam has repeatedly exhorted its adherents to spend out of what they love for the sake of God. Allah has promised in the Quran a multituted of rewards for those who generously spend in His way (al-Baqarah (2); 245). Since the earliest period of Islam, the Muslims have given out of their wealth for the benefit of others.
Islam is derived from Arabic word ‘Salema’ which means peace , purity and submission. In the religion sense it means submission to the will of God and obedience to His laws. People who pay sacrifices and surrenders his wills in the way of islam and also have believe on unity (wahdaniyat) of Allah and have a believe that Prophet Muhammad is the last prophet is called to be a Muslim. Islam is a total arrangement of standards and controls on the best way to carry on with a decent life. Everything about every one of the issues of life, business and connections ought to be managed either from the Quran or Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad.
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en
| 0.959493 | 1,232 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Why is human Mars exploration so surprisingly hard?
by James Oberg
|In the heady days of the Apollo triumphs, even the “pessimistic” forecasts imagined it might take as long as twenty years to get astronauts to Mars.|
In recent years a better perspective has become possible, and it is far less disrespectful to the successors of Apollo. Furthermore, it suggests that even with an immediate post-Apollo national decision (and a reasonable budget) to send astronauts to Mars, it would not have proven possible by 1982, or 1989, or even perhaps anytime in the century if the task proved too politically damaging in the face of setbacks.
Here’s the way I’ve come to see it. It should have been no surprise that “On-To-Mars” never happened. The reasons directly affect today’s chances of tackling the task in the near future.
First, since Apollo had gloriously succeeded in its major purpose—restoring American status as the leading high-tech nation in the world—the political support for further spending evaporated in the face of new, more urgent challenges. Apollo had “worked”. Making the point again on a different stage would have added little if any value.
Apollo had worked so well, some argue, that its validation of American aerospace competence was the central factor in giving credibility to Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative in the 1980s. Moscow was unable to dismiss it as empty bluster of the sort Khrushchev used to throw around about Soviet missiles, and thus risk losing the threat-effect of their nuclear attack systems. Experts who pooh-poohed the project’s feasibility, in the USSR and overseas, had a major credibility problem since many of them were, or were associated with, experts who also had decreed that Apollo wasn’t going to work either.
Second, the earth-to-orbit transportation infrastructure had been deliberately overbuilt, but this was designed from the start to be a short-term surge. With the post-success downturn of Apollo, critical capabilities such as heavy lift were no longer required: there weren’t any near-term payloads justifying the infrastructure maintenance. The Saturn 5 production facilities were already shutting down by the time the first landing succeeded (extra vehicles had been ordered in case attaining a successful landing took a lot more test flights).
Third, major components of the Apollo team—the experienced engineers, technicians, and managers—had by 1969 chosen to return to “normal” life. Gathered from a hundred separate industries with engineering experience in a thousand projects, these men and women had consciously and intentionally chosen to put their personal lives on hold and devote 60-plus-hour workweeks to the “project of the century”—for a limited period of time. And that period was over. Talented and dedicated people remained, but the breadth of experience that had made the Moon program feasible shrank markedly.
Fourth, in terms of the science harvest of the lunar missions, Apollo had reaped enough raw data to require decades of study to digest it, formulate new theories, and define the new questions that needed answers through on-site exploration. The “cover story” that curiosity had been the driver for Apollo (and would be for its successors) lost validity when the next set of scientific questions would take an academic generation or two to crystallize.
|The engineering challenges of much, much longer space flights far from Earth (with no chance of resupply or rescue) had been grossly underestimated.|
Fifth, there were things we discovered about the hazards of spaceflight that demanded new assessments and the development of new capabilities. For example, extending Apollo-class lunar operations wasn’t merely a matter of carrying more batteries and more sandwiches. The hardware had proven just barely capable of the minimum mission during limited thermal environments and on limited geographical subsets of the Moon. Extending the range in time and space demanded an entirely new generation of space vehicles. For example, the unexpectedly abrasive lunar dust just ate up the Apollo spacesuits, corroding their air seals and jamming their mechanical joints. On the last missions, the suits showed signs of breakdown after only three days of use.
Sixth, the engineering challenges of much, much longer space flights far from Earth (with no chance of resupply or rescue) had been grossly underestimated. Even today aboard the International Space Station less than 500 kilometers from home, proving out truly long-term reliable regenerative life support hardware is only now showing signs of success.
This Apollo-era shortcoming has become clear only in recent years. More rigorous techniques of quantitative risk assessment’ developed in response to Apollo’s preliminary analytical procedures, showed in hindsight that Apollo had indeed been “safe enough” to fly: calculations indicated that crew survival chances were better than 98% and mission success chances were in the 75% range for the early missions. But when applied to the then-popular Mars astronaut mission profiles, the same techniques generated horrifying results: mission success chances were less than 10%, and crew survival chances were less than 50%.
Clearly, a long period of getting a lot smarter would have been needed before serious human interplanetary missions could have been contemplated with 1970s-era technology. Whether that process could have been done without repeated delays, or repeated disasters, is highly questionable.
Which came first? The ability or the desire?
If NASA wasn’t smart enough in the 1970’s to build a human interplanetary vehicle—while being intuitively aware enough to realize that they probably didn’t know how—then how do get that smart now, and recognize when we are that smart? When will human interplanetary flight become even marginally attainable, and how do we get there? Answering these questions may be central to evaluation by national leaders of the strategy options now being formulated by the Augustine team.
|Rather than an originator and innovator, the national space program was then (and may still be now) more an end-user of existing technological capabilities.|
A good get-well step is to stop misunderstanding the nature of the national technology capabilities base available for application to spaceflight. NASA has long been touted as a generator of advanced technologies that later entered the national industrial repertory. Most of these “spinoffs” are anecdotal, even mythical. It looks truer that where NASA has benefited US industrial capabilities it has usually been as an accelerator or concatenator of existing technologies rather than as an originator.
In case after case, and even in patent after patent, NASA’s Apollo team not the originators of radical new breakthrough capabilities. More often they were—and properly so —the harvesters of existing experience and the application to enhanced versions of that know-how to a specific engineering challenge. They learned from the experience of others, most often not merely by reading reports of these technologies but by bringing those experienced people directly into the development teams.
So the opposite of the conventional wisdom may be more accurate—and more useful to realize. Rather than an originator and innovator, the national space program was then (and may still be now) more an end-user of existing technological capabilities. It is a nurturer of promising ideas and prototypes, an exploiter and enhancer of the existing technology base. And under wise leadership it is also a serious dabbler in innovation, identifying missing ingredients in the capabilities spectrum and taking risks to learn new tricks. This is a useful, worthwhile function, but it’s not the common view of “rocket science”.
Realizing this reality helps us understand when the repertoire of national technological, scientific, and medical capabilities approaches a point where focused investigation and acceleration can produce workable hardware for support of a credible strategy to venture beyond low Earth orbit for extended expeditions.
This is where a whole bag of new tricks, from NASA labs and think tanks, and from outside NASA (the so-called “spin-ins”), from US society and from other nations, from military and scientific and commercial projects and others, will come in. Cataloguing the contents of such a bag, and identifying remediable gaps in it, is a task yet to be properly done. But that task must precede any decision-making on what new spaceflight challenges the US is may be realistically capable of attempting.
|Mars will always be hard. It only recently has become sufficiently less hard that we can, at last, just barely realistically dream of getting there.|
And if the technology base is found to be available, even in incomplete form, the final question is how NASA, as an institution, will be able to acquire it, especially under foreseeable budget conditions when the actual non-NASA innovators can’t physically move into NASA offices. NASA’s track record in willingly adopting outside ideas is spotty, to be generous. But the little-appreciated engineering development of genuinely long-lived life support hardware, now bedeviling engineers, operators, and astronauts aboard the International Space Station, is testimony that it can be done, that the unknowns and gaps can be made clear, and that this generation of the space team has what it takes to meet these challenges. It’s been important to relearn this, and for that (and many other reasons), a lot of initial space-station-skeptics (like me) have become grateful to the ISS.
Mars will always be hard. It only recently has become sufficiently less hard that we can, at last, just barely realistically dream of getting there.
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| 0.958897 | 1,986 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Are you getting that itchy feeling in the back of your throat? It could be a sign that you are close to catching a summer cold!
It is often believed that cold is a winter sickness. But, summer season, or any change in the season can cause common cold. In fact, summer colds are more frequent.
It is estimated by The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, that, 30 to 50 percent of colds are caused by rhinoviruses, which are most active in the spring, and summer.
Most of the times, summer cold is same as the winter cold. ‘Common Cold’ involves a set of symptoms like: sore throat, coughing, sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, fever, and headache. These symptoms can last from 3 to 7 days, and gradually begin to subside.
Summer is a time, when people are near the air-conditioner, being in their office, home or car. The air conditioner takes the moisture content of the air; this causes the mucosal lining of our nose and throat to dry, making us more prone to the infections.
In summer, holidays can bring as much stress as the joy. You may be stressed about your travel arrangements as well as home security. A thought of leave approval, from work, can also be very stressful. All these events, impacts your immune system, leaving you susceptible to infection. Stress lowers your resistance to infection by depressing your immune response.
Here are a few tips, for getting relief from Summer Cold:
- Stay hydrated
During the summer months when the weather is a lot warmer, especially in our country, hydration plays an important role. Due to sweating, you may lose a certain amount of fluid and electrolytes. If you don’t drink enough water, it can affect your digestion. There is constipation sometimes, and it can also lower your immune-system.
Drink up to 1.5 liters of water a day, you may also try other hydrating substitutes such as coconut water or lemon water.
Avoid drinking cold/ chilled water.
Cold water may give some temporary relief from the heat, but harms your system severely. Hot weather, and cold water, are two extreme, and the body fails to maintain a balance between them. This causes sore throat.
- Avoid stress
Avoid stress, as worrying will only add up to your problems. Worrying will weaken your immune system, which in turn will make you susceptible to a host of infections.
- Drink hot beverages
Drink hot tea, with or without honey, to get relief from a sore throat. A hot soup may also help in combating the symptoms of common cold.
- Wash hands
Wash your hands before handling food items and before you eat or drink.
It may not be possible to avoid touching contaminated surfaces in public areas, but avoid touching your face, especially around the nose and mouth.
Boost immune system naturally with EXTRAMMUNE – by Charak Pharma
This immune boosting supplement contains ingredients such as: Guduchi, Haridra, Chitrak, Trikatu, Manjishtha etc. These ingredients control the infection and strengthen the immunity.
This immune boosting supplement possesses anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulator properties.
EXTRAMMUNE boosts immune system and it helps in achieving faster recovery from various infections.
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https://charak.com/blog/health/stay-away-from-cold-in-summer/
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| 0.942386 | 708 | 2.984375 | 3 |
This clear, concise guide provides an overview of five strategies for engaging youth in education reform. It makes the case for involving youth as decision-makers and partners in problem solving, seeing youth engagement as a strategy rather than an outcome. It highlights the Youth Leadership Institute’s theory of change including, strategies, stake-holder actions, and the resulting education outcomes. Each of the five strategies (youth-adult partnerships, skill and capacity-building, youth action research, community organizing, and youth in decision-making) is described along with a snapshot of a school or organization using the strategy, and tips for putting it into practice.
Check out Building Support for Student-Centered Learning: A Toolkit, for more communication tools to support student-centered approaches to learning and other youth engagement resources.
Source Organization: Youth Leadership Institute
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CC-MAIN-2022-49
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https://studentsatthecenterhub.org/resource/education-change-and-youth-engagement-strategies-for-success/
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| 0.925437 | 169 | 3.125 | 3 |
Utilizing the Immigrant
The CONFERENCE of the actual workers in the various phases of Americanization, that out of their experiences in the past may come the best methods for the future to be incorporated into national, state and community plans" was what the Americanization Division of the Bureau of Education- called in Washington, May 12-15. School people, industrial folk, settlement workers, representatives of the national organizations of the foreign-born, librarians, housing experts, government officials from many departments, representatives of the various religious and racial groups and interested foreign-born citizens came together, to the number of about three hundred, to thresh out some of the problems which confront them all in their efforts to assist in the process of assimilation of the peoples who come to the United States from other countries. Considerable attention was devoted to the methods of teaching English and American ideas, conducting classes of various kinds in day schools, night schools, factories, and in the teaching in the homes of the newcomers. The need for specially trained teachers was repeatedly pointed out. How individuals, private agencies, cities, states and the central government could help was the burden of most of the papers. Every one agreed that the job was big enough to furnish plenty of work to every agency now in the field and to a good many more, but that with the present
(313) resources better coordination of the activities now carried on would yield improved results.
It was emphasized many times that the peoples who are coming to this country from abroad bring much more than labor assets to the national life. Art, beauty, an outside point of view, experience in other forms of social organization, a better knowledge of other peoples, a new sense of the inherent similarity of all peoples, a new faith in America—these were recognized as the gifts which the would-be American citizens bring in addition to their hands. Americanization was described not as a little ceremony of naturalization, not as learning English, not as learning to answer properly the questions put to candidates for citizenship, not as a patronizing interest of Americans in these newcomers, but rather as a searching to find out how these people can enrich our life, strengthen our political and social institutions, help us to keep the world at peace, broaden our outlook and contribute to our understanding. The job for America is to get at the good which they bring and to see that it is represented and utilized in every phase of national life. It was generally thought that the process of getting acquainted with the newest immigrants could best be accomplished by the Americanized people of their own race or nationality. As for the various handicaps which make the way of the immigrant hard, it was the sense of the meeting that these are not peculiar to the state of being an immigrant, though they may be intensified for those people. Immigrants are not the only illiterate people here; they are not the only people exploited by politicians, by profiteers, or by fakirs. A broad program of social advancement for everyone should automatically protect, educate and provide opportunity for the immigrant. Altogether, the conference was best described by Secretary Lane when he said : " This is not a social stunt; it is a social philosophy."
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CC-MAIN-2015-27
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http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Survey/Survey_1919b.html
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en
| 0.978318 | 650 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Notes on the Geography of Northern India: Chini-ka-Rauzah
The name China-ka-Rauzah, or tiled mausoleum, is a nickname for the tomb of Shah Jahan's vizier, Shukrullah Shirazi, who built the tomb while he was still alive. As the name Shirazi suggests, Shukrullah was Persian, but the Mughals had acclimated themselves to Persian styles even before they came to India from what is now Uzbekistan. Did Shukrullah despise India? You might infer as much from this building which avoids everything Indian, including pillars and lintels, brackets, and chhatris--those little umbrellas so often perched in stone at the corner of monumental Indian structures. What Shukrullah built is best compared, at least within South Asia, to the Mosque of Wazir Khan in Lahore.
The approach today is a fine introduction to the local mastery of sandstone.
Shukrullah's tomb. Where's the tile, you ask? The sad answer is, "mostly gone."
A closer look.
Still closer. The technique was complex. A 2-inch layer of plaster was laid. Then a 1-inch layer, into which tiles 5/8 of an inch thick were laid. Each leaf petal was a single tile, and the tiles themselves were made of a sandwich of plaster, glass, and an intervening bonding layer.
Another fragment. The tile technique came originally from Kashan in Persia and so the tiles themselves became known as kashi.
The central chamber.
Detail of arch.
Exterior of dome.
The view upstream along the Yumuna. The structure is part of the pump that once lifted water to the surrounding garden.
Looking downstream; Agra is in the distance, and the Taj on the other side, just below the bend of the river.
The grimmer view upstream, with the main highway from Delhi to Kolkata on the bridge in the distance.
* Australia * Austria * Bangladesh * Belgium * Botswana * Brazil * Burma / Myanmar * Cambodia (Angkor) * Canada (B.C.) * China * The Czech Republic * Egypt * Fiji * France * Germany * Ghana * Greece * Hungary * India: Themes * Northern India * Peninsular India * Indonesia * Israel * Italy * Japan * Jerusalem * Jordan * Kenya * Laos * Kosovo * Malawi * Malaysia * Mauritius * Mexico * Morocco * Mozambique * Namibia * The Netherlands * New Zealand * Nigeria * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * The Philippines * Poland * Portugal * Singapore * South Africa * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Syria (Aleppo) * Tanzania * Thailand * Trinidad * Turkey (Istanbul) * Uganda * The U.A.E. (Dubai) * The United Kingdom * The Eastern United States * The Western United States * Oklahoma * Uzbekistan * Vietnam * The West Bank * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe *
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://www.greatmirror.com/index.cfm?countryid=563&chapterid=1241&picturesize=masters
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en
| 0.914195 | 623 | 2.859375 | 3 |
There are two species of Garter Snakes found at Saint John's Arboretun. Both species are black or dark gray with yellow stripes following along the length of the body in adults, and blue stripes in juveniles. These are the most common snake species in Minnesota.
The Plains Garter Snake has dark vertical bars along the edges of the scales on the upper lip, while the Common Garter Snake has a uniform yellow upper lip. Garter Snakes can be found almost anywhere, but they are often seen hiding under wood or debris in dry, sandy areas or crawling through prairie grass or wetland plants in search of food. Like Minnesota's Red Bellied Snake and Timber Rattler, Garter Snakes give live birth to young encased in a thin, clear membrane. Yearlings are generally 10-13 cm in length, while adults can exceed 90 cm (~3 ft). Most specimens are 1-2 feet long. Breeding occurs in early spring, with individual females often surrounded by many male snakes at one time.
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<urn:uuid:1cf145de-de55-4d56-8d3c-698dcd0dc4e9>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://www.csbsju.edu/outdooru/abbeyarboretum/plantsandwildlife/reptilesandamphibians/gartersnake
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106990.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820204359-20170820224359-00017.warc.gz
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en
| 0.934105 | 209 | 3.59375 | 4 |
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